query: for what kind of models can we use ols

pos: Ordinary least squares Ordinary least squares In statistics, ordinary least squares (OLS) is a type of linear least squares method for estimating the unknown parameters in a linear regression model. OLS chooses the parameters of a linear function of a set of explanatory variables by the principle of least squares: minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed dependent variable (values of the variable being predicted) in the given dataset and those predicted by the linear function. Geometrically, this is seen as the sum of the squared distances, parallel to the axis of the dependent variable, between each data

pos: Ordinary least squares regression line to be a weighted average of the lines passing through the combination of any two points in the dataset. Although this way of calculation is more computationally expensive, it provides a better intuition on OLS. The OLS estimator is identical to the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) under the normality assumption for the error terms. This normality assumption has historical importance, as it provided the basis for the early work in linear regression analysis by Yule and Pearson. From the properties of MLE, we can infer that the OLS estimator is asymptotically efficient (in the sense of attaining the

pos: Ordinary least squares the coefficient of formula_108 and formula_112 is the values for the respective formula_113so formula_114and formula_115. On solving we get formula_116 so "formula_117and formula_118" Ordinary least squares In statistics, ordinary least squares (OLS) is a type of linear least squares method for estimating the unknown parameters in a linear regression model. OLS chooses the parameters of a linear function of a set of explanatory variables by the principle of least squares: minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed dependent variable (values of the variable being predicted) in the given dataset and those predicted by the linear

neg: Unit root thus may need to be modelled by an AR or ARMA process that may have a unit root, as discussed above. The finite sample properties of regression models with first order ARMA errors, including unit roots, have been analyzed. Often, ordinary least squares (OLS) is used to estimate the slope coefficients of the autoregressive model. Use of OLS relies on the stochastic process being stationary. When the stochastic process is non-stationary, the use of OLS can produce invalid estimates. Granger and Newbold called such estimates 'spurious regression' results: high R values and high t-ratios yielding results with no economic meaning.

neg: Anders Dale how the brain works. Ideally you'd like to test your models not in anesthetized animals and brain slices, but by measuring brain activity in humans non-invasively. I wanted to study normal people doing normal tasks. That was what brought me to imaging. My goal was to see what kind of things we can measure non-invasively that can be quantitatively related to the models we want to build...I wanted to know what exactly we are measuring, how can you model it, and how can you relate the signal to what is going on in the brain physiologically...at a level that say

neg: Cars (film) car characters may not have arms and legs, but we can lean the tires in or out to suggest hands opening up or closing in. We can use steering to point a certain direction. We also designed a special eyelid and an eyebrow for the windshield that lets us communicate an expressiveness that cars don't have." Doug Sweetland, who also served as supervising animator, also spoke about the challenges, saying: "It took a different kind of animator to really be able to interpret the "Cars" models, than it did to interpret something like "The Incredibles" models. With "The Incredibles", the

neg: Generalized least squares estimators vary less than some tolerance. But this method does not necessarily improve the efficiency of the estimator very much if the original sample was small. A reasonable option when samples are not too large is to apply OLS, but throwing away the classical variance estimator (which is inconsistent in this framework) and using a HAC (Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent) estimator. For example, in autocorrelation context we can use the Bartlett estimator (often known as Newey-West estimator since these authors popularized the use of this estimator among econometricians in their 1987 Econometrica article), and in heteroskedastic context we can use

neg: Endogeneity with an exponential regression function the following way, where formula_12 determines the severity of endogeneity and formula_13 is assumed to be independent of formula_14. Imposing these assumptions, assuming the models are correctly specified, and normalizing formula_16, we can rewrite the conditional mean as follows: If formula_14 were known at this point, it would be possible to estimate the relevant parameters by quasi-maximum likelihood estimation. Following the two step procedure strategies, Wooldridge and Terza propose estimating equation [2] by standard OLS methods. The fitted residuals from this regression can then be plugged into the estimating equation [4] and QMLE methods will lead to consistent estimators of

neg: See You on the Other Side (Korn album) of a moment where we didn't know what we were going to do and how we were going to continue. We kind of decided, 'OK, we can just sit back and we can put out a greatest hits album and end this or we can use this opportunity and instead of looking at it as a loss, reinvent what we do.'" The lead single, "Twisted Transistor", premiered on KDGE 102.1 FM The Edge in Dallas-Fort Worth, TX, and was officially released to radio on September 27, 2005. Brent Decker e-mailed the disc jockey of the night, Ayo, with a request

neg: Identifiability an example of a set identifiable model: although the exact value of "β" cannot be learned, we can guarantee that it must lie somewhere in the interval ("β", 1÷"β"), where "β" is the coefficient in OLS regression of "y" on "x", and "β" is the coefficient in OLS regression of "x" on "y". If we abandon the normality assumption and require that "x*" were not normally distributed, retaining only the independence condition "ε" ⊥ "η" ⊥ "x*", then the model becomes identifiable. In the case of parameter estimation in partially observed dynamical systems, the profile likelihood can be also used

neg: Conceptual model modeling makes use of state transition diagrams to describe system behavior. These state transition diagrams use distinct states to define system behavior and changes. Most current modeling tools contain some kind of ability to represent state transition modeling. The use of state transition models can be most easily recognized as logic state diagrams and directed graphs for finite-state machines. Because the conceptual modeling method can sometimes be purposefully vague to account for a broad area of use, the actual application of concept modeling can become difficult. To alleviate this issue, and shed some light on what to consider when selecting

neg: Instrumental variables estimation other covariates are necessary, or perhaps we have partialed out any other relevant covariates): In this case, the coefficient on the regressor of interest is given by formula_14. Substituting for formula_15 gives where formula_17 is what the estimated coefficient vector would be if "x" were not correlated with "u". It can be shown that formula_17 would be an unbiased estimator of formula_19 If formula_20 in the underlying model that we believe, then OLS gives a coefficient which does "not" reflect the underlying causal effect of interest. IV helps to fix this problem by identifying the parameters formula_21 not based on

