File size: 68,093 Bytes
6fa4bc9 |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 |
{
"paper_id": "2020",
"header": {
"generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
"date_generated": "2023-01-19T15:01:06.757367Z"
},
"title": "Building Collaboration-based Resources In Endowed African Languages: Case Of NTeALan Dictionaries Platform",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Elvis",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mboning",
"suffix": "",
"affiliation": {
"laboratory": "",
"institution": "Tradex Makepe -Douala (Cameroon)",
"location": {
"addrLine": "2 rue de",
"settlement": "Lille -Paris",
"country": "France"
}
},
"email": "elvis.mboning@inalco.fr2levismboning"
},
{
"first": "Daniel",
"middle": [],
"last": "Baleba",
"suffix": "",
"affiliation": {
"laboratory": "",
"institution": "Tradex Makepe -Douala (Cameroon)",
"location": {
"addrLine": "2 rue de",
"settlement": "Lille -Paris",
"country": "France"
}
},
"email": ""
},
{
"first": "Jean",
"middle": [
"Marc"
],
"last": "Bassahak",
"suffix": "",
"affiliation": {
"laboratory": "",
"institution": "Tradex Makepe -Douala (Cameroon)",
"location": {
"addrLine": "2 rue de",
"settlement": "Lille -Paris",
"country": "France"
}
},
"email": ""
},
{
"first": "Ornella",
"middle": [],
"last": "Wandji",
"suffix": "",
"affiliation": {
"laboratory": "",
"institution": "Tradex Makepe -Douala (Cameroon)",
"location": {
"addrLine": "2 rue de",
"settlement": "Lille -Paris",
"country": "France"
}
},
"email": "ornella.wandji@ntealan.org"
}
],
"year": "",
"venue": null,
"identifiers": {},
"abstract": "In a context where open-source NLP resources and tools in African languages are scarce and dispersed, it is difficult for researchers to truly fit African languages into current algorithms of artificial intelligence. Created in 2017, with the aim of building communities of voluntary contributors around African native and/or national languages, cultures, NLP technologies and artificial intelligence, the NTeALan association has set up a series of web collaborative platforms intended to allow the aforementioned communities to create and administer their own lexicographic resources. In this article, we present on the one hand the first versions of the three platforms: the REST API for saving lexicographical resources, the dictionary management platform and the collaborative dictionary platform; on the other hand, we describe the data format chosen and used to encapsulate our resources. After experimenting with a few dictionaries and some users feedback, we are convinced that only collaboration-based approach and platforms can effectively respond to the production of good resources in African native and/or national languages.",
"pdf_parse": {
"paper_id": "2020",
"_pdf_hash": "",
"abstract": [
{
"text": "In a context where open-source NLP resources and tools in African languages are scarce and dispersed, it is difficult for researchers to truly fit African languages into current algorithms of artificial intelligence. Created in 2017, with the aim of building communities of voluntary contributors around African native and/or national languages, cultures, NLP technologies and artificial intelligence, the NTeALan association has set up a series of web collaborative platforms intended to allow the aforementioned communities to create and administer their own lexicographic resources. In this article, we present on the one hand the first versions of the three platforms: the REST API for saving lexicographical resources, the dictionary management platform and the collaborative dictionary platform; on the other hand, we describe the data format chosen and used to encapsulate our resources. After experimenting with a few dictionaries and some users feedback, we are convinced that only collaboration-based approach and platforms can effectively respond to the production of good resources in African native and/or national languages.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Abstract",
"sec_num": null
}
],
"body_text": [
{
"text": "Language plays an important role in defining the identity and humanity of individuals. As Tunde Opeibi (Tunde, 2012) said \"In Africa, evidence shows that language has become a very strong factor for ethno national identity, with the ethnic loyalty overriding the national interest\". To date, the African continent has more than 2000 languages, more than two thirds of which are poorly endowed. Among the reasons justifying this observation, we can list:",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 103,
"end": 116,
"text": "(Tunde, 2012)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF15"
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 The lack of a strong linguistic policy in favor of these languages",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 The absence of the majority of these languages in the digital space (social networks, online or mobile platform, etc.) and in the educational system (mainly described by (Tadadjeu, 2004) and (Don, 2010)) \u2022",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 172,
"end": 188,
"text": "(Tadadjeu, 2004)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF14"
},
{
"start": 193,
"end": 205,
"text": "(Don, 2010))",
"ref_id": "BIBREF5"
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1."
