query: what do the w and k stand for in call letters

pos: Call signs in North America a prefix assigned by the International Telecommunications Union. For example, the United States has been assigned the following prefixes: "AAA"–"ALZ", "K", "N", "W". For a complete list, see international call sign allocations. Pertaining to their status as former or current colonies, all of the British West Indies islands shared the VS, ZB–ZJ, ZN–ZO, and ZQ prefixes. The current, largely post-independence, allocation list is as follows: Cuba uses the prefixes "CL"–"CM", "CO", and "T4", with district numbers from 0 to 9 to amateur operations. The Dominican Republic uses the prefixes "HI"–"HJ". All of the French possessions share the prefix "F". Further

pos: Radio in the United States the FCC. International agreements determine the initial letters assigned to specific countries, and the ones used by U.S broadcasting stations — currently "K" and "W" — date back to an agreement made in 1912. (The assignment of the letters "K" and "W" to the United States was randomly made and there was no particular reason for their selection). In the United States, by tradition the stations west of the Mississippi River normally receive call signs starting with "K", with "W" assigned to those east of the river. Almost all of the earliest AM band radio stations received three-letter call signs,

pos: Call signs in the United States At this time the United States also started to participate with international regulations, and one of the first acts was to be formally assigned call letter blocks. The initial assignment allocated all call signs starting with "N" and "W", plus the range KDA-KZZ, for use by the United States. (Initially KAA-KCZ were assigned to Germany, but in 1929 this call letter block was transferred to the United States. AAA-ALZ were added after World War II.) The policy that had been adopted for ship stations assignments was "W call letters in the west, and K call letters in the east". For

pos: Call signs in North America either "K" or "W", with "K" usually west of the Mississippi River and "W" usually east of it. Initial letters "AA" through "AL", as well as "N", are internationally allocated to the United States but are not used for broadcast stations. In the United States, broadcast stations have call signs of three to seven characters in length, including suffixes for certain types of service, but the minimum length for new stations is four characters, and seven-character call signs result only from rare combinations of suffixes. The rules governing call signs for stations in the United States are set out in

pos: Call signs in the United States land stations, the reverse was now implemented, with western land stations getting K calls, and eastern stations receiving W calls. This policy is still followed for broadcasting stations assignments. "K", "N", and "W" call letters were considered to be international assignments. Initially there were some classes of radio stations which did not quality for these calls because they were considered to be only of domestic interest. This included the standard amateur radio stations, plus the three classes of "Special Land" stations: Experimental, Technical and Training School, and Special Amateur. The United States was divided into nine "Radio Inspection" districts, and

pos: Call signs in the United States Call signs in the United States Call signs in the United States are identifiers assigned to radio and television stations, which are issued by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and, in the case of most government stations, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). They consist of from 3 to 9 letters and digits, with their composition determined by a station's service category. By international agreement, all call signs starting with the letters K, N and W, as well as AAA-ALZ, are reserved exclusively for use in the United States. AM, FM, TV and shortwave broadcasting stations can request their

pos: Call signs in the United States vessels. No reason was given for splitting the ships into two groups, and this differed from the practice followed for the assignment of the earlier flag signal letters, which had been sequentially issued with no differentiation between the two regions. Nor was any explanation given why the letters "K" and "W" were chosen. The United States did not license radio stations until the adoption of the Radio Act of 1912. This new statute placed the licensing authority, including issuing call letters to both ship and land stations, under the control of the Bureau of Navigation in the Department of Commerce.

pos: WDAZ-TV WDAZ was signed on to fill this coverage gap. (WDAY's coverage problem would become moot with the 2009 digital television transition in the United States and the 2011 transition in Canada, in which WDAY would broadcast its digital signal on channel 21 and CBWT broadcast theirs on channel 27.) It is one of the few stations west of the Mississippi River allowed to use a "W" call sign at sign-on. Most stations west of the Mississippi begin with the K; however, WDAY radio received its call letters before the U.S. Government moved the K-W boundary in 1923 from the state

neg: KPOJ letters changed to KOTK. The frequent changing of call letters continued, with the station becoming KEWS ("K-News") in 1997, KDBZ ("The Buzz") in 2000, and KTLK ("K-Talk") in 2002. On July 25, 2003, the station flipped to oldies, with the current KPOJ call letters adopted on August 18. For many years and with various formats, the station called itself "Super 62". The KPOJ call sign originated at what is now KKPZ AM 1330, which for many years was the Mutual Broadcasting System's Portland affiliate. In the 1970s, that station changed its call letters to KUPL. The call letters stand for

neg: WIBW (AM) to the initials of the original owner, Indiana Broadcast Works.; WIBW was thus one of the few stations west of the Mississippi River whose call letters begin with "W". The "W/K" divide for call signs was not always the Mississippi River, and Kansas was on the eastern side of the original call divide. Thus, it was perfectly acceptable to have a "W" in Kansas, in any event. However, the story of what the call letters stood for may be apocryphal. Looking at the call letter assignments from the federal government in June and July 1925, we find the WIBW calls

neg: Call signs in the United States own call letters, as long as they are unique. The FCC policy covering broadcasting stations limits them to call signs that start with a "K" or a "W", with "K" call signs generally reserved for stations west of the Mississippi River, and "W" limited to stations east of the river. Amateur stations can receive call signs starting with all of the letters "A", "K", "N" and "W". Historically prefixes beginning with "A" have been exclusively assigned to U.S. Army stations and prefixes beginning with "N" to U.S. Navy stations. Although most transmitters regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) are

neg: Let Me Stand Alone Let Me Stand Alone Let Me Stand Alone is a book containing collected writings, including diaries and letters, of Rachel Corrie, published by W. W. Norton & Company in 2008. Corrie was killed in 2003 by an Israel Defense Forces armored bulldozer while protesting the destruction of a Gaza house which belonged to a Palestinian Doctor According to W. W. Norton & Company, How do we find our way in the world? How do our actions affect others? What do we owe the rest of humanity? These are the timeless questions so eloquently posed by Rachel Corrie, a young American

neg: WWGP media outlet in Sanford. The call letters, WWGP, stand for: Winford W.(Williams) Gregory and Waldo W. Primm, the founders. W.W. Gregory died not long after WWGP began broadcasting, a serious personal loss to the Gregory and Primm families. WWGP was thought by some to represent Primm family names, Gerald Primm and Winford Primm, sons of W. W. Primm and Treva C. Primm. WWGP-AM signed on the air in 1946. It was co-owned by close friends Waldo W. Primm, manager/engineer, and Walter W. Gregory, Rocky Mount, NC, financier, for whom the call letters stand. W. W. Gregory died within the first