neg: Bias–variance tradeoff formula_36, implies formula_37. Also, since formula_38 Thus, since formula_5 and formula_15 are independent, we can write The bias–variance decomposition forms the conceptual basis for regression regularization methods such as Lasso and ridge regression. Regularization methods introduce bias into the regression solution that can reduce variance considerably relative to the ordinary least squares (OLS) solution. Although the OLS solution provides non-biased regression estimates, the lower variance solutions produced by regularization techniques provide superior MSE performance. The bias–variance decomposition was originally formulated for least-squares regression. For the case of classification under the 0-1 loss (misclassification rate), it is possible to find a

neg: Ocean general circulation model we only pay attention to local observation data, we don’t need to run whole global simulation, and by doing that we can save a lot of computational resources. 3. Global models This kind of model is the most computationally costly one. More experiments are needed as a preliminary step in constructing coupled Earth system models. Ocean general circulation model Ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) are a particular kind of general circulation model to describe physical and thermodynamical processes in oceans. The oceanic general circulation is defined as the horizontal space scale and time scale larger than mesoscale (of order 100

neg: New riddle of induction been observed and what will be observed, what is the justification for the predictions we make? We cannot use deductive logic to infer predictions about future observations based on past observations because there are no valid rules of deductive logic for such inferences. Hume's answer was that our observations of one kind of event following another kind of event result in our minds forming habits of regularity (i.e., associating one kind of event with another kind). The predictions we make are then based on these regularities or habits of mind we have formed. Goodman takes Hume's answer to be a

neg: Find Makarov: Operation Kingfish into it, and we'll see what happens". After the first film did so well, the filmmakers had an idea for a second project based on the Call of Duty series, and We Can Pretend called up Activision to propose it. "The first thing they said," says Fradkin, "is the script that we sent them, the original script, was way too close to the game. We can't do it, we're stepping on their toes. Then we kind of started about, 'Ok, these are the elements we can use, these are the elements we can't,' talking about it and making the script

neg: Unit root To estimate the slope coefficients, one should first conduct a unit root test, whose null hypothesis is that a unit root is present. If that hypothesis is rejected, one can use OLS. However, if the presence of a unit root is not rejected, then one should apply the difference operator to the series. If another unit root test shows the differenced time series to be stationary, OLS can then be applied to this series to estimate the slope coefficients. For example, in the AR(1) case, formula_20 is stationary. In the AR(2) case, formula_21 can be written as formula_22 where L

neg: Consensus reality Consensus reality Consensus reality is that which is generally agreed to be reality, based on a consensus view. The appeal to consensus arises from the fact that humans do not fully understand or agree upon the nature of knowledge or ontology, often making it uncertain what is real, given the vast inconsistencies between individual subjectivities. We can, however, seek to obtain some form of consensus, with others, of what is real. We can use this consensus as a pragmatic guide, either on the assumption that it seems to approximate some kind of valid reality, or simply because it is more

neg: Operational definition a real-world object, its abstracted counterparts as defined by the domain and its experts, and the computer models. Mismatches between domain models and their computational mirrors can raise issues that are apropos to this topic. Techniques that allow the flexible modeling required for many hard problems must resolve issues of identity, type, etc. which then lead to methods, such as duck typing. Many domains, with a numerics focus, use limit theory, of various sorts, to overcome the duck test necessity with varying degrees of success. Yet, with that, issues still remain as representational frameworks bear heavily on what we can

neg: Parametric determinism On that basis, we can verify empirically what kind of thinking (and what kind of people) will produce the most accurate predictions, and what we can really predict with "usable accuracy". One reason why he favoured Marxism was because he believed it provided the best intellectual tools for predicting the future of society. He often cited Leon Trotsky as an example of a good Marxist able to predict the future. Trotsky wrote in 1925 that: This may all seem a trivial "academic" or "scholastic" debate, similar to retrospective speculations about "what could have been different", but it has very important

neg: Sensory processing It may seem redundant that we are being provided with multiple sensory inputs about the same object, but that is not necessarily the case. This so-called "redundant" information is in fact verification that what we are experiencing is in fact happening. Perceptions of the world are based on models that we build of the world. Sensory information informs these models, but this information can also confuse the models. Sensory illusions occur when these models do not match up. For example, where our visual system may fool us in one case, our auditory system can bring us back to a ground

neg: Ordinary least squares other approaches. In all cases the formula for OLS estimator remains the same: ; the only difference is in how we interpret this result. For mathematicians, OLS is an approximate solution to an overdetermined system of linear equations , where "β" is the unknown. Assuming the system cannot be solved exactly (the number of equations "n" is much larger than the number of unknowns "p"), we are looking for a solution that could provide the smallest discrepancy between the right- and left- hand sides. In other words, we are looking for the solution that satisfies where ||·|| is the standard

neg: Durbin–Wu–Hausman test a variable (by comparing instrumental variable (IV) estimates to ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates). It can also be used to check the validity of extra instruments by comparing IV estimates using a full set of instruments "Z" to IV estimates that use a proper subset of "Z". Note that in order for the test to work in the latter case, we must be certain of the validity of the subset of "Z" and that subset must have enough instruments to identify the parameters of the equation. Hausman also showed that the covariance between an efficient estimator and the difference of

neg: Conceptions of God that God "exists" in the usual sense of the term, because that term is human defined and God's qualities such as existence may not be accurately characterized by it. What we can safely say is that it cannot be proven empirically or otherwise that God is existent, therefore "God is not non-existent". Likewise God's "wisdom" is of a fundamentally different kind from limited human perception. So we cannot use the word "wise" to describe God, because this implies God is wise in the way we usually describe humans being wise. However we can safely say that "God is not ignorant".