},
{
"text": "The lack of open-source African linguistic resources (textual and oral), Natural Language Processing (NLP) and/or Natural Language Understanding (NLU) tools available for most of these languages",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 The lack of experts in NLP, NLU and Artificial Intelligence (AI) trained in the continent and who are specialists in these languages",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1."
},
{
"text": "\u2022",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1."
},
{
"text": "The lack of open-source African linguistic resources (textual and oral) and NLP and/or NLU tools available for most of these languages For several years now, artificial intelligence technologies, including those of NLP, have greatly contributed to the economic and scientific emergence of poorly endowed languages in northern countries, thanks to the availability of lexicography and terminography resources in sufficient quantity. African languages benefit very little from these intelligent tools because of the scarcity of structured data and collaborative platforms available for building linguistic and cultural knowledge bases. In order to meet this need and complement the initiatives already present on the continent ((De Pauw et al., 2009) , (Mboning, 2016) , (Vydrin, Valentin and Rovenchak, Andrij and Maslinsky, Kirill, 2016) , (Abate et al., 2018) , (Mboning, Elvis and NTeALan contributors, 2017) , (Mangeot and Enguehard, 2011) , (De Schryver, 2010), Afrilex association (Ruthven, 2005) ), and also those from African, European and American research centers, NTeALan (New Technologies for African Languages), specialized in the development of NLP and NLU tools for teaching African languages and cultures, has set up a collaborative and open-source platform for building lexical resources for African national languages. Our main goal is to deal with languages spoken in French-speaking African countries.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 725,
"end": 748,
"text": "((De Pauw et al., 2009)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF19"
},
{
"start": 751,
"end": 766,
"text": "(Mboning, 2016)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF10"
},
{
"start": 769,
"end": 837,
"text": "(Vydrin, Valentin and Rovenchak, Andrij and Maslinsky, Kirill, 2016)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF21"
},
{
"start": 840,
"end": 860,
"text": "(Abate et al., 2018)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF0"
},
{
"start": 863,
"end": 910,
"text": "(Mboning, Elvis and NTeALan contributors, 2017)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF20"
},
{
"start": 913,
"end": 942,
"text": "(Mangeot and Enguehard, 2011)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF7"
},
{
"start": 986,
"end": 1001,
"text": "(Ruthven, 2005)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF13"
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1."
},
{
"text": "This paper focuses on the development of African linguistics and cultural resources, which is an important starting point for the technological step forward of each African language. We describe our collaborative language resources platform focusing on lexicographic data. This platform is divided into three components: the open-source dictionary backup API (back-end), the dictionary management platform and the collaborative dictionary platform (frontsend).",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1."
},
{
"text": "Created in 2017 1 and managed by academics and the African Learned Society, NTeALan is an Association that works for the implementation of intelligent technological tools, for the development, promotion and teaching of African native and/or national languages. Our goals are to digitize, safeguard and promote these poorly endowed languages through digital tools and Artificial Intelligence. By doing so, we would like to encourage and help young Africans, who are willing to learn and/or teach their mother tongues, and therefore build a new generation of Africans aware of the importance and challenges of appropriating the languages and cultures of the continent. Another purpose of NTeALan's work is to provide local researchers and companies with data which could help them improve the quality of their services and work, hence building open-source African languages resources is one of our core projects.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Context of the work 2.1. NTeALan project",
"sec_num": "2."
},
{
"text": "Our approach is exclusively based on the collaboration model (Holtzblatt and Beyer, 2017) . We would like to allow African people to contribute to the development of their own mother tongues, under the supervision of specialists and academics of African languages. Our model involves setting up several communities: a community of speakers of these languages, a community of native specialists (guarantors of traditional, cultural and linguistic knowledge), a community of academics specialized in African linguistic technologies and a community of social, institutional and public partners. Grouped by languages, these communities work together with the same goal: building linguistic and cultural resources useful for research, technological and educational needs.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 61,
"end": 89,
"text": "(Holtzblatt and Beyer, 2017)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF6"
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "NTeALan's approach: collaboration-based model",
"sec_num": "2.2."
},
{
"text": "This approach applies to all NTeALan's internal projects, especially to the language resources platforms, as well as their representation.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "NTeALan's approach: collaboration-based model",
"sec_num": "2.2."
