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data-file-width=\"800\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"97\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/142px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/213px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/284px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg 2x\" width=\"142\"/></a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17,_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"544\" data-file-width=\"798\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"97\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/142px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/213px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/284px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg 2x\" width=\"142\"/></a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"2718\" data-file-width=\"3534\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"112\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg/145px-Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg/218px-Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg/290px-Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg 2x\" width=\"145\"/></a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"1109\" data-file-width=\"1384\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"111\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg/139px-USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg/209px-USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg/278px-USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg 2x\" width=\"139\"/></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Changde\" title=\"Battle of Changde\">Battle of Changde</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/25-pounder\" title=\"25-pounder\">25-pounder</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein\" title=\"First Battle of El Alamein\">First Battle of El Alamein</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87\" title=\"Junkers Ju 87\">Stuka</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Eastern Front (World War II)\">Eastern Front</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf\" title=\"Invasion of Lingayen Gulf\">Lingayen Gulf</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel\" title=\"Wilhelm Keitel\">Wilhelm Keitel</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender\" title=\"German Instrument of Surrender\">German Instrument of Surrender</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad\" title=\"Battle of Stalingrad\">Battle of Stalingrad</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-1\">[a]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"European theatre of World War II\">Europe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_War\" title=\"Pacific War\">Pacific</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic\" title=\"Battle of the Atlantic\">Atlantic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Indian Ocean in World War II\">Indian Ocean</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"South-East Asian theatre of World War II\">South-East Asia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War\" title=\"Second Sino-Japanese War\">China</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan\" title=\"Air raids on Japan\">Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II\">Middle East</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II\">Mediterranean</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/North_African_campaign\" title=\"North African campaign\">North Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)\" title=\"East African campaign (World War II)\">Horn of Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon\" title=\"Battle of Gabon\">Central Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Attacks_on_Australia_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Attacks on Australia during World War II\">Australia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)\" title=\"American Theater (World War II)\">North</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate\" title=\"Battle of the River Plate\">South America</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Allies of World War II\">Allied</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Nazi Germany\">Nazi Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)\" title=\"Fascist Italy (1922\u20131943)\">Fascist Italy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Empire_of_Japan\" title=\"Empire of Japan\">Imperial Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany\" title=\"Allied-occupied Germany\">Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan\" title=\"Occupation of Japan\">Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria\" title=\"Allied-occupied Austria\">Austria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Division_of_Korea#Post\u2013World_War_II\" title=\"Division of Korea\">Korea</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Atomic_Age\" title=\"Atomic Age\">Nuclear Age</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/League_of_Nations\" title=\"League of Nations\">League of Nations</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations\" title=\"United Nations\">United Nations</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\">United States</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Union\" title=\"Soviet Union\">Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Superpower\" title=\"Superpower\">superpowers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cold_War\" title=\"Cold War\">Cold War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Aftermath of World War II\">Aftermath of World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_by_country\" title=\"World War II by country\">Participants</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Allies of World War II\"><b>Allies</b></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Axis_powers\" title=\"Axis powers\"><b>Axis</b></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Allied leaders of World War II\">Main Allied leaders</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Union\" title=\"Soviet Union\"><img alt=\"Soviet Union\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"500\" data-file-width=\"1000\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"11\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931955%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931955%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931955%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x\" width=\"22\"/></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_Stalin\" title=\"Joseph Stalin\">Joseph Stalin</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\"><img alt=\"United States\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"650\" data-file-width=\"1235\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x\" width=\"22\"/></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\" title=\"Franklin D. Roosevelt\">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Kingdom\" title=\"United Kingdom\"><img alt=\"United Kingdom\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"1200\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"11\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x\" width=\"22\"/></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Winston_Churchill\" title=\"Winston Churchill\">Winston Churchill</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)\" title=\"Republic of China (1912\u20131949)\"><img alt=\"Republic of China (1912\u20131949)\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x\" width=\"22\"/></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek\" title=\"Chiang Kai-shek\">Chiang Kai-shek</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Axis leaders of World War II\">Main Axis leaders</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Nazi Germany\"><img alt=\"Nazi Germany\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"1000\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"13\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x\" width=\"22\"/></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Adolf_Hitler\" title=\"Adolf Hitler\">Adolf Hitler</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Empire_of_Japan\" title=\"Empire of Japan\"><img alt=\"Empire of Japan\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"700\" data-file-width=\"1000\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x\" width=\"22\"/></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hirohito\" title=\"Hirohito\">Hirohito</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)\" title=\"Fascist Italy (1922\u20131943)\"><img alt=\"Fascist Italy (1922\u20131943)\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"1000\" data-file-width=\"1500\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x\" width=\"22\"/></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Benito_Mussolini\" title=\"Benito Mussolini\">Benito Mussolini</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_casualties\" title=\"World War II casualties\">...<i>further details</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_casualties\" title=\"World War II casualties\">...<i>further details</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II\" title=\"Template:Campaignbox World War II\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_II\" title=\"Template talk:Campaignbox World War II\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a>", "<a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\"><span class=\"wrap\">World\u00a0War\u00a0II</span></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"European theatre of World War II\">Europe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland\" title=\"Invasion of Poland\">Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Phoney_War\" title=\"Phoney War\">Phoney War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Winter_War\" title=\"Winter War\">Winter War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung\" title=\"Operation Weser\u00fcbung\">Denmark and Norway</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_France\" title=\"Battle of France\">France and Benelux</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Britain\" title=\"Battle of Britain\">Britain</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Balkans campaign (World War II)\">Balkans</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Eastern Front (World War II)\">Eastern Front</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Continuation_War\" title=\"Continuation War\">Finland</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Operation_Husky\" title=\"Operation Husky\">Sicily</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Italian campaign (World War II)\">Italy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lapland_War\" title=\"Lapland War\">Lapland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944\u20131945:_The_Second_Front\" title=\"Western Front (World War II)\">Western Front (1944\u20131945)</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_War\" title=\"Pacific War\">Asia-Pacific</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War\" title=\"Second Sino-Japanese War\">China</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Pacific Ocean theater of World War II\">Pacific Ocean</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Franco-Thai_War\" title=\"Franco-Thai War\">Franco-Thai War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"South-East Asian theatre of World War II\">South-East Asia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Burma_campaign\" title=\"Burma campaign\">Burma and India</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"South West Pacific theatre of World War II\">South West Pacific</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japan_campaign\" title=\"Japan campaign\">Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War\" title=\"Soviet\u2013Japanese War\">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II\">Mediterranean and Middle East</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/North_African_campaign\" title=\"North African campaign\">North Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)\" title=\"East African campaign (World War II)\">East Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean\" title=\"Battle of the Mediterranean\">Mediterranean Sea</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Adriatic campaign of World War II\">Adriatic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Siege of Malta (World War II)\">Malta</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia\" title=\"World War II in Yugoslavia\">Yugoslavia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War\" title=\"Anglo-Iraqi War\">Iraq</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign\" title=\"Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign\">Syria\u2013Lebanon</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran\" title=\"Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran\">Iran</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Italian campaign (World War II)\">Italy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign\" title=\"Dodecanese campaign\">Dodecanese</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Dragoon\" title=\"Operation Dragoon\">Southern France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic\" title=\"Battle of the Atlantic\">Atlantic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Arctic naval operations of World War II\">Arctic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Strategic bombing during World War II\">Strategic bombing</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)\" title=\"American Theater (World War II)\">Americas</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II\" title=\"French West Africa in World War II\">French West Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Indian Ocean in World War II\">Indian Ocean</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar\" title=\"Battle of Madagascar\">Madagascar</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat\" title=\"Yugoslav coup d'\u00e9tat\">Yugoslavia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat\" title=\"1941 Iraqi coup d'\u00e9tat\">Iraq</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy\" title=\"Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy\">Italy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat\" title=\"1944 Romanian coup d'\u00e9tat\">Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat\" title=\"1944 Bulgarian coup d'\u00e9tat\">Bulgaria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust\" title=\"Operation Panzerfaust\">Hungary</a>", "<a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(A)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (A)\">A</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(B)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (B)\">B</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(C)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (C)\">C</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(D)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (D)\">D</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(E)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (E)\">E</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(F)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (F)\">F</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(G)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (G)\">G</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(H)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (H)\">H</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(I)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (I)\">I</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(J)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (J)\">J</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(K)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (K)\">K</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(L)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (L)\">L</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(M)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (M)\">M</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(N)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (N)\">N</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(O)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (O)\">O</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(P)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (P)\">P</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(Q)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (Q)\">Q</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(R)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (R)\">R</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(S)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (S)\">S</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(T)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (T)\">T</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(U)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (U)\">U</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(V)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (V)\">V</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(W)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (W)\">W</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(X%E2%80%93Z)#X\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (X\u2013Z)\">X</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(X%E2%80%93Z)#Y\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (X\u2013Z)\">Y</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(X%E2%80%93Z)#Z\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (X\u2013Z)\">Z</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles_(0%E2%80%939)\" title=\"Index of World War II articles (0\u20139)\">0\u20139</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Campaigns_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Campaigns of World War II\">Campaigns</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_by_country\" title=\"World War II by country\">Countries</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment\" title=\"Lists of World War II military equipment\">Equipment</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Timeline of World War II\">Timeline</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Outline of World War II\">Outline</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics\" title=\"Lists of World War II topics\">Lists</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Historiography of World War II\">Historiography</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Portal:World_War_II\" title=\"Portal:World War II\">Portal</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:World_War_II\" title=\"Category:World War II\">Category</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Bibliography of World War II\">Bibliography</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Template:TopicTOC-World_War_II\" title=\"Template:TopicTOC-World War II\"><abbr title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:TopicTOC-World_War_II\" title=\"Template talk:TopicTOC-World War II\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:TopicTOC-World_War_II&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_war\" title=\"World war\">global war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_by_country\" title=\"World War II by country\">the vast majority of the world's countries</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_alliance\" title=\"Military alliance\">military alliances</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Allies of World War II\">Allies</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Axis_powers\" title=\"Axis powers\">Axis powers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Total_war\" title=\"Total war\">total war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_personnel\" title=\"Military personnel\">personnel</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/War_effort\" title=\"War effort\">war effort</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Air warfare of World War II\">Aircraft played a major role</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Strategic_bombing\" title=\"Strategic bombing\">strategic bombing</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nuclear_weapon\" title=\"Nuclear weapon\">nuclear weapons</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll\" title=\"List of wars by death toll\">deadliest conflict</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_casualties\" title=\"World War II casualties\">70 to 85 million fatalities</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Genocide\" title=\"Genocide\">genocides</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Holocaust\" title=\"The Holocaust\">the Holocaust</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Starvation\" title=\"Starvation\">starvation</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Massacre\" title=\"Massacre\">massacres</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Disease\" title=\"Disease\">disease</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany\" title=\"Allied-occupied Germany\">Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan\" title=\"Occupation of Japan\">Japan were occupied</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/War_crimes\" title=\"War crimes\">war crimes</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials\" title=\"Nuremberg Trials\">against German</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East\" title=\"International Military Tribunal for the Far East\">Japanese leaders</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Nazi Germany\">Nazi Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Adolf_Hitler\" title=\"Adolf Hitler\">Adolf Hitler</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland\" title=\"Invasion of Poland\">invaded Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Kingdom\" title=\"United Kingdom\">United Kingdom</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/French_Third_Republic\" title=\"French Third Republic\">France</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Declared_war\" title=\"Declared war\">declared war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact\" title=\"Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact\">Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Union\" title=\"Soviet Union\">Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sphere_of_influence\" title=\"Sphere of influence\">spheres of influence</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Winter_War\" title=\"Winter War\">Finland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states\" title=\"Occupation of the Baltic states\">Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_northern_Bukovina\" title=\"Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina\">Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_campaign\" title=\"Military campaign\">campaigns</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tripartite_Pact\" title=\"Tripartite Pact\">treaties</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Continental_Europe\" title=\"Continental Europe\">continental Europe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Axis_powers\" title=\"Axis powers\">Axis alliance</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)\" title=\"Fascist Italy (1922\u20131943)\">Italy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Empire_of_Japan\" title=\"Empire of Japan\">Japan</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign\" title=\"Western Desert Campaign\">North Africa</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)\" title=\"East African Campaign (World War II)\">East Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_France\" title=\"Battle of France\">fall of France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/British_Empire\" title=\"British Empire\">British Empire</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Balkan_Campaign_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Balkan Campaign (World War II)\">Balkans</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Britain\" title=\"Battle of Britain\">Battle of Britain</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Blitz\" title=\"The Blitz\">the Blitz</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic\" title=\"Battle of the Atlantic\">Battle of the Atlantic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa\" title=\"Operation Barbarossa\">an invasion of the Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Eastern Front (World War II)\">the Eastern Front</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere\" title=\"Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere\">dominate Asia and the Pacific</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War\" title=\"Second Sino-Japanese War\">at war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)\" title=\"Republic of China (1912\u20131949)\">Republic of China</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Japanese_expansion_(1941%E2%80%931942)\" title=\"Japanese expansion (1941\u20131942)\">offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor\" title=\"Attack on Pearl Harbor\">attack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan\" title=\"United States declaration of war on Japan\">United States declaring war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Midway\" title=\"Battle of Midway\">Battle of Midway</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein\" title=\"Second Battle of El Alamein\">defeated in North Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad\" title=\"Battle of Stalingrad\">Stalingrad</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily\" title=\"Allied invasion of Sicily\">Allied invasions of Sicily</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy\" title=\"Allied invasion of Italy\">the Italian mainland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Normandy_landings\" title=\"Normandy landings\">invaded German-occupied France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Stalin%27s_ten_blows\" title=\"Stalin's ten blows\">regained its territorial losses</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy\" title=\"Imperial Japanese Navy\">Japanese Navy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German-occupied_Europe\" title=\"German-occupied Europe\">German-occupied territories</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany\" title=\"Western Allied invasion of Germany\">invasion of Germany by the Western Allies</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin\" title=\"Battle of Berlin\">fall of Berlin</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler\" title=\"Death of Adolf Hitler\">Hitler's suicide</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender\" title=\"German Instrument of Surrender\">German unconditional surrender</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day\" title=\"Victory in Europe Day\">8 May 1945</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration\" title=\"Potsdam Declaration\">Potsdam Declaration</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki\" title=\"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\">dropped the first atomic bombs</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hiroshima\" title=\"Hiroshima\">Hiroshima</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nagasaki\" title=\"Nagasaki\">Nagasaki</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Downfall\" title=\"Operation Downfall\">invasion of the Japanese archipelago</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria\" title=\"Soviet invasion of Manchuria\">invasion of Manchuria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day\" title=\"Victory over Japan Day\">2 September 1945</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations\" title=\"United Nations\">United Nations</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-2\">[1]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Great_power\" title=\"Great power\">great powers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council\" title=\"Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council\">permanent members</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council\" title=\"United Nations Security Council\">Security Council</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Superpower\" title=\"Superpower\">superpowers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cold_War\" title=\"Cold War\">Cold War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa\" title=\"Decolonisation of Africa\">decolonisation of Africa</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia\" title=\"Decolonisation of Asia\">Asia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion\" title=\"Post\u2013World War II economic expansion\">economic recovery and expansion</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/European_integration\" title=\"European integration\">in Europe</a>", "<a href=\"#Start_and_end_dates\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Start and end dates</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Background\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Background</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Europe\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Europe</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Asia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Asia</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Pre-war_events\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Pre-war events</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Italian_invasion_of_Ethiopia_(1935)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Spanish_Civil_War_(1936\u20131939)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Spanish Civil War (1936\u20131939)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Japanese_invasion_of_China_(1937)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Japanese invasion of China (1937)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Soviet\u2013Japanese_border_conflicts\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Soviet\u2013Japanese border conflicts</span></a>", "<a href=\"#European_occupations_and_agreements\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">European occupations and agreements</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Course_of_the_war\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Course of the war</span></a>", "<a href=\"#War_breaks_out_in_Europe_(1939\u201340)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">War breaks out in Europe (1939\u201340)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Western_Europe_(1940\u201341)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Western Europe (1940\u201341)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Mediterranean_(1940\u201341)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Mediterranean (1940\u201341)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Axis_attack_on_the_Soviet_Union_(1941)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#War_breaks_out_in_the_Pacific_(1941)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">War breaks out in the Pacific (1941)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Axis_advance_stalls_(1942\u201343)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.6</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Axis advance stalls (1942\u201343)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Pacific_(1942\u201343)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.6.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Pacific (1942\u201343)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Eastern_Front_(1942\u201343)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.6.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Eastern Front (1942\u201343)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Western_Europe/Atlantic_and_Mediterranean_(1942\u201343)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.6.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942\u201343)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Allies_gain_momentum_(1943\u201344)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.7</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Allies gain momentum (1943\u201344)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Allies_close_in_(1944)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.8</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Allies close in (1944)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Axis_collapse,_Allied_victory_(1944\u201345)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.9</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Axis collapse, Allied victory (1944\u201345)</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Aftermath\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Aftermath</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Impact\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Impact</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Casualties_and_war_crimes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Casualties and war crimes</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Genocide,_concentration_camps,_and_slave_labour\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Occupation\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Occupation</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Home_fronts_and_production\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Home fronts and production</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Advances_in_technology_and_warfare\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Advances in technology and warfare</span></a>", "<a href=\"#See_also\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7</span> <span class=\"toctext\">See also</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Notes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Notes</span></a>", "<a href=\"#Citations\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Citations</span></a>", "<a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10</span> <span class=\"toctext\">References</span></a>", "<a href=\"#External_links\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">11</span> <span class=\"toctext\">External links</span></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Timeline of World War II\">Timeline of World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Timeline of World War II\">Timelines</a>", "<a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_events_preceding_World_War_II\" title=\"Timeline of events preceding World War II\">Prelude</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia\" title=\"Events preceding World War II in Asia\">in Asia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe\" title=\"Events preceding World War II in Europe\">in Europe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1939)\">1939</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1940)\">1940</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1941)\">1941</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1942)\">1942</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1943)\">1943</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1944)\">1944</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1945\u20131991)\">1945 onwards</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Diplomatic history of World War II\">Diplomacy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Declarations of war during World War II\">Declarations of war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_II#Battles\" title=\"List of military engagements of World War II\">Engagements</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations\" title=\"List of World War II military operations\">Operations</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe\" title=\"List of air operations during the Battle of Europe\">Battle of Europe air operations</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Eastern_Front_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II\">Eastern Front</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project\" title=\"Timeline of the Manhattan Project\">Manhattan Project</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_the_United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II\">United Kingdom home front</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_the_surrender_of_Axis_forces_at_the_end_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Timeline of the surrender of Axis forces at the end of World War II\">Surrender of the Axis armies</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Template:WWII_timelines\" title=\"Template:WWII timelines\"><abbr title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_timelines\" title=\"Template talk:WWII timelines\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:WWII_timelines&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Europe\" title=\"Europe\">Europe</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg20056-3\">[2]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-4\">[3]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland\" title=\"Invasion of Poland\">German invasion of Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War\" title=\"Second Sino-Japanese War\">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-5\">[4]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEF\u00f6rsterGessler200564-6\">[5]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria\" title=\"Japanese invasion of Manchuria\">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[6]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-8\">[7]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-sterling-9\">[8]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor\" title=\"A. J. P. Taylor\">A. J. P. Taylor</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War\" title=\"Second Italo-Ethiopian War\">Italian invasion of Abyssinia</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-10\">[9]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Antony_Beevor\" title=\"Antony Beevor\">Antony Beevor</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol\" title=\"Battles of Khalkhin Gol\">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Empire_of_Japan\" title=\"Empire of Japan\">Japan</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mongolia\" title=\"People's Republic of Mongolia\">Mongolia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Union\" title=\"Soviet Union\">Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor201210-11\">[10]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War\" title=\"Spanish Civil War\">Spanish Civil War</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-12\">[11]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-13\">[12]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Armistice\" title=\"Armistice\">armistice</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day\" title=\"Victory over Japan Day\">V-J Day</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan\" title=\"Surrender of Japan\">surrender of Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia\" title=\"End of World War II in Asia\">ended the war in Asia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco\" title=\"Treaty of San Francisco\">peace treaty between Japan and the Allies</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasaya19904-14\">[13]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany\" title=\"Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany\">treaty regarding Germany's future</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_reunification\" title=\"German reunification\">reunification of East and West Germany</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-15\">[14]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-16\">[15]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Joint_Declaration_of_1956\" title=\"Soviet\u2013Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956\">Soviet\u2013Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-nyt-17\">[16]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Causes of World War II\">Causes of World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_I\" title=\"World War I\">World War I</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Geopolitics\" title=\"Geopolitics\">political</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Central_Powers\" title=\"Central Powers\">Central Powers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Austria-Hungary\" title=\"Austria-Hungary\">Austria-Hungary</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_Empire\" title=\"German Empire\">Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria\" title=\"Kingdom of Bulgaria\">Bulgaria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ottoman_Empire\" title=\"Ottoman Empire\">Ottoman Empire</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/October_Revolution\" title=\"October Revolution\">Bolshevik seizure of power</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Russian_Republic\" title=\"Russian Republic\">Russia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Union\" title=\"Soviet Union\">Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I\" title=\"Allies of World War I\">Allies of World War I</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Belgium\" title=\"Belgium\">Belgium</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Romania\" title=\"Romania\">Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Greece\" title=\"Greece\">Greece</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Nation-states\" title=\"Nation-states\">nation-states</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary\" title=\"Dissolution of Austria-Hungary\">collapse of Austria-Hungary</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire\" title=\"Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire\">Ottoman</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Russian_Empire\" title=\"Russian Empire\">Russian Empires</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042,_Genf,_V%C3%B6lkerbund,_Sitzungssaal.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"528\" data-file-width=\"795\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"146\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042%2C_Genf%2C_V%C3%B6lkerbund%2C_Sitzungssaal.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-09042,_Genf,_V%C3%B6lkerbund,_Sitzungssaal.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/League_of_Nations\" title=\"League of Nations\">League of Nations</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Geneva\" title=\"Geneva\">Geneva</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Switzerland\" title=\"Switzerland\">Switzerland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/League_of_Nations\" title=\"League of Nations\">League of Nations</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919\" title=\"Paris Peace Conference, 1919\">1919 Paris Peace Conference</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Collective_security\" title=\"Collective security\">collective security</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty\" title=\"Washington Naval Treaty\">naval disarmament</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-18\">[17]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Pacifist\" title=\"Pacifist\">pacifist</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I\" title=\"Aftermath of World War I\">after World War<span class=\"nowrap\">\u00a0</span>I</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbREQibN9i-sCpgPA76_76\u201378]-19\">[18]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Irredentist\" title=\"Irredentist\">irredentist</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Revanchist\" title=\"Revanchist\">revanchist</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nationalism\" title=\"Nationalism\">nationalism</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles\" title=\"Treaty of Versailles\">Treaty of Versailles</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_colonial_empire\" title=\"German colonial empire\">its overseas possessions</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_I_reparations\" title=\"World War I reparations\">reparations</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Reichswehr\" title=\"Reichswehr\">armed forces</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantowicz1999149-20\">[19]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919\" title=\"German Revolution of 1918\u20131919\">German Revolution of 1918\u20131919</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Weimar_Republic\" title=\"Weimar Republic\">Weimar Republic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Right-wing_politics\" title=\"Right-wing politics\">right</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Left-wing_politics\" title=\"Left-wing politics\">left</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)\" title=\"Treaty of London (1915)\">promises made</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Fascism\" title=\"Italian Fascism\">Fascist</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Benito_Mussolini\" title=\"Benito Mussolini\">Benito Mussolini</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Totalitarianism\" title=\"Totalitarianism\">totalitarian</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Class_collaboration\" title=\"Class collaboration\">class collaborationist</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/World_power\" title=\"World power\">world power</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/New_Roman_Empire\" title=\"New Roman Empire\">New Roman Empire</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw200035-21\">[20]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"800\" data-file-width=\"479\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"284\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg/170px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg/255px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg/340px-N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg 2x\" width=\"170\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberg_Reichsparteitag_Hitler_retouched.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Adolf_Hitler\" title=\"Adolf Hitler\">Adolf Hitler</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazism\" title=\"Nazism\">Nazi</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nuremberg\" title=\"Nuremberg\">Nuremberg</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Adolf_Hitler\" title=\"Adolf Hitler\">Adolf Hitler</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch\" title=\"Beer Hall Putsch\">unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power\" title=\"Adolf Hitler's rise to power\">became the Chancellor of Germany</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Paul_Von_Hindenburg\" title=\"Paul Von Hindenburg\">Paul Von Hindenburg</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)\" title=\"New Order (Nazism)\">radical, racially motivated revision of the world order</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/German_re-armament\" title=\"German re-armament\">rearmament campaign</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrody19994-22\">[21]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Franco-Italian_Agreement\" title=\"Franco-Italian Agreement\">allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Saar_(League_of_Nations)\" title=\"Saar (League of Nations)\">Territory of the Saar Basin</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Conscription\" title=\"Conscription\">conscription</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalampas198962-23\">[22]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Stresa_Front\" title=\"Stresa Front\">Stresa Front</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Military_globalisation\" title=\"Military globalisation\">military globalisation</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement\" title=\"Anglo-German Naval Agreement\">independent naval agreement</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten\" title=\"Drang nach Osten\">Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Franco-Soviet_pact\" title=\"Franco-Soviet pact\">Franco-Soviet pact</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-24\">[23]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s\" title=\"Neutrality Acts of 1930s\">Neutrality Act</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz2000124-25\">[24]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Locarno_treaties\" title=\"Locarno treaties\">Locarno treaties</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland\" title=\"Remilitarization of the Rhineland\">remilitarising the Rhineland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Appeasement\" title=\"Appeasement\">appeasement</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamthwaite199252-26\">[25]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Rome%E2%80%93Berlin_Axis\" title=\"Rome\u2013Berlin Axis\">Rome\u2013Berlin Axis</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact\" title=\"Anti-Comintern Pact\">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990298\u201399-27\">[26]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kuomintang\" title=\"Kuomintang\">Kuomintang</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Expedition\" title=\"Northern Expedition\">unification campaign</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Warlord_Era\" title=\"Warlord Era\">regional warlords</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War\" title=\"Chinese Civil War\">a civil war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party\" title=\"Chinese Communist Party\">Chinese Communist Party</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1998104-28\">[27]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Central_Plains_War\" title=\"Central Plains War\">new regional warlords</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan\" title=\"Statism in Sh\u014dwa Japan\">increasingly militaristic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Empire_of_Japan\" title=\"Empire of Japan\">Empire of Japan</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersPeattie1987458-29\">[28]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Hakko_ichiu\" title=\"Hakko ichiu\">right to rule Asia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mukden_Incident\" title=\"Mukden Incident\">Mukden Incident</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria\" title=\"Japanese invasion of Manchuria\">invade Manchuria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Puppet_state\" title=\"Puppet state\">puppet state</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Manchukuo\" title=\"Manchukuo\">Manchukuo</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithSteadman200428-30\">[29]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/League_of_Nations\" title=\"League of Nations\">League of Nations</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lytton_Report\" title=\"Lytton Report\">condemned</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/28_January_Incident\" title=\"28 January Incident\">Shanghai</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Rehe\" title=\"Battle of Rehe\">Rehe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Defense_of_the_Great_Wall\" title=\"Defense of the Great Wall\">Hebei</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tanggu_Truce\" title=\"Tanggu Truce\">Tanggu Truce</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo\" title=\"Pacification of Manchukuo\">Manchuria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Actions_in_Inner_Mongolia_(1933%E2%80%931936)\" title=\"Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933\u20131936)\">Chahar and Suiyuan</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-31\">[30]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident\" title=\"Xi'an Incident\">Xi'an Incident</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_United_Front\" title=\"Second United Front\">a united front</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky200210-32\">[31]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"450\" data-file-width=\"600\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"165\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg/220px-Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg/330px-Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg/440px-Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Mussolini_truppe_Etiopia.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Benito_Mussolini\" title=\"Benito Mussolini\">Benito Mussolini</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War\" title=\"Second Italo-Ethiopian War\">Italo-Ethiopian War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War\" title=\"Second Italo-Ethiopian War\">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War\" title=\"Second Italo-Ethiopian War\">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Colonial_war\" title=\"Colonial war\">colonial war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire\" title=\"Ethiopian Empire\">Ethiopian Empire</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ethiopia#Etymology\" title=\"Ethiopia\">Abyssinia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy\" title=\"Kingdom of Italy\">Kingdom of Italy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Somaliland\" title=\"Italian Somaliland\">Italian Somaliland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Eritrea\" title=\"Italian Eritrea\">Eritrea</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-33\">[32]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_occupation\" title=\"Military occupation\">military occupation</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Annexation\" title=\"Annexation\">annexation</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_East_Africa\" title=\"Italian East Africa\">Italian East Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/League_of_Nations\" title=\"League of Nations\">League of Nations</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Appeasement\" title=\"Appeasement\">but the League did little</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations\" title=\"Covenant of the League of Nations\">Covenant</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1971131\u201332-34\">[33]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990289-35\">[34]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria\" title=\"Federal State of Austria\">Austria</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitson2001231-36\">[35]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War\" title=\"Spanish Civil War\">Spanish Civil War</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224,_Guernica,_Ruinen.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"584\" data-file-width=\"798\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"161\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224,_Guernica,_Ruinen.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica\" title=\"Bombing of Guernica\">bombing of Guernica</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War\" title=\"Spanish Civil War\">Spanish Civil War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)\" title=\"Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)\">Nationalist rebels</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Francisco_Franco\" title=\"Francisco Franco\">Francisco Franco</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeulen200025-37\">[36]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic\" title=\"Second Spanish Republic\">Spanish Republic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/International_Brigades\" title=\"International Brigades\">International Brigades</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Proxy_war\" title=\"Proxy war\">proxy war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Spain during World War II\">generally favoured the Axis</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008271-38\">[37]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Blue_Division\" title=\"Blue Division\">volunteers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Eastern Front (World War II)\">Eastern Front</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2008146-39\">[38]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War\" title=\"Second Sino-Japanese War\">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"315\" data-file-width=\"500\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"139\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg/220px-Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg/330px-Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg/440px-Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Shanghai1937IJA_ruins.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Japanese_Imperial_Army\" title=\"Japanese Imperial Army\">Japanese Imperial Army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai\" title=\"Battle of Shanghai\">Battle of Shanghai</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Beijing\" title=\"Beijing\">Peking</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident\" title=\"Marco Polo Bridge Incident\">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastman1986547\u201351-40\">[39]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Non-Aggression_Pact\" title=\"Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact\">non-aggression pact with China</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Materiel\" title=\"Materiel\">materiel</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_(1926%E2%80%931941)\" title=\"Sino-German cooperation (1926\u20131941)\">co-operation with Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Taiyuan\" title=\"Battle of Taiyuan\">Taiyuan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army\" title=\"National Revolutionary Army\">Kuomintang Army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Xinkou\" title=\"Battle of Xinkou\">around Xinkou</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Hsu_&amp;_Chang_1971_221-41\">[40]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Reliable sources\"><span title=\"The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. The source was published in Taiwan during the military rule and censorship regime of Chiang and the Nationalist government. (November 2021)\">unreliable source?</span></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party\" title=\"Chinese Communist Party\">Communist forces</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Pingxingguan\" title=\"Battle of Pingxingguan\">in Pingxingguan</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Tucker2009-42\">[41]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-yang-43\">[42]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Generalissimo\" title=\"Generalissimo\">Generalissimo</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek\" title=\"Chiang Kai-shek\">Chiang Kai-shek</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_German-trained_divisions_of_the_National_Revolutionary_Army\" title=\"List of German-trained divisions of the National Revolutionary Army\">best army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai\" title=\"Battle of Shanghai\">defend Shanghai</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking\" title=\"Battle of Nanking\">capturing the capital Nanking</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre\" title=\"Nanjing Massacre\">murdered by the Japanese</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-44\">[43]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-tot-45\">[44]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Taierzhuang\" title=\"Battle of Taierzhuang\">first major victory at Taierzhuang</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Xuzhou\" title=\"Xuzhou\">Xuzhou</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Xuzhou\" title=\"Battle of Xuzhou\">was taken by the Japanese</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsuChang1971221\u201330-46\">[45]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Reliable sources\"><span title=\"The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. The source was published in Taiwan during the military rule and censorship regime of Chiang and the Nationalist government. (November 2021)\">unreliable source?</span></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_flood\" title=\"1938 Yellow River flood\">flooding the Yellow River</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wuhan\" title=\"Wuhan\">Wuhan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan\" title=\"Battle of Wuhan\">city was taken</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastman1986566-47\">[46]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chongqing\" title=\"Chongqing\">Chongqing</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2009150\u201352-48\">[47]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTESella1983651\u201387-49\">[48]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts\" title=\"Soviet\u2013Japanese border conflicts\">Soviet\u2013Japanese border conflicts</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_gunners_in_the_interval.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"553\" data-file-width=\"780\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"156\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_gunners_in_the_interval.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_gunners_in_the_interval.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_gunners_in_the_interval.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_gunners_in_the_interval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_gunners_in_the_interval.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_gunners_in_the_interval.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_gunners_in_the_interval.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Red_Army\" title=\"Red Army\">Red Army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan\" title=\"Battle of Lake Khasan\">Battle of Lake Khasan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Manchukuo\" title=\"Manchukuo\">Manchukuo</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic\" title=\"Mongolian People's Republic\">Mongolia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hokushin-ron\" title=\"Hokushin-ron\">Hokushin-ron</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol\" title=\"Battles of Khalkhin Gol\">Khalkin Gol</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012342-50\">[49]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact\" title=\"Soviet\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact\">Neutrality Pact</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nanshin-ron\" title=\"Nanshin-ron\">Nanshin-ron</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-51\">[50]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-52\">[51]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Staatschefs.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"548\" data-file-width=\"800\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"151\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Staatschefs.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Staatschefs.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain\" title=\"Neville Chamberlain\">Chamberlain</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier\" title=\"\u00c9douard Daladier\">Daladier</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Hitler\" title=\"Hitler\">Hitler</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Benito_Mussolini\" title=\"Benito Mussolini\">Mussolini</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano\" title=\"Galeazzo Ciano\">Ciano</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Munich_Agreement\" title=\"Munich Agreement\">Munich Agreement</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anschluss\" title=\"Anschluss\">annexed Austria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Appeasement\" title=\"Appeasement\">little response</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierPedley2000144-53\">[52]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sudetenland\" title=\"Sudetenland\">Sudetenland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Czechoslovakia\" title=\"Czechoslovakia\">Czechoslovakia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Germans\" title=\"Germans\">ethnic German</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain\" title=\"Neville Chamberlain\">Neville Chamberlain</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Munich_Agreement\" title=\"Munich Agreement\">Munich Agreement</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001121\u201322-54\">[53]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/First_Vienna_Award\" title=\"First Vienna Award\">cede additional territory</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Zaolzie\" title=\"Zaolzie\">Zaolzie</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001157-55\">[54]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Plan_Z\" title=\"Plan Z\">secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia\" title=\"German occupation of Czechoslovakia\">Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia\" title=\"Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia\">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Client_state\" title=\"Client state\">client state</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)\" title=\"Slovak Republic (1939\u20131945)\">Slovak Republic</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006pp._143\u201344_(2008_ed.)