neg: Linear least squares variable has a wide range without constant variance, as here the larger residuals at the upper end of the range would dominate if OLS were used. When the percentage or relative error is normally distributed, least squares percentage regression provides maximum likelihood estimates. Percentage regression is linked to a multiplicative error model, whereas OLS is linked to models containing an additive error term. In constrained least squares, one is interested in solving a linear least squares problem with an additional constraint on the solution. In OLS (i.e., assuming unweighted observations), the optimal value of the objective function is found by

neg: Tribology fluids that strongly oppose the motion, while it is contained for fluids that flow easily. To determine what kind of flow is in the study, we observe its Reynolds number formula_51 This process has some disadvantages: In the case of oils with V.I. above 100 you can use a different relationship that allows you to get exact results formula_52 formula_53 where, in this case, H is the viscosity at 100 ° F of the oil with V.I. = 100 and v is the kinematic viscosity of the study oil at 210 ° F. We can therefore say, in conclusion, that

neg: Neuropsychoanalysis observes "mind" from outside, that is, by means of the neurological examination: questionnaires, the Boston Naming test or Wisconsin Sorting, bisecting lines, acting out how you use a screwdriver, and so on. Neurologists can compare the changes in psychological function that the neurological examination shows with the associated changes in the brain, either post mortem or by means of modern imaging technology. The other way is the layman's or Descartes' or the psychoanalysts' way. We can observe "subjectively," from inside a mind, how we feel and what we think. Freud refined this kind of observation into free association. He claimed

neg: Prayin' for Daylight of "Prayin' For Daylight". "The first single. That was the first tune we ever cut as a group, and the first song that Lyric Street ever heard us do. It was very, very instrumental in getting our deal. We love the song. It's a very memorable kind of chorus and it just showcases what we can do as well as the band. I think if somebody said tell us what you're all about, we could play that song and they'd get a pretty good picture of what we can do. "Prayin' For Daylight" was special because at the last minute

neg: Theater Freiburg in Freiburg served as an alternative venue for the theatre. Around 30 premieres were presented during the 2010/11 season. One can choose from hundreds of performances every year. Freiburg Theater, under its director Barbara Mundel, and the slogan, “What kind of future do we want to live in?”, seeks dialogue with the city, searching for answers, models and opportunities. The scheduled reconstruction of the stagecraft, which is estimated at around 9 million euros, is currently being looked into due to a lack of financial means within Freiburg's cultural budget.[6] Freiburg Theater houses three of the performing arts: opera, theatre and

neg: Edmund Phelps Frydman founded the Center on Capitalism & Society at Columbia (now a unit of Arts and Sciences) to promote and conduct research on capitalism. In 2008, writing in the wake of the Great Recession, Phelps criticized the "false" models of neoclassical economics, but he also wrote with skepticism regarding Keynesian resurgence: What theory can we use to get us out of the impending slump quickly and reliably? To use the 'new classical' theory of fluctuations begun at Chicago in the 1970s – the theory in which the "risk management" models are embedded – is unthinkable, since it is precisely the

neg: Gaussian network model not inducing notable changes in the structure. There are several major areas in which the Gaussian network model and other elastic network models have proved to be useful. These include: In practice, two kinds of calculations can be performed. The first kind (the GNM per se) makes use of the Kirchhoff matrix. The second kind (more specifically called either the Elastic Network Model or the Anisotropic Network Model) makes use of the Hessian matrix associated to the corresponding set of harmonic springs. Both kinds of models can be used online, using the following servers. Gaussian network model The Gaussian network

neg: Entropy of mixing than solids.) Everywhere we look in component 1, there is a molecule present, and likewise for component 2. After the two different substances are intermingled (assuming they are miscible), the liquid is still dense with molecules, but now there is uncertainty about what kind of molecule is in which location. Of course, any idea of identifying molecules in given locations is a thought experiment, not something one could do, but the calculation of the uncertainty is well-defined. We can use Boltzmann's equation for the entropy change as applied to the mixing process where formula_31 is Boltzmann's constant. We then calculate

neg: Computability measure the power of a computational model is to study the class of formal languages that the model can generate; in such a way is the Chomsky hierarchy of languages is obtained. Other restricted models of computation include: With these computational models in hand, we can determine what their limits are. That is, what classes of languages can they accept? Computer scientists call any language that can be accepted by a finite-state machine a regular language. Because of the restriction that the number of possible states in a finite state machine is finite, we can see that to find a

neg: Autodesk Revit When a user makes a building, model, or any other kind of object in Revit, they may use Revit's rendering engine to make a more realistic image of what is otherwise a very diagrammatic model. This is accomplished by either using the premade model, wall, floor, etc., tools, or making her or his own models, walls, materials, etc. Revit 2010 comes with a plethora of predefined materials, each of which can be modified to the user's desires. The user can also begin with a "Generic" material. With this, the user can set the rotation, size, brightness, and intensity of textures,

neg: Symmetry group planes of reflection. The continuous symmetry groups without a fixed point include those with a screw axis, such as an infinite helix. See also subgroups of the Euclidean group. In wider contexts, a symmetry group may be any kind of transformation group, or automorphism group. Once we know what kind of mathematical structure we are concerned with, we should be able to pinpoint what mappings preserve the structure. Conversely, specifying the symmetry can define the structure, or at least clarify what we mean by an invariant, geometric language in which to discuss it; this is one way of looking at

neg: Heteroscedasticity estimator in the presence of heteroscedasticity is asymptotically normal, when properly normalized and centered, with a variance-covariance matrix that differs from the case of homoscedasticity. In 1980, White proposed a consistent estimator for the variance-covariance matrix of the asymptotic distribution of the OLS estimator. This validates the use of hypothesis testing using OLS estimators and White's variance-covariance estimator under heteroscedasticity. Heteroscedasticity is also a major practical issue encountered in ANOVA problems. The F test can still be used in some circumstances. However, it has been said that students in econometrics should not overreact to heteroscedasticity. One author wrote, "unequal error

neg: Fuel control unit Fuel control unit A fuel control unit is a control system for gas turbine engines. Gas turbine engines are primarily controlled by the amount of fuel supplied to the combustion chambers. With this in mind we can say that, the very simplest fuel control for a turbine engine is a fuel valve operated by the pilot. Many pre-production models of early turbojet engines featured just that, but it was soon found that this kind of control was difficult and dangerous in actual use. Closing the valve too quickly while trying to reduce power output could cause a "lean die-out", where