},
{
"text": "Our language resource platforms are divided into three parts: one independent architecture and two dependent architectures. The independent architecture serves not only the two others but also all NTeALan's projects as illustrated in figure 1. The three architectures are the fruit of two upstream processes depending on the input type (PDF files or images). The first process involves digitization and the second serialization:",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "NTeALan's language resource platforms",
"sec_num": "3."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 digitization: dictionaries in paper or digital format like PDF, TIFF, PNG by OCR (Optical Character Recognition) are digitized with Deep learning (Breuel, 2008) ; we annotate them to improve the OCR (see figure 2); each article constituents (featured word, translation, contextualization, conjugation, dialect variant, etc.) are automatically detected, extracted and xmlized in XND (XML NTeALan Dictionary) format afterwards.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 148,
"end": 162,
"text": "(Breuel, 2008)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF3"
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "NTeALan's language resource platforms",
"sec_num": "3."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 serialization: dictionaries in an external format (toolbox, XML, TEI, LMF) are automatically serialized in XND format, using our internal NLP tools 2 .",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "NTeALan's language resource platforms",
"sec_num": "3."
},
{
"text": "In both cases, we start with a paper or digital dictionary and end up with a XML dictionary in XND format. The latter is the unique data entry format for our three architectures. It should be noted that the two processes described above are controlled by NTeALan linguists only. In future work they will be opened to non-member contributors. Figure 2 shows an example of annotation (from the bilingual Duala-French dictionary) performed by NTeALan's members.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [
{
"start": 342,
"end": 350,
"text": "Figure 2",
"ref_id": "FIGREF1"
}
],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "NTeALan's language resource platforms",
"sec_num": "3."
},
{
"text": "The independent platform is a web-based REST API platform. It can also be called lexicographical resources management database. Built to be simple and accessible, this web application stores and distributes all the lexicographic resources resulting from the collaborative work done by NTeALan's communities members and external contributors.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Independent architecture",
"sec_num": "3.1."
},
{
"text": "The independent architecture uses our internal NLP tools to manage the XND file format in order to give users easy access to their contributions (see section 4. ",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Independent architecture",
"sec_num": "3.1."
},
{
"text": "Dependent architectures are web platforms which use the data stored in common REST API database (Independent platform), the latter are enriched by contributors. They can also perform the operations described in table 3.1. through their web interface.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Dependent architectures",
"sec_num": "3.2."
},
{
"text": "As a web platform, the dictionaries management platform is a graphical management version of the REST API platform. It allows NTeALan members (users) to manage dictionaries, articles, users, users comments, access requests and cultural resources. open-source platform. It can be used strictly by NTeALan's communities, in a direct collaboration between the linguistics team members and other association members.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Dictionaries management platform",
"sec_num": "3.2.1."
},
{
"text": "The collaborative dictionary 3 is also a web platform (see figure 4 ) which enriches the lexicographic resources from the REST API. It gives NTeALan's communities members (see section 2.2.), more precisely native speakers and African languages experts, the opportunity to build, in a collaborative approach, resources like lexicons 4 , illustration of cultural phenomenon, sounds and videos (recording process) based on semantic information provided by article written in their native languages. These shared resources are stored and freely available for all contributors through our REST API. ",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [
{
"start": 59,
"end": 67,
"text": "figure 4",
"ref_id": "FIGREF3"
}
],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Collaborative dictionary platform",
"sec_num": "3.2.2."
},
{
"text": "Most of our dictionaries resources are old bilingual dictionaries (from linguists' work) found on the web as open-source or under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 license. The references to the original sources and to the NTeALan's versions are provided on all our platforms from where they can also be consulted.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "NTeALan language resources and representation",
"sec_num": "4."
},
{
"text": "We currently host and share 7 bilingual dictionaries 5 on our REST API. Although the number of entries to date is 3 This project was born following the research work of Elvis Mboning at the University of Douala and University of Lille 3 (Master thesis): (Mboning, 2016) and (Mboning, 2017) . We can cite other related work to this field like (Assoumou, 2010) , (Mangeot and Enguehard, 2011), , (Maslinsky, 2014) , (Nouvel et al., 2016) , etc.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 114,
"end": 115,
"text": "3",
"ref_id": null
},
{
"start": 254,
"end": 269,
"text": "(Mboning, 2016)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF10"
},
{
"start": 274,
"end": 289,
"text": "(Mboning, 2017)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF11"
},
{
"start": 342,
"end": 358,
"text": "(Assoumou, 2010)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF1"
},
{
"start": 394,
"end": 411,
"text": "(Maslinsky, 2014)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF9"
},
{
"start": 414,
"end": 435,
"text": "(Nouvel et al., 2016)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF12"
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "African language resource dictionaries",
"sec_num": "4.1."