-56\">[55]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/1939_German_ultimatum_to_Lithuania\" title=\"1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania\">ultimatum to Lithuania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region\" title=\"Klaip\u0117da Region\">Klaip\u0117da Region</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990461\u201362-57\">[56]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337,_Moskau,_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1562\" data-file-width=\"1185\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"224\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg 2x\" width=\"170\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337,_Moskau,_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop\" title=\"Joachim von Ribbentrop\">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_Stalin\" title=\"Joseph Stalin\">Joseph Stalin</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact\" title=\"Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact\">Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig\" title=\"Free City of Danzig\">Free City of Danzig</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Polish_military_alliance#British_Guarantee_to_Poland\" title=\"Anglo-Polish military alliance\">guaranteed their support for Polish independence</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania\" title=\"Italian invasion of Albania\">Italy conquered Albania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania\" title=\"Kingdom of Romania\">Kingdoms of Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece\" title=\"Kingdom of Greece\">Greece</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoweMarzari2002330-58\">[57]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Franco-Polish_alliance_(1921)\" title=\"Franco-Polish alliance (1921)\">Franco</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Polish_military_alliance\" title=\"Anglo-Polish military alliance\">British</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pact_of_Steel\" title=\"Pact of Steel\">Pact of Steel</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001234-59\">[58]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement\" title=\"Anglo-German Naval Agreement\">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Non-Aggression_Pact\" title=\"German\u2013Polish Non-Aggression Pact\">German\u2013Polish Non-Aggression Pact</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990471-60\">[59]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-61\">[60]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact\" title=\"Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact\">a non-aggression pact</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShore2003108-62\">[61]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic\" title=\"Second Polish Republic\">Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union\">eastern Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Estonia\" title=\"Estonia\">Estonia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Latvia\" title=\"Latvia\">Latvia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bessarabia\" title=\"Bessarabia\">Bessarabia</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001608-63\">[62]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-64\">[63]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-ww2db_com-65\">[64]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Plenipotentiary\" title=\"Plenipotentiary\">plenipotentiary</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk\" title=\"Gda\u0144sk\">Danzig</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Referendum\" title=\"Referendum\">plebiscite</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_Corridor\" title=\"Polish Corridor\">Polish Corridor</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-ww2db_com-65\">[64]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nevile_Henderson\" title=\"Nevile Henderson\">Nevile Henderson</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-ibiblio1939-66\">[65]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Timeline of World War II\">Timeline of World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Diplomatic history of World War II\">Diplomatic history of World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"European theatre of World War II\">European theatre of World War II</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_(1939-09-01).jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1033\" data-file-width=\"1500\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"152\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg/220px-Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg/330px-Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg/440px-Danzig_Police_at_Polish_Border_%281939-09-01%29.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Germans_at_Polish_Border_(1939-09-01).jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wehrmacht\" title=\"Wehrmacht\">Wehrmacht</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic\" title=\"Second Polish Republic\">Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland\" title=\"Invasion of Poland\">invaded Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Himmler\" title=\"Operation Himmler\">having staged</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gleiwitz_incident\" title=\"Gleiwitz incident\">false flag border incidents</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20081\u20132-67\">[66]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Westerplatte\" title=\"Battle of Westerplatte\">Polish defenses at Westerplatte</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Zabecki2015-68\">[67]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-69\">[68]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand\" title=\"Dominion of New Zealand\">New Zealand</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa\" title=\"Union of South Africa\">South Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Phoney_War\" title=\"Phoney War\">no direct military support</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Saar_Offensive\" title=\"Saar Offensive\">cautious French probe into the Saarland</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Keegan_1997_35-70\">[69]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939%E2%80%931945)\" title=\"Blockade of Germany (1939\u20131945)\">naval blockade of Germany</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-71\">[70]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Submarine_warfare#World_War_II\" title=\"Submarine warfare\">U-boat warfare</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic\" title=\"Battle of the Atlantic\">Battle of the Atlantic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)\">citation needed</span></a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"800\" data-file-width=\"616\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"221\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg/170px-Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg/255px-Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg/340px-Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg 2x\" width=\"170\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Polish_infantry_marching_-2_1939.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_army_order_of_battle_in_1939\" title=\"Polish army order of battle in 1939\">Polish Army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland\" title=\"Invasion of Poland\">defence of Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Warsaw\" title=\"Warsaw\">Warsaw</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bzura\" title=\"Battle of the Bzura\">counter offensive</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wehrmacht\" title=\"Wehrmacht\">Wehrmacht</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1939)\" title=\"Siege of Warsaw (1939)\">besieged Warsaw</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol\" title=\"Battles of Khalkhin Gol\">cease-fire with Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland\" title=\"Soviet invasion of Poland\">Soviet Union invaded Eastern Poland</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200280,_83-72\">[71]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-73\">[72]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Independent_Operational_Group_Polesie\" title=\"Independent Operational Group Polesie\">the last large operational unit of the Polish Army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Kock_(1939)\" title=\"Battle of Kock (1939)\">surrendered on 6<span class=\"nowrap\">\u00a0</span>October</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile\" title=\"Polish government-in-exile\">Polish government-in-exile</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_Underground_State\" title=\"Polish Underground State\">clandestine state apparatus remained</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHempel200524-74\">[73]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Romanian_Bridgehead\" title=\"Romanian Bridgehead\">evacuated to Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_contribution_to_World_War_II\" title=\"Polish contribution to World War II\">fought against the Axis</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200288\u201389-75\">[74]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany\">Germany annexed</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/General_Government\" title=\"General Government\">occupied the central part of Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany\">annexed its eastern part</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Poland#World_War_II\" title=\"Territorial evolution of Poland\">Lithuania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Slovak_invasion_of_Poland\" title=\"Slovak invasion of Poland\">Slovakia</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-ibiblio1939-66\">[65]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-76\">[75]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart197739\u201340-77\">[76]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1990pp._563\u201364,_566,_568\u201369,_574\u201375_(1983_ed.)-78\">[77]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-79\">[78]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:A_Finnish_Maxim_M-32_machine_gun_nest_during_the_Winter_War.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"3187\" data-file-width=\"4864\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"144\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_Finnish_Maxim_M-32_machine_gun_nest_during_the_Winter_War.jpg/220px-A_Finnish_Maxim_M-32_machine_gun_nest_during_the_Winter_War.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_Finnish_Maxim_M-32_machine_gun_nest_during_the_Winter_War.jpg/330px-A_Finnish_Maxim_M-32_machine_gun_nest_during_the_Winter_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_Finnish_Maxim_M-32_machine_gun_nest_during_the_Winter_War.jpg/440px-A_Finnish_Maxim_M-32_machine_gun_nest_during_the_Winter_War.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:A_Finnish_Maxim_M-32_machine_gun_nest_during_the_Winter_War.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Red_Army\" title=\"Red Army\">Red Army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Winter_War\" title=\"Winter War\">Winter War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Baltic_states\" title=\"Baltic states\">Baltic countries</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Background_of_the_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states#Soviet_ultimatums_and_occupation\" title=\"Background of the occupation of the Baltic states\">pacts</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithPabriksPursLane200224-80\">[79]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilinsky19999-81\">[80]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200155\u201356-82\">[81]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpring1986207\u201326-83\">[82]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-84\">[83]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Winter_War\" title=\"Winter War\">Winter War</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-85\">[84]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty\" title=\"Moscow Peace Treaty\">fairly significant Finnish concessions</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanhim\u00e4ki199712-86\">[85]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)\" title=\"Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)\">occupied</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilinsky19999-81\">[80]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina\" title=\"Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina\">Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Transylvania\" title=\"Transylvania\">Transylvania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Transylvania\" title=\"Northern Transylvania\">Northern Transylvania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award\" title=\"Second Vienna Award\">Second Vienna Award</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-87\">[86]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Southern_Dobruja\" title=\"Southern Dobruja\">Southern Dobruja</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Treaty_of_Craiova\" title=\"Treaty of Craiova\">Treaty of Craiova</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-:0-88\">[87]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-89\">[88]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2006367,_376,_379,_417-90\">[89]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010118ff-91\">[90]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoch1983912\u201314,_917\u201320-92\">[91]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200656-93\">[92]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200659-94\">[93]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Western Front (World War II)\">Western Front (World War II)</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:WWIIEuropeMay40.gif\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"690\" data-file-width=\"890\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"240\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/WWIIEuropeMay40.gif/310px-WWIIEuropeMay40.gif\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/WWIIEuropeMay40.gif/465px-WWIIEuropeMay40.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/WWIIEuropeMay40.gif/620px-WWIIEuropeMay40.gif 2x\" width=\"310\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:WWIIEuropeMay40.gif\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Maginot_Line\" title=\"Maginot Line\">Maginot Line</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung\" title=\"Operation Weser\u00fcbung\">Germany invaded Denmark and Norway</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Swedish_iron-ore_mining_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Swedish iron-ore mining during World War II\">iron ore from Sweden</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Wilfred\" title=\"Operation Wilfred\">attempting to cut off</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-95\">[94]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommager20049-96\">[95]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Norwegian_campaign\" title=\"Norwegian campaign\">despite Allied support</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Norway_Debate\" title=\"Norway Debate\">British discontent over the Norwegian campaign</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Winston_Churchill\" title=\"Winston Churchill\">Winston Churchill</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200676-97\">[96]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_France\" title=\"Battle of France\">launched an offensive against France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Maginot_Line\" title=\"Maginot Line\">Maginot Line</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium\" title=\"Battle of Belgium\">Belgium</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"Battle of the Netherlands\">the Netherlands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg\" title=\"German invasion of Luxembourg\">Luxembourg</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008122\u201323-98\">[97]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ardennes\" title=\"Ardennes\">Ardennes</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan199759\u201360-99\">[98]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan2004152-100\">[99]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart197748-101\">[100]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Blitzkrieg\" title=\"Blitzkrieg\">blitzkrieg</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation\" title=\"Dunkirk evacuation\">to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan199766\u201367-102\">[101]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France\" title=\"Italian invasion of France\">Italy invaded France</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOveryWheatcroft1999207-103\">[102]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Paris_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Paris in World War II\">Paris</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940\" title=\"Armistice of 22 June 1940\">France signed an armistice with Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II\" title=\"German military administration in occupied France during World War II\">German</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France\" title=\"Italian occupation of France\">Italian occupation zones</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmbreit1991311-104\">[103]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rump_state\" title=\"Rump state\">rump state</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Vichy_France\" title=\"Vichy France\">Vichy Regime</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir\" title=\"Attack on Mers-el-K\u00e9bir\">the United Kingdom attacked</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004198-105\">[104]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"514\" data-file-width=\"634\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"178\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg/220px-View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg/330px-View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg/440px-View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:View_from_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_after_the_Blitz.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/London\" title=\"London\">London</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral\" title=\"St. Paul's Cathedral\">St. Paul's Cathedral</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Blitz\" title=\"The Blitz\"><i>Blitz</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Britain\" title=\"Battle of Britain\">Battle of Britain</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTF8kcx9hTssCpgPA72_72]-106\">[105]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kanalkampf\" title=\"Kanalkampf\">Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Murray_BoB-107\">[106]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-ibiblio_1940-108\">[107]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Adlertag\" title=\"Adlertag\">German air superiority campaign</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command\" title=\"RAF Fighter Command\">RAF Fighter Command</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion\" title=\"Operation Sea Lion\">proposed German invasion of Britain</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Strategic_bombing\" title=\"Strategic bombing\">strategic bombing</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Blitz\" title=\"The Blitz\">the Blitz</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Murray_BoB-107\">[106]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001108\u201309-109\">[108]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic#'The_Happy_Time'_(June_1940_\u2013_February_1941)\" title=\"Battle of the Atlantic\">enjoyed success</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Navy\" title=\"Royal Navy\">Royal Navy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/U-boat\" title=\"U-boat\">U-boats</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic\" title=\"Battle of the Atlantic\">in the Atlantic</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-110\">[109]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Home_Fleet\" title=\"Home Fleet\">Home Fleet</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Last_battle_of_the_battleship_Bismarck\" title=\"Last battle of the battleship Bismarck\">sinking the German battleship <i>Bismarck</i></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-111\">[110]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_the_1930s\" title=\"Neutrality Acts of the 1930s\">Neutrality Act</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cash_and_carry_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Cash and carry (World War II)\">\"cash and carry\"</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOveryWheatcroft1999328\u201330-112\">[111]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Navy\" title=\"United States Navy\">United States Navy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Two-Ocean_Navy_Act\" title=\"Two-Ocean Navy Act\">significantly increased</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal\" title=\"Destroyers-for-bases deal\">trade of American destroyers for British bases</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaingot199452-113\">[112]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantril1940390-114\">[113]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy\" title=\"Arsenal of Democracy\">arsenal of democracy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lend-Lease\" title=\"Lend-Lease\">Lend-Lease</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-ibiblio_1940-108\">[107]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-115\">[114]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tripartite_Pact\" title=\"Tripartite Pact\">Tripartite Pact</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Axis_powers\" title=\"Axis powers\">Axis powers</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilhartzElliott2007179-116\">[115]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania\" title=\"Kingdom of Romania\">Romania</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001877-117\">[116]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Romania in World War II\">Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Hungary in World War II\">Hungary</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_northern_Bukovina\" title=\"Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina\">territory ceded to the Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001745\u201346-118\">[117]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II\">Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:9_Div_Tobruk(AWM_020779).jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"479\" data-file-width=\"640\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"165\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/9_Div_Tobruk%28AWM_020779%29.jpg/220px-9_Div_Tobruk%28AWM_020779%29.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/9_Div_Tobruk%28AWM_020779%29.jpg/330px-9_Div_Tobruk%28AWM_020779%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/9_Div_Tobruk%28AWM_020779%29.jpg/440px-9_Div_Tobruk%28AWM_020779%29.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:9_Div_Tobruk(AWM_020779).jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II\" title=\"British Empire in World War II\">British Commonwealth forces</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)\" title=\"9th Division (Australia)\">9th Division</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk\" title=\"Siege of Tobruk\">Siege of Tobruk</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/North_African_Campaign\" title=\"North African Campaign\">North African Campaign</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Siege of Malta (World War II)\">attacked and besieged Malta</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland\" title=\"Italian invasion of British Somaliland\">conquered British Somaliland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt\" title=\"Italian invasion of Egypt\">incursion into British-held Egypt</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Greco-Italian_War\" title=\"Greco-Italian War\">Italy attacked Greece</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg2002118-119\">[118]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-120\">[119]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Compass\" title=\"Operation Compass\">counter-offensives</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)\" title=\"East African campaign (World War II)\">Italian East Africa</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett20019\u201310-121\">[120]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Regia_Marina\" title=\"Regia Marina\">Italian Navy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto\" title=\"Battle of Taranto\">carrier attack at Taranto</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan\" title=\"Battle of Cape Matapan\">Battle of Cape Matapan</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2006106-122\">[121]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11,_Nordafrika,_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"452\" data-file-width=\"741\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"134\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-783-0109-11,_Nordafrika,_Panzer_III_in_Fahrt.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Panzer_III\" title=\"Panzer III\">Panzer III</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Afrika_Korps\" title=\"Afrika Korps\">Afrika Korps</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume\" title=\"Operation Sonnenblume\">deploy an expeditionary force</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Erwin_Rommel\" title=\"Erwin Rommel\">Rommel</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Afrika_Korps\" title=\"Afrika Korps\">Afrika Korps</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign\" title=\"Western Desert campaign\">launched an offensive</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurier20017\u20138-123\">[122]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk\" title=\"Siege of Tobruk\">besieged the port of Tobruk</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett2001263\u201376-124\">[123]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bulgaria\" title=\"Bulgaria\">Bulgaria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Yugoslavia\" title=\"Yugoslavia\">Yugoslavia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tripartite_Pact\" title=\"Tripartite Pact\">Tripartite Pact</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat\" title=\"Yugoslav coup d'\u00e9tat\">overthrown two days later</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia\" title=\"Invasion of Yugoslavia\">Yugoslavia</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Greece\" title=\"Battle of Greece\">Greece</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989174\u201375-125\">[124]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Crete\" title=\"Battle of Crete\">invasion of the Greek island of Crete</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989184\u201387-126\">[125]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia\" title=\"World War II in Yugoslavia\">Axis occupation of Yugoslavia</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989208,_575,_604-127\">[126]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War\" title=\"Anglo-Iraqi War\">quashed an uprising in Iraq</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon\" title=\"Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon\">Syria</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200380-128\">[127]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign\" title=\"Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign\">invaded and occupied the French possessions Syria and Lebanon</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Free_France\" title=\"Free France\">Free French</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-129\">[128]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Eastern Front (World War II)\">Eastern Front (World War II)</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1000\" data-file-width=\"960\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"271\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif/260px-Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif/390px-Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif/520px-Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif 2x\" width=\"260\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Second_world_war_europe_animation_large_de.gif\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"European theatre of World War II\">European theatre of World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Allies of World War II\">Western Allies</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Union\" title=\"Soviet Union\">Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Axis_powers\" title=\"Axis powers\">Axis powers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Southeast_Asia\" title=\"Southeast Asia\">Southeast Asia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact\" title=\"Soviet\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact\">Soviet\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarver1988114-130\">[129]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005195-131\">[130]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983[httpwwwibiblioorghyperwarAAFAAF-LuftwaffeAAF-Luftwaffe-3html_69]-132\">[131]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-GSWW4_26-133\">[132]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-GSWW4_38-134\">[133]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Axis_talks\" title=\"German\u2013Soviet Axis talks\">negotiations took place</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990810\u201312-135\">[134]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:German_troops_in_Russia,_1941_-_NARA_-_540155.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1878\" data-file-width=\"2943\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"140\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/German_troops_in_Russia%2C_1941_-_NARA_-_540155.jpg/220px-German_troops_in_Russia%2C_1941_-_NARA_-_540155.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/German_troops_in_Russia%2C_1941_-_NARA_-_540155.jpg/330px-German_troops_in_Russia%2C_1941_-_NARA_-_540155.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/German_troops_in_Russia%2C_1941_-_NARA_-_540155.jpg/440px-German_troops_in_Russia%2C_1941_-_NARA_-_540155.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:German_troops_in_Russia,_1941_-_NARA_-_540155.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Axis_powers\" title=\"Axis powers\">Axis powers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa\" title=\"Operation Barbarossa\">Operation Barbarossa</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Events1941-136\">[135]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTESella1978-137\">[136]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Baltic_region\" title=\"Baltic region\">Baltic region</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ukraine\" title=\"Ukraine\">Ukraine</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)\" title=\"Strategic goal (military)\">ultimate goal</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/A-A_line\" title=\"A-A line\">Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Caspian_Sea\" title=\"Caspian Sea\">Caspian</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/White_Sea\" title=\"White Sea\">White Seas</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lebensraum\" title=\"Lebensraum\">Lebensraum</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200766\u201369-138\">[137]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Generalplan_Ost\" title=\"Generalplan Ost\">dispossessing the native population</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995-139\">[138]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauner1978-140\">[139]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Red_Army\" title=\"Red Army\">Red Army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Counter-offensive\" title=\"Counter-offensive\">counter-offensives</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1995-141\">[140]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Stavka\" title=\"Stavka\">Soviet supreme command</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Strategic_defence\" title=\"Strategic defence\">strategic defence</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres\" title=\"Oberkommando des Heeres\">Army High Command</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)\" title=\"Battle of Smolensk (1941)\">suspend the offensive</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Army_Group_Centre\" title=\"Army Group Centre\">Army Group Centre</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Army\" title=\"2nd Panzer Army\">2nd Panzer Group</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilt1981-142\">[141]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)\" title=\"Battle of Kiev (1941)\">Kiev offensive</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Crimean_campaign\" title=\"Crimean campaign\">advance into Crimea</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov\" title=\"First Battle of Kharkov\">First Battle of Kharkov</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003114\u201337-143\">[142]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1823\" data-file-width=\"2976\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"135\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Leningrad\" title=\"Battle of Leningrad\">Battle of Leningrad</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Eastern Front (World War II)\">Eastern Front</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz20019-144\">[143]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Grand_strategy\" title=\"Grand strategy\">grand strategy</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell1993-145\">[144]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Agreement\" title=\"Anglo-Soviet Agreement\">military alliance against Germany</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeble199029-146\">[145]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Atlantic_Charter\" title=\"Atlantic Charter\">Atlantic Charter</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012220-147\">[146]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran\" title=\"Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran\">invaded neutral Iran</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Persian_Corridor\" title=\"Persian Corridor\">Persian Corridor</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir#Oil_field\" title=\"Petroleum reservoir\">oil fields</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBueno_de_MesquitaSmithSiversonMorrow2003425-148\">[147]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operational_objective\" title=\"Operational objective\">operational objectives</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad\" title=\"Siege of Leningrad\">Leningrad</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinfeld1983-149\">[148]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)\" title=\"Siege of Sevastopol (1941\u20131942)\">Sevastopol</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes2001113-150\">[149]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow\" title=\"Battle of Moscow\">offensive against Moscow</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-151\">[150]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhardt1992227-152\">[151]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_capability\" title=\"Military capability\">capability to resist</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Phase_(combat)\" title=\"Phase (combat)\">phase</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilward1964-153\">[152]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_reserve_force\" title=\"Military reserve force\">reserves</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotundo1986-154\">[153]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200126-155\">[154]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Sorge#Wartime_intelligence\" title=\"Richard Sorge\">intelligence data</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kwantung_Army\" title=\"Kwantung Army\">Kwantung Army</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-156\">[155]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Winter_campaign_of_1941%E2%80%9342\" title=\"Winter campaign of 1941\u201342\">massive counter-offensive</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-157\">[156]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_War\" title=\"Pacific War\">Pacific War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/False_flag\" title=\"False flag\">false flag</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mukden_Incident\" title=\"Mukden Incident\">Mukden Incident</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/USS_Panay_incident\" title=\"USS Panay incident\">gunboat <i>USS Panay</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre\" title=\"Nanjing Massacre\">Nanjing Massacre</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations#1937\u20131941\" title=\"Japan\u2013United States relations\">Japanese-American relations deteriorated</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Export_Control_Act\" title=\"Export Control Act\">Export Control Acts</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-ibiblio_1940-108\">[107]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-158\">[157]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-ReferenceC-159\">[158]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)\" title=\"Battle of Changsha (1939)\">first attack against Changsha</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowettAndrew200214-160\">[159]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Winter_Offensive\" title=\"1939\u201340 Winter Offensive\">several offensives</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina\" title=\"Japanese invasion of French Indochina\">occupied northern Indochina</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOveryWheatcroft1999289-161\">[160]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:228_regiment_in_HK.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"409\" data-file-width=\"640\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"141\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/228_regiment_in_HK.jpg/220px-228_regiment_in_HK.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/228_regiment_in_HK.jpg/330px-228_regiment_in_HK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/228_regiment_in_HK.jpg/440px-228_regiment_in_HK.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:228_regiment_in_HK.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong\" title=\"Battle of Hong Kong\">entering Hong Kong</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Winter_Offensive\" title=\"1939\u201340 Winter Offensive\">counter-offensive</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party\" title=\"Chinese Communist Party\">Chinese communists</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive\" title=\"Hundred Regiments Offensive\">offensive in Central China</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy\" title=\"Three Alls Policy\">harsh measures</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoes2004224-162\">[161]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident\" title=\"New Fourth Army incident\">culminated in armed clashes in January 1941</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006320-163\">[162]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao\" title=\"Battle of Shanggao\">Battle of Shanggao</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsuChang197130-164\">[163]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Reliable sources\"><span title=\"The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. The source was published in Taiwan during the military rule and censorship regime of Chiang and the Nationalist government. (November 2021)\">unreliable source?</span></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)\" title=\"Battle of Changsha (1941)\">take the city of Changsha</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsuChang197133-165\">[164]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Reliable sources\"><span title=\"The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. The source was published in Taiwan during the military rule and censorship regime of Chiang and the Nationalist government. (November 2021)\">unreliable source?</span></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Southeast_Asia\" title=\"Southeast Asia\">Southeast Asia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies\" title=\"Dutch East Indies\">Dutch East Indies</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-166\">[165]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1975201-167\">[166]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie2012456-168\">[167]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kantokuen\" title=\"Kantokuen\">planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-169\">[168]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-USAWWIIcp5-170\">[169]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-USAWWIIcp4-171\">[170]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines\" title=\"Commonwealth of the Philippines\">the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946)</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-USAWWIIcp4-171\">[170]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"2326\" data-file-width=\"2940\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"174\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/220px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/330px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/440px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)\" title=\"USS Arizona (BB-39)\">USS\u00a0<i>Arizona</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor\" title=\"Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor\">Japanese surprise air attack</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet\" title=\"United States Pacific Fleet\">American Pacific Fleet</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pearl_Harbor\" title=\"Pearl Harbor\">Pearl Harbor</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hideki_Tojo\" title=\"Hideki Tojo\">Hideki Tojo</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-USAWWIIcp5-170\">[169]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-172\">[171]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-173\">[172]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-174\">[173]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightbody2004125-175\">[174]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-176\">[175]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-177\">[176]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet\" title=\"United States Pacific Fleet\">United States Pacific Fleet</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200711\u201312-178\">[177]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_War#Japanese_offensives,_1941\u201342\" title=\"Pacific War\">offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohlstetter1962341\u201343-179\">[178]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor\" title=\"Attack on Pearl Harbor\">attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)\" title=\"Philippines campaign (1941\u20131942)\">the Philippines</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)\" title=\"Battle of Guam (1941)\">Guam</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island\" title=\"Battle of Wake Island\">Wake Island</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Malayan_campaign\" title=\"Malayan campaign\">landings in Malaya</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohlstetter1962341\u201343-179\">[178]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand\" title=\"Japanese invasion of Thailand\">Thailand</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong\" title=\"Battle of Hong Kong\">Battle of Hong Kong</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-180\">[179]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan\" title=\"United States declaration of war on Japan\">United States</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan\" title=\"United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan\">United Kingdom</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-181\">[180]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-182\">[181]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Events1941-136\">[135]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-183\">[182]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Casablanca-Conference.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"578\" data-file-width=\"640\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"181\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Casablanca-Conference.jpg/200px-Casablanca-Conference.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Casablanca-Conference.jpg/300px-Casablanca-Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Casablanca-Conference.jpg/400px-Casablanca-Conference.jpg 2x\" width=\"200\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Casablanca-Conference.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\" title=\"Franklin D. Roosevelt\">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Winston_Churchill\" title=\"Winston Churchill\">Winston Churchill</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Casablanca_Conference\" title=\"Casablanca Conference\">Casablanca Conference</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Four_Policemen\" title=\"Four Policemen\">Allied Big Four</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworthMaiolo2015313\u201314-184\">[183]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations\" title=\"Declaration by United Nations\">Declaration by United Nations</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Atlantic_Charter\" title=\"Atlantic Charter\">Atlantic Charter</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMingstKarns200722-185\">[184]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Separate_peace\" title=\"Separate peace\">separate peace</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990904-186\">[185]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Grand_strategy\" title=\"Grand strategy\">grand strategy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Europe_first\" title=\"Europe first\">defeating Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Sledgehammer\" title=\"Operation Sledgehammer\">large-scale attack</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-187\">[186]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-188\">[187]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Casablanca_Conference\" title=\"Casablanca Conference\">Casablanca Conference</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Unconditional_surrender\" title=\"Unconditional surrender\">unconditional surrender</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-189\">[188]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-190\">[189]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"998\" data-file-width=\"1298\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"238\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/310px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/465px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png/620px-Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png 2x\" width=\"310\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Thailand in World War II\">Thailand</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma\" title=\"Japanese invasion of Burma\">Burma</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Malayan_campaign\" title=\"Malayan campaign\">Malaya</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign\" title=\"Dutch East Indies campaign\">the Dutch East Indies</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore\" title=\"Battle of Singapore\">Singapore</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Rabaul_(1942)\" title=\"Battle of Rabaul (1942)\">Rabaul</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012247\u201367,_345-191\">[190]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)\" title=\"Philippines campaign (1941\u20131942)\">resistance by Filipino and US forces</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines\" title=\"Commonwealth of the Philippines\">Philippine Commonwealth</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1953p._529_(Table_11)-192\">[191]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Yenangyaung\" title=\"Battle of Yenangyaung\">Battle of Yenangyaung</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlim195671\u201374-193\">[192]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse\" title=\"Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse\">South China Sea</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea\" title=\"Battle of the Java Sea\">Java Sea</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid\" title=\"Indian Ocean raid\">Indian Ocean</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove1995362-194\">[193]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin\" title=\"Bombing of Darwin\">bombed the Allied naval base</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory\" title=\"Darwin, Northern Territory\">Darwin</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%9342)\" title=\"Battle of Changsha (1941\u201342)\">victory at Changsha</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'i1992158-195\">[194]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez1998145-196\">[195]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Mo\" title=\"Operation Mo\">capture Port Moresby</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Amphibious_warfare\" title=\"Amphibious warfare\">amphibious assault</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea\" title=\"Battle of the Coral Sea\">Battle of the Coral Sea</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddox1992111\u201312-197\">[196]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Doolittle_Raid\" title=\"Doolittle Raid\">Doolittle Raid</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Midway_Atoll\" title=\"Midway Atoll\">Midway Atoll</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign\" title=\"Aleutian Islands campaign\">occupy the Aleutian Islands</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalecker2001186-198\">[197]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign\" title=\"Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign\">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-199\">[198]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-200\">[199]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_naval_codes\" title=\"Japanese naval codes\">Japanese naval codes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Midway\" title=\"Battle of Midway\">victory at Midway</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy\" title=\"Imperial Japanese Navy\">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-201\">[200]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"740\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"178\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg/220px-Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg/330px-Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg/440px-Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps\" title=\"United States Marine Corps\">US Marines</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign\" title=\"Guadalcanal Campaign\">Guadalcanal Campaign</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Pacific Ocean theater of World War II\">Pacific theatre</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Port_Moresby\" title=\"Port Moresby\">Port Moresby</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign\" title=\"Kokoda Track campaign\">overland campaign</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Territory_of_Papua\" title=\"Territory of Papua\">Territory of Papua</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005339-202\">[201]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Solomon_Islands\" title=\"Solomon Islands\">Solomon Islands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Guadalcanal\" title=\"Guadalcanal\">Guadalcanal</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rabaul\" title=\"Rabaul\">Rabaul</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-203\">[202]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign\" title=\"Guadalcanal campaign\">the Battle for Guadalcanal</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Oro_Province\" title=\"Oro Province\">northern part of the island</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona\" title=\"Battle of Buna\u2013Gona\">Battle of Buna\u2013Gona</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2001197-204\">[203]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Ke\" title=\"Operation Ke\">withdrew their troops</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHane2001340-205\">[204]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Arakan_Campaign_1942%E2%80%9343\" title=\"Arakan Campaign 1942\u201343\">an offensive into the Arakan region</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston2005111-206\">[205]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chindits#Operation_Longcloth\" title=\"Chindits\">insertion of irregular forces</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrayley20029-207\">[206]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"776\" data-file-width=\"2163\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"118\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/495px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/660px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 2x\" width=\"330\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Red_Army\" title=\"Red Army\">Red Army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad\" title=\"Battle of Stalingrad\">Battle of Stalingrad</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200131-208\">[207]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula\" title=\"Battle of the Kerch Peninsula\">Kerch Peninsula</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov\" title=\"Second Battle of Kharkov\">Kharkov</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead2004764-209\">[208]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Case_Blue\" title=\"Case Blue\">summer offensive</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan\" title=\"Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan\">oil fields of the Caucasus</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kuban\" title=\"Kuban\">Kuban</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Steppe\" title=\"Steppe\">steppe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Army_Group_South\" title=\"Army Group South\">Army Group South</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Army_Group_A\" title=\"Army Group A\">Army Group A</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Don_(river)\" title=\"Don (river)\">Don River</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Army_Group_B\" title=\"Army Group B\">Army Group B</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Volga\" title=\"Volga\">Volga River</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006p._100_(2008_ed.)-210\">[209]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad\" title=\"Battle of Stalingrad\">nearly taken Stalingrad</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Urban_warfare\" title=\"Urban warfare\">street fighting</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Uranus\" title=\"Operation Uranus\">encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998239\u201365-211\">[210]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Mars\" title=\"Operation Mars\">Rzhev salient near Moscow</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003119-212\">[211]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998383\u201391-213\">[212]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov\" title=\"Third Battle of Kharkov\">attack on Kharkov</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Salient_(military)\" title=\"Salient (military)\">salient</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kursk\" title=\"Kursk\">Kursk</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2001142-214\">[213]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"2187\" data-file-width=\"2716\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"177\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG/220px-8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG/330px-8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG/440px-8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:8th_AF_Bombing_Marienburg.JPEG\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/8th_Air_Force\" title=\"8th Air Force\">8th Air Force</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress\" title=\"Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress\">Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Happy_Time\" title=\"Second Happy Time\">the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilner199052-215\">[214]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Crusader\" title=\"Operation Crusader\">Operation Crusader</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012224\u201328-216\">[215]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala#Gazala_line\" title=\"Battle of Gazala\">Gazala line</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolinari200791-217\">[216]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200731-218\">[217]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/French_Madagascar\" title=\"French Madagascar\">Vichy-held Madagascar</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar\" title=\"Battle of Madagascar\">invade the island</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012380\u201381-219\">[218]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala\" title=\"Battle of Gazala\">offensive in Libya</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein\" title=\"First Battle of El Alamein\">stopped at El Alamein</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich1992178-220\">[219]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Commando\" title=\"Commando\">commandos</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dieppe_Raid\" title=\"Dieppe Raid\">Dieppe Raid</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2004129-221\">[220]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeillands2005-222\">[221]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citing sources\"><span title=\"This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2016)\">page\u00a0needed</span></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa\" title=\"Battle of Alam el Halfa\">second attack against El Alamein</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan1997277-223\">[222]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Pedestal\" title=\"Operation Pedestal\">deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002-224\">[223]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein\" title=\"Second Battle of El Alamein\">commenced an attack of their own</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasAndrew19988-225\">[224]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Torch\" title=\"Operation Torch\">Anglo-American landings in French North Africa</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199738-226\">[225]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Case_Anton\" title=\"Case Anton\">occupation of Vichy France</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199738-226\">[225]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_at_Toulon\" title=\"Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon\">scuttle their fleet</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199738-226\">[225]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonnerBonner200124-227\">[226]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tunisia\" title=\"Tunisia\">Tunisia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tunisian_campaign\" title=\"Tunisian campaign\">conquered by the Allies</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199738-226\">[225]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier200311-228\">[227]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive\" title=\"Combined Bomber Offensive\">a strategic bombing campaign</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dehousing\" title=\"Dehousing\">de-house</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-229\">[228]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Bombing of Hamburg in World War II\">firebombing of Hamburg</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1995119\u201320-230\">[229]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1658\" data-file-width=\"2131\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"171\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg/220px-SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg/330px-SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg/440px-SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:SBD_VB-16_over_USS_Washington_1943.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Navy\" title=\"United States Navy\">U.S. Navy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless\" title=\"Douglas SBD Dauntless\">SBD-5</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Scout_plane\" title=\"Scout plane\">scout plane</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/USS_Washington_(BB-56)\" title=\"USS Washington (BB-56)\">USS\u00a0<i>Washington</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-16)\" title=\"USS Lexington (CV-16)\">USS\u00a0<i>Lexington</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign\" title=\"Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign\">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign#Allied_response\" title=\"Aleutian Islands campaign\">eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonRandall2008164-231\">[230]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel\" title=\"Operation Cartwheel\">isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign\" title=\"Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign\">breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2001610-232\">[231]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Hailstone\" title=\"Operation Hailstone\">neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Caroline_Islands\" title=\"Caroline Islands\">Caroline Islands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Western_New_Guinea_campaign\" title=\"Western New Guinea campaign\">retake Western New Guinea</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002228-233\">[232]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk\" title=\"Battle of Kursk\">attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-234\">[233]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001592-235\">[234]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily\" title=\"Allied invasion of Sicily\">invasion of Sicily</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy\" title=\"Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy\">ousting and arrest of Mussolini</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly200132-236\">[235]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1428\" data-file-width=\"2525\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"124\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg/220px-Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg/330px-Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg/440px-Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Red_Army\" title=\"Red Army\">Red Army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk\" title=\"Battle of Kursk\">Battle of Kursk</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Kutuzov\" title=\"Operation Kutuzov\">counter-offensives</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy2007595-237\">[236]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly200135-238\">[237]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealy199290-239\">[238]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Panther%E2%80%93Wotan_line\" title=\"Panther\u2013Wotan line\">Panther\u2013Wotan line</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1943)\" title=\"Battle of Smolensk (1943)\">Smolensk</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper\" title=\"Battle of the Dnieper\">Lower Dnieper Offensive</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200150\u201355-240\">[239]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy\" title=\"Allied invasion of Italy\">invaded the Italian mainland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile\" title=\"Armistice of Cassibile\">Italy's armistice with the Allies</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-241\">[240]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Achse\" title=\"Operation Achse\">disarming Italian forces</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazower2008362-242\">[241]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartHartHughes2000151-243\">[242]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid\" title=\"Gran Sasso raid\">rescued Mussolini</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic\" title=\"Italian Social Republic\">Italian Social Republic</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn200652-244\">[243]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Civil_War\" title=\"Italian Civil War\">Italian civil war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Winter_Line\" title=\"Winter Line\">main German defensive line</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadFisher2002129-245\">[244]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Black_May_(1943)\" title=\"Black May (1943)\">May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-246\">[245]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\" title=\"Franklin D. Roosevelt\">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek\" title=\"Chiang Kai-shek\">Chiang Kai-shek</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cairo_Conference\" title=\"Cairo Conference\">in Cairo</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tehran_Conference\" title=\"Tehran Conference\">in Tehran</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Kolko_1990_211,235,267_268-247\">[246]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Iriye_1981_154-248\">[247]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Burma_campaign\" title=\"Burma campaign\">Burma campaign</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter2014286-249\">[248]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-polley148-250\">[249]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Cassino,_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"2480\" data-file-width=\"2733\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"200\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Battle_of_Cassino%2C_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_Cassino%2C_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Battle_of_Cassino%2C_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_Cassino%2C_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Battle_of_Cassino%2C_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_Cassino%2C_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Cassino,_January-may_1944_C4363.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Monte_Cassino\" title=\"Monte Cassino\">Benedictine</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino\" title=\"Battle of Monte Cassino\">Battle of Monte Cassino</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Italian Campaign (World War II)\">Italian Campaign</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Changde\" title=\"Battle of Changde\">Battle of Changde</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Beevor_2012_268_274-251\">[250]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-H161-252\">[251]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Hsu_Chang_412-416-253\">[252]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Reliable sources\"><span title=\"The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. The source was published in Taiwan during the military rule and censorship regime of Chiang and the Nationalist government. (November 2021)\">unreliable source?