MARGARET RUDIN, Appellant, v. THE STATE OF NEVADA, Respondent
Rudin v. State
Shearing, C. J., Becker and Gibbons, JJ., concur.
MARGARET RUDIN, Appellant, v. THE STATE OF NEVADA, Respondent.
MARGARET RUDIN, Appellant, v. THE STATE OF NEVADA, Respondent.
No. 38567
April 1, 2004
86 P.3d 572
Marcus D. Cooper, Public Defender, and Craig D. Creel, Deputy Public Defender, Clark County, for Appellant.
Brian Sandoval, Attorney General, Carson City; David J. Roger, District Attorney, James Tufteland, Chief Deputy District Attorney, and Christopher J. Owens, Deputy District Attorney, Clark County, for Respondent.
OPINION
By the Court,
Agosti, J.:
This is an appeal from a judgment of conviction on Count I, unauthorized surreptitious intrusion of privacy by listening device and Count II, murder with use of a deadly weapon. Appellant Margaret Rudin argues that she is entitled to a new trial because: (1) the district court abused its discretion by admitting unreliable expert testimony, (2) the State deprived her of her right to a fair trial by engaging in repeated instances of prosecutorial misconduct, (3) the district court deprived her of her right to a fair trial by engaging in repeated instances of judicial misconduct, and (4) one of her trial counsel was unable to adequately prepare for trial depriving her of her right to a fair trial. We conclude that Rudin's arguments are without merit and, accordingly, we affirm the judgment of conviction.
FACTS
The victim, Ronald (Ron) Rudin, and the appellant, Margaret Rudin (Rudin), were married in September 1987. Ron owned a realty company that was located in a strip mall which he also owned. Rudin and Ron shared a private residence located directly behind the mall.
According to Rudin's sister, Dona Cantrell, Rudin would often complain that Ron was stingy, and that Rudin hoped he would die from his poor health. In 1991, following an altercation between Rudin and Ron's employees, Ron forbade Rudin from entering his realty office before 5:00 p.m. Around this same time, Ron also removed a phone line shared between his office and his residence after his employees claimed that Rudin had been eavesdropping on their conversations. After Ron terminated the shared phone line, Rudin and Cantrell secretly placed hidden listening devices in Ron's office. These devices transmitted a signal to a receiver and recorder that Rudin kept in the residence and allowed her to eavesdrop undetected.
According to Ron's attorney, Patricia Brown, Ron had characterized Rudin, who was a forty-percent beneficiary of his trust, as becoming increasingly "vicious and violent." Accordingly, in 1991, Ron executed a secret directive to the trustees of his estate that they take "extraordinary steps" to investigate the cause of his death if he died by "violent means." The directive also provided that any beneficiary who caused his death was not to receive any assets from his estate. In 1993, Ron increased Rudin's share in his trust to sixty percent.
In 1994, eavesdropping with the aid of her listening devices, Rudin discovered that Ron was involved in a romantic affair with a woman who was also a former employee. During this same time period, Rudin developed a close relationship with Yehuda Sharon.
On the evening of December 18, 1994, a tenant at Ron's strip mall stated that she spotted Ron walking towards Rudin's antique store which was also located at the mall. Around 8:10 p.m., a friend of Rudin's testified that she called the residence and spoke to Ron, who told her that Rudin was not there. Rudin claims that she called Ron from her cellular phone between 8:30 and 9:30 p.m. Her cellular phone records, however, contain no record of this call. Rudin claims that after the call she worked late at her antique store until about 1:15 a.m. on December 19, 1994. A friend of Rudin's, Jeanne Nakashima, testified that she was with Rudin at the antique store from approximately 9:15 p.m. until 12:45 a.m. At 2:20 a.m., Rudin stopped by the office of Carol Kawazoe, who was working late with her husband at her tax preparation office, which was also located at the strip mall. Kawazoe, who had never previously met Rudin, testified that Rudin introduced herself and spent no less than thirty minutes making pleasant conversation with Kawazoe and her husband. According to Rudin, she then returned home and discovered that Ron and his vehicle were gone. Rudin claims that she was not worried because she believed that Ron was probably upset that she had been working so much and had likely decided to go out by himself.
On Monday morning, December 19, 1994, Ron did not appear at the realty office although he ordinarily opened the office on Monday mornings. One of Ron's employees called his residence and received no answer.
On the evening of December 19, 1994, Yehuda Sharon, Rudin's close friend, rented a large passenger van from a rental car agency in Las Vegas. According to Sharon, he had rented the van to pick up a shipment of holy oils from a business in Santa Fe Springs, California. Sharon had directed the rental car agency to remove the back passenger seat from the van. Sharon returned the van on December 23, 1994, with 348 miles logged. Sharon told investigators that he drove to California on December 22, 1994, but that he never reached his planned destination because he decided to turn around midway due to a trucker's comment that it was raining in California.
On December 20, 1994, two of Ron's employees went to a local police station to report Ron's disappearance. The police officer contacted Rudin and explained that she would accept the report made by the two employees unless Rudin was going to make a report. Rudin made a missing persons report early that afternoon.
On December 21, 1994, Rudin hired a day laborer, Augustine Lovato, to clean some stains on the carpet in front of her washer and dryer. According to Lovato, the stains had already been partially cleaned and appeared to be a dark brown substance.
On December 22, 1994, police detectives interviewed Rudin at her antique store and, with Rudin's permission, performed a cursory search of the residence. The search revealed nothing unusual. Rudin's sister, Cantrell, testified that on or about that same day she visited Rudin at Rudin's residence. She noticed that Rudin was reviewing Ron's will and trust documents, which Rudin had retrieved from Ron's realty office the previous Monday, December 19, 1994.