neg: WSUI air. A gala on-air commemoration included a talk by President Jessup. WHAA changed its call letters to WSUI in 1925. WSUI represents the initials of State University of Iowa, the legal name of the University of Iowa. New radio stations in Iowa today have call signs beginning with a K. In the earliest days of broadcasting, stations in Iowa, such as WHO Des Moines and WOI in Ames, were given call letters starting with a W. In 1923, the boundary between K and W stations moved from the western border of Nebraska and South Dakota to the Mississippi River, putting

neg: Maritime call sign MPA).[4] Later that same year, an international conference standardised radio call signs so that the first two letters would uniquely identify a transmitter's country of origin. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities. In the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters (for example, 3LXY, and sometimes followed by a number, i.e. 3LXY2). United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters "W" or "K" while US naval ships

neg: Call sign given call signs in this series consisting of three or four letters, but as demand for both marine radio and broadcast call signs grew, gradually American-flagged vessels were given longer call signs with mixed letters and numbers. Leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US still wishing to have a radio license are under FCC class SA: "Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped." Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters

neg: WACO-FM WVTF. In addition, WACO-FM is also one of a small number of call signs whose beginning letter deviates from FCC standards of W in the East and K in the West. Originally the WACO call letters were on an AM radio station that went on the air in Waco in 1922 as WJAD, but later changed to WACO. In the early days of broadcasting, radio stations in Texas were given call signs beginning with W. The border between Texas and New Mexico had been part of the dividing line between W and K. By 1923, the border had been moved

neg: WFAA Mississippi River whose call letters begin with a "W"; the FCC normally assigns call signs prefixed with a "K" to television and radio stations with cities of license located west of the river and broadcast call signs prefixed with a "W" to stations located east of the river. The anomaly in the case of the WFAA television and radio stations is due to the fact the policy predates the launch of the former, as Dallas was originally located east of the original "K"/"W" border distinction defined by the FCC. In 1950, WFAA switched its primary affiliation to NBC, and also

neg: Call signs in the United States these stations have "K" calls; the exception is WVUV-FM in Fagaitua, American Samoa, which received its call while it was paired with a since-deleted AM station, WVUV. The 1923 boundary shift meant that a number of existing stations with "W" call letters were located in a section of country that was now being issued "K" call letters, but these earlier stations were allowed to keep their now non-standard call signs. Examples of these stations include WBAP (Fort Worth, Texas), and WDAF-FM and WDAF-TV (Kansas City, Missouri), which inherited their calls from the original WDAF (now KCSP). Although a long established

neg: KJQY (defunct radio station) 1970s, but few artifacts of this remain today. As of November 15, 2006, the KJQY call letters were assigned to a radio station in Colorado City, Colorado. KJQY (defunct radio station) There have been three different stations in San Diego called KJQY or "K-Joy". The original was an easy listening music radio station based in San Diego. The call letters first appeared on May 20, 1979 when the call letters of beautiful music station KOZN-FM 103.7 were changed. The original KJQY was a beautiful music station that was owned by Westinghouse/Group W on 103.7. Group W sold 103.7 to Westwood

neg: Call sign and the rest of the call sign an individual station in that country. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities. In the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters (for example, 3LXY, and sometimes followed by a number, i.e. 3LXY2). United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters "W" or "K" while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with "N". Originally, both ships and broadcast stations were

neg: WRR (FM) have four-letter call signs beginning with a K, this station has three call letters beginning with a W. Many stations going on the air in the early 1920s received three letter call signs. The AM station with which WRR-FM had once been partnered dates back to 1921. With the introduction of land-based U.S. radio station licensing in late 1912, it had been the practice to assign call signs starting with "K" in the west and "W" in the east. (Ship-based stations were just the opposite.) The original boundary line was located along the Texas-New Mexico border, and it wasn't until

neg: Call signs in the United States amateur and Special Land stations were issued call signs that started with the district number in which they were located, followed by two letters. The first letter for standard amateur stations came from the range A-W. For Experimental stations, the first letter was "X", a practice that is still followed. "Y" was reserved for Technical and Training School stations, and "Z" for Special Amateurs. More letters were added as the number of stations grew. Effective October 1, 1928, the amateur and Special Land stations were "internationalized", with stations adding an initial "W" (for continental) or "K" (for territorial) ahead of

neg: KJQY (defunct radio station) KJQY (defunct radio station) There have been three different stations in San Diego called KJQY or "K-Joy". The original was an easy listening music radio station based in San Diego. The call letters first appeared on May 20, 1979 when the call letters of beautiful music station KOZN-FM 103.7 were changed. The original KJQY was a beautiful music station that was owned by Westinghouse/Group W on 103.7. Group W sold 103.7 to Westwood One for $19 million in 1989, kickstarting a period of constant changes in ownership. The revolving sets of new owners continuously updated the format, first to New

neg: Broadcast relay station station and do not require separate applications, though each may still be challenged with a petition to deny. FM booster stations are given the full call sign (always including an "-FM" suffix, even if there is none assigned) of the parent station, plus a serial number, such as WXYZ-FM1, WXYZ-FM2, etc. FM translator stations may use sequential numbered call signs, consisting of "K" or "W", followed by a three-digit number (201 through 300 corresponding to frequencies 88.1 to 107.9 MHz) followed by a pair of sequentially assigned letters. The format is similar to that used by numbered television translators, where

neg: Amateur radio licensing in the United States are not eligible for a vanity call sign. The FCC allows the use of special event "1x1" call signs to denote special occasions such as a club's anniversary, a historic event or even a DXpedition. As an example, the call sign "N8S" was used for the April 2007 DXpedition to Swains Island in American Samoa. These call signs start with the letters K, N or W, followed by a single numeral from 0 to 9 then followed by a single letter from A through W, Y or Z. The letter X is not allowed as it is reserved for experimental

neg: KQV was "On the Air since 1921." Beginning in 1912 the normal practice had been to issue call letters starting with "K" only to land stations located in the western United States, and it is unclear why KQV was not assigned a call sign starting with "W," which was the standard practice for stations located in the east. For most of the early decades of radio, KQV, KDKA, KFIZ in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, and KYW, first in Chicago and now in Philadelphia, have been the only stations, still broadcasting to this day, with K call signs in eastern states. (In