</span></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino\" title=\"Battle of Monte Cassino\">series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio\" title=\"Battle of Anzio\">landings at Anzio</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-254\">[253]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Leningrad_Front\" title=\"Leningrad Front\">Soviet</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad#Soviet_relief_of_the_siege\" title=\"Siege of Leningrad\">a major offensive</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast\" title=\"Leningrad Oblast\">Leningrad region</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_battles_by_casualties#Sieges_and_urban_combat\" title=\"List of battles by casualties\">most lethal siege in history</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Glantz_2002_327_366-255\">[254]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_Offensive\" title=\"Leningrad\u2013Novgorod Offensive\">following Soviet offensive</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)\" title=\"Battle of Narva (1944)\">halted on the pre-war Estonian border</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Army_Group_North\" title=\"Army Group North\">Army Group North</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II#Estonians_in_Nazi_German_military_units\" title=\"German occupation of Estonia during World War II\">Estonians</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Estonian_government-in-exile#Failure_to_reestablish_independence\" title=\"Estonian government-in-exile\">re-establish national independence</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Baltic_Sea\" title=\"Baltic Sea\">Baltic Sea</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Glantz_2002_367_414-256\">[255]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Crimean_Offensive\" title=\"Crimean Offensive\">liberated Crimea</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_Offensive\" title=\"Dnieper\u2013Carpathian Offensive\">largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive\" title=\"First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\">incursions into Romania</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Chubarov_2001_122-257\">[256]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-258\">[257]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_U-Go\" title=\"Operation U-Go\">an operation against British positions in Assam, India</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Lightbody_2004_224-259\">[258]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal\" title=\"Battle of Imphal\">Imphal</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima\" title=\"Battle of Kohima\">Kohima</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Zeiler-260\">[259]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Zeiler-260\">[259]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan\" title=\"Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan\">invaded northern Burma</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Myitkyina\" title=\"Siege of Myitkyina\">besieged Japanese troops</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Myitkyina\" title=\"Myitkyina\">Myitkyina</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-261\">[260]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go\" title=\"Operation Ichi-Go\">second Japanese invasion</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-262\">[261]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Henan\" title=\"Henan\">Henan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1944)\" title=\"Battle of Changsha (1944)\">new attack on Changsha</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-263\">[262]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Approaching_Omaha.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"2147\" data-file-width=\"3000\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"157\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/220px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/330px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/440px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Approaching_Omaha.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Omaha_Beach\" title=\"Omaha Beach\">Omaha Beach</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Overlord\" title=\"Operation Overlord\">invasion of Normandy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Normandy_landings\" title=\"Normandy landings\">D-Day</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Normandy_landings\" title=\"Normandy landings\">D-Day</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-rees406-264\">[263]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Overlord\" title=\"Operation Overlord\">invaded northern France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Dragoon\" title=\"Operation Dragoon\">attacked southern France</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Weinberg_2005_695-265\">[264]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Falaise_Pocket\" title=\"Falaise Pocket\">German Army units in France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Paris\" title=\"Paris\">Paris</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris\" title=\"Liberation of Paris\">liberated</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/French_Resistance\" title=\"French Resistance\">local resistance</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Free_French_Forces\" title=\"Free French Forces\">Free French Forces</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle\" title=\"Charles de Gaulle\">Charles de Gaulle</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-266\">[265]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine\" title=\"Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine\">push back German forces</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden\" title=\"Operation Market Garden\">a major airborne operation</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-267\">[266]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Queen\" title=\"Operation Queen\">failed to cross the Rur river</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gothic_Line\" title=\"Gothic Line\">last major German defensive line</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-268\">[267]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97906_Warschauer_Aufstand,_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf,_SS.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"534\" data-file-width=\"800\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"147\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97906_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf%2C_SS.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97906_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf%2C_SS.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97906_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf%2C_SS.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97906_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf%2C_SS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97906_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf%2C_SS.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97906_Warschauer_Aufstand%2C_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf%2C_SS.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97906_Warschauer_Aufstand,_Stra%C3%9Fenkampf,_SS.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Schutzstaffel\" title=\"Schutzstaffel\">SS</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dirlewanger_Brigade\" title=\"Dirlewanger Brigade\">Dirlewanger Brigade</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising\" title=\"Warsaw Uprising\">Warsaw Uprising</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Bagration\" title=\"Operation Bagration\">Operation Bagration</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Army_Group_Centre\" title=\"Army Group Centre\">Army Group Centre</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Zaloga_1996_7-269\">[268]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_Offensive\" title=\"Lvov\u2013Sandomierz Offensive\">another Soviet strategic offensive</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation\" title=\"Polish Committee of National Liberation\">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Home_Army\" title=\"Home Army\">Armia Krajowa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Praga\" title=\"Praga\">Praga</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Vistula\" title=\"Vistula\">Vistula</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising\" title=\"Warsaw Uprising\">Warsaw Uprising</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-270\">[269]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising\" title=\"Slovak National Uprising\">national uprising</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)\" title=\"Slovak Republic (1939\u20131945)\">Slovakia</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-271\">[270]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Red_Army\" title=\"Red Army\">Red Army</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive\" title=\"Second Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\">strategic offensive in eastern Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Army_Group_South_Ukraine\" title=\"Army Group South Ukraine\">considerable German troops there</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup\" title=\"King Michael's Coup\">a successful coup d'\u00e9tat in Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat\" title=\"1944 Bulgarian coup d'\u00e9tat\">in Bulgaria</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-countrystudies.us-272\">[271]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia\" title=\"Democratic Federal Yugoslavia\">Yugoslavia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Army_Group_E\" title=\"Army Group E\">E</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Army_Group_F\" title=\"Army Group F\">F</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece\" title=\"Axis occupation of Greece\">Greece</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania\" title=\"German occupation of Albania\">Albania</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Evans_2008_653-273\">[272]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans\" title=\"Yugoslav Partisans\">Partisans</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito\" title=\"Josip Broz Tito\">Josip Broz Tito</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia\" title=\"World War II in Yugoslavia\">increasingly successful guerrilla campaign</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia\" title=\"Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia\">Serbia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Red_Army\" title=\"Red Army\">Red Army</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive\" title=\"Belgrade Offensive\">liberation of the capital city of Belgrade</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Budapest_Offensive\" title=\"Budapest Offensive\">massive assault</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust\" title=\"Operation Panzerfaust\">German-occupied</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest\" title=\"Siege of Budapest\">the fall of Budapest</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-274\">[273]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Continuation_War\" title=\"Continuation War\">bitter Finnish resistance</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_Offensive\" title=\"Vyborg\u2013Petrozavodsk Offensive\">Soviet offensive</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus\" title=\"Karelian Isthmus\">Karelian Isthmus</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Moscow_Armistice\" title=\"Moscow Armistice\">Soviet-Finnish armistice</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-275\">[274]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lapland_War\" title=\"Lapland War\">fight their former ally Germany</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19901085-276\">[275]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1199\" data-file-width=\"1600\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"165\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/220px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/330px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/440px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/General_(United_States)\" title=\"General (United States)\">General</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur\" title=\"Douglas MacArthur\">Douglas MacArthur</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines\" title=\"Commonwealth of the Philippines\">Philippines</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte\" title=\"Battle of Leyte\">Battle of Leyte</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Assam\" title=\"Assam\">Assam</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chindwin_River\" title=\"Chindwin River\">Chindwin River</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Marston_2005_120-277\">[276]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Song\" title=\"Battle of Mount Song\">captured Mount Song</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Burma_Road\" title=\"Burma Road\">Burma Road</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-278\">[277]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1944)#Battle_of_Changsha\" title=\"Battle of Changsha (1944)\">captured Changsha</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Defense_of_Hengyang\" title=\"Defense of Hengyang\">Hengyang</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-279\">[278]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Guangxi\" title=\"Guangxi\">Guangxi</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Guilin%E2%80%93Liuzhou\" title=\"Battle of Guilin\u2013Liuzhou\">Guilin and Liuzhou</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-280\">[279]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Drea_2003_54-281\">[280]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign\" title=\"Mariana and Palau Islands campaign\">offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea\" title=\"Battle of the Philippine Sea\">Battle of the Philippine Sea</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hideki_Tojo\" title=\"Hideki Tojo\">Hideki Tojo</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte\" title=\"Battle of Leyte\">invaded the Filipino island of Leyte</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf\" title=\"Battle of Leyte Gulf\">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-282\">[281]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"2239\" data-file-width=\"2720\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"181\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/330px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/440px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Yalta_Conference\" title=\"Yalta Conference\">Yalta Conference</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Winston_Churchill\" title=\"Winston Churchill\">Winston Churchill</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\" title=\"Franklin D. Roosevelt\">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_Stalin\" title=\"Joseph Stalin\">Joseph Stalin</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge\" title=\"Battle of the Bulge\">a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Operation_Nordwind\" title=\"Operation Nordwind\">along with the French-German border</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Antwerp\" title=\"Antwerp\">Antwerp</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-parkerxiii-283\">[282]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-parkerxiii-283\">[282]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive\" title=\"Vistula\u2013Oder Offensive\">pushing from the Vistula to the Oder</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/East_Prussian_Offensive\" title=\"East Prussian Offensive\">overran East Prussia</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-284\">[283]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Yalta_Conference\" title=\"Yalta Conference\">Yalta Conference</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-285\">[284]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Silesian_Offensives\" title=\"Silesian Offensives\">entered Silesia</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/East_Pomeranian_Offensive\" title=\"East Pomeranian Offensive\">Pomerania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany\" title=\"Western Allied invasion of Germany\">Western Allies entered western Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rhine\" title=\"Rhine\">Rhine</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Plunder\" title=\"Operation Plunder\">north</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Remagen\" title=\"Remagen\">south</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr\" title=\"Rhine-Ruhr\">Ruhr</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket\" title=\"Ruhr Pocket\">encircling the German Army Group B</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-286\">[285]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening\" title=\"Operation Spring Awakening\">its last major offensive</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lake_Balaton\" title=\"Lake Balaton\">Lake Balaton</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Vienna_offensive\" title=\"Vienna offensive\">Vienna</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg\" title=\"Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg\">captured K\u00f6nigsberg</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy\" title=\"Spring 1945 offensive in Italy\">pushed forward in Italy</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Hamburg_(1945)\" title=\"Battle of Hamburg (1945)\">Hamburg</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Nuremberg_(1945)\" title=\"Battle of Nuremberg (1945)\">Nuremberg</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Elbe_Day\" title=\"Elbe Day\">American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_Reichstag_in_Berlin,_3_June_1945._BU8573.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1853\" data-file-width=\"1772\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"230\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ruins_of_the_Reichstag_in_Berlin%2C_3_June_1945._BU8573.jpg/220px-Ruins_of_the_Reichstag_in_Berlin%2C_3_June_1945._BU8573.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ruins_of_the_Reichstag_in_Berlin%2C_3_June_1945._BU8573.jpg/330px-Ruins_of_the_Reichstag_in_Berlin%2C_3_June_1945._BU8573.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ruins_of_the_Reichstag_in_Berlin%2C_3_June_1945._BU8573.jpg/440px-Ruins_of_the_Reichstag_in_Berlin%2C_3_June_1945._BU8573.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_Reichstag_in_Berlin,_3_June_1945._BU8573.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Reichstag_building\" title=\"Reichstag building\">Reichstag</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin\" title=\"Battle of Berlin\">stormed and captured Berlin</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001793\u2013829-287\">[286]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Surrender_of_Caserta\" title=\"Surrender of Caserta\">German forces surrendered</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Reichstag_building\" title=\"Reichstag building\">Reichstag</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Shepardson_1998-288\">[287]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Harry_S._Truman\" title=\"Harry S. Truman\">Harry S. Truman</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini\" title=\"Death of Benito Mussolini\">was killed</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement\" title=\"Italian resistance movement\">Italian partisans</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-O'Reilly_2001_244-289\">[288]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler\" title=\"Death of Adolf Hitler\">Hitler committed suicide</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker\" title=\"F\u00fchrerbunker\">headquarters</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Grand_Admiral\" title=\"Grand Admiral\">Grand Admiral</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz\" title=\"Karl D\u00f6nitz\">Karl D\u00f6nitz</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels\" title=\"Joseph Goebbels\">Joseph Goebbels</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender\" title=\"German Instrument of Surrender\">Total and unconditional surrender</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day\" title=\"Victory in Europe Day\">on 7<span class=\"nowrap\">\u00a0</span>and 8<span class=\"nowrap\">\u00a0</span>May</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Victory_Day_(Eastern_Front)\" title=\"Victory Day (Eastern Front)\">8 May</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Evans_2008_737-290\">[289]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Prague_Offensive\" title=\"Prague Offensive\">resisted in Prague</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Glantz_1998_34-291\">[290]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth\" title=\"Philippine Commonwealth\">Philippine Commonwealth</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)\" title=\"Philippines campaign (1944\u20131945)\">in the Philippines</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte\" title=\"Battle of Leyte\">clearing Leyte</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon\" title=\"Battle of Luzon\">landed on Luzon</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)\" title=\"Battle of Manila (1945)\">recaptured Manila</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanao\" title=\"Battle of Mindanao\">Mindanao</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia\" title=\"End of World War II in Asia\">end of the war</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-292\">[291]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces\" title=\"United States Army Air Forces\">United States Army Air Forces</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan\" title=\"Air raids on Japan\">a massive firebombing campaign</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo\" title=\"Bombing of Tokyo\">bombing raid on Tokyo of 9\u201310 March</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-293\">[292]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Nagasakibomb.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"3877\" data-file-width=\"3245\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"203\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/170px-Nagasakibomb.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/255px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/340px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x\" width=\"170\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Nagasakibomb.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki\" title=\"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\">Atomic bombing</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nagasaki\" title=\"Nagasaki\">Nagasaki</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Borneo_campaign\" title=\"Borneo campaign\">landed in Borneo</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Burma_campaign\" title=\"Burma campaign\">Burma</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Yangon\" title=\"Yangon\">Rangoon</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Drea_2003_57-294\">[293]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan\" title=\"Battle of West Hunan\">Battle of West Hunan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima\" title=\"Battle of Iwo Jima\">Iwo Jima</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa\" title=\"Battle of Okinawa\">Okinawa</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-295\">[294]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War\" title=\"Allied submarines in the Pacific War\">cut off</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-results_of_german_and_american_submarines-296\">[295]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Potsdam_Conference\" title=\"Potsdam Conference\">met in Potsdam, Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement\" title=\"Potsdam Agreement\">confirmed earlier agreements</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Williams_2006_90-297\">[296]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration\" title=\"Potsdam Declaration\">\"the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction\"</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Miscamble_2007_201-298\">[297]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election\" title=\"1945 United Kingdom general election\">held its general election</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Clement_Attlee\" title=\"Clement Attlee\">Clement Attlee</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Miscamble_2007_203_204-299\">[298]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-300\">[299]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki\" title=\"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\">dropped atomic bombs</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hiroshima\" title=\"Hiroshima\">Hiroshima</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nagasaki\" title=\"Nagasaki\">Nagasaki</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria\" title=\"Soviet invasion of Manchuria\">invaded Japanese-held Manchuria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kwantung_Army\" title=\"Kwantung Army\">Kwantung Army</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-301\">[300]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Pape_1993-302\">[301]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin\" title=\"Soviet Invasion of South Sakhalin\">southern part of Sakhalin Island</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands\" title=\"Invasion of the Kuril Islands\">Kuril Islands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan\" title=\"Surrender of Japan\">Japan surrendered</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender\" title=\"Japanese Instrument of Surrender\">surrender documents</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tokyo_Bay\" title=\"Tokyo Bay\">Tokyo Bay</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)\" title=\"USS Missouri (BB-63)\">USS <i>Missouri</i></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Beevor_2012_776-303\">[302]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Aftermath of World War II\">Aftermath of World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Consequences_of_Nazism\" title=\"Consequences of Nazism\">Consequences of Nazism</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"1673\" data-file-width=\"2908\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"150\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg/260px-Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg/390px-Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg/520px-Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg 2x\" width=\"260\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Warsaw_Old_Town_1945.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Warsaw\" title=\"Warsaw\">Warsaw</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Planned_destruction_of_Warsaw\" title=\"Planned destruction of Warsaw\">deliberate destruction of the city</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria\" title=\"Allied-occupied Austria\">Austria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany\" title=\"Allied-occupied Germany\">Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Denazification\" title=\"Denazification\">denazification</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nuremberg_trials\" title=\"Nuremberg trials\">Nuremberg trials</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Frei_2002_41_66-304\">[303]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Silesia\" title=\"Silesia\">Silesia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Neumark\" title=\"Neumark\">Neumark</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pomerania\" title=\"Pomerania\">Pomerania</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-:1-305\">[304]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/East_Prussia\" title=\"East Prussia\">East Prussia</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)\" title=\"Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944\u201350)\">expulsion to Germany</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-:3-306\">[305]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-:2-307\">[306]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sudetenland\" title=\"Sudetenland\">Sudetenland</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Curzon_line\" title=\"Curzon line\">Curzon line</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-:02-308\">[307]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)\" title=\"Polish population transfers (1944\u20131946)\">2 million Poles were expelled</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-:2-307\">[306]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-stalinswars43-309\">[308]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-stalinswars55-310\">[309]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-shirer794-311\">[310]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-ckpipe-312\">[311]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Baltic_states\" title=\"Baltic states\">Baltic states</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)\" title=\"Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)\">incorporated into the Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Wettig_2008_20_21-313\">[312]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Senn_2007_?-314\">[313]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock,_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"2404\" data-file-width=\"2951\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"179\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg/440px-Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Ww2_170.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nuremberg_trials\" title=\"Nuremberg trials\">Nuremberg trials</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Nazi Germany\">Nazi Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity\" title=\"Crimes against humanity\">crimes against humanity</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_peace\" title=\"World peace\">world peace</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Yoder_1997_39-315\">[314]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations\" title=\"United Nations\">United Nations</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-316\">[315]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights\" title=\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations\" title=\"Member states of the United Nations\">member nations</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Waltz_2002-317\">[316]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council\" title=\"Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council\">permanent members</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council\" title=\"United Nations Security Council\">Security Council</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-The_UN_Security_Council-318\">[317]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758\" title=\"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758\">between</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Taiwan\" title=\"Taiwan\">Republic of China</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/China\" title=\"China\">People's Republic of China</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Successor_state\" title=\"Successor state\">successor state</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Russia\" title=\"Russia\">Russian Federation</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"Dissolution of the Soviet Union\">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Kantowicz_2000_6-319\">[318]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"680\" data-file-width=\"400\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"306\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/180px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/270px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg/360px-EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg.png 2x\" width=\"180\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:EasternBloc_BorderChange38-48.svg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Central_Europe\" title=\"Central Europe\">Central Europe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Communism\" title=\"Communism\">Communist</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Bloc\" title=\"Eastern Bloc\">Eastern Bloc</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/West_Germany\" title=\"West Germany\">Federal Republic of Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/East_Germany\" title=\"East Germany\">German Democratic Republic</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Wettig_2008_96_100-320\">[319]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bizone\" title=\"Bizone\">Allied</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone\" title=\"Soviet occupation zone\">Soviet occupation zones</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Spheres_of_influence\" title=\"Spheres of influence\">spheres of influence</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Trachtenberg_1999_33-321\">[320]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Bloc\" title=\"Eastern Bloc\">the Soviet sphere</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/East_Germany\" title=\"East Germany\">East Germany</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Applebaum_2012-322\">[321]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic\" title=\"Polish People's Republic\">Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic\" title=\"Hungarian People's Republic\">Hungary</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania\" title=\"Socialist Republic of Romania\">Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic\" title=\"Czechoslovak Socialist Republic\">Czechoslovakia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania\" title=\"People's Socialist Republic of Albania\">Albania</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Naimark_2010-323\">[322]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Satellite_state\" title=\"Satellite state\">satellite states</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia\" title=\"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\">Yugoslavia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement\" title=\"Non-Aligned Movement\">independent policy</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_Split\" title=\"Tito\u2013Stalin Split\">tension with the Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Swain_1992-324\">[323]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/NATO\" title=\"NATO\">NATO</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Warsaw_Pact\" title=\"Warsaw Pact\">Warsaw Pact</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Borstelmann_2005_318-325\">[324]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cold_War\" title=\"Cold War\">Cold War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Arms_race\" title=\"Arms race\">arms race</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Proxy_war\" title=\"Proxy war\">proxy wars</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-326\">[325]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan\" title=\"Occupation of Japan\">occupation of Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands\" title=\"Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands\">administered Japan's former islands</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/South_Sakhalin\" title=\"South Sakhalin\">South Sakhalin</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kuril_Islands\" title=\"Kuril Islands\">Kuril Islands</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Weinberg_2005_911-327\">[326]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Korea\" title=\"Korea\">Korea</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule\" title=\"Korea under Japanese rule\">under Japanese rule</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Division_of_Korea\" title=\"Division of Korea\">divided and occupied</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/North_Korea\" title=\"North Korea\">North</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/South_Korea\" title=\"South Korea\">South</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Korean_War\" title=\"Korean War\">Korean War</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-328\">[327]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"2044\" data-file-width=\"3000\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"150\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion\" title=\"David Ben-Gurion\">David Ben-Gurion</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence\" title=\"Israeli Declaration of Independence\">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Independence_Hall_(Israel)\" title=\"Independence Hall (Israel)\">Independence Hall</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War\" title=\"Chinese Civil War\">the civil war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Taiwan\" title=\"Taiwan\">Taiwan</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Lynch_2010_12_13-329\">[328]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine\" title=\"United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine\">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Creation_of_Israel\" title=\"Creation of Israel\">creation of Israel</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict\" title=\"Arab\u2013Israeli conflict\">Arab\u2013Israeli conflict</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Colonial_empire\" title=\"Colonial empire\">colonial empires</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Decolonization\" title=\"Decolonization\">decolonisation</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-JMRoberts_1996_589-330\">[329]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-331\">[330]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_baby_boom\" title=\"Post\u2013World War II baby boom\">baby boom</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-332\">[331]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_plans_for_German_industry_after_World_War_II\" title=\"Allied plans for German industry after World War II\">industrial disarmament in Western Germany</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Balabkins_1964_207-333\">[332]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-334\">[333]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Balabkins_1964_208,209-335\">[334]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Deutsche_Mark\" title=\"Deutsche Mark\">currency reform in Western Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Marshall_Plan\" title=\"Marshall Plan\">Marshall Plan</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-336\">[335]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Balabkins_1964_212-337\">[336]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder#West_Germany\" title=\"Wirtschaftswunder\">German economic miracle</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-338\">[337]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle\" title=\"Italian economic miracle\">economic boom</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-339\">[338]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses\" title=\"Trente Glorieuses\">French economy rebounded</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-340\">[339]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-341\">[340]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-342\">[341]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-343\">[342]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Smith_1993_32-344\">[343]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-345\">[344]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-346\">[345]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Historiography of World War II\">Historiography of World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_casualties\" title=\"World War II casualties\">World War II casualties</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_war_crimes_committed_during_World_War_II\" title=\"List of war crimes committed during World War II\">List of war crimes committed during World War II</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:World_War_II_Casualties2.svg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"540\" data-file-width=\"830\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"260\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_II_Casualties2.svg/400px-World_War_II_Casualties2.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_II_Casualties2.svg/600px-World_War_II_Casualties2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_II_Casualties2.svg/800px-World_War_II_Casualties2.svg.png 2x\" width=\"400\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:World_War_II_Casualties2.svg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-347\">[346]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_casualties_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Battle casualties of World War II\">20 million military personnel</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-WWII:_C&amp;C-348\">[347]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-349\">[348]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-350\">[349]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Genocide\" title=\"Genocide\">genocide</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/List_of_massacres\" title=\"List of massacres\">massacres</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Strategic bombing during World War II\">mass bombings</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Infectious_disease\" title=\"Infectious disease\">disease</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Starvation\" title=\"Starvation\">starvation</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-351\">[350]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Ell&amp;Mak_1994-352\">[351]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-353\">[352]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Herf_2003-354\">[353]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-355\">[354]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Niewyk45-356\">[355]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Racial policy of Nazi Germany\">racist policies</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mass_killing\" title=\"Mass killing\">mass killing</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Holocaust\" title=\"The Holocaust\">around 6<span class=\"nowrap\">\u00a0</span>million Jews</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Romani_genocide\" title=\"Romani genocide\">Roma</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Holocaust\" title=\"Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust\">homosexuals</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_Poland\" title=\"World War II casualties of Poland\">Poles</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-357\">[356]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-358\">[357]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"World War II casualties of the Soviet Union\">millions of other Slavs</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Holocaust_victims\" title=\"Holocaust victims\">other ethnic and minority groups</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-359\">[358]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Niewyk45-356\">[355]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Serbs\" title=\"Serbs\">Serbs</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Persecution_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia\" title=\"Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia\">persecuted and murdered</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e\" title=\"Usta\u0161e\">Usta\u0161e</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Yugoslavia\" title=\"Yugoslavia\">Yugoslavia</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-360\">[359]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bosniaks\" title=\"Bosniaks\">Muslims</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Croats\" title=\"Croats\">Croats</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Chetnik war crimes in World War II\">persecuted and killed</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chetniks\" title=\"Chetniks\">Chetniks</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-361\">[360]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Geiger-362\">[361]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army\" title=\"Ukrainian Insurgent Army\">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia\" title=\"Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia\">Volhynia massacres</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-363\">[362]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Home_Army\" title=\"Home Army\">Home Army</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-364\">[363]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"559\" data-file-width=\"800\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"154\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/220px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/330px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/440px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army\" title=\"Imperial Japanese Army\">Imperial Japanese Army</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Nanking_Massacre\" title=\"Nanking Massacre\">Nanking Massacre</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-365\">[364]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-366\">[365]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Nanking_Massacre\" title=\"Nanking Massacre\">Nanking Massacre</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-367\">[366]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy\" title=\"Three Alls Policy\">Sank\u014d Sakusen</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Yasuji_Okamura\" title=\"Yasuji Okamura\">Yasuji Okamura</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Shantung\" title=\"Shantung\">Shantung</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-368\">[367]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Biological_warfare\" title=\"Biological warfare\">biological</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chemical_warfare\" title=\"Chemical warfare\">chemical weapons</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army\" title=\"Imperial Japanese Army\">Imperial Japanese Army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War\" title=\"Second Sino-Japanese War\">invasion and occupation of China</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Unit_731\" title=\"Unit 731\">Unit 731</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-369\">[368]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-370\">[369]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol\" title=\"Battles of Khalkhin Gol\">early conflicts against the Soviets</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-371\">[370]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Japanese_human_experimentation_on_the_Chinese\" title=\"Japanese human experimentation on the Chinese\">Japanese tested</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-372\">[371]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Prisoner_of_war\" title=\"Prisoner of war\">prisoners of war</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-373\">[372]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Katyn_massacre\" title=\"Katyn massacre\">Katyn massacre</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-374\">[373]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres\" title=\"NKVD prisoner massacres\">thousands of political prisoners</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/NKVD\" title=\"NKVD\">NKVD</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"Population transfer in the Soviet Union\">mass civilian deportations to Siberia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states\" title=\"Occupation of the Baltic states\">Baltic states</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union\">eastern Poland</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-375\">[374]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Positive_international_law\" title=\"Positive international law\">positive</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Customary_international_law\" title=\"Customary international law\">customary</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/International_humanitarian_law\" title=\"International humanitarian law\">international humanitarian law</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Aerial_warfare\" title=\"Aerial warfare\">aerial warfare</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-376\">[375]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan\" title=\"Air raids on Japan\">firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-377\">[376]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Genocide\" title=\"Genocide\">Genocide</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Holocaust\" title=\"The Holocaust\">The Holocaust</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps\" title=\"Nazi concentration camps\">Nazi concentration camps</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Extermination_camp\" title=\"Extermination camp\">Extermination camp</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Forced labour under German rule during World War II\">Forced labour under German rule during World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany\">Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation\" title=\"Nazi human experimentation\">Nazi human experimentation</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gulag\" title=\"Gulag\">Gulag</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp,_April_1945_BU4031.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"789\" data-file-width=\"800\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"217\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg/220px-The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg/330px-The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg/440px-The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp%2C_April_1945_BU4031.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:The_Liberation_of_Bergen-belsen_Concentration_Camp,_April_1945_BU4031.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Schutzstaffel\" title=\"Schutzstaffel\">Schutzstaffel</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp\" title=\"Bergen-Belsen concentration camp\">Bergen-Belsen concentration camp</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Nazi Germany\">Nazi Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dictatorship\" title=\"Dictatorship\">dictatorship</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Holocaust\" title=\"The Holocaust\">the Holocaust</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation\" title=\"Nazi crimes against the Polish nation\">killing 2.7\u00a0million ethnic Poles</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-378\">[377]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Life_unworthy_of_life\" title=\"Life unworthy of life\">unworthy of life</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Disability\" title=\"Disability\">disabled</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mental_disorder\" title=\"Mental disorder\">mentally ill</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war\" title=\"German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war\">Soviet prisoners of war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Romani_people\" title=\"Romani people\">Romani</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Homosexuals\" title=\"Homosexuals\">homosexuals</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Freemasons\" title=\"Freemasons\">Freemasons</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses\" title=\"Jehovah's Witnesses\">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-379\">[378]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war\" title=\"German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war\">Soviet POWs</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-380\">[379]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Overy_2004_568_569-381\">[380]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps\" title=\"Nazi concentration camps\">concentration camps</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Extermination_camp\" title=\"Extermination camp\">death camps</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Forced labour under German rule during World War II\">forced labourers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ostarbeiter\" title=\"Ostarbeiter\">Europeans</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-compensation-382\">[381]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gulag\" title=\"Gulag\">Gulag</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-383\">[382]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Occupation_of_Baltic_States\" title=\"Occupation of Baltic States\">other countries</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union\">POWs</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-384\">[383]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/NKVD\" title=\"NKVD\">NKVD</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-385\">[384]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"665\" data-file-width=\"1500\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"98\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg/220px-Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg/330px-Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg/440px-Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Czeslawa_Kwoka_-_Brasse.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/SS\" title=\"SS\">SS</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Czes%C5%82awa_Kwoka\" title=\"Czes\u0142awa Kwoka\">Polish girl deported</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Auschwitz\" title=\"Auschwitz\">Auschwitz</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation\" title=\"Nazi human experimentation\">medical experiments</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp\" title=\"Prisoner-of-war camp\">prisoner-of-war camps</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East\" title=\"International Military Tribunal for the Far East\">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-386\">[385]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-387\">[386]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan\" title=\"Surrender of Japan\">surrender of Japan</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-388\">[387]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board\" title=\"East Asia Development Board\">East Asia Development Board</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-zhifen2002-389\">[388]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Java\" title=\"Java\">Java</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/R%C5%8Dmusha\" title=\"R\u014dmusha\">r\u014dmusha</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-indonesiaww2-390\">[389]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German-occupied_Europe\" title=\"German-occupied Europe\">German-occupied Europe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Resistance during World War II\">Resistance during World War II</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Collaboration_with_the_Axis_Powers\" title=\"Collaboration with the Axis Powers\">Collaboration with the Axis Powers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_plunder\" title=\"Nazi plunder\">Nazi plunder</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Palmiry_before_execution.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"641\" data-file-width=\"1000\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"141\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palmiry_before_execution.jpg/220px-Palmiry_before_execution.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palmiry_before_execution.jpg/330px-Palmiry_before_execution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Palmiry_before_execution.jpg/440px-Palmiry_before_execution.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Palmiry_before_execution.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Palmiry_massacre\" title=\"Palmiry massacre\">their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia\" title=\"Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia\">annexed portions of Czechoslovakia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_plunder\" title=\"Nazi plunder\">sizeable plunder</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-391\">[390]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Milward_1979_138-392\">[391]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A,_Russland,_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"497\" data-file-width=\"794\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"138\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A,_Russland,_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_partisans\" title=\"Soviet partisans\">Soviet partisans</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences\" title=\"Russian Academy of Sciences\">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"World War II casualties of the Soviet Union\">civilian victims in the Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lebensraum\" title=\"Lebensraum\">Lebensraum</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Scorched_earth\" title=\"Scorched earth\">scorched earth</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Milward_1992_148-393\">[392]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Racial policy of Nazi Germany\">Nazi racial policy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Untermensch\" title=\"Untermensch\">inferior people</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Generalplan_Ost\" title=\"Generalplan Ost\">mass executions</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-394\">[393]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Resistance during World War II\">resistance groups</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-395\">[394]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-396\">[395]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere\" title=\"Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere\">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hegemony\" title=\"Hegemony\">hegemony</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-397\">[396]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes\" title=\"Japanese war crimes\">Japanese war crimes</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-GSWW6_266-398\">[397]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-GSWW6_266-398\">[397]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military production during World War II\">Military production during World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Home front during World War II\">Home front during World War II</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-6Econ3-399\">[398]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-6Econ3-399\">[398]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-400\">[399]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Attrition_warfare\" title=\"Attrition warfare\">attrition</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-6Econ2-401\">[400]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions\" title=\"Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch\"><span title=\"The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2019)\">by whom?</span></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Labour_force\" title=\"Labour force\">labour force</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-402\">[401]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Strategic bombing during World War II\">strategic bombing</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-403\">[402]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/War_economy\" title=\"War economy\">war economy</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-404\">[403]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-405\">[404]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Slave_labour\" title=\"Slave labour\">slave labourers</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-406\">[405]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Forced labour under German rule during World War II\">Germany used</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-compensation-382\">[381]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan\" title=\"Slavery in Japan\">Japan used</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-zhifen2002-389\">[388]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-indonesiaww2-390\">[389]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Technology during World War II\">Technology during World War II</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Boeing-Whichata_B-29_Assembly_Line_-_1944.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"783\" data-file-width=\"1024\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"168\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Boeing-Whichata_B-29_Assembly_Line_-_1944.jpg/220px-Boeing-Whichata_B-29_Assembly_Line_-_1944.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Boeing-Whichata_B-29_Assembly_Line_-_1944.jpg/330px-Boeing-Whichata_B-29_Assembly_Line_-_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Boeing-Whichata_B-29_Assembly_Line_-_1944.jpg/440px-Boeing-Whichata_B-29_Assembly_Line_-_1944.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Boeing-Whichata_B-29_Assembly_Line_-_1944.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress\" title=\"Boeing B-29 Superfortress\">B-29 Superfortress</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Strategic_bombers\" title=\"Strategic bombers\">strategic bombers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Boeing\" title=\"Boeing\">Boeing</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas\" title=\"Wichita, Kansas\">Wichita, Kansas</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft\" title=\"Reconnaissance aircraft\">reconnaissance</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Fighter_aircraft\" title=\"Fighter aircraft\">fighters</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bomber\" title=\"Bomber\">bombers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Close_air_support\" title=\"Close air support\">ground-support</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Airlift\" title=\"Airlift\">airlift</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-EncWWII_76-407\">[406]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Strategic_bombing\" title=\"Strategic bombing\">strategic bombing</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-408\">[407]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare\" title=\"Anti-aircraft warfare\">Anti-aircraft weaponry</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Radar\" title=\"Radar\">radar</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Jet_aircraft\" title=\"Jet aircraft\">jet aircraft</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-409\">[408]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Missile\" title=\"Missile\">guided missiles</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile\" title=\"Surface-to-air missile\">target aircraft</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Naval_warfare\" title=\"Naval warfare\">naval warfare</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Aircraft_carrier\" title=\"Aircraft carrier\">aircraft carriers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Submarine\" title=\"Submarine\">submarines</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Aeronautics\" title=\"Aeronautics\">aeronautical</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto\" title=\"Battle of Taranto\">actions at Taranto</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor\" title=\"Attack on Pearl Harbor\">Pearl Harbor</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea\" title=\"Battle of the Coral Sea\">Coral Sea</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-EncWWII_163-410\">[409]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-411\">[410]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-412\">[411]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Escort_carrier\" title=\"Escort carrier\">escort carriers</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_gap\" title=\"Mid-Atlantic gap\">Mid-Atlantic gap</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-413\">[412]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battleship\" title=\"Battleship\">battleships</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-414\">[413]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-415\">[414]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_I\" title=\"World War I\">First World War</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Bur&amp;Ryd_1995_15-416\">[415]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare\" title=\"Anti-submarine warfare\">anti-submarine</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon\" title=\"Anti-submarine weapon\">weaponry</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sonar\" title=\"Sonar\">sonar</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine\" title=\"German Type VII submarine\">Type VII submarine</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)\" title=\"Wolfpack (naval tactic)\">wolfpack</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Bur&amp;Ryd_1995_16-417\">[416]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS\" title=\"Wikipedia:NOTRS\"><span title=\"this is arguably a reference in passing \u2013 the book is about the design of submarines and deals with this fairly superficially. Also reference in article only points to a review of this book. (July 2020)\">better\u00a0source\u00a0needed</span></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Leigh_light\" title=\"Leigh light\">Leigh light</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)\" title=\"Hedgehog (weapon)\">hedgehog</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Squid_(weapon)\" title=\"Squid (weapon)\">squid</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mark_24_mine\" title=\"Mark 24 mine\">homing torpedoes</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-418\">[417]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880,_Peenem%C3%BCnde,_Start_einer_V2.