query: when did the buffalo nickel stop being made

pos: Buffalo nickel In January 1938, the Mint announced an open competition for a new nickel design, to feature early President Thomas Jefferson on the obverse, and Jefferson's home, Monticello on the reverse. In April, Felix Schlag was announced as the winner. The last Buffalo nickels were struck in April 1938, at the Denver Mint, the only mint to strike them that year. On October 3, 1938, production of the Jefferson nickel began, and they were released into circulation on November 15. In a 1947 radio interview, Fraser discussed his design: The visage of the Indian which dominates Fraser's obverse design was a

pos: Nickel (United States coin) (with the originals Type I) actually decreased the die life. A problem not addressed was the exposure of the date to wear; many Buffalo nickels today have the date worn away. In January 1938, the Mint announced an open competition for a new nickel design, to feature early president Thomas Jefferson on the obverse, and Jefferson's home, Monticello on the reverse. The last Buffalo nickels were struck in April 1938 at the Denver Mint, the only mint to strike them that year. The identities of the models for the Native American on the obverse and for the bison on the

neg: Buffalo nickel Secretary's decision did not end the Hobbs Company efforts, as the firm appealed to President Taft. With only two weeks remaining in his term, the President was not minded to stop the new nickel (production of which had started on February 18) and MacVeagh wrote to Taft's secretary, Charles D. Hilles, "Certainly Hobbs got all the time and attention out of this administration that any administration could afford to give to one manufacturing corporation." Numismatic historian and coin dealer Q. David Bowers describes the Hobbs matter as "much ado about nothing from a company whose devices did not work well

neg: Hobo nickel Wiegand, known almost exclusively as Bert, began carving nickels in the teens, and his student George Washington Hughes, known as Bo, began carving in the late teens (and up to 1980). During this period, Buffalo nickels were the most common nickels in circulation. The 1940s, 1950s, 1960s and 1970s were a transitional period for hobo coin engravers, during which the Buffalo nickel was gradually replaced by the Jefferson nickel. Some veteran nickel carvers such as Bo and Bert continued making hobo nickels in the classic old style. Bo, in fact, did his best work in the early 1950s, when he

neg: Buffalo nickel they would be released into circulation by the end of the year. The Mint received orders from banks in anticipation of the "Washington nickel". However, the project was discontinued when Leach left office on November 1, 1909, to be replaced by Abram Andrew. Andrew was dissatisfied with the just-issued Lincoln cent, and considered seeking congressional authorization to replace the cent with a design by sculptor James Earle Fraser. While the change in the cent did not occur, according to numismatic historian Roger Burdette, "Fraser's enthusiasm eventually led to adoption of the Buffalo nickel in December 1912". On May 4, 1911,

neg: Nickel (United States coin) refers to it as "Indian Head or Buffalo".. When the Buffalo nickel had been struck for 25 years and could be replaced without an act of Congress, the Mint moved quickly to replace it. Although the Fraser design is popular today among numismatists, it did not enjoy that status in 1938, and there was no public outcry at the decision. In January 1938, the Mint announced an open competition for the new nickel design, with the winner to receive a prize of $1,000. Anticipating the 1943 bicentennial of Jefferson's birth, competitors were to place his portrait on the obverse, and

neg: Hobo nickel many ways. Even the buffalo on the reverse could be changed into another animal or a man with a backpack. Many talented coin engravers, as well as newcomers, started creating hobo nickels in 1913, when the Buffalo nickel entered circulation. This accounts for the quality and variety of engraving styles found on carved 1913 nickels. More classic old hobo nickels were made from 1913-dated nickels than any other pre-1930s date. Many artists made hobo nickels in the 1910s and 1920s, with new artists joining in as the years went by. The 1930s saw many talented artists adopting the medium. Bertram

neg: Buffalo nickel Fraser had moved on to other projects and was uninterested in revisiting the nickel. The thickness of the numerals in the date was gradually increased, making them more durable; however the problem was never addressed with complete success, and even many later-date Buffalo nickels have the date worn away. The Buffalo nickel saw minor changes to the design in 1916. The word "LIBERTY" was given more emphasis and moved slightly; however many Denver and San Francisco issues of the 1920s exhibit weak striking of the word, the Denver issue of 1926 especially; Bowers questions whether any change was made to

neg: Jefferson nickel Jefferson nickel The Jefferson nickel has been the five-cent coin struck by the United States Mint since 1938, when it replaced the Buffalo nickel. From 1938 until 2004, the copper-nickel coin's obverse featured a profile depiction of founding father and third U.S. President Thomas Jefferson by artist Felix Schlag; the obverse design used in 2005 was also in profile, though by Joe Fitzgerald. Since 2006 Jefferson's portrayal, newly designed by Jamie Franki, faces forward. The coin's reverse is still the Schlag original, although in 2004 and 2005 the piece bore commemorative designs. First struck in 1913, the Buffalo nickel had

neg: Buffalo nickel the bison at the Bronx Zoo. From its inception, the coin was referred to as the "Buffalo nickel", reflecting the American colloquialism for the North American bison. As the piece is 75% copper and 25% nickel, prominent numismatist Stuart Mosher objected to the nomenclature in the 1940s, writing that he was "uncertain why it is called a 'Buffalo nickel' although the name is preferable to 'Bison copper'". The numismatic publication with the greatest circulation, "Coin World", calls it an Indian head nickel, while R.S. Yeoman's "Red Book" refers to it as an "Indian Head or Buffalo type". In 2001, the

neg: Hubcap manufacturing to 1932. Pre-1915 hubcaps were all mostly made of brass that was nickel-plated. The 1920s hubcaps were mostly aluminum. Grease caps of the wire wheel brands such as Houk, Hayes, Frayer, Dayton, Buffalo, House, Phelps, Pasco, Rudge Whitworth, Budd, and Stewart are some of the hardest to find. When a customer went to buy the wire wheels, the make of the vehicle would be stamped in the center. During 1927 and 1928, the first snap-on center caps were being made on the wire wheels. After 1932, most every car had a snap-on style center cap on the middle of

neg: Buffalo nickel to Denver so they would not be wasted—no San Francisco Buffalo nickels were struck in 1938, but they were produced at Denver, and it was already known that a new design would be introduced. The 1938-D/S was the first repunched mintmark of any US coin to be discovered, causing great excitement among numismatists when the variety came to light in 1962. When the Buffalo nickel had been in circulation for the minimum 25 years, it was replaced with little discussion or protest. The problems of die life and weak striking had never been solved, and Mint officials advocated its replacement.