neg: W. K. Henderson W. K. Henderson William Kennon Henderson, Jr., usually known as W.K. Henderson (August 6, 1880 – May 28, 1945), was a pioneer in the radio industry who in 1922 acquired WGAQ in Shreveport, Louisiana, expanded it, and renamed the call letters after himself as KWKH. Henderson was born to W. K. Henderson, Sr., and the former Mamie Jamison in Bastrop, the seat of Morehouse Parish north of Monroe. The parents moved to Jefferson in Marion County in northeast Texas, where Henderson was reared and educated. He attended the Thatcher Institute in Shreveport before he entered and subsequently graduated from the

neg: KTGG for Missouri or Minnesota. KTGG thus became the first new station east of the Mississippi with a "K" call sign in decades. The river was first used as the divider between K and W call signs in 1922. Stations such as KYW in Philadelphia (originally in Chicago) and Pittsburgh's KDKA have retained their heritage call letters because they signed on before 1922. However, KTGG wasn't the last broadcaster with this distinction. A new station in Napeague, New York, was originally dubbed KCBE in 2008 by the FCC, before changing to WEGB in 2009. Since then, several non-commercial religious radio stations

neg: KFOR-TV WKY radio, the "Oklahoman", and the "Times". The transaction was approved by the FCC on October 29. On January 5, 1976, the station's call letters were changed to KTVY, in order to comply with a since-repealed FCC rule that prohibited separately owned TV and radio stations that were based in the same media market from sharing the same call letters. The WKY call letters had been assigned to its former radio sister before the "K"/"W" border definition assigned by the FCC was shifted to the Mississippi River in 1935; as such, upon changing them, channel 4 would have had to

neg: Call signs in the United States Navigation Eugene Tyler Chamberlain noted the lack of standards in the latest compilation of ship call letters, and decided to take measures to rectify the situation, invoking his authority given "by the act of July 5, 1884" to assign "signal letters to American merchant vessels". (Previously this had applied to four-letter signal flag identifiers). The new merchant ship radio call letters went into effect on June 30, 1912. Ships were divided into two geographical groups, with three-letter calls starting with "K" assigned to ships on the "Atlantic and Gulf Coasts", and calls starting with "W" assigned to the "Pacific Coast"

neg: WDAY-TV replaced "WBFG" with the Justice Network (which moved from 6.4) on new digital broadcast subchannels WDAY 6.2 and WDAZ 8.2 on September 12, 2016 and WDAY'Z Xtra (which launched in 2013) on digital subchannel 6.3 in the Fargo area and 8.3 in the Grand Forks area. WDAY-DT4 returned to the air in 2017 as an affiliate of Ion. WDAY-TV is one of the westernmost stations in the country whose call sign begins with W. Most stations west of the Mississippi River begin with K; however, WDAY radio received its call letters before the U.S. government moved the K-W boundary in

neg: WHO (AM) secondary coverage of most of Iowa, as well as parts of Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Wisconsin, Minnesota and South Dakota. WHO first began broadcasting on April 10, 1924. While most radio stations in Iowa today begin their call signs with a K, WHO begins with a W, because the original dividing line was the western border of Iowa. WHO dates back to the early years of radio, when call signs were often only three letters long. The call letters were not chosen because they spell out the question "Who?" The government handed out call signs sequentially. The studios were on

neg: Turkish alphabet other 21 are consonants. The letters Q, W, and X of the ISO basic Latin alphabet do not occur in the Turkish alphabet (replacements for these letters are "K", "V" and "KS"), while dotted and dotless I are distinct letters in Turkish such that ⟨i⟩ becomes ⟨İ⟩ when capitalized, ⟨I⟩ being the capital form of ⟨ı⟩. Turkish also adds a circumflex over the back vowels ⟨â⟩ and ⟨û⟩ following ⟨k⟩, ⟨g⟩, or ⟨l⟩ when these consonants represent , , and (instead of , , and ): In the case of length distinction, these letters are used for old Arabic and

neg: KAAH-TV the time: KHAI-TV (channel 20, now KIKU, no relation to the present-day KHNL that once bore those call letters) in 1983, KWHE (channel 14) and KBFD (channel 32) in 1986, and KFVE (then on channel 5, now on channel 9) in 1987. In between that period, channel 26 changed its call letters to KMGT in 1986. From 1986 to 1990, the station was branded as "K-Magic"—and even carried Los Angeles Lakers basketball games featuring Magic Johnson (who, in one promo for "K-Magic", said, "What a great name for a TV station!"). By 1990, KMGT began phasing out general entertainment programming

neg: WRR (FM) the shift in early 1923 to the Mississippi River that new stations going on the air in Texas received K instead of W call signs. However, existing stations were allowed to keep their non-conforming call letters. That included such stations as WRR Dallas, WBAP Fort Worth and WOAI San Antonio. When 1310 WRR put an FM station on the air in 1949, the FCC allowed the it to use the same call sign, plus the "-FM" suffix. After the AM station was sold and its call letters changed to KAAM, WRR-FM dropped the no longer required "-FM" suffix from its

neg: WACO-FM to the Mississippi River, putting Texas in K territory. But stations already on the air, such as WOAI San Antonio and WBAP Fort Worth, were allowed to keep their W call signs. In 1960, when AM 1460 WACO added an FM counterpart, that station was able to share its unique call letters, with an -FM suffix. In 1996, WACO (AM) changed its call letters to KKTK and later moved to into the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex radio market as KCLE. But WACO-FM was allowed to keep its call sign to this day. WACO-FM WACO-FM (99.9 MHz, "WACO 100") is a commercial

neg: KWAM Parent Garden Show". Some hours are paid brokered programming. Most hours begin with national news from CBS Radio News. In 1946, the station first signed on as KWEM in West Memphis, Arkansas. The call sign referred to the original city of license, WEst Memphis. KWEM was a daytimer, owned by West Memphis Broadcasting, powered at 1,000 watts and required to sign-off at sunset each day. Because West Memphis is located west of the Mississippi River, the station's call letters began with a "K," while call letters in Memphis mostly begin with a "W." Even when it relocated to Memphis, east

neg: KFIZ (AM) River with a call sign beginning with a "K." Nearly all radio stations east of the Mississippi have call letters starting with a "W," while "K" call signs are usually found west of the Mississippi. But KFIZ traces its history back to the earliest days of broadcasting, when these rules were not strictly followed. KFIZ began experimental broadcasting at 1100 kilocycles with 100 watts of power. Licensed operation began in July 1923. In 1928, the station changed frequencies to 1120 kHz and in 1930 it switched to 1420 kHz, still at 100 watts. In 1942, KFIZ moved to its current