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"784\" data-file-width=\"600\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"261\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880%2C_Peenem%C3%BCnde%2C_Start_einer_V2.jpg 2x\" width=\"200\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-1880,_Peenem%C3%BCnde,_Start_einer_V2.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/V-2_rocket\" title=\"V-2 rocket\">V-2 rocket</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde\" title=\"Peenem\u00fcnde\">Peenem\u00fcnde</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Land_warfare\" title=\"Land warfare\">Land warfare</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Trench_warfare\" title=\"Trench warfare\">trench warfare</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Artillery\" title=\"Artillery\">artillery</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Infantry\" title=\"Infantry\">infantry</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cavalry\" title=\"Cavalry\">cavalry</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Combined_arms\" title=\"Combined arms\">combined arms</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tank\" title=\"Tank\">tank</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-EncWWII_125-419\">[418]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-420\">[419]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Tanks in World War II\">advances continued throughout the war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)\">citation needed</span></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-EncWWII_108-421\">[420]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-EncWWII_125-419\">[418]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare\" title=\"Anti-tank warfare\">destroying tanks</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Indirect_fire\" title=\"Indirect fire\">indirect artillery</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anti-tank_gun\" title=\"Anti-tank gun\">anti-tank guns</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Self-propelled_gun\" title=\"Self-propelled gun\">self-propelled</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anti-tank_mine\" title=\"Anti-tank mine\">mines</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-EncWWII_108-421\">[420]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-EncWWII_734-422\">[421]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Comp_221-423\">[422]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/MG34\" title=\"MG34\">MG34</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Submachine_gun\" title=\"Submachine gun\">submachine guns</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Close_combat\" title=\"Close combat\">close combat</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Comp_221-423\">[422]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Assault_rifle\" title=\"Assault rifle\">assault rifle</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-424\">[423]</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Trinity_device_readied.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"4371\" data-file-width=\"5520\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"174\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/220px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/330px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Trinity_device_readied.jpg/440px-Trinity_device_readied.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/></a>", "<a class=\"internal\" href=\"/wiki/File:Trinity_device_readied.jpg\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Alamogordo_Bombing_and_Gunnery_Range\" title=\"Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range\">Alamogordo Bombing Range</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)\" title=\"Trinity (nuclear test)\">Trinity nuclear test</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/New_Mexico\" title=\"New Mexico\">New Mexico</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Codebook\" title=\"Codebook\">codebooks</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cryptography\" title=\"Cryptography\">cryptography</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cipher\" title=\"Cipher\">ciphering</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Enigma_machine\" title=\"Enigma machine\">Enigma machine</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-425\">[424]</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/SIGINT\" title=\"SIGINT\">SIGINT</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cryptanalysis\" title=\"Cryptanalysis\">cryptanalysis</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_naval_codes\" title=\"Japanese naval codes\">Japanese naval codes</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Schoenherr-426\">[425]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ultra\" title=\"Ultra\">Ultra</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bombe#The_British_Bombe\" title=\"Bombe\">pioneering method</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Polish_Cipher_Bureau#Gift_to_allies\" title=\"Polish Cipher Bureau\">Polish Cipher Bureau</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-427\">[426]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_intelligence\" title=\"Military intelligence\">military intelligence</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Deception\" title=\"Deception\">deception</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat\" title=\"Operation Mincemeat\">Mincemeat</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard\" title=\"Operation Bodyguard\">Bodyguard</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-Schoenherr-426\">[425]</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-428\">[427]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Z3_(computer)\" title=\"Z3 (computer)\">Z3</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Colossus_computer\" title=\"Colossus computer\">Colossus</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/ENIAC\" title=\"ENIAC\">ENIAC</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb\" title=\"V-1 flying bomb\">guided missiles</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/V-2_rocket\" title=\"V-2 rocket\">modern rockets</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Manhattan_Project\" title=\"Manhattan Project\">Manhattan Project</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nuclear_weapon\" title=\"Nuclear weapon\">nuclear weapons</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operations_research\" title=\"Operations research\">operations research</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mulberry_harbour\" title=\"Mulberry harbour\">artificial harbours</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Pluto\" title=\"Operation Pluto\">oil pipelines under the English Channel</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed\" title=\"Wikipedia:Citation needed\"><span title=\"This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)\">citation needed</span></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Penicillin\" title=\"Penicillin\">Penicillin</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/History_of_penicillin#Stabilization_and_mass_production\" title=\"History of penicillin\">Stabilization and mass production of penicillin</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_note-429\">[428]</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Portal:World_War_II\" title=\"Portal:World War II\">World War II portal</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Portal:War\" title=\"Portal:War\">War portal</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"noviewer\" data-file-height=\"3002\" data-file-width=\"3000\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"28\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x\" width=\"28\"/></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Portal:World\" title=\"Portal:World\">World portal</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles\" title=\"Index of World War II articles\">Index of World War II articles</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics\" title=\"Lists of World War II topics\">Lists of World War II topics</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Outline of World War II\">Outline of World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment\" title=\"Lists of World War II military equipment\">Lists of World War II military equipment</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">^</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II#Start_and_end_dates\" title=\"World War II\">various other dates</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.un.org/un70/en/content/history/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"History of the UN\"</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg20056_3-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWeinberg2005\">Weinberg 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">^</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge\" title=\"Cambridge\">Cambridge</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEF\u00f6rsterGessler200564_6-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFF\u00f6rsterGessler2005\">F\u00f6rster &amp; Gessler 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-8\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-58530-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-394-58530-7\">978-0-394-58530-7</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-sterling_9-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sterling_Seagrave\" title=\"Sterling Seagrave\">Seagrave, Sterling</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613202437/http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=9196\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"post Feb 5 2007, 03:15 PM\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=9196\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBen-Horin1943\">Ben-Horin 1943</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFTaylor1979\">Taylor 1979</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFTaylor1961\">Taylor 1961</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7641-1973-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-7641-1973-7\">0-7641-1973-7</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/European_Civil_War\" title=\"European Civil War\">European Civil War</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years_War\" title=\"Second Thirty Years War\">Second Thirty Years War</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCanfora2006\">Canfora 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFPrins2002\">Prins 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor201210_11-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor2012\">Beevor 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/03/10/519462137/in-many-ways-author-says-spanish-civil-war-was-the-first-battle-of-wwii\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"In Many Ways, Author Says, Spanish Civil War Was 'The First Battle Of WWII'<span class=\"cs1-kern-right\"></span>\"</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/40105814\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Spanish Civil War and the Coming of the Second World War\"</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1987.9640449\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1080/07075332.1987.9640449</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/40105814\" rel=\"nofollow\">40105814</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasaya19904_14-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMasaya1990\">Masaya 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/2plusfour8994e.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"History of German-American Relations\u00a0\u00bb 1989\u20131994 \u2013 Reunification\u00a0\u00bb \"Two-plus-Four-Treaty\": Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, September 12, 1990\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120507180629/http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/2plusfour8994e.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://asiatimes.com/article/fact-box-japan-russia-never-signed-wwii-peace-treaty/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Why Japan and Russia never signed a WWII peace treaty</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180604072306/http://www.atimes.com/article/fact-box-japan-russia-never-signed-wwii-peace-treaty/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-nyt_17-0\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1956/10/20/archives/texts-of-sovietjapanese-statements-peace-declaration-trade-protocol.html?sq=Soviet-Japanese+Joint+Declaration&amp;scp=1&amp;st=p\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Texts of Soviet\u2013Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol.</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/paris-peace-treaties-failed-to-create-a-secure-peaceful-and-lasting-world-order-1.3745849\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Paris Peace Treaties failed to create a secure, peaceful and lasting world order\"</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngram2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbREQibN9i-sCpgPA76_76\u201378]_19-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFIngram2006\">Ingram 2006</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=bREQibN9i-sC&amp;pg=PA76\" rel=\"nofollow\">76\u201378</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKantowicz1999149_20-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKantowicz1999\">Kantowicz 1999</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw200035_21-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFShaw2000\">Shaw 2000</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrody19994_22-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBrody1999\">Brody 1999</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalampas198962_23-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFZalampas1989\">Zalampas 1989</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMandelbaum1988\">Mandelbaum 1988</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRecord2005\">Record 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz2000124_25-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSchmitz2000\">Schmitz 2000</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamthwaite199252_26-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFAdamthwaite1992\">Adamthwaite 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990298\u201399_27-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFShirer1990\">Shirer 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1998104_28-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFPreston1998\">Preston 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersPeattie1987458_29-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMyersPeattie1987\">Myers &amp; Peattie 1987</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithSteadman200428_30-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSmithSteadman2004\">Smith &amp; Steadman 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCoogan1993\">Coogan 1993</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusky200210_32-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBusky2002\">Busky 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-33\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8176-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8176-7\"><bdi>978-1-4129-8176-7</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180818210900/https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1971131\u201332_34-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBarker1971\">Barker 1971</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990289_35-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFShirer1990\">Shirer 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitson2001231_36-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKitson2001\">Kitson 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeulen200025_37-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFNeulen2000\">Neulen 2000</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2008271_38-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFPayne2008\">Payne 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2008146_39-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFPayne2008\">Payne 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEastman1986547\u201351_40-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEastman1986\">Eastman 1986</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Hsu_&amp;_Chang_1971_221_41-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHsuChang1971\">Hsu &amp; Chang 1971</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Tucker2009_42-0\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&amp;pg=PA1873\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5\"><bdi>978-1-85109-672-5</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180818210935/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&amp;pg=PA1873\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-yang_43-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-44\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-tot_45-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsuChang1971221\u201330_46-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHsuChang1971\">Hsu &amp; Chang 1971</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEastman1986566_47-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEastman1986\">Eastman 1986</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2009150\u201352_48-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFTaylor2009\">Taylor 2009</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESella1983651\u201387_49-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSella1983\">Sella 1983</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012342_50-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor2012\">Beevor 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-51\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://thediplomat.com/2012/08/the-forgotten-soviet-japanese-war-of-1939/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Forgotten Soviet-Japanese War of 1939\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150629092821/https://thediplomat.com/2012/08/the-forgotten-soviet-japanese-war-of-1939/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-52\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/20thcentury/articles/nomonhan.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Nomonhan: The Second Russo-Japanese War\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20051124070956/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/20thcentury/articles/nomonhan.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierPedley2000144_53-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCollierPedley2000\">Collier &amp; Pedley 2000</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001121\u201322_54-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKershaw2001\">Kershaw 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001157_55-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKershaw2001\">Kershaw 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006pp._143\u201344_(2008_ed.)_56-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDavies2006\">Davies 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990461\u201362_57-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFShirer1990\">Shirer 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoweMarzari2002330_58-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLoweMarzari2002\">Lowe &amp; Marzari 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001234_59-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDearFoot2001\">Dear &amp; Foot 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990471_60-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFShirer1990\">Shirer 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-61\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713663077\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1080/713663077</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/153322\" rel=\"nofollow\">153322</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144385167\" rel=\"nofollow\">144385167</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShore2003108_62-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFShore2003\">Shore 2003</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001608_63-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDearFoot2001\">Dear &amp; Foot 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-64\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-II.html#chapter5\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The German Campaign In Poland (1939)\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140524013551/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-II.html#chapter5\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-ww2db_com_65-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-ww2db_com_65-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=162\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Danzig Crisis\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160505010109/http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=162\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-ibiblio1939_66-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-ibiblio1939_66-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1939.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Major international events of 1939, with explanation\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130310103815/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1939.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20081\u20132_67-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEvans2008\">Evans 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Zabecki2015_68-0\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq_lCAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT1663\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-81242-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-135-81242-3\"><bdi>978-1-135-81242-3</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-69\">^</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)\" title=\"United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)\">The UK declared war on Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/French_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)\" title=\"French declaration of war on Germany (1939)\">France followed 6 hours later</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Keegan_1997_35_70-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKeegan1997\">Keegan 1997</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCienciala2010\">Cienciala 2010</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-71\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor2012\">Beevor 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDearFoot2001\">Dear &amp; Foot 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRoskill1954\">Roskill 1954</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga200280,_83_72-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFZaloga2002\">Zaloga 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-73\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2195670\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.2307/2195670</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/2195670\" rel=\"nofollow\">2195670</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146904066\" rel=\"nofollow\">146904066</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHempel200524_74-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHempel2005\">Hempel 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga200288\u201389_75-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFZaloga2002\">Zaloga 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-76\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart197739\u201340_77-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLiddell_Hart1977\">Liddell Hart 1977</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock1990pp._563\u201364,_566,_568\u201369,_574\u201375_(1983_ed.)_78-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBullock1990\">Bullock 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-79\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithPabriksPursLane200224_80-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSmithPabriksPursLane2002\">Smith et al. 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilinsky19999_81-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilinsky19999_81-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBilinsky1999\">Bilinsky 1999</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200155\u201356_82-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMurrayMillett2001\">Murray &amp; Millett 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpring1986207\u201326_83-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSpring1986\">Spring 1986</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-84\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4753-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-7146-4753-5\">0-7146-4753-5</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-85\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/winter-war-finland.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Winter War \u2013 When the Finns Humiliated the Russians\"</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanhim\u00e4ki199712_86-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHanhim\u00e4ki1997\">Hanhim\u00e4ki 1997</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-87\">^</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Keith_Hitchins\" title=\"Keith Hitchins\">Hitchins, Keith</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_University_Press\" title=\"Oxford University Press\">Clarendon Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158615-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158615-6\"><bdi>978-0-19-158615-6</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\">OCLC</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44961723\" rel=\"nofollow\">44961723</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_88-0\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=b_I-AQAAIAAJ\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Romanian policy towards Germany, 1936-40</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan\" title=\"Palgrave Macmillan\">Palgrave Macmillan</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312232603\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9780312232603\"><bdi>9780312232603</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-89\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2006367,_376,_379,_417_90-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFFerguson2006\">Ferguson 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2010118ff_91-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSnyder2010\">Snyder 2010</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoch1983912\u201314,_917\u201320_92-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKoch1983\">Koch 1983</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200656_93-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRoberts2006\">Roberts 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200659_94-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRoberts2006\">Roberts 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-95\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMurrayMillett2001\">Murray &amp; Millett 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommager20049_96-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCommager2004\">Commager 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200676_97-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFReynolds2006\">Reynolds 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008122\u201323_98-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEvans2008\">Evans 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan199759\u201360_99-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKeegan1997\">Keegan 1997</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan2004152_100-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRegan2004\">Regan 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart197748_101-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLiddell_Hart1977\">Liddell Hart 1977</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan199766\u201367_102-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKeegan1997\">Keegan 1997</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOveryWheatcroft1999207_103-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFOveryWheatcroft1999\">Overy &amp; Wheatcroft 1999</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmbreit1991311_104-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFUmbreit1991\">Umbreit 1991</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2004198_105-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBrown2004\">Brown 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTF8kcx9hTssCpgPA72_72]_106-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKeegan1997\">Keegan 1997</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=TF8kcx9hTssC&amp;pg=PA72\" rel=\"nofollow\">72</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Murray_BoB_107-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Murray_BoB_107-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMurray1983\">Murray 1983</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/AAF-Luftwaffe-2.html#cn70\" rel=\"nofollow\">The Battle of Britain</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-ibiblio_1940_108-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-ibiblio_1940_108-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-ibiblio_1940_108-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1940.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Major international events of 1940, with explanation\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525060313/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1940.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001108\u201309_109-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDearFoot2001\">Dear &amp; Foot 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-110\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGoldstein2004\">Goldstein 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-111\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSteury1987\">Steury 1987</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFZetterlingTamelander2009\">Zetterling &amp; Tamelander 2009</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOveryWheatcroft1999328\u201330_112-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFOveryWheatcroft1999\">Overy &amp; Wheatcroft 1999</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaingot199452_113-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMaingot1994\">Maingot 1994</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantril1940390_114-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCantril1940\">Cantril 1940</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-115\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Plans/USA-WD-Plans-12.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Coordination With Britain\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130430001549/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Plans/USA-WD-Plans-12.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilhartzElliott2007179_116-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBilhartzElliott2007\">Bilhartz &amp; Elliott 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001877_117-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDearFoot2001\">Dear &amp; Foot 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2001745\u201346_118-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDearFoot2001\">Dear &amp; Foot 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg2002118_119-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFClogg2002\">Clogg 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-120\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEvans2008\">Evans 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFUS_Army1986\">US Army 1986</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/20_260_1.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">4\u20136</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett20019\u201310_121-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFJowett2001\">Jowett 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2006106_122-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFJackson2006\">Jackson 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaurier20017\u20138_123-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLaurier2001\">Laurier 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett2001263\u201376_124-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMurrayMillett2001\">Murray &amp; Millett 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989174\u201375_125-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGilbert1989\">Gilbert 1989</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989184\u201387_126-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGilbert1989\">Gilbert 1989</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989208,_575,_604_127-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGilbert1989\">Gilbert 1989</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson200380_128-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWatson2003\">Watson 2003</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-129\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429027642-6\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.4324/9780429027642-6</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-02764-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-429-02764-2\"><bdi>978-0-429-02764-2</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189257503\" rel=\"nofollow\">189257503</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarver1988114_130-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGarver1988\">Garver 1988</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005195_131-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWeinberg2005\">Weinberg 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1983[httpwwwibiblioorghyperwarAAFAAF-LuftwaffeAAF-Luftwaffe-3html_69]_132-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMurray1983\">Murray 1983</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/AAF-Luftwaffe-3.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">69</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-GSWW4_26_133-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFF\u00f6rster1998\">F\u00f6rster 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-GSWW4_38_134-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFF\u00f6rster1998\">F\u00f6rster 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990810\u201312_135-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFShirer1990\">Shirer 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Events1941_136-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Events1941_136-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Events leading up to World War II \u2013 Chronological History</i></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">1941</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20131214113907/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/\" rel=\"nofollow\">archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESella1978_137-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSella1978\">Sella 1978</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200766\u201369_138-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKershaw2007\">Kershaw 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995_139-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSteinberg1995\">Steinberg 1995</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauner1978_140-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHauner1978\">Hauner 1978</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1995_141-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRoberts1995\">Roberts 1995</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilt1981_142-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWilt1981\">Wilt 1981</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003114\u201337_143-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFErickson2003\">Erickson 2003</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz20019_144-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGlantz2001\">Glantz 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrell1993_145-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFFarrell1993\">Farrell 1993</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeeble199029_146-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKeeble1990\">Keeble 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012220_147-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor2012\">Beevor 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBueno_de_MesquitaSmithSiversonMorrow2003425_148-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBueno_de_MesquitaSmithSiversonMorrow2003\">Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinfeld1983_149-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKleinfeld1983\">Kleinfeld 1983</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJukes2001113_150-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFJukes2001\">Jukes 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-151\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGlantz2001\">Glantz 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinhardt1992227_152-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFReinhardt1992\">Reinhardt 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilward1964_153-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMilward1964\">Milward 1964</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotundo1986_154-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRotundo1986\">Rotundo 1986</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz200126_155-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGlantz2001\">Glantz 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-156\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6226-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6226-0\"><bdi>978-0-7126-6226-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-157\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor1998\">Beevor 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEvans2008\">Evans 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-158\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/paw/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931-1941\"</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-ReferenceC_159-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowettAndrew200214_160-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFJowettAndrew2002\">Jowett &amp; Andrew 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOveryWheatcroft1999289_161-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFOveryWheatcroft1999\">Overy &amp; Wheatcroft 1999</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoes2004224_162-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFJoes2004\">Joes 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006320_163-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006\">Fairbank &amp; Goldman 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsuChang197130_164-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHsuChang1971\">Hsu &amp; Chang 1971</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsuChang197133_165-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHsuChang1971\">Hsu &amp; Chang 1971</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-166\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-2.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 \u2013 July 1941\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130106021700/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-2.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1975201_167-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFAnderson1975\">Anderson 1975</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie2012456_168-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEvansPeattie2012\">Evans &amp; Peattie 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-169\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1835-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1835-6\"><bdi>978-0-8047-1835-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-USAWWIIcp5_170-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-USAWWIIcp5_170-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The decision for War\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525064812/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-USAWWIIcp4_171-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-USAWWIIcp4_171-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-4.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Showdown With Japan Aug\u2013Dec 1941\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20121109144920/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-4.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-172\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#363\" rel=\"nofollow\">The United States Replies</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429222741/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#363\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-173\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFPainter2012\">Painter 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-174\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWood2007\">Wood 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELightbody2004125_175-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLightbody2004\">Lightbody 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-176\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWeinberg2005\">Weinberg 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-177\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDower1986\">Dower 1986</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200711\u201312_178-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWood2007\">Wood 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohlstetter1962341\u201343_179-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohlstetter1962341\u201343_179-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWohlstetter1962\">Wohlstetter 1962</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-180\">^</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/John_Keegan\" title=\"John Keegan\">Keegan, John</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0399504341\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0399504341\">978-0399504341</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-181\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDunn1998\">Dunn 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMay1955\">May 1955</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-182\">^</a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Declaration_of_War_against_the_United_States\" title=\"s:Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States\">Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-183\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Events leading up to World War II \u2013 Chronological History</i></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">1941</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20131214113907/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/\" rel=\"nofollow\">archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworthMaiolo2015313\u201314_184-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBosworthMaiolo2015\">Bosworth &amp; Maiolo 2015</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMingstKarns200722_185-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMingstKarns2007\">Mingst &amp; Karns 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990904_186-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFShirer1990\">Shirer 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-187\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-5.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment. Dec 1941 \u2013 Jan 1942\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20121109145033/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-5.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-188\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-12.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Elimination of the Alternatives. Jul\u2013Aug 1942\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130430013447/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-12.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-189\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic2/USA-WD-Strategic2-1.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Casablanca \u2013 Beginning of an Era: January 1943\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525075310/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic2/USA-WD-Strategic2-1.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-190\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic2/USA-WD-Strategic2-6.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Trident Conference \u2013 New Patterns: May 1943\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130525100621/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic2/USA-WD-Strategic2-6.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012247\u201367,_345_191-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor2012\">Beevor 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1953p._529_(Table_11)_192-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLewis1953\">Lewis 1953</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlim195671\u201374_193-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSlim1956\">Slim 1956</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrove1995362_194-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGrove1995\">Grove 1995</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECh'i1992158_195-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCh'i1992\">Ch'i 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez1998145_196-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFPerez1998\">Perez 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddox1992111\u201312_197-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMaddox1992\">Maddox 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalecker2001186_198-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSalecker2001\">Salecker 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-199\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSchoppa2011\">Schoppa 2011</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-200\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=lILltXBTo8oC&amp;pg=PA19\" rel=\"nofollow\">Chevrier &amp; Chomiczewski &amp; Garrigue 2004</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180818213357/https://books.google.com/books?id=lILltXBTo8oC&amp;pg=PA19\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-201\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRopp2000\">Ropp 2000</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2005339_202-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWeinberg2005\">Weinberg 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-203\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwa0000gilb/page/259\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Times to the Present Day</i></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwa0000gilb/page/259\" rel=\"nofollow\">259</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-027-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-027-8\"><bdi>978-1-59228-027-8</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190719123035/https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwa0000gilb/page/259\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain2001197_204-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSwain2001\">Swain 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHane2001340_205-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHane2001\">Hane 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston2005111_206-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMarston2005\">Marston 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrayley20029_207-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBrayley2002\">Brayley 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz200131_208-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGlantz2001\">Glantz 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead2004764_209-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRead2004\">Read 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006p._100_(2008_ed.)_210-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDavies2006\">Davies 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998239\u201365_211-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor1998\">Beevor 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003119_212-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBlack2003\">Black 2003</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor1998383\u201391_213-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor1998\">Beevor 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2001142_214-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFErickson2001\">Erickson 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilner199052_215-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMilner1990\">Milner 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012224\u201328_216-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor2012\">Beevor 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolinari200791_217-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMolinari2007\">Molinari 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham200731_218-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMitcham2007\">Mitcham 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012380\u201381_219-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor2012\">Beevor 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich1992178_220-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRich1992\">Rich 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2004129_221-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGordon2004\">Gordon 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeillands2005_222-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFNeillands2005\">Neillands 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeegan1997277_223-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKeegan1997\">Keegan 1997</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2002_224-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSmith2002\">Smith 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasAndrew19988_225-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFThomasAndrew1998\">Thomas &amp; Andrew 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss199738_226-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss199738_226-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss199738_226-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss199738_226-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRoss1997\">Ross 1997</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonnerBonner200124_227-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBonnerBonner2001\">Bonner &amp; Bonner 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollier200311_228-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCollier2003\">Collier 2003</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-229\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/ETO-Summary.html#tc\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Civilians\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105044932/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/ETO-Summary.html#tc\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery1995119\u201320_230-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFOvery1995\">Overy 1995</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonRandall2008164_231-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFThompsonRandall2008\">Thompson &amp; Randall 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2001610_232-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKennedy2001\">Kennedy 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman2002228_233-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRottman2002\">Rottman 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-234\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGlantz1986\">Glantz 1986</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGlantz1989\">Glantz 1989</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001592_235-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKershaw2001\">Kershaw 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly200132_236-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFO'Reilly2001\">O'Reilly 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellamy2007595_237-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBellamy2007\">Bellamy 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly200135_238-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFO'Reilly2001\">O'Reilly 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealy199290_239-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHealy1992\">Healy 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz200150\u201355_240-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGlantz2001\">Glantz 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-241\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKolko1990\">Kolko 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazower2008362_242-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMazower2008\">Mazower 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartHartHughes2000151_243-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHartHartHughes2000\">Hart, Hart &amp; Hughes 2000</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn200652_244-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBlinkhorn2006\">Blinkhorn 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadFisher2002129_245-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFReadFisher2002\">Read &amp; Fisher 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-246\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFPadfield1998\">Padfield 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Kolko_1990_211,235,267_268_247-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKolko1990\">Kolko 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Iriye_1981_154_248-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFIriye1981\">Iriye 1981</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter2014286_249-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMitter2014\">Mitter 2014</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-polley148_250-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFPolley2000\">Polley 2000</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Beevor_2012_268_274_251-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor2012\">Beevor 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-H161_252-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCh'i1992\">Ch'i 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Hsu_Chang_412-416_253-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHsuChang1971\">Hsu &amp; Chang 1971</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-254\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWeinberg2005\">Weinberg 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Glantz_2002_327_366_255-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGlantz2002\">Glantz 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Glantz_2002_367_414_256-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGlantz2002\">Glantz 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Chubarov_2001_122_257-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFChubarov2001\">Chubarov 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-258\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHolland2008\">Holland 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor2012\">Beevor 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMazower2008\">Mazower 2008</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Civitella_in_Val_di_Chiana\" title=\"Civitella in Val di Chiana\">Civitella</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFde_GraziaPaggi1991\">de Grazia &amp; Paggi 1991</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBelco2010\">Belco 2010</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre\" title=\"Ardeatine massacre\">Fosse Ardeatine</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFPortelli2003\">Portelli 2003</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sant%27Anna_di_Stazzema_massacre\" title=\"Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre\">Sant'Anna di Stazzema</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGordon2012\">Gordon 2012</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Marzabotto_massacre\" title=\"Marzabotto massacre\">Marzabotto massacre</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Lightbody_2004_224_259-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLightbody2004\">Lightbody 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Zeiler_260-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Zeiler_260-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFZeiler2004\">Zeiler 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-261\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor2012\">Beevor 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-262\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCh'i1992\">Ch'i 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-263\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCoble2003\">Coble 2003</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-rees406_264-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRees2008\">Rees 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Weinberg_2005_695_265-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWeinberg2005\">Weinberg 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-266\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBadsey1990\">Badsey 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-267\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDearFoot2001\">Dear &amp; Foot 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-268\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFForrestEvansGibbons2012\">Forrest, Evans &amp; Gibbons 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Zaloga_1996_7_269-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFZaloga1996\">Zaloga 1996</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-270\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBerend1996\">Berend 1996</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-271\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.mzv.sk/documents/10182/2369491/BROZURA_70_VYROCIE_SNP_indd.pdf/007d0f33-4aa1-4e3a-95ae-5ef5096360d3\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Slovak National Uprising 1944\"</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-countrystudies.us_272-0\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001849/http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Evans_2008_653_273-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEvans2008\">Evans 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-274\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWiestBarbier2002\">Wiest &amp; Barbier 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-275\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0584-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0584-4\"><bdi>978-90-411-0584-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer19901085_276-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFShirer1990\">Shirer 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Marston_2005_120_277-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMarston2005\">Marston 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-278\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224203/http://www.china1931.cn/China/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=7648\" rel=\"nofollow\"><bdi lang=\"zh\">\u5168\u9762\u6297\u6218\uff0c\u6218\u72af\u524d\u4ec6\u540e\u7ee7\u89c1\u960e\u738b</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.china1931.cn/China/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID%3D7648\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-279\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFJowettAndrew2002\">Jowett &amp; Andrew 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-280\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHoward2004\">Howard 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Drea_2003_54_281-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDrea2003\">Drea 2003</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-282\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCookBewes1997\">Cook &amp; Bewes 1997</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-parkerxiii_283-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-parkerxiii_283-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFParker2004\">Parker 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-284\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGlantz2001\">Glantz 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-285\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor2012\">Beevor 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-286\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBuchanan2006\">Buchanan 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001793\u2013829_287-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKershaw2001\">Kershaw 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Shepardson_1998_288-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFShepardson1998\">Shepardson 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-O'Reilly_2001_244_289-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFO'Reilly2001\">O'Reilly 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Evans_2008_737_290-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEvans2008\">Evans 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Glantz_1998_34_291-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGlantz1998\">Glantz 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-292\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0718-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0718-0\"><bdi>978-0-7102-0718-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-293\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.wired.com/2011/03/0309incendiary-bombs-kill-100000-tokyo/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170323180239/https://www.wired.com/2011/03/0309incendiary-bombs-kill-100000-tokyo/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Drea_2003_57_294-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDrea2003\">Drea 2003</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-295\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFJowettAndrew2002\">Jowett &amp; Andrew 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-results_of_german_and_american_submarines_296-0\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080409052122/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/wwii-campaigns.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/wwii-campaigns.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Williams_2006_90_297-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWilliams2006\">Williams 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Miscamble_2007_201_298-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMiscamble2007\">Miscamble 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Miscamble_2007_203_204_299-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMiscamble2007\">Miscamble 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-300\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-301\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGlantz2005\">Glantz 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Pape_1993_302-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFPape1993\">Pape 1993</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Beevor_2012_776_303-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBeevor2012\">Beevor 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Frei_2002_41_66_304-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFFrei2002\">Frei 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_305-0\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.geographiapolonica.pl/article/item/9928.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Oder-Neisse Line as Poland's western border: As postulated and made a reality\"</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.7163%2FGPol.0007\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.7163/GPol.0007</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111248/https://www.geographiapolonica.pl/article/item/9928.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_306-0\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626151411/http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Political Migrations in Poland 1939\u20131948</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5361-1035-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-5361-1035-7\"><bdi>978-1-5361-1035-7</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_307-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_307-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://rcin.org.pl/Content/15652/WA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939-1950)</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-61590-46-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-83-61590-46-0\"><bdi>978-83-61590-46-0</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220409/http://rcin.org.pl/Content/15652/WA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-:02_308-0\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.geographiapolonica.pl/article/item/7563.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Curzon line as the eastern boundary of Poland. The origins and the political background\"</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.7163%2FGPol.2012.1.1\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.7163/GPol.2012.1.1</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111001/https://www.geographiapolonica.pl/article/item/7563.