THE RENO MILL AND LUMBER COMPANY, a Corporation, Appellant, v. W. J. WESTERFIELD, Respondent
Reno Mill & Lumber Co. v. Westerfield
THE RENO MILL AND LUMBER COMPANY, a Corporation, Appellant, v. W. J. WESTERFIELD, Respondent.
[No. 1614.]
THE RENO MILL AND LUMBER COMPANY, a Corporation, Appellant, v. W. J. WESTERFIELD, Respondent.
Evidence — Admissibility—Witnesses—Judge as Witness — Refusal to Testify — Impeachment — Foundation — Appeal — New Trial — Questions Considered. 1. Where no foundation is laid for the impeachment of a witness by asking him if he has not made certain contradictory statements, and calling his attention to the place where, the time when, and the persons to whom or in whose presence he made such statements, it is not error for the judge, by whose testimony it is sought to prove such contradictory statements, to refuse to testify.
2. Where the trial court considered only one question in ordering new trial, the supreme court on an appeal from the order will not pass on matters alleged in the motion but not considered by the trial court. (Fitzgerald, J., dissenting.)
On Rehearing.
New Trial — Order—Appeal—Review. 1. An order merely directing a new trial because defendant was deprived of the testimony of a certain witness does not affirmatively show it was made on one ground only.
2. A motion for new trial being made on several grounds — one of them insufficiency of evidence — and the evidence being conflicting, so as to authorize the granting of new trial on that ground without abuse of discretion, order granting new trial for the stated reason that defendant was deprived of the testimony of a certain witness will be sustained, though such witness properly refused to testify.
Appeal from the Second Judicial District Court, Washoe County; B. F. Curler and G. F. Talbot, Judges.
Action by the Reno Mill and Lumber Company against W. J. Westerfield. Judgment was rendered in favor of plaintiff, and from an order granting a new trial, the plaintiff appeals.
Reversed. On rehearing, affirmed.
The facts sufficiently appear in the opinion.
A. F. Cheney, for Appellant:
I. According to Westerfield’s contention, his liability is to Holesworth and his promise to the plaintiff was not a promise to pay Holesworth’s indebtedness, but a promise to pay to the plaintiff his own indebtedness to Holesworth. Such a promise is not within the statute of frauds. (Browne on the Statute of Frauds, 5th ed., see. 164.)
II. Hulling testifies that Westerfield said: "I will not have the money until October, and I will pay then.” The compunja waited until October. This promise fixed his liability. It supports and justifies the verdict. In the face of this express promise to pay a just debt, all questions concerning the admission or rejection of testimony relating to whether there was a contract are wholly immaterial. He is liable on that promise alone. That is the controlling fact. (Quinn v. White, 26 Nev. 42, ante.)
III. No question was made of the sufficiency of the pleadings to hear all the proof, and no question was made on the trial as to any variance between the pleadings and the proof, and no such question can be raised in this court. (Bank v. Wills, 23 Nev. 59.)
IY. It is the duty of litigants to be active and diligent in procuring the testimony upon which they rely to maintain their cause. Trials are not to be encouraged as experiments. (Pinschoiver v. Hanks, 18 Nev. 106; Hoioard v. Winters, 3 Nev. 542.)
Y. A new trial cannot be granted upon the ground of newly discovered evidence because there is no competent proof of what that evidence is. The moving party must present the affidavit of the new witness as to what he will testify, and the affidavit of a party or another person, as to what they are informed his testimony will be, is insufficient. (I)unbar v. Hollinshead, 10 Wis. 508; Jenny Lind Go. v. Bower, 11 Cal. 194; Arnold v. Skaggs, 35 Cal. 684-7-8; Hayne on New Trial and Appeal, sec. 93; 14 Enc. PL &. Pr. 826.)
VI. "If the acts of srirprise occurred during the trial, it is the duty of the aggrieved party to call the court’s attention to his misfortune at the earliest possible moment by a motion for a continuance, supported by the usual affidavits.” (14 Enc. Pl. & Pr. 749, and cases cited.)
VII. Even if ordinary prudence could not have prevented the surprise, a new trial will not be granted unless it appears: First, that the judgment is erroneous; second, that the applicant has a good defense; third, that the evidence he can produce on a new trial will probably change the result. (14 Enc. Pl. & Pr. 746, and cases cited.)