},
{
"text": "4 To this aim, we built another platform to manage lexicographic resource: [https://ntealan.net/dictionaries-platform].",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "African language resource dictionaries",
"sec_num": "4.1."
},
{
"text": "5 Although the first versions are bilingual, these dictionaries are meant to be multilingual, with priority being given to translation in all the foreign languages spoken in Africa. still relatively limited (from 3 to 11,500 entries), a growing community is participating daily in their filling. Even if the current resources are insufficient and cover only 7 sub-saharan languages, we are nevertheless satisfied with the craze that is beginning to appear within the communities of users behind our platforms. However we would like to determine whether our different infrastructures fit with the resources produced, the load of connected users and the users needs. Once we have completed the tests on the platform, the next steps will be generalizing the model to the other African languages included in our dictionaries.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "African language resource dictionaries",
"sec_num": "4.1."
},
{
"text": "Each lexical resource management platform has its own model for structuring and presenting data (sample of (Mangeot, 2006) and (Benoit and Turcan, 2006) ). The XML format (mainly TEI and LMF XML standards) is today a reference choice for structuring linguistic, lexicographic and terminographic data. However, it turns out that these standards are not often adapted to represent and describe African languages. Indeed, several linguistic phenomena such as the concept of nominal class, the management, translation and localisation of dialect variants, and the notion of clicks are not explicitly treated, despite all the needs expressed with regard to the matter 6 .",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 107,
"end": 122,
"text": "(Mangeot, 2006)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF8"
},
{
"start": 127,
"end": 152,
"text": "(Benoit and Turcan, 2006)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF2"
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Description of NTeALan's XML format",
"sec_num": "4.2."
},
{
"text": "After analyzing the structure of a Bantu language from Cameroon (Yemba, spoken in West region), we decided to define a proprietary XML structuring model, whose structure was inspired by the 4 major families of African languages, namely the Afro-Asian family, the Niger-Kordofan family, Nilo-Saharan family and the Koisan family. Three principles guided our choice: representation, simplification and extensibility:",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Description of NTeALan's XML format",
"sec_num": "4.2."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 representation: this principle aims at describing language data at the smallest morpho-syntactic level i.e. word components (prefix+radical+suffix) and phrase components like class accord (1/2, 2/4, 5/7).",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Description of NTeALan's XML format",
"sec_num": "4.2."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 extensibility: we would like to give external contributors the possibility to extend our main XML structure by adding new nodes (children or parent nodes), depending on the element to represent.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Description of NTeALan's XML format",
"sec_num": "4.2."
},
{
"text": "We design our core-node lexicographic data with a root node called <ntealan_dictionary>, which is divided into two subnodes: <ntealan_paratexte> and <ntealan_articles>. <ntealan_paratexte> describes the metadata about the version(s) of the document (context of the dictionaries production, source description of the original authors and target description of the XML VERSION). <ntealan_articles> describes all the dictionary articles (<article>).",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Description of NTeALan's XML format",
"sec_num": "4.2."
},
{
"text": "Each article has its own subnodes: <entry> (dialect variant currently processed), <category> (grammatical categor(y/ies) associated to the dialect variant(s)), <translations> (translations associated to the dialect, <examples> (contextualisation of the dialect variants). The extension of the article structure by contributors is only possible in low-node, as shown in figures 5, 6 and 7, which means that the article model can be updated at each node level (referred to by an id).",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Description of NTeALan's XML format",
"sec_num": "4.2."
},
{
"text": "Our XND format is not intended to be standardized to serve as a reference. On the contrary, it is used as intermediate format, required by our internal NLP tools and by wellknown standardized formats. Indeed once the external formats are serialized in XND, we have the possibility to convert the data into other formats such as those of the TEI and LMF dictionaries. These features will be available at the API level soon. ",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Description of NTeALan's XML format",
"sec_num": "4.2."
},
{
"text": "The implementation of these first platforms enabled us to take note of the main challenges. In upcoming years, we will focus on these issues, enriching our platforms and trying to improve them for future deadlines.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Problems encountered and future challenges",
"sec_num": "5."
},
{
"text": "We are currently facing two main problems with the NTeALan platforms:",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Problems encountered",
"sec_num": "5.1."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 the first is the low number of contributors and the insufficient IT resources. The staff do not have all the specialists needed (in NLP, NLU and African languages) for the targeted goals and great ambitions. The current work is mainly carried out by 4 active members of the association. Regarding IT resources, we do not have enough robust IT infrastructures (servers, field tools, etc.) as required by such a research work on African languages.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Problems encountered",
"sec_num": "5.1."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 the second is the lack of funding to carry out our research activities with respect to the development of NLP and NLU tools. Our funding mainly comes from the contributions of the association members, which is not enough in the light of our current ambitions.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Problems encountered",
"sec_num": "5.1."
