---
license: apache-2.0
dataset_info:
- config_name: temporal_order
  features:
  - name: image_1
    dtype: image
  - name: image_2
    dtype: image
  - name: label
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: test
    num_bytes: 211564460.0
    num_examples: 720
  download_size: 202986206
  dataset_size: 211564460.0
- config_name: timelapse_estimation
  features:
  - name: image_1
    dtype: image
  - name: image_2
    dtype: image
  - name: label
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: test
    num_bytes: 48450099.0
    num_examples: 125
  download_size: 48184050
  dataset_size: 48450099.0
configs:
- config_name: temporal_order
  data_files:
  - split: test
    path: temporal_order/test-*
- config_name: timelapse_estimation
  data_files:
  - split: test
    path: timelapse_estimation/test-*
---


### **Dataset Description**
The Temporal-VQA dataset is a challenging benchmark designed to evaluate the temporal reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) in tasks requiring visual temporal understanding. It emphasizes real-world temporal dynamics through two core evaluation tasks:- 
- **Temporal Order Understanding:** This task presents MLLMs with temporally consecutive frames from video sequences. The models must analyze and determine the correct sequence of events, assessing their ability to comprehend event progression over time.
- **Time-Lapse Estimation:** In this task, MLLMs are shown pairs of images taken at varying time intervals. The models are required to estimate the time-lapse between the images by selecting from multiple-choice options that span from seconds to years.

### **GPT4o Usage**
- The __Temporal Order Understanding__ task contains 720 image pairs of which 360 image pairs are unique image pairs (while the other 360 are image pairs in reveresed position) created by sampling frames from copyright-free videos.  
- The __Timelapse Estimation__ task contains 125 image pairs compiled from copyright-free sources. The _image_A_ refers to the image that was taken first and the _image_B_ refers to the latest image.


```python
from datasets import load_dataset
import base64
import requests
import os
from io import BytesIO

API_KEY = os.environ.get("API_KEY")

def encode_image(image):
    buffer = BytesIO()
    image.save(buffer, format="JPEG")
    return base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode('utf-8')

def get_gpt_response(image1, image2, query):
    headers = {
        "Content-Type": "application/json",
        "Authorization": f"Bearer {API_KEY}"
    }
    
    payload = {
        "model": "gpt-4o",
        "messages": [
            {
                "role": "user",
                "content": [
                    {"type": "text", "text": query},
                    {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{image1}"}},
                    {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{image2}"}}
                ]
            }
        ],
        "max_tokens": 512
    }

    response = requests.post("https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions", headers=headers, json=payload)
    return response.json()

### TASK 1
dataset = load_dataset('fazliimam/temporal-vqa', 'temporal_order', split='test')
image1 = encode_image(dataset[0]['image_1'])
image2 = encode_image(dataset[0]['image_2'])

prompt_1 = "Did the event in the first image happen before the event in the second image? Provide your answer in dictionary format: {'Answer':'True or False', 'Reasoning':'Brief explanation of your choice'}"
prompt_2 = "Between these two images, which one depicts the event that happened first? Provide your answer in dictionary format: {'Answer':'First image or Second image', 'Reasoning':'Brief explanation of your choice'}"

response = get_gpt_response(image1, image2, prompt_1)
print(response)

### TASK 2
dataset = load_dataset('fazliimam/temporal-vqa', 'timelapse_estimation', split='test')
image1 = encode_image(dataset[0]['image_1'])
image2 = encode_image(dataset[0]['image_2'])

prompt = "In the given image, estimate the time that has passed between the first image (left) and the second image (right). Choose one of the following options: A. Less than 15 seconds B. Between 2 minutes to 15 minutes C. Between 1 hour to 12 hours D. Between 2 days to 30 days E. Between 4 months to 12 months F. More than 3 years. Provide your answer in dictionary format: {'Answer':'Selected option', 'Reasoning':'Brief explanation of your choice'}"

response = get_gpt_response(image1, image2, prompt)
print(response)
```



### **Cite Us**
```
@misc{imam2025multimodalllmsvisualtemporal,
      title={Can Multimodal LLMs do Visual Temporal Understanding and Reasoning? The answer is No!}, 
      author={Mohamed Fazli Imam and Chenyang Lyu and Alham Fikri Aji},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2501.10674},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.10674}, 
}
```