On December 23, 1994, Ron's car was discovered parked in an alley behind the Crazy Horse Too Saloon in Las Vegas. The car was locked, and the police retrieved two sets of keys to the vehicle from the car's interior. The police also noted that dirt had been tracked onto all four floorboards of the car. Upon further investigation, several latent fingerprints were lifted from the vehicle, none of which belonged to Ron or Rudin.
On the evening of December 25, 1994, Rudin hired a locksmith and gained entry into Ron's realty office. According to Cantrell, she and Rudin spent several hours in Ron's office gathering various documents that Rudin said she would need, including numerous financial documents, documents relating to the suicide of Ron's former wife and documents reflecting that a family member of Ron's former wife had years earlier made a death threat against Ron.
On December 29, 1994, Cantrell was working with Rudin at her antique shop when Detective Frank Janise entered the store and asked to speak with Rudin. After speaking with Rudin, Detective Janise approached Cantrell in another part of the store. According to Cantrell, she was speaking with Detective Janise when Rudin approached them and told the detective, "Ron always wears black pants and Ron always wears black boots." Cantrell testified that Rudin later indicated to Cantrell that Rudin had "caught" herself talking about Ron in the past tense and had made a point of going back to speak with the detective.
Cantrell also claimed that, around this same time, she helped Rudin gather several documents from inside an antique desk in Rudin's antique shop. The documents included a notebook with an entry in Rudin's handwriting itemizing Ron's total assets. Additionally, Cantrell stated that she retrieved a certificate from a firearm safety course that Rudin had completed in November 1993, along with a handwritten note stating that "it's you or him; get him first."
On January 12, 1995, Rudin hired Lovato to help her turn the master bedroom into an office. Lovato dismantled the bed, which had been stripped of its bedding, and removed the mattress and bedspring. Lovato claimed that Rudin instructed him to remove all the furniture from the room and cut out the 9- by 12-foot area of carpeting directly underneath the bed. According to Lovato, as he cut the carpet he noticed dark reddish brown stains and a strong odor that he likened to the odor of his dogs after they had been chewing on rabbits. After he began working on the carpet, Lovato claims that Rudin told him that she had gotten good news from her attorneys and, therefore, he should remove all of the carpet because she was going to recarpet the entire master bedroom. While removing the carpet, Lovato noticed several reddish brown splatters on a large glamour shot of Rudin that was hanging over the area where the bed had been.
Lovato testified that when he returned to do some additional work several days later, the master bedroom was newly carpeted, and the glamour shot portrait had been moved to the guest room. The reddish brown splatters were no longer on the photo. Lovato also claimed that at some point he heard a gurgling sound coming from the master bathroom, where he observed a reddish brown blob bubbling out of the bathtub drain. Lovato testified that Rudin returned to the residence with a U-Haul truck, into which he loaded the mattress, box spring and a cardboard wardrobe closet. Later, at Rudin's direction, he unloaded the items in an alley and abandoned them there.
That same day, Rudin asked Lovato to mail a package addressed to her mother. Lovato forgot to mail the package, and ultimately turned it over to the police. After obtaining a search warrant, police opened the package and discovered several personal items inside, including a postcard from Israel signed "Love, Yehuda," a photo of Yehuda Sharon and a handwritten letter from Rudin to her mother containing the message, "Please hold on to my Ye."
On the night of January 21, 1995, fishermen discovered charred remains near Nelson's Landing at Lake Mohave. Only a skull and 500 grams of bone matter remained. Police investigators were ultimately able to positively identify the remains as Ron's by consulting his dental records. Investigators identified the cause of death as multiple gunshot wounds to the head. Investigators also recovered three .22 caliber bullets from inside Ron's skull as well as two bullet fragments. Detectives met with Rudin on January 23, 1995, to notify her that they had identified Ron's remains. According to the detectives, Rudin displayed no visible signs of emotion other than rubbing her knuckle into her eye.
Found with Ron's remains were the burnt remnants of a large steamer trunk. Cantrell told investigators that she had seen a similar trunk in Rudin's antique shop during the shop's grand opening. Cantrell claimed that she never saw the trunk again after that date. Police also interviewed an antique dealer, Bruce Honabach, who recalled selling such a trunk to Rudin in 1994.
On the evening of January 27, 1995, the police, armed with a warrant, searched Rudin's residence and discovered in the former master bedroom, minute splatters of a blood-like substance on the walls, the ceiling, an outlet cover and an electronic control device. The police also discovered blood-like splatters on the box spring that had been recovered from the alley and on the glamour shot portrait, which the police had recovered from a frame store which, at Rudin's request, was placing new glass on the portrait.
While the police were searching Rudin's residence, Rudin was observed by police surveillance as she drove towards her residence and then as she drove away from the area upon her apparent observation of several police squad cars. The police followed Rudin as she left the area. Rudin stopped at a nearby convenience store, where she made several phone calls. Later, Rudin went to Cantrell's residence. Cantrell claims that Rudin told her that the police were looking for a trunk, a gun and a glamour shot portrait. After visiting with Cantrell, Rudin drove to Sharon's residence where she remained for nearly two hours. The police then observed Rudin and Sharon leave the house and followed them to Stateline. When Rudin and Sharon reached the California border, police officers contacted the Los Angeles Police Department, which surveilled Rudin until the next morning when she boarded a flight to St. Louis, Missouri. Rudin did not return to Nevada until law enforcement officers in Massachusetts apprehended her and she was extradited to Nevada in 1999.
On July 21, 1996, a scuba diver discovered a .22 caliber Ruger handgun while diving near Pyramid Island at Lake Mead. The gun was wrapped in several plastic bags that were secured with rubber bands and so was well preserved. The handgun had a sound suppressor attached to it. Police subsequently learned that the gun had been registered to Ron in 1980. According to records obtained from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, Ron had reported the items missing in October 1988. In particular, Ron sent a letter to the Bureau, stating that he suspected that his wife had packed his gun in her belongings in anticipation of her move due to a pending divorce. Rudin and Ron had apparently separated or considered divorce at several points during their marriage.
