query: mention any one limitation of the grammar translation method

pos: Grammar–translation method note things of their interest in the literature of foreign languages. Therefore, this method focuses on reading and writing and has developed techniques which facilitate more or less the learning of reading and writing only. As a result, speaking and listening are overlooked. Grammar–translation classes are usually conducted in the students' native language. Grammar rules are learned ; students learn grammar rules by rote, and then practice the rules by doing grammar drills and translating sentences to and from the target language. More attention is paid to the form of the sentences being translated than to their content. When students

neg: Syntax-directed translation Syntax-directed translation Syntax-directed translation refers to a method of compiler implementation where the source language translation is completely driven by the parser. A common method of syntax-directed translation is translating a string into a sequence of actions by attaching one such action to each rule of a grammar. Thus, parsing a string of the grammar produces a sequence of rule applications. SDT provides a simple way to attach semantics to any such syntax. Syntax-directed translation fundamentally works by adding actions to the productions in a context-free grammar, resulting in a Syntax-Directed Definition (SDD). Actions are steps or procedures that will

neg: Grammar–translation method reach more advanced levels of achievement, they may translate entire texts from the target language. Tests often consist of the translation of classical texts. There is not usually any listening or speaking practice, and very little attention is placed on pronunciation or any communicative aspects of the language. The skill exercised is reading, and then only in the context of translation. The mainstay of classroom materials for the grammar–translation method is the textbook. Textbooks in the 19th century attempted to codify the grammar of the target language into discrete rules for students to learn and memorize. A chapter in a

neg: Grammar–translation method what the grammar–translation was missing. They supported teaching the language, not about the language, and teaching in the target language, emphasizing speech as well as text. Through grammar–translation, students lacked an active role in the classroom, often correcting their own work and strictly following the textbook. Despite all of these drawbacks, the grammar–translation method is still the most used method all over the world in language teaching. This is not surprising as most language proficiency books and tests are in the format of grammar–translation method; and hence the use of the method continues. Grammar–translation method The grammar–translation method is a

neg: Grammar–translation method Grammar–translation method The grammar–translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin. In grammar–translation classes, students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and the native language. Advanced students may be required to translate whole texts word-for-word. The method has two main goals: to enable students to read and translate literature written in the source language, and to further students' general intellectual development. It originated from the practice of teaching Latin; in the early 1500s, students learned Latin for

neg: Grammar–translation method curricula in the 19th century, teachers taught them with the same grammar–translation method as was used for classical Latin and Greek. As a result, textbooks were essentially copied for the modern language classroom. In the United States of America, the basic foundations of this method were used in most high school and college foreign language classrooms. There are two main goals to grammar–translation classes. One is to develop students' reading ability to a level where they can read literature in the target language. The other is to develop students' general mental discipline. The users of foreign language wanted simply to

neg: Grammar–translation method typical grammar–translation textbook would begin with a bilingual vocabulary list, after which there would be grammar rules for students to study and sentences for them to translate. Some typical sentences from 19th-century textbooks are as follows: The philosopher pulled the lower jaw of the hen. My sons have bought the mirrors of the Duke.<br> The cat of my aunt is more treacherous than the dog of your uncle. The method by definition has a very limited scope. Because speaking or any kind of spontaneous creative output was missing from the curriculum, students would often fail at speaking or even letter

neg: Grammar–translation method a method for which there is no theory. There is no literature that offers a rationale or justification for it or that attempts to relate it to issues in linguistics, psychology, or educational theory. The grammar–translation method was the standard way languages were taught in schools from the 17th to the 19th century. Despite attempts at reform from Roger Ascham, Montaigne, Comenius and John Locke, no other methods gained any significant popularity during this time. Later, theorists such as Viëtor, Passy, Berlitz, and Jespersen began to talk about what a new kind of foreign language instruction needed, shedding light on

neg: Syntax-directed translation actions and carrying information through each symbol's attribute. Early metacompilers use the terms syntax-driven and syntax-directed translation in their descriptions. They have metaprogramming language features for outputing code. See metacompiler, META II, and TREE-META. Syntax-directed translation Syntax-directed translation refers to a method of compiler implementation where the source language translation is completely driven by the parser. A common method of syntax-directed translation is translating a string into a sequence of actions by attaching one such action to each rule of a grammar. Thus, parsing a string of the grammar produces a sequence of rule applications. SDT provides a simple way

neg: Grammar–translation method communication, but after the language died out it was studied purely as an academic discipline. When teachers started teaching other foreign languages in the 19th century, they used the same translation-based approach as had been used for teaching Latin. The method has been rejected by scholars, and has no theoretical basis . The overall concept of "grammar-translation" has been criticized due to a lack of verifiable sources that supported the existence of such a method in the nineteenth century, or earlier. The grammar–translation method originated from the practice of teaching Latin. In the early 1500s, Latin was the most widely

neg: Grammar–translation method writing in the target language . A noteworthy quote describing the effect of this method comes from Bahlsen, who was a student of Plötz, a major proponent of this method in the 19th century. In commenting about writing letters or speaking he said he would be overcome with "a veritable forest of paragraphs, and an impenetrable thicket of grammatical rules". According to Richards and Rodgers, the grammar–translation has been rejected as a legitimate language teaching method by modern scholars: [T]hough it may be true to say that the Grammar-Translation Method is still widely practiced, it has no advocates. It is

neg: Machine translation meaning of what is written by the other native speaker. The difficulty is getting enough data of the right kind to support the particular method. For example, the large multilingual corpus of data needed for statistical methods to work is not necessary for the grammar-based methods. But then, the grammar methods need a skilled linguist to carefully design the grammar that they use. To translate between closely related languages, the technique referred to as rule-based machine translation may be used. The rule-based machine translation paradigm includes transfer-based machine translation, interlingual machine translation and dictionary-based machine translation paradigms. This type of

neg: Language pedagogy the terms "approach", "method", and "technique". The grammar translation method instructs students in grammar, and provides vocabulary with direct translations to memorize. It was the predominant method in Europe in the 19th century. Most instructors now acknowledge that this method is ineffective by itself. It is now most commonly used in the traditional instruction of the classical languages, however it remains the most commonly practiced method of English teaching in Japan. At school, the teaching of grammar consists of a process of training in the rules of a language which must make it possible for all the students to correctly