neg: KPRC-TV owned by hotelier W. Albert Lee and carried programming from all four networks of the day—NBC, CBS, ABC, and DuMont. However, after a year of difficulty, Lee sold the station to the Hobby family, owners of the "Houston Post" and Houston's oldest radio station, KPRC (950 AM and 99.7 FM, now KODA at 99.1). The Hobbys took control on June 1, 1950, and changed the television station's call letters to match its radio sisters on July 3, 1950. Although the call letters stand for Post Radio Company, they also refer to a 1920's Houston business/tourism campaign slogan Kotton ("sic" required

neg: KLSB KLSB KLSB (97.5 MHz, "K-Love") is a non-commercial FM radio station owned by Educational Media Foundation and carries the contemporary Christian music format of its nationally syndicated network K-Love throughout the Santa Barbara and Oxnard-Ventura, California areas. Licensed to Goleta, California, KLSB also broadcasts in HD. KLSB first signed on September 1, 1957 with the call letters KRCW. In May 1965, original owner Richard W. Johnston sold the station to News-Press Publishing Company, owner of the "Santa Barbara News-Press" and AM station KTMS, for $51,000. KRCW's call sign changed to KTMS-FM in July to match that of its new sister

neg: Woleai script syllable is written as consonant plus vowel, understood each letter to represent its name, and thus interpreted the Latin alphabet as a defective syllabary that could only represent simple vowels and consonants plus the vowel . (Riesenberg & Kaneshiro (1960) call the glyphs at this stage of development "Type 2".) The glyphs were also mixed up somewhat: Although the letters resembling T, K, S, R, H, O, E, for example, stood for (there is no sound in Woleaian), and W, И stood for (that is, the letters M and N were inverted), letters resembling L, B, D stood for .

neg: WRST-FM Frank G. Kilpatrick moved from California to be the UW-O manager of the station as well as teach Radio Broadcasting to the students. He had been Vice President of KXRX in San Jose. WRST's call letters stand for "Radio Station of the Titans". However, some rumors around campus suggest that the call letters stand for "Robert Snyder's Toy", after the stations creator. Originally the call letters were supposed to be WSUO "Wisconsin State University Oshkosh" to be consistent with other state university radio stations, but those call letters were already taken and WRST was chosen. The Fuller Goodman Lumber Company

neg: Guna language pronounced [tʃ]. Underlyingly long consonants become short before another consonant. The letter "w" may be pronounced as either [v] or [w] depending on dialect and position. In 2010, the National Guna Congress decided a spelling reform by which long consonants should be written with double letters. Equally the phonemes /p, t, k/ that may sound like [p, t, k] or [b, d, g] are represented by in all positions. Equally the old digraph becomes or depending on its morphological procedence (narassole [naraʧole] < naras + sole, godsa [koʧa] 'called' < godde 'to call' + -sa (past). So the reformed orthography

neg: WHB broadcasts on April 10, 1922. It used the frequency 833 kHz. WHB is one of Kansas City's oldest radio stations, second only to KCSP which premiered on February 16 of that year, as WDAF. In the early days of radio broadcasting, the dividing line between call signs beginning with a "W" and those beginning with a "K" was at the western border of Kansas, which is the reason WHB is one of only a few stations in Missouri whose call letters start with a "W." WHB formally received its license on May 10, 1922. Originally owned by the Sweeney Automobile

neg: Digital subchannel separate service, according to the ATSC-M/H standard. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) considers all subchannels carried by a single station to have the same call letters for legal identification purposes. However, within the broadcast sales industry, to differentiate subchannels, the initial letter of a call sign changes per subchannel. As per Nielsen, digital stations identified with a "W" call letter will generally have their subchannels identified with an "E" (.2), "G" (.3), "H" (.4), "I" (.5) or "J" (.6). Digital stations identified with a "K" call-letter will generally have their subchannels identified with an "N" (.2), "O" (.3), "Q" (.4),

neg: What Does the K Stand For? What Does the K Stand For? What Does the K Stand For? is a BBC Radio Four sitcom series based on the experiences of comedian Stephen K. Amos growing up as a teenager in south London in the 1980s. The broadcast of the first series began in November 2013; the third series commenced in January 2017. Reviewing Series 1, Episode 1 for "Radio Times", Tristram Fane Saunders found the show suited Amos "down to the ground; there's a touch of "Seinfeld" about "What Does the K Stand for?" in the way it flows from stand up into a deliciously awkward

neg: KCSP (AM) Star" signed on experimental station 9XAB, licensed at 833 kHz, at a time when other newspapers in town were also putting radio stations on the air. "Popular Science" magazine noted the station in its March 1922 issue for airing weather and market reports at 11:30 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., and concerts in the evening. The station took the call sign WDAF on May 16, 1922. In the early days of radio, the dividing line between stations holding call letters beginning with a "W" and those with a "K" was the western border of Kansas, which is why its original call

neg: Call signs in the United States station, or though some automated means (by voice or Morse code) hourly by the translator station. The original policy for TV translators was to assign call signs consists of a leading geographical letter K or W, followed by the two-digit channel number on which they operate (02-83), and closing with two sequentially assigned letters. Example: W04AX. The alphanumeric call signs are never reused by another station, though it is unclear if this could occur in the future due to exhaustion of the 676 (26²) two-letter combinations. , channels 7, 9, and 13 in the western United States are up to

neg: WLJN 1982. In 1994, application was made by GNMI to broadcast at 104.5 MHz, but nothing came about of it as 104.5 in Traverse City is now home to WZTC. In 2004, Cadillac radio station WKJF-AM, 1370 kHz, was acquired by GNMI, and became WLJW shortly afterward, simulcasting WLJN-AM. The call letters for WLJW stand for "We're Lifting Jesus' Word." WLJN WLJN & WLJW are the call letters of 2 AM radio stations located in Traverse City, Michigan and Cadillac, Michigan respectively. Both stations broadcast Christian talk and teaching programming. The call letters stand for "We're Lifting Jesus' Name." Good News

neg: KTLK (AM) Minneapolis at 2219 Bryant Ave. North, cycling through the call signs: WHAT, WGWY ("W-George W. Young"), and finally WDGY ("W-Dr. George Young") in the next two years until being chastised by the government for changing too frequently. The station kept the WDGY call letters until 1991. WDGY operated on eight frequencies over its early years. In the 1930s, it was heard on 1180 AM, powered in those years at 5,000 watts by day and 1,000 watts at night. The station shared time with at least four local stations, including WRHM and WCAL during its early years. After moving out of

neg: Portuguese name coexist with the orthographically correct, and even with fancy orthographies (Filipe [the only correct form under the current orthography], Philippe [archaic and traditional], Fellype [fancy]). Names of international inspiration are common, bringing with them the unusual characters "k", "w", and "y" (Katya, William), diacritics that do not match the Brazilian pronunciation (Desirée, pronounced Desirrê) or do not exist in Portuguese (Thaïs), double letters that retain their foreign pronunciation (Roosevelt) or not (Giovanni), silent letters (as in the formerly mentioned Desirée and Thaïs), and letters that are intended to sound differently from the orthographic norms (Juan, if intended to sound as