On April 17, 1997, Rudin was indicted by a Clark County grand jury for the crimes of unauthorized surreptitious intrusion of privacy by listening device, murder with use of a deadly weapon and accessory to murder. A warrant was issued for Rudin's arrest. Law enforcement officers in Massachusetts eventually apprehended Rudin in November 1999. After officers asked Rudin whether she knew why she was being arrested, she responded, "Yes. This is about Las Vegas, isn't it?"
On March 31, 2000, Rudin was arraigned in the Eighth Judicial District Court and pleaded not guilty to all counts. Rudin was initially represented by the Clark County Public Defender's Office. She eventually retained the services of a private attorney, Michael Amador, who claimed to be representing Rudin on a pro bono basis. On February 20, 2001, the district court, in order to avoid further delays, appointed attorney Thomas F. Pitara to assist Amador.
Trial commenced on March 2, 2001. Following the State's opening statement, Michael Amador delivered a lengthy opening statement which included the following remarks:
This is a great day, in a lot of different ways. Some days are difficult; some days we hear bad news or we go through a difficult time, but every day, every day, depending on how you look at it, with a few exceptions, can be a celebration.
This is a great today for me. This is a culmination of a career. The people in this case, we are not strangers; we know each other. Chris and I were sworn in as deputy DAs the same day. And I congratulate Chris on a presentation that was organized and well thought out, the best money can buy. It was really good.
If you want to know an opinion about me, I guarantee you'll find some, different ones from different people. Not many people know me. I have few close friends, like Ronald Rudin had few close friends.
I could be a wonderful, caring father, coaching soccer, helping kids with their homework, which I did the first time I got married when they were young.
Then another day, I might scream at someone, yell at them for — I don't know — for asking me some question, because I was too busy and I was thinking of something else.
The difficulty I have at times is communicating to people. I have to look at it and talk to other people and they will bring me back down to earth and say: Mike, what are you trying to say? What are you trying to get across?
I reviewed again this morning my opening statement and threw most of it away. I don't know, maybe it's just something Ido.
Over the course of Amador's opening statement, the district court sustained several objections made by the State and admonished Amador to confine himself to what he believed the evidence would tend to show and to avoid making arguments. The general thrust of Amador's opening statement was an appeal to the jurors to closely scrutinize the State's evidence against Rudin. After Amador completed his opening statement, the case proceeded. The State began presenting its case-in-chief.
On March 5, 2001, Rudin notified the district court, outside the jury's presence, that she was dissatisfied with her defense counsel. During an in-chambers meeting with the judge and without the presence of either her attorneys or the prosecutors, Rudin stated that she believed that Amador was not prepared to try the case, had not adequately investigated witnesses and had problems in his personal life that were impairing his effectiveness. Nonetheless, Rudin indicated that she did not desire a mistrial because she was satisfied with Pitaro's legal representation and she did not want to replace Amador. Instead, she wanted Pitaro to take a more active role on the case.
Immediately following this discussion, the district court called Pitaro, Amador and the prosecutors into chambers to further discuss the matter. Amador indicated that he was having difficulty preparing the case because two of his employees, his wife and his mother-in-law, had terminated their employment one month before trial. After further questioning by the district court, Pitaro agreed to assume a more active role in the case. Concerned that jeopardy would attach, the State refused to request a mistrial even though it expressed the need for a clean record. At this time, the district court, Rudin, Amador and Pitaro were put on notice that the State was pursuing an investigation into Rudin's indigent status and Amador's alleged acceptance of money from media enterprises. Amador denied the allegations. At the conclusion of the meeting, the district court indicated that it was willing to give the defense extra time during the trial to prepare its case. Rudin indicated that she was satisfied that all of her concerns had been addressed. The State continued to present its case-in-chief.
On March 8, 2001, the district court conducted a hearing to determine if Rudin and her counsel needed additional time to prepare. The district court was informed that the defense was prepared and did not, as yet, need any additional time.
However, on March 15, 2001, during another in-chambers conference and after direct examination and some cross-examination of Cantrell, Rudin, through counsel, moved for a mistrial. Again, Rudin claimed that Amador was not adequately prepared, that he had failed to adequately cross-examine Cantrell and that Pitaro had joined the case too late to remedy the problem. In denying Rudin's motion for a mistrial, the district court accepted Amador's arguments that he had used his best efforts. The district court stated that while Amador's opening statement was ineffective, it was not evidence, and that Rudin had the benefit of being represented by both Pitaro and Amador. The district court also noted that Amador had just begun to cross-examine Cantrell when the court recessed over an evidentiary objection and that there was no indication Amador was not prepared to cross-examine Cantrell or that Amador would not be prepared to cross-examine future witnesses adequately. The district court indicated it would not grant a mistrial based solely on Rudin's speculations and reiterated that it would authorize additional investigative fees or continuances if counsel needed additional time. The district court denied Rudin's motion for a mistrial, concluding that there was not enough evi dence of prejudice to support a finding that a mistrial was manifestly necessary. Nonetheless, on March 29, 2001, the district court appointed John Momot as an additional attorney for Rudin.
Once again, the State continued to present its case-in-chief. Although the State called over sixty witnesses, its case against Rudin rested primarily upon: (1) Cantrell's testimony concerning Rudin's admissions and conduct before and after Ron's disappearance, (2) Lovato's testimony concerning what he observed while working in Rudin's home, (3) ballistic evidence indicating that Ron had been shot with his own .22 caliber Ruger handgun, and (4) forensic evidence suggesting that Ron had been shot inside the master bedroom.