neg: Traditional grammar than 850 grammars of English published specifically for use in schools. Mastering grammar rules like those derived from the study of Latin has at times been a specific goal of English-language education. This approach to teaching has, however, long competed with approaches that downplay the importance of grammar instruction. Similarly in foreign or second language teaching, the grammar-translation method based on traditional Latin teaching, in which the grammar of the language being learned is described in the student's native language, has competed with approaches such as the direct method or the communicative approach, in which grammar instruction is minimized. The

neg: Language pedagogy this is the natural way humans learn any language: a child never relies on another language to learn its first language, and thus the mother tongue is not necessary to learn a foreign language. This method places great stress on correct pronunciation and the target language from outset. It advocates teaching of oral skills at the expense of every traditional aim of language teaching. Such methods rely on directly representing an experience into a linguistic construct rather than relying on abstractions like mimicry, translation and memorizing grammar rules and vocabulary. According to this method, printed language and text must be

neg: Feldman–Mahalanobis model run gains. One of the most common criticisms of the model is that Mahalanobis pays hardly any attention to the savings constraint, which he assumes comes from the industrial sector. Developing countries however do not have this tendency, as the first stages of saving usually come from the agricultural sector. He also does not mention taxation, an important potential source of capital. A more serious criticism is the limitation of the assumptions under which this model holds, an example being the limitation of foreign trade. This cannot be justifiable to developing countries today. Also another criticism is that a country

neg: Direct method (education) some confusing distractions to the student and employs organic variables common in the culture and locale of language use. The direct method was an answer to the dissatisfaction with the older grammar translation method, which teaches students grammar and vocabulary through direct translations and thus focuses on the written language. There was an attempt to set up conditions that imitate mother tongue acquisition, which is why the beginnings of these attempts were called the "natural method". At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, Sauveur and Franke proposed that language teaching should be undertaken within the target-language system, which

neg: Natural approach themselves characterized the natural approach as a "traditional" method and contrasted it with grammar-based approaches, which they characterized as new inventions that had "misled" teachers. The natural approach shares many features with the direct method (itself also known as the "natural method"), which was formulated around 1900 and was also a reaction to grammar-translation. Both the natural approach and the direct method are based on the idea of enabling naturalistic language acquisition in the language classroom; they differ in that the natural approach puts less emphasis on practice and more on exposure to language input and on reducing learners' anxiety.

neg: Language education teaching methods, ranging from the grammar-translation method and Gouin's "series method" to the direct methods of Berlitz and De Sauzé. With these methods, students generate original and meaningful sentences to gain a functional knowledge of the rules of grammar. This follows from the rationalist position that man is born to think and that language use is a uniquely human trait impossible in other species. Given that human languages share many common traits, the idea is that humans share a universal grammar which is built into our brain structure. This allows us to create sentences that we have never heard before

neg: Second language of second-language teaching, many of which stem directly from a particular theory. Common methods are the grammar-translation method, the direct method, the audio-lingual method (clearly influenced by audio-lingual research and the behaviourist approach), the Silent Way, Suggestopedia, community language learning, the Total Physical Response method, and the communicative approach (highly influenced by Krashen’s theories) (Doggett, 1994). Some of these approaches are more popular than others, and are viewed to be more effective. Most language teachers do not use one singular style, but will use a mix in their teaching. This provides a more balanced approach to teaching and helps students

neg: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum Telegraphy" (German, 1908, English translation McGraw Hill, 1915), although Zenneck himself states that Telefunken had already tried it. Nikola Tesla doesn’t mention the phrase “frequency hopping” directly, but certainly alludes to it. Entitled "Method of Signaling", the patent describes a system that would enable radio communication "without any danger of the signals or messages begin disturbed, intercepted, interfered with in any way" . The German military made limited use of frequency hopping for communication between fixed command points in World War I to prevent eavesdropping by British forces, who did not have the technology to follow the sequence. A Polish

neg: Dictionary-based machine translation for machine translation of any kind, such as Dictionary-Based Machine Translation. Overall one of the primary goals of LCS is "to demonstrate that synonymous verb senses share distributional patterns". "DKvec is a method for extracting bilingual lexicons, from noisy parallel corpora based on arrival distances of words in noisy parallel corpora". This method has emerged in response to two problems plaguing the statistical extraction of bilingual lexicons: "(1) How can noisy parallel corpora be used? (2) How can non-parallel yet comparable corpora be used?" The "DKvec" method has proven invaluable for machine translation in general, due to the amazing success

neg: SMiLE-Seq full length, previously uncharacterized transcription factors. Furthermore, SMiLE-seq is able to identify transcription factor binding sites over a wide range of binding affinities, which represents a significant limitation of other technologies. In theory SMiLE-seq is not limited to only protein-DNA interactions and may potentially be utilized to study protein-RNA binding properties once the technology has been developed further. The primary limitation of SMiLE-seq is that the technique can only be used to characterize the binding interactions of previously identified transcription factors, as the method requires "in vitro" transcription and translation of the transcription factors prior to their combination with DNA

neg: 2008 Sichuan earthquake predictions. Using data from the Intermagnet Lanzhou geomagnetic observatory, geologists Lazo Pekevski from the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences attempted to establish a "time prediction method" through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential. Using this method, they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of ±1 day. The same study, however, acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models, and does not mention that the "location" of the quake could be accurately predicted. An article in "Science" suggested

neg: Jackson structured programming out by hanging various primitive operations off the elements of the structure. Primitives which suggest themselves are The iterations also have to be fleshed out. They need conditions added. Suitable conditions would be If we put all this together, we can convert the diagram and the primitive operations into C, maintaining a one-to-one correspondence between the code and the operations and structure of the program design diagram. This method will work only when translation from input to output is equivalent to a context-free grammar. Jackson structured programming Jackson structured programming (JSP) is a method for structured programming based on correspondences

neg: On Translating Beowulf 'juvenile' plot." The fantasy and science fiction author Alexa Chipman writes that while Tolkien was "firmly against any prose translation of Beowulf, as it is, at heart, a poem", he agreed that "if one is trying to read the original, having a translation of it handy can sometimes be of assistance". She recalls her own "Beowulf" studies with "a huge stack of dictionary and grammar books", and draws attention to Tolkien's comment that "Perhaps the most important function of any translation used by a student is to provide not a model for imitation, but an exercise for correction." The same