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-stalinswars43_309-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRoberts2006\">Roberts 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-stalinswars55_310-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRoberts2006\">Roberts 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-shirer794_311-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFShirer1990\">Shirer 1990</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-ckpipe_312-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKennedy-Pipe1995\">Kennedy-Pipe 1995</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Wettig_2008_20_21_313-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWettig2008\">Wettig 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Senn_2007_?_314-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSenn2007\">Senn 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Yoder_1997_39_315-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFYoder1997\">Yoder 1997</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-316\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100218221016/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"History of the UN\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Waltz_2002_317-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWaltz2002\">Waltz 2002</a>", "<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170703093353/http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-The_UN_Security_Council_318-0\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120620101548/http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The UN Security Council</i></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Kantowicz_2000_6_319-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKantowicz2000\">Kantowicz 2000</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Wettig_2008_96_100_320-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWettig2008\">Wettig 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Trachtenberg_1999_33_321-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFTrachtenberg1999\">Trachtenberg 1999</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Applebaum_2012_322-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFApplebaum2012\">Applebaum 2012</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Naimark_2010_323-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFNaimark2010\">Naimark 2010</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Swain_1992_324-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSwain1992\">Swain 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Borstelmann_2005_318_325-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBorstelmann2005\">Borstelmann 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-326\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLefflerWestad2010\">Leffler &amp; Westad 2010</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Weinberg_2005_911_327-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWeinberg2005\">Weinberg 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-328\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFStueck2010\">Stueck 2010</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Lynch_2010_12_13_329-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLynch2010\">Lynch 2010</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-JMRoberts_1996_589_330-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRoberts1997\">Roberts 1997</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-331\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDarwin2007\">Darwin 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-332\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDearFoot2001\">Dear &amp; Foot 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHarrison1998\">Harrison 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Balabkins_1964_207_333-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBalabkins1964\">Balabkins 1964</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-334\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFPetrov1967\">Petrov 1967</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Balabkins_1964_208,209_335-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBalabkins1964\">Balabkins 1964</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-336\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDeLongEichengreen1993\">DeLong &amp; Eichengreen 1993</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Balabkins_1964_212_337-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBalabkins1964\">Balabkins 1964</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-338\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWolf1993\">Wolf 1993</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-339\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBullNewell2005\">Bull &amp; Newell 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-340\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRitchie1992\">Ritchie 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-341\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMinford1993\">Minford 1993</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-342\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSchain2001\">Schain 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-343\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEmadi-Coffin2002\">Emadi-Coffin 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Smith_1993_32_344-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSmith1993\">Smith 1993</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-345\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFNeary1992\">Neary 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-346\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/chinabusinesspor0000genz/page/4\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China</i></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/chinabusinesspor0000genz/page/4\" rel=\"nofollow\">4</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9631864-3-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-9631864-3-0\"><bdi>978-0-9631864-3-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-347\">^</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Edward_H._Litchfield\" title=\"Edward H. Litchfield\">Edward H. Litchfield</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-WWII:_C&amp;C_348-0\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101225004221/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937\u20131945)\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-349\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#Second\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110307141223/http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#Second\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-350\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://secondworldwar.co.uk/index.php/fatalities\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"World War II Fatalities\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080922185149/http://secondworldwar.co.uk/index.php/fatalities\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-351\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHosking2006\">Hosking 2006</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMVMqDvp4QC&amp;pg=PA242\" rel=\"nofollow\">242</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Ell&amp;Mak_1994_352-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEllmanMaksudov1994\">Ellman &amp; Maksudov 1994</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-353\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSmith1994\">Smith 1994</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Herf_2003_354-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHerf2003\">Herf 2003</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-355\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Victims\"</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/University_of_South_Florida\" title=\"University of South Florida\">University of South Florida</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516094229/http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Niewyk45_356-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Niewyk45_356-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000\">Niewyk &amp; Nicosia 2000</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-357\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/07/16/holocaust-the-ignored-reality/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Holocaust: The Ignored Reality\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20171010063645/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/07/16/holocaust-the-ignored-reality/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-358\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005473\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Polish Victims\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160507145904/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005473\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-359\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/articles/2005/01/20/holocaust_memorial_other_victims_feature.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims\u00a0: The 5,000,000 others\"</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/BBC\" title=\"BBC\">BBC</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130303054845/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/content/articles/2005/01/20/holocaust_memorial_other_victims_feature.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-360\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEvans2008\">Evans 2008</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-361\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=pVCx3jerQmYC&amp;pg=PA155\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714656250\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0714656250\"><bdi>978-0714656250</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Geiger_362-0\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherand) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117064114/http://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-363\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://volhyniamassacre.eu/zw2/history/179,The-Effects-of-the-Volhynian-Massacres.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015851/http://volhyniamassacre.eu/zw2/history/179,The-Effects-of-the-Volhynian-Massacres.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-364\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/od-rzezi-wolynskiej-do-akcji-wisla-konflikt-polsko-ukrainski-1943-1947\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Od rzezi wo\u0142y\u0144skiej do akcji Wis\u0142a. Konflikt polsko-ukrai\u0144ski 1943\u20131947\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180624040412/http://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/od-rzezi-wolynskiej-do-akcji-wisla-konflikt-polsko-ukrainski-1943-1947\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-365\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFDearFoot2001\">Dear &amp; Foot 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-366\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Statistics\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100323044733/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-367\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFChang1997\">Chang 1997</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-368\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBix2000\">Bix 2000</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-369\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3565-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3565-7\"><bdi>978-0-8048-3565-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-370\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004\">Tucker &amp; Roberts 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-371\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHarris2002\">Harris 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-372\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLee2002\">Lee 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-373\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.today/20120529003741/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/nn20040727a9.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence\"</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/The_Japan_Times_Online\" title=\"The Japan Times Online\">The Japan Times Online</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/nn20040727a9.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-374\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-375\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-4005-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-4000-4005-1\">1-4000-4005-1</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-376\">^</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Berghahn_Books\" title=\"Berghahn Books\">Berghahn Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-844-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-844-7\"><bdi>978-1-84545-844-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-377\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2007/0709/index.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Lessons from Iwo Jima\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110117075824/https://www.historians.org/Perspectives/issues/2007/0709/index.cfm\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-378\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-379\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8358-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8358-3\">978-0-8018-8358-3</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-380\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHerbert1994\">Herbert 1994</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Y9AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA222\" rel=\"nofollow\">222</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Overy_2004_568_569_381-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFOvery2004\">Overy 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-compensation_382-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-compensation_382-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060502123049/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1757323,00.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1757323,00.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-383\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-384\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFApplebaum2003\">Applebaum 2003</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-385\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://scepsis.ru/library/id_1234.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">[2]</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20111014134645/http://scepsis.ru/library/id_1234.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBacon1992\">Bacon 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFEllman2002\">Ellman 2002</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-386\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20030727223501/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-387\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFTanaka1996\">Tanaka 1996</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-388\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBix2000\">Bix 2000</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-zhifen2002_389-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-zhifen2002_389-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120521093637/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-indonesiaww2_390-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-indonesiaww2_390-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029)\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942\u201350; The Japanese Occupation, 1942\u201345\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20041030225658/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+id0029%29\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-391\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLiberman1996\">Liberman 1996</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Milward_1979_138_392-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMilward1992\">Milward 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Milward_1992_148_393-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFMilward1992\">Milward 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-394\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBarberHarrison2006\">Barber &amp; Harrison 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-395\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHill2005\">Hill 2005</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-396\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFChristoffersonChristofferson2006\">Christofferson &amp; Christofferson 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-397\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRadtke1997\">Radtke 1997</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-GSWW6_266_398-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-GSWW6_266_398-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRahn2001\">Rahn 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-6Econ3_399-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-6Econ3_399-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHarrison1998\">Harrison 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-400\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=AcqADAAAQBAJ\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Destructive Creation: American Business and the Winning of World War II</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9354-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9354-8\"><bdi>978-0-8122-9354-8</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-6Econ2_401-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHarrison1998\">Harrison 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-402\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBernstein1991\">Bernstein 1991</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-403\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-069-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-069-8\"><bdi>978-1-58566-069-8</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-404\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFOvery1994\">Overy 1994</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-405\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBBSU1998\">BBSU 1998</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLindbergTodd2001\">Lindberg &amp; Todd 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-406\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-109147-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-92-1-109147-2\"><bdi>978-92-1-109147-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-EncWWII_76_407-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004\">Tucker &amp; Roberts 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-408\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFLevine1992\">Levine 1992</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-409\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFKlavansDi_BenedettoPrudom1997\">Klavans, Di Benedetto &amp; Prudom 1997</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFWard2010\">Ward 2010</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-EncWWII_163_410-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004\">Tucker &amp; Roberts 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-411\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84509-079-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84509-079-1\"><bdi>978-1-84509-079-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-412\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3099-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3099-3\"><bdi>978-1-4027-3099-3</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-413\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFSumnerBaker2001\">Sumner &amp; Baker 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-414\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFHearn2007\">Hearn 2007</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-415\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFGardinerBrown2004\">Gardiner &amp; Brown 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Bur&amp;Ryd_1995_15_416-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBurcherRydill1995\">Burcher &amp; Rydill 1995</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Bur&amp;Ryd_1995_16_417-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFBurcherRydill1995\">Burcher &amp; Rydill 1995</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-418\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-smt_19949918\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-smt_19949918</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-EncWWII_125_419-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-EncWWII_125_419-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004\">Tucker &amp; Roberts 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-420\">^</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group\" title=\"Jane's Information Group\">Jane's Information Group</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0123-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0123-0\"><bdi>978-0-7106-0123-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-EncWWII_108_421-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-EncWWII_108_421-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004\">Tucker &amp; Roberts 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-EncWWII_734_422-0\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004\">Tucker &amp; Roberts 2004</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Comp_221_423-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Comp_221_423-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFCowleyParker2001\">Cowley &amp; Parker 2001</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-424\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/act30/011/2006/en/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20181228130914/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/act30/011/2006/en/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-425\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#CITEREFRatcliff2006\">Ratcliff 2006</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Schoenherr_426-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-Schoenherr_426-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509054959/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/espionage.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Code Breaking in World War II\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/espionage.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-427\">^</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-428\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/nps/mildec.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Deception for Defense of Information Systems: Analogies from Conventional Warfare\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101123031630/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/nps/mildec.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"#cite_ref-429\">^</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190628035235/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Discovery and Development of Penicillin: International Historic Chemical Landmark\"</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/American_Chemical_Society\" title=\"American Chemical Society\">American Chemical Society</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Bibliography of World War II\">Bibliography of World War II</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/makingofsecondwo00adam_0\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Making of the Second World War</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90716-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90716-3\"><bdi>978-0-415-90716-3</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/3638003\" rel=\"nofollow\">3638003</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anne_Applebaum\" title=\"Anne Applebaum\">Applebaum, Anne</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gulag:_A_History\" title=\"Gulag: A History\"><i>Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Penguin_Books\" title=\"Penguin Books\">Allen Lane</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9322-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9322-6\"><bdi>978-0-7139-9322-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Penguin_Books\" title=\"Penguin Books\">Allen Lane</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9868-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9868-9\"><bdi>978-0-7139-9868-9</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Studies\" title=\"Soviet Studies\">Soviet Studies</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139208412066\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1080/09668139208412066</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/152330\" rel=\"nofollow\">152330</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-921-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-921-0\"><bdi>978-0-85045-921-0</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/germanyunderdire0000bala\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945\u20131948</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press\" title=\"Rutgers University Press\">Rutgers University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0449-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0449-0\"><bdi>978-0-8135-0449-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81144-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81144-6\"><bdi>978-0-521-81144-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ballantine_Books\" title=\"Ballantine Books\">Ballantine Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-02462-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-345-02462-6\"><bdi>978-0-345-02462-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Antony_Beevor\" title=\"Antony Beevor\">Beevor, Antony</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Stalingrad_(Beevor_book)\" title=\"Stalingrad (Beevor book)\"><i>Stalingrad</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Viking_Press\" title=\"Viking Press\">Viking</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-87095-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-670-87095-0\"><bdi>978-0-670-87095-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book)\" title=\"The Second World War (book)\"><i>The Second World War</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson\" title=\"Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson\">Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84497-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84497-6\"><bdi>978-0-297-84497-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press\" title=\"University of Toronto Press\">University of Toronto Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9314-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9314-1\"><bdi>978-0-8020-9314-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf\" title=\"Alfred A. Knopf\">Alfred A. Knopf</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41086-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-375-41086-4\"><bdi>978-0-375-41086-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_T._Berend\" title=\"Iv\u00e1n T. Berend\">Berend, Ivan T.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55066-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55066-6\"><bdi>978-0-521-55066-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gail_Lee_Bernstein\" title=\"Gail Lee Bernstein\">Bernstein, Gail Lee</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California_Press\" title=\"University of California Press\">University of California Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07017-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07017-2\"><bdi>978-0-520-07017-2</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/M.E._Sharpe\" title=\"M.E. Sharpe\">M.E. Sharpe</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1821-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1821-4\"><bdi>978-0-7656-1821-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group\" title=\"Greenwood Publishing Group\">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96363-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96363-7\"><bdi>978-0-275-96363-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Herbert_P._Bix\" title=\"Herbert P. Bix\">Bix, Herbert P.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan\" title=\"Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan\"><i>Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/HarperCollins\" title=\"HarperCollins\">HarperCollins</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019314-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019314-0\"><bdi>978-0-06-019314-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)\" title=\"Jeremy Black (historian)\">Black, Jeremy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30534-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30534-1\"><bdi>978-0-415-30534-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26206-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26206-4\"><bdi>978-0-415-26206-4</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company\" title=\"MBI Publishing Company\">MBI Publishing Company</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0870-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0870-7\"><bdi>978-0-7603-0870-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34109-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34109-7\"><bdi>978-0-415-34109-7</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/subject_title_list.jsf?subjectCode=15&amp;heading=Warfare&amp;tSort=title+closed&amp;aSort=author+default_list&amp;ySort=year+default_list\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Cambridge History of the Second World War Volume 2: Politics and Ideology</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge\" title=\"Cambridge\">Cambridge</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-238-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-238-8\"><bdi>978-1-84176-238-8</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Frank_Cass_Publishers\" title=\"Frank Cass Publishers\">Frank Cass Publishers</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4722-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4722-7\"><bdi>978-0-7146-4722-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Transaction_Publishers\" title=\"Transaction Publishers\">Transaction Publishers</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0622-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0622-2\"><bdi>978-0-7658-0622-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Frank_Cass\" title=\"Frank Cass\">Frank Cass</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5461-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5461-4\"><bdi>978-0-7146-5461-4</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing\" title=\"Blackwell Publishing\">Blackwell Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22162-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22162-3\"><bdi>978-0-631-22162-3</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bruce_Bueno_de_Mesquita\" title=\"Bruce Bueno de Mesquita\">Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/James_D._Morrow\" title=\"James D. Morrow\">Morrow, James D.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Logic_of_Political_Survival\" title=\"The Logic of Political Survival\"><i>The Logic of Political Survival</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/MIT_Press\" title=\"MIT Press\">MIT Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02546-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02546-1\"><bdi>978-0-262-02546-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polity\" title=\"Polity\">Polity</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1298-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1298-0\"><bdi>978-0-7456-1298-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Alan_Bullock\" title=\"Alan Bullock\">Bullock, Alan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Penguin_Books\" title=\"Penguin Books\">Penguin Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013564-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013564-0\"><bdi>978-0-14-013564-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JAM....62R.268B\" rel=\"nofollow\">1995JAM....62R.268B</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.2895927\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1115/1.2895927</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55926-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55926-3\"><bdi>978-0-521-55926-3</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97733-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97733-7\"><bdi>978-0-275-97733-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Luciano_Canfora\" title=\"Luciano Canfora\">Canfora, Luciano</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing\" title=\"Blackwell Publishing\">Blackwell Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1131-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1131-7\"><bdi>978-1-4051-1131-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Public_Opinion_Quarterly\" title=\"Public Opinion Quarterly\">Public Opinion Quarterly</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F265420\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1086/265420</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/2745078\" rel=\"nofollow\">2745078</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Iris_Chang\" title=\"Iris Chang\">Chang, Iris</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/rapeofnankingfor00chan\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Basic_Books\" title=\"Basic Books\">Basic Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06835-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06835-7\"><bdi>978-0-465-06835-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Fordham_University_Press\" title=\"Fordham University Press\">Fordham University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2562-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2562-0\"><bdi>978-0-8232-2562-0</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/russiasbitterpat0000chub\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group\" title=\"Continuum International Publishing Group\">Continuum</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1350-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1350-5\"><bdi>978-0-8264-1350-5</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/M.E._Sharpe\" title=\"M.E. Sharpe\">M.E. Sharpe</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-246-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-246-5\"><bdi>978-1-56324-246-5</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Polish_Review\" title=\"The Polish Review\">The Polish Review</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/25779864\" rel=\"nofollow\">25779864</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Clogg\" title=\"Richard Clogg\">Clogg, Richard</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>A Concise History of Greece</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80872-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80872-9\"><bdi>978-0-521-80872-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California_Press\" title=\"University of California Press\">University of California Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23268-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23268-6\"><bdi>978-0-520-23268-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-539-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-539-6\"><bdi>978-1-84176-539-6</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/germany1919450000coll\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Germany 1919\u201345</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)\" title=\"Heinemann (publisher)\">Heinemann</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32721-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32721-7\"><bdi>978-0-435-32721-7</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-741-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-741-9\"><bdi>978-1-57488-741-9</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000186948\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Volunteer Armies of Northeast China\"</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/History_Today\" title=\"History Today\">History Today</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/UCL_Press\" title=\"UCL Press\">UCL Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-532-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-532-1\"><bdi>978-1-85728-532-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Cowley\" title=\"Robert Cowley\">Cowley, Robert</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)\" title=\"Geoffrey Parker (historian)\">Parker, Geoffrey</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Company\" title=\"Houghton Mifflin Company\">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12742-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12742-9\"><bdi>978-0-618-12742-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Penguin_Books\" title=\"Penguin Books\">Penguin Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101022-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101022-9\"><bdi>978-0-14-101022-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Norman_Davies\" title=\"Norman Davies\">Davies, Norman</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Europe_at_War_1939%E2%80%931945:_No_Simple_Victory\" title=\"Europe at War 1939\u20131945: No Simple Victory\"><i>Europe at War 1939\u20131945: No Simple Victory</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers\" title=\"Macmillan Publishers\">Macmillan</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69285-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69285-1\"><bdi>978-0-333-69285-1</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\">OCLC</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/70401618\" rel=\"nofollow\">70401618</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/I._C._B._Dear\" title=\"I. C. B. Dear\">Dear, I.C.B.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/M._R._D._Foot\" title=\"M. R. D. Foot\">Foot, M.R.D.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_University_Press\" title=\"Oxford University Press\">Oxford University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860446-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860446-4\"><bdi>978-0-19-860446-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong\" title=\"J. Bradford DeLong\">DeLong, J. Bradford</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen\" title=\"Barry Eichengreen\">Eichengreen, Barry</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/MIT_Press\" title=\"MIT Press\">MIT Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2\"><bdi>978-0-262-04136-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/John_W._Dower\" title=\"John W. Dower\">Dower, John W.</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/warwithoutmercyr0000dowe\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pantheon_Books\" title=\"Pantheon Books\">Pantheon Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50030-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50030-0\"><bdi>978-0-394-50030-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press\" title=\"University of Nebraska Press\">University of Nebraska Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6638-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6638-4\"><bdi>978-0-8032-6638-4</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Flal.1991.3.2.02a00030\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1525/lal.1991.3.2.02a00030</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/743479\" rel=\"nofollow\">743479</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky\" title=\"University Press of Kentucky\">University Press of Kentucky</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2023-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2023-2\"><bdi>978-0-8131-2023-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24338-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24338-4\"><bdi>978-0-521-24338-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Michael_Ellman\" title=\"Michael Ellman\">Ellman, Michael</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20121122071204/http://artukraine.com/old/famineart/SovietCrimes.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments\"</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies\" title=\"Europe-Asia Studies\">Europe-Asia Studies</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0966813022000017177\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1080/0966813022000017177</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/826310\" rel=\"nofollow\">826310</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43510161\" rel=\"nofollow\">43510161</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://artukraine.com/old/famineart/SovietCrimes.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130115023408/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/81203576/Soviet-Repression-Statistics-Some-Comments\" rel=\"nofollow\">Copy</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/ELM-War_Deaths.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note\"</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies\" title=\"Europe-Asia Studies\">Europe-Asia Studies</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139408412190\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1080/09668139408412190</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/152934\" rel=\"nofollow\">152934</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12288331\" rel=\"nofollow\">12288331</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19540-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19540-9\"><bdi>978-0-415-19540-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/John_Erickson_(historian)\" title=\"John Erickson (historian)\">Erickson, John</a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4\" title=\"ru:\u0428\u0443\u043a\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u0413\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0434\">Shukman, Harold</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson\" title=\"Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson\">Phoenix Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7\"><bdi>978-1-84212-513-7</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Cassell_Military_Paperbacks\" title=\"Cassell Military Paperbacks\">Cassell Military</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36541-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36541-8\"><bdi>978-0-304-36541-8</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press\" title=\"Naval Institute Press\">Naval Institute Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-244-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-244-7\"><bdi>978-1-59114-244-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Richard_J._Evans\" title=\"Richard J. Evans\">Evans, Richard J.</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/The_Third_Reich_at_War\" title=\"The Third Reich at War\"><i>The Third Reich at War</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Penguin_Group\" title=\"Penguin Group\">Allen Lane</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9742-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9742-2\"><bdi>978-0-7139-9742-2</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/John_K._Fairbank\" title=\"John K. Fairbank\">Fairbank, John King</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Merle_Goldman\" title=\"Merle Goldman\">Goldman, Merle</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_University_Press\" title=\"Harvard University Press\">Harvard University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01828-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01828-0\"><bdi>978-0-674-01828-0</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History\" title=\"Journal of Military History\">Journal of Military History</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2944096\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.2307/2944096</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/2944096\" rel=\"nofollow\">2944096</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Niall_Ferguson\" title=\"Niall Ferguson\">Ferguson, Niall</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311239-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311239-6\"><bdi>978-0-14-311239-6</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-4794-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-4794-5\"><bdi>978-1-4488-4794-5</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_F%C3%B6rster\" title=\"J\u00fcrgen F\u00f6rster\">F\u00f6rster, J\u00fcrgen</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Clarendon_Press\" title=\"Clarendon Press\">Clarendon Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822886-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822886-8\"><bdi>978-0-19-822886-8</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83432-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83432-2\"><bdi>978-0-521-83432-2</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/adenauersgermany00frei\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_University_Press\" title=\"Columbia University Press\">Columbia University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11882-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11882-8\"><bdi>978-0-231-11882-8</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Conway_Maritime_Press\" title=\"Conway Maritime Press\">Conway Maritime Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-953-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-953-9\"><bdi>978-0-85177-953-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_University_Press\" title=\"Oxford University Press\">Oxford University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505432-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505432-3\"><bdi>978-0-19-505432-3</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Martin_Gilbert\" title=\"Martin Gilbert\">Gilbert, Martin</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00gilb_0\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Second World War</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79616-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79616-9\"><bdi>978-0-297-79616-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/David_Glantz\" title=\"David Glantz\">Glantz, David M.</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943\"</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\">OCLC</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/278029256\" rel=\"nofollow\">278029256</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Frank_Cass\" title=\"Frank Cass\">Frank Cass</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3347-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3347-3\"><bdi>978-0-7146-3347-3</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas\" title=\"University Press of Kansas\">University Press of Kansas</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0899-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0899-7\"><bdi>978-0-7006-0899-7</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110709141048/http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The Soviet-German War 1941\u201345 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/battleforleningr00glan\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Battle for Leningrad: 1941\u20131944</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas\" title=\"University Press of Kansas\">University Press of Kansas</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1208-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1208-6\"><bdi>978-0-7006-1208-6</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080302130751/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria\"</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\">OCLC</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/oclc/78918907\" rel=\"nofollow\">78918907</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lerner_Publishing_Group\" title=\"Lerner Publishing Group\">Lerner Publications</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-0139-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-0139-8\"><bdi>978-0-8225-0139-8</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Andrew_Gordon_(naval_historian)\" title=\"Andrew Gordon (naval historian)\">Gordon, Andrew</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/ddaycompanion00jane/page/127\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"The greatest military armada ever launched\"</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/ddaycompanion00jane/page/127\" rel=\"nofollow\">127\u2013144</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-779-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-779-6\"><bdi>978-1-84176-779-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Press\" title=\"Stanford University Press\">Stanford University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6346-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6346-2\"><bdi>978-0-8047-6346-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_University_Press\" title=\"Oxford University Press\">Oxford University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211675-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-211675-8\"><bdi>978-0-19-211675-8</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/modernjapanhisto00hane_0\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Modern Japan: A Historical Survey</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Westview_Press\" title=\"Westview Press\">Westview Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3756-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3756-2\"><bdi>978-0-8133-3756-2</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press\" title=\"Kent State University Press\">Kent State University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-558-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-558-9\"><bdi>978-0-87338-558-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sheldon_H._Harris\" title=\"Sheldon H. Harris\">Harris, Sheldon H.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93214-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93214-1\"><bdi>978-0-415-93214-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62046-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62046-8\"><bdi>978-0-521-62046-8</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company\" title=\"MBI Publishing Company\">MBI Publishing Company</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-073-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-073-2\"><bdi>978-1-86227-073-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History\" title=\"Journal of Contemporary History\">Journal of Contemporary History</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947801300102\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1177/002200947801300102</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/260090\" rel=\"nofollow\">260090</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154865385\" rel=\"nofollow\">154865385</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-211-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-211-0\"><bdi>978-1-85532-211-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Stackpole_Books\" title=\"Stackpole Books\">Stackpole Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3398-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3398-4\"><bdi>978-0-8117-3398-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hippocrene_Books\" title=\"Hippocrene Books\">Hippocrene Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1004-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1004-3\"><bdi>978-0-7818-1004-3</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ulrich_Herbert\" title=\"Ulrich Herbert\">Herbert, Ulrich</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08239-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08239-6\"><bdi>978-0-415-08239-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Jeffrey_Herf\" title=\"Jeffrey Herf\">Herf, Jeffrey</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kritika_(journal)\" title=\"Kritika (journal)\">Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2003.0059\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1353/kri.2003.0059</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159958616\" rel=\"nofollow\">159958616</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Frank_Cass\" title=\"Frank Cass\">Frank Cass</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5711-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5711-0\"><bdi>978-0-7146-5711-0</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/HarperPress\" title=\"HarperPress\">HarperPress</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-717645-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-00-717645-8\"><bdi>978-0-00-717645-8</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/rulersvictimsrus00hosk\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_University_Press\" title=\"Harvard University Press\">Harvard University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02178-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02178-5\"><bdi>978-0-674-02178-5</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Press\" title=\"Stanford University Press\">Stanford University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4896-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4896-4\"><bdi>978-0-8047-4896-4</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)\" title=\"ASIN (identifier)\">ASIN</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00005W210\" rel=\"nofollow\">B00005W210</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Reliable sources\"><span title=\"The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. The source was published in Taiwan during the military rule and censorship regime of Chiang and the Nationalist government. (November 2021)\">unreliable source?</span></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Lawrence_Kritzman\" title=\"Lawrence Kritzman\">Lawrence D. Kritzman</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_University_Press\" title=\"Columbia University Press\">Columbia University Press</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/columbiahistoryo2006unse/page/76\" rel=\"nofollow\">76\u201378</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10791-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10791-4\"><bdi>978-0-231-10791-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Akira_Iriye\" title=\"Akira Iriye\">Iriye, Akira</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/powerculture00akir\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941\u20131945</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_University_Press\" title=\"Harvard University Press\">Harvard University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-69580-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-674-69580-1\"><bdi>978-0-674-69580-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ashley_Jackson_(historian)\" title=\"Ashley Jackson (historian)\">Jackson, Ashley</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Hambledon_Continuum\" title=\"Hambledon Continuum\">Hambledon Continuum</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-417-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-417-1\"><bdi>978-1-85285-417-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky\" title=\"University Press of Kentucky\">University Press of Kentucky</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2339-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2339-4\"><bdi>978-0-8131-2339-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-865-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-865-5\"><bdi>978-1-85532-865-5</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-353-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-353-8\"><bdi>978-1-84176-353-8</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4\" title=\"ru:\u0428\u0443\u043a\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u0413\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0434\">Harold Shukman</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson\" title=\"Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson\">Phoenix Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7\"><bdi>978-1-84212-513-7</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/rageofnations0000kant\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Rage of Nations</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company\" title=\"William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company\">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4455-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4455-2\"><bdi>978-0-8028-4455-2</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Coming Apart, Coming Together</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company\" title=\"William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company\">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4456-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4456-9\"><bdi>978-0-8028-4456-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Curtis_Keeble\" title=\"Curtis Keeble\">Keeble, Curtis</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37494-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37494-1\"><bdi>978-0-521-37494-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/John_Keegan\" title=\"John Keegan\">Keegan, John</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Random_House\" title=\"Random House\">Pimlico</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7348-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7348-8\"><bdi>978-0-7126-7348-8</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(historian)\" title=\"David M. Kennedy (historian)\">Kennedy, David M.</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Freedom_from_Fear:_The_American_People_in_Depression_and_War,_1929%E2%80%931945\" title=\"Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929\u20131945\"><i>Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929\u20131945</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514403-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514403-1\"><bdi>978-0-19-514403-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Manchester_University_Press\" title=\"Manchester University Press\">Manchester University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4201-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4201-0\"><bdi>978-0-7190-4201-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ian_Kershaw\" title=\"Ian Kershaw\">Kershaw, Ian</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/hitler193645neme00kers\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Hitler, 1936\u20131945: Nemesis</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04994-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04994-7\"><bdi>978-0-393-04994-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Penguin_Books\" title=\"Penguin Books\">Allen Lane</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9712-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9712-5\"><bdi>978-0-7139-9712-5</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_University_Press\" title=\"Oxford University Press\">Oxford University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-913417-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-913417-5\"><bdi>978-0-19-913417-5</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/40604127\" rel=\"nofollow\">40604127</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1988082\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.2307/1988082</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/1988082\" rel=\"nofollow\">1988082</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Historical_Journal\" title=\"The Historical Journal\">The Historical Journal</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00012747\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1017/S0018246X00012747</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/2639289\" rel=\"nofollow\">2639289</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko\" title=\"Gabriel Kolko\">Kolko, Gabriel</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/politicsofwarwor00kolkrich\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943\u20131945</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Random_House\" title=\"Random House\">Random House</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72757-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72757-6\"><bdi>978-0-679-72757-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-092-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-092-6\"><bdi>978-1-84176-092-6</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/M.E._Sharpe\" title=\"M.E. Sharpe\">M.E. Sharpe</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0816-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0816-1\"><bdi>978-0-7656-0816-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler\" title=\"Melvyn P. Leffler\">Leffler, Melvyn P.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad\" title=\"Odd Arne Westad\">Westad, Odd Arne</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83938-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83938-9\"><bdi>978-0-521-83938-9</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Praeger_Publishers\" title=\"Praeger Publishers\">Praeger</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94319-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94319-6\"><bdi>978-0-275-94319-6</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\"Japanese Plans and American Defenses\"</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Fall of the Philippines</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/US_Government_Printing_Office\" title=\"US Government Printing Office\">US Government Printing Office</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)\" title=\"LCCN (identifier)\">LCCN</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//lccn.loc.gov/53-63678\" rel=\"nofollow\">53-63678</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_29.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Princeton_University_Press\" title=\"Princeton University Press\">Princeton University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02986-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02986-3\"><bdi>978-0-691-02986-3</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-23770-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-330-23770-3\"><bdi>978-0-330-23770-3</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22404-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22404-8\"><bdi>978-0-415-22404-8</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Praeger_Publishers\" title=\"Praeger Publishers\">Praeger</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96486-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96486-3\"><bdi>978-0-275-96486-3</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26681-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26681-9\"><bdi>978-0-415-26681-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-671-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-671-3\"><bdi>978-1-84176-671-3</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/unitedstateswor00madd\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The United States and World War II</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Westview_Press\" title=\"Westview Press\">Westview Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0437-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0437-3\"><bdi>978-0-8133-0437-3</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Westview_Press\" title=\"Westview Press\">Westview Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2241-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2241-4\"><bdi>978-0-8133-2241-4</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521357906/page/96\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521357906/page/96\" rel=\"nofollow\">96</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35790-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35790-6\"><bdi>978-0-521-35790-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-882-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-882-3\"><bdi>978-1-84176-882-3</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cornell_Southeast_Asia_Program\" title=\"Cornell Southeast Asia Program\">SEAP Publications</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-122-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-122-2\"><bdi>978-0-87727-122-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ernest_R._May\" title=\"Ernest R. May\">May, Ernest R.