neg: Hollow Horn Bear Hunkpapa Lakota. At least one source speaks of his being on the buffalo nickel. However, the creator of the design for the coin, Janes Earle Frasier himself stated "Before the nickel was made I had done several portraits of Indians, among them Iron Tail, Two Moons, and one or two others, and probably got characteristics from those men in the head on the coins, but my purpose was not to make a portrait but a type." Hollow Horn Bear was featured on the 1970 to 1973 Series 692 Military Payment Certificate issued by the US Military. Hollow Horn Bear Hollow

neg: Buffalo nickel sources Buffalo nickel The Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel is a copper-nickel five-cent piece that was struck by the United States Mint from 1913 to 1938. It was designed by sculptor James Earle Fraser. As part of a drive to beautify the coinage, five denominations of US coins had received new designs between 1907 and 1909. In 1911, Taft administration officials decided to replace Charles E. Barber's Liberty Head design for the nickel, and commissioned Fraser to do the work. They were impressed by Fraser's designs showing a Native American and an American bison. The designs were approved in

neg: Buffalo nickel Buffalo nickel The Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel is a copper-nickel five-cent piece that was struck by the United States Mint from 1913 to 1938. It was designed by sculptor James Earle Fraser. As part of a drive to beautify the coinage, five denominations of US coins had received new designs between 1907 and 1909. In 1911, Taft administration officials decided to replace Charles E. Barber's Liberty Head design for the nickel, and commissioned Fraser to do the work. They were impressed by Fraser's designs showing a Native American and an American bison. The designs were approved in 1912,

neg: Buffalo nickel the belief that theirs is the one that adorns the nickel." According to Fraser, the animal that appears on the reverse is the American bison Black Diamond. In an interview published in the "New York Herald" on January 27, 1913, Fraser was quoted as saying that the animal, which he did not name, was a "typical and shaggy specimen" which he found at the Bronx Zoo. Fraser later wrote that the model "was not a plains buffalo, but none other than Black Diamond, the contrariest animal in the Bronx Zoo. I stood for hours ... He refused point blank to

neg: Buffalo nickel which ended with no agreement, Fraser sent MacVeagh a ten-page letter, complaining that his time was being wasted by the Hobbs Company, and appealing to the Secretary to bring the situation to a close. MacVeagh agreed to hold a meeting at his office in Washington on February 14. When the Hobbs Company requested permission to bring a lawyer, Fraser announced he would be doing the same. The Hobbs Company sought letters of support from the business community, with little success; Fraser's efforts to secure support from artists for his position were more fruitful. Barber prepared patterns showing what the nickel

neg: Buffalo nickel a reverse die (caused by the dies making contact with each other), accidentally removed or greatly weakened one of the animal's legs. By the time Mint inspectors discovered and condemned the die, thousands of pieces had been struck and mixed with other coins. Another variety is the 1938-D/S, caused by dies bearing an "S" mintmark being repunched with a "D" and used to strike coins at Denver. While the actual course of events is uncertain, Bowers is convinced that the variety was created because Buffalo nickel dies intended for the San Francisco mint were repunched with the "D" and sent

neg: Westfield, New York Juice Company has ties to this region. [citation needed] The New York State Thruway (Interstate 90), US 20, NY 5, and NY 394 pass through the town. CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern both have routes running through Westfield. CSX operates a double-track main on the former New York Central "Water Level Route", and Norfolk Southern operates over former Nickel Plate Road, later Norfolk and Western, trackage. Both routes come east out of Cleveland to Buffalo. Amtrak passes twice daily on CSX but does not stop. The closest stops are in Erie, to the west, and Buffalo-Depew, to the east. Westfield,

neg: Mint-made errors from intentional recycling of the die. An overmintmark occurs when a second mintmark is punched over an earlier mintmark following the transfer of a die from one mint to another. A well-known example is the 1900 Morgan silver dollar, when reverse dies with "CC" below the eagle were sent from the Carson City Mint to the New Orleans Mint, where they were given an "O". A similar case occurred in 1938, when a reverse die for the buffalo nickel was made for the San Francisco Mint, because that year only, the Denver Mint made these coins with a "D" punched

neg: Jefferson nickel by a lack of demand for coins in commerce due to poor economic conditions. Jefferson nickel The Jefferson nickel has been the five-cent coin struck by the United States Mint since 1938, when it replaced the Buffalo nickel. From 1938 until 2004, the copper-nickel coin's obverse featured a profile depiction of founding father and third U.S. President Thomas Jefferson by artist Felix Schlag; the obverse design used in 2005 was also in profile, though by Joe Fitzgerald. Since 2006 Jefferson's portrayal, newly designed by Jamie Franki, faces forward. The coin's reverse is still the Schlag original, although in 2004 and

neg: American Buffalo (coin) a mintage limit of up to 300,000 coins. The design of the American Buffalo gold bullion coin is a modified version of James Earle Fraser's design for the Indian Head nickel (Type 1), issued in early 1913. After a raised mound of dirt below the animal on the reverse was reduced, the Type 2 variation continued to be minted for the rest of 1913 and every year until 1938, except for 1922, 1932, and 1933 when no nickels were struck. Generally, Fraser's Indian Head nickel design is regarded as among the best designs of any U.S. coins. The same design

neg: Flying Hawk a popular subject for professional photographers who circulated his image across the continents. Iron Tail is notable in American history for his distinctive profile on the Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel of 1913 to 1938. "When Chief Iron Tail was finished with greeting the long line of judges, bankers, lawyers, business men and neighbors who filed past in a receiving line just as the President is obliged to receive and shake the hands of multitude of strangers who call on New Years, the chief grasped hold of the fine buffalo robe which had been thrown over a porch bench

neg: First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park The visitor's center consists of a main hall describing Native American buffalo culture and how buffalo hunts were organized, a room displaying archeological finds from the site, a gift shop, and restrooms. A picnic area is adjacent to the visitor center. The fields nearby are also available for use by the public. Visitors can see a stuffed bison bull, cow, and calf; a life-size tipi made of buffalo hides; and a mural depicting the surrounding landscape. The importance of bison in modern culture is also emphasized, and visitors can view a buffalo nickel coin and a football helmet adorned with

neg: Buffalo nickel recall." In 1938, Fraser stated that the three Indians had been "Iron Tail, a Sioux, Big Tree, a Kiowa, and Two Moons, a Cheyenne". Despite the sculptor's efforts, he (and the Mint) continued to receive inquiries about the identity of the Indian model until his 1953 death. Nevertheless, John Big Tree, a Seneca, claimed to be a model for Fraser's coin, and made many public appearances as the "nickel Indian" until his 1967 death at the age of 90 (though he sometimes alleged he was over 100 years of age). Big Tree was identified as the model for the nickel