neg: Direct method (education) was the first stimulus for the rise of the direct method. The audio-lingual method was developed in an attempt to address some of the perceived weaknesses of the direct method. Direct method (education) The direct method of teaching, which is sometimes called the natural method, and is often (but not exclusively) used in teaching foreign languages, refrains from using the learners' native language and uses only the target language. It was established in England around 1900 and contrasts with the grammar–translation method & Bilingual method of teaching and other traditional approaches, as well as with C.J.Dodson's bilingual method. It was

neg: Direct method (education) Direct method (education) The direct method of teaching, which is sometimes called the natural method, and is often (but not exclusively) used in teaching foreign languages, refrains from using the learners' native language and uses only the target language. It was established in England around 1900 and contrasts with the grammar–translation method & Bilingual method of teaching and other traditional approaches, as well as with C.J.Dodson's bilingual method. It was adopted by key international language schools such as Berlitz and Inlingua in the 1970s and many of the language departments of the Foreign Service Institute of the U.S. State Department

neg: Junction Grammar - that a second, language-specific interaction may well improve the design, the utility of computers as a useful translation aid, both in standardizing the use of terminology and expediting the overall translation process had been demonstrated. JG adherents soon observed that the structural particulars of "adjunction, conjunction," and "subjunction" are relevant beyond conventional linguistic structuring. More specifically, they lend themselves to such diverse structural scenarios as spousal interaction, departmental interaction in institutions, and a host of other real-world phenomena. In response to this observation, Lytle developed a method of phonological representation based on phonemic operands and junction operators. This method

neg: Language education students continued grammar study with the addition of rhetoric. The study of modern languages did not become part of the curriculum of European schools until the 18th century. Based on the purely academic study of Latin, students of modern languages did much of the same exercises, studying grammatical rules and translating abstract sentences. Oral work was minimal, and students were instead required to memorize grammatical rules and apply these to decode written texts in the target language. This tradition-inspired method became known as the grammar-translation method. Innovation in foreign language teaching began in the 19th century and became very rapid

neg: Total physical response the instructor in their native language. While the majority of class time in total physical response is spent on listening comprehension, the ultimate goal of the method is to develop oral fluency. Asher sees developing listening comprehension skills as the most efficient way of developing spoken language skills. Lessons in TPR are organized around grammar, and in particular around the verb. Instructors issue commands based on the verbs and vocabulary to be learned in that lesson. However, the primary focus in lessons is on meaning, which distinguishes TPR from other grammar-based methods such as grammar-translation. Grammar is not explicitly taught,

neg: LR parser larger) LR(1) grammar. So an LR(1) parsing method was, in theory, powerful enough to handle any reasonable language. In practice, the natural grammars for many programming languages are close to being LR(1). The canonical LR parsers described by Knuth had too many states and very big parse tables that were impractically large for the limited memory of computers of that era. LR parsing became practical when Frank DeRemer invented SLR and LALR parsers with much fewer states. For full details on LR theory and how LR parsers are derived from grammars, see "The Theory of Parsing, Translation, and Compiling, Volume

neg: Bilingual method variation and recombination of the dialogue sentences, and ends up with an extended application stage reserved for message-oriented communication. The method is listed in Eppert’s "Lexikon" (1973: 171) under the headword "Konversation", where its eight teaching steps are described "The eight steps lead from imitation to free conversation," i.e. unlike the grammar-translation method, but like the direct method and the audio-lingual method it focuses on the development of oral skills. Dodson’s experimental data – several modes of presenting dialogues were tested – have been confirmed by subsequent research, for example by a school-year long experiment of teaching French to Dutch

neg: Hans Ørberg 1955—besides the author's name, there isn't a word in the book that is not in Latin. The method has been revised a few times, including in 1983 and 1991, the title now changed to "Lingua Latina per se illustrata". In his retirement, he directed the "Domus Latina" publishing house and gave lectures in Europe and the United States on the natural method. Ørberg's "Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata" is based on the method of natural approach or contextual induction. This approach is neither the so-called "natural" nor the "grammar translation" method. In this method the student, who needs no previous

neg: Berlitz Corporation Rhode Island. In 1877 Berlitz moved to Providence, Rhode Island where he was an instructor of languages at the Bryant and Stratton National Business College, later to become Warner's Polytechnic Business College after an ownership change. "The Berlitz Method" uses the direct method and focuses on using language as a tool for communication. The direct method, as opposed to the traditional grammar translation method, advocates teaching through the target language only – the rationale being that students will be able to work out grammatical rules from the input language provided, without necessarily being able to explain the rules overtly. Today,

neg: Duplicate Boy with", and then flew away. This was later retconned to indicate that he realized Violet was an impostor, but she convinced him not to mention this to anyone. When Violet is freed from captivity some time later, she dumps him for this act. Duplicate Boy has not appeared in any post-Crisis stories. Duplicate Boy can duplicate any superpower he has ever encountered, and is able to duplicate more than one at a time as well. Thus, he is potentially more powerful than every other superhero in the 30th century, including each member of the Legion of Super-Heroes. His main limitation

neg: Machine translation software usability mapping to the target language from the interlingua. Consider the following Arabic language input and English language translation result from the Google translator as of 27 December 2006 . This Google translator output doesn't parse using a reasonable English grammar: Do repeated re-translations preserve the semantics of the original sentence? For example, consider the following English input passed multiple times into and out of French using the Google translator as of 27 December 2006: As noted above and in, this kind of round-trip translation is a very unreliable method of evaluation. An interesting peculiarity of Google Translate as of 24

neg: Dictionary-based machine translation translation, if the person carrying it out is fluent in both languages and therefore capable of correcting syntax and grammar. LMT is a Prolog-based machine-translation system that works on specially made bilingual dictionaries, such as the Collins English-German (CEG), which have been rewritten in an indexed form which is easily readable by computers. This method uses a structured lexical data base (LDB) in order to correctly identify word categories from the source language, thus constructing a coherent sentence in the target language, based on rudimentary morphological analysis. This system uses "frames" to identify the position a certain word should have,

neg: Language education to make the research of second language acquisition emotionally charged. Older methods and approaches such as the grammar translation method and the direct method are dismissed and even ridiculed, as newer methods and approaches are invented and promoted as the only and complete solution to the problem of the high failure rates of foreign language students. Most books on language teaching list the various methods that have been used in the past, often ending with the author's new method. These new methods are usually presented as coming only from the author's mind, as the authors generally give no credence to