F. H. Nor cross, for Respondent:
I, The question whether there was, or was not, an oral contract between the defendant Westerfield and Holes-worth for the construction of the house for an agreed price, was the only material issue in the case. If there was, in fact, such a contract, the plaintiff cannot recover from the defendant.
II. The refusal of Judge Curler to testify in the case, or to continue the trial so that his testimony could be taken before another judge and jury, was a violation of the positive provisions of our statute. (Comp. Laws, 3481.)
III. The refusal of the court to testify had taken away from the defendant the power to impeach him; this ruling certainly relieved the defendant of the necessity of doing a vain and foolish thing, as it would have been under the circumstances, to have examined Mr. ITolesworth as to his conversations with Judge Curler.
IV. While it is a general rule that the testimony proposed to be produced must be sworn to by the witness, it is not in every ease required. " The reason for requiring the affidavits of the new witnesses is to guard against unfounded applications, and to present the best, rather than a hearsay, evidence of what such witnesses will relate.” (Caldwe-ll v. .Dickenson, 29 Mo. 227; 14 Enc. PI. & Pr. 826.)
V. "A nisi prius judge has jurisdiction on motion for new trial to decide, as a question of fact, whether the scale of evidence against a verdict preponderates over that in favor of it; and his decision setting it aside will not be reversed by the appellate court except for the more cogent reasons, such as conclusive preponderance of evidence in favor of the verdict.” (PMllpotts v. Blasdel, 8 Nev. 61.)
VI. "All points which could be urged in the court below on a motion ‘for a new trial, either for or against it, may be raised on appeal from the order granting or refusing it,” and where the lower court has granted a new trial the appellate court will not reverse such order if any of the grounds assigned in support of a new trial are sufficient. (McWilliams v. Merschman, 5 Nev. 263; McLeod v. Lee, 14 Nev. 398.)
VII. "The trial court’s decision will always be presumed to have been in accordance with the justice and merits of the ease, unless the contrary plainly appears from the record.” (16 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 692.)
VIII. "Where the order granting a new trial is general in its terms, not specifying the grounds upon which it is based, an expression of opinion by the trial court of a particular error will not limit the review to that ground.” {People v. Flood, 102 Cal. 330. See, also, Kauffman v. Mayer, 94 Cal. 269, 277; Shanlin v. Hall, 100 Cal. 26-8; Mills v. Oregon Railway Oo., 102 Cal. 357; Galvin v. Palmer, 113 Cal. 46; Hally v. McDonald, 77 Cal. 284.)
On Petition eor Rehearing.
I. The statute, having provided the grounds upon which a new trial may be granted, gives the moving party, who has complied with the statute, the right to decision upon every statutory ground which he has properly raised, and where a number of grounds have been raised which were not passed upon by the lower court, and this court holds that it cannot consider those grounds, for the reason that they have not been passed upon in the first instance by the trial court, the case'must be sent back to the court below with the specific direction to pass upon all the points undisposed of and necessary to a complete determination of the motion.
II. The motion for a new trial in this case was made upon several grounds and the statement contains sixteen assignments of error, only one of which has been passed upon by the trial court or by this court. The order of the lower court was reversed, because the point upon which it granted a new trial is held to be erroneously decided, and this court has refused to pass upon the other grounds upon which the motion for new trial was made, for the reason that they were not considered by the trial court.
III. No objection having been made at the time the judge was called as a witness that his testimony, in the event he should testify, would be inadmissible because it was for the purpose of impeachment and the proper foundation had not been laid, that question was not involved in the decision of the trial court, and, hence, cannot be considered on the appeal. {McGarn v. Mc-Innis, 24 Nev. 373; Paul v. Oragnas, 25 Nev. 311; ITayne on New Trial & Appeal, secs. 103, 280-3-4; 36 Cal. 510*)
IV. "The failure to lay a foundation for impeachment may be waived by failing to make objection in proper form.” (Jones on Evidence, sec. 849, p. 1868, and n. .12; Com. v. Smith, (Mass.) 40 N. E. 189.)