neg: WJW (TV) owners from sharing the same base call letters. As a result, channel 8 changed its callsign to WJKW-TV on April 22, 1977. (The added "K" did not stand for anything.) On September 16, 1985, the station reacquired the WJW-TV callsign (eventually shortened to simply WJW), as had changed its callsign following the radio station's own transfer of ownership to Booth American Broadcasting (the aforementioned call letter rule was still in effect then). After Storer Broadcasting was bought out by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts in 1985, the station underwent a series of ownership changes. KKR sold the stations to Gillett Communications in

neg: Estonian orthography Ö, Ü. The letters F, Š, Z, Ž are so-called "foreign letters" ("võõrtähed"), and occur only in loanwords and foreign proper names. Occasionally, the alphabet is recited without them, and thus has only 23 letters: A, B, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, Õ, Ä, Ö, Ü. Additionally "C", "Q", "W", "X" and "Y" are used in writing foreign proper names. They do not occur in Estonian words, and are not officially part of the alphabet. Including all the foreign letters, the alphabet consists of the following 32 letters:

neg: Long Branch, New Jersey began in 2012. With the start of the 2014-15 school year, a realignment of the district closed West End School, converted Morris Avenue School for early childhood use and repurposed Audrey W. Clark School for alternative education. Seashore School is a private K-8 school, with class size limited to 16 students. Declining attendance led the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trenton to close the K-8 Holy Trinity School in June 2006. WRLB "Radio Long Branch" signed-on June l, 1960 at 107.1 FM. Since December 1996 the call letters have been WWZY. As of 2010, the city had a total of of

neg: Descriptive psychology physical performances were involved (P), what difference the behavior made (A), what personal characteristics of the actor were expressed (PC), and what significance the behavior had (S). Lest there be any doubt about the necessity of any of these parameters, consider what happens if we try to dispense with any of them: "John called his girlfriend for a dinner date, but... no one made the call (I)... no distinctions were involved between telephones and other objects, invitations vs. other messages, etc. (K)... no outcome was sought (W)... no personal know-how came into play in the act (K-H)... no performance of

neg: KMJC KMJC KMJC (620 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a talk radio format. Licensed to Mount Shasta, California, United States, the station is currently owned by Southern Oregon University. The station, founded 1947 by David Rees, Sr. of the Shasta Cascade Broadcasting Corporation, signed on the air June 12, 1947, as KWSD, broadcasting on 1340 kHz with 250 W of power. After the "K", the call letters originally stood for W (Weed) S (Shasta) D (Dunsmuir). The station aired various formats over the years, including rock, country and news talk. Rees had previously spent two decades with KMED in Medford,

neg: Call signs in the United States convention, the K-W division has not always been rigidly followed, and over the years a few exceptions have accumulated. One prominent example is KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which was licensed in 1920 during a short period when new land stations were issued call signs from a block of letters that previously had been reserved for ship stations. The FCC has also been lenient in the case of relocations that result in a station moving to the other side of the boundary, especially when close to the Mississippi River. The most extreme example occurred in 2013, when television station KJWP was

neg: Broadcast call signs with W is WOAI in San Antonio. WVUV-FM in Fagaitua, American Samoa, is the westernmost station with a W call sign. KYW in Philadelphia is currently the easternmost station with a K call sign. Another exception to this is that NIST time-broadcasting stations have a three- or four-letter callsign beginning with WWV. The three current government-operated time stations, WWV (and longwave sister station WWVB), and WWVH, are located in Fort Collins, Colorado and Kekaha, Hawaii, respectively, both of which would normally use call signs beginning with "K". However, the rule dividing W and K only applies to stations governed by

neg: Scrabble letter distributions 4 words with W (not including their declensions) and no words with Q - Q is always transcribed as KV in loanwords. Slovenian-language sets use these 100 tiles: "Q", "W", "X" and "Y" are absent, because Slovenian does not use those letters. Spanish-language sets sold outside North America use these 100 tiles: Stress accents are disregarded. The letters "K" and "W" are absent since these two letters are only used in words of foreign origin. According to FISE ("Federación Internacional de Scrabble en Español") rules, a blank cannot be used to represent "K" or "W". Using one "C" and one

neg: WDAY (AM) licensed before the U.S. government changed its assignment of call signs. Prior to 1923, call letters beginning with "W" were generally assigned to stations east of an irregular line forming the western borders of states from North Dakota south to Texas, with calls beginning with "K" going to stations in states west of that line. In 1923, the dividing line was shifted to the Mississippi River. WDAY's FM translator at 93.1 FM signed on the air Thursday, July 20th 2017. 970 WDAY AM and 93.1 FM features local talk shows weekdays hosted by Mike Kapel, Mike McFeely, Rob Port and

neg: Maritime call sign with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F.C.C. class SA: "Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped." Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers (such as KX0983 or WXX0029). U.S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows (i.e. port and starboard) in which the first two digits indicate the nominal length

neg: Catalan orthography and is largely based on the language's phonology. The Catalan alphabet consists of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet: The following letter-diacritic combinations are used, but they do not constitute distinct letters in the alphabet: "À", "É", "È", "Í", "Ï", "Ó", "Ò", "Ú", "Ü" and "Ç". "K" and "W" are used only in loanwords. Outside loanwords, the letters "Q" and "Y" appear only in the digraphs "qu", "qü" and "ny". However, "Y" was used until the official orthography was established in 1913, when it was replaced with "I", except in the digraph "ny" and loanwords. The following

neg: KWS Saat KWS Saat KWS SAAT SE (ISIN: DE0007074007) is a European independent and family-owned company based in Germany that focuses on plant breeding, with activities in about 70 countries. KWS is the fifth largest seed producer worldwide based on sales. The product range includes seed varieties for sugar beet, corn, cereals, rapeseed and potatoes. The capital letters "K," "W" and "S" in the name KWS stand for Klein Wanzlebener Saatzucht, which means seed breeding from Klein Wanzleben. The company’s original headquarters were in Klein Wanzleben, an East German town located near the city of Magdeburg. Its main markets are in the

neg: WWWW-FM months later, after a brief stunting period proclaiming "Something BIG is coming to 103 FM," changed the station's format back to progressive rock music (this time, however, without free-form elements and with an approved station playlist) under the new call letters WIQB, with a call sign which designated the number "103" (the letters I-Q-B were chosen because of their resemblance to the numbers 1-0-3). The first record played on the new "W-103" was "You Can't Always Get What You Want" by the Rolling Stones. WIQB heavily promoted its quadraphonic sound, identifying on-air as "QuadRock 103" during the 1970s. (Meanwhile, 1290