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review\" title=\"Pacific Historical Review\">Pacific Historical Review</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3634575\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.2307/3634575</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/3634575\" rel=\"nofollow\">3634575</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mark_Mazower\" title=\"Mark Mazower\">Mazower, Mark</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Penguin_Group\" title=\"Penguin Group\">Allen Lane</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-188-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-188-2\"><bdi>978-1-59420-188-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Marc_Milner\" title=\"Marc Milner\">Milner, Marc</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Frank_Cass\" title=\"Frank Cass\">Frank Cass</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3369-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3369-5\"><bdi>978-0-7146-3369-5</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Economic_History_Review\" title=\"The Economic History Review\">The Economic History Review</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/2592851\" rel=\"nofollow\">2592851</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/University_of_California\" title=\"University of California\">University of California</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03942-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03942-1\"><bdi>978-0-520-03942-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Patrick_Minford\" title=\"Patrick Minford\">Minford, Patrick</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/MIT_Press\" title=\"MIT Press\">MIT Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2\"><bdi>978-0-262-04136-2</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/unitednationsin20000ming\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>United Nations in the Twenty-First Century</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Westview_Press\" title=\"Westview Press\">Westview Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4346-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4346-4\"><bdi>978-0-8133-4346-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86244-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86244-8\"><bdi>978-0-521-86244-8</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Stackpole_Books\" title=\"Stackpole Books\">Stackpole Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3413-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3413-4\"><bdi>978-0-8117-3413-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rana_Mitter\" title=\"Rana Mitter\">Mitter, Rana</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-33450-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-544-33450-2\"><bdi>978-0-544-33450-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-006-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-006-2\"><bdi>978-1-84603-006-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Williamson_Murray\" title=\"Williamson Murray\">Murray, Williamson</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933\u20131945</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base\" title=\"Maxwell Air Force Base\">Maxwell Air Force Base</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Air_University_Press\" title=\"Air University Press\">Air University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4294-9235-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4294-9235-5\"><bdi>978-1-4294-9235-5</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_University_Press\" title=\"Harvard University Press\">Harvard University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5\"><bdi>978-0-674-00680-5</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Princeton_University_Press\" title=\"Princeton University Press\">Princeton University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10222-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10222-1\"><bdi>978-0-691-10222-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Norman_Naimark\" title=\"Norman Naimark\">Naimark, Norman</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4\"><bdi>978-0-521-83719-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8\"><bdi>978-0-521-34579-8</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Robin_Neillands\" title=\"Robin Neillands\">Neillands, Robin</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/diepperaidstoryo00robi\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Indiana_University_Press\" title=\"Indiana University Press\">Indiana University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34781-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34781-7\"><bdi>978-0-253-34781-7</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-799-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-86126-799-1\"><bdi>1-86126-799-1</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_University_Press\" title=\"Columbia University Press\">Columbia University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11200-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11200-0\"><bdi>978-0-231-11200-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Overy\" title=\"Richard Overy\">Overy, Richard</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/wareconomyinthir00over\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>War and Economy in the Third Reich</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Clarendon_Press\" title=\"Clarendon Press\">Clarendon Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820290-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820290-5\"><bdi>978-0-19-820290-5</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7453-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7453-9\"><bdi>978-0-7126-7453-9</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02030-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02030-4\"><bdi>978-0-393-02030-4</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/roadtowar00over\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Road to War</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Penguin_Books\" title=\"Penguin Books\">Penguin Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028530-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028530-7\"><bdi>978-0-14-028530-7</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Lexington_Books\" title=\"Lexington Books\">Lexington Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0195-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0195-7\"><bdi>978-0-7391-0195-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/David_S._Painter\" title=\"David S. Painter\">Painter, David S.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History\" title=\"The Journal of American History\">The Journal of American History</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjas073\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1093/jahist/jas073</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons\" title=\"John Wiley &amp; Sons\">John Wiley</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24945-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24945-0\"><bdi>978-0-471-24945-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Pape\" title=\"Robert Pape\">Pape, Robert A.</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/International_Security\" title=\"International Security\">International Security</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539100\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.2307/2539100</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/2539100\" rel=\"nofollow\">2539100</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153741180\" rel=\"nofollow\">153741180</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Da_Capo_Press\" title=\"Da Capo Press\">Da Capo Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81391-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81391-7\"><bdi>978-0-306-81391-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne\" title=\"Stanley G. Payne\">Payne, Stanley G.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Yale_University_Press\" title=\"Yale University Press\">Yale University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12282-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12282-4\"><bdi>978-0-300-12282-4</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/historyofjapan00pere\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The History of Japan</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group\" title=\"Greenwood Publishing Group\">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30296-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30296-1\"><bdi>978-0-313-30296-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press\" title=\"Johns Hopkins University Press\">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0530-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0530-1\"><bdi>978-0-8018-0530-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18597-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18597-4\"><bdi>978-0-415-18597-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Alessandro_Portelli\" title=\"Alessandro Portelli\">Portelli, Alessandro</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan\" title=\"Palgrave Macmillan\">Palgrave Macmillan</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8008-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8008-3\"><bdi>978-1-4039-8008-3</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell\" title=\"Wiley-Blackwell\">Blackwell Publishers</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20238-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20238-7\"><bdi>978-0-631-20238-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36960-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36960-2\"><bdi>978-0-415-36960-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14900-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14900-6\"><bdi>978-0-415-14900-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Werner_Rahn\" title=\"Werner Rahn\">Rahn, Werner</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Clarendon_Press\" title=\"Clarendon Press\">Clarendon Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822888-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822888-2\"><bdi>978-0-19-822888-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85522-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85522-8\"><bdi>978-0-521-85522-8</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/devilsdisciplesh00read\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04800-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04800-1\"><bdi>978-0-393-04800-1</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Pimlico_(publishing_imprint)\" title=\"Pimlico (publishing imprint)\">Pimlico</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0695-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0695-0\"><bdi>978-0-7126-0695-0</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100411104102/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB622.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Appeasement Reconsidered: Investigating the Mythology of the 1930s</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-216-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-216-0\"><bdi>978-1-58487-216-0</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB622.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">the original</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Laurence_Rees\" title=\"Laurence Rees\">Rees, Laurence</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/BBC_Books\" title=\"BBC Books\">BBC Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-49335-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-563-49335-8\"><bdi>978-0-563-49335-8</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/brasseysbookofmi00geof\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Brassey's Book of Military Blunders</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-252-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-252-0\"><bdi>978-1-57488-252-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Klaus_Reinhardt\" title=\"Klaus Reinhardt\">Reinhardt, Klaus</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Berg_Publishers\" title=\"Berg Publishers\">Berg</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-695-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-695-0\"><bdi>978-0-85496-695-0</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/David_Reynolds_(English_historian)\" title=\"David Reynolds (English historian)\">Reynolds, David</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_University_Press\" title=\"Oxford University Press\">Oxford University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928411-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928411-5\"><bdi>978-0-19-928411-5</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/hitlerswaraimsid00rich\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Hitler's War Aims, Volume I: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00802-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00802-9\"><bdi>978-0-393-00802-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8\"><bdi>978-0-521-34579-8</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies\" title=\"Europe-Asia Studies\">Europe-Asia Studies</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139508412322\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1080/09668139508412322</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/153299\" rel=\"nofollow\">153299</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts\" title=\"Geoffrey Roberts\">Roberts, Geoffrey</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Yale_University_Press\" title=\"Yale University Press\">Yale University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7\"><bdi>978-0-300-11204-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/John_Roberts_(historian)\" title=\"John Roberts (historian)\">Roberts, J.M.</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/penguinhistoryof00robe_1\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Penguin History of Europe</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Penguin_Books\" title=\"Penguin Books\">Penguin Books</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026561-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026561-3\"><bdi>978-0-14-026561-3</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Theodore_Ropp\" title=\"Theodore Ropp\">Ropp, Theodore</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press\" title=\"Johns Hopkins University Press\">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6445-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6445-2\"><bdi>978-0-8018-6445-2</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The War at Sea 1939\u20131945, Volume 1: The Defensive</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/HMSO\" title=\"HMSO\">HMSO</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4634-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4634-3\"><bdi>978-0-7146-4634-3</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Greenwood_Press\" title=\"Greenwood Press\">Greenwood Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0\"><bdi>978-0-313-31395-0</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1988530\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.2307/1988530</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/1988530\" rel=\"nofollow\">1988530</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58097-049-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-58097-049-5\"><bdi>978-1-58097-049-5</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan\" title=\"Palgrave Macmillan\">Palgrave Macmillan</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-92983-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-333-92983-4\"><bdi>978-0-333-92983-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield\" title=\"Rowman &amp; Littlefield\">Rowman &amp; Littlefield</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2632-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2632-1\"><bdi>978-0-8420-2632-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_University_Press\" title=\"Harvard University Press\">Harvard University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05988-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05988-7\"><bdi>978-0-674-05988-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Amnon_Sella\" title=\"Amnon Sella\">Sella, Amnon</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History\" title=\"Journal of Contemporary History\">Journal of Contemporary History</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947801300308\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1177/002200947801300308</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/260209\" rel=\"nofollow\">260209</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220880174\" rel=\"nofollow\">220880174</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History\" title=\"Journal of Contemporary History\">Journal of Contemporary History</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/260307\" rel=\"nofollow\">260307</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Alfred_E._Senn\" title=\"Alfred E. Senn\">Senn, Alfred Erich</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Rodopi_(publisher)\" title=\"Rodopi (publisher)\">Rodopi</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2225-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2225-6\"><bdi>978-90-420-2225-6</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company\" title=\"MBI Publishing Company\">MBI Publishing Company</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0939-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0939-1\"><bdi>978-0-7603-0939-1</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History\" title=\"Journal of Military History\">Journal of Military History</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F120398\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.2307/120398</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/120398\" rel=\"nofollow\">120398</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/William_L._Shirer\" title=\"William L. Shirer\">Shirer, William L.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich\" title=\"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich\"><i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster\" title=\"Simon &amp; Schuster\">Simon &amp; Schuster</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72868-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72868-7\"><bdi>978-0-671-72868-7</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/whathitlerknewba00shor_0\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>What Hitler Knew: The Battle for Information in Nazi Foreign Policy</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_University_Press\" title=\"Oxford University Press\">Oxford University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518261-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518261-3\"><bdi>978-0-19-518261-3</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-29114-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-304-29114-4\"><bdi>978-0-304-29114-4</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08924-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08924-1\"><bdi>978-0-415-08924-1</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9624423-2-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-9624423-2-2\"><bdi>978-0-9624423-2-2</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907579-19-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-907579-19-9\"><bdi>978-0-907579-19-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28580-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28580-3\"><bdi>978-0-415-28580-3</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86719-616-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-86719-616-0\"><bdi>978-0-86719-616-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder\" title=\"Timothy D. Snyder\">Snyder, Timothy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Bodley_Head\" title=\"The Bodley Head\">The Bodley Head</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-08141-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-224-08141-2\"><bdi>978-0-224-08141-2</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Studies\" title=\"Soviet Studies\">Soviet Studies</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668138608411636\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1080/09668138608411636</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/151203\" rel=\"nofollow\">151203</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154270850\" rel=\"nofollow\">154270850</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Jonathan_Steinberg\" title=\"Jonathan Steinberg\">Steinberg, Jonathan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review\" title=\"The English Historical Review\">The English Historical Review</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcx.437.620\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1093/ehr/cx.437.620</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/578338\" rel=\"nofollow\">578338</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History\" title=\"Journal of Contemporary History\">Journal of Contemporary History</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200948702200202\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1177/002200948702200202</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/260931\" rel=\"nofollow\">260931</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159943895\" rel=\"nofollow\">159943895</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4\"><bdi>978-0-521-83719-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-195-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-195-4\"><bdi>978-1-84176-195-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin\" title=\"Allen &amp; Unwin\">Allen &amp; Unwin</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86508-352-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-86508-352-0\"><bdi>978-1-86508-352-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Historical_Journal\" title=\"The Historical Journal\">The Historical Journal</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00026017\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1017/S0018246X00026017</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Westview_Press\" title=\"Westview Press\">Westview Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2717-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2717-4\"><bdi>978-0-8133-2717-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor\" title=\"A. J. P. Taylor\">Taylor, A.J.P.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton\" title=\"Hamish Hamilton\">Hamish Hamilton</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton\" title=\"Hamish Hamilton\">Hamish Hamilton</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10017-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10017-2\"><bdi>978-0-241-10017-2</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_University_Press\" title=\"Harvard University Press\">Harvard University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03338-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03338-2\"><bdi>978-0-674-03338-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-640-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-640-8\"><bdi>978-1-85532-640-8</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Stephen_Randall_(political_scientist)\" title=\"Stephen Randall (political scientist)\">Randall, Stephen J.</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/canadaunitedsta00thom\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press\" title=\"University of Georgia Press\">University of Georgia Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3113-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3113-3\"><bdi>978-0-8203-3113-3</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Marc_Trachtenberg\" title=\"Marc Trachtenberg\">Trachtenberg, Marc</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Princeton_University_Press\" title=\"Princeton University Press\">Princeton University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00273-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00273-6\"><bdi>978-0-691-00273-6</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker\" title=\"Spencer C. Tucker\">Tucker, Spencer C.</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7\"><bdi>978-1-57607-999-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_University_Press\" title=\"Oxford University Press\">Oxford University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822885-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822885-1\"><bdi>978-0-19-822885-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Army\" title=\"United States Army\">United States Army</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)</i></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Department_of_the_Army\" title=\"Department of the Army\">Department of the Army</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Susan_Waltz\" title=\"Susan Waltz\">Waltz, Susan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly\" title=\"Third World Quarterly\">Third World Quarterly</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436590220138378\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.1080/01436590220138378</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/3993535\" rel=\"nofollow\">3993535</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145398136\" rel=\"nofollow\">145398136</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons\" title=\"John Wiley &amp; Sons\">John Wiley &amp; Sons</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82497-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82497-9\"><bdi>978-0-470-82497-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/William_E._Watson\" title=\"William E. Watson\">Watson, William E.</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Praeger_Publishers\" title=\"Praeger Publishers\">Praeger</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97470-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97470-1\"><bdi>978-0-275-97470-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg\" title=\"Gerhard Weinberg\">Weinberg, Gerhard L.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85316-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85316-3\"><bdi>978-0-521-85316-3</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield\" title=\"Rowman &amp; Littlefield\">Rowman &amp; Littlefield</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6\"><bdi>978-0-7425-5542-6</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company\" title=\"MBI Publishing Company\">MBI Publishing Company</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1401-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1401-2\"><bdi>978-0-7603-1401-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Routledge\" title=\"Routledge\">Routledge</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35980-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35980-1\"><bdi>978-0-415-35980-1</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Alan_F._Wilt\" title=\"Alan F. Wilt\">Wilt, Alan F.</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1987464\" rel=\"nofollow\">10.2307/1987464</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)\" title=\"JSTOR (identifier)\">JSTOR</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"//www.jstor.org/stable/1987464\" rel=\"nofollow\">1987464</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Roberta_Wohlstetter\" title=\"Roberta Wohlstetter\">Wohlstetter, Roberta</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/pearlharborwarni0000wohl\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i>Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Stanford_University_Press\" title=\"Stanford University Press\">Stanford University Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0597-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0597-4\"><bdi>978-0-8047-0597-4</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/MIT_Press\" title=\"MIT Press\">MIT Press</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2\"><bdi>978-0-262-04136-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield\" title=\"Rowman &amp; Littlefield\">Rowman &amp; Littlefield</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5339-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5339-2\"><bdi>978-0-7425-5339-2</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis\" title=\"Taylor &amp; Francis\">Taylor &amp; Francis</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56032-546-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-56032-546-8\"><bdi>978-1-56032-546-8</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-462-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-462-7\"><bdi>978-0-87972-462-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Steven_Zaloga\" title=\"Steven Zaloga\">Zaloga, Steven J.</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-478-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-478-7\"><bdi>978-1-85532-478-7</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Osprey_Publishing\" title=\"Osprey Publishing\">Osprey Publishing</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-408-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-408-5\"><bdi>978-1-84176-408-5</bdi></a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2991-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2991-9\"><bdi>978-0-8420-2991-9</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Casemate_Publishers\" title=\"Casemate Publishers\">Casemate</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-04-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-04-0\"><bdi>978-1-935149-04-0</bdi></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects\"><span id=\"sister-projects\">sister projects</span></a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II\" title=\"wikt:Special:Search/World War II\">Definitions</a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/World_War_II\" title=\"c:World War II\">Media</a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II\" title=\"n:Category:World War II\">News</a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/World_War_II\" title=\"q:World War II\">Quotations</a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II\" title=\"s:Special:Search/World War II\">Texts</a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II\" title=\"b:Special:Search/World War II\">Textbooks</a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/World_War_II\" title=\"voy:World War II\">Travel guides</a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/World_War_II\" title=\"v:World War II\">Resources</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/world-war-two-europe\" rel=\"nofollow\">West Point Maps of the European War</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/world-war-two-asia\" rel=\"nofollow\">West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War</a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World_Battle_Fronts_in_Semimonthly_Phases_to_August_15_1945\" title=\"s:Atlas of the World Battle Fronts in Semimonthly Phases to August 15 1945\">Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (July 1943 to August 1945)</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://atom.archives.sfu.ca/index.php/world-war-ii-propaganda-posters-collection\" rel=\"nofollow\">Records of World War II propaganda posters are held by Simon Fraser University's Special Collections and Rare Books</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042019/http://atom.archives.sfu.ca/index.php/world-war-ii-propaganda-posters-collection\" rel=\"nofollow\">Archived</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/19390916/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Maps of World War II in Europe at Omniatlas</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Template:World_War_II\" title=\"Template:World War II\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II\" title=\"Template talk:World War II\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:World_War_II&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a>", "<a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Outline of World War II\">Outline</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_II\" title=\"List of military engagements of World War II\">Military engagements</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles\" title=\"List of World War II battles\">Battles</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations\" title=\"List of World War II military operations\">Operations</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Allied leaders of World War II\">Allied</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Axis leaders of World War II\">Axis</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Commanders of World War II\">Commanders</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_casualties\" title=\"World War II casualties\">Casualties</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences\" title=\"List of Allied World War II conferences\">Conferences</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics\" title=\"Lists of World War II topics\">Topics</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Air warfare of World War II\">Air warfare of World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe\" title=\"List of air operations during the Battle of Europe\">In Europe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Blitzkrieg\" title=\"Blitzkrieg\">Blitzkrieg</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Comparative officer ranks of World War II\">Comparative military ranks</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography\" title=\"World War II cryptography\">Cryptography</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Declarations of war during World War II\">Declarations of war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Diplomatic history of World War II\">Diplomacy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II\" title=\"List of governments in exile during World War II\">Governments in exile</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Home front during World War II\">Home front</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Australian home front during World War II\">Australian</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II\" title=\"United Kingdom home front during World War II\">United Kingdom</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II\" title=\"United States home front during World War II\">United States</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lend-Lease\" title=\"Lend-Lease\">Lend-Lease</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Manhattan_Project\" title=\"Manhattan Project\">Manhattan Project</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project\" title=\"British contribution to the Manhattan Project\">British contribution</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II\" title=\"List of military awards and decorations of World War II\">Military awards</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment\" title=\"Lists of World War II military equipment\">Military equipment</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military production during World War II\">Military production</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Naval history of World War II\">Naval history</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_plunder\" title=\"Nazi plunder\">Nazi plunder</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II\" title=\"Opposition to World War II\">Opposition</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Technology during World War II\">Technology</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Allied technological cooperation during World War II\">Allied cooperation</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mulberry_harbour\" title=\"Mulberry harbour\">Mulberry harbour</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II\" title=\"Total war\">Total war</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Strategic bombing during World War II\">Strategic bombing</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states\" title=\"List of World War II puppet states\">Puppet states</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Women in World War II\">Women</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II\" title=\"Art and World War II\">Art and World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II\" title=\"List of theaters and campaigns of World War II\">Theaters</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater\" title=\"Asiatic-Pacific Theater\">Asia and Pacific</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War\" title=\"Second Sino-Japanese War\">China</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"South-East Asian theatre of World War II\">South-East Asia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_War\" title=\"Pacific War\">Pacific</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Pacific Ocean theater of World War II\">North and Central Pacific</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"South West Pacific theatre of World War II\">South-West Pacific</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Indian Ocean in World War II\">Indian Ocean</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"European theatre of World War II\">Europe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Western Front (World War II)\">Western Front</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Eastern Front (World War II)\">Eastern Front</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II\">Mediterranean and Middle East</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/North_African_campaign\" title=\"North African campaign\">North Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)\" title=\"East African campaign (World War II)\">East Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)\" title=\"Italian campaign (World War II)\">Italy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II\" title=\"French West Africa in World War II\">West Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic\" title=\"Battle of the Atlantic\">Atlantic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic\" title=\"Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic\">timeline</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)\" title=\"American Theater (World War II)\">Americas</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Aftermath of World War II\">Aftermath</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War\" title=\"Chinese Civil War\">Chinese Civil War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cold_War\" title=\"Cold War\">Cold War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Decolonization\" title=\"Decolonization\">Decolonization</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Division_of_Korea\" title=\"Division of Korea\">Division of Korea</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/First_Indochina_War\" title=\"First Indochina War\">First Indochina War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)\" title=\"Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944\u20131950)\">Expulsion of Germans</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Greek_Civil_War\" title=\"Greek Civil War\">Greek Civil War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution\" title=\"Indonesian National Revolution\">Indonesian National Revolution</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul\" title=\"Operation Keelhaul\"><i>Keelhaul</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Marshall_Plan\" title=\"Marshall Plan\">Marshall Plan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany\" title=\"Allied-occupied Germany\">Occupation of Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan\" title=\"Occupation of Japan\">Occupation of Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim\" title=\"Operation Osoaviakhim\"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Paperclip\" title=\"Operation Paperclip\"><i>Paperclip</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"Military occupations by the Soviet Union\">Soviet occupations</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states\" title=\"Occupation of the Baltic states\">Baltic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations\" title=\"Hungary\u2013Soviet Union relations\">Hungary</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic\" title=\"Polish People's Republic\">Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania\" title=\"Soviet occupation of Romania\">Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line\" title=\"Oder\u2013Neisse line\">Territorial changes of Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany\" title=\"Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany\">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations\" title=\"United Nations\">United Nations</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/War_crime\" title=\"War crime\">War crimes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Allied war crimes during World War II\">Allied war crimes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II\" title=\"Soviet war crimes\">Soviet war crimes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II\" title=\"British war crimes\">British war crimes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II\" title=\"United States war crimes\">United States war crimes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II\" title=\"German war crimes\">German war crimes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Forced labour under German rule during World War II\">forced labour</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht\" title=\"War crimes of the Wehrmacht\">Wehrmacht war crimes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Holocaust\" title=\"The Holocaust\">The Holocaust</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust\" title=\"Aftermath of the Holocaust\">Aftermath</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust\" title=\"International response to the Holocaust\">Response</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nuremberg_trials\" title=\"Nuremberg trials\">Nuremberg trials</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_war_crimes\" title=\"Italian war crimes\">Italian war crimes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes\" title=\"Japanese war crimes\">Japanese war crimes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Unit_731\" title=\"Unit 731\">Unit 731</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East\" title=\"International Military Tribunal for the Far East\">Prosecution</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e\" title=\"Usta\u0161e\">Croatian war crimes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia\" title=\"Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia\">Genocide of Serbs</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia\" title=\"The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia\">Persecution of Jews</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust\" title=\"History of the Jews in Romania\">Romanian war crimes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II\" title=\"German military brothels in World War II\">German military brothels</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II\" title=\"German camp brothels in World War II\">Camp brothels</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan\" title=\"Rape during the occupation of Japan\">Rape during the occupation of Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sook_Ching\" title=\"Sook Ching\">Sook Ching</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Comfort_women\" title=\"Comfort women\">Comfort women</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ianjo\" title=\"Ianjo\">Ianjo</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre#Rape\" title=\"Nanjing Massacre\">Rape of Nanking</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes\" title=\"Manila massacre\">Rape of Manila</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Marocchinate\" title=\"Marocchinate\">Marocchinate</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany\" title=\"Rape during the occupation of Germany\">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France\" title=\"Rape during the liberation of France\">Rape during the liberation of France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland\" title=\"Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland\">Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_by_country\" title=\"World War II by country\">Participants</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Allies of World War II\">Allies</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of Australia during World War II\">Australia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Belgium in World War II\">Belgium</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_Brazil#World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of Brazil\">Brazil</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Bulgaria during World War II\">Bulgaria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat\" title=\"1944 Bulgarian coup d'\u00e9tat\">from September 1944</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Canada in World War II\">Canada</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War\" title=\"Second Sino-Japanese War\">China</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Cuba during World War II\">Cuba</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia\" title=\"German occupation of Czechoslovakia\">Czechoslovakia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Denmark in World War II\">Denmark</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War\" title=\"Second Italo-Ethiopian War\">Ethiopia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Eswatini in World War II\">Eswatini</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Finland in World War II\">Finland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lapland_War\" title=\"Lapland War\">from September 1944</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/France_during_World_War_II\" title=\"France during World War II\">France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Free_France\" title=\"Free France\">Free France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of Greece during World War II\">Greece</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/India_in_World_War_II\" title=\"India in World War II\">India</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army\" title=\"Italian Co-belligerent Army\">Italy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Civil_War\" title=\"Italian Civil War\">from September 1943</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Luxembourg in World War II\">Luxembourg</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_Mexico#World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of Mexico\">Mexico</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of the Netherlands during World War II\">Netherlands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of Newfoundland during World War II\">Newfoundland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of New Zealand during World War II\">New Zealand</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Norwegian_campaign\" title=\"Norwegian campaign\">Norway</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of the Philippines during World War II\">Philippines</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)\" title=\"History of Poland (1939\u20131945)\">Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Romania in World War II\">Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat\" title=\"1944 Romanian coup d'\u00e9tat\">from August 1944</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Sierra Leone in World War II\">Sierra Leone</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of South Africa during World War II\">South Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Southern Rhodesia in World War II\">Southern Rhodesia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Soviet Union in World War II\">Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Tuva in World War II\">Tuva</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II\">United Kingdom</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II\" title=\"British Empire in World War II\">British Empire</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of the United States during World War II\">United States</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Puerto Ricans in World War II\">Puerto Rico</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia\" title=\"World War II in Yugoslavia\">Yugoslavia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Axis_powers\" title=\"Axis powers\">Axis</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)\" title=\"Italian protectorate of Albania (1939\u20131943)\">Albania protectorate</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Bulgaria during World War II\">Bulgaria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime\" title=\"Wang Jingwei regime\">Wang Jingwei regime</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia\" title=\"Independent State of Croatia\">Croatia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Finland in World War II\">Finland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Nazi Germany\">Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Hungary in World War II\">Hungary</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Indian_National_Army\" title=\"Indian National Army\">Free India</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War\" title=\"Anglo-Iraqi War\">Iraq</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of Italy during World War II\">Italy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic\" title=\"Italian Social Republic\">Italian Social Republic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Empire_of_Japan\" title=\"Empire of Japan\">Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Manchukuo\" title=\"Manchukuo\">Manchukuo</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic\" title=\"Second Philippine Republic\">Philippines</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Romania in World War II\">Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)\" title=\"Slovak Republic (1939\u20131945)\">Slovakia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Thailand in World War II\">Thailand</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Vichy_France\" title=\"Vichy France\">Vichy France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Resistance during World War II\">Resistance</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania\" title=\"World War II in Albania\">Albania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Austrian_resistance\" title=\"Austrian resistance\">Austria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Belgian_Resistance\" title=\"Belgian Resistance\">Belgium</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II\">Bulgaria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia\" title=\"Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia\">Czech lands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement\" title=\"Danish resistance movement\">Denmark</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance\" title=\"Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies\">Dutch East Indies</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944\" title=\"Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941\u20131944\">Estonia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Arbegnoch\" title=\"Arbegnoch\">Ethiopia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/French_Resistance\" title=\"French Resistance\">France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism\" title=\"German resistance to Nazism\">Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Greek_resistance\" title=\"Greek resistance\">Greece</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance\" title=\"Japanese occupation of Hong Kong\">Hong Kong</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement\" title=\"Italian resistance movement\">Italy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan\">Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe\" title=\"Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe\">Jews</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army\" title=\"Korean Liberation Army\">Korea</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945\" title=\"Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941\u20131945\">Latvia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Resistance in Lithuania during World War II\">Lithuania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance\" title=\"Luxembourg Resistance\">Luxembourg</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army\" title=\"Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army\">Malaya</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dutch_resistance\" title=\"Dutch resistance\">Netherlands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army\" title=\"Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army\">Northeast China</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement\" title=\"Norwegian resistance movement\">Norway</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan\" title=\"Philippine resistance against Japan\">Philippines</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Polish resistance movement in World War II\">Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement\" title=\"Romanian anti-communist resistance movement\">Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement\" title=\"Free Thai Movement\">Thailand</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_partisans\" title=\"Soviet partisans\">Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising\" title=\"Slovak National Uprising\">Slovakia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army\" title=\"Ukrainian Insurgent Army\">Western Ukraine</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Viet_Minh\" title=\"Viet Minh\">Vietnam</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans\" title=\"Yugoslav Partisans\">Yugoslavia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Prisoner_of_war\" title=\"Prisoner of war\">POWs</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union\">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union\">Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan\" title=\"German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan\">Azerbaijan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States\" title=\"German prisoners of war in the United States\">United States</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom\">United Kingdom</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union\">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Japanese prisoners of war in World War II\">Japanese prisoners</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union\">Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland\" title=\"Soviet prisoners of war in Finland\">Finland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war\" title=\"German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war\">atrocities by Germans</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939\" title=\"Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939\">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union\" title=\"Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union\">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Timeline of World War II\">Timeline</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Causes of World War II\">Prelude</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis\" title=\"Abyssinia Crisis\">Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia\" title=\"Events preceding World War II in Asia\">Asia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe\" title=\"Events preceding World War II in Europe\">Europe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1939)\">1939</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland\" title=\"Invasion of Poland\">Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Phoney_War\" title=\"Phoney War\">Phoney War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Winter_War\" title=\"Winter War\">Winter War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic\" title=\"Battle of the Atlantic\">Atlantic</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)\" title=\"Battle of Changsha (1939)\">Changsha</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive\" title=\"1939\u20131940 Winter Offensive\">China</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1940)\">1940</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung\" title=\"Operation Weser\u00fcbung\"><i>Weser\u00fcbung</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"German invasion of the Netherlands\">Netherlands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)\" title=\"German invasion of Belgium (1940)\">Belgium</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_France\" title=\"Battle of France\">France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940\" title=\"Armistice of 22 June 1940\">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Britain\" title=\"Battle of Britain\">Britain</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign\" title=\"Western Desert campaign\">North Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II\" title=\"French West Africa in World War II\">West Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland\" title=\"Italian invasion of British Somaliland\">British Somaliland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive\" title=\"Hundred Regiments Offensive\">North China</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states\" title=\"Occupation of the Baltic states\">Baltic States</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina\" title=\"Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina\">Moldova</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina\" title=\"Japanese invasion of French Indochina\">Indochina</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Greco-Italian_War\" title=\"Greco-Italian War\">Greece</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Compass\" title=\"Operation Compass\"><i>Compass</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1941)\">1941</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)\" title=\"East African campaign (World War II)\">East Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia\" title=\"Invasion of Yugoslavia\">Yugoslavia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao\" title=\"Battle of Shanggao\">Shanggao</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece\" title=\"German invasion of Greece\">Greece</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Crete\" title=\"Battle of Crete\">Crete</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War\" title=\"Anglo-Iraqi War\">Iraq</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa\" title=\"Operation Barbarossa\">Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II#Summer_War\" title=\"Estonia in World War II\">Summer War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Continuation_War\" title=\"Continuation War\">Finland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox\" title=\"Operation Silver Fox\">Silver Fox</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania\" title=\"June Uprising in Lithuania\">Lithuania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign\" title=\"Syria\u2013Lebanon campaign\">Syria and Lebanon</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)\" title=\"Battle of Kiev (1941)\">Kiev</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran\" title=\"Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran\">Iran</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad\" title=\"Siege of Leningrad\">Leningrad</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Bombing of Gorky in World War II\">Gorky</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow\" title=\"Battle of Moscow\">Moscow</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)\" title=\"Siege of Sevastopol (1941\u20131942)\">Sevastopol</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor\" title=\"Attack on Pearl Harbor\">Pearl Harbor</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong\" title=\"Battle of Hong Kong\">Hong Kong</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)\" title=\"Philippines campaign (1941\u20131942)\">Philippines</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)\" title=\"Battle of Changsha (1941)\">Changsha</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Malayan_campaign\" title=\"Malayan campaign\">Malaya</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)\" title=\"Battle of Borneo (1941\u20131942)\">Borneo (1941\u20131942)</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)\" title=\"Great Famine (Greece)\">Greek famine of 1941\u20131944</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1942)\">1942</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma\" title=\"Japanese invasion of Burma\">Burma</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)\" title=\"Battle of Changsha (1941\u20131942)\">Changsha</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea\" title=\"Battle of the Java Sea\">Java Sea</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea\" title=\"Battle of the Coral Sea\">Coral Sea</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala\" title=\"Battle of Gazala\">Gazala</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor\" title=\"Battle of Dutch Harbor\">Dutch Harbor</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu\" title=\"Japanese occupation of Attu\"> Attu (occupation)</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska\" title=\"Japanese occupation of Kiska\">Kiska</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign\" title=\"Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign\">Zhejiang-Jiangxi</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Midway\" title=\"Battle of Midway\">Midway</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942\" title=\"Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942\">Rzhev</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Case_Blue\" title=\"Case Blue\">Blue</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad\" title=\"Battle of Stalingrad\">Stalingrad</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore\" title=\"Battle of Singapore\">Singapore</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid\" title=\"St Nazaire Raid\">St Nazaire</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dieppe_Raid\" title=\"Dieppe Raid\">Dieppe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein\" title=\"Second Battle of El Alamein\">El Alamein</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign\" title=\"Guadalcanal campaign\">Guadalcanal</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Torch\" title=\"Operation Torch\"><i>Torch</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943\" title=\"Chinese famine of 1942\u20131943\">Chinese famine of 1942\u20131943</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1943)\">1943</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tunisian_campaign\" title=\"Tunisian campaign\">Tunisia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk\" title=\"Battle of Kursk\">Kursk</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Smolensk_operation\" title=\"Smolensk operation\">Smolensk</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943\" title=\"Bombing of Gorky in World War II\">Gorky</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign\" title=\"Solomon Islands campaign\">Solomon Islands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Attu\" title=\"Battle of Attu\"> Attu</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily\" title=\"Allied invasion of Sicily\">Sicily</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Cottage\" title=\"Operation Cottage\"><i>Cottage</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper\" title=\"Battle of the Dnieper\">Lower Dnieper</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy\" title=\"Allied invasion of Italy\">Italy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile\" title=\"Armistice of Cassibile\">Armistice of Cassibile</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign\" title=\"Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign\">Gilbert and Marshall Islands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Burma_campaign\" title=\"Burma campaign\">Burma</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan\" title=\"Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan\">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Changde\" title=\"Battle of Changde\">Changde</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943\" title=\"Bengal famine of 1943\">Bengal famine of 1943</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1944)\">1944</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino\" title=\"Battle of Monte Cassino\">Monte Cassino</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio\" title=\"Battle of Anzio\">Anzio</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)\" title=\"Battle of Narva (1944)\">Narva</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy\" title=\"Battle of Korsun\u2013Cherkassy\">Korsun\u2013Cherkassy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Tempest\" title=\"Operation Tempest\"><i>Tempest</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go\" title=\"Operation Ichi-Go\"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Overlord\" title=\"Operation Overlord\"><i>Overlord</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Normandy_landings\" title=\"Normandy landings\"><i>Neptune</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign\" title=\"Mariana and Palau Islands campaign\">Mariana and Palau</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Bagration\" title=\"Operation Bagration\"><i>Bagration</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive\" title=\"Lvov\u2013Sandomierz offensive\">Western Ukraine</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line\" title=\"Battle of Tannenberg Line\">Tannenberg Line</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising\" title=\"Warsaw Uprising\">Warsaw</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive\" title=\"Second Jassy\u2013Kishinev offensive\">Eastern Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Belgrade_offensive\" title=\"Belgrade offensive\">Belgrade</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris\" title=\"Liberation of Paris\">Paris</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Dragoon\" title=\"Operation Dragoon\"><i>Dragoon</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gothic_Line\" title=\"Gothic Line\">Gothic Line</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden\" title=\"Operation Market Garden\"><i>Market Garden</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tallinn_offensive\" title=\"Tallinn offensive\">Estonia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Crossbow\" title=\"Operation Crossbow\"><i>Crossbow</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive\" title=\"Combined Bomber Offensive\"><i>Pointblank</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Lapland_War\" title=\"Lapland War\">Lapland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Budapest_offensive\" title=\"Budapest offensive\">Hungary</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf\" title=\"Battle of Leyte Gulf\">Leyte</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge\" title=\"Battle of the Bulge\">Ardennes</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte\" title=\"Operation Bodenplatte\"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)\" title=\"Philippines campaign (1944\u20131945)\">Philippines (1944\u20131945)</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)\" title=\"Burma campaign (1944\u20131945)\">Burma (1944\u20131945)</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945\" title=\"Dutch famine of 1944\u20131945\">Dutch famine of 1944\u20131945</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)\" title=\"Timeline of World War II (1945\u20131991)\">1945</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive\" title=\"Vistula\u2013Oder offensive\">Vistula\u2013Oder</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima\" title=\"Battle of Iwo Jima\">Iwo