V. This court, in its majority opinion, after citing’ Hayne on New Trial & Appeal, sec. 284, as its authority, answers the question as follows: "We concur in this reasoning, and think we should restrict our view to the ground upon which the order was made.” After a very careful examination and consideration of the authority upon which the majority of this court have based their conclusion and decision, we are constrained to urge upon the consideration of this court that its decision has gone farther than the authority it has cited goes, and that the learned text writer, in considering the point in question, did not go so far as to hold that all points not considered by the trial court could not be passed upon by the appellate court, but only those points which involved discretion.
VI. Every litigant who moves for a new trial is entitled, as a matter of undeniable right, to have every point which he has properly raised, considered and disposed of. (Shanldin v. Sail, 100 Cal. 26; Kauffman v. Maier, 94 Cal. 276; Kailly v. McDonald, 77 Gal. 284; Bank v. Armstrong, 92 Mo. 265; Kewett v. Steele, 118 Mo.. 463; Bradley v. Beppelle, 133 Mo. 545; 2 Enc. PL & Pr., p. 372, and authorities cited in notes; 12 Enc. Pl. & Pr., p. 975, and authorities cited in notes; Hayne on New Trial & Appeal, sec. 2842, a and h.)
By the Court,
Belknap, J.:
This action was brought to recover the value of building material furnished defendant and used in the construction of his house, and for which he promised to pay its reasonable value. The answer denied that the material was furnished defendant, or that he promised to pay therefor, and alleged that it was sold to one Holesworth. Judgment was rendered for $1,114.04. The district court granted a new trial upon the ground of error in the refusal of the district judge to testify. The appeal is taken from this order.
During the progress of the trial and some time after the closing of plaintiff's case, the court allowed respondent to recall Mr. Holesworth for further cross-examination for the purpose of laying a foundation for impeachment. In the meantime, and before the witness had been recalled, the judge presiding at the trial, and by whose testimony Holesworth was sought to be impeached, after argument of counsel and due consideration, refused to be sworn and testify. Holeswortli was recalled, but counsel declined to further cross-examine, and no foundation was laid for the impeaching evidence.
The necessity of laying the foundation for an impeachment and the reason upon which it is founded were ably considered in the case of Mattox v. U. S., 156 U. S. 237.
The court said: "The authorities, except in some of the New England states, are almost unanimous to the effect that, before a witness can be impeached by proof that he has made statements contradictory or differing from the testimony given by him upon the stand, a foundation must be laid by interrogating the witness himself as to whether he has ever made such statements. Justice to the witness himself requires not only that he should be asked whether he had ever made such statements, but his attention should be called to the particular statement proposed to be proven, and he should be asked whether, at such a time and place, he made that statement to the witness whose testimony is about to be introduced. This method of impeachment was approved by this court in Conrad v. Griffey, 16 How. 46, wherein the rule is stated to be 'founded upon common sense, and is essential to protect the character of a witness. His memory is refreshed by the necessary inquiries, which enable him to explain the statements referred to, and show that they were made under a mistake, or that there was no discrepancy between them and his testimony.' "
Of the rule as above announced Professor Greenleaf says: "This course of proceeding is considered indispensable from a sense of justice to the witness, for, as the direct tendency of the evidence is to impeach his veracity, common justice requires that, by first calling his attention to the subject, he should have an opportunity to recollect the facts, and, if necessary, to correct the statement already proven, as well as by a reexamination to explain the nature, circumstances, meaning, and design of what he is proven elsewhere to have said." (Greenl. Ev. 462.)
In Runyan v. Price, 15 Ohio St. 1, one of the subscribing witnesses to a will had died. The contestants offered in evidence his declarations respecting the capacity of the testator to make a will at the time the one in question purported to have been made for the purpose of impeaching his testimony.
"It seems to me," said the court, "that to allow the death of the witness to work an exception would be to destroy the principles upon which the rule rests, and deny the protection which it was designed to afford. In relieving one party of a supposed hardship, an equally serious one might be inflicted upon the other. Without, therefore, the opportunity to the witness of explanation, or, to the party against whom offered, of reexamination, we are of opinion that the supposed declarations lack the elements of credibility which they should possess before they can be used legitimately to destroy the testimony of the witness."