The defense began its case-in-chief on April 16, 2001, after being granted a five-day recess subsequent to the State's completion of its case-in-chief. The defense rested after four days of testimony. The defense elicited testimony from over twenty witnesses; however, the focal points of its case were: (1) an expert's testimony that forensic evidence did not support the conclusion that Ron was murdered in the master bedroom, and (2) that several other people had a motive and opportunity to kill Ron.
On April 23, 2001, after the defense had rested its case, Donald Shaupeter contacted the defense. Shaupeter allegedly consigned a steamer trunk to Honabach, which Honabach then sold to Rudin. Contrary to Honabach's testimony, Shaupeter claimed that he consigned a small case to Honabach, but not a steamer trunk. Since Shaupeter claimed that he had previously supplied the State's investigator with this information, Rudin filed a motion to dismiss the charges on the theory that the State had withheld exculpatory evidence from Rudin. According to the State's investigator, Shaupeter did not deny that he consigned a trunk to Honabach; rather, the investigator recalled that Shaupeter had very little recollection of any of the individual items that had been consigned to Honabach.
The district court concluded that the State had improperly withheld Shaupeter's statements from the defense and that it was not for the State to decide whether Shaupeter's testimony was exculpatory or inculpatory. Nonetheless, the district court concluded that the error was not of sufficient magnitude to justify a mistrial. As a remedy, the district court allowed the defense to reopen its casein-chief to elicit testimony from Shaupeter. The district court also permitted Rudin's counsel to tell the jury that the State had improperly withheld Shaupeter's statements.
On April 25, 2001, the parties delivered their closing arguments. During a recess, the district court asked Juror Number Eleven to remain behind so that it could address, outside the pres ence of the jury as a whole, a concern over a reported argument between Juror Eleven and a staff person at the Golden Nugget over a smoking break. Juror Eleven stated that she wanted to remain on the jury and that she did not believe there would be a problem with smoking breaks in the future. Both the defense and the State were present during this colloquy;. neither wished to make any comments for the record. Subsequently, the parties concluded their closing arguments. The jury commenced deliberations.
On Monday, April 30, 2001, the district court met with the defense and the State in chambers to address another issue that had arisen over the weekend concerning Juror Eleven. The district judge informed the parties that he had been contacted by Alternate Juror Number Three, who stated that Juror Eleven had contacted her. According to Alternate Three, Juror Eleven had called Alternate Three and had told her that she was upset because she was the only person in favor of a not guilty verdict and because she had gotten into an altercation with the staff person at the Golden Nugget. The defense moved for a mistrial, arguing that the improper communication between the juror and the alternate had tainted the jury. After questioning Alternate Three and Juror Eleven in the presence of the State and the defense, the district court denied Rudin's motion for a mistrial. The district court also decided not to discharge Juror Eleven, concluding that the jury had not been tainted and that Rudin had not been prejudiced by the communication.
On May 1, 2001, the district court and the parties met in chambers again to discuss a third issue that had arisen regarding Juror Eleven. The State indicated that it had obtained information which suggested that Juror Eleven had been untruthful during jury selection about whether she had any close friends in law enforcement and about whether she had ever been the victim of a crime. Accordingly, the State moved that she be discharged from the jury. After meeting with Juror Eleven in chambers and without the parties being present, the district court chose not to remove Juror Eleven.
On May 2, 2001, after thirty-eight days of trial, the jury returned a verdict against Rudin of guilty on Counts I and II. Following the verdict, the jury foreman held a one-person press conference during which he declared:
In his opening remarks on March 2, [defense attorney] Michael Amador said, "This is a great day." I submit to you that today, May 2, is a great day. Ronald Rudin, his family and the people of the great state of Nevada can [take] comfort in the fact that justice was served today.
On May 8, 2001, Rudin filed a motion for a new trial based on several asserted errors. During a hearing the next day, Rudin, through Pitaro and Momot, moved to terminate Amador's services as her defense attorney, alleging that Amador had engaged in misconduct, including: (1) abusing drugs, (2) retaining her personal possessions without her permission, (3) mishandling her defense, (4) secretly securing media rights to her case while representing to the district court that he was working on a pro bono basis, and (5) secretly releasing private information to tabloid media publications against her wishes. After the hearing, the district court granted Rudin's motion to relieve Amador from further representing Rudin in her case. After a subsequent hearing on August 24, 2001, the district court denied Rudin's motion for a new trial, finding that Rudin had failed to present any specific evidence or argument to support a determination that she had been prejudiced.
A judgment of conviction was entered against Rudin on September 17, 2001, on Count I, unauthorized surreptitious intrusion of privacy by listening device, and Count II, murder with use of a deadly weapon. She was sentenced to one year in prison for Count I, and life in prison with the possibility of parole after ten years for Count II, plus an equal and consecutive sentence for the deadly weapon enhancement. The court ordered the sentences for Count 13 to run concurrently with Count I. Rudin timely filed her notice of this appeal.
DISCUSSION
Expert testimony
Rudin contends that the district court abused its discretion by admitting the testimony of the State's blood splatter expert, Michael Perkins. Rudin argues that Perkins was not qualified to be an expert witness and that his testimony was unreliable. This court has held that a district court has discretion to qualify a particular witness as an expert and to permit that witness to give opinion evidence. Here, the record reflects that Perkins had extensive training and experience with regard to blood splatter interpretation, and accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Perkins to testify as an expert on this subject.
Expert testimony is only admissible if the individual's "specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue." Examining the nature of blood splatter evidence at a crime scene often requires expert testimony. Certainly, opinions concerning trajectory based upon the appearance and placement of blood splatters is beyond the experience of lay jurors. As such, the opinions of an expert would be helpful to the jurors. Perkins's testimony concerned the probable trajectories of the blood droplets found in Rudin's former master bedroom.