Jima</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany\" title=\"Western Allied invasion of Germany\">Western invasion of Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa\" title=\"Battle of Okinawa\">Okinawa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy\" title=\"Spring 1945 offensive in Italy\">Italy (Spring 1945)</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Borneo_campaign\" title=\"Borneo campaign\">Borneo</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Syrmian_Front\" title=\"Syrmian Front\">Syrmian Front</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin\" title=\"Battle of Berlin\">Berlin</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Prague_offensive\" title=\"Prague offensive\">Czechoslovakia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest\" title=\"Siege of Budapest\">Budapest</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan\" title=\"Battle of West Hunan\">West Hunan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign\" title=\"Second Guangxi campaign\">Guangxi</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe\" title=\"End of World War II in Europe\">Surrender of Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender\" title=\"German Instrument of Surrender\">document</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Project_Hula\" title=\"Project Hula\">Project Hula</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria\" title=\"Soviet invasion of Manchuria\">Manchuria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)\" title=\"Battle of Manila (1945)\">Manila</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei\" title=\"Raid on Taipei\">Taipei</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II\">Naval bombardment of Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki\" title=\"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\">Atomic bombings</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki\" title=\"Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\">Debate</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin\" title=\"Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin\">South Sakhalin</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands\" title=\"Invasion of the Kuril Islands\">Kuril Islands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu\" title=\"Battle of Shumshu\">Shumshu</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1945\" title=\"Vietnamese famine of 1945\">Vietnamese famine of 1945</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan\" title=\"Surrender of Japan\">Surrender of Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender\" title=\"Japanese Instrument of Surrender\">document</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia\" title=\"End of World War II in Asia\">End of World War II in Asia</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg\"><img alt=\"Heinkel He 111 during the Battle of Britain.jpg\" class=\"noviewer\" data-file-height=\"676\" data-file-width=\"800\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"14\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/16px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/24px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/32px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg 2x\" width=\"16\"/></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Portal:World_War_II\" title=\"Portal:World War II\">World War II portal</a>", "<a class=\"image\" href=\"/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg\"><img alt=\"The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg\" class=\"noviewer\" data-file-height=\"3002\" data-file-width=\"3000\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"16\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x\" width=\"16\"/></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Portal:World\" title=\"Portal:World\">World portal</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Bibliography of World War II\">Bibliography</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:World_War_II\" title=\"Category:World War II\">Category</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_World_War_II_articles\" title=\"Index of World War II articles\">Index</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Portal:World_War_II\" title=\"Portal:World War II\">Portal</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation\" title=\"Template:WWII history by nation\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\" title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation\" title=\"Template talk:WWII history by nation\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\" title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:WWII_history_by_nation&amp;action=edit\"><abbr style=\";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\" title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_by_country\" title=\"World War II by country\">History of World War II by region and country</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Belgian Congo in World War II\">Belgian Congo</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland\" title=\"Italian invasion of British Somaliland\">British Somaliland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Egypt in World War II\">Egypt</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia\" title=\"Italian Ethiopia\">Ethiopia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II\" title=\"French Somaliland in World War II\">French Somaliland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II\" title=\"French West Africa in World War II\">French West Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II\" title=\"The Gambia in World War II\">The Gambia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Gold Coast in World War II\">Gold Coast</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Kenya in World War II\">Kenya</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Liberia in World War II\">Liberia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Madagascar in World War II\">Madagascar</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Morocco_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Morocco in World War II\">Morocco</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/North_African_campaign\" title=\"North African campaign\">North Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tunisian_campaign\" title=\"Tunisian campaign\">Tunisia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Nyasaland in World War II\">Nyasaland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Sierra Leone in World War II\">Sierra Leone</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of South Africa during World War II\">South Africa</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Southern Rhodesia in World War II\">Southern Rhodesia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Canada in World War II\">Canada</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Cuba during World War II\">Cuba</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II\" title=\"Military dictatorship in El Salvador\">El Salvador</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Greenland in World War II\">Greenland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_Mexico#World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of Mexico\">Mexico</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of Newfoundland during World War II\">Newfoundland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Panama_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Panama during World War II\">Panama</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of the United States during World War II\">United States</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Arizona during World War II\">Arizona</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/California_during_World_War_II\" title=\"California during World War II\">California</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Nevada during World War II\">Nevada</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II\" title=\"New Mexico during World War II\">New Mexico</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Puerto Ricans in World War II\">Puerto Rico</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Argentina during World War II\">Argentina</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Vargas_Era#World_War_II\" title=\"Vargas Era\">Brazil</a>", "<a class=\"new\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=British_Guiana_during_World_War_II&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" title=\"British Guiana during World War II (page does not exist)\">British Guiana</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Colombia during World War II\">Colombia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Latin America during World War II\">Latin America</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Suriname during World War II\">Suriname</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Uruguay during World War II\">Uruguay</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Venezuela during World War II\">Venezuela</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma\" title=\"Japanese occupation of Burma\">Burma</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Ceylon in World War II\">Ceylon</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War\" title=\"Second Sino-Japanese War\">China</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Manchukuo\" title=\"Manchukuo\">Manchuria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies\" title=\"Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies\">Dutch East Indies</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong\" title=\"Japanese occupation of Hong Kong\">Hong Kong</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/India_in_World_War_II\" title=\"India in World War II\">India</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II\" title=\"French Indochina in World War II\">Indochina</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia\" title=\"Japanese occupation of Cambodia\">Cambodia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran\" title=\"Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran\">Iran</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War\" title=\"Anglo-Iraqi War\">Iraq</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Japan during World War II\">Japan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya\" title=\"Japanese occupation of Malaya\">Malaya</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Mongolia in World War II\">Mongolia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Nepal in World War II\">Nepal</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of the Philippines during World War II\">Philippines</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo\" title=\"Japanese occupation of British Borneo\">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore\" title=\"Japanese occupation of Singapore\">Singapore</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Thailand in World War II\">Thailand</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)\" title=\"Tibet (1912\u20131951)\">Tibet</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_of_World_War_II\" title=\"One-party period of the Republic of Turkey\">Turkey</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Tuva in World War II\">Tuva</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania\" title=\"World War II in Albania\">Albania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Anschluss\" title=\"Anschluss\">Austria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Belgium in World War II\">Belgium</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Bulgaria during World War II\">Bulgaria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia\" title=\"German occupation of Czechoslovakia\">Czechoslovakia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Denmark in World War II\">Denmark</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Estonia in World War II\">Estonia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Finland in World War II\">Finland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/France_during_World_War_II\" title=\"France during World War II\">France</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country\" title=\"World War II in the Basque Country\">Basque Country</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Nazi Germany\">Germany</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of Greece during World War II\">Greece</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Hungary in World War II\">Hungary</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II\">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Iceland in World War II\">Iceland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)\" title=\"The Emergency (Ireland)\">Ireland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of Italy during World War II\">Italy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940\" title=\"Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940\">Latvia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#Liechtenstein_during_the_World_Wars\" title=\"History of Liechtenstein\">Liechtenstein</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Resistance in Lithuania during World War II\">Lithuania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Luxembourg in World War II\">Luxembourg</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Netherlands in World War II\">Netherlands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway\" title=\"German occupation of Norway\">Norway</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)\" title=\"History of Poland (1939\u20131945)\">Poland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Portugal during World War II\">Portugal</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Romania in World War II\">Romania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/History_of_Slovakia#World_War_II\" title=\"History of Slovakia\">Slovakia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands\" title=\"World War II in the Slovene Lands\">Slovenia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Soviet Union in World War II\">Soviet Union</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Azerbaijan in World War II\">Azerbaijan</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Byelorussia in World War II\">Byelorussia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II\" title=\"Modern history of Ukraine\">Ukraine</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Spain during World War II\">Spain</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II\" title=\"Catalonia and World War II\">Catalonia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II\" title=\"Galicia and World War II\">Galicia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Sweden during World War II\">Sweden</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars\" title=\"Switzerland during the World Wars\">Switzerland</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II\">United Kingdom</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II\" title=\"British Empire in World War II\">British Empire</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands\" title=\"German occupation of the Channel Islands\">Channel Islands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of Gibraltar during World War II\">Gibraltar</a>", "<a class=\"mw-redirect\" href=\"/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II\" title=\"Vatican City in World War II\">Vatican City</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia\" title=\"World War II in Yugoslavia\">Yugoslavia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of Australia during World War II\">Australia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands\" title=\"Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands\">Gilbert Islands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru\" title=\"Japanese occupation of Nauru\">Nauru</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Military history of New Zealand during World War II\">New Zealand</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands\" title=\"Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands\">Solomon Islands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II\" title=\"Pacific Islands home front during World War II\">Pacific Islands</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Help:Authority_control\" title=\"Help:Authority control\">Authority control</a>", "<a href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362#identifiers\" title=\"Edit this at Wikidata\"><img alt=\"Edit this at Wikidata\" data-file-height=\"20\" data-file-width=\"20\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"10\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x\" style=\"vertical-align: text-top\" width=\"10\"/></a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX526764\" rel=\"nofollow\">Spain</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11996115g\" rel=\"nofollow\">France</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11996115g\" rel=\"nofollow\">(data)</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=21884\" rel=\"nofollow\">Ukraine</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4079167-1\" rel=\"nofollow\">Germany</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85148273\" rel=\"nofollow\">United States</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570524\" rel=\"nofollow\">Japan</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph117270&amp;CON_LNG=ENG\" rel=\"nofollow\">Czech Republic</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&amp;doc_number=000771537&amp;local_base=nlx10\" rel=\"nofollow\">Israel</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://libris.kb.se/auth/139432\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sweden</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008927\" rel=\"nofollow\">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\S\\E\\SecondWorldWar\" rel=\"nofollow\">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.e-lir.ch/e-LIR___Lexicon.1129.450.0.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Lexicon Istoric Retic (Switzerland)</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644634\" rel=\"nofollow\">National Archives (US)</a>", "<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ikinci-dunya-savasi\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u0130sl\u00e2m Ansiklopedisi</a>", "<a dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&amp;oldid=1070914976\">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&amp;oldid=1070914976</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Help:Category\" title=\"Help:Category\">Categories</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:World_War_II\" title=\"Category:World War II\">World War II</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:World_Wars\" title=\"Category:World Wars\">World Wars</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1939\" title=\"Category:Conflicts in 1939\">Conflicts in 1939</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1940\" title=\"Category:Conflicts in 1940\">Conflicts in 1940</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1941\" title=\"Category:Conflicts in 1941\">Conflicts in 1941</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1942\" title=\"Category:Conflicts in 1942\">Conflicts in 1942</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1943\" title=\"Category:Conflicts in 1943\">Conflicts in 1943</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1944\" title=\"Category:Conflicts in 1944\">Conflicts in 1944</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1945\" title=\"Category:Conflicts in 1945\">Conflicts in 1945</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Global_conflicts\" title=\"Category:Global conflicts\">Global conflicts</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Late_modern_Europe\" title=\"Category:Late modern Europe\">Late modern Europe</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Nuclear_warfare\" title=\"Category:Nuclear warfare\">Nuclear warfare</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:War\" title=\"Category:War\">War</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Albania\" title=\"Category:Wars involving Albania\">Wars involving Albania</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Australia\" title=\"Category:Wars involving Australia\">Wars involving Australia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Austria\" title=\"Category:Wars involving Austria\">Wars involving Austria</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Belgium\" title=\"Category:Wars involving Belgium\">Wars involving Belgium</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Bolivia\" title=\"Category:Wars involving Bolivia\">Wars involving Bolivia</a>", "<a 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Kabardian\"><span>\u0410\u0434\u044b\u0433\u044d\u0431\u0437\u044d</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog\" hreflang=\"af\" lang=\"af\" title=\"Tweede W\u00eareldoorlog \u2013 Afrikaans\"><span>Afrikaans</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Weltkrieg\" hreflang=\"gsw\" lang=\"gsw\" title=\"Zweiter Weltkrieg \u2013 Alemannisch\"><span>Alemannisch</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5\" hreflang=\"am\" lang=\"am\" title=\"2\u129b\u12cd \u12d3\u1208\u121b\u12ca \u1326\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u2013 Amharic\"><span>\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubbe_maailmsu%C3%A1ti\" hreflang=\"smn\" lang=\"smn\" title=\"Nubbe maailmsu\u00e1ti \u2013 Inari Sami\"><span>Anar\u00e2\u0161kiel\u00e2</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8C%C3%B0ru_Woruldg%C5%AB%C3%BE\" hreflang=\"ang\" lang=\"ang\" title=\"\u014c\u00f0ru Woruldg\u016b\u00fe \u2013 Old English\"><span>\u00c6nglisc</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\" hreflang=\"ar\" lang=\"ar\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 Arabic\"><span>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial\" hreflang=\"an\" lang=\"an\" title=\"Segunda Guerra Mundial \u2013 Aragonese\"><span>Aragon\u00e9s</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4\" hreflang=\"hyw\" lang=\"hyw\" title=\"\u0535\u0580\u056f\u0580\u0578\u0580\u0564 \u0540\u0561\u0574\u0561\u0577\u056d\u0561\u0580\u0570\u0561\u0575\u056b\u0576 \u054a\u0561\u057f\u0565\u0580\u0561\u0566\u0574 \u2013 Western Armenian\"><span>\u0531\u0580\u0565\u0582\u0574\u057f\u0561\u0570\u0561\u0575\u0565\u0580\u0567\u0576</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Gu%C3%A8rra_mondi%C3%A2la\" hreflang=\"frp\" lang=\"frp\" title=\"Seconda Gu\u00e8rra mondi\u00e2la \u2013 Arpitan\"><span>Arpetan</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7\" hreflang=\"as\" lang=\"as\" title=\"\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09af\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u2013 Assamese\"><span>\u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u09af\u09bc\u09be</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial\" hreflang=\"ast\" lang=\"ast\" title=\"Segunda Guerra Mundial \u2013 Asturian\"><span>Asturianu</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91orair%C3%B5_Guasu_Mok%C3%B5iha\" hreflang=\"gn\" lang=\"gn\" title=\"\u00d1orair\u00f5 Guasu Mok\u00f5iha \u2013 Guarani\"><span>Ava\u00f1e'\u1ebd</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_D%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si\" hreflang=\"az\" lang=\"az\" title=\"\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya m\u00fcharib\u0259si \u2013 Azerbaijani\"><span>Az\u0259rbaycanca</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C\" hreflang=\"azb\" lang=\"azb\" title=\"\u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u2013 South Azerbaijani\"><span>\u062a\u06c6\u0631\u06a9\u062c\u0647</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuda_Gumi_II\" hreflang=\"ban\" lang=\"ban\" title=\"Yuda Gumi II \u2013 Balinese\"><span>Basa Bali</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7\" hreflang=\"bn\" lang=\"bn\" title=\"\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09af\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u2013 Bangla\"><span>\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-j%C4%AB-chh%C3%B9_S%C3%A8-k%C3%A0i_T%C4%81i-chi%C3%A0n\" hreflang=\"nan\" lang=\"nan\" title=\"T\u0113-j\u012b-chh\u00f9 S\u00e8-k\u00e0i T\u0101i-chi\u00e0n \u2013 Chinese (Min Nan)\"><span>B\u00e2n-l\u00e2m-g\u00fa</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Donya_II\" hreflang=\"jv-x-bms\" lang=\"jv-x-bms\" title=\"Perang Donya II \u2013 Basa Banyumasan\"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B\" hreflang=\"ba\" lang=\"ba\" title=\"\u0418\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043d\u044a\u044f \u04bb\u0443\u0493\u044b\u0448\u044b \u2013 Bashkir\"><span>\u0411\u0430\u0448\u04a1\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0441\u0430</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0\" hreflang=\"be\" lang=\"be\" title=\"\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u2013 Belarusian\"><span>\u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0\" hreflang=\"be-tarask\" lang=\"be-tarask\" title=\"\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0441\u044c\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u2013 Belarusian (Tara\u0161kievica orthography)\"><span>\u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f (\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0446\u0430)</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7\" hreflang=\"bh\" lang=\"bh\" title=\"\u0926\u0941\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0935 \u091c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u2013 Bhojpuri\"><span>\u092d\u094b\u091c\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0940</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduwang_Gerang_Pankinaban\" hreflang=\"bcl\" lang=\"bcl\" title=\"Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban \u2013 Central Bikol\"><span>Bikol Central</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol_Wo_Tu\" hreflang=\"bi\" lang=\"bi\" title=\"Wol Wo Tu \u2013 Bislama\"><span>Bislama</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0\" hreflang=\"bg\" lang=\"bg\" title=\"\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u2013 Bulgarian\"><span>\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwoata_W%C3%B6dkriag\" hreflang=\"bar\" lang=\"bar\" title=\"Zwoata W\u00f6dkriag \u2013 Bavarian\"><span>Boarisch</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B\" hreflang=\"bo\" lang=\"bo\" title=\"\u0f60\u0f5b\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb3\u0f72\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f60\u0f41\u0fb2\u0f74\u0f42\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f7a\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f42\u0f49\u0f72\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0b \u2013 Tibetan\"><span>\u0f56\u0f7c\u0f51\u0f0b\u0f61\u0f72\u0f42</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat\" hreflang=\"bs\" lang=\"bs\" title=\"Drugi svjetski rat \u2013 Bosnian\"><span>Bosanski</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_Brezel-bed\" hreflang=\"br\" lang=\"br\" title=\"Eil Brezel-bed \u2013 Breton\"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD\" hreflang=\"bxr\" lang=\"bxr\" title=\"\u0414\u044d\u043b\u0445\u044d\u0439\u043d \u0445\u043e\u0451\u0440\u0434\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0430\u0440 \u0434\u0430\u0439\u043d \u2013 Russia Buriat\"><span>\u0411\u0443\u0440\u044f\u0430\u0434</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_Guerra_Mundial\" hreflang=\"ca\" lang=\"ca\" title=\"Segona Guerra Mundial \u2013 Catalan\"><span>Catal\u00e0</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8\" hreflang=\"cv\" lang=\"cv\" title=\"\u0418\u043a\u043a\u0115\u043c\u0115\u0448 \u0422\u0115\u043d\u0447\u0435 \u0432\u0103\u0440\u00e7\u0438 \u2013 Chuvash\"><span>\u0427\u04d1\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0430</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduhang_Gubat_Kalibotanon\" hreflang=\"ceb\" lang=\"ceb\" title=\"Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon \u2013 Cebuano\"><span>Cebuano</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka\" hreflang=\"cs\" lang=\"cs\" title=\"Druh\u00e1 sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka \u2013 Czech\"><span>\u010ce\u0161tina</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial\" hreflang=\"cbk\" lang=\"cbk\" title=\"Segunda Guerra Mundial \u2013 Chavacano\"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkhondo_Yachiwiri_Yadziko_Lonse\" hreflang=\"ny\" lang=\"ny\" title=\"Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse \u2013 Nyanja\"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo_yePasirose_yeChipiri\" hreflang=\"sn\" lang=\"sn\" title=\"Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri \u2013 Shona\"><span>ChiShona</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Guerra_Mundiale\" hreflang=\"co\" lang=\"co\" title=\"Seconda Guerra Mundiale \u2013 Corsican\"><span>Corsu</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ail_Ryfel_Byd\" hreflang=\"cy\" lang=\"cy\" title=\"Yr Ail Ryfel Byd \u2013 Welsh\"><span>Cymraeg</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._verdenskrig\" hreflang=\"da\" lang=\"da\" title=\"2. verdenskrig \u2013 Danish\"><span>Dansk</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9\" hreflang=\"ary\" lang=\"ary\" title=\"\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u2013 Moroccan Arabic\"><span>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubbi_m%C3%A1ilmmisoahti\" hreflang=\"se\" lang=\"se\" title=\"Nubbi m\u00e1ilmmisoahti \u2013 Northern Sami\"><span>Davvis\u00e1megiella</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwette_Weltgrieg\" hreflang=\"pdc\" lang=\"pdc\" title=\"Zwette Weltgrieg \u2013 Pennsylvania German\"><span>Deitsch</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Weltkrieg\" hreflang=\"de\" lang=\"de\" title=\"Zweiter Weltkrieg \u2013 German\"><span>Deutsch</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaki_g%C3%B3ne%CA%BC_y%C3%A9igo_da%CA%BCahijoog%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BC\" hreflang=\"nv\" lang=\"nv\" title=\"Naaki g\u00f3ne\u02bc y\u00e9igo da\u02bcahijoog\u0105\u0301\u0105\u0301\u02bc \u2013 Navajo\"><span>Din\u00e9 bizaad</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_sw%C4%9Btowa_w%C3%B3jna\" hreflang=\"dsb\" lang=\"dsb\" title=\"Druga sw\u011btowa w\u00f3jna \u2013 Lower Sorbian\"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7\" hreflang=\"dty\" lang=\"dty\" title=\"\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u2013 Doteli\"><span>\u0921\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teine_maailmas%C3%B5da\" hreflang=\"et\" lang=\"et\" title=\"Teine maailmas\u00f5da \u2013 Estonian\"><span>Eesti</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82\" hreflang=\"el\" lang=\"el\" title=\"\u0392\u0384 \u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u2013 Greek\"><span>\u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sec%C3%A5nda_gu%C3%A8ra_mundi%C3%A8l\" hreflang=\"egl\" lang=\"egl\" title=\"Sec\u00e5nda gu\u00e8ra mundi\u00e8l \u2013 Emiliano-Romagnolo\"><span>Emili\u00e0n e rumagn\u00f2l</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial\" hreflang=\"es\" lang=\"es\" title=\"Segunda Guerra Mundial \u2013 Spanish\"><span>Espa\u00f1ol</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Mondmilito\" hreflang=\"eo\" lang=\"eo\" title=\"Dua Mondmilito \u2013 Esperanto\"><span>Esperanto</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Guerra_Mundial\" hreflang=\"ext\" lang=\"ext\" title=\"II Guerra Mundial \u2013 Extremaduran\"><span>Estreme\u00f1u</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra\" hreflang=\"eu\" lang=\"eu\" title=\"Bigarren Mundu Gerra \u2013 Basque\"><span>Euskara</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85\" hreflang=\"fa\" lang=\"fa\" title=\"\u062c\u0646\u06af \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u2013 Persian\"><span>\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II\" hreflang=\"hif\" lang=\"hif\" title=\"World War II \u2013 Fiji Hindi\"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinni_heimsbardagi\" hreflang=\"fo\" lang=\"fo\" title=\"Seinni heimsbardagi \u2013 Faroese\"><span>F\u00f8royskt</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale\" hreflang=\"fr\" lang=\"fr\" title=\"Seconde Guerre mondiale \u2013 French\"><span>Fran\u00e7ais</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twadde_Wr%C3%A2ldkriich\" hreflang=\"fy\" lang=\"fy\" title=\"Twadde Wr\u00e2ldkriich \u2013 Western Frisian\"><span>Frysk</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_vuere_mondi%C3%A2l\" hreflang=\"fur\" lang=\"fur\" title=\"Seconde vuere mondi\u00e2l \u2013 Friulian\"><span>Furlan</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Cogadh_Domhanda\" hreflang=\"ga\" lang=\"ga\" title=\"Dara Cogadh Domhanda \u2013 Irish\"><span>Gaeilge</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Nah_Chaggey_Dowanagh\" hreflang=\"gv\" lang=\"gv\" title=\"Yn Nah Chaggey Dowanagh \u2013 Manx\"><span>Gaelg</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_D%C3%A0rna_Cogadh\" hreflang=\"gd\" lang=\"gd\" title=\"An D\u00e0rna Cogadh \u2013 Scottish Gaelic\"><span>G\u00e0idhlig</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_guerra_mundial\" hreflang=\"gl\" lang=\"gl\" title=\"Segunda guerra mundial \u2013 Galician\"><span>Galego</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0\" hreflang=\"gan\" lang=\"gan\" title=\"\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230 \u2013 Gan Chinese\"><span>\u8d1b\u8a9e</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7\" hreflang=\"gu\" lang=\"gu\" title=\"\u0aac\u0ac0\u0a9c\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab6\u0acd\u0ab5 \u0aaf\u0ac1\u0aa6\u0acd\u0aa7 \u2013 Gujarati\"><span>\u0a97\u0ac1\u0a9c\u0ab0\u0abe\u0aa4\u0ac0</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-ngi-chh%E1%B9%B3_S%E1%B9%B3-kie_Thai-chan\" hreflang=\"hak\" lang=\"hak\" title=\"Thi-ngi-chh\u1e73 S\u1e73-kie Thai-chan \u2013 Hakka Chinese\"><span>\u5ba2\u5bb6\u8a9e/Hak-k\u00e2-ng\u00ee</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84\" hreflang=\"ko\" lang=\"ko\" title=\"\uc81c2\ucc28 \uc138\uacc4 \ub300\uc804 \u2013 Korean\"><span>\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in_Duniya_na_II\" hreflang=\"ha\" lang=\"ha\" title=\"Ya\u0199in Duniya na II \u2013 Hausa\"><span>Hausa</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4\" hreflang=\"hy\" lang=\"hy\" title=\"\u0535\u0580\u056f\u0580\u0578\u0580\u0564 \u0570\u0561\u0574\u0561\u0577\u056d\u0561\u0580\u0570\u0561\u0575\u056b\u0576 \u057a\u0561\u057f\u0565\u0580\u0561\u0566\u0574 \u2013 Armenian\"><span>\u0540\u0561\u0575\u0565\u0580\u0565\u0576</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7\" hreflang=\"hi\" lang=\"hi\" title=\"\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u2013 Hindi\"><span>\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_sw%C4%9Btowa_w%C3%B3jna\" hreflang=\"hsb\" lang=\"hsb\" title=\"Druha sw\u011btowa w\u00f3jna \u2013 Upper Sorbian\"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat\" hreflang=\"hr\" lang=\"hr\" title=\"Drugi svjetski rat \u2013 Croatian\"><span>Hrvatski</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duesma_mondomilito\" hreflang=\"io\" lang=\"io\" title=\"Duesma mondomilito \u2013 Ido\"><span>Ido</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikadua_a_Sangalubongan_a_Gubat\" hreflang=\"ilo\" lang=\"ilo\" title=\"Maikadua a Sangalubongan a Gubat \u2013 Iloko\"><span>Ilokano</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II\" hreflang=\"id\" lang=\"id\" title=\"Perang Dunia II \u2013 Indonesian\"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunde_Guerra_Mundial\" hreflang=\"ia\" lang=\"ia\" title=\"Secunde Guerra Mundial \u2013 Interlingua\"><span>Interlingua</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82\" hreflang=\"os\" lang=\"os\" title=\"\u0414\u044b\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0433 \u0434\u0443\u043d\u0435\u043e\u043d \u0445\u00e6\u0441\u0442 \u2013 Ossetic\"><span>\u0418\u0440\u043e\u043d</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinni_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ldin\" hreflang=\"is\" lang=\"is\" title=\"Seinni heimsstyrj\u00f6ldin \u2013 Icelandic\"><span>\u00cdslenska</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guerra_mondiale\" hreflang=\"it\" lang=\"it\" title=\"Seconda guerra mondiale \u2013 Italian\"><span>Italiano</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94\" hreflang=\"he\" lang=\"he\" title=\"\u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u2013 Hebrew\"><span>\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Donya_II\" hreflang=\"jv\" lang=\"jv\" title=\"Perang Donya II \u2013 Javanese\"><span>Jawa</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kede%C5%8Ba_kpeekpe_you_k%C9%A9l%C9%9Bl%CA%8B%CA%8B\" hreflang=\"kbp\" lang=\"kbp\" title=\"Kede\u014ba kpeekpe you k\u0269l\u025bl\u028b\u028b \u2013 Kabiye\"><span>Kab\u0269y\u025b</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7\" hreflang=\"kn\" lang=\"kn\" title=\"\u0c8e\u0cb0\u0ca1\u0ca8\u0cc7 \u0cae\u0cb9\u0cbe\u0caf\u0cc1\u0ca6\u0ccd\u0ca7 \u2013 Kannada\"><span>\u0c95\u0ca8\u0ccd\u0ca8\u0ca1</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82\" hreflang=\"krc\" lang=\"krc\" title=\"\u042d\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u044a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0443\u0430\u0442 \u2013 Karachay-Balkar\"><span>\u041a\u044a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0439-\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043a\u044a\u0430\u0440</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98\" hreflang=\"ka\" lang=\"ka\" title=\"\u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10db\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10dd \u10dd\u10db\u10d8 \u2013 Georgian\"><span>\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%9A%DB%8C%D9%90%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%94%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF\" hreflang=\"ks\" lang=\"ks\" title=\"\u062f\u0648\u065a\u06cc\u0650\u0645 \u0639\u0654\u0638\u06cc\u0656\u0645 \u062c\u064e\u0646\u065b\u06af \u2013 Kashmiri\"><span>\u0915\u0949\u0936\u0941\u0930 / \u06a9\u0672\u0634\u064f\u0631</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81\" hreflang=\"kk\" lang=\"kk\" title=\"\u0415\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0448\u0456 \u0434\u04af\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0436\u04af\u0437\u0456\u043b\u0456\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0493\u044b\u0441 \u2013 Kazakh\"><span>\u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0448\u0430</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyl_Bresel_an_Bys\" hreflang=\"kw\" lang=\"kw\" title=\"Eyl Bresel an Bys \u2013 Cornish\"><span>Kernowek</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Kuu_ya_Pili_ya_Dunia\" hreflang=\"sw\" lang=\"sw\" title=\"Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia \u2013 Swahili\"><span>Kiswahili</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezy%C3%A8m_G%C3%A8_mondyal\" hreflang=\"ht\" lang=\"ht\" title=\"Dezy\u00e8m G\u00e8 mondyal \u2013 Haitian Creole\"><span>Krey\u00f2l ayisyen</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gonn_Lag%C3%A8r_mondyal\" hreflang=\"gcr\" lang=\"gcr\" title=\"S\u00e9gonn Lag\u00e8r mondyal \u2013 Guianan Creole\"><span>Kriy\u00f2l gwiyannen</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_C%C3%AEhan%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_Duyem\" hreflang=\"ku\" lang=\"ku\" title=\"\u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ee y\u00ea Duyem \u2013 Kurdish\"><span>Kurd\u00ee</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88\" hreflang=\"ky\" lang=\"ky\" title=\"\u042d\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u04af\u0439\u043d\u04e9\u043b\u04af\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0448 \u2013 Kyrgyz\"><span>\u041a\u044b\u0440\u0433\u044b\u0437\u0447\u0430</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunda_Vera_dl_Monn\" hreflang=\"lld\" lang=\"lld\" title=\"Secunda Vera dl Monn \u2013 Ladin\"><span>Ladin</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosena_Gerra_Mondiala\" hreflang=\"lad\" lang=\"lad\" title=\"Dosena Gerra Mondiala \u2013 Ladino\"><span>Ladino</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87\" hreflang=\"lo\" lang=\"lo\" title=\"\u0eaa\u0ebb\u0e87\u0e84\u0eb2\u0ea1\u0ec2\u0ea5\u0e81\u0e84\u0eb1\u0ec9\u0e87\u0e97\u0eb5\u0eaa\u0ead\u0e87 \u2013 Lao\"><span>\u0ea5\u0eb2\u0ea7</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundum_bellum_mundanum\" hreflang=\"la\" lang=\"la\" title=\"Secundum bellum mundanum \u2013 Latin\"><span>Latina</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrais_pasaules_kar%C5%A1\" hreflang=\"lv\" lang=\"lv\" title=\"Otrais pasaules kar\u0161 \u2013 Latvian\"><span>Latvie\u0161u</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweete_Weltkrich\" hreflang=\"lb\" lang=\"lb\" title=\"Zweete Weltkrich \u2013 Luxembourgish\"><span>L\u00ebtzebuergesch</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5\" hreflang=\"lez\" lang=\"lez\" title=\"\u0414\u0443\u044c\u043d\u044c\u044f\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a\u044c\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u044c\u0430\u0439 \u0434\u044f\u0432\u0435 \u2013 Lezghian\"><span>\u041b\u0435\u0437\u0433\u0438</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasis_pasaulinis_karas\" hreflang=\"lt\" lang=\"lt\" title=\"Antrasis pasaulinis karas \u2013 Lithuanian\"><span>Lietuvi\u0173</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A6ra_Mondi%C3%A2\" hreflang=\"lij\" lang=\"lij\" title=\"Segonda Gu\u00e6ra Mondi\u00e2 \u2013 Ligurian\"><span>Ligure</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiede_Wereldoorlog\" hreflang=\"li\" lang=\"li\" title=\"Twiede Wereldoorlog \u2013 Limburgish\"><span>Limburgs</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_Mundal_Du\" hreflang=\"lfn\" lang=\"lfn\" title=\"Gera Mundal Du \u2013 Lingua Franca Nova\"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/remoi_ke_terdi_nunjamna\" hreflang=\"jbo\" lang=\"jbo\" title=\"remoi ke terdi nunjamna \u2013 Lojban\"><span>La .lojban.</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seg%C3%B3nda_gu%C3%A8ra_mondi%C3%A0l\" hreflang=\"lmo\" lang=\"lmo\" title=\"Seg\u00f3nda gu\u00e8ra mondi\u00e0l \u2013 Lombard\"><span>Lombard</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA\" hreflang=\"hu\" lang=\"hu\" title=\"M\u00e1sodik vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa \u2013 Hungarian\"><span>Magyar</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7\" hreflang=\"mai\" lang=\"mai\" title=\"\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u2013 Maithili\"><span>\u092e\u0948\u0925\u093f\u0932\u0940</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0\" hreflang=\"mk\" lang=\"mk\" title=\"\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0458\u043d\u0430 \u2013 Macedonian\"><span>\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_Lehibe_Faharoa\" hreflang=\"mg\" lang=\"mg\" title=\"Ady Lehibe Faharoa \u2013 Malagasy\"><span>Malagasy</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82\" hreflang=\"ml\" lang=\"ml\" title=\"\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d32\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d02 \u2013 Malayalam\"><span>\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/It-Tieni_Gwerra_Dinjija\" hreflang=\"mt\" lang=\"mt\" title=\"It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija \u2013 Maltese\"><span>Malti</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7\" hreflang=\"mr\" lang=\"mr\" title=\"\u0926\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u2013 Marathi\"><span>\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u0940</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90\" hreflang=\"xmf\" lang=\"xmf\" title=\"\u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e8 \u10da\u10f7\u10db\u10d0 \u2013 Mingrelian\"><span>\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87\" hreflang=\"arz\" lang=\"arz\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u2013 Egyptian Arabic\"><span>\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0649</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85\" hreflang=\"mzn\" lang=\"mzn\" title=\"\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u06af \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u2013 Mazanderani\"><span>\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0650\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua\" hreflang=\"ms\" lang=\"ms\" title=\"Perang Dunia Kedua \u2013 Malay\"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang_Dunia_II\" hreflang=\"min\" lang=\"min\" title=\"Parang Dunia II \u2013 Minangkabau\"><span>Minangkabau</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2%CC%A4-n%C3%AA-ch%C3%A9%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3_Si%C3%A9-g%C3%A1i_D%C3%A2i-ci%C3%A9ng\" hreflang=\"cdo\" lang=\"cdo\" title=\"D\u00e2\u0324-n\u00ea-ch\u00e9\u0324\u1e73 Si\u00e9-g\u00e1i D\u00e2i-ci\u00e9ng \u2013 Min Dong Chinese\"><span>M\u00ecng-d\u0115\u0324ng-ng\u1e73\u0304</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial\" hreflang=\"mwl\" lang=\"mwl\" title=\"Segunda Guerra Mundial \u2013 Mirandese\"><span>Mirand\u00e9s</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD\" hreflang=\"mn\" lang=\"mn\" title=\"\u0414\u044d\u043b\u0445\u0438\u0439\u043d \u0445\u043e\u0451\u0440\u0434\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0430\u0440 \u0434\u0430\u0439\u043d \u2013 Mongolian\"><span>\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043b</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A_%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA\" hreflang=\"my\" lang=\"my\" title=\"\u1012\u102f\u1010\u102d\u101a \u1000\u1019\u1039\u1018\u102c\u1005\u1005\u103a \u2013 Burmese\"><span>\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1018\u102c\u101e\u102c</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAy%C4%81%C5%8Dyo_in_Cem%C4%81n%C4%81huac_Inic_%C5%8Cme\" hreflang=\"nah\" lang=\"nah\" title=\"\u012ay\u0101\u014dyo in Cem\u0101n\u0101huac Inic \u014cme \u2013 N\u0101huatl\"><span>N\u0101huatl</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaket_Eb_II\" hreflang=\"na\" lang=\"na\" title=\"Eaket Eb II \u2013 Nauru\"><span>Dorerin Naoero</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog\" hreflang=\"nl\" lang=\"nl\" title=\"Tweede Wereldoorlog \u2013 Dutch\"><span>Nederlands</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog\" hreflang=\"nds-NL\" lang=\"nds-NL\" title=\"Tweede Wereldoorlog \u2013 Low Saxon\"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7\" hreflang=\"ne\" lang=\"ne\" title=\"\u0926\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u2013 Nepali\"><span>\u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8\" hreflang=\"new\" lang=\"new\" title=\"\u0924\u0903\u0939\u0924\u093e\u0903 \u0968 \u2013 Newari\"><span>\u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6\" hreflang=\"ja\" lang=\"ja\" title=\"\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6226 \u2013 Japanese\"><span>\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siconda_guerra_munniale\" hreflang=\"nap\" lang=\"nap\" title=\"Siconda guerra munniale \u2013 Neapolitan\"><span>Napulitano</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AF%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%9E%DF%9F%DF%8D%DF%AB_%DF%9D%DF%8C%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%B2\" hreflang=\"nqo\" lang=\"nqo\" title=\"\u07d6\u07ca\u07ef\u07d3\u07ca\u07eb \u07de\u07df\u07cd\u07eb \u07dd\u07cc\u07df\u07ca\u07e3\u07ca\u07f2 \u2013 N\u2019Ko\"><span>\u07d2\u07de\u07cf</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC\" hreflang=\"ce\" lang=\"ce\" title=\"\u0428\u043e\u043b\u0433\u04c0\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043d \u0442\u04c0\u043e\u043c \u2013 Chechen\"><span>\u041d\u043e\u0445\u0447\u0438\u0439\u043d</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naist_W%C3%A4%C3%A4ltkrich\" hreflang=\"frr\" lang=\"frr\" title=\"Naist W\u00e4\u00e4ltkrich \u2013 Northern Frisian\"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werl_War_II\" hreflang=\"pih\" lang=\"pih\" title=\"Werl War II \u2013 Norfuk / Pitkern\"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_verdenskrig\" hreflang=\"nb\" lang=\"nb\" title=\"Andre verdenskrig \u2013 Norwegian Bokm\u00e5l\"><span>Norsk bokm\u00e5l</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_verdskrigen\" hreflang=\"nn\" lang=\"nn\" title=\"Andre verdskrigen \u2013 Norwegian Nynorsk\"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusau_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiau\" hreflang=\"oc\" lang=\"oc\" title=\"Dusau Gu\u00e8rra Mondiau \u2013 Occitan\"><span>Occitan</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D3%B1%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80\" hreflang=\"mhr\" lang=\"mhr\" title=\"\u041a\u043e\u043a\u044b\u043c\u0448\u043e \u0422\u04f1\u043d\u044f\u043c\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u0440 \u2013 Eastern Mari\"><span>\u041e\u043b\u044b\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7\" hreflang=\"or\" lang=\"or\" title=\"\u0b26\u0b4d\u0b71\u0b3f\u0b24\u0b40\u0b5f \u0b2c\u0b3f\u0b36\u0b4d\u0b71\u0b2f\u0b41\u0b26\u0b4d\u0b27 \u2013 Odia\"><span>\u0b13\u0b21\u0b3c\u0b3f\u0b06</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikkinchi_Jahon_urushi\" hreflang=\"uz\" lang=\"uz\" title=\"Ikkinchi Jahon urushi \u2013 Uzbek\"><span>O\u02bbzbekcha/\u045e\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0447\u0430</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97\" hreflang=\"pa\" lang=\"pa\" title=\"\u0a26\u0a42\u0a1c\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a38\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a1c\u0a70\u0a17 \u2013 Punjabi\"><span>\u0a2a\u0a70\u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a40</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Weltkrieg\" hreflang=\"pfl\" lang=\"pfl\" title=\"Zweiter Weltkrieg \u2013 Palatine German\"><span>P\u00e4lzisch</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C\" hreflang=\"pnb\" lang=\"pnb\" title=\"\u062f\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0648\u0688\u06cc \u0644\u0691\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u2013 Western Punjabi\"><span>\u067e\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628\u06cc</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Dos_Guera_Mundial\" hreflang=\"pap\" lang=\"pap\" title=\"Di Dos Guera Mundial \u2013 Papiamento\"><span>Papiamentu</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87\" hreflang=\"ps\" lang=\"ps\" title=\"\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0693\u06d0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062c\u06ab\u0693\u0647 \u2013 Pashto\"><span>\u067e\u069a\u062a\u0648</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol_Waar_II\" hreflang=\"jam\" lang=\"jam\" title=\"Wol Waar II \u2013 Jamaican Creole English\"><span>Patois</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A2\" hreflang=\"km\" lang=\"km\" title=\"\u179f\u1784\u17d2\u1782\u17d2\u179a\u17b6\u1798\u179b\u17c4\u1780\u179b\u17be\u1780\u1791\u17b8\u17e2 \u2013 Khmer\"><span>\u1797\u17b6\u179f\u17b6\u1781\u17d2\u1798\u17c2\u179a</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgonde_Djerre_Mondiale\" hreflang=\"pcd\" lang=\"pcd\" title=\"Sgonde Djerre Mondiale \u2013 Picard\"><span>Picard</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sconda_gu%C3%A8ra_mondial\" hreflang=\"pms\" lang=\"pms\" title=\"Sconda gu\u00e8ra mondial \u2013 Piedmontese\"><span>Piemont\u00e8is</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweete_Weltkrieg\" hreflang=\"nds\" lang=\"nds\" title=\"Tweete Weltkrieg \u2013 Low German\"><span>Plattd\u00fc\u00fctsch</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa\" hreflang=\"pl\" lang=\"pl\" title=\"II wojna \u015bwiatowa \u2013 Polish\"><span>Polski</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial\" hreflang=\"pt\" lang=\"pt\" title=\"Segunda Guerra Mundial \u2013 Portuguese\"><span>Portugu\u00eas</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekinci_Cian_cenki\" hreflang=\"crh\" lang=\"crh\" title=\"Ekinci Cian cenki \u2013 Crimean Tatar\"><span>Q\u0131r\u0131mtatarca</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweide_Weltkresch\" hreflang=\"ksh\" lang=\"ksh\" title=\"Zweide Weltkresch \u2013 Colognian\"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial\" hreflang=\"ro\" lang=\"ro\" title=\"Al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial \u2013 Romanian\"><span>Rom\u00e2n\u0103</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_mundiala\" hreflang=\"rm\" lang=\"rm\" title=\"Segunda Guerra mundiala \u2013 Romansh\"><span>Rumantsch</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskay_%C3%B1iqin_pachantin_maqanakuy\" hreflang=\"qu\" lang=\"qu\" title=\"Iskay \u00f1iqin pachantin maqanakuy \u2013 Quechua\"><span>Runa Simi</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0\" hreflang=\"rue\" lang=\"rue\" title=\"\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u2013 Rusyn\"><span>\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043d\u044c\u0441\u043a\u044b\u0439</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0\" hreflang=\"ru\" lang=\"ru\" title=\"\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u2013 Russian\"><span>\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D\" hreflang=\"sah\" lang=\"sah\" title=\"\u0410\u0430\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u043a\u043a\u0438\u0441 \u0441\u044d\u0440\u0438\u0438\u0442\u044d \u2013 Sakha\"><span>\u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u0442\u044b\u043b\u0430</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sakatusaay_nu_kitakit_satabakiay_masasungayaw\" hreflang=\"szy\" lang=\"szy\" title=\"sakatusaay nu kitakit satabakiay masasungayaw \u2013 Sakizaya\"><span>Sakizaya</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D\" hreflang=\"sa\" lang=\"sa\" title=\"\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u092e\u094d \u2013 Sanskrit\"><span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u092e\u094d</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AD\" hreflang=\"sat\" lang=\"sat\" title=\"\u1c6b\u1c5a\u1c65\u1c5f\u1c68 \u1c61\u1c6e\u1c5c\u1c6e\u1c5b \u1c5e\u1c5f\u1c79\u1c70\u1c77\u1c5f\u1c79\u1c6d \u2013 Santali\"><span>\u1c65\u1c5f\u1c71\u1c5b\u1c5f\u1c72\u1c64</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_gherra_mundiale\" hreflang=\"sc\" lang=\"sc\" title=\"Segunda gherra mundiale \u2013 Sardinian\"><span>Sardu</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warld_War_II\" hreflang=\"sco\" lang=\"sco\" title=\"Warld War II \u2013 Scots\"><span>Scots</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tw%C3%A4iden_Waareldkriech\" hreflang=\"stq\" lang=\"stq\" title=\"Tw\u00e4iden Waareldkriech \u2013 Saterland Frisian\"><span>Seeltersk</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Dyt%C3%AB_Bot%C3%ABrore\" hreflang=\"sq\" lang=\"sq\" title=\"Lufta e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore \u2013 Albanian\"><span>Shqip</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunna_guerra_munniali\" hreflang=\"scn\" lang=\"scn\" title=\"Secunna guerra munniali \u2013 Sicilian\"><span>Sicilianu</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA\" hreflang=\"si\" lang=\"si\" title=\"\u0daf\u0dd9\u0dc0\u0db1 \u0dbd\u0ddd\u0d9a \u0dba\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dca\u0db0\u0dba \u2013 Sinhala\"><span>\u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d82\u0dc4\u0dbd</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II\" hreflang=\"en-simple\" lang=\"en-simple\" title=\"World War II \u2013 Simple English\"><span>Simple English</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF\" hreflang=\"sd\" lang=\"sd\" title=\"\u067b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u06be\u0627\u0680\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0646\u06af \u2013 Sindhi\"><span>\u0633\u0646\u068c\u064a</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_svetov%C3%A1_vojna\" hreflang=\"sk\" lang=\"sk\" title=\"Druh\u00e1 svetov\u00e1 vojna \u2013 Slovak\"><span>Sloven\u010dina</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_svetovna_vojna\" hreflang=\"sl\" lang=\"sl\" title=\"Druga svetovna vojna \u2013 Slovenian\"><span>Sloven\u0161\u010dina</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_%C5%9Bwjatowo\" hreflang=\"szl\" lang=\"szl\" title=\"II wojna \u015bwjatowo \u2013 Silesian\"><span>\u015al\u016fnski</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Labaad_ee_Aduunka\" hreflang=\"so\" lang=\"so\" title=\"Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka \u2013 Somali\"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85\" hreflang=\"ckb\" lang=\"ckb\" title=\"\u062c\u06d5\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062c\u06cc\u06be\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0648\u06d5\u0645 \u2013 Central Kurdish\"><span>\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82\" hreflang=\"sr\" lang=\"sr\" title=\"\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0442 \u2013 Serbian\"><span>\u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 / srpski</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat\" hreflang=\"sh\" lang=\"sh\" title=\"Drugi svjetski rat \u2013 Serbo-Croatian\"><span>Srpskohrvatski / \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunya_II\" hreflang=\"su\" lang=\"su\" title=\"Perang Dunya II \u2013 Sundanese\"><span>Sunda</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_maailmansota\" hreflang=\"fi\" lang=\"fi\" title=\"Toinen maailmansota \u2013 Finnish\"><span>Suomi</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget\" hreflang=\"sv\" lang=\"sv\" title=\"Andra v\u00e4rldskriget \u2013 Swedish\"><span>Svenska</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig\" hreflang=\"tl\" lang=\"tl\" title=\"Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig \u2013 Tagalog\"><span>Tagalog</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D\" hreflang=\"ta\" lang=\"ta\" title=\"\u0b87\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb2\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd \u2013 Tamil\"><span>\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsen%C9%A3i_amadalan_wis_sin\" hreflang=\"kab\" lang=\"kab\" title=\"Amsen\u0263i amadalan wis sin \u2013 Kabyle\"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_u%C3%A8rre_mundiale\" hreflang=\"nap-x-tara\" lang=\"nap-x-tara\" title=\"Seconda u\u00e8rre mundiale \u2013 Tarantino\"><span>Tarand\u00edne</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B\" hreflang=\"tt\" lang=\"tt\" title=\"\u0418\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435 \u0431\u04e9\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u04e9\u043d\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0433\u044b\u0448\u044b \u2013 Tatar\"><span>\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0447\u0430/tatar\u00e7a</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%82\" hreflang=\"te\" lang=\"te\" title=\"\u0c30\u0c46\u0c02\u0c21\u0c35 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c1a \u0c2f\u0c41\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c02 \u2013 Telugu\"><span>\u0c24\u0c46\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c41</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87\" hreflang=\"th\" lang=\"th\" title=\"\u0e2a\u0e07\u0e04\u0e23\u0e32\u0e21\u0e42\u0e25\u0e01\u0e04\u0e23\u0e31\u0e49\u0e07\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e2a\u0e2d\u0e07 \u2013 Thai\"><span>\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BC\" hreflang=\"tg\" lang=\"tg\" title=\"\u04b6\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0438 \u04b7\u0430\u04b3\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0432\u0443\u043c \u2013 Tajik\"><span>\u0422\u043e\u04b7\u0438\u043a\u04e3</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1\" hreflang=\"tr\" lang=\"tr\" title=\"II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u2013 Turkish\"><span>T\u00fcrk\u00e7e</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinji_Jahan_Ur%C5%9Fy\" hreflang=\"tk\" lang=\"tk\" title=\"\u0130kinji Jahan Ur\u015fy \u2013 Turkmen\"><span>T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7e</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B\" hreflang=\"tyv\" lang=\"tyv\" title=\"\u0418\u0439\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0439\u044b\u043d\u044b \u2013 Tuvinian\"><span>\u0422\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u044b\u043b</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94%C5%8B_Pinynhom_de_R%C3%B6u\" hreflang=\"din\" lang=\"din\" title=\"T\u0254\u014b Pinynhom de R\u00f6u \u2013 Dinka\"><span>Thu\u0254\u014bj\u00e4\u014b</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0\" hreflang=\"uk\" lang=\"uk\" title=\"\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u2013 Ukrainian\"><span>\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85\" hreflang=\"ur\" lang=\"ur\" title=\"\u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u06af \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u2013 Urdu\"><span>\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83%D9%83%D9%89%D9%86%DA%86%D9%89_%D8%AF%DB%87%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B4%D9%89\" hreflang=\"ug\" lang=\"ug\" title=\"\u0626\u0649\u0643\u0643\u0649\u0646\u0686\u0649 \u062f\u06c7\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0626\u06c7\u0631\u06c7\u0634\u0649 \u2013 Uyghur\"><span>\u0626\u06c7\u064a\u063a\u06c7\u0631\u0686\u06d5 / Uyghurche</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guera_mondia%C5%82e\" hreflang=\"vec\" lang=\"vec\" title=\"Seconda guera mondia\u0142e \u2013 Venetian\"><span>V\u00e8neto</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toine_mail%27man_soda\" hreflang=\"vep\" lang=\"vep\" title=\"Toine mail'man soda \u2013 Veps\"><span>Veps\u00e4n kel\u2019</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_th%E1%BB%A9_hai\" hreflang=\"vi\" lang=\"vi\" title=\"Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai \u2013 Vietnamese\"><span>Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volakrig_telid\" hreflang=\"vo\" lang=\"vo\" title=\"Volakrig telid \u2013 Volap\u00fck\"><span>Volap\u00fck</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5%C3%B5n%C3%B5_ilmas%C3%B5da\" hreflang=\"vro\" lang=\"vro\" title=\"T\u00f5\u00f5n\u00f5 ilmas\u00f5da \u2013 v\u00f5ro\"><span>V\u00f5ro</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deujhinme_guere_daegnrece\" hreflang=\"wa\" lang=\"wa\" title=\"Deujhinme guere daegnrece \u2013 Walloon\"><span>Walon</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0\" hreflang=\"lzh\" lang=\"lzh\" title=\"\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230 \u2013 Classical Chinese\"><span>\u6587\u8a00</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiddn_Weireld%C3%B4orloge\" hreflang=\"vls\" lang=\"vls\" title=\"Twiddn Weireld\u00f4orloge \u2013 West Flemish\"><span>West-Vlams</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduha_nga_Gera_han_Kalibotan\" hreflang=\"war\" lang=\"war\" title=\"Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan \u2013 Waray\"><span>Winaray</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91aareelu_Xareb_%C3%80dduna\" hreflang=\"wo\" lang=\"wo\" title=\"\u00d1aareelu Xareb \u00c0dduna \u2013 Wolof\"><span>Wolof</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98\" hreflang=\"wuu\" lang=\"wuu\" title=\"\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218 \u2013 Wu Chinese\"><span>\u5434\u8bed</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%98-%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94\" hreflang=\"yi\" lang=\"yi\" title=\"\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05d8\u05e2 \u05d5\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc\u05d8-\u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05d4 \u2013 Yiddish\"><span>\u05d9\u05d9\u05b4\u05d3\u05d9\u05e9</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_%C3%80gb%C3%A1y%C3%A9_%E1%BA%B8l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BA%B9%CC%80kej%C3%AC\" hreflang=\"yo\" lang=\"yo\" title=\"Ogun \u00c0gb\u00e1y\u00e9 \u1eb8l\u1eb9\u0301\u1eb9\u0300kej\u00ec \u2013 Yoruba\"><span>Yor\u00f9b\u00e1</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0\" hreflang=\"yue\" lang=\"yue\" title=\"\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230 \u2013 Cantonese\"><span>\u7cb5\u8a9e</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb%C3%AA_D%C4%B1nyay%C3%AA_D%C4%B1y%C4%B1ne\" hreflang=\"diq\" lang=\"diq\" title=\"Herb\u00ea D\u0131nyay\u00ea D\u0131y\u0131ne \u2013 Zazaki\"><span>Zazaki</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twidde_Weareldo%C3%B4rlog\" hreflang=\"zea\" lang=\"zea\" title=\"Twidde Weareldo\u00f4rlog \u2013 Zeelandic\"><span>Ze\u00eauws</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontra_svieta_vaina\" hreflang=\"sgs\" lang=\"sgs\" title=\"Ontra svieta vaina \u2013 Samogitian\"><span>\u017demait\u0117\u0161ka</span></a>", "<a class=\"interlanguage-link-target\" href=\"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98\" hreflang=\"zh\" lang=\"zh\" title=\"\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218 \u2013 Chinese\"><span>\u4e2d\u6587</span></a>", "<a class=\"wbc-editpage\" href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q362#sitelinks-wikipedia\" title=\"Edit interlanguage links\">Edit links</a>", "<a href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>", "<a href=\"//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\" rel=\"license\" style=\"display:none;\"></a>", "<a href=\"//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use\">Terms of Use</a>", "<a href=\"//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy\">Privacy Policy</a>", "<a href=\"//www.wikimediafoundation.org/\">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>", "<a class=\"extiw\" href=\"https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy\" title=\"wmf:Privacy policy\">Privacy policy</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Wikipedia:About\">About Wikipedia</a>", "<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer\" title=\"Wikipedia:General disclaimer\">Disclaimers</a>", "<a href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us\">Contact Wikipedia</a>", "<a class=\"noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle\" href=\"//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile\">Mobile view</a>", "<a href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute\">Developers</a>", "<a href=\"https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org\">Statistics</a>", "<a href=\"https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookie_statement\">Cookie statement</a>", "<a href=\"https://wikimediafoundation.org/\"><img alt=\"Wikimedia Foundation\" height=\"31\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.png\" srcset=\"/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/footer/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x\" width=\"88\"/></a>", "<a href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/\"><img alt=\"Powered by MediaWiki\" height=\"31\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png\" 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data-file-height=\"286\" data-file-width=\"400\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"104\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Changde_battle.jpg/146px-Changde_battle.