neg: Nickel Plate 763 The cost of 763's restoration will cost more than $1,000,000. Nickel Plate 763 Nickel Plate Road No. 763 is a 2-8-4 S-2 Class Berkshire locomotive. It was built in August 1944 by the Lima Locomotive Works in Lima, Ohio, as the ninth engine of its class. It is a high powered fast freight locomotive that carried perishiables between Chicago and Buffalo, New York. 763 was retired from service on the NKP and is currently awaiting restoration at the Age of Steam Roundhouse Nickel Plate 763's career consisted of pulling fast freights of perishables between Chicago and Buffalo. Pulling trains at

neg: Nickel Plate 763 Nickel Plate 763 Nickel Plate Road No. 763 is a 2-8-4 S-2 Class Berkshire locomotive. It was built in August 1944 by the Lima Locomotive Works in Lima, Ohio, as the ninth engine of its class. It is a high powered fast freight locomotive that carried perishiables between Chicago and Buffalo, New York. 763 was retired from service on the NKP and is currently awaiting restoration at the Age of Steam Roundhouse Nickel Plate 763's career consisted of pulling fast freights of perishables between Chicago and Buffalo. Pulling trains at up to 70 MPH, these engines gained their reputation as

neg: PowerGenix near Portland, OR serves as corporate headquarters and UPS solutions design and manufacturing. The two China locations provide nickel-zinc battery design, development, testing and high volume battery manufacturing operations. As of 2018, ZincFive has commercially available products using nickel-zinc batteries in the intelligent transportation and mission critical IT/data center markets in the form of uninterruptible power supplies. Also available is nickel-zinc batteries for stationary, motive and start-stop applications. PowerGenix PowerGenix, was a San Diego-based company developing and manufacturing Nickel-zinc (NiZn) rechargeable batteries, prior to being acquired by ZincFive, Inc. in 2016. ZincFive manufacturers cell and monobloc nickel-zinc batteries and is

neg: Buffalo nickel composite of several Native Americans. Breen noted (before the advent of the Sacagawea dollar) that Fraser's design was the second and last US coin design to feature a realistic portrait of an Indian, after Bela Pratt's 1908 design for the half eagle and quarter eagle. The identity of the Indians whom Fraser used as models is somewhat uncertain, as Fraser told various and not always consistent stories during the forty years he lived after designing the nickel. In December 1913, he wrote to Mint Director Roberts that "<nowiki>[b]</nowiki>efore the nickel was made I had done several portraits of Indians, among

neg: Nickel defense not the only adjustment that can be made. Bill Arnsparger would often remove linebackers from a 3–4 to create nickel and dime sets, replacing them with defensive backs. Nickel defense In American football, a nickel defense (also known as a 4–2–5 or 3–3–5) is any defensive alignment that uses five defensive backs, of whom the fifth is known as a nickelback. The original and most common form of the nickel defense features four down linemen and two linebackers. Because the traditional 4–2 form preserves the defense's ability to stop an opponent's running game, it has remained more popular than its

neg: Show Indians the most famous Native American celebrities of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and a popular subject for professional photographers who circulated his image across the continents. Iron Tail is notable in American history for his distinctive profile on the Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel of 1913 to 1938. Chief Iron Tail was an international personality and appeared as the lead with Buffalo Bill at the Champs-Élysées in Paris, France and the Colosseum in Rome, Italy. In France, as in England, Buffalo Bill and Iron Tail were feted by the aristocracy. Iron Tail was one of Buffalo Bill’s

neg: Liberty Head nickel change was made to the Buffalo design in an attempt to satisfy the Hobbs Company, which promptly provided a lengthy list of changes it wanted made to the coin. On February 15, 1913, with less than three weeks until he would have to leave office on the advent of the Wilson administration, McVeagh wrote to Roberts, noting that no other vending or slot machine maker had complained about the new design. The Secretary concluded that everything possible had been done to satisfy the Hobbs Company, and ordered the new nickel put into production. The first information that a 1913 Liberty

neg: Garryowen, Montana The property is home to Wellknown Buffalo Coffee Shop, Buffalo Nickel Thrift Store, a community enterprise selling recycled clothing and housewares, and Crow Voices Community Radio, the first radio station on the reservation. Three of the buildings are hybrid straw bale constructed buildings and a demonstration alternative energy "earth lodge" is in the process of being completed. Center Pole's Executive Director Peggy Wellknown Buffalo is a Petra Fellow (www.petrafoundation.org) and an Unsung Hero of Compassion (www.newunsungheros.org) and blessed as such by the Dalai Lama in 2014. More information can be found at www.thecenterpole.org. Henry Real Bird of Garryowen was appointed

neg: Buffalo nickel be changed until they had been in use 25 years, unless Congress authorized the change. The act made the current five-cent piece and silver dollar exceptions to the twenty-five year rule; they were made eligible for immediate redesign. However, the Mint continued to strike the Liberty Head nickel in large numbers through the first decade of the 20th century. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904 expressed his dissatisfaction with the artistic state of the American coinage, and hoped to hire sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens to redesign all the coins. Constrained by the 1890 act, the Mint only hired Saint-Gaudens to redesign the

neg: Buffalo nickel but were delayed several months because of objections from the Hobbs Manufacturing Company, which made mechanisms to detect slugs in nickel-operated machines. The company was not satisfied by changes made in the coin by Fraser, and in February 1913, Treasury Secretary Franklin MacVeagh decided to issue the coins despite the objections. Despite attempts by the Mint to adjust the design, the coins proved to strike indistinctly, and to be subject to wear—the dates were easily worn away in circulation. In 1938, after the expiration of the minimum 25-year period during which the design could not be replaced without congressional authorization,

neg: PowerGenix PowerGenix PowerGenix, was a San Diego-based company developing and manufacturing Nickel-zinc (NiZn) rechargeable batteries, prior to being acquired by ZincFive, Inc. in 2016. ZincFive manufacturers cell and monobloc nickel-zinc batteries and is the world leader in innovation and delivery of nickel-zinc battery-based uninterruptible power supplies for mission critical applications in Data Centers and Intelligent Transportation and offer batteries for stationary, motive and start-stop applications. With 95 patents awarded, ZincFive leverages nickel-zinc chemistry within its solutions to provide high power density and performance simultaneous with superior safety and environmental advantages. ZincFive has global operations in the US and China. The location

neg: Buffalo nickel it was replaced by the Jefferson nickel, designed by Felix Schlag. Fraser's design is admired today, and has been used on commemorative coins and the gold American Buffalo series. In 1883, the Liberty Head nickel was issued, featuring designs by Mint Engraver Charles E. Barber. After the coin was released, it was modified to add the word "CENTS" to the reverse because the similarity in size with the half eagle allowed criminals to gild the new nickels and pass them as five dollar coins. An Act of Congress, passed into law on September 26, 1890 required that coinage designs not

