query: what permitted federalism as originally defined by the constitution to change

pos: Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791. It expresses the principle of federalism and states' rights, which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America, by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution. All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people. The amendment was proposed by the 1st United States Congress in 1789 during its first

neg: Federalism in Nepal seen as an "exclusive" form of rule. The power of the Provinces and the Federal government are defined by the constitution. Federalism in Nepal Federalism in Nepal is the decentralized multi-level political system of Nepal. It replaces the monarchy held by the Shah dynasty. Schedule 4 of the new Constitution of Nepal, adopted on 20 September 2015, drawn a line of federalism in Nepal. In the aftermath of the 2007 People's Revolt II, the 240 years of monarchy was abolished in the 5th amendment of the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063. The amendment was the first document to mention Nepal

neg: Federalism in Nigeria Federalism in Nigeria Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. Regionalism was introduced to the Nigeria system by the Richards Constitution. Federalism is a system of government in which governmental powers that exists in a country are shared between central government and component region. It is also defined as the system of government in which governmental powers are shared

neg: Federalism that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries. Federalism Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism by the United States of America under the Constitution of 1787, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established. It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there

neg: Federalism in Pakistan were transferred to provinces. Federalism in Pakistan Pakistan is a Federal Republic, with powers shared between the Federal government and the provinces. Relations between federation and provinces is defined in Part V(Articles 141-159) of the constitution. Council of Common Interests or CCI is body to solve disputes between federation and provinces. The membership of CCI consists of the Prime Minister, Provincial Chief Ministers and three members nominated by federal government. The power of the Provinces and the Federal government are defined by the constitution and the legislative powers are divided into two lists. Concurrent List was abolished after 18th amendment,

neg: Federalism in Pakistan Federalism in Pakistan Pakistan is a Federal Republic, with powers shared between the Federal government and the provinces. Relations between federation and provinces is defined in Part V(Articles 141-159) of the constitution. Council of Common Interests or CCI is body to solve disputes between federation and provinces. The membership of CCI consists of the Prime Minister, Provincial Chief Ministers and three members nominated by federal government. The power of the Provinces and the Federal government are defined by the constitution and the legislative powers are divided into two lists. Concurrent List was abolished after 18th amendment, and most of them

neg: Federalism Federalism Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism by the United States of America under the Constitution of 1787, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established. It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status. Federalism differs from confederalism, in

neg: Madhesi Conflict in Nepal launched jointly by Madhesi parties which included: federalism, proportional representation, and election constituency based on population. Violent protests led to the inclusion of federalism in the constitution later. Despite the movement for social change, Madhesis remained to be treated unfairly and denied equal rights. Although the interim constitution of 2008 ensured the demands of Madhesis to be considered, the 2015 Constitution of Nepal failed to address any of those issues. The Nepali Times writes, “the mainstream parties wanted to pass the new constitution without determining the number and boundaries of provinces. As a result, protests broke throughout the southern plains,

neg: Federalism region, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the Philippines, including possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a semi-presidential system. In 2004, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo established the Consultative Commission which suggested such a Charter Change but no action was taken by the Philippine Congress to amend the 1987 Constitution. The push for federalism was again revived under the administration of Rodrigo Duterte in 2016. Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system

neg: Federalism in the Philippines went the same way, except by a larger margin—from 33 percent to "66 percent". Meanwhile, in June 2018, a Pulse Asia poll answered by 1,800 respondents showed 67% being against charter change at the present moment. However, of those who opposed Charter change, 30 percent said the Constitution should not be amended now, but could be changed sometime in the future, while 37 percent said it should not be changed “now or any other time.” Support and awareness for federalism is strongest in Mindanao and within the Filipino Muslim community. The Philippine government cites lack of information as the reason

neg: 1946 Yugoslav Constitution the principle of authority union, and the vertical regulation was based on the principle of "democratic centralism", which was defined by the leading constitution maker of that time: Edvard Kardelj. That actually meant the introduction of the etatist social and centralist state regulation even side by side with the nominal federalism. Ideological, political and other forms of pluralism were excluded. This Constitution will enable further firming of the new authorities in the country, but soon after that, the process of changing the Constitution will begin as the result of a conflict with the Soviet Union, until recently ally and model.

neg: States and territories of Australia of Queensland (1859). Upon Federation, the six colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania became the founding states of the new Commonwealth of Australia. Legislative powers of the states are protected by the Australian constitution, section 107, and under the principle of federalism Commonwealth legislation only applies to the states where permitted by the constitution. The territories, by contrast, are from a constitutional perspective directly subject to the Commonwealth Government; laws for territories are determined by the Australian Parliament. Most of the territories are directly administered by the Commonwealth Government, while two (the Northern

neg: Secession in the United States defined what he considered the borders of this debate: In the public debate over the Nullification Crisis the separate issue of secession was also discussed. James Madison, often referred to as "The Father of the Constitution", strongly opposed the argument that secession was permitted by the Constitution. In a March 15, 1833, letter to Daniel Webster (congratulating him on a speech opposing nullification), Madison discussed "revolution" versus "secession": Thus Madison affirms an "extra"constitutional right to revolt against conditions of "intolerable oppression"; but if the case cannot be made (that such conditions exist), then he rejects secession—as a violation of the