Rudin also attacks Perkins's use of a demo version of a blood splatter software program. NRS 50.285(2) provides that an expert may base an opinion on facts or data that are "of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject." Perkins testified that the program is widely used by blood splatter experts. We therefore perceive no error on the part of the district court in allowing the testimony. Moreover, Rudin's counsel, Thomas Pitaro, cross-examined Perkins extensively on the use of a demo program rather than the original program and on the failure of Perkins's laboratory to test the program. The jury therefore was presented with reasons to either accept or reject Perkins's opinions which were formed by reference to the demo version of the blood splatter software program.
Rudin contends that it was unreasonable for Perkins to consult with other experts or retrieve information from the Internet. Rudin offers no basis for this claim. While Perkins may have consulted literature available through the Internet and with other experts, Perkins also relied on his observations from other crime scenes, and conducted experiments as to several causes of the blood splatter pattern before reaching a conclusion. All such consultations on Perkins's part are permitted pursuant to NRS 50.285(1). Accordingly, Rudin's argument is without merit. We conclude that the district court acted within its discretion when it admitted Perkins's expert opinions.
Prosecutorial misconduct
Second, Rudin contends that she was deprived of her right to a fair trial as a result of prosecutorial misconduct. In determining whether prosecutorial misconduct has deprived a defendant of a fair trial, we inquire as to "whether the prosecutor's statements so infected the proceedings with unfairness as to make the results a denial of due process." Furthermore, a defendant is entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect one and, accordingly, " '[a] criminal con- victim is not to be lightly overturned on the basis of a prosecutor's comments standing alone, for the statements or conduct must be viewed in context.' " Finally, we will determine whether any pros-ecutorial misconduct that did occur was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Rudin argues that the State engaged in misconduct by: (1) granting immunity to Yehuda Sharon; (2) making improper comments before and during her trial; (3) sharing information with the trustees of Ron's estate; and (4) withholding, prior to trial, the statements that Donald Shaupeter made to the police.
First, while Rudin charges that the State improperly coerced Sharon's testimony, there is no evidence of coercion in the record. Rudin also contends that the State engaged in misconduct when it granted Sharon immunity. "The granting of immunity is traditionally a function of the prosecution . . . ," Upon the State's motion, NRS 178.572 empowers the district court with discretion to grant a witness immunity. Although in some circumstances, a prosecutor's failure to grant use immunity to a defendant's witness may constitute prosecutorial misconduct, Rudin has failed to explain how the State's grant of immunity to Sharon unfairly prejudiced her defense. More to the point, we find no prejudice to Rudin flowing from the State's grant of immunity to Sharon given that he denied any personal wrongdoing and he also refused to implicate Rudin in Ron's death.
Finally, Rudin argues that the State took inconsistent positions when, during the grand jury proceedings, Assistant District Attorney Charles Thompson stated that the State knew that Sharon did not kill Ron but then, at trial, proceeded to prosecute Rudin on a theory that Sharon aided and abetted Rudin in killing Ron. The district attorney's statement during grand jury proceedings and the State's theory at trial that Sharon aided and abetted Rudin in killing Ron are not entirely inconsistent. The State informed the jury that Sharon had been granted immunity and that the State believed that Sharon was Rudin's accomplice. Rudin also argues that, during trial, the district court erred when it characterized the district attorney's prior statement concerning Sharon as hearsay and, therefore, inadmissible. The statement of an attorney is not evidence, nor is it admissible against the government as a party admission. Rudin provides no support for her contention that the district court should have admitted the attorney's statement as evidence. Accordingly, Rudin's argument on this matter is without merit.
Second, as to the State's allegedly improper comments, we conclude that the comments did not impair Rudin's right to a fair trial. Rudin challenges the State's quotation of a passage from her diary during the State's opening statement. The passage was written shortly after Rudin married Ron and read as follows:
My life has always been unique, exciting, full of change, challenges and stimulus and full of interesting casts of characters and that is okay.
It just is, and I accept that for my past, but I know that, by programming my mind, I can now redirect any future stage plays and pick my own screen play and cast, because I am the producer, director and star of any and all new plays on my stage called life.
I've always vaguely known these facts and lived my life accordingly, but I never realized what control — I never realized what control I could have over every segment of this one time stage production called "Margaret's Life."
This passage was consistent with the State's theory that Rudin was controlling and manipulative. There is nothing in the quotation that is patently, unfairly prejudicial by itself. Similarly, Rudin's assertion that the State engaged in misconduct when it referenced the perjury statute while questioning Rudin's nephew during the investigative grand jury proceedings is also without merit. The State is not prohibited from reminding a witness of the consequences of perjury during a witness's testimony, especially when a witness denies making certain admissions attributed to him by the police. Such was the case here. Furthermore, because the State's comments were made during the grand jury proceedings and not before the jury at Rudin's trial, the comments did not undermine Rudin's right to a fair trial.
Third, Rudin contends that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct when it released the investigative files of Ron's murder to the trustees of Ron's estate. Rudin provides no support for her contention. NRS 179A. 120(1) permits the release of information to a crime victim's relatives where that information may assist the victim in obtaining redress in a civil action for the victim's injury or loss. In the instant case, at the request of Ron's cousin, Brenda Woods, the State revealed to Ron's trustees only the names, addresses and investigative files obtained through police investigation. Because the State released only limited information to Ron's relatives that was obtained through police investigation of Ron's disappearance and not through evidence presented at the grand jury proceedings, the State did not engage in misconduct and Rudin's right to a fair trial was not jeopardized. Moreover, while Rudin implies the existence of a conspiracy between the State and the trustees of Ron's estate, she makes no specific factual allegations or arguments in support of this naked claim. Accordingly, Rudin's arguments on this matter are without merit.
Finally, while the State acted improperly in failing to disclose to Rudin's counsel the statements of Donald Shaupeter, we note that this matter was appropriately addressed by the district court and that Rudin was permitted to remedy the State's improper act by reopening her case and presenting Shaupeter's testimony to the jury. Moreover, the district court permitted Rudin to let the jury know that the State had failed to provide this evidence to the defense. Since Shaupeter's testimony and the State's misconduct were presented to the jury, we conclude that any error that occurred as a result of the State's Brady violation was harmless.