},
{
"text": "Our ambitions are great and will require more staff (language specialists) and financial resources. We would like to:",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Further challenges",
"sec_num": "5.2."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 Above all, encourage the greatest number of specialists in African languages and cultures from various African countries and in the whole world, to join our association because together we can easily take up challenges.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Further challenges",
"sec_num": "5.2."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 Find funding from private and public institutions, businessmen, companies, who can support our research work and the continuous development of our applications for the teaching of poorly endowed African languages.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Further challenges",
"sec_num": "5.2."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 Enrich and improve all existing platforms and open them up more to the scientific community and to speakers of the languages included. We will first of all focus on : the autonomous platform for language and culture teaching, the conversational Agent Assistant for Language Teaching and the Virtual cultural museum for safeguarding the African socio-cultural inheritance.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Further challenges",
"sec_num": "5.2."
},
{
"text": "\u2022 Strengthen our partnerships with social and cultural African institutions, universities, research laboratories and companies specialized in our research areas. The aim is to create communities of experts in linguistics, technological and cultural issues throughout the continent.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Further challenges",
"sec_num": "5.2."
},
{
"text": "De Schryver (De Schryver, 2010, p.587) already wondered about the specifics of electronic lexicography in the future in these terms: \"The future of lexicography is digital, so much is certain. Yet what that digital future will look like, is far less certain.\". This work clearly shows that the collaboration-based model, coupled with robust NLP platforms, could give meaning to the future nature of electronic lexicography in Africa.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Further challenges",
"sec_num": "5.2."
},
{
"text": "In this article, we described NTeALan platforms and its XND data representation, and we showed how essential an association is nowadays, for the construction of good linguistic and lexicographic resources and tools for endowed African languages. We lead, internally with our academic partners (the language and African literature department of the University of Douala and the ERTIM team of INALCO (France)), numerous research activities in Artificial Intelligence, NLP, and NLU, in order to contribute to the industrialization of African languages. It is obvious that a lot remains to be done, however the first results of our study have proven to be very useful for our applications (the conversational agent NTeABot, the learning platform, the translation platform, etc.) and can be used by other researchers: this includes data (in different common formats like XML, TEI, LMF, XND) and tools. We are convinced, as Tunde Opeibi (Tunde, 2012, p.289) already said, that \"the linguistic diversity in Africa can still become the catalyst that will promote cultural, socio-economic, political, and technological development, as well as sustainable growth and good governance in Africa.\"",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 931,
"end": 951,
"text": "(Tunde, 2012, p.289)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Conclusion",
"sec_num": "6."
},
{
"text": "These platforms was developed by Elvis Mboning (REST API and Dictionaries Management platform), Daniel Baleba (Collaborative dictionaries) and Jean-Marc Bassahak (Web Design and interfaces). NTeALan's projects are actually supported by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunication of Cameroon, the Department of linguistics and African literature of the University of Douala (Cameroon), the INALCO's ERTIM research team and Fractals system (France). We can also cite: Professor Jules Assoumou, Thanks to Christian Bonog Bilap, Marcel Tomi Banou, Ntomb David, Ntomb Nicolas, Th\u00e9ophile Kengne, Yves Bertrand Dissake, Juanita Fopa, Damien Nouvel and to the other contributors.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Acknowledgements",
"sec_num": "7."