neg: Merge (linguistics) view of structure generation is rejected by representational (non-derivational) theories (e.g. Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, most dependency grammars, etc.), and it is contrary to early work in Transformational Grammar. The phrase structure rules of context free grammar, for instance, were generating sentence structure top down. Merge is usually assumed to merge just two constituents at a time, a limitation that results in tree structures in which all branching is binary. While the strictly binary branching structures have been argued for in detail, one can also point to a number of empirical considerations that

neg: Q-systems Q-systems Q-systems are a method of directed graph transformations according to given grammar rules, developed at the Université de Montréal by Alain Colmerauer in 1967--70 for use in natural language processing. The Université de Montréal's machine translation system, TAUM-73, used the Q-Systems as its language formalism. The data structure manipulated by a Q-system is a Q-graph, which is a directed acyclic graph with one entry node and one exit node, where each arc bears a labelled ordered tree. An input sentence is usually represented by a linear Q-graph where each arc bears a word (tree reduced to one node labelled

neg: Meta-selective C–H functionalization the earlier reported Pd catalyzed C-H functionalizations, where the amido group serve as a powerful "ortho"-directing group. The method is robust under mild reaction conditions. It is compatible with a spectrum of substituted anilide as well as different bisaryliodonium salts. However, the "meta"-selectivity is lost when highly "ortho/para"-directing methoxy group substitutes one of the "meta"-hydrogen of the anilide, which marks the limitation of this method. Despite the limitation, the paper was of high impact. It has been highlighted in a number of journals and news and was voted as one of the top 12 papers of 2009 by Chemical and

neg: Institute of Modern Languages (Queensland) literature of the languages as in an ordinary degree course, but rather would aim at the impartation of good working business knowledge of each tongue dealt with." The history of language teaching at IML-UQ has been characterised by an ongoing search for more effective ways of teaching languages. The Grammar Translation Method was the main language teaching method in the initial decades. After this the Direct Method, which emphasises listening and speaking skills, was introduced. Today, languages are primarily taught using the Communicative and Intercultural Language Teaching and Learning approaches with less emphasis on whole class activities and more on

neg: Eclipse Process Framework support the organization of large amounts of descriptions for development methods and processes. Such method content and processes do not have to be limited to software engineering, but can also cover other design and engineering disciplines, such as mechanical engineering, business transformation, and sales cycles. IBM supplies a commercial version, IBM Rational Method Composer. The "Content Variability" capability severely limits users to one-to-one mappings. Processes trying to integrate various aspects may require block-copy-paste style clones to get around this limitation. This may be a limitation of the SPEM model and might be based on presumption that agile methods are being

neg: Method ringing only a few bells, ringers typically can only ring a subset of the available permutations. But the key stricture of an extent, uniqueness (any row may only be rung once), is considered essential. This is called "truth"; to repeat any row would make the performance "false". Another key limitation keeps a given bell from moving up or back more than a single place from row to row; if it rings (for instance) fourth in one row, in the next row it can only ring third, fourth, or fifth. Thus from row to row each bell either keeps its place or

neg: Europarl Corpus of 56.5 for Greek is higher than the one for Portuguese, which gets 53.6. Koehn explains this with the fact that errors committed in the translation process might simply be reversed by back translation resulting in high coincidences of in- and output. This, however, does not allow any conclusions about the quality of the text in the actual target language. Therefore, Koehn does not consider back translation an adequate method for the assessment of machine translation systems. Europarl Corpus The Europarl Corpus is a corpus (set of documents) that consists of the proceedings of the European Parliament from 1996 to

neg: Fusor Farnsworth-Hirsch fusors. Complicating issues is the challenge in cooling the central electrode; any fusor producing enough power to run a power plant seems destined to also destroy its inner electrode. As one fundamental limitation, any method which produces a neutron flux that is captured to heat a working fluid will also bombard its electrodes with that flux, heating them as well. Attempts to resolve these problems include Bussard's Polywell system, D. C. Barnes' modified Penning trap approach, and the University of Illinois's fusor which retains grids but attempts to more tightly focus the ions into microchannels to attempt to avoid

neg: Jean Dard Jean Dard Jean Dard (June 21, 1789 — October 1, 1833) was a French teacher in Saint-Louis, Senegal who, in 1817, opened the first French-language school in Africa. He also compiled the first French-Wolof dictionary and grammar (1846). Dard developed a new approach for teaching French as a foreign language, the "mutual method" or "méthode de traduction" (translation method), based on a learning approach pioneered by Aloïsius Édouard Camille Gaultier, by which children were taught to read and write in their native Wolof and then learned French by translating. According to Jean-Benoît Nadeau and Julie Barlow, Dard's method was "very

neg: Maurice Gross Maurice Gross Maurice Gross (born July 21, 1934 in Sedan, Ardennes department; died December 8, 2001 in Paris) was a French linguist and scholar of Romance languages. Beginning in the late 1960s he developed Lexicon-Grammar, a method of formal description of languages with practical applications. Gross worked on automatic translation at the École Polytechnique without prior training in linguistics. This led in 1961 to a scholarship to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he met Noam Chomsky and became acquainted with Generative grammar. After returning to France, he worked as a computer scientist at the Centre National de la

neg: Maximilian Berlitz gestures, pointing to objects and using tone of voice and facial expressions to convey meaning. Berlitz returned to the class six weeks later to find that his students, who had spoken little to no French before Joly began teaching, were conversing semi-fluently in French. Their pronunciation and grammar were also very good. Berlitz used this experience to develop the Berlitz Method, for which only the language to be taught is spoken from the first day of class. Students rely on the same techniques Joly used, rather than translation, to gather meaning and learn grammar and vocabulary. After success, Berlitz opened

neg: Pregroup grammar relatively free word order such as Sanskrit required to introduce commutation relations to the pregroup, using precyclicity. Because of the lack of function types in PG, the usual method of giving a semantics via the λ-calculus or via function denotations is not available in any obvious way. Instead, two different methods exist, one purely formal method that corresponds to the λ-calculus, and one denotational method analogous to (a fragment of) the tensor mathematics of quantum mechanics. The purely formal semantics for PG consists of a logical language defined according to the following rules: Some examples of terms are "f"("x"), "g"("a","h"("x","y")),