neg: Iron Tail in "new phases for the Sioux." Early in the twentieth century, Iron Tail's distinctive profile became well known across the United States as one of three models for the five-cent coin Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel. The popular coin was introduced in 1913 and showcases the native beauty of the American West. Bee Ho Gray, the famous Wild West performer, accompanied Chief Iron Tail to act as an interpreter and guide to Washington D.C. and New York where Iron Tail modeled for sculptor James Earle Fraser as he worked on designs for the new Buffalo nickel. Iron Tail was

neg: Liberty Head nickel By some accounts, Tatum could not have misrepresented the value of the coin as he was a deaf-mute. The plating of the nickels caused consternation at the Mint, and brought production of Liberty Head nickels to a sudden stop. Barber was told to modify his design, which he did, moving other design elements to accommodate the word "cents" at the bottom of the reverse design. The revised nickel was issued on June 26, 1883, the date on which production of the Shield nickel was finally stopped. The public responded by hoarding the "centless" nickels, egged on by reports that the

neg: Nickel defense Nickel defense In American football, a nickel defense (also known as a 4–2–5 or 3–3–5) is any defensive alignment that uses five defensive backs, of whom the fifth is known as a nickelback. The original and most common form of the nickel defense features four down linemen and two linebackers. Because the traditional 4–2 form preserves the defense's ability to stop an opponent's running game, it has remained more popular than its variants, to the extent that even when another formation technically falls within the "nickel" definition, coaches and analysts will refer to it by a more specific designation ("e.g.",

neg: Nickel Plate Limited remnants of the Nickel Plate's passenger service. Nickel Plate Limited The Nickel Plate Limited, later known as the City of Cleveland and City of Chicago, was a passenger train operated by the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (Nickel Plate) between Chicago and Buffalo, New York via Cleveland, Ohio, with through service to Hoboken, New Jersey (for New York City) via the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. The Nickel Plate bestowed the name "Nickel Plate Limited" on an existing (unnamed) Chicago-New York service in April 1929. It was the first named Nickel Plate train since 1906. The Nickel Plate

neg: Liberty Head nickel The Mint's records show no production of 1913 Liberty head nickels, and none were authorized to be made. Dies were prepared in advance and sent to California for a 1913-S Liberty Head nickel coinage, but upon Roberts's instruction to stop coinage, they were ordered returned to Philadelphia. They were received by December 23, and were almost certainly destroyed routinely by early January. Brown had been an employee at the Philadelphia Mint (although this was not known until 1963) and many theories focus suspicion on him. Online sources Liberty Head nickel The Liberty Head nickel, sometimes referred to as the V

neg: Buffalo nickel points on the coin most subject to wear, and Landis feared the value on the coin would be worn away. Barber made proposed revisions, which Fraser approved after being sent samples. These changes enlarged the legend "FIVE CENTS" and changed the ground on which the bison stands from a hill to flat ground. According to data compiled by numismatic historian David Lange from the National Archives, the changes to what are known as Type II nickels (with the originals Type I) actually decreased the die life. The new Treasury Secretary, William G. McAdoo, wanted further changes in the coin, but

neg: Nickel–metal hydride battery One method is to monitor the change of voltage with time. When the battery is fully charged, the voltage across its terminals drops slightly. The charger can detect this and stop charging. This method is often used with nickel–cadmium cells, which display a large voltage drop at full charge. However, the voltage drop is much less pronounced for NiMH and can be non-existent at low charge rates, which can make the approach unreliable. Another option is to monitor the change of voltage with respect to time and stop when this becomes zero, but this risks premature cutoffs. With this method,

neg: Hobo nickel covers about one-sixth of the area. On the Buffalo nickel, the Native American's head occupies about five-sixths of the area. Moreover, the nickel is a larger coin. Large heads also adorn the Morgan dollar and the Columbian half dollar commemoratives of 1892-93, but these coins were rarely altered due to their high value. Another factor contributing to the Buffalo nickel's popularity was the sex of the subject. Nearly all previous coins had depicted women (Liberty head nickels, Indian head cents, Barber and Morgan silver dollars). A male head has larger, coarser features (nose, chin, brow) that can be altered in

neg: Dunkirk, New York service in Dunkirk is provided by CSX Transportation (via the Buffalo-Cleveland-Willard (Ohio)-Chicago Main Line) and Norfolk Southern Railway (Buffalo-Cleveland-Fort Wayne-Chicago Main Line). The "Lake Shore Limited" daily Amtrak train passes through the city, but it does not stop in it. As recently as 1965 the New York Central operated a New York City-Cleveland daytime train, "Empire State Express," that made a stop westbound in Dunkirk. Two other daily trains eastbound stopped in Dunkirk. In the late 1990s the rail carrier considered adding the city as a stop between Buffalo and Erie. Dunkirk was listed as a stop with service "to

neg: Nickel Plate Limited Nickel Plate Limited The Nickel Plate Limited, later known as the City of Cleveland and City of Chicago, was a passenger train operated by the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (Nickel Plate) between Chicago and Buffalo, New York via Cleveland, Ohio, with through service to Hoboken, New Jersey (for New York City) via the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. The Nickel Plate bestowed the name "Nickel Plate Limited" on an existing (unnamed) Chicago-New York service in April 1929. It was the first named Nickel Plate train since 1906. The Nickel Plate also added Pullman club cars and sleepers

neg: When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You hid".."If you loved me with all of your heart/You'd never take a million dollars to part". He would use the instrumental of this song as both an instrumental track (with several Gaye ad-libs) and as the reprise of the album to end it. The song served as the template for Daryl Hall's song "Stop Loving Me, Stop Loving You," from his 1993 solo album, "Soul Alone." After being played the song by a friend and thinking it was an unreleased bootleg, Hall reworked the tune as a standard-structured R&B/pop song. When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop

neg: Buffalo nickel gave the new coin a lukewarm review, suggesting that the Indian's head be reduced in size and the bison be eliminated from the reverse. With the coin now in production, Barber monitored the rate at which dies were expended, as it was the responsibility of his Engraver's Department to supply all three mints with working dies. On March 11, 1913, he wrote to Landis that the dies were being used up three times faster than with the Liberty Head nickel. His department was straining to produce enough new dies to meet production. In addition, the date and denomination were the

neg: Buffalo nickel Taft administration. In addition to the $2,500 agreed upon, Fraser received $666.15 (US$ with inflation) for extra work and expenses through February 14. The coins were officially released to circulation on March 4, 1913, and quickly gained positive comments as depicting truly American themes. However, "The New York Times" stated in an editorial that "The new 'nickel' is a striking example of what a coin intended for wide circulation should not be ...<nowiki>[it]</nowiki> is not pleasing to look at when new and shiny, and will be an abomination when old and dull." "The Numismatist", in March and May 1913 editorials,

