---
pipeline_tag: text-generation
inference: true
license: apache-2.0
datasets:
- simplescaling/s1K
---

**We recommend using our successor [s1.1](https://huggingface.co/simplescaling/s1.1-32B) with better performance**

# Model Summary

> s1 is a reasoning model finetuned from Qwen2.5-32B-Instruct on just 1,000 examples. It matches o1-preview & exhibits test-time scaling via budget forcing.

- **Repository:** [simplescaling/s1](https://github.com/simplescaling/s1)
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.19393

# Use

The model usage is documented [here](https://github.com/simplescaling/s1?tab=readme-ov-file#inference).

# Evaluation

| Metric | s1-32B | s1.1-32B | o1-preview | o1 | DeepSeek-R1 | DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # examples | 1K | 1K | ? | ? | >800K | 800K |
| AIME2024 | 56.7 | 56.7 | 40.0 | 74.4 | 79.8 | 72.6 |
| AIME2025 I | 26.7 | 60.0 | 37.5 | ? | 65.0 | 46.1 |
| MATH500 | 93.0 | 95.4 | 81.4 | 94.8 | 97.3 | 94.3 |
| GPQA-Diamond | 59.6 | 63.6 | 75.2 | 77.3 | 71.5 | 62.1 |

Note that s1-32B and s1.1-32B use budget forcing in this table; specifically ignoring end-of-thinking and appending "Wait" once or twice.

# Citation

```bibtex
@misc{muennighoff2025s1simpletesttimescaling,
      title={s1: Simple test-time scaling}, 
      author={Niklas Muennighoff and Zitong Yang and Weijia Shi and Xiang Lisa Li and Li Fei-Fei and Hannaneh Hajishirzi and Luke Zettlemoyer and Percy Liang and Emmanuel Candès and Tatsunori Hashimoto},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2501.19393},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.19393}, 
}
```