neg: Instrumental variables estimation whether formula_22 is uncorrelated with formula_23, but based on whether another variable formula_24 (or set of variables) is (are) uncorrelated with formula_23. If theory suggests that formula_24 is related to formula_22 (the first stage) but uncorrelated with formula_23 (the exclusion restriction), then IV may identify the causal parameter of interest where OLS fails. Because there are multiple specific ways of using and deriving IV estimators even in just the linear case (IV, 2SLS, GMM), we save further discussion for the Estimation section below. Of course, IV techniques have been developed among a much broader class of non-linear models. General definitions

neg: Sallie McFague changing how they conceive of God and thus care for the earth. As McFague remarks: ‘we take what we need from Jesus using clues and hints…for an interpretation of salvation in our time’. Though McFague does use biblical motifs, her development of them goes far beyond what they are traditionally held to convey. She uses others, such as the notion of the world as God’s body, an image used by the early church but which ‘fell by the wayside’ (according to British theologian Daphne Hampson), in her search for models ‘appropriate’ to our needs. She stresses that all models are

neg: Final Destination 2 action sequences on film and it was just something I was going after. Once I got the offer from New Line and we got a good script, it was kind of a natural transition," Ellis professed. "I wanted our film to be able to stand alone but I watched "Final Destination" to see what they did that was so successful. I tried to use some of that while trying to keep a stand-alone feel for our movie. I kind of took what worked and tried to improve on it," Ellis added. "We wanted to take what the first film did

neg: Escape from Freedom positive note when he claims that the work of cultural evolution hitherto cannot be undone and Nazism does not provide a genuine union with the world. Fromm examines democracy and freedom. Modern democracy and the industrialised nation are models he praises but it is stressed that the kind of external freedom provided by this kind of society can never be utilised to the full without an equivalent inner freedom. Fromm suggests that though we are free from totalitarian influence of any sorts in this kind of society, we are still dominated by the advice of experts and the influence of

neg: Instrumental variables estimation solves for formula_3 such that formula_4 (when we minimize the sum of squared errors, formula_5, the first-order condition is exactly formula_6.) If the true model is believed to have formula_7 due to any of the reasons listed above—for example, if there is an omitted variable which affects both formula_2 and formula_9 separately—then this OLS procedure will "not" yield the causal impact of formula_2 on formula_9. OLS will simply pick the parameter that makes the resulting errors appear uncorrelated with formula_2. Consider for simplicity the single-variable case. Suppose we are considering a regression with one variable and a constant (perhaps no

neg: Ritual (the Black Dahlia Murder album) Lewis, who also worked on the band's 2009 album "Deflorate". Frontman Trevor Strnad considers "Ritual" "the most focused Black Dahlia Murder strike of all time." "The whole thread of the songs is more tied together than ever before," explains Strnad. "Part of it was kind of like, 'What can we do that's the most Black Dahlia Murder thing? What's going to be the most quintessential Black Dahlia Murder thing we can do?' That's kind of what we set our foothold in. And 'Ritual', it just lends itself to that — it's mysticism and magic and all of that. Everyone has

neg: Don't Rush (song) were together, and he goes, ‘Have you ever met Lindsay Champan?’ And I was like, ‘Nope!’ Basically he was like, ‘Why don’t we write with her? She has an absolutely gorgeous R&B voice.’ He was like ‘Let’s get together and see what we can develop." Hemby also admitted that the song was written for Lindsay Chapman because the song's genre fit Chapman's musical direction at that time. She added, "It had an Al Green-ish feel with a '70s throwback kind of vibe, and that's kind of what we were going for with her sound." Once the collaboration was completed, the

neg: Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party City; we put up in a little hotel, three or four of us in a bed, four or five of us on the floor. You know, we suffered a common kind of experience, the whole thing. But now, what kind of fool am I, or what kind of fool would Ed have been, to accept gratuities for ourselves? You say, Ed and Aaron can get in but the other sixty-two can't. This is typical white man picking black folks' leaders, and that day is just gone. The MFDP was willing to accept a compromise proposed by Oregon Congresswoman Edith Green,

neg: Todmorden 513 new sound, normative or deterministic properties of older classical music from the Baroque era or Classical era or the Romantic era need to make a return in a big way. We’ve had 50 years - 60 years - of chaos, of experimentation, but there is a natural limit to what you can discover with experimentation because we're humans: we need some kind of a system, we need rules in order to come up with new ideas. If we are open to starting to use old knowledge, and accepting old knowledge as something valuable, and also using the new technologies, and

neg: Madison Packer every night and that’s kind of what we did last. A lot of respect for that group, but we kind knew we needed to clean house and a different dynamic… Speed is definitely going to be our advantage this year. We want to use it." The Riveters would improve to 8–7–1 in 2016–17, for second place in the NWHL. Packer was selected to play in two league All-Star Games, having played in the 2016 All-Star Game and voted in by fans for the 2017 All-Star Game in February 2017. Playing for Team Steadman, Packer scored twice at the 2nd NWHL

neg: Miss Earth 2001 make a lot of problems for us in the environment. But we can do something to make it better. For example in Denmark, we do a lot of farming and we use a lot of technology to make it easier for us. But that also means that we use a lot of chemicals that spread and go down to a ground water and makes the ground water worse. So what we can do and what we are doing at the moment is to try to make a regulations on what chemicals are allowed to be used and also thereby make

neg: Testing in binary response index models model as formula_15 and define formula_16 and formula_17, where formula_18. Then run the OLS regression formula_19 on formula_20, where formula_21 and formula_22. The LM statistic is equal to the explained sum of squares from this regression and it is asymptotically distributed as formula_23. If the MLE can be computed easily under both of the restricted and unrestricted models, Likelihood-ratio test is also a choice: let formula_24 denote the value of the log-likelihood function under the unrestricted model and let formula_25 denote the value under the restricted model, then formula_26 has an asymptotic formula_23 distribution. The second type is testing a