neg: WOLD-FM album "Short Stories", singer Harry Chapin wrote a song about an aging disc jockey who begins and ends his career at (fictional) FM radio station "WOLD" after stops as a late night talk show host at an unnamed station in Tulsa, Oklahoma and another stop at another unnamed station in Boise, Idaho. The fictional W*O*L*D may not be located in Boise because the call letters of most US stations west of the Mississippi begin with "K" rather than "W." Radio Station WBAP (Fort Worth), WHO (Des Moines), WOAI (San Antonio), and other broadcasters licensed before the FCC rule change in

neg: KBZT reverting to back to oldies, again as "K-Best 95" on January 16, 1992, though with the call letters KBZS. (The KBZT call letters and "K-Best" logo were featured on a station in Palm Springs, where it was briefly the number one station in that market. The call letters reverted to San Diego in 1994 after the Palm Springs station changed format to Spanish.) In the mid-1990s, Sandusky sold the station to Anaheim Broadcasting, which in turn sold 94.9 to Jefferson-Pilot, making KBZT a sister station to country-formatted KSON-FM. On November 10, 2000, due to low ratings, KBZT switched to an

neg: KKJZ is classical music as "K-Mozart", picking up the format from KKGO 105.1 FM HD2 which switched to oldies, K-Mozart is also heard on 105.1 KKGO HD4. KKJZ-HD3 is known as "K-Beach" and now "22 West Radio", a station run and programmed by the students and faculty at Cal State University Long Beach; the K-Beach website states that "you never know what our content will be". On January 3, 1950 the station began broadcasting with the call letters 'KLON' and was owned by the Long Beach Unified School District, the station has been broadcasting jazz since 1981. The station changed its

neg: WGBH-TV all of which were slated to use the "WGB" prefix for their call letters; these included WGBW, which was to broadcast on channel 35 in Adams (the "W" in its callsign was to stand for "West"; the callsign has since been reassigned to a radio station in Two Rivers, Wisconsin), along with two stations in New Bedford and Worcester. On the night of April 5, 1968, WGBH-TV (at roughly hours' notice) broadcast a James Brown concert from the Boston Garden, the night after Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated. Boston Mayor Kevin White, who was worried that the concert would

neg: Lau Wai Shing Letters", vol. 63, no. 16 (18 October 1993), pp. 2240–2242. [5] W. S. Lau, D. S. H. Chan, J. C. H. Phang, K. W. Chow, K. S. Pey, Y. P. Lim, V. Sane and B. Cronquist, "Quantitative imaging of local defects in very thin silicon dioxide films at low bias voltage by true oxide electron beam induced current", "Journal of Applied Physics", vol. 77, no. 2 (15 January 1995), pp. 739–746. [6] W. S. Lau, V. Sane, K. S. Pey and B. Cronquist, "Two types of local oxide/substrate defects in very thin silicon dioxide films on silicon", "Applied Physics Letters",

neg: WIOO hours power of 2,700 watts. The station's critical hour power is subject to local sunset of WMVP Chicago, Illinois, on the same frequency. WIOO WIOO, known as "Country Gold FM & AM", WIOO - AM is a 1,000-watt daytime radio station licensed to Carlisle, Pennsylvania. It broadcasts on 1000 kHz which is simulcast on FM 97.9 MHz with full-time service. WIOO signed on the air in 1965. FM service was added in the summer of 2009. The call letters stand for the station's former long-time slogan, "W-100," referring to its position on the AM dial. WIOO played contemporary music for

neg: WWKB founder Clinton Churchill applied to the Department of Commerce for a license to operate under the call signs WAY. That call sign, however, was being used for a ship at sea, so instead, Churchill chose the letters "WKBW," which were next in the random assignment pool. Churchill proclaimed the call letters to stand for Well Known Bible Witness; later usage referred to the middle letters "KB" standing for King of Buffalo (alluding to its 50,000-watt broadcast power). WKBW changed frequencies from 1380 to 1480 kHz in the late 1920s as a result of General Order 40 (bumping the station already

neg: KMCS Classic Country USA" and "The Crook & Chase Countdown." In November 2005, the station switched to an adult hits format, along with Clinton-based sister station KZEG. Both stations were branded as "Mac FM," with the Muscatine station changing its call letters to KMCS (to stand for "Mac South"); KZEG switched its call letters to KMCN, to stand for "Mac North." The stated target of the stations, along with their home cities, is the "Quad Cities" market along the Iowa–Illinois border. The music mix included rock, pop and soul music, generally from the early 1970s to the present day. George Lowe

neg: Telephone exchange an indicator, and connected the call by plugging a cord into the outgoing circuit and ringing the destination station. For example, if a dial customer calling from TAylor 4725 dialed a number served by a manual exchange, e.g., ADams 1383-W, the call was completed, from the subscriber’s perspective, exactly as a call to LEnnox 5813, in an automated exchange. The party line letters W, R, J, and M were only used in manual exchanges with jack-per-line party lines. In contrast to the listing format "MAin 1234" for an automated office with two capital letters, a manual office, having listings such

neg: Scrabble letter distributions that when a player exchanges tiles on his turn, he could request opponent to pass his turn. Both players have one chance each for one game. The sets consist of these 120 tiles: Diacritic marks are ignored. The letters "J", "K", "W", "X", and "Y" are absent since these letters do not exist in the standard Italian alphabet, although they are sometimes used in loanwords. Another set uses these 120 tiles: "Scarabeo" is an Italian variant of Scrabble that is much more popular in its native country than the original game. It is played with a 17×17 board, and uses

neg: WHWH WHWH WHWH is a radio station in Princeton, New Jersey, serving Trenton, New Jersey. Established in 1963, the station is owned and operated by Multicultural Radio Broadcasting Licensee, LLC. WHWH signed on September 7, 1963. The call letters stand for founder Herbert W. Hobler, a Princeton resident and Princeton University graduate. One of the first air personalities who gave the station a high profile in its early days was Dave Moss, who moved from WKDN in Camden to become not only the station's first General Manager, but the play-by-play voice of Princeton University sports. Station owner Hobler served as on