neg: Bison hunting and blessing burial sites. Though buffalo were being slaughtered in masses, many Indians perceived the buffalo as part of the natural world—something guaranteed to them by the Creator. In fact, for some Plains indigenous peoples, buffalo are known as the first people. Many Indians did not grasp the concept of species extinction. Thus, when the buffalo began to disappear in great numbers, it was particularly harrowing to the Indians. As Crow Chief Plenty Coups described it: "When the buffalo went away the hearts of my people fell to the ground, and they could not lift them up again. After this

neg: Castleton, Indianapolis and Keystone at the Crossing. Originally a stop on the Nickel Plate railroad (at what is now 82nd Street), Castleton was founded as a small village in Marion County in 1843, when the Rev. James T. Wright bought the land on which the heart of Castleton now stands. Wright organized what is now the Castleton United Methodist Church. The town was the last to be plotted in Lawrence township in 1852. However, because of the Nickel Plate railroad stop, the town gained in population through the remainder of the 19th century. In the latter part of the 20th century, especially

neg: Nickel (United States coin) from 1866 until 1883, then was replaced by the Liberty Head nickel. The Buffalo nickel was introduced in 1913 as part of a drive to increase the beauty of American coinage; in 1938, the Jefferson nickel followed. In 2004 and 2005, special designs in honor of the bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition were issued. In 2006, the Mint reverted to using Jefferson nickel designer Felix Schlag's original reverse (or "tails" side), although a new obverse, by Jamie Franki, was substituted. As of the end of FY 2013, it cost more than nine cents to produce a nickel; the

neg: Nickel titanium rotary file in dentistry is a common practice. The main components of a rotary NiTi file are tip size, taper, flutes, helix angle and measuring stop. There can be other features such as redial lands and measuring lines incorporated in some designs. Separation of Niti rotary files happens due to torsional failure, cyclic fatigue or the combination of both in clinical practice. It has been found that the decision to discard a rotary file after being used with regard to prevention of file separation is dependent on operator's skills and judgment. Nickel titanium rotary file A nickel titanium (NiTi) rotary file is

neg: YouTube paid subscription. On January 16, 2018, the eligibility requirement for monetization was changed to 4,000 hours of watchtime within the past 12 months and 1,000 subscribers. The move was seen as an attempt to ensure that videos being monetized did not lead to controversy, but was criticized for penalizing smaller YouTube channels. YouTube Play Buttons, a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards, are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels. The trophies made of nickel plated copper-nickel alloy, golden plated brass, silver plated metal and ruby are given to channels with at least one hundred thousand, a million,

neg: American Buffalo (play) Fletcher was mugged by some Mexicans and is in a hospital, but when Don calls the hospital, they have no record of his admission. Bob claims that he must have been mistaken about the name of the hospital, but the suspicious Teach strikes him on the head with a metal object. Another friend calls, corroborating Bob's story and naming the correct hospital. Don calls the hospital and confirms that Fletcher has been admitted with a broken jaw. Bob confesses that he made up the story about the customer leaving with a suitcase, and that he bought the second nickel from

neg: Nickel compounds additive to suppress smoke, as a rubber catalyst and as an oil additive. When Nickel benzoate is heated in a vacuum, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, benzene, benzoic acid, phenol, biphenyl, nickel, nickel oxide, and nickel carbide are formed. It can crystallise as anhydrous, a trihydrate or a tetrahydrate. Nickel terephthalate can be made by a double decomposition of sodium terephthalate and nickel nitrate. Nickel terephthalate precipitates. Its solubility is 0.38 g/100g water at 25 °C. In ammonium hydroxide a violet solution forms. Boiling acetic acid converts the nickel to nickel acetate. The terephthalate converts to a basic salt when boiled

neg: American Buffalo (play) who is late. Teach tells Don that Fletcher is a liar and a cheater at cards, and prepares to go commit the burglary on his own. Don is trying to persuade him not to take his gun with him when Bob appears at the store. He attempts to sell Don a buffalo nickel, similar to the one Don had sold the customer. When asked where he got the coin, Bob is evasive. Teach suspects that Bob and Fletcher have organized and completed their own burglary behind Don and Teach's backs. He asks Bob where Fletcher is. Bob tells him that

neg: John DiGiorgio when London Fletcher departed for Washington after the season, it gave DiGiorgio a chance to compete for the starting job. DiGiorgio had a big year for the Bills in 2007. He played in all 16 games—the final 13 as a starter at middle linebacker—and was second on the team with 113 tackles. John took full advantage of Paul Posluszny's injury, and filled in as the middle linebacker in the 2007 season. As John filled in for the injured starting linebacker he did an exceptional job. His "blue-collar" work-ethics made him the 2007 Buffalo fan favorite. With Buffalo being a predominate

neg: Solid oxide fuel cell must conduct electrons, with ionic conductivity a definite asset. The most common material used is a cermet made up of nickel mixed with the ceramic material that is used for the electrolyte in that particular cell, typically YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia) nanomaterial-based catalysts, this YSZ part helps stop the grain growth of nickel. Larger grains of nickel would reduce the contact area that ions can be conducted through, which would lower the cells efficiency. The anode is commonly the thickest and strongest layer in each individual cell, because it has the smallest polarization losses, and is often the layer that

neg: Nickel compounds negative with refractive indexes ω=1.552 ε=1.509. When heated it dehydrates and then ends up making nickel oxide and nickel sulfate. Nickel thiosulfate NiSO has the same structure as the magnesium salt. It has alternating layers of octahedral shaped nickel hexahydrate, and tetrahedral shaped SO perpendicular to the β direction. When heated to 90 °C it decomposes to form NiS. NiSO can be made from BaSO and NiSO. Nickel sulfamate can be used for nickel or mixed nickel-tungsten plating. It can be formed by the action of sulfamic acid on nickel carbonate. Nickel selenite NiSeO has many different hydrates, anhydrous NiSeO•HO,

neg: CFP franc meaning it is completely made of nickel till 2005 then copper nickel. The 100 Franc is made of nickel bronze till 2005, and from 2006 copper, nickel, and aluminum. The IEOM began issuing banknotes in New Hebrides in 1965, and in New Caledonia and French Polynesia in 1969. On 1 October 1986, a new banknote, the 10,000 francs, was introduced which did not bear any distinguishing mark and was common to both French Polynesia and New Caledonia. These were followed, between 1992 and 1995, by 500, 1000 and 5000 franc notes for all of the French Pacific Territories. The overall

neg: John Joseph Bernet John was not able to perform the craft as well as his father had hoped. When the blacksmithing apprenticeship didn't work out, Bernet learned telegraphy and was hired in 1889 on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. He worked his way up through various positions with the railroad to eventually become a Vice President for New York Central Railroad where he was in charge of the lines west of Buffalo. Soon after the Van Sweringen Brothers purchased the Nickel Plate Road from the New York Central, Bernet was asked to lead the Nickel Plate in 1916. By the time