Judicial misconduct
Next, Rudin contends that she was deprived of her right to a fair trial as a result of the district court's alleged judicial misconduct. In Oade v. State, we noted that the words and actions of the trial judge are likely to shape the opinion of the jury members to the extent that one party may be prejudiced. While the district court must protect the defendant's right to a fair trial, "[a] trial judge is charged with providing order and decorum in trial proceedings," and must also concern itself with the flow of trial and protecting witnesses.
Rudin asserts that her right to a fair trial was undermined by repeated instances of judicial misconduct, including: (1) judicial comments made before and during her trial that belittled her attorney, Michael Amador; (2) ex parte conversations; and (3) improper conduct in connection with the hearing on her motion for a new trial. First, we conclude that the majority of the district court's admonishments of Amador did not amount to misconduct because they were made in the appropriate interests of controlling the flow of the proceedings, saving time and avoiding confusion. Moreover, the record reflects that Amador repeatedly attempted, inappropriately so, to argue the facts of the case both during jury selection and his opening statement. Consequently, the district court was placed by Amador in the position of balancing the need to admonish Amador with the need to protect Rudin's right to a fair trial. Despite this difficulty, none of the district court's comments reflect any animus towards Amador; rather, the comments reveal the district court's concern for the orderly process of the trial. The district court, time and again, admonished Amador to refrain from unnecessary deviations from the path of the proceedings and encouraged Amador to return to and remain on point. As to the remaining remarks, while the district court made inappropriate references to past trial experiences that may have suggested the district court's opinion concerning the case, the district court also gave a standard instruction cautioning the jury not to take any comments by the court as an expression of opinion. Given the instruction, the infrequent nature of these comments and the evidence, we conclude that any improper remarks by the district court did not prejudice Rudin's right to a fair trial.
Second, we conclude that the district court's alleged improper ex parte conversations were not improper. While the district court did have ex parte conversations with Rudin and with a juror, Canon 3 of Nevada's Code of Judicial Conduct specifically permits ex parte contacts when a "judge reasonably believes that no party will gain a procedural or tactical advantage as a result of the ex parte communication," and the judge promptly notifies the "parties of the substance of the ex parte communication and allows an opportunity to respond." Here, the district court's meeting with Rudin was initiated by the defense, placed on the record and followed by lengthy discussions with counsel for both parties. Nothing in the record suggests that either side was likely to gain an advantage as a result of Rudin's meeting with the district court. Similarly, the district court recorded its discussion with Juror Eleven and immediately disclosed the substance of the conversation to counsel for both parties, who offered no objections and no further comment on the matter. Moreover, there is no indication that Rudin was prejudiced by the district court's conversation with the juror because the district court decided not to discharge the juror who, we observe, apparently was the only juror favoring a not guilty verdict at that time.
Third, the district court did not act improperly in connection with Rudin's motion for a new trial. Rudin argues that the district court abused its discretion by limiting argument on her motion for a new trial, but a district court exercises discretion when consid ering a motion for new trial. Here, the district court properly exercised its discretion by considering the parties' briefs and requesting additional oral argument on the issues that the district court believed had arguable merit. Contrary to Rudin's assertions, no facts exist in the record to suggest that the district court's decision was colored by bias or a lack of impartiality. Since it is Rudin's burden to set forth such facts, her naked allegations are without merit. Similarly, apart from Rudin's naked allegation that the district court was attempting to undermine her defense, nothing is pointed to in the record to suggest that the district court acted improperly when it persuaded her former trial attorney to represent her at her sentencing on a pro bono basis. Accordingly, Rudin's bare allegations on this matter are also without merit.
March 15th motion for mistrial
Rudin contends that the district court erred in applying the manifest necessity standard to her March 15, 2001, motion for mistrial based on Amador's alleged lack of preparation. We agree, but we conclude that the district court nonetheless reached the correct result in denying Rudin's motion.
The trial court has discretion to determine whether a mistrial is warranted, and its judgment will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion. Where the State moves for a mistrial or the court declares a mistrial on its own motion, double jeopardy bars retrial unless the "declaration of the mistrial was dictated by manifest necessity or the ends of justice.' ' Even in the presence of manifest necessity, where a "prosecutor is responsible for the circumstances which necessitated declaration of a mistrial,' ' double jeopardy will prevent retrial of the defendant. A defendant's request for a mis trial, however, constitutes a clear and deliberate election to forgo one's valued right to a trial by the first jury. Thus, the manifest necessity standard generally does not apply to a defense motion for a mistrial. We therefore conclude that the district court erred to the extent that it used the manifest necessity standard to review Rudin's motion.
While the district court erroneously invoked the manifest necessity standard, we conclude the district court did not err in denying the motion.
Rudin claimed Amador was inadequately prepared to handle his portion of the defense and that Amador had not properly investigated the case. Rudin expressed no dissatisfaction with attorney Pitaro but was concerned that neither Pitaro nor Amador would be able to properly represent her as preparation for future witnesses and investigations were ongoing while the trial continued. Solely for the purposes of addressing the motion for a mistrial, the district court made a preliminary inquiry on Amador's preparedness using as a general standard the test for ineffective assistance of counsel under the Strickland v. Washington "reasonably effective assistance" test. The district court concluded that, based on the Strickland standard, Rudin had not been prejudiced by Amador's alleged lack of preparation.
A defendant's request for a mistrial may be granted for any number of reasons where some prejudice occurs that prevents the defendant from receiving a fair trial. In the case of allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel, counsel's ineffective performance must be " 'so prejudicial as to be unsusceptible to neutralizing by an admonition to the jury.' " Therefore, Rudin must demonstrate that Amador's actions prejudiced her defense and that the district court failed to neutralize Amador's performance to ensure a fair trial.