neg: San Antonio Express-News and the "News" both had higher readership numbers than the "Light". However, the "Light" skyrocketed to the top of the market when it acquired a number of popular comic strips, like Dick Tracy. Over at "Express Publishing", the company diversified further as they acquired a couple more radio stations, and a television station which they renamed KENS-TV. Those call letters were intended to stand for, K-Express News Station. In the 1960s, "Express Publishing" was sold to the Harte-Hanks newspaper group. In 1973, with the "Light" beating the "Express" and the "News" in circulation numbers, a new ownership group emerged. Australian

neg: WKAR (AM) MSU campus. The station dates to experimental broadcasts at Michigan State, then known as Michigan Agricultural College, beginning in 1917. WKAR's first official broadcast was a "Founder's Day" speech on May 13, 1922. MAC was granted a full license on August 18, 1922. Although the call letters appear to stand for K(C)ollege of AgricultuRe, they were actually randomly assigned by Herbert Hoover, the U.S. Secretary of Commerce (which was the sole radio licensing authority). It is the oldest surviving radio station in the Lansing area. The first station was WREO which went on the air in 1921 and shut down

neg: Geraldine Pindell Trotter a call to action, saying, "how many of us are now willing to do for our own what that man did for us?How many of us are willing to stand out against the broadcloth mob, to stand by what is right in spite of the criticism of the many?" Pindell Trotter further implored African Americans "who have had the advantages of education, who have seen life in its broadest light, to be willing to sacrifice and to care for our race." Geraldine Pindell Trotter died October 8, 1918 due to influenza. Pindell Trotter was only forty-six at the time of

neg: WWMX format to adult contemporary and the name to "Mix 106.5" that October. "K-106" signed off by playing "Broken Wings" by Mr. Mister, and then the jingles for each of its DJs. "Mix" was then introduced, and the call letters were changed to WWMX on October 17, 1986. Initially, WWMX played the "Best Mix of the '60s, '70s, and '80s." For years, many (including the local press at times) mistakenly thought the calls were "WMIX", leading the station to insert quick "W-Mix," with the word "Mix" spoken, liners between commercials. These were not legal station identifications, as 106.5 still identified itself

neg: WIOO WIOO WIOO, known as "Country Gold FM & AM", WIOO - AM is a 1,000-watt daytime radio station licensed to Carlisle, Pennsylvania. It broadcasts on 1000 kHz which is simulcast on FM 97.9 MHz with full-time service. WIOO signed on the air in 1965. FM service was added in the summer of 2009. The call letters stand for the station's former long-time slogan, "W-100," referring to its position on the AM dial. WIOO played contemporary music for most of its history. During the late 1960s and early to mid-1970s, it was a successful Top 40 station which, despite being a

neg: Broadcast call signs United States, the first letter generally is "K" for stations west of the Mississippi River (including Alaska, America Samoa, Guam, Hawaii, and Northern Mariana Islands) and "W" for those east of the Mississippi (including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands). Except for those with their radio channel or physical TV channel number in them, all new callsigns have been four letters (plus any suffix like -FM or -TV) for some decades, though there are historical three-letter callsigns still in use today, such as KSL in Salt Lake City and WGN in Chicago. Co-owned stations were also allowed to adopt

neg: KAAZ-FM format lasted until September 1993, when the station adopted a country music format after it lost advertisers to AM station KISN (now KNRS (AM)). The station simulcast the country music format of KMXB 107.5 (now KKLV). In December 1993, the station began simulcasting the country music programming of KRGQ 1550 and KRGQ-FM 107.9. On March 1, 1994, the station changed its call sign to KUJJ, and again changed its call sign on August 22, 1995, to KBKK, known as "K-Buck". On December 31, 1997, the current call letters became KOSY. Before flipping to 106.5, KOSY was simulcast on what is

neg: Times New Roman Series 727, in which the heavier strokes of upper-case letters were made slightly thinner. This was done to produce a lighter effect in which capital letters do not stand out so much, and was particularly intended for German use, since in the German language capitals are far more common since they appear at the start of each noun. Series 827 modified some letters (notably the "R") to correspond to their appearance in other typefaces popular in French printing. This production of what are now called stylistic alternates to suit national tastes was common at the time, and many alternates were

neg: KUWS The original station call letters were WSSU, representing Wisconsin Superior State University. The call letters KUWS were assigned on August 1, 1988, as part of the station's affiliation with Wisconsin Public Radio. KUWS was permitted a "K" prefix, despite its location east of the Mississippi, due to Duluth-Superior's status as a "mixed" market, with several K-prefix stations already licensed to Superior. The KUWS studios are in the Holden Fine Arts Center at 1805 Catlin Avenue in Superior. The studios also provide local programming for Wisconsin Public Radio's NPR News and Classical Music network station for northwest Wisconsin, WHSA in Brule,

neg: KOME KOME KOME was a radio station in San Jose, California, heard at 98.5 FM from 1971 through 1998. Currently, the 98.5 FM frequency is home to KUFX ("K-Fox"). In 1959, Edward W. Meece, one of the founders of Pacifica Radio, formed The Audio House, Inc and started a new radio station, KRPM at 98.5 FM in San Jose, California. KRPM's format was classical music. Meece sold The Audio House, Inc, with KRPM, for roughly $300,000 in February 1971 to Mel Gollub of Pennsylvania and Ron Cutler. The station's call letters were changed to KOME, and the format became free-form rock.

neg: WOWT only local reporter to go to Dallas in November 1963 to cover the aftermath of the John F. Kennedy assassination. Bell left channel 6 in 1967 to join ABC News, where he remained until 1986. When Meredith sold channel 6 to the San Francisco-based Chronicle Publishing Company in 1975, it changed its call letters to WOWT, due to FCC restrictions regarding the usage of the same call letters by different owners at the time. Normally, channel 6 would have had to adopt a callsign starting with "K" when it changed its call letters, since the WOW call letters had been

neg: KTHI KTHI KTHI (107.1 FM, "107.1 K-Hits") is a commercial radio station located in Caldwell, Idaho, broadcasting to the Boise, Idaho, area. KTHI airs a classic hits music format. The call letters KTHI were previously used for a television station in Fargo, North Dakota which is now known as KVLY-TV. Journal Communications (KTHI's former owner) and the E. W. Scripps Company announced on July 30, 2014 that the two companies would merge to create a new broadcast company under the E.W. Scripps Company name that will own the two companies' broadcast properties, including KTHI. The transaction is slated to be completed

neg: KMJC with an affiliation of small local stations. Effective June 10, 2016, the licenses for KMJC and six other stations in California and Oregon were transferred by JPR Foundation to Southern Oregon University. KMJC KMJC (620 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a talk radio format. Licensed to Mount Shasta, California, United States, the station is currently owned by Southern Oregon University. The station, founded 1947 by David Rees, Sr. of the Shasta Cascade Broadcasting Corporation, signed on the air June 12, 1947, as KWSD, broadcasting on 1340 kHz with 250 W of power. After the "K", the call letters originally