neg: Comparative statics comparative statics method above describes the changes in the firm's profit due to small changes in the tax rates. A generalization of the above method allows the optimization problem to include a set of constraints. This leads to the general envelope theorem. Applications include determining changes in Marshallian demand in response to changes in price or wage. One limitation of comparative statics using the implicit function theorem is that results are valid only in a (potentially very small) neighborhood of the optimum—that is, only for very small changes in the exogenous variables. Another limitation is the potentially overly restrictive nature

neg: The Botanic Garden The book delighted and intrigued experts, amateurs, and children alike. One of the effects of Withering's book was that it provoked a debate over the translation of Linnaeus's works. Withering aimed for an Anglicized translation of Linnaeus's Latin that also stripped the nomenclature of its sexualized language. Although he wanted to make botany widely available, he believed that women readers should be protected from any mention of sexuality. In his preface he writes: "from an apprehension that botany in an English dress would become a favourite amusement with the ladies, . . . it was thought proper to drop the

neg: Mnemonic link system or using the peg system instead. The second is that if any of the items is forgotten, the entire list may be in jeopardy. The third is the potential for confusing repeated segments of the list, a common problem when memorizing binary digits. This limitation can be resolved either through bundling or by using either the peg system or the method of loci. Mnemonic link system A mnemonic link system, sometimes also known as a chain method, is a method of remembering lists that is based on creating an association between the elements of that list. For example, when memorizing

neg: Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Hillel, fashioned an Aramaic translation of the Prophets (Megillah 3a). It makes no mention of any translation by him of the Torah. So all scholars agree that this Targum is not due to Yonatan ben Uziel. Indeed, de Rossi (16th century) reports that he saw two very similar complete Targumim to the Torah, one called "Targum Yonatan Ben Uziel" and the other called "Targum Yerushalmi". A standard explanation is that the original title of this work was "Targum Yerushalmi", which was abbreviated to ת"י (TY), and these initials were then incorrectly expanded to "Targum Yonatan" which was then further incorrectly

neg: Rendezvous hashing this strategy does not work when the relative weights are not integer multiples. For example, if one node had 42% more storage capacity, it would require adding many virtual nodes in different proportions, leading to greatly reduced performance. Several modifications to rendezvous hashing have been proposed to overcome this limitation. The Cache Array Routing Protocol (CARP) is a 1998 IETF draft that describes a method for computing "load factors" which can be multiplied by each node's hash score to yield an arbitrary level of precision for weighting nodes differently. However, one disadvantage of this approach is that when any node's

neg: Developmental psychology the manipulation of one or more independent variables and subsequent behavior, as measured by the dependent variable. The advantage of using this research method is that it permits determination of cause-and-effect relationships among variables. On the other hand, the limitation is that data obtained in an artificial environment may lack generalizability. The correlational method explores the relationship between two or more events by gathering information about these variables without researcher intervention. The advantage of using a correlational design is that it estimates the strength and direction of relationships among variables in the natural environment; however, the limitation is that it

neg: English-language education in Japan the Dutch and Chinese. The first translation of any English grammar book into Japanese was accomplished by Shibukawa Rokuzo, a high-ranking official of the Bakufu who had studied Dutch, in 1841 when he translated Murray's "English Grammar" from Dutch into Japanese. Then in 1848, American Ranald MacDonald came to Japan, after pretending to be shipwrecked, and taught English to fourteen official Japanese interpreters of Dutch in Nagasaki under Bakufu orders. It would be one of MacDonald's students named Moriyama who would act as interpreter between the United States and Japan in order to establish trade relations. After being rescued from

neg: Therapeutic gene modulation binding. Another limitation is that TFOs can only bind to purine-rich target strands and this would limit the choice of endogenous gene target sites to polypurine-polypyrimidine stretches in duplex DNA. If a method to also allow TFOs to bind to pyrimidine bases was generated, this would enable TFOs to target any part of the genome. Also the human genome is rich in polypurine and polypyrimidine sequences which could affect the specificity of TFO to bind to a target DNA region. An approach to overcome this limitation is to develop TFOs with modified nucleotides that act as locked nucleic acids to

neg: George Uglow Pope as a railway engineer in India and China; while Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Henry served in the medical service as a professor of ophthalmology at the Madras Medical College. Pope was along with Joseph Constantius Beschi, Francis Whyte Ellis, and Bishop Robert Caldwell one of the major scholars on Tamil. His first work was "A Catechism of Tamil Grammar" (1842). His most famous work is the translation of the "Tirukkural" which he completed on September 1, 1886. His "Sacred Kural" contains introduction, grammar, translation, notes, lexicon and concordance. It also includes the English translation of F. W. Ellis and the Latin Translation

neg: MUSIC/SP 2.3, even private files were listed in the common library, with the result that no two users could have files under the same name; by 4.0, this limitation was removed. Virtual memory The initial versions of the system provided no support for virtual memory and address translation. Only one active user could reside in core memory at any time. Swapping (to disk) was used to time-share between different users, and a variable-length timeslice was used. Virtual memory support was introduced in 1985. This allowed multiple users to be in core memory at the same time, removed many of the restrictions

neg: Modern Literal Version wants to suggest revisions in the wording used in this translation. In 2012, a religious website offered a fully searchable online version of the Modern Literal Version. In April 2012, the "Pre-Release" edition of the MLV was made available to the public. The decision was made, at the beginning of 2013, to release annual updates to the MLV as needed in order to improve grammar or to improve any translation choices. In December 2011, the Modern Literal Version was made available in e-Sword format, and quickly became one of the top 100 downloads at BibleSupport.com, the officially recognized website for

neg: Julian, Count of Ceuta Arce's assertion that no sources prior to the 11th century mention any quarrel with Roderic on Julian's part; Jones replies that these are only seem true if one consults Christian sources, and names both Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam and Ibn al-Qūṭiyya as 9th century historians who mention both Julian and his rift with Roderic. Jones also cites the 13th century Arabic annalist Al-Dhahabi and refers readers to an English translation by William McGuckin de Slane: Al-Dhahabi records that "Abu Suleyman-Ayub, Ibn al-Hakim, Ibn Abdallah, Ibn Melka, Ibn Bitro, Ibn Ilyan, was originally a Goth"...Ilyan who conducted the Muslims into Spain was