The subject was considered by the Supreme Court of Colorado in Ryan v. People, 21 Colo. 125, in these words: "At the trial it was sought to impeach the evidence of the witness Dulin by showing that at other times, before and after his deposition was taken, he had made statements contrary to those contained in the deposition. This offer of proof on the part of the defendant was rejected by the court, for the reason that the proper foundation had not been laid for it, the attention of the witness Dulin while upon the stand not having been called to these alleged contradictory statements, and he having had no opportunity to explain or deny the same. Counsel concede the general rule to be that a witness cannot be impeached by showing that he has made statements at other times inconsistent with his testimony, unless a foundation be first laid by interrogating the witness him-, self as to whether or not he has made such statements. This rule is of almost universal application. It is founded upon the soundest principles, and supported by the great weight of English and American authority. The reasons given for the rule are that justice requires that the attention of the witness should be first called to the subject, in order that he may explain or deny the alleged contradictory statements, and be given an opportunity upon ' a reexamination to explain the nature, circumstances, meaning, and design of what he is proved elsewhere to have said.' (1 G-reenl. Ev., 14th ed., sec. 462.)"
In excuse of the course pursued it is said that it would have been a vain thing to have laid the foundation for an impeachment after the judge had refused to be sworn. According to the great weight of authority the rule was established for the protection of witnesses whose veraeit3r was assailed, and its enforcement is not a matter of form, to be changed by the hardship of a particular case.
"The true principle of the rule," said the Supreme Court of Kansas, "seems to be that the witness whose testimony is to be impeached, and the party to be affected thereby, are of right entitled to any explanation which the former can give of the statements imputed to him." (Greer v. Higgins, 20 Kan. 424.)
Having reached the conclusion that it was not error, under the facts in the court below, to refuse to be sworn as a witness, counsel for respondent proceeds in his brief to the discussion of other questions made in the statement upon motion for new trial.
The record shows that the new trial was ordered "for the reason that the defendant was deprived of the testimony-of Judge Curler at the former trial, and such testimony may have been material."
Both counsel concede that was the only ground considered l)3 Judge Talbot, who heard the motion for new trial. Under these circumstances, is it our duty to consider questions raised by the statement on motion for new trial, and not considered by the judge before whom the motion was made?
"If the grounds of action of the lower court be not shown b3 the record," sa3s Mr. Hayne, "the supreme court must presume in support of such action that it was upon some ground upon which it can be sustained. Thus, in Weddle v. Stark, 10 Cal. 302, where a motion for new trial was made upon two grounds — insufficiency of the evidence and errors in law- — and the record did not show upon what ground the motion was granted, the supreme court affirmed the order on the ground that the evidence was conflicting, and that the order must be deemed to have been made on that ground. But it is believed that this rule should be applied only where the record shows a general order or decision of the court below, without showing any of the grounds on which it was based. Where the order expressly states that it was made on some one ground without mentioning the other grounds, it would seem that it should be construed to mean that the order was made upon that ground only, and that the other grounds were not considered."
Again: "Where the unnoticed grounds involve questions of discretion, it is believed (although no decision has been found upon the point) that the supreme court should not undertake to determine them for the first time, but, if the case cannot be disposed of upon other points, should send it back to the court below for the orderly disposition of the matter. Unless this is done, the grossest injustice may result. Suppose, for example, that a motion for new trial is made upon two grounds, viz., error in law, and insufficieney of the evidence, and that the court below erroneously grants the motion on the ground of error in law, but does not consider the other ground, and that there is a conflict of evidence. If the supreme court should undertake to pass upon the question of the insufficiency of the evidence, it would have to affirm the order on the ground that there is a conflict of evidence, and that the discretion of the court below in the matter cannot be disturbed. But in the case supposed the court below had never considered the evidence at all, and had never exercised its discretion. The only ground upon which it acted was erroneous, and its action would be set aside were it not for the fact that the supreme court, by undertaking to pass upon a question which the record shows was not passed upon by the court below, creates an obstacle to stumble over. Is it not manifest here that justice is defeated?" (Hayne, New Trial & App., see. 284.)
We concur in this reasoning, and think we should restrict our review to the ground upon which the order was made.
The order granting respondent a new trial should be reversed, and the cause remanded.
It is so ordered.