neg: IX (...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead album) Dream", both records by The War on Drugs: "This layered Krautrock kind of vibe. We were thinking of Echo And The Bunnymen, Ocean Rain. These dense and bigger sounding albums. We were kind of into some 80’s music, Psychedelic Furs. Which is funny cause we’re not really a band that’s into the new wave sound, I don’t think we’ve ever made an 80’s sounding record. That’s kind of what we were jamming out to, the early 80’s sounds. Going for more of a Peter Gabriel thing, where you don’t use any cymbals, heavy toms and stuff like that were sort

neg: Mathematical model still left with several unknown parameters; how rapidly does the medicine amount decay, and what is the initial amount of medicine in blood? This example is therefore not a completely white-box model. These parameters have to be estimated through some means before one can use the model. In black-box models one tries to estimate both the functional form of relations between variables and the numerical parameters in those functions. Using a priori information we could end up, for example, with a set of functions that probably could describe the system adequately. If there is no a priori information we would

neg: Scientific formalism be labelled as a more convenient device for calculations, rather than an actual description of reality. In general relativity, Newton's inertial frames are no longer privileged. In quantum mechanics, Paul Dirac argued that physical models were not there to provide semantic constructs allowing us to "understand" microscopic physics in language comparable to that we use on the familiar scale of everyday objects. His attitude, adopted by many theoretical physicists, is that a good model is judged by our capacity to use it to calculate physical quantities that can be tested experimentally. Dirac's view is close to what Bas van Fraassen

neg: The Perennial Philosophy Western mysticism: The final paragraph of the jacket text states: In the words of poet and anthologist John Robert Colombo: Huxley deliberately chose less well-known quotations because "familiarity with traditionally hallowed writings tends to breed, not indeed contempt, but ... a kind of reverential insensibility, ... an inward deafness to the meaning of the sacred words." So, for example, Chapter 5 on "Charity" takes just one quotation from the Bible, combining it with less familiar sources: Huxley then explains: "We can only love what we know, and we can never know completely what we do not love. Love is a

neg: Regression-kriging (regression-part), the residual can be interpolated with kriging and added to the estimated trend. The estimation of the residuals is an iterative process: first the deterministic part of variation is estimated using OLS, then the covariance function of the residuals is used to obtain the GLS coefficients. Next, these are used to re-compute the residuals, from which an updated covariance function is computed, and so on. Although this is by many geostatisticians recommended as the proper procedure, Kitanidis (1994) showed that use of the covariance function derived from the OLS residuals (i.e. a single iteration) is often satisfactory, because it

neg: First inauguration of Richard Nixon years--the beginning of the third millennium. What kind of nation we will be, what kind of world we will live in, whether we shape the future in the image of our hopes, is ours to determine by our actions and our choices. The greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker. This honor now beckons America--the chance to help lead the world at last out of the valley of turmoil, and onto that high ground of peace that man has dreamed of since the dawn of civilization. If we succeed, generations to come will say of us now

neg: DiVincenzo's criteria use of qubits for computation. Some models use qubits and in this case the first statement is logically extended. Quantum mechanically a qubit is defined as 2 level system with some energy gap. This can sometimes be difficult to implement physically and so we can focus on a particular transition of atomic levels, etc. Whatever the system we choose, we require that the system remain (almost) always in the subspace of these two levels and in doing so we can say it is a well characterised qubit. An example of a system that is not well characterised would be 2

neg: Regularized least squares kernel matrix for the linear or Gaussian kernel is formula_43. The complexity of testing is formula_44. The prediction at a new test point formula_45 is: For convenience a vector notation is introduced. Let formula_12 be an formula_48 matrix, where the rows are input vectors, and formula_49 a formula_50 vector where the entries are corresponding outputs. In terms of vectors, the kernel matrix can be written as formula_51. The learning function can be written as: Here we define formula_53. The objective function can be rewritten as: The first term is the objective function from ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, corresponding to

neg: René van der Wouden based than Pro Sequentia and also contains the use of samples of "the EM-instrument", the Mellotron. The overall style of the music can be referred to what is called the "Golden Era" of electronic music. The theme of the CD is "Alchemy". For years René has been interested in this kind of philosophy. On October 28, 2006 there was a special concert given by EL-KA, René van der Wouden & Syngate artists at the GASOMETER, Oberhausen in the afternoon from 1:00 pm to 5:00 pm. The inspiration for this concert was: "How can we sound like our favorite electronic music

neg: Phenomenalism [sense] experience.". He claimed that "The phenomenalist really is committed to the most radical kind of empiricism: For him reference to objects is always finally a reference to sense-experience ... ." To the phenomenalist, objects of any kind must be related to experience. "John Stuart Mill once spoke of physical objects as but the 'permanent possibility of experience' and this, by and large, is what the phenomenalist exploits: All we can mean, in talking about physical objects — or nonphysical objects, if there are any — is what experiences we would have in dealing with them ... ." However, phenomenalism

neg: Power domains so one is led to increasingly complicated notions of power domain. There are three common variants: the Plotkin, upper, and lower power domains. One way to understand these concepts is as free models of theories of nondeterminism. For most of this article we use the terms "domain" and of "continuous function" quite loosely, meaning respectively some kind of ordered structure and some kind of limit-preserving function. This flexibility is genuine; for example, in some concurrent systems it is natural to impose the condition that every message sent must eventually be delivered. However, the limit of a chain of approximations in

neg: Appreciative inquiry in education world). It means that great care is taken in the choice of words that we use as it will influence the kind of future we create. The language of the teacher influences what the child considers as his/her reality and this influences his self-perception and hence his self-worth which is very important for what he/she becomes in future. ii. Principle of Simultaneity – change begins from the moment we ask a question about a thing. The heart of AI is an unconditional positive question. For example – what was the best thing that has happened to you in the last

neg: Unreal Tournament (upcoming video game) "To me, Unreal —and the entire franchise— has always been, I used to use this term a lot, a Tim Burton Batman-type of caricature of itself. And where I'd like to go with the new franchise is more of a Chris Nolan kind of Batman Begins...just something a little more polished, a little more realistic, but without going over the top and doing kind of like what we did with "Gears of War" or "Unreal Tournament 3" and making everything dark and grimy and grungy. I think you can still have detailed environments that look amazing, and add color, and