neg: Hybrid machine translation Hybrid machine translation Hybrid machine translation is a method of machine translation that is characterized by the use of multiple machine translation approaches within a single machine translation system. The motivation for developing hybrid machine translation systems stems from the failure of any single technique to achieve a satisfactory level of accuracy. Many hybrid machine translation systems have been successful in improving the accuracy of the translations, and there are several popular machine translation systems which employ hybrid methods. Among these are PROMT, SYSTRAN and Omniscien Technologies (formerly Asia Online). This approach to hybrid machine translation involves running multiple machine

neg: Saga of Pliocene Exile in time from the Pliocene by the same method ages the traveler or object by six millions years instantaneously. This effectively makes the portal a one-way trip for any living being, and other organic objects. This limitation also made communication from the time-travelers almost impossible, making it a blind one-way trip. After the death of the inventor, his widow finds herself inundated with a steady stream of late 21st and early 22nd century misfits/outcasts begging to be allowed to escape the modern world for a chance to start over in the simplicity of the Pliocene. The widow finally gives in

neg: Structural approach The emphasis by structural approach on the teaching of the graded structures of a language means that the classroom should have the maximum foreign language environment. This is characteristic feature in structural approach. Where grammar-translation method is used, the classroom is characterized by two factors: 1) practice in reading and writing and 2) maximum use of mother-tongue. In reaction to these practices structural approach advocates methods which would include - a) practice in the speech-skills, not because reading and writing should be neglected (as would be the case in the direct method), but that the teaching of the graded structures

neg: Shanghai Foreign Language School oral and written abilities in foreign languages. Some of the teaching activities are conducted by foreign experts. The school is equipped with advanced audio-visual equipment. The school shifted from the traditional teaching methods centering on translation and grammar to a set of "elicitation method of teaching in situations". This emphasizes the students' audio-lingual skills by training their pronunciation and intonation. In teaching foreign languages, besides emphasizing students' abilities in different practical situations, the school practices the "going out and inviting in" method. The so-called "going out" means that a number of students are provided with opportunities to study abroad as

neg: Foreign exchange risk where to use certain methods such as the temporal method and current rate method. Firms can manage translation exposure by performing a balance sheet hedge. Since translation exposure arises from discrepancies between net assets and net liabilities on a balance sheet solely from exchange rate differences. Following this logic, a firm could acquire an appropriate amount of exposed assets or liabilities to balance any outstanding discrepancy. Foreign exchange derivatives may also be used to hedge against translation exposure. Many businesses were unconcerned with and did not manage foreign exchange risk under the Bretton Woods system of international monetary order. It

neg: Google Translate a phrase then one should type in the translated version. Second, Google will show all possible translation for a phrase for individuals to click the right translation. Although, Google deployed a new system called “Neural Machine Translation” for better quality translation, there are languages that still use the traditional translation method called “Statistical Machine Translation.” It is a “rule-based” translation method that utilizes predictive algorithms to guess ways to translate texts in foreign languages. It aims to translate whole phrases rather than single words then gather overlapping phrases for translation. Moreover, it also analyzes bilingual text corpora to generate statistical

neg: Probabilistic causation the long run, it renders the two groups equivalent in terms of all other possible effects on the outcome (cancer) so that any changes in the outcome will reflect only the manipulation (smoking). Obviously, for ethical reasons this experiment cannot be performed, but the method is widely applicable for less damaging experiments. One limitation of experiments, however, is that whereas they do a good job of testing for the presence of some causal effect they do less well at estimating the size of that effect in a population of interest. (This is a common criticism of studies of safety of

neg: Newsstand (software) impossible to place Newsstand inside another folder on any iOS devices, but that functionality is now enabled. Apple has expressed the intention to replace the file system with easier forms of knowing where documents are; iCloud is one example. In the iOS file system all documents remain within applications. There has been some confusion about this from users who did not know it was already a folder, and thus found they could not easily add Newsstand into other folders they created on their devices, until many subsequently found a very specific folder creation method to bypass this deliberate limitation. However,

neg: Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II) was there any mention of the resource needing conservation having to be within the jurisdictional territory of the country enforcing the measure. To support its argument, the U.S. cited a previous GATT case "U.S.-prohibition of imports of tuna and tuna products from Canada," noting that no such jurisdictional limitation was found, and that the resource being conserved was in fact, outside the jurisdiction of any country. The United States also claimed that its embargo measures were in fact taken in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production and consumption, and that they met the requirement of the preamble to Article XX.

neg: Machine-or-transformation test generally insufficient to make an otherwise ineligible method claim patent-eligible. The PTO Guidance Memo explains that "[t]his means the machine or transformation must impose meaningful limits on the method claim's scope [for it] to pass the test." What makes a limitation meaningful is unstated, but perhaps that concept can be defined in terms of whether the limitation places only an insubstantial limitation on claim scope or preemptiveness. The second corollary is that insignificant extra-solution activity will not transform a patent ineligible principle into a patentable process. The PTO Guidance Memo explains that "[t]his means reciting a specific machine or a

neg: Bristol Grammar School school events. The reason for this is: The word used to be sung however, the students found it difficult to pronounce so quickly. So, they began shouting it which is much easier. A translation of the first verse is below. Until the 19th century, the Headmaster was known simply as the "Master" and his assistants as "Ushers". Little is known of those of the 16th century and nothing of any before Thomas Moffat, the "scolemaster" of the City Audit Book of 1532 who took the School to the Bartholomews. The first few dates are conjectural. Bristol Grammar School Bristol Grammar

neg: Anusaaraka Anusaaraka Anusaaraka is an "English to Indian" language accessing (translation) software, which employs algorithms derived from Panini's Ashtadhyayi (Grammar rules). The software is being developed by the Chinmaya International Foundation (CIF) at the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIIT-H) and the University of Hyderabad (Department of Sanskrit Studies). Anusaaraka is viewed as the fusion of traditional advanced Indian shastras and advanced contemporary technologies. Anusaaraka is intended to allow users to access text in any Indian language after translation from the source language (i.e. English or any other regional Indian language). In today's Information Age large volumes of information are