The record does reflect that Amador had difficulty preparing for Rudin's trial and that the district court responded to this problem by alternatively admonishing counsel and accommodating the defense in order to promote fairness in the proceedings. The district court responded to both Amador's failings and the State's failings in a remedial fashion, granting all requests short of declaring a mistrial. For instances, the district court granted the defense extra time during the trial to prepare its case, Pitaro was given the leading role in trying the case, John Momot was appointed as Rudin's third defense attorney, and the defense was permitted to tell the jury about the State's Brady violation.
Similarly, while Rudin alleges that Amador should have retained all experts prior to trial, the record reflects Rudin was not prejudiced as a result of Amador's failure because the defense presented several expert witnesses during its case-in-chief. A defendant is not entitled to a perfect trial, only a fair trial. We conclude the district court did not err in finding that Rudin's right to a fair trial was not prejudiced and denying Rudin's motion for a mistrial.
Motion for new trial
Rudin sought a new trial primarily on grounds relating to Amador's alleged misconduct or lack of preparation. Rudin con tended that Amador improperly attempted to secure media rights to Rudin's story and his actions deprived her of a fair trial. After conclusion of the trial, the State discovered, initially through Amador's secretary, Annie Jackson, that Amador, during the course of representing Rudin, had negotiated contracts with media enterprises concerning his involvement in the case and his representation of Rudin. At an in-chambers hearing after Amador had been removed as co-counsel, Jackson testified that she discovered three contracts pertaining to literary and media rights, one with a production company for movie rights signed by Amador's partners and Rudin, a book deal signed by Rudin, and a media release giving Amador control over Rudin's media rights. Jackson also testified that Amador had been writing a book during the course of trial, that he had leaked information on Rudin and had given pictures of Rudin's family to the National Enquirer, and that Amador was affiliated with a website that had covered Rudin's trial.
SCR 158(4) provides that during the course of representation, a lawyer may not negotiate agreements pertaining to literary or media rights based on representation of a client. A presumption of prejudice arises when an actual conflict of interest adversely affects counsel's performance. The district court did not make a specific finding regarding the truth of Jackson's allegations. Had the district court accepted the allegations as true, and if Amador's conduct created a conflict with his client, the record is insufficient to demonstrate that Amador's alleged conflict adversely affected his performance.
Based on the evidence presented by the defense and the cross-examination of witnesses, the performance of attorneys Pitaro and Momot and the strength of the State's case, the district court concluded that Amador's conduct did not prejudice Rudin's right to a fair trial. We agree. Amador's mistakes were adequately addressed and remedied by the district court, which also appointed additional attorneys to represent Rudin. While we do not approve of Amador's alleged acts concerning Rudin's literary and media rights, the record is insufficient to permit the conclusion that Amador's performance during trial was adversely affected by this alleged conflict of interest or that his performance prejudiced Rudin's right to a fair trial. Accordingly, we conclude that Rudin's argument is without merit and the district court did not err in denying the motion for a new trial.
We note that the dissent concludes, based upon Amador's apparent conflict of interest, that we are obligated to reverse and order a new trial. While we certainly share our colleagues' concern for Amador's unprofessionalism, we reiterate our observation that Rudin's claim concerning Amador's conflicts remains just that — a claim. The existing rule, and the better rule, requires that this issue, along with the general issue concerning Amador's ineffectiveness must be examined in a separate post-conviction proceeding at which time Rudin's post-conviction attorney will examine the entire record, interview all relevant witnesses and present the matter to the district court for a full and complete airing and decision.
CONCLUSION
Based on the above, we conclude that Rudin's arguments are without merit and that she was not prejudiced in her right to a fair trial. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of conviction.
Shearing, C. J., Becker and Gibbons, JJ., concur.
Rudin never mentioned Nakashima in her original statement to the police.
Dow Chemical Co. v. Mahlum, 114 Nev. 1468, 1482, 970 P.2d 98, 108 (1998), disagreed with on other grounds by GES, Inc. v. Corbitt, 117 Nev. 265, 271, 21 P.3d 11, 15 (2001); NRS 50.275.
See NRS 50.275.
Id.
See People v. Clark, 857 P.2d 1099, 1142 (Cal. 1993).
NRS 50.285(1).
Greene v. State, 113 Nev. 157, 169, 931 P.2d 54, 62 (1997), overruled in part on other grounds by Byford v. State, 116 Nev. 215, 235, 994 P.2d 700, 713 (2000).
Id. (quoting United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 11 (1985)).
Witherow v. State, 104 Nev. 721, 724, 765 P.2d 1153, 1155 (1988).
McCabe v. State, 98 Nev. 604, 606, 655 P.2d 536, 537 (1982).
Id. NRS 178.572(1) provides that "the court on motion of the State may order that any material witness be released from all liability to be prosecuted or punished on account of any testimony or other evidence he may be required to produce."
Williams v. Woodford, 306 F.3d 665, 698 (9th Cir. 2002) (stating that, to demonstrate prosecutorial misconduct, the defendant "must show that the prosecution intentionally caused a defense witness to invoke the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, or that the prosecution granted immunity to a government witness in order to obtain that witness's testimony, but denied immunity to a defense witness whose testimony would have directly contradicted that of the government witness").
County of Alameda v. Moore, 40 Cal. Rptr. 2d 18, 20 (Ct. App. 1995).
United States v. Kampiles, 609 F.2d 1233, 1246 (7th Cir. 1979) (holding that statements by government employees are not admissible against the government because they are viewed as being outside the admissions exception to the hearsay rule).
See Hargrove v. State, 100 Nev. 498, 502, 686 P.2d 222, 225 (1984) (holding that mere " 'naked' allegations" will not support a claim for relief).