neg: Hobo nickel this time period, hobo-style coin alteration could be found outside the United States, primarily in Britain, France, and South Africa. When the Indian Head, or Buffalo nickel, was introduced in 1913, it became popular among coin engravers. The big Native American head was a radical departure from previous designs and would not be seen on any subsequent coins. The large, thick profile gave the artists a larger template to work on and allowed for finer detail. On earlier coins, the head was much smaller in relation to the size of the coin. For example, on a Lincoln cent, the head

neg: Buffalo nickel his firm was the manufacturer of a device which would detect counterfeit nickels inserted into vending machines with complete accuracy. Discussions continued for most of the rest of 1912, with Hobbs demanding various changes to the design, to which the artist was reluctant to agree. When in December 1912, the Hobbs Company submitted a modified design for the nickel, MacVeagh strongly opposed it. On December 18, Roberts officially approved Fraser's design, and the sculptor was authorized to complete and perfect the design, after which he would be paid $2,500 (US$ with inflation) for his work. On January 7, 1913, Fraser's

neg: Nickel Plate 759 for steam powered fan trips hosted by Rowland's High Iron Company. 759 was taken to the Norfolk & Western Railroad's former Nickel Plate roundhouse in Conneaut, OH, the same place the 759 was last serviced. After a short restoration and subsequent testing, 759 pulled its first excursion for the High Iron Company on August 30, 1968 when she pulled a 15 car excursion to Buffalo, New York. In 1969, 759 was painted blue and gold for a special train celebrating the 100th anniversary of the driving of the golden spike. This train, dubbed the Golden Spike Centennial Limited, would take

neg: Three-cent nickel and gold. With cents from the Philadelphia Mint selling at a premium, many private token issues were issued in 1863, and passed as cents in commerce. Mint officials took notice that the tokens, often made of bronze rather than the copper-nickel alloy then being used in the cent, were not hoarded and began to consider issuing bronze coins. When Pollock proposed legislation for bronze one-, two-, and three-cent pieces, it was opposed by industrialist Joseph Wharton, owner of the major source of nickel in the United States at the time, a mine at Gap, Pennsylvania. Pollock's bill, as introduced, provided

neg: James Washington role of free safety (9 starts) and finish tied for the team lead with 3 interceptions. In Super Bowl XXVII against the Buffalo Bills, he made an interception in the first quarter, that resulted in the first Cowboys touchdown and began a turnover fest-a Super Bowl record nine. Washington lost his starting spot during the 1993 training camp, because of the emergence of second year safety Darren Woodson. Throughout the season, Washington was a reserve and a nickel defensive back. In Super Bowl XXVIII the Buffalo Bills ran a three receiver single back formation and the Cowboys base defense most

neg: Mint-made errors provide a more complete list. A doubled die occurs when a die receives an additional, misaligned impression from the hub. Overdate coins such as the 1942/1 Mercury dime and 1918/7 buffalo nickel are also doubled dies. They are both listed in the CONECA files as class III doubled dies. Class III means the die was hubbed with different "designs" (or hubs that had different dates). They are not repunched dates, since the dates were punched onto the hub. Dies can crack during use producing jaggeds, raised lines on the surface of subsequently struck coins. In U.S. coinage, many Morgan dollar

neg: Buffalo crime family Todaro Jr. never retired to run his pizza business as reported by the "Buffalo News". "The Star" reports:"Todaro runs a highly successful pizzeria in Buffalo and, last year, in an article on the demise of the Buffalo Mafia in the Buffalo News, Todaro is quoted saying he works seven days a week at his restaurant, just as his father did.""“I’m not going to comment” on organized crime questions, he said, according to the newspaper, “but if you want a great recipe for cheese and pepperoni, I’ll tell you.”"Second, Dominico Violi made history by being the first Canadian to ever hold

neg: Matt Miller (right-handed pitcher) began the season on the disabled list with a right forearm strain. When he returned May 9, he was optioned to Buffalo and made 14 appearances for the Bisons before he was recalled to Cleveland June 10, when Jeremy Sowers was sent down to Buffalo. He made only two appearances for the Indians and was returned to Buffalo to make room on the roster for Jason Stanford who was inserted into the starting rotation in place of the ineffective Sowers. After the 2007 season, Miller signed with the Boston Red Sox, but did not appear in a game for their

neg: Nickel(II) oxide Nickel(II) oxide Nickel(II) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula . It is notable as being the only well-characterized oxide of nickel (although nickel(III) oxide, and have been claimed). The mineralogical form of , bunsenite, is very rare. It is classified as a basic metal oxide. Several million kilograms are produced in varying quality annually, mainly as an intermediate in the production of nickel alloys. can be prepared by multiple methods. Upon heating above 400 °C, nickel powder reacts with oxygen to give . In some commercial processes, green nickel oxide is made by heating a mixture of nickel

neg: Manicani Island violently dispersed by police. In June 2012 one of Nickle Asia's other subsidiaries, Samar Nickel Resource Corp, filed criminal charges when members of an anti-mining group blockaded the port to stop delivery of a vehicle meant to transport schoolchildren around the island. Open pit nickel mine mining, like the one used on Manicani has been outlawed in many countries due to the devastating ecological effects. “Manicani Island nickel mining has reduced the amount of land available to farmers and siltation into the ocean has adversely impacted fishing; before mining, agriculture and aquaculture could sustain the people of Manicani Island but

neg: Nickel compounds NiSeO•HO, NiSeO•2HO (which is also a mineral called ahlfeldite), and NiSeO•4HO. Nickel nitrate commonly crystallises with six water molecules, but can also be anhydrous, or with two, four or nine waters. triphenylphosphine oxide nickel nitrate [(CH)PO]Ni(NO) is non ionic, with nitrato as a ligand. It can be made from nickel perchlorate. It is yellow and melts at 266 °C. Nickel carbonate NiCO•6HO, hellyerite, crystallising with six water molecules, precipitates when an alkali bicarbonate is added to a Ni aqueous solution. Basic nickel carbonate, zaratite, with the formula NiCO(OH)(HO), is produced when alkali carbonates are added to a nickel solution. Nickel

neg: American Buffalo (coin) buffalo's lower back and the device UNITED·STATES·OF·AMERICA along the top. Differences that can be noted between the nickel and the fifty dollar piece are, on the gold American Buffalo coin the mound area of the reverse of the Indian Head nickel bearing the words, "FIVE CENTS", has been changed to read "$50 1 OZ. .9999 FINE GOLD". Also, the motto, "IN GOD WE TRUST", appearing on all U.S. gold coins since 1908, can be seen on the reverse of the newer coin to the left of, and beneath, the buffalo's head. The U.S. Mint has indicated an expansion of the