neg: BeOS API replaced by the more common libsocket/libbind.so nomenclature; and libnetapi on R5, later replaced by libbnetapi provides the modified version of Nettle. The Mail kit provides a native email format as well as a way to use the system to fetch and receive email using standard protocols (POP3 and SMTP). The Mail kit is supported in libmail.so The Translation kit provides a method whereby both images and plain text formats are handled by addons allowing applications to support only one format, a native intermediate one, and save/load to any addon-supported format. The API also allows video and audio translation through the

neg: Syntactic Structures sentences of the language under study. Secondly, a linguist must find the abstract concepts beneath grammars to develop a general method. This method would help select the best possible device or grammar for any language given its corpus. Finally, a linguistic theory must give a satisfactory description of all the levels of language analysis. Examples of these levels include sounds, words and sentence structures. The second chapter is titled "The Independence of Grammar". In it, Chomsky states that a language is "a set ... of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements". A

neg: Network motif is one of the known algorithms having no limitation for motif size in implementation and potentially it can find motifs of any size. Most algorithms in the field of NM discovery are used to find induced sub-graphs of a network. In 2008, Noga Alon "et al." introduced an approach for finding non-induced sub-graphs too. Their technique works on undirected networks such as PPI ones. Also, it counts non-induced trees and bounded treewidth sub-graphs. This method is applied for sub-graphs of size up to 10. This algorithm counts the number of non-induced occurrences of a tree with vertices in a network

neg: United States Electoral College still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot. The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases. In "McPherson v. Blacker", , the Court cited Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 which states that a state's electors are selected "in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct" and wrote these words "operat[e] as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to

neg: Microsoft Active Accessibility text. However, MS-TOM's complexity and limited initial adoption outside of Microsoft hampered access to rich text. Another limitation involves navigating the object model. MSAA represents the UI as a hierarchy of accessible objects in a manner similar to Windows' Window Manager. Clients navigate from one accessible object to another using the IAccessible::accNavigate method. However, servers implemented accNavigate in unpredictable ways and often not at all. Clients, however, must be able to deal with all approaches for any MSAA server. This ambiguity means extra work for client implementers, and the complexity can contribute to problems depending on the server implementations. Being

neg: Kirtland Egyptian papers apparatus and some interpretive material. A new critical edition of the Book of Abraham manuscripts by Brian M. Hauglid appeared in 2011, with a second volume planned to publish the remainder of the KEP. Egyptologist I. E. S. Edwards stated that the Egyptian Alphabet and Grammar was "largely a piece of imagination and lacking in any kind of scientific value." Hugh Nibley commented that the Grammar was "of no practical value whatever." In 1968, Jay Todd suggested that the Grammar may have been reverse-engineered from an inspired Book of Abraham translation. In 1971, Hugh Nibley expanded on Todd's argument, explaining

neg: Baudhayana Shrauta Sutra the Indigenous Aryans theory, was the first to criticize Witzel's translation of the BSS passage, stating: Archaeologist B. B. Lal, another supporter of the Indigenous Aryans theory, also suggests the mention of westward movements of some Vedic clans to be the case, rather than any movements from Central Asia or Afghanistan. The passage, or parallel passages, were also discussed by Hans Henrich Hock and (in part) Toshifumi Goto, who also diverged from Witzel's translation. Agarwal further compared Witzel's translation with earlier translations by Willem Caland, C.G. Kashikar and D.S. Triveda, noting that they all state that "Amavasu migrated westwards, rather

neg: Diaphoneme one system transcribed in the IPA. More recently, "The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language" makes use of a diaphonemic transcription of Standard English so that examples can be expressed concisely without favoring any particular accent. Beginning with linguists attempting to account for dialectal differences have generally distinguished between three types: Wells expanded on this by splitting up the phonological category into "systemic" differences (those of inventory) and "structural" differences (those of phonotactics). In addition, both Wells and Weinreich mention "realizational overlap", wherein the same phone (or a nearly identical one) corresponds to different phonemes, depending on accent. Some examples:

neg: Anglo-German Naval Agreement discussions in London as the method of application of this principle. These explanations may be summarised as follows:- (a) The ratio of 35:100 is to be a permanent relationship, i.e. the total tonnage of the German fleet shall never exceed a percentage of 35 of the aggregate tonnage of the naval forces, as defined by treaty, of the Members of the British Commonwealth of Nations, or, if there should in the future, be no treaty limitations of the Members of the British Commonwealth of Nations. (b) If any future general treaty of naval limitation should not adopt the method of

neg: Ligand (biochemistry) measurements in high saline dissociation buffers thanks to a unique optical setup. Microscale Thermophoresis (MST), an immobilization-free method was developed. This method allows the determination of the binding affinity without any limitation to the ligand's molecular weight. For the use of statistical mechanics in a quantitative study of the ligand-receptor binding affinity, see the comprehensive article on the configurational partition function. Binding affinity data alone does not determine the overall potency of a drug. Potency is a result of the complex interplay of both the binding affinity and the ligand efficacy. Ligand efficacy refers to the ability of the ligand

neg: Translation of axes where ("h", "k", "l") are the "xyz"-coordinates of the new origin. A translation of axes in any finite number of dimensions is defined similarly. In three-space, the most general equation of the second degree in "x", "y" and "z" has the form where the quantities formula_19 are positive or negative numbers or zero. The points in space satisfying such an equation all lie on a surface. Any second-degree equation which does not reduce to a cylinder, plane, line, or point corresponds to a surface which is called quadric. As in the case of plane analytic geometry, the method of translation

neg: Woodhouse Grammar School pupil at the grammar school," said his daughter, Louise, who is a teacher for deaf pupils at Hendon School in Golders Rise. Whitaker was a strong advocate of school uniforms, to create a sense of equality, and was also one of the first to call for equal pay for women teachers. The Headmaster previous to Mr Whitaker was Mr Arthur King. Woodhouse Grammar School Woodhouse Grammar School was a secondary school in Woodhouse Road, Finchley, North London, from 1944 to 1978. The first mention of buildings on the site of Woodhouse Grammar School is in 1655, in the probate of

neg: European Patent Convention and confers rights in all its designated Contracting States at the date of mention of the grant, whether or not a prescribed translation is filed with a national patent office later on (though the right may later be deemed never to have existed in any particular State if a translation is not subsequently filed in time, as described below). A translation of a granted European patent must be filed in some EPC Contracting States to avoid loss of right. Namely, in the Contracting States which have "prescribe[d] that if the text, in which the European Patent Office intends to grant