},
{
"text": "Namely by Elvis Mboning (NLP Research Engineer at IN-ALCO) and Jean Marc Bassahak (Contractor, Web designer and developer), who were later on joined by Jules Assoumou, Head of",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "",
"sec_num": null
},
{
"text": "These include tokenizers, lemmatizers, text parsers and lexical disambiguation tools used for processing noisy lexicographic corpora.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "",
"sec_num": null
},
{
"text": "Note that it is nonetheless possible in these standards to add new formalism (tags and attributes) in addition to existing classes.\u2022 simplification: we try to choose XML tag names and international languages that are easily comprehensible for the research communities. Also, we decided to use a linear XML representation, with less parents and more children in the same parent node.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "",
"sec_num": null
}
],
"back_matter": [],
"bib_entries": {
"BIBREF0": {
"ref_id": "b0",
"title": "Parallel Corpora for bi-lingual English-Ethiopian Languages Statistical Machine Translation",
"authors": [
{
"first": "S",
"middle": [
"T"
],
"last": "Abate",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "M",
"middle": [],
"last": "Melese",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "M",
"middle": [
"Y"
],
"last": "Tachbelie",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "M",
"middle": [],
"last": "Meshesha",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "S",
"middle": [],
"last": "Atinafu",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "W",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mulugeta",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Y",
"middle": [],
"last": "Assabie",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "H",
"middle": [],
"last": "Abera",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "B",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ephrem",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "T",
"middle": [],
"last": "Abebe",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "W",
"middle": [],
"last": "Tsegaye",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "A",
"middle": [],
"last": "Lemma",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "T",
"middle": [],
"last": "Andargie",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "S",
"middle": [],
"last": "Shifaw",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2018,
"venue": "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "3102--3111",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Abate, S. T., Melese, M., Tachbelie, M. Y., Meshesha, M., Atinafu, S., Mulugeta, W., Assabie, Y., Abera, H., Ephrem, B., Abebe, T., Tsegaye, W., Lemma, A., An- dargie, T., and Shifaw, S. (2018). Parallel Corpora for bi-lingual English-Ethiopian Languages Statistical Ma- chine Translation. In Proceedings of the 27th Interna- tional Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 3102-3111, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, August. As- sociation for Computational Linguistics.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF1": {
"ref_id": "b1",
"title": "Enseignement oral des langues et cultures africaines \u00e0 l'\u00e9cole primaire",
"authors": [
{
"first": "J",
"middle": [],
"last": "Assoumou",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2010,
"venue": "\u00c9ditions Cl\u00e9",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Assoumou, J. (2010). Enseignement oral des langues et cultures africaines \u00e0 l'\u00e9cole primaire. \u00c9ditions Cl\u00e9, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroun, 1st edition.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF2": {
"ref_id": "b2",
"title": "La TEI au service de la transmission documentaire ou de la valorisation des richesses patrimoniales : le cas difficile des dictionnaires anciens",
"authors": [
{
"first": "J.-L",
"middle": [],
"last": "Benoit",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "I",
"middle": [],
"last": "Turcan",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2006,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Benoit, J.-L. and Turcan, I. (2006). La TEI au service de la transmission documentaire ou de la valorisation des richesses patrimoniales : le cas difficile des dictionnaires anciens.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF3": {
"ref_id": "b3",
"title": "The OCRopus open source OCR system",
"authors": [
{
"first": "T",
"middle": [
"M"
],
"last": "Breuel",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2008,
"venue": "Proc.SPIE",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Breuel, T. M. (2008). The OCRopus open source OCR sys- tem. Proc.SPIE, 6815.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF4": {
"ref_id": "b4",
"title": "State-of-the-Art Software to Support Intelligent Lexicography. ResearchGate",
"authors": [
{
"first": ", G.-M",
"middle": [],
"last": "De Schryver",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2010,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "De Schryver, G.-M. (2010). State-of-the-Art Software to Support Intelligent Lexicography. ResearchGate, page 16.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF5": {
"ref_id": "b5",
"title": "African languages in digital space",
"authors": [
{
"first": "O",
"middle": [],
"last": "Don",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2010,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Don, O. (2010). African languages in digital space. HSRC Press, page 168.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF6": {
"ref_id": "b6",
"title": "7 -Building Experience Models",
"authors": [
{
"first": "K",
"middle": [],
"last": "Holtzblatt",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "H",
"middle": [],
"last": "Beyer",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2017,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "147--206",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Holtzblatt, K. and Beyer, H. (2017). 7 -Building Experi- ence Models. pages 147-206, January.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF7": {
"ref_id": "b7",
"title": "Informatisation de dictionnaires langues africaines-fran\u00e7ais",