neg: Buffalo nickel Fraser to design a new nickel. Official approval was slow in coming; it was not until January 1912 that MacVeagh asked Roberts to inform Fraser that he had been commissioned. MacVeagh wrote, "Tell him that of the three sketches which he submitted we would like to use the sketch of the head of the Indian and the sketch of the buffalo." Roberts transmitted the news, then followed up with a long list of instructions to the sculptor, in which he noted, "The motto, 'In God We Trust', is not required upon this coin and I presume we are agreed that

neg: Iron Tail Iron Tail Iron Tail (Oglala Lakota: "Siŋté Máza" in Standard Lakota Orthography) (1842 – May 29, 1916) was an Oglala Lakota Chief and a star performer with Buffalo Bill's Wild West. Iron Tail was one of the most famous Native American celebrities of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and a popular subject for professional photographers who circulated his image across the continents. Iron Tail is notable in American history for his distinctive profile on the Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel of 1913 to 1938. "Siŋté Máza" was the chief's tribal name. Asked why the white people call

neg: Buffalo Bills nickel gray was introduced as an accent color. Both the blue and white jerseys featured red side panels. The white jerseys included a dark blue shoulder yoke and royal blue numbers. The helmet remained primarily red with one navy blue, two nickel, two royal blue, two white stripes, and white face mask. A new logo, a stylized "B" consisting of two bullets and a more detailed buffalo head on top, was proposed and had been released (it can be seen on a few baseball caps that were released for sale), but fan backlash led to the team retaining the running

neg: Nickel(II) oxide was observed in the 2-year studies. Nickel(II) oxide Nickel(II) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula . It is notable as being the only well-characterized oxide of nickel (although nickel(III) oxide, and have been claimed). The mineralogical form of , bunsenite, is very rare. It is classified as a basic metal oxide. Several million kilograms are produced in varying quality annually, mainly as an intermediate in the production of nickel alloys. can be prepared by multiple methods. Upon heating above 400 °C, nickel powder reacts with oxygen to give . In some commercial processes, green nickel oxide is made

neg: Nickel pig iron applications, the most important being the production of stainless steel, representing about two thirds of nickel use. Nickel pig iron is made of low-grade nickel ore, coking coal, and a mixture of gravel and sand as an aggregate. This mixture is heated in either a blast furnace or an electric arc furnace depending on the desired grade. Impurities are then removed via smelting and sintering processes and the resulting nickel pig iron contains four to 13 percent pure nickel. According to Canadian Sudbury nickel pig iron equals "dirty nickel", because the production process is not environmentally friendly, the carbon dioxide

neg: Fluorochemical industry layer that resists further attack. Passivated steel will withstand fluorine provided the temperature is kept below 200 °C (400 °F). Above that temperature, nickel is required. Regulator valves are made of nickel. Fluorine piping is generally made of nickel or Monel (nickel-copper alloy). Care must be taken to passivate all surfaces frequently and to exclude any water or greases. In the laboratory, fluorine gas can be used in glass tubing provided the pressure is low and moisture is excluded, although some sources recommend systems made of nickel, Monel, and PTFE. In 1986, when preparing for a conference to celebrate the

neg: Nickel Trophy (Student Government after their Blue Key Chapter dissolved) administered the annual awarding. It is an oversized 75-pound replica of the James Earle Fraser-designed U.S. buffalo nickel with a buffalo on one side representing NDSU Bison and a Native American head on the other side representing UND, who were known as the Fighting Sioux until 2012. Fraser, best known for his sculpture, "The End of The Trail", was born in Winona, MN and lived for a time in Dakota Territory. The coin-shaped trophy's "mint" date is 1937, the year the trophy was created. Jack Sather, a native of New England, ND,

neg: New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad The New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad , abbreviated NYC&St.L, was a railroad that operated in the mid-central United States. Commonly referred to as the Nickel Plate Road, the railroad served a large area, including trackage in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. Its primary connections included Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Indianapolis, St. Louis, and Toledo. The Nickel Plate Railroad was constructed in 1881 along the South Shore of the Great Lakes connecting Buffalo and Chicago to compete with the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. In

neg: Type set piece, three-cent piece, twenty-cent piece and all gold coins. Designs were changed for a variety of reasons - historical, political, cultural, and as a reaction to public opinion. The Standing Liberty Quarter first minted in 1916 was immediately redesigned when it was noted that Liberty's breast was visible. This change created a separate design. The Indian Head nickel (Buffalo) appeared in 1913 but the "FIVE CENTS" began wearing away. The coin was immediately changed to lower the buffalo mound. In 1837, the dime was minted without stars drawing outrage and the offending stars were immediately returned. The denomination "FIVE CENTS"

neg: Tin whistle made of brass tubing, or nickel plated brass tubing, with a plastic fipple (mouthpiece). Generation, Feadóg, Oak, Acorn, Soodlum's (now Walton's), and other brands fall in this category. The next most common form is the conical sheet metal whistle with a wooden stop in the wide end to form the fipple, the Clarke's brand being the most prevalent. Other less common variants are the all-metal whistle, the PVC whistle, the Flanna square holed whistle, and the wooden whistle. Gaining popularity as a folk instrument in the early 19th century in the Celtic music revivals, penny whistles now play an integral

neg: Maurice Douglass recurred during the season. He had performed well as the nickel back as a Giant. However, in October, he fractured his left fibula and was out for the rest of 1995 NFL season. Douglass appeared to be a likely roster cut during the 1996 Giants training camp final selection of its 53-man roster of players, but he made the final roster cut. In the second game of the 1996 NFL season, he made a fourth-and-one goalline stop against the Cowboys. Later that season, he scored his only career touchdown when he intercepted a Scott Mitchell pass and returned it 32

neg: Nickel (United States coin) a bison at the Bronx Zoo. However, Black Diamond was never at the Bronx Zoo, but instead lived at the Central Park Zoo (both facilities are in New York City) until the animal was sold and slaughtered in 1915. The placement of the horns on the still-extant mounted head of Black Diamond differs from that of the bison on the nickel. From its inception, the coin was referred to as the "Buffalo nickel", reflecting the common name for the bison. The numismatic publication with the greatest circulation, "Coin World", calls it an Indian head nickel, while R.S. Yeoman's "Red Book"

neg: Nickel Plate Limited to compete with New York Central Railroad service (such as the "Forest City") over the same route. The DL&W's "New York Mail" handled eastbound through cars between Buffalo and New York while the "Phoebe Snow" handled cars westbound. In 1954 the Nickel Plate renamed the train: the westbound train became the "City of Chicago" while the eastbound train became the "City of Cleveland." Through service to Hoboken ended in 1959. Both trains survived the Nickel Plate itself: service ended on September 10, 1965, a year after the Nickel Plate's merger with the Norfolk and Western Railway. They were the final

