STUART M. GOLDSTEIN, Appellant, v. THE STATE OF NEVADA, Respondent
Goldstein v. State
Mowbray, Batjer, and Zenoff, JJ., concur.
STUART M. GOLDSTEIN, Appellant, v. THE STATE OF NEVADA, Respondent.
STUART M. GOLDSTEIN, Appellant, v. THE STATE OF NEVADA, Respondent.
No. 6911
November 26, 1973
516 P.2d 111
Harry E. Claiborne and Annette R. Quintana, of Las Vegas, for Appellant.
Robert List, Attorney General, Carson City; Roy A. Woofter, District Attorney, and Charles L. Garner, Deputy District Attorney, Clark County, for Respondent.
OPINION
By the Court,
Thompson, C. J.:
This appeal is from an interlocutory order of the district court denying a motion to suppress the defendant's oral confession of a homicide given to police officers on November 16, 1970. The main claim of error is that the interrogating officer to whom the defendant orally confessed knew that his father had secured counsel for him, but questioned him in the absence of such counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment. At the time of interrogation the defendant did not know that counsel had been retained by his father.
The Sixth Amendment provides, among other things, that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the assistance of counsel for his defense. In Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 (1964), the United States Supreme Court endeavored to define that right with regard to custodial interrogation. The Court wrote: "We hold, therefore, that where, as here, the investigation is no longer a general inquiry into an unsolved crime but has begun to focus on a particular suspect, the suspect has been taken into police custody, the police carry out a process of interrogation that lends itself to eliciting incriminating statements, the suspect has requested and been denied an opportunity to consult with his lawyer, and the police have not effectively warned him of his absolute constitutional right to remain silent, the accused has been denied 'the Assistance of Counsel' in violation of the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution as 'made obligatory upon the States by the Fourteenth Amendment,' Gideon v. Wainright, 372 U.S. 335 at 342, 83 S.Ct. 792, 9 L.Ed.2d 799, and that no statement elicited by the police during the interrogation may be used against him at a criminal trial."
The carefully limited holding of Escobedo has received both a narrow and an ample reading by courts called upon to consider it. See footnote 17 to the dissenting opinion of Justice Harlan in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), where the cases are collected. Nevada, in line with the weight of case authority, has narrowly construed Escobedo. We have ruled that each of the factors specified in the holding must be present before the doctrine there announced is applicable. Bean v. State, 81 Nev. 25, 29, 398 P.2d 251 (1965); Hall v. Warden, 83 Nev. 446, 452, 434 P.2d 425 (1967). For example, if the suspect did not request the right to consult with counsel the rule of Escobedo is inapposite. Bean v. State, supra; Hall v. Warden, supra; cf. White v. State, 82 Nev. 304, 417 P.2d 592 (1966); Guyette v. State, 84 Nev. 160, 438 P.2d 244 (1968). No such request was made in the case before us.
We do not consider the interrogating officer's knowledge that the suspect's father had retained counsel for him to be the equivalent of a request for counsel by the suspect within the contemplation of Escobedo where the circumstances show that prior to questioning, the suspect was advised of his absolute right to remain silent, that anything he said could be used against him, that he could consult with an attorney and have an attorney present with him during the interrogation, and that if he was indigent a lawyer would be appointed to represent him. In short, we hold that the officer's compliance with the commands of Miranda v. Arizona effectively protected not only the suspect's Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination, but his Sixth Amendment right to counsel as well. Indeed, in Guyette v. State, 84 Nev. 160, 438 P.2d 244 (1968), we held that a suspect's Sixth Amendment right to counsel as defined in Escobedo was protected if he was advised of his absolute right to remain silent, that anything he said would be used against him, and that he had the right to consult with retained counsel prior to interrogation. Id. at 165. The interrogations in Guyette occurred before Miranda was decided. If the warnings given in Guyette adequately protected the suspect's Sixth Amendment right to counsel as delineated in Escobedo, it follows inevitably that the full Miranda warnings given in the case at hand accomplished the same end.
Although the oral confession of November 16, 1970, also is challenged on the ground that it was coerced, it was permissible for the judge to find otherwise.
Affirmed.
Mowbray, Batjer, and Zenoff, JJ., concur.
This appeal was perfected before the repeal of NRS 177.015(1 )(b) (2). See: Nev. Stats, ch. 730, at 1489-90 (1973).
We are not here primarily concerned with the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination since there is substantial evidence to show that the officer, prior to questioning, fully complied with the commands of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).