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Changde_battle.jpg/219px-Changde_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Changde_battle.jpg/292px-Changde_battle.jpg 2x\" width=\"146\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"484\" data-file-width=\"640\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"104\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2-8_Field_Regt.jpg/138px-2-8_Field_Regt.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2-8_Field_Regt.jpg/207px-2-8_Field_Regt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2-8_Field_Regt.jpg/276px-2-8_Field_Regt.jpg 2x\" width=\"138\"/>", "<img alt=\"in the\" data-file-height=\"544\" data-file-width=\"800\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"97\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/142px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/213px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg/284px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R76619%2C_Russland%2C_Kesselschlacht_Stalingrad.jpg 2x\" width=\"142\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"544\" data-file-width=\"798\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"97\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/142px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/213px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg/284px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-646-5188-17%2C_Flugzeuge_Junkers_Ju_87.jpg 2x\" width=\"142\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"2718\" data-file-width=\"3534\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"112\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg/145px-Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg/218px-Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg/290px-Field_Marshall_Keitel_signs_German_surrender_terms_in_Berlin_8_May_1945_-_Restoration.jpg 2x\" width=\"145\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"1109\" data-file-width=\"1384\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"111\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg/139px-USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg/209px-USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg/278px-USS_Pennsylvania_moving_into_Lingayen_Gulf.jpg 2x\" width=\"139\"/>", "<img alt=\"Soviet Union\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"500\" data-file-width=\"1000\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"11\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931955%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931955%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931955%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x\" width=\"22\"/>", "<img alt=\"United States\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"650\" data-file-width=\"1235\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"12\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x\" width=\"22\"/>", "<img alt=\"United Kingdom\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"1200\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"11\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x\" width=\"22\"/>", "<img alt=\"Republic of China (1912\u20131949)\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"900\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x\" width=\"22\"/>", "<img alt=\"Nazi Germany\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"600\" data-file-width=\"1000\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"13\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x\" width=\"22\"/>", "<img alt=\"Empire of Japan\" class=\"thumbborder\" data-file-height=\"700\" data-file-width=\"1000\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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width=\"220\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"540\" data-file-width=\"830\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"260\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_II_Casualties2.svg/400px-World_War_II_Casualties2.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_II_Casualties2.svg/600px-World_War_II_Casualties2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_II_Casualties2.svg/800px-World_War_II_Casualties2.svg.png 2x\" width=\"400\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"559\" data-file-width=\"800\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"154\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/220px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg/330px-Nanking_bodies_1937.jpg 1.5x, 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data-file-height=\"497\" data-file-width=\"794\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"138\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen_retouched.jpg 2x\" width=\"220\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" class=\"thumbimage\" data-file-height=\"783\" data-file-width=\"1024\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"168\" 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width=\"27\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"1376\" data-file-width=\"1024\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"27\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" width=\"20\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"415\" data-file-width=\"759\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"15\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" width=\"27\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"355\" data-file-width=\"300\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"27\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" width=\"23\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"430\" data-file-width=\"410\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"27\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" width=\"26\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"300\" data-file-width=\"300\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"27\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" width=\"27\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"193\" data-file-width=\"193\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"27\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" width=\"27\"/>", "<img alt=\"\" data-file-height=\"512\" data-file-width=\"626\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"22\" 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"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/16px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg", "//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg", "//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.png", "/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png"], "all_h1_data": ["World War II"], "all_h2_data": ["Contents", "Start and end dates", "Background", "Pre-war events", "Course of the war", "Aftermath", "Impact", "See also", "Notes", "Citations", "References", "External links", "Navigation menu"], "all_h3_data": ["Europe", "Asia", "Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935)", "Spanish Civil War (1936\u20131939)", "Japanese invasion of China (1937)", "Soviet\u2013Japanese border conflicts", "European occupations and agreements", "War breaks out in Europe (1939\u201340)", "Western Europe (1940\u201341)", "Mediterranean (1940\u201341)", "Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941)", "War breaks out in the Pacific (1941)", "Axis advance stalls (1942\u201343)", "Allies gain momentum (1943\u201344)", "Allies close in (1944)", "Axis collapse, Allied victory (1944\u201345)", "Casualties and war crimes", "Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour", "Occupation", "Home fronts and production", "Advances in technology and warfare", "\nPersonal tools\n", "\nNamespaces\n", "\nEnglish\nexpanded\ncollapsed\n", "\nViews\n", "\nMore\nexpanded\ncollapsed\n", "\nSearch\n", "\nNavigation\n", "\nContribute\n", "\nTools\n", "\nPrint/export\n", "\nIn other projects\n", "\nLanguages\n"], "all_p_data": ["\n", "\n", "Asia-Pacific\n", "Mediterranean and Middle East\n", "Other campaigns\n", "Coups\n", "World War\u00a0II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries\u2014including all of the great powers\u2014forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. In a total war directly involving more than 100\u00a0million personnel from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the only two uses of nuclear weapons in war. World War\u00a0II was by far the deadliest conflict in human history; it resulted in 70 to 85 million fatalities, a majority being civilians. Tens of millions of people died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, massacres, and disease.  In the wake of the Axis defeat, Germany and Japan were occupied, and war crimes tribunals were conducted against German and Japanese leaders.\n", "World War\u00a0II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland. The United Kingdom and France subsequently declared war on Germany on 3 September. Under the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union had partitioned Poland and marked out their \"spheres of influence\" across Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan (along with other countries later on). Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa, and the fall of France in mid-1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire, with war in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz of the UK, and the Battle of the Atlantic. On 22 June 1941, Germany led the European Axis powers in an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the Eastern Front, the largest land theatre of war in history.\n", "Japan, which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific, was at war with the Republic of China by 1937. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific, including an attack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor which resulted in the United States declaring war against Japan. Therefore the European Axis powers declared war on the United States in solidarity. Japan soon captured much of the western Pacific, but its advances were halted in 1942 after losing the critical Battle of Midway; later, Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. Key setbacks in 1943\u2014including a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front, the Allied invasions of Sicily and the Italian mainland, and Allied offensives in the Pacific\u2014cost the Axis powers their initiative and forced it into strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained its territorial losses and turned towards Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945, Japan suffered reversals in mainland Asia, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key western Pacific islands.\n", "The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories, and the invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, culminating in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops, Hitler's suicide and the German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender on its terms, the United States dropped the first atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima, on 6\u00a0August, and Nagasaki, on 9\u00a0August. Faced with an imminent invasion of the Japanese archipelago, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, and the Soviet entry into the war against Japan and its invasion of Manchuria, Japan announced its intention to surrender on 15 August, then signed the surrender document on 2 September 1945, cementing total victory in Asia for the Allies.\n", "World War\u00a0II changed the political alignment and social structure of the globe. The United Nations (UN) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts,[1] great powers\u2014China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States\u2014became the permanent members of its Security Council. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the nearly half-century-long Cold War. In the wake of European devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation of Africa and Asia. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion. Political and economic integration, especially in Europe, began as an effort to forestall future hostilities, end pre-war enmities and forge a sense of common identity.\n", "It is generally considered that in Europe World War II  started on 1 September 1939,[2][3] beginning with the German invasion of Poland and the United Kingdom and France's declaration of war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of the war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937,[4][5] or the earlier Japanese invasion of Manchuria, on 19 September 1931.[6][7][8] Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously, and the two wars became World War II in 1941. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War\u00a0II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935.[9] The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War\u00a0II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939.[10] Others view the Spanish Civil War as the start or prelude to World War II.[11][12]\n", "The exact date of the war's end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945 (V-J Day), rather than with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, which officially ended the war in Asia. A peace treaty between Japan and the Allies was signed in 1951.[13] A 1990 treaty regarding Germany's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place and resolved most post-World War\u00a0II issues.[14] No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed,[15] although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the Soviet\u2013Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, which also restored full diplomatic relations between them.[16]\n", "World War I had radically altered the political European map, with the defeat of the Central Powers\u2014including Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire\u2014and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia, which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious Allies of World War I, such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new nation-states were created out of the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman and Russian Empires.\n", "To prevent a future world war, the League of Nations was created during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military and naval disarmament, and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration.[17]\n", "Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War\u00a0I,[18] irredentist and revanchist nationalism emerged in several European states in the same period. These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all its overseas possessions, while German annexation of other states was prohibited, reparations were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's armed forces.[19]\n", "The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918\u20131919, and a democratic government, later known as the Weimar Republic, was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian, and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-wing and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, and promising the creation of a \"New Roman Empire\".[20]\n", "Adolf Hitler, after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 when Paul Von Hindenburg and the Reichstag appointed him. He abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of the world order, and soon began a massive rearmament campaign.[21] Meanwhile, France, to secure its alliance, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia, which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription.[22]\n", "The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards military globalisation; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe, drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless.[23] The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year.[24]\n", "Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of appeasement.[25] In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the Rome\u2013Berlin Axis. A month later, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, which Italy joined the following year.[26]\n", "The Kuomintang (KMT) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies[27] and new regional warlords. In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan, which had long sought influence in China[28] as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia, staged the Mukden Incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo.[29]\n", "China appealed to the League of Nations to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in Shanghai, Rehe and Hebei, until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria, and Chahar and Suiyuan.[30] After the 1936 Xi'an Incident, the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan.[31]\n", "The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia), which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea.[32] The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI); in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did little when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's Covenant.[33] The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion.[34] Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing Austria.[35]\n", "When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels, led by General Francisco Franco. Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis did: altogether Mussolini sent to Spain more than 70,000 ground troops and 6,000 aviation personnel, as well as about 720 aircraft.[36] The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the Spanish Republic. More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades, also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War\u00a0II but generally favoured the Axis.[37] His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front.[38]\n", "In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China.[39] The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support, effectively ending China's prior co-operation with Germany. From September to November, the Japanese attacked Taiyuan, engaged the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou,[40][unreliable source?] and fought Communist forces in Pingxingguan.[41][42] Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai, but after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937. After the fall of Nanking, tens or hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese.[43][44]\n", "In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang, but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by the Japanese in May.[45][unreliable source?] In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan, but the city was taken by October.[46] Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war.[47][48]\n", "In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and Mongolia. The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin-ron, which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War[49] and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets, this policy would prove difficult to maintain. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron, promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward, eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies.[50][51]\n", "In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria, again provoking little response from other European powers.[52] Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement, which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands.[53] Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary, and Poland annexed Czechoslovakia's Zaolzie region.[54]\n", "Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish \"war-mongers\" and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939, Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state, the Slovak Republic.[55] Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the Klaip\u0117da Region, formerly the German Memelland.[56]\n", "Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig, the United Kingdom and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the Kingdoms of Romania and Greece.[57] Shortly after the Franco-British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel.[58] Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to \"encircle\" Germany and renounced the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German\u2013Polish Non-Aggression Pact.[59]\n", "The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August, when tripartite negotiations about a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom and Soviet Union stalled,[60] the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany.[61] This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Bessarabia for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence.[62] The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War\u00a0I. Immediately after that, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it.[63]\n", "In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which only served as a pretext to worsen relations.[64] On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig, and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession.[64] The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30\u201331 August in a stormy meeting with the British ambassador Nevile Henderson, Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected.[65]\n", "On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion.[66] The first German attack of the war came against the Polish defenses at Westerplatte.[67] The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany,[68] followed by Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada. The alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland.[69] The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany, which aimed to damage the country's economy and the war effort.[70] Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic.[citation needed]\n", "On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of Warsaw. The Polish counter offensive to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht. Remnants of the Polish army broke through to besieged Warsaw. On 17 September 1939, after signing a cease-fire with Japan, the Soviet Union invaded Eastern Poland[71] under a pretext that the Polish state had ostensibly ceased to exist.[72] On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and the last large operational unit of the Polish Army surrendered on 6\u00a0October. Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the Polish government-in-exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied Poland.[73] A significant part of Polish military personnel evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries; many of them later fought against the Axis in other theatres of the war.[74]\n", "Germany annexed the western and occupied the central part of Poland, and the Soviet Union annexed its eastern part; small shares of Polish territory were transferred to Lithuania and Slovakia. On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected,[65] and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France,[75] which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather.[76][77][78]\n", "After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania with military invasion, forcing the three Baltic countries to sign pacts that stipulated the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries. In October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there.[79][80][81] Finland refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939,[82] and the Soviet Union was expelled from the League of Nations.[83] Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the Winter War was modest,[84] but the Finno-Soviet war ended in March 1940 with fairly significant Finnish concessions.[85]\n", "In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,[80] and the Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region. In August 1940, with German and Italian support, Hungary demanded Transylvania from Romania, through German arbitration Hungary would only receive Northern Transylvania leading to the Second Vienna Award, also known as the Vienna Diktat, a region with ethnic Romanian majority.[86] In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded Southern Dobruja from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the Treaty of Craiova.[87] The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II, turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal Ion Antonescu with a course set firmly towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee.[88] Meanwhile, Nazi-Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation[89][90] gradually stalled,[91][92] and both states began preparations for war.[93]\n", "In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden, which the Allies were attempting to cut off.[94] Denmark capitulated after a few hours, and Norway was conquered within two months[95] despite Allied support. British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the appointment of Winston Churchill as Prime Minister on 10\u00a0May 1940.[96]\n", "On the same day, Germany launched an offensive against France. To circumvent the strong Maginot Line fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.[97] The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the Ardennes region,[98] which was mistakenly perceived by Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles.[99][100] By successfully implementing new blitzkrieg tactics, the Wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops from the continent by early June, although abandoning almost all their equipment.[101]\n", "On 10 June, Italy invaded France, declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom.[102] The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and Paris fell to them on 14\u00a0June. Eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany; it was divided into German and Italian occupation zones,[103] and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime, which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which the United Kingdom attacked on 3\u00a0July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany.[104]\n", "The air Battle of Britain[105] began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours.[106] The United Kingdom rejected Hitler's peace offer,[107] and the German air superiority campaign started in August but failed to defeat RAF Fighter Command, forcing the indefinite postponement of the proposed German invasion of Britain. The German strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz, but failed to significantly disrupt the British war effort[106] and largely ended in May 1941.[108]\n", "Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy, using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic.[109] The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27\u00a0May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck.[110]\n", "In November 1939, the United States was taking measures to assist China and the Western Allies and amended the Neutrality Act to allow \"cash and carry\" purchases by the Allies.[111] In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased. In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases.[112] Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941.[113] In December 1940 Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an \"arsenal of democracy\" and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of aid to support the British war effort.[107] The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany.[114]\n", "At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the Axis powers. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country, with the exception of the Soviet Union, which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three.[115] The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary, Slovakia and Romania joined.[116] Romania and Hungary later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture territory ceded to the Soviet Union.[117]\n", "In early June 1940, the Italian Regia Aeronautica attacked and besieged Malta, a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy conquered British Somaliland and made an incursion into British-held Egypt. In October, Italy attacked Greece, but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes.[118] Germany started preparation for an invasion of the Balkans to assist Italy, to prevent the British from gaining a foothold there, which would be a potential threat for Romanian oil fields, and to strike against the British dominance of the Mediterranean.[119]\n", "In December 1940, British Empire forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa.[120] The offensives were highly successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by means of a carrier attack at Taranto, and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan.[121]\n", "Italian defeats prompted Germany to deploy an expeditionary force to North Africa and at the end of March 1941, Rommel's Afrika Korps launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces.[122] In under a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and besieged the port of Tobruk.[123]\n", "By late March 1941, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact; however, the Yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro-British nationalists. Germany responded with simultaneous invasions of both Yugoslavia and Greece, commencing on 6 April 1941; both nations were forced to surrender within the month.[124] The airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans.[125] Although the Axis victory was swift, bitter and large-scale partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, which continued until the end of the war.[126]\n", "In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria.[127] Between June and July, they invaded and occupied the French possessions Syria and Lebanon, with the assistance of the Free French.[128]\n", "With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in Southeast Asia, the two powers signed the Soviet\u2013Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941.[129] By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border.[130]\n", "Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later.[131] On 31 July 1940 Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of Ukraine, the Baltic states and Belorussia.[132] However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact.[133] In November 1940, negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union.[134]\n", "On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them. They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary.[135] The primary targets of this surprise offensive[136] were the Baltic region, Moscow and Ukraine, with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line, from the Caspian to the White Seas. Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate Communism, generate Lebensraum (\"living space\")[137] by dispossessing the native population[138] and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals.[139]\n", "Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war,[140] Operation Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt a strategic defence. During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel. By mid-August, however, the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre, and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad.[141] The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine (the First Battle of Kharkov).[142]\n", "The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front[143] prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy.[144] In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany[145] and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter, which outlined British and American goals for the postwar world.[146] In late August the British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor, Iran's oil fields, and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or British India.[147]\n", "By October Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved, with only the sieges of Leningrad[148] and Sevastopol continuing.[149] A major offensive against Moscow was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops[150] were forced to suspend their offensive.[151] Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet capability to resist was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended.[152]\n", "By early December, freshly mobilised reserves[153] allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops.[154] This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army,[155] allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100\u2013250 kilometres (62\u2013155\u00a0mi) west.[156]\n", "Following the Japanese false flag Mukden Incident in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American gunboat USS Panay in 1937, and the 1937-38 Nanjing Massacre, Japanese-American relations deteriorated. In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions, the Export Control Acts, which banned U.S. exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime.[107][157][158] During 1939 Japan launched its first attack against Changsha, a strategically important Chinese city, but was repulsed by late September.[159] Despite several offensives by both sides, the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina in September 1940.[160]\n", "Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940. In August, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China; in retaliation, Japan instituted harsh measures in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists.[161] The continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941, effectively ending their co-operation.[162] In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during Battle of Shanggao.[163][unreliable source?] In September, Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces.[164][unreliable source?]\n", "German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia. The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies, but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941.[165] In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo.[166][167] At the same time, Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East, intending to capitalise off the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions.[168]\n", "Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. During these negotiations, Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate.[169] At the same time the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them.[170] Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946) and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any \"neighboring countries\".[170]\n", "Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American\u2013British\u2013Dutch sanctions, Japan prepared for war. On 20 November, a new government under Hideki Tojo presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina.[169] The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers.[171] That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force;[172][173] the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war.[174]\n", "Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war.[175][176] To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset.[177] On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific.[178] These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, landings in Malaya,[178] Thailand and the Battle of Hong Kong.[179]\n", "The Japanese invasion of Thailand led to Thailand's decision to ally itself with Japan and the other Japanese attacks led the United States, United Kingdom, China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan.[180] Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States[181] in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt.[135][182]\n", "On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four[183]\u2014the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom and the United States\u2014and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations, thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter,[184] and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers.[185]\n", "During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue. All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward, large-scale attack on Germany through France. The Soviets were also demanding a second front. The British, on the other hand, argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolster resistance forces. Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign. An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large-scale armies.[186] Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa.[187]\n", "At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes.[188] Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944.[189]\n", "By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Singapore, and Rabaul, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners.[190] Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces, the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile.[191] On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division.[192] Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea, Java Sea and Indian Ocean,[193] and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin, Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha.[194] These easy victories over the unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident, as well as overextended.[195]\n", "In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea.[196] Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid, was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska.[197] In mid-May, Japan started the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups.[198][199] In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans, having broken Japanese naval codes in late May, were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy.[200]\n", "With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua.[201] The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadalcanal, as a first step towards capturing Rabaul, the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia.[202]\n", "Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island, where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna\u2013Gona.[203] Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal. By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops.[204] In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first, an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942, went disastrously, forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943.[205] The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front-lines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results.[206]\n", "Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia, keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year.[207] In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov,[208] and then launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942, to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy the Kuban steppe, while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split Army Group South into two groups: Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River. The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga.[209]\n", "By mid-November, the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting. The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad,[210] and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow, though the latter failed disastrously.[211] By early February 1943, the German Army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated,[212] and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov, creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk.[213]\n", "Exploiting poor American naval command decisions, the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast.[214] By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive, Operation Crusader, in North Africa, and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made.[215] In North Africa, the Germans launched an offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala line by early February,[216] followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives.[217] Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy-held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942.[218] An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein.[219] On the Continent, raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets, culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid,[220] demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security.[221][page\u00a0needed]\n", "In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein[222] and, at a high cost, managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta.[223] A few months later, the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya.[224] This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo-American landings in French North Africa, which resulted in the region joining the Allies.[225] Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France;[225] although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces.[225][226] The Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia, which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943.[225][227]\n", "In June 1943 the British and Americans began a strategic bombing campaign against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and \"de-house\" the civilian population.[228] The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre.[229]\n", "After the Guadalcanal Campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians.[230] Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands, and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands.[231] By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands. In April, the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea.[232]\n", "In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia. On 5 July 1943, Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge. Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' deeply echeloned and well-constructed defences,[233] and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success.[234] This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month.[235]\n", "On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives, thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority,[236] giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front.[237][238] The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther\u2013Wotan line, but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and by the Lower Dnieper Offensive.[239]\n", "On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland, following Italy's armistice with the Allies.[240] Germany, with the help of fascists, responded by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas,[241] and creating a series of defensive lines.[242] German special forces then rescued Mussolini, who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic,[243] causing an Italian civil war. The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November.[244]\n", "German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective, the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign.[245] In November 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai-shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran.[246] The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory[247] and the military planning for the Burma campaign,[248] while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat.[249]\n", "From November 1943, during the seven-week Battle of Changde, the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition, while awaiting Allied relief.[250][251][252][unreliable source?] In January 1944, the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio.[253]\n", "On 27 January 1944, Soviet troops launched a major offensive that expelled German forces from the Leningrad region, thereby ending the most lethal siege in history.[254] The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence. This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region.[255] By late May 1944, the Soviets had liberated Crimea, largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine, and made incursions into Romania, which were repulsed by the Axis troops.[256] The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat, on 4 June Rome was captured.[257]\n", "The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions, an operation against British positions in Assam, India,[258] and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima.[259] In May 1944, British forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July,[259] and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina.[260] The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields.[261] By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha.[262]\n", "On 6 June 1944 (known as D-Day), after three years of Soviet pressure,[263] the Western Allies invaded northern France. After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also attacked southern France.[264] These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France. Paris was liberated on 25 August by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces, both led by General Charles de Gaulle,[265] and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed.[266] After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but failed to cross the Rur river in a large offensive. In Italy, Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line.[267]\n", "On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus (\"Operation Bagration\") that almost completely destroyed the German Army Group Centre.[268] Soon after that, another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviets formed the Polish Committee of National Liberation to control territory in Poland and combat the Polish Armia Krajowa; The Soviet Red Army remained in the Praga district on the other side of the Vistula and watched passively as the Germans quelled the Warsaw Uprising initiated by the Armia Krajowa.[269] The national uprising in Slovakia was also quelled by the Germans.[270] The Soviet Red Army's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'\u00e9tat in Romania and in Bulgaria, followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side.[271]\n", "In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece, Albania and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off.[272] By this point, the Communist-led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito, who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern Serbia, the Soviet Red Army, with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a massive assault against German-occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945.[273] Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans, bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet-Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions,[274] although Finland was forced to fight their former ally Germany.[275]\n", "By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam, pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River[276] while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces captured Mount Song and reopened the Burma Road.[277] In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August.[278] Soon after, they invaded the province of Guangxi, winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November[279] and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December.[280]\n", "In the Pacific, US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo, and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, one of the largest naval battles in history.[281]\n", "On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along with the French-German border to split the Western Allies, encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement.[282] By 16 January 1945, the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled.[282] In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia.[283] On 4 February Soviet, British, and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference. They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan.[284]\n", "In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania, while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr, encircling the German Army Group B.[285] In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and to retake Budapest, Germany launched its last major offensive against Soviet troops near Lake Balaton. In two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to Vienna, and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops captured K\u00f6nigsberg, while the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg. American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April, leaving several unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin.\n", "Soviet troops stormed and captured Berlin in late April.[286] In Italy, German forces surrendered on 29 April. On 30 April, the Reichstag was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany,[287] and the Berlin garrison surrendered on 2 May.\n", "Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his Vice President, Harry S. Truman. Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April.[288] On 30 April, Hitler committed suicide in his headquarters, and he was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl D\u00f6nitz and Joseph Goebbels. \nTotal and unconditional surrender in Europe was signed on 7\u00a0and 8\u00a0May, to be effective by the end of 8 May.[289] German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May.[290]\n", "In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines, clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao, and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war.[291] Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid on Tokyo of 9\u201310 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history.[292]\n", "In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo, overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May.[293] Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June.[294] At the same time, American submarines cut off Japanese imports, drastically reducing Japan's ability to supply its overseas forces.[295]\n", "On 11 July, Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany. They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany,[296] and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that \"the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction\".[297] During this conference, the United Kingdom held its general election, and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister.[298]\n", "The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms.[299] In early August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, invaded Japanese-held Manchuria and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army, which was the largest Japanese fighting force.[300] These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms.[301] The Red Army also captured the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands. On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered, with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war.[302]\n", "The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany. The former became a neutral state, non-aligned with any political bloc. The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union. A denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg trials and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society.[303]\n", "Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories, Silesia, Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland,[304] and East Prussia was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the expulsion to Germany of the nine million Germans from these provinces,[305][306] as well as three million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line,[307] from which 2 million Poles were expelled;[306][308] north-east Romania,[309][310] parts of eastern Finland,[311] and the three Baltic states were incorporated into the Soviet Union.[312][313]\n", "In an effort to maintain world peace,[314] the Allies formed the United Nations, which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945,[315] and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 as a common standard for all member nations.[316] The great powers that were the victors of the war\u2014France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States\u2014became the permanent members of the UN's Security Council.[317] The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes, between the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its successor state, the Russian Federation, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over.[318]\n", "Germany had been de facto divided, and two independent states, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany),[319] were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones. The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence.[320] Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere, which led to establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, East Germany,[321] Poland, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Albania[322] became Soviet satellite states. Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy, causing tension with the Soviet Union.[323]\n", "Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact.[324] The long period of political tensions and military competition between them, the Cold War, would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and number of proxy wars throughout the world.[325]\n", "In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administered Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.[326] Korea, formerly under Japanese rule, was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the Korean War.[327]\n", "In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946. Communist forces were victorious and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949.[328] In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab\u2013Israeli conflict. While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires, their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to decolonisation.[329][330]\n", "The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a baby boom, and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy.[331] The UK and US pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany in the years 1945\u20131948.[332] Because of international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years.[333][334]\n", "Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in Western Germany, and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the Marshall Plan (1948\u20131951) both directly and indirectly caused.[335][336] The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle.[337] Italy also experienced an economic boom[338] and the French economy rebounded.[339] By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin,[340] and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country,[341] it continued in relative economic decline for decades.[342]\n", "The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era.[343] Japan recovered much later.[344] China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952.[345]\n", "Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary, because many deaths went unrecorded.[346] Most suggest that some 60\u00a0million people died in the war, including about 20 million military personnel and 40\u00a0million civilians.[347][348][349]\nMany of the civilians died because of deliberate genocide, massacres, mass bombings, disease, and starvation.\n", "The Soviet Union alone lost around 27\u00a0million people during the war,[350] including 8.7\u00a0million military and 19\u00a0million civilian deaths.[351] A quarter of the total people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed.[352] Germany sustained 5.3\u00a0million military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany.[353]\n", "An estimated 11[354] to 17\u00a0million[355] civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's racist policies, including mass killing of around 6\u00a0million Jews, along with Roma, homosexuals, at least 1.9\u00a0million ethnic Poles[356][357] and millions of other Slavs (including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and other ethnic and minority groups.[358][355] Between 1941 and 1945, more than 200,000 ethnic Serbs, along with gypsies and Jews, were persecuted and murdered by the Axis-aligned Croatian Usta\u0161e in Yugoslavia.[359] Concurrently, Muslims and Croats were persecuted and killed by Serb nationalist Chetniks,[360] with an estimated 50,000-68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians).[361] Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Volhynia massacres, between 1943 and 1945.[362] At the same time, about 10,000\u201315,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish Home Army and other Polish units, in reprisal attacks.[363]\n", "In Asia and the Pacific, between 3\u00a0million and more than 10\u00a0million civilians, mostly Chinese (estimated at 7.5\u00a0million[364]), were killed by the Japanese occupation forces.[365] The most infamous Japanese atrocity was the Nanking Massacre, in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered.[366] Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7\u00a0million casualties occurred during the Sank\u014d Sakusen. General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung.[367]\n", "Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons. The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China (see Unit 731)[368][369] and in early conflicts against the Soviets.[370] Both the Germans and the Japanese tested such weapons against civilians,[371] and sometimes on prisoners of war.[372]\n", "The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers,[373] and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD, along with mass civilian deportations to Siberia, in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army.[374]\n", "The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War\u00a0II.[375] The USAAF firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities, killing 393,000 civilians and destroying 65% of built-up areas.[376]\n", "Nazi Germany, under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler,  was responsible for the Holocaust (which killed approximately 6\u00a0million Jews) as well as for killing 2.7\u00a0million ethnic Poles[377] and 4\u00a0million others who were deemed \"unworthy of life\" (including the disabled and mentally ill, Soviet prisoners of war, Romani, homosexuals, Freemasons, and Jehovah's Witnesses) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a \"genocidal state\".[378] Soviet POWs were kept in especially unbearable conditions, and 3.6\u00a0million Soviet POWs out of 5.7\u00a0million died in Nazi camps during the war.[379][380] In addition to concentration camps, death camps were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used forced labourers; about 12\u00a0million Europeans from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy.[381]\n", "The Soviet Gulag became a de facto system of deadly camps during 1942\u201343, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates,[382] including foreign citizens of Poland and other countries occupied in 1939\u201340 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis POWs.[383] By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to NKVD evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators.[384]\n", "Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 per cent (for American POWs, 37 per cent),[385] seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians.[386] While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan, the number of Chinese released was only 56.[387]\n", "At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board, or K\u014dain, for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10\u00a0million.[388] In Java, between 4\u00a0and 10\u00a0million r\u014dmusha (Japanese: \"manual labourers\"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in South East Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java.[389]\n", "In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5\u00a0billion reichsmarks (27.8\u00a0billion US dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods.[390] Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on.[391]\n", "In the East, the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders.[392] Unlike in the West, the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the \"inferior people\" of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions.[393] Although resistance groups formed in most occupied territories, they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East[394] or the West[395] until late 1943.\n", "In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples.[396] Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination, Japanese war crimes frequently turned local public opinion against them.[397] During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000\u00a0m3) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50\u00a0million barrels (7,900,000\u00a0m3) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate.[397]\n", "In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers (Germany and Italy); if colonies are included, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP.[398] In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included.[398]\n", "The United States produced about two-thirds of all the munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition.[399]\nThough the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies, as the war largely settled into one of attrition.[400] While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis is often attributed[by whom?] to the Allies having more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force,[401] Allied strategic bombing,[402] and Germany's late shift to a war economy[403] contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so.[404] To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers;[405] Germany used about 12\u00a0million people, mostly from Eastern Europe,[381] while Japan used more than 18\u00a0million people in Far East Asia.[388][389]\n", "Aircraft were used for reconnaissance, as fighters, bombers, and ground-support, and each role was advanced considerably. Innovation included airlift (the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel);[406] and of strategic bombing (the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war).[407] Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced, including defences such as radar and surface-to-air artillery. The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and, though late introduction meant it had little impact, it led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide.[408] Although guided missiles were being developed, they were not advanced enough to reliably target aircraft until some years after the war.\n", "Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare, most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines. Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war, actions at Taranto, Pearl Harbor, and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship.[409][410][411] In the Atlantic, escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap.[412] Carriers were also more economical than battleships because of the relatively low cost of aircraft[413] and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured.[414] Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War,[415] were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second. The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics, such as sonar and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics.[416][better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh light, hedgehog, squid, and homing torpedoes proved victorious over the German submarines.[417]\n", "Land warfare changed from the static front lines of trench warfare of World War\u00a0I, which had relied on improved artillery that outmatched the speed of both infantry and cavalry, to increased mobility and combined arms. The tank, which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon.[418] In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War\u00a0I,[419] and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed, armour and firepower.[citation needed] At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications.[420] This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France.[418] Many means of destroying tanks, including indirect artillery, anti-tank guns (both towed and self-propelled), mines, short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used.[420] Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces,[421] and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War\u00a0I.[422] The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German MG34, and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings.[422] The assault rifle, a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard postwar infantry weapon for most armed forces.[423]\n", "Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines, the most well known being the German Enigma machine.[424] Development of SIGINT (signals intelligence) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes[425] and British Ultra, a pioneering method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to the United Kingdom by the Polish Cipher Bureau, which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war.[426] Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception, which the Allies used to great effect, such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard.[425][427]\n", "Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers (Z3, Colossus, and ENIAC), guided missiles and modern rockets, the Manhattan Project's development of nuclear weapons, operations research and the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the English Channel.[citation needed] Penicillin was first mass-produced and used during the war (see Stabilization and mass production of penicillin).[428]\n", "\n"], "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II", "name": "qwerty", "scraped_at": "16/02/2022 17:10:28", "alias": "qwerty", "status": true, "domain": "en.wikipedia.org"}}}