See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963) (holding that the State must disclose evidence favorable to the defense if the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment); Lay v. State, 116 Nev. 1185, 1194, 14 P.3d 1256, 1262 (2000) (holding that a prosecutor is obligated to disclose evidence that is favorable to the defense as long as the evidence is material to guilt or punishment).
See Jones v. State, 113 Nev. 454, 471, 937 P.2d 55, 65-66 (1997) (holding that if a Brady violation had occurred, the alleged error was harmless because the substance of the withheld statements reached the jury).
114 Nev. 619, 623, 960 P.2d 336, 339 (1998) (concluding that, viewed in the entirety, the district court remarks to defense counsel may have had a prejudicial impact on the verdict); cf. Randolph v. State, 117 Nev. 970, 985, 36 P.3d 424, 434 (2001) (concluding that, where the "district court's expressions of annoyance with defense counsel in front of the jury numbered only two and were not extreme," the defendant was not prejudiced).
Parodi v. Washoe Medical Ctr., 111 Nev. 365, 367, 892 P.2d 588, 589 (1995).
See Robins v. State, 106 Nev. 611, 624, 798 P.2d 558, 566-67 (1990) (concluding that the "trial judge was appropriately controlling the flow of the trial without prejudice to" the defendant when it admonished counsel); NRS 50.115(1)(c) (providing that a judge must "exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of interrogating witnesses . . . [t]o protect witnesses from undue harassment or embarrassment").
See Leonard v. State, 114 Nev. 1196, 1211, 969 P.2d 288, 298 (1998) (holding that a defendant was not deprived of his right to a fair trial when the district court admonished defense counsel to quit wasting time by individually greeting each juror during jury selection); Robins, 106 at 624, 798 P.2d at 566-67 (holding that a district court's admonishment directing defense counsel to quit confusing a juror and move on was appropriate in the interest of "controlling the flow of the trial").
NCJC Canon 3B(7)(a)(i) & (ii).
See Steese v. State, 114 Nev. 479, 490, 960 P.2d 321, 328 (1998).
See Hogan v. Warden, 112 Nev. 553, 560, 916 P.2d 805, 809 (1996) (noting that judges are presumed to be unbiased and that a party seeking to establish bias "has the burden of setting forth sufficient facts that demonstrate bias or the appearance thereof").
See Hargrove, 100 Nev. at 502, 686 P.2d at 225 (holding that mere " 'naked' allegations" will not support a claim for relief).
Meegan v. State, 114 Nev. 1150, 1155, 968 P.2d 292, 295 (1998), modified on other grounds by Vanisi v. State, 117 Nev. 330, 341, 22 P.3d 1164, 1172 (2001).
Hylton v. District Court, 103 Nev. 418, 422, 743 P.2d 622, 625 (1987).
Id. at 423, 426, 743 P.2d at 625, 627 (concluding that the prosecutor "did not prevent the circumstances for a mistrial from occurring, when the prosecutor had adequate notice that a mistrial was likely to occur and when the prosecutor's office was expressly asked by the court to be forthcoming on that issue," therefore committing "inexcusable" negligence and precluding further prosecution of the defendant on double jeopardy grounds).
United States v. Scott, 437 U.S. 82, 93 (1978); see also Melchor-Gloria v. State, 99 Nev. 174, 178, 660 P.2d 109, 112 (1983) (noting that, when the defense seeks a motion for a mistrial, an exception to the general rule that the mistrial removes any double jeopardy bars to reprosecution arises where "the prosecutor intended to provoke a mistrial or otherwise engaged in 'overreaching' or 'harassment' ").
See Wheeler v. District Court, 82 Nev. 225, 229, 415 P.2d 63, 65 (1966) (requiring a finding of manifest necessity before a mistrial may be declared, unless the defendant consents to the mistrial); see also Benson v. State, 111 Nev. 692, 695-96, 895 P.2d 1323, 1326 (1995) (stating that, "[t]he issue of consent by a defendant arises most often when the trial court sua sponte declares a mistrial or, more rarely, . . . where the prosecution moves for one," and that, generally, " 'a defendant's motion for, or consent to, a mistrial removes any double jeopardy bar to reprosecution' " (quoting Melchor-Gloria, 99 Nev. at 178, 660 P.2d at 111)).
466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984) (requiring that the defendant demonstrate that her counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that counsel's performance prejudiced the defense); see Warden v. Lyons, 100 Nev. 430, 432, 683 P.2d 504, 505 (1984) (adopting the "reasonably effective assistance" test set forth in Strickland).
We recognize that Strickland identifies a post-conviction standard for reasonably effective assistance of counsel. We do not intend for our remarks here to foreclose any potential post-conviction inquiries.
See Randolph, 117 Nev. at 985, 36 P.3d at 434 (concluding that "the district court's expressions of annoyance with defense counsel in front of the jury" did not prejudice the defense and were not grounds for a mistrial); Lisle v. State, 113 Nev. 679, 699-700, 941 P.2d 459, 473 (1997) (concluding that any prejudice to defendant as a result of the prosecutor eliciting improper testimony was cured by the trial court when it chastised the prosecutor and ordered him to cure the improper testimony, and therefore, a mistrial is not warranted), limited on other grounds by Middleton v. State, 114 Nev. 1089, 1117 n.9, 968 P.2d 296, 315 n.9 (1998).
Geiger v. State, 112 Nev. 938, 942, 920 P.2d 993, 995 (1996) (quoting Allen v. State, 99 Nev. 485, 490, 665 P.2d 238, 241 (1983)).
Manley v. State, 115 Nev. 114, 129, 979 P.2d 703, 712 (1999).
Rudin also asserted jury misconduct and judicial misconduct as grounds for a new trial. We have considered these arguments and find them to be without merit.
Clark v. State, 108 Nev. 324, 326, 831 P.2d 1374, 1376 (1992).