"authors": [
{
"first": "M",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mangeot",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "C",
"middle": [],
"last": "Enguehard",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2011,
"venue": "journ\u00e9es LTT 2011",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Mangeot, M. and Enguehard, C. (2011). Informatisation de dictionnaires langues africaines-fran\u00e7ais. In journ\u00e9es LTT 2011, page 11.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF8": {
"ref_id": "b8",
"title": "Dictionary building with the jibiki platform",
"authors": [
{
"first": "M",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mangeot",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2006,
"venue": "Proceedings of the 12th EURALEX International Congress",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "185--188",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Mangeot, M. (2006). Dictionary building with the jibiki platform. In Cristina Onesti Elisa Corino, Carla Marello, editor, Proceedings of the 12th EURALEX International Congress, pages 185-188, Torino, Italy, sep. Edizioni dell'Orso.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF9": {
"ref_id": "b9",
"title": "Daba: a model and tools for Manding corpora",
"authors": [
{
"first": "K",
"middle": [],
"last": "Maslinsky",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2014,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Maslinsky, K. (2014). Daba: a model and tools for Mand- ing corpora.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF10": {
"ref_id": "b10",
"title": "De l'analyse du dictionnaire y\u00e9mbafran\u00e7ais \u00e0 la conception de sa DTD et de sa r\u00e9\u00e9dition sur support num\u00e9rique",
"authors": [
{
"first": "E",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mboning",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2016,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Mboning, E. (2016). De l'analyse du dictionnaire y\u00e9mba- fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 la conception de sa DTD et de sa r\u00e9\u00e9dition sur support num\u00e9rique. M\u00e9moire Master 1, Universit\u00e9 de Lille 3.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF11": {
"ref_id": "b11",
"title": "Vers une m\u00e9talexicographie outill\u00e9e : conception d'un outil pour le m\u00e9talexicographe et application aux dictionnaires Larousse de 1856 \u00e0 1966",
"authors": [
{
"first": "E",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mboning",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2017,
"venue": "M\u00e9moire Master",
"volume": "2",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Mboning, E. (2017). Vers une m\u00e9talexicographie outill\u00e9e : conception d'un outil pour le m\u00e9talexicographe et appli- cation aux dictionnaires Larousse de 1856 \u00e0 1966. M\u00e9- moire Master 2, Universit\u00e9 de Lille 3.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF12": {
"ref_id": "b12",
"title": "Resources and Experiments for a",
"authors": [
{
"first": "D",
"middle": [],
"last": "Nouvel",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "K",
"middle": [],
"last": "Donandt",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "D",
"middle": [],
"last": "Auffret",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "K",
"middle": [],
"last": "Maslinsky",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "C",
"middle": [],
"last": "Chiarcos",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "V",
"middle": [],
"last": "Vydrin",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2016,
"venue": "Bambara POS Tagger. Intra Speech",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Nouvel, D., Donandt, K., Auffret, D., Maslinsky, K., Chiar- cos, C., and Vydrin, V. (2016). Resources and Experi- ments for a Bambara POS Tagger. Intra Speech, page 14.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF13": {
"ref_id": "b13",
"title": "The African Association for Lexicography: After Ten Years",
"authors": [
{
"first": "R",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ruthven",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2005,
"venue": "Lexikos journal",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Ruthven, R. (2005). The African Association for Lexicog- raphy: After Ten Years. Lexikos journal, page 9.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF14": {
"ref_id": "b14",
"title": "African Language Needs in Information and Communication Technology (ICT)",
"authors": [
{
"first": "M",
"middle": [],
"last": "Tadadjeu",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2004,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Tadadjeu, M. (2004). African Language Needs in Informa- tion and Communication Technology (ICT). page 9.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF15": {
"ref_id": "b15",
"title": "Investigating the Language Situation in Africa",
"authors": [
{
"first": "O",
"middle": [],
"last": "Tunde",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2012,
"venue": "Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics, Great Clarendon street",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "272--293",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Tunde, O. (2012). Investigating the Language Situation in Africa. In Language and Law, Language rights, pages 272-293. Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics, Great Clarendon street.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF17": {
"ref_id": "b17",
"title": "Maninka Reference Corpus: A Presentation",
"authors": [],
"year": null,
"venue": "TALAf 2016 : Traitement automatique des langues africaines (\u00e9crit et parole). Atelier JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2016 -Paris le",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Maninka Reference Corpus: A Presentation. In TALAf 2016 : Traitement automatique des langues africaines (\u00e9crit et parole). Atelier JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2016 - Paris le, Paris, France, July.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF19": {
"ref_id": "b19",
"title": "The SAWA corpus: a parallel corpus English -Swahili",
"authors": [