neg: Quantum machine learning that these models can better model sequential data compared to classical HMMs in practice, although further work is needed to determine exactly when and how these benefits are derived. Additionally, since classical HMMs are a particular kind of Bayes net, an exciting aspect of HQMMs is that the techniques used show how we can perform quantum-analogous Bayesian inference, which should allow for the general construction of the quantum versions of probabilistic graphical models. In the most general case of quantum machine learning, both the learning device and the system under study, as well as their interaction, are fully quantum. This

neg: Knowledge modeling process results in Knowledge Models and Standard Specifications Models that enable their use for computer supported knowledge-aided design as well as for automated verification of designs. Knowledge modeling Knowledge modeling is a process of creating a computer interpretable model of knowledge or standard specifications about a kind of process and/or about a kind of facility or product. The resulting knowledge model can only be computer interpretable when it is expressed in some knowledge representation language or data structure that enables the knowledge to be interpreted by software and to be stored in a database or data exchange file. Knowledge-based engineering

neg: Stable model semantics that we started with. A program with negation may have many stable models or no stable models. For instance, the program has two stable models formula_73, formula_78. The one-rule program has no stable models. If we think of the stable model semantics as a description of the behavior of Prolog in the presence of negation then programs without a unique stable model can be judged unsatisfactory: they do not provide an unambiguous specification for Prolog-style query answering. For instance, the two programs above are not reasonable as Prolog programs — SLDNF resolution does not terminate on them. But the use

neg: Testing in binary response index models the exactly same representation as above. But we can still derive the formulas as well as its asymptotic distribution by Delta Method and implement Wald test, Score test or Likelihood-ratio test. Which test should be used is determined by the relative computation difficulty of the MLE under restricted and unrestricted models. Testing in binary response index models Denote a binary response index model as: formula_1, formula_2 where formula_3. This type of model is applied in many economic contexts, especially in modelling the choice-making behavior. For instance, formula_4 here denotes whether consumer formula_5 chooses to purchase a certain kind of chocolate,

neg: Model risk perspective, in the case of pricing models, we can set up a reserve to allow for the difference in estimations using alternative models. In the case of risk measurement models, scenario analysis can be undertaken for various fluctuation patterns of risk factors, or position limits can be established based on information obtained from scenario analysis." Cont (2006) advocates the use of model risk exposure for computing such reserves. Taleb wrote when describing why most new models that attempted to correct the inadequacies of the Black–Scholes model failed to become accepted: "Traders are not fooled by the Black–Scholes–Merton model. The existence

neg: William C. Wimsatt it crunch when we eat it) is fundamental for accessing what exists in the world. The more we can detect things in multiple ways, the more we are inclined to believe they exist. Closely connected to robustness are the heuristics, which we use to think about the world and are foundational to his epistemology. They are rules of thumb, which can be wrong or biased but tend to work when applied to what is robust in the world. For Wimsatt, questions of realism (i.e., what exists) are not separable from questions of epistemology (i.e., what we can know) and the

neg: We Can't Stop stated that "We Can't Stop" represents "where I'm at in my life now". Lyrically, the track describes a house party, as mentioned in the opening lines "It's our party, we can do what we want / It's our party, we can say what we want / It's our party, we can love who we want / We can kiss who we want / We can live how we want". It also makes several references to recreational drug use, including "dancing with molly", using a slang term for ecstasy, and "trying to get a line [of cocaine] in the bathroom". After

neg: Robert F. Kennedy's speech at Ball State University Armena Rahe, Mayor Paul Cooley, and Marshall Hanley. After an introduction by Hanley, Kennedy spoke for 34 minutes. Kennedy opened with a joke about his brother, Senator Ted Kennedy, supposedly trying to enter the campaign after President Johnson's withdrawal. He proceeded to talk about more serious issues. Kennedy told the audience that with the Vietnam War "on the way to being settled," they needed to ask themselves "What kind of help and how much should we give to the underdeveloped nations of the world?" Concerning domestic poverty, he said "What kind of programs can we develop to build a better

neg: Difference in differences period, then formula_23 and formula_24, giving the DID estimator which can be interpreted as the treatment effect of the treatment indicated by formula_18. Below it is shown how this estimator can be read as a coefficient in an ordinary least squares regression. The model described in this section is over-parametrized; to remedy that, one of the coefficients for the dummy variables can be set to 0, for example, we may set formula_27. All the assumptions of the OLS model apply equally to DID. In addition, DID requires a parallel trend assumption. The parallel trend assumption says that formula_28 are the

neg: He Xiangyu oral is intrinsically linked to the body, we know that the inside and outside is relative to each other in which both are a kind of inner joy, to mobilize your senses. For example, the senses are developed from mobilizing the substance itself to gain pleasure from Coca-Cola or olive oil, it is a kind of illusion, forged emotion or a desire stimulated within the body. This cannot control the quality of the substance, neither can control what the viewer will see or sense at particular time, but at least through this illusion we can understand the world without an

neg: Tarento look rugged and have blond hair and blue eyes). "Gaikokujin tarento" are seen as curiosities by the Japanese, just as other "tarento", and are cast differently depending on their ethnicities. A veteran foreign personality, Dave Spector, stated, "[I'm] doing things like the lowest bozo, circus kind of stuff. But it doesn't bother me at all. A lot of times the foreigners on TV, models and what-not, are compared to pandas. They use that term here — pandas — because they're cuddly, you can go and have fun with them, and throw a marshmallow and that's about it. And you don't

neg: GNV FLA Fat Wreck Chords, but we figured we had enough experience among the five of us doing almost every facet of what it takes to run a label. Now we control everything we do. It's kind of scary, kind of creepy and a lot of fun; I wake up every day at, like, 9 o'clock in the morning and I work on my band. And it's not just the music side of things; it's marketing, online promotion, talking to dudes at radio stations. We work really hard and try to do it as best as we can. We're our own band,

neg: 2016 Quaker State 400 as a never-ending journey; if we can improve we're going to do that. We wanted to go the direction of low downforce, see how that worked, not kind of go all the way in and hope that we are directionally right. And we are seeing that play out. We've seen some great racing at the beginning of the year. But we also knew that we had some more levers that we could pull if the direction kind of proved out, so we've tried some of those things. We've tested it and what we've also wanted to do is lower some