neg: Finite & Deterministic Discrete Event System Specification The third restriction can be also seen as a relaxation from SP-DEVS where the schedule is always preserved by any input events. Due to this relaxation there is no longer OPNA problem, but there is also one limitation that a time-line abstraction which can be used for abstracting elapsed times of SP-DEVS networks is no longer useful for FD-DEVS network [Hwang05]. But another time abstraction method [Dill89] which was invented by Prof. D. Dill can be applicable to obtain a finite-vertex reachability graph for FD-DEVS networks. Consider a single ping-pong match in which there are two players. Each player can

neg: Edward William Lane Edward William Lane Edward William Lane (17 September 1801 – 10 August 1876) was a British Orientalist, translator and lexicographer. He is known for his translation of "One Thousand and One Nights", which he censored, with the usual 19th-century view on "Victorian morality". Lane was born at Hereford, England, the third son of the Rev. Dr Theopilus Lane, and grandnephew of Gainsborough on his mother's side. After his father's death in 1814, Lane was sent to grammar school at Bath and then Hereford, where he showed a talent for mathematics. He visited Cambridge, but did not enroll in any of

neg: The Book of Five Rings this is known as the Chance-Opening Blow. This technique will be useful at a moment while fighting, so it should be trained for, regularly. Your mind and body should be one with striking when you and your adversary are about to launch an attack. If this method is followed, your hand will attain movement through emptiness, with speed and power, without taking note of any point in which movement had begun. "The Book of Five Rings" has been published in English multiple times. The Thomas Cleary translation is the most widely available and has been reprinted multiple times. A translation

neg: Limitation periods in the United Kingdom Representation of the People Act 1986, requires that proceedings for any offence within the act begin within one year of the offence being committed. Limitation periods in the United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, there are time limits after which court actions cannot be taken in certain types of cases. These differ across the three legal systems in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is almost unique in the world in that it has no statute of limitations for any criminal offence tried above magistrate level. The key legislation relating to civil claims in England and Wales is the Limitation

neg: Anglo-German Naval Agreement of vessel to be maintained, and to make any variation of this ratio in a particular category or categories dependent on the arrangements to this end that may be arrived at in a future general treaty on naval limitation, such arrangements being based on the principle that any increase in one category would be compensated for by a corresponding reduction in others. If no general treaty on naval limitation should be concluded, or if the future general treaty should not contain provision creating limitation by categories, the manner and degree in which the German Government will have the right to

neg: Lancaster Royal Grammar School Lancaster Royal Grammar School Lancaster Royal Grammar School (LRGS) is a selective grammar school (day and boarding) for boys aged 11–18 in Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It also has academy status. Old students belong to The Old Lancastrians. It is one of England's 36 state boarding schools. The school will have a sixth form for girls from September 2019. The school was founded between 1235–1256, probably nearer to the former, and was later endowed as a free school by John Gardyner. The first definite mention of the old grammar school is found in a deed dated 4 August 1469, when the

neg: MedSLT in machine translation). The subtree rules are combined into a single rule, creating a specialised unification grammar. The grammar is compiled to an executable form, for analysis and generation by a parser or generator, and for recognition of a CFG grammar. A CFG grammar is required for the Nuance engine. Compilation by Nuance-specific criteria turns the grammar into speech recognition packages. The final step uses the training corpus again for statistical tuning of the language model. MedSLT translation processes are based on a rule-based interlingua. The interlingua is treated as an actual language (it is a very simple version of

neg: Francis Whyte Ellis (Veeramamunivar) Tamil grammar "Kodum Tamil". Before Ellis's death in 1819, the press published a Tamil grammar primer "Ilakkana surukkam", a Tamil translation of "Uttara Kandam" of "Ramayana" (both by Chitthambala Desikar), Ellis' own translation and commentary of Thirukkural and five Telugu works - Campbell's grammar (with Ellis' Dravidian Proof), tales of Vikkirama, a translation of "Panchatantra" and two more grammars. The press continued publishing books into the 1830s including works in Kannada, Malayalam and Arabic. Ellis and his friends William Erskine and John Leyden were oriental scholars interested in learning about the various aspects of Indian life and publishing works

neg: Walloon language in its phonetics, its lexicon, and its grammar. At the same time, Walloon phonetics are singularly conservative: the language has stayed fairly close to the form it took during the High Middle Ages. Consonant phonemes of Walloon Vowel phonemes: From a linguistic point of view, Louis Remacle has shown that a good number of the developments that we now consider typical of Walloon appeared between the 8th and 12th centuries. Walloon "had a clearly defined identity from the beginning of the 13th century". In any case, linguistic texts from the time do not mention the language, although they mention others

neg: Latin mnemonics century included mnemonic verses excerpted from "Doctrinale" or other versified grammars. This method of Latin grammar instruction was used by teachers well into the 20th century, it still being used in English schools in the 1950s and 1960s. Thomas Sheridan wrote several mnemonic poems, with the intention of helping students to remember various parts of Latin grammar, prosody, and rhetoric, which were published as "An Easy Introduction of Grammar in English for the Understanding of the Latin Tongue" and "A Method to Improve the Fancy". One of the shorter ones is "Of Knowing the Gender of Nouns by Termination": <poem>

neg: Multiplan distributed by Human Engineered Software, a "professional quality spreadsheet ... There is not enough room in this article to mention all the mathematical operations performed ... Documentation is lengthy but well written". A second review in the magazine noted the limitation of the computer's 40-column screen, but praised the ability to stop any ongoing action. It also praised the documentation, and concluded that "its ease of use and foolproof design make "Multiplan" an outstanding value". "BYTE" said that "Multiplan for the Macintosh is a winner", stating that combining other versions' power and features with the Macintosh's graphics and user interface

neg: On Linguistic Aspects of Translation the words, emphasis is on the overall message that needs to be conveyed. Thus the translator, instead of paying attention to the verbal signs, concentrates more on the information that is to be delivered. Roman Jakobson uses the term ‘mutual translatability’ and states that when any two languages are being compared, the foremost thing that needs to be taken into consideration is whether they can be translated into one another or not. Laying emphasis on the grammar of a particular language, he feels that it should determine how one language is different from another. In the essay, Roman Jakobson also