{
"first": "De",
"middle": [],
"last": "Pauw",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Guy",
"middle": [],
"last": "",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Waiganjo",
"middle": [],
"last": "Wagacha",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "De",
"middle": [],
"last": "Peter",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Schryver",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Gilles-Maurice",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2009,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "De Pauw, Guy and Waiganjo Wagacha, Peter and de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice. (2009). The SAWA corpus: a parallel corpus English -Swahili.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF20": {
"ref_id": "b20",
"title": "NTeALan lexicographic African language resources: an open-source REST API. NTeALan Project",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Elvis",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mboning",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Ntealan",
"middle": [],
"last": "Contributors",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2017,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Mboning, Elvis and NTeALan contributors. (2017). NTeALan lexicographic African language resources: an open-source REST API. NTeALan Project, distributed via NTeALan, Bantu resources, 1.0.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF21": {
"ref_id": "b21",
"title": "Maninka Reference Corpus: A Presentation. Speecon Project, distributed via ELRA, Madingue resources, 1.0",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Valentin",
"middle": [],
"last": "Vydrin",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Andrij",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rovenchak",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Kirill",
"middle": [],
"last": "Maslinsky",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2016,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Vydrin, Valentin and Rovenchak, Andrij and Maslinsky, Kirill. (2016). Maninka Reference Corpus: A Presenta- tion. Speecon Project, distributed via ELRA, Madingue resources, 1.0, ISLRN 613-489-674-355-0.",
"links": null
}
},
"ref_entries": {
"FIGREF0": {
"num": null,
"uris": null,
"text": "NTeALan APIs and service infrastructures Department of Linguistics and African Literature at the University of Douala.",
"type_str": "figure"
},
"FIGREF1": {
"num": null,
"uris": null,
"text": "NTeALan dictionaries annotation platform based on Ocropy tool and used to train Deep learning model for OCR. This platform is under license on Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 license: (http://dico-edit. ntealan.net)",
"type_str": "figure"
},
"FIGREF2": {
"num": null,
"uris": null,
"text": "Dictionaries management platform for managing multi-modal and multilingual lexicographical resources in African languages. This platform is under NTeALan's license: (https://ntealan.net/ dictionaries-platform)Unlike the two above-mentioned platforms, this is not an",
"type_str": "figure"
},
"FIGREF3": {
"num": null,
"uris": null,
"text": "Collaborative dictionaries for sharing multimodal and multilingual lexicographical resources in African languages. This platform is under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 license: (https://ntealan. net)",
"type_str": "figure"
},
"FIGREF4": {
"num": null,
"uris": null,
"text": "illustrates this data representation.",
"type_str": "figure"
},
"FIGREF5": {
"num": null,
"uris": null,
"text": "NTeALan dictionaries XML representation",
"type_str": "figure"
},
"FIGREF6": {
"num": null,
"uris": null,
"text": "Sample Xmlisation of nouns article mb\u0101 extracted from the Yemba-French dictionaryFigure 7: Sample Xmlisation of verbs article lebaka extracted from Yemba-French dictionary.",
"type_str": "figure"
},
"TABREF0": {
"content": "<table><tr><td>Operations</td><td>NTeALan's</td><td>Native</td><td>Scientific</td></tr><tr><td/><td>users</td><td>speakers</td><td>experts</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>commu-</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>nity</td><td/></tr><tr><td>manage dictionary</td><td>yes</td><td>no</td><td>yes</td></tr><tr><td>manage article</td><td>yes</td><td>yes</td><td>yes</td></tr><tr><td>validations</td><td>no</td><td>yes</td><td>yes</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">cultural media yes</td><td>yes</td><td>no</td></tr><tr><td>comments</td><td>yes</td><td>yes</td><td>yes</td></tr></table>",
"type_str": "table",
"html": null,
"num": null,
"text": "). The operations listed in table 3.1. are authorized in open access for each type of user."
},
"TABREF1": {
"content": "<table/>",
"type_str": "table",
"html": null,
"num": null,
"text": "Users' privileges for each operation in NTeALan's REST API This architecture is hosted at https://apis. ntealan.net/ntealan/dictionaries and is accessible under the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 license. The access rights, for each type of user, is described in table 3.1.."
},
"TABREF2": {
"content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Language resources Entries</td><td>Entries</td><td>Media</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>contrib.</td><td>contrib.</td></tr><tr><td>Bambara-French</td><td>11487</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Yemba-French</td><td>3031</td><td>2</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>Bassa-French</td><td>427</td><td>5</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Duala-French</td><td>191</td><td>5</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Ghomala-French</td><td>16</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Ngiemboon-French 3</td><td>2</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Fulfulde-French</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr></table>",
"type_str": "table",
"html": null,
"num": null,
"text": ".1. shows the current statistics on the resources managed by our API."
},
"TABREF3": {
"content": "<table/>",
"type_str": "table",
"html": null,
"num": null,
"text": "State of the art of NTeALan language resources currently saved in the REST API"
}
}
}
} |