neg: KMYI have enough listeners and revenue, so the format was switched to classic hits as "94.1 The Eagle" on January 16, 1997, with the call letters KXGL. KXGL was acquired in 1998 by Jacor Communications, which was later acquired by Clear Channel Communications. On August 10, 1998, KXGL dropped the classic hits music format and call letters, switching to soft adult contemporary music as KJQY, known as "K-Joy 94.1 Soft and Easy Music" to compete with leading AC station KYXY. (The K-Joy call sign was on a previous KYXY competitor, KJQY.) In 2000, KJQY changed to a new format called "Soft

neg: K. Alison Clarke-Stewart J. A., Thompson, W. C., & Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (2005). Do jurors "know" what isn’t so about child witnesses? "Law and Human Behavior, 29", 425-456. 25. Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (1973). Interactions between mothers and their young children: Characteristics and consequences. "Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 38" (6-7, Serial No. 153). 26. Clarke-Stewart, K. A., VanderStoep, L., & Killian, G. A. (1979). Analysis and replication of mother-child relations at two years of age. "Child Development, 50", 777-793. 27. Clarke-Stewart, K. A., Umeh, B. J., Snow, M. E., & Pederson, J. A. (1980). Development and prediction of children's

neg: Hill Street Blues up to look like contemporary Chicago counterparts. The "exact" city the series was set in was never specified, and the producers left this detail deliberately vague. For example, the call letters of local TV stations were obscured to avoid showing whether they began with "W" (the Federal Communications Commission designation for stations east of the Mississippi) or "K" (signifying a station west of the Mississippi). There are several mentions through the series of characters going down to "the shore", which implies a coast or lake setting. One general indication of setting within the show was given by the Southern-accented Renko's

neg: Combinatory logic and substitutes it into both the applicand and its argument before performing the application, C performs the substitution only in the applicand, and B only in the argument. The modern names for the combinators come from Haskell Curry's doctoral thesis of 1930 (see B, C, K, W System). In Schönfinkel's original paper, what we now call S, K, I, B and C were called S, C, I, Z, and T respectively. The reduction in combinator size that results from the new transformation rules can also be achieved without introducing B and C, as demonstrated in Section 3.2 of. A distinction

neg: Interlingue standardized orthography. A few months before the end of World War II in Europe (January 1945) Cosmoglotta had subscribers in 58 cities in Switzerland. Cosmoglotta A began publication again in 1946 after originally planning to do so from 1945. Occidental is written with 26 Latin letters: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z. The letters of the alphabet are pronounced as "a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, jot, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, qu, er, es, te,

neg: KHYT the station in the mid-eighties the call letters were dropped, allowing another station to pick up the calls in 1995. KCUB originally went on the air on the 107.5 frequency in 1993. It was called K-Cub and played new and old country hits. K-Cub was eventually moved to 1290 AM. In 1995, the (current) station changed its call letters to become KHYT and flipped formats to classic rock hits. It used the name K-Hit 107.5. In 2004, the name was changed to Rock 107.5, but the playlist and format stayed the same. Recently the name has been changed back to

neg: KYCH-FM September 1980, KPAM-FM changed their call letters to KCNR (The "Center" of the FM dial) and aired an adult contemporary format. On November 14, 1985, KCNR-FM changed their call letters to KKLI and rebranded as "K-Lite 97 FM". On February 5, 1988, KKLI changed their call letters to KKSN-FM and, the following day, changed their format to oldies as "97.1 KISN-FM" (simulcasting KKSN 910 AM). On April 21, 2005, KKSN-FM changed their format to their current adult hits format (the oldies format moved to KKSN 910 AM) and changed their call letters to KYCH on April 29, 2005. KYCH plays

neg: WLKA WLKA WLKA (88.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting Contemporary Christian programming from the K-LOVE radio network. Licensed to Tafton, Pennsylvania, United States, the station serves the Scranton area. The station is currently owned by Educational Media Foundation. The station began broadcasting in 2002 and originally held the call letters WPGP. WPGB was originally owned by Sound of Life, Inc., and was an affiliate of Sound of Life Radio. In November 2006, the station was sold to Educational Media Foundation and became an affiliate of K-LOVE. At this time, its call letters were changed to WKLA. Other K-LOVE stations in

neg: WLKA Pennsylvania include: WLKA WLKA (88.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting Contemporary Christian programming from the K-LOVE radio network. Licensed to Tafton, Pennsylvania, United States, the station serves the Scranton area. The station is currently owned by Educational Media Foundation. The station began broadcasting in 2002 and originally held the call letters WPGP. WPGB was originally owned by Sound of Life, Inc., and was an affiliate of Sound of Life Radio. In November 2006, the station was sold to Educational Media Foundation and became an affiliate of K-LOVE. At this time, its call letters were changed to WKLA. Other K-LOVE

neg: KBRU first run as an alternative rock station on July 3, 1996, and it was known as "95X" with the call letters KNRX (K New Rock 95X), and began with "Smells Like Teen Spirit" by Nirvana. The station began its sign-off with two days of repeating the song "A Change Would Do You Good" by Sheryl Crow, before switching overnight to a soft rock format on November 21, 1997 and changed calls to KQSR (K Quiet Soft Rock). The station returned to alt-rock on July 8, 2002. The station stunted beforehand with a buzzing noise played over the soft rock songs

neg: KARW On May 20, 2014, KMZT-FM dropped classical music. The KYZZ call letters returned and the station switched to country music as "Z Country 97.9." The new format launched with 10,000 songs in a row, commercial-free. In June 2016, Mount Wilson FM Broadcasters sold the 97.9 frequency to the Educational Media Foundation. The frequency will air EMF's K-Love contemporary Christian format. On September 16, 2016, KYZZ changed their call letters to KLXY and changed their format to EMF's K-Love contemporary Christian format on September 19. The station changed its call sign again on April 17, 2017 to KARW and switched to

neg: WPAY-FM 2018, the station was sold to Fowler Media Partners. In March 2018, the station began stunting as "98.3 Trump FM" (emulating a similar stunt by related station WVWF), with a playlist of songs referencing money, patriotism, and walls. On March 8, 2018, WOKE flipped to a country music format and changed its call letters to WPAY-FM. The call sign was acquired from the local K-Love station now known as WPYK, which operated as a country station under the WPAY-FM call letters from 1966 until 2011 and again briefly identifying as WPAY-FM in 2017-2018 after assuming the K-Love format. WPAY-FM WPAY-FM