neg: Theosophy and science integrity, cyclicity, and the one law for Universe and man. "Eastern ideas about the universal coherence, the unity of everything in the world, and the cyclic flowing into each other of Non-Being and Being (unmanifested and manifested) can resonate with the synergetic models... We can assume that there is a kind of an origin environment, in which all other observable and studied environments have grown. Then all the environments, with which we are dealing in life and scientific experiment, appear as some fluctuations (disturbances), the visible to us manifestations (modifications) of this one substrate—the origin environment." According to a historian

neg: Australia's Shame that kind and I have never seen people treated in that way." Triggs also expressed the need for "some kind of investigation into this." Laundy, Husic, Morris and Kurti all agreed with Triggs, with Laundy concurring with the opinion of Barrister Lawrence in the episode, stating that he would inform "both the Prime Minister and the relevant Ministers about what we've seen and what we can do." Laundy additionally expressed that "all of that footage should be handed over to the State Government so that they can go through the footage in its entirety and help them make the decisions

neg: OMNeT++ OMNeT++ OMNeT++ (Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++) is a modular, component-based C++ simulation library and framework, primarily for building network simulators. OMNeT++ can be used for free for non-commercial simulations like at academic institutions and for teaching. "OMNEST" is an extended version of OMNeT++ for commercial use cases. OMNeT++ itself is a simulation framework (not a simulator) without models for network protocols like IP or HTTP. The main computer network simulation models are available in several external frameworks. The most commonly used one is INET which offers a variety of models for all kind of network protocols and technologies

neg: PureNRG in order to provide positive role-models and we just really hope that we can showcase that being a child of God is just really so awesome and nobody can ever take that away from you no matter what happens and that's just the whole reason that we get up on stage and perform for everybody and they really hope that we can get that message across through our music." They went on a farewell tour in the fall of 2010, celebrating the four years they had spent as a band. All of the members said that they were very sad

neg: The Maze of the Beast and forces the three to guess the password before they are marked as Ols and killed. Lief finds a note and realizes that the password is the first letter of every word on the note. They enter the Resistance and Doom, a man they have encountered before, tests them by putting them in a prison for three days. The test is supposed to find out if they are Ols because Ols can only hold their shape for three days. As three days pass, Doom does not let up and keeps them imprisoned. Dain frees them from the cave in exchange

neg: Discourse of power we not built it. Had someone been brought up in a different kind of society, had different needs, values, or interests, an individual might have built a different kind of thing, or built this social construct differently. It is important to be aware that the values we hold, the beliefs we harbor and the decisions we make are based on our assumptions, our experiences, our education and what we know for a fact. Social construct allows us rely on mass media for the current news and facts about what is important and what we should be aware of. We trust

neg: Pitch space musical instruments: by moving one's hands a very short distance on a violin string, one can move arbitrarily far in these multiple-dimensional models. For this reason, it is hard to assess the psychological relevance of distance as measured by these lattices. The idea of pitch space goes back at least as far as the ancient Greek music theorists known as the Harmonists. To quote one of their number, Bacchius, "And what is a diagram? A representation of a musical system. And we use a diagram so that, for students of the subject, matters which are hard to grasp with the

neg: Philosophy and economics gain wide acceptance, their ripple effects can spread throughout the entire field of economics. An epistemology deals with how we "know" things. In the philosophy of economics this means asking questions such as: what kind of a "truth claim" is made by economic theories – for example, are we claiming that the theories relate to reality or perceptions? How can or should we prove economic theories – for example, must every economic theory be empirically verifiable? How exact are economic theories and can they lay claim to the status of an exact science – for example, are economic predictions as

neg: Isaiah Berlin "which can be contemplated by a kind of inner eye", without the use of language – a recognition greatly sharpened in the 20th century by Wittgenstein's private language argument. For Berlin, values are creations of mankind, rather than products of nature waiting to be discovered. He argued, on the basis of the epistemic and empathetic access we have to other cultures across history, that the nature of mankind is such that certain values – the importance of individual liberty, for instance – will hold true across cultures, and this is what he meant by objective pluralism. Berlin's argument was partly

neg: Latin syntax what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. The negative of this kind is "nōn": Another use is for what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened (the 'optative' subjunctive). The negative of this kind is "nē": It can also represent what the speaker commands or suggests should happen (the 'jussive' subjunctive). The negative is again "nē": One important use of the subjunctive mood in Latin is to indicate that the words are quoted; this applies for example to subordinate clauses in indirect speech: It also

neg: Alive (Jennifer Lopez song) "little bit of it sounded like the movie, a little haunting". When she heard the melody, she said to herself: "I can write something to that right now. And we can use it in "Enough"". Lopez then began to think about the film and the character that she portrays and what she had been through. In addition, she also thought about the things that she had gone through in her own life. According to Lopez, it was easy to be inspired by the melody Judd had written, "and just kind of that grateful feeling, to just be here [...] And

neg: World Usability Day engage people to use technology products and services? What kind of design thinking needs to be incorporated, to keep people engaged? How can you engage those outside our field, to understand the importance of a good user experience? Can we engage people to help changes those things that are not working well? The website boasts there to be 135 events planned in 40 countries. As this is the 10th anniversary, they were eager to grow the event as much as possible and to promote this year's theme: Innovation. World Usability Day Established in 2005 by the Usability Professionals Association, (now

neg: Part-based models evolve in complexity in the work of Perona and others. These models will be covered in the constellation models section. To get a better idea of what is meant by constellation model an example may be more illustrative. Say we are trying to detect faces. A constellation model would use smaller part detectors, for instance mouth, nose and eye detectors and make a judgment about whether an image has a face based on the relative positions in which the components fire. Many overlapping ideas are included under the title part-based models even after having excluded those models of the constellation