neg: Jefferson nickel were struck in a copper-silver-manganese alloy which would not require adjustment to vending machines. They bear a large mint mark above the depiction of Monticello on the reverse. In 2004 and 2005, the nickel saw new designs as part of the Westward Journey nickel series, and since 2006 has borne Schlag's reverse and Franki's obverse. The design for the Buffalo nickel is well regarded today, and has appeared both on a commemorative silver dollar and a bullion coin. However, during the time it was struck (1913–1938), it was less well liked, especially by Mint authorities, whose attempts to bring out

neg: Nickel pig iron emissions being particularly high. China had imported most of the nickel containing ore from Indonesia and the Philippines, but as of Jan 2014 Indonesia has banned the export of ore. China imported 53 percent of the nickel ore from Indonesia in 2011. While China is credited with the invention of NPI there are reports that NPI has been around for more than 100 years but it was the Chinese who successfully made the production commercially viable. Nickel pig iron Nickel pig iron (NPI) is a low grade ferronickel invented in China as a cheaper alternative to pure nickel for the

neg: Nickel compounds exists as an intermediate and the final result is that solid nickel, nickel oxide, NiC and carbon remain. With malonate nickel can form a bis-malonato-nickelate anion, which can form double salts. Nickel maleate can be made from maleic acid and nickel carbonate in boiling water. A dihydrate crystallises from the water solution. Nickel fumarate prepared from fumaric acid and nickel carbonate is pale green as a tetrahydrate, and mustard coloured as an anhydride. It decomposes when heated to 300° to 340° in vacuum. Decomposition mostly produces nickel carbide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane. But also produced were butanes, benzene,

neg: Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad Railroad was authorized to acquire the property of the Buffalo and Susquehanna Railway, and other structures and equipment, in the village of Arcade, and lease this property for seven and one half years from the Wellsville and Buffalo Railroad Corporation. The Attica and Arcade Railroad spent $46,000 to purchase 2 engines, lease, and to rehabilitate the ex-Buffalo and Susquehanna Railway line. The Public Service Commission also granted approval for the construction of the Nickel Plate Connecting Railroad to use the same rights as the former Wellsville and Buffalo Railroad in the village of Blasdell for certain road crossings. The Buffalo,

neg: Chiwere language of the Chiwere language has shown that the spirant + stop consonant cluster "hg" is the more commonly used pronunciation of the spirant + stop cluster "θg" and that the "hg" cluster may be replacing the "θg" altogether. In William Whitman's research, the spirant + stop combination "xd", with the one given example used in this journal being "iblí̃xdo" ('blackbird'), is mentioned as being an error for the spirant + stop combination "hd". But the spirant + stop combination "xd" has also been found in the words "chéxdó" ('buffalo bull'), "náxda" ('sour'), and "náxdage" ('kick'). With this data we can

neg: Three-cent nickel of the pressure advocates for nickel put on House Coinage Committee chairman John Adam Kasson, finally winning him over to the position that even 25% nickel coins (which would be hard on the Mint's equipment) would be better than the continued use of shinplasters, and presenting him with a draft of a bill for a three-cent piece of that alloy. The bill made the new coin legal tender to sixty cents. The 1864 act had made the cent legal tender to ten cents, and the two-cent piece to twenty; both limits were reduced to four cents. The bill did not

neg: Angolan escudo In 1927, cupro-nickel 1, 2 and 4 macuta and 50 centavo coins were introduced. These coins continued to circulate when the angolar was introduced, with bronze 10 and 20 centavo coins introduced in 1948. In 1952, the first escudo coins were introduced, although the escudo did not officially replace the angolar until the end of 1958. Silver 10 and 20 escudos were introduced in 1952, followed by bronze 50 centavos and 1 escudo, and cupro-nickel 2½ escudos in 1953. Cupro-nickel replaced silver in the 10 escudos in 1969, with nickel replacing silver in the 20 escudos in 1971. Cupro-nickel 5

neg: Nickel compounds with nickel chloride. It consists of green needles. Nickel cyanide tetrahydrate Ni(CN)•4HO is insoluble in water, but dissolves in aqueous ammonia. It forms double salts with interesting structures. Nickel azide Ni(N) is a sensitive explosive. It can be made by treating nickel carbonate with hydrazoic acid. Acetone causes the precipitation of the hydrous solid salt, which is green. At 490K it slowly decomposes to nitrogen and nickel metal powder, losing a half of the nitrogen in four hours. Nickel azide is complexed by one azo group when dissolved in water, but in other solvents, the nickel atom can have up

neg: Indian Head cent piece in 1866, both of his proposed alloy, out of which the "nickel", as the latter coin has come to be known, is still struck. Despite this, Wharton and his nickel interests made repeated attempts to return nickel to the cent, each time failing, both as part of the deliberations over what became the Coinage Act of 1873, and in the early 1880s. The copper-nickel cents from early in 1864 were generally bought up by speculators and did not circulate in large numbers. The Mint began producing bronze cents on May 13, three weeks after the passage of the Coinage

neg: Nickel (United States coin) oversight, Schlag did not include his initials in the design; they would not be added until 1966. Production began on October 3, 1938; they were released into circulation on November 15. According to contemporary accounts, the Jefferson nickel was initially hoarded, and it was not until 1940 that it was commonly seen in circulation. With the entry of the United States into World War II, nickel became a critical war material, and the Mint sought to reduce its use of the metal. On March 27, 1942, Congress authorized a nickel made of 50% copper and 50% silver, but gave the

neg: Styx (band) be teachers. In 1969 they added a college friend, John Curulewski, on guitar after Tom Nardin departed. Guitarist James "J.Y." Young came aboard in 1970, making TW4 a quintet. In 1972 the band members decided to choose a new name when they signed to Wooden Nickel Records after being spotted by a talent scout at a concert at St. John of the Cross Parish in Western Springs, Illinois (James Young's hometown). Several suggestions were made and, according to DeYoung, the name Styx was chosen because it was "the only one that none of us hated". The band's Wooden Nickel recordings

neg: Raney nickel supplied as a 50% slurry in water. Even after reaction, residual Raney nickel contains significant amounts of hydrogen gas and may spontaneously ignite when exposed to air. Additionally, acute exposure to Raney nickel may cause irritation of the respiratory tract and nasal cavities, and causes pulmonary fibrosis if inhaled. Ingestion may lead to convulsions and intestinal disorders. It can also cause eye and skin irritation. Chronic exposure may lead to pneumonitis and other signs of sensitization to nickel, such as skin rashes ("nickel itch"). Nickel is also rated as being a possible human carcinogen by the IARC (Group 2B, EU