neg: ACORN 2009 undercover videos controversy do this type of thing." Giles remarks, "they are kind of dependent." Although the Baltimore ACORN staffer pointed out their plans were illegal, after O'Keefe says, "we are going to be putting a roof over [their] head", the ACORN employee states, "well then you know what you can always claim them as dependents." Later, the employee says, "you are gonna use three of them they are gonna be under 16 so you is eligible to get child tax credit and additional child tax credit." When O'Keefe asks, "what if they are going to be making money because they are performing

neg: Dummy variable (statistics) = 1 |"X"). In this example, formula_17 gives the probability of a house being owned by a family whose income is given by "X". Now, using the OLS assumption formula_19, we get Some problems are inherent in the LPM model: To avoid the limitations of the LPM, what is needed is a model that has the feature that as the explanatory variable, "X", increases, "P" = E ("Y" = 1 | "X") should remain within the range between 0 and 1. Thus the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is necessarily non-linear. For this purpose, a cumulative distribution function

neg: Blind deconvolution we can filter the received signal to obtain the desired spectral power density. This is what happens, for example, when the original signal is known to have no auto correlation, and we "whiten" the received signal. Whitening usually leaves some phase distortion in the results. Most blind deconvolution techniques use higher-order statistics of the signals, and permit the correction of such phase distortions. We can optimize the equalizer to obtain a signal with a PSF approximating what we know about the original PSF. Blind deconvolution algorithms often make use of high-order statistics, with moments higher than two. This can be

neg: Ordinary least squares sample size is necessarily finite, it is customary to assume that "n" is "large enough" so that the true distribution of the OLS estimator is close to its asymptotic limit. We can show that under the model assumptions, the least squares estimator for "β" is consistent (that is formula_31 converges in probability to "β") and asymptotically normal: where formula_78 Using this asymptotic distribution, approximate two-sided confidence intervals for the "j"-th component of the vector formula_79 can be constructed as where "q" denotes the quantile function of standard normal distribution, and [·] is the "j"-th diagonal element of a matrix. Similarly,

neg: Desiree Schell incremental changes that are so important." In an interview with Kylie Sturgess, Schell states "We are a young movement but we can learn from other movements. We have access to all these studies done around science communication and around science education. We need to use that kind of research the way we would for homeopathy." Schell states "Skepticism 2.0’s" rebirth is a demographically broad social movement. We really want to spread critical thinking to the broadest possible audience. In order to do that, we as skeptics need to discuss ways that we can make our message more inclusive." In a

neg: Olympic-Wallowa Lineament yet no understanding of what kind of feature or process – the "ur-OWL" – could control this. Nor are there particular "OWL" rocks which can be examined and radiometrically dated. We are left with determining its age by looking at its relationship with other features, such as which features overlap or cross-cut other (presumably older) features. In the following sections we will look at several features which might be expected to have some kind of structural relationship with the OWL, and consider what they might tell us about the OWL. The most notable geological feature crossing the OWL is the

neg: Theoretical astronomy astronomers use a wide variety of tools which include analytical models (for example, polytropes to approximate the behaviors of a star) and computational numerical simulations. Each has some advantages. Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving insight into the heart of what is going on. Numerical models can reveal the existence of phenomena and effects that would otherwise not be seen. Astronomy theorists endeavor to create theoretical models and figure out the observational consequences of those models. This helps observers look for data that can refute a model or help in choosing between several alternate or conflicting

neg: Astrophysics a stellar object, from birth to destruction. Theoretical astrophysicists use a wide variety of tools which include analytical models (for example, polytropes to approximate the behaviors of a star) and computational numerical simulations. Each has some advantages. Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving insight into the heart of what is going on. Numerical models can reveal the existence of phenomena and effects that would otherwise not be seen. Theorists in astrophysics endeavor to create theoretical models and figure out the observational consequences of those models. This helps allow observers to look for data that can refute

neg: Sondhi Limthongkul is clearly aiming for the presidency now. The monarch trampled, the religion trampled, the country trampled, by this savage and atrocious power in a few people in the government circle. That is the circle of ogres, of ghosts, of trolls, of demons (), all in there ... So even Devadatta [an enemy of the Buddha] saw the harm he caused, and he was rewarded for his good deed. He would attain Buddhahood (). For those who have made mistakes, if we see the harm we cause, we can still get by. But what is it with Thailand? What kind of

neg: Intuitive statistics in learning, and how they apply to infant and childhood learning specifically. Gopnik advocates the hypothesis that infant and childhood learning are examples of inductive inference, a general-purpose mechanism for generalization, acting upon specialized information structures ("theories") in the brain. On this view, infants and children are essentially proto-scientists because they regularly use a kind of scientific method, developing hypotheses, performing experiments via play, and updating models about the world based on their results. For Gopnik, this use of scientific thinking and categorization in development and everyday life can be formalized as models of Bayesian inference. An application of this

neg: Multiple trace theory and "United States" will be combined to form the a vector, which will have already been formulated into the m memory whose b values encode "George Washington". Given a, there are two popular models for how we can successfully recall b: 1) We can go through and determine similarity (not summed similarity, see above for distinction) to every item in memory for the a attributes, then pick whichever memory has the highest similarity for the a. Whatever b-type attributes we are linked to gives what we recall. The m memory gives best chance of recall since its a elements will

neg: Elbow Room (book) argues that such efforts to salvage free will by finding a way out of the prison of determinism are wasted. Dennett discusses many types of free will (1984). Many philosophers have claimed that determinism and free will are incompatible. What the physicists seem to be trying to construct is a type of free will that involves a way for brains to make use of quantum indeterminacy so as to make choices that alter the universe in our favor, or if there are multiple universes, to choose among the possible universes. Dennett suggests that we can have another kind of free

neg: Private (novel series) photos of young businesswomen from around the world to illustrate a series of articles written by David Benaym for "L'Officiel". Stylist Christina Havemeyer has stated that when deciding what the models will wear, "I look for obviously what I think is going to be something that a teenage girl is going to gravitate toward." She has noted the significance of color and variety. "Mixing and matching is very important. . .you can buy something from the store that's brand new and you can mix it with your grandma's necklace from 1959. So it creates kind of a luxe, but young,