neg: Section 31 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms the legislatures, the courts receive this authority through section 24 and section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982. Section 31 is related to the theory of federalism in that if federalism means both the central and regional authorities are sovereign, the central authority should not be able to intervene to change a regional act. The Constitution Act, 1867 allows for this in regard to educational rights because in 1867 Canada was not designed to be a truly federal country. However, Parliament has never exercised its educational powers and it is now generally expected the federal government would not act that

neg: Federalism in Nepal Federalism in Nepal Federalism in Nepal is the decentralized multi-level political system of Nepal. It replaces the monarchy held by the Shah dynasty. Schedule 4 of the new Constitution of Nepal, adopted on 20 September 2015, drawn a line of federalism in Nepal. In the aftermath of the 2007 People's Revolt II, the 240 years of monarchy was abolished in the 5th amendment of the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063. The amendment was the first document to mention Nepal officially as the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. It envisioned federalism as a prominent feature for a new Nepal. The Maoist

neg: Dual federalism Europe Research and Policy Paper No. 14. Tummala, Krishna K. Asian Survey Vol. 32, No. 6 (Jun., 1992), pp. 538–553. Warmington-Granston, Nicole. FEDERALISM IN LATIN AMERICA. Williams, Norman (August 2007).The Commerce Clause and the Myth of Dual Federalism UCLA Law Review. Dual federalism Dual federalism, also known as layer-cake federalism or divided sovereignty, is a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments in clearly defined terms, with state governments exercising those powers accorded to them without interference from the federal government. Dual federalism is defined in contrast to cooperative federalism ("marble-cake federalism"), in which

neg: Dual federalism Dual federalism Dual federalism, also known as layer-cake federalism or divided sovereignty, is a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments in clearly defined terms, with state governments exercising those powers accorded to them without interference from the federal government. Dual federalism is defined in contrast to cooperative federalism ("marble-cake federalism"), in which federal and state governments collaborate on policy. The system of dual/joint federalism in the United States is a product of the backlash against the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, which established a very weak federal government with the powers to

neg: Constitutional right the national government. Each of the United States has its own governing Constitution. The States Constitutions are usually longer and written in much more detail than the U.S. Constitution. For example, the Alabama Constitution has more than 600 pages and the New Jersey Constitution of 1947 is three times longer than the U.S. Constitution. The reason for this difference between the federal Constitution and the states Constitutions is what Justice Brennan called 'the new judicial federalism'. meaning that rights granted by the States Constitutions can be broader than those comprised by the federal Constitution but not narrowed. State constitutions cannot

neg: Dual federalism dual federalism in that their legislative and executive powers are allocated in the same policy area to a single level of government. In contrast, some federal structures, such as those of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, consist of federal governments exercising broad legislative powers and constituent governments allocated the power to administer such legislation in a style similar to cooperative federalism. Constitutions with delegations of broad powers to the state level of government that resemble the Constitution of the United States include the Constitution of Australia and the Constitution of Canada. The Australian Constitution was designed to enumerate a limited range

neg: Federalism over various matters, has been a longstanding and evolving issue. Areas of contest include legislation with respect to regulation of the economy, taxation, and natural resources. The Government of India (referred to as the "Union Government") was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a "federal union" of 29 states and 7 union territories. The government of India is based on a 3 tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union

neg: Reserved powers doctrine Reserved powers doctrine The reserved powers doctrine was a principle used by the inaugural High Court of Australia in the interpretation of the Constitution of Australia, that emphasised the context of the Constitution, drawing on principles of federalism, what the Court saw as the compact between the newly formed Commonwealth and the former colonies, particularly the compromises that informed the text of the constitution. The doctrine involved a restrictive approach to the interpretation of the specific powers of the Federal Parliament to preserve the powers that were intended to be left to the States. The doctrine was challenged by the

neg: Article Four of the United States Constitution U.S. states must be grounded in republican principles such as the consent of the governed. By ensuring that all states must have the same basic republican philosophy, the Guarantee Clause is one of several portions of the Constitution which mandates symmetric federalism between the states. The Constitution does not explain what exactly constitutes a republican form of government. There are, however, several places within it where the principles behind the concept are articulated. Article Seven, the last and shortest of the Constitution's original articles, stipulated that the Constitution, before it could become established as the "Law of the Land", must

neg: Brandenburg (1945–1952) that five members of the Landtag were send to the Chamber of States of the GDR. As the ruling communists aimed to build a quasi-unitary state, the state was dissolved by a change of the Constitution of East Germany in July 1952. All of the five "Länder" were replaced by 14 newly formed Bezirke. In case of Brandenburg, the territory was transferred to the "Bezirke" Cottbus, Frankfurt, Neubrandenburg, Potsdam and Schwerin. The abolishment of the Chamber of States in 1958 and two ratifications of the constitution in 1968 and 1974 finally eliminate all kinds of federalism in the GDR until

neg: Federalism in India is asymmetric in that the devolved powers of the constituent units are not all the same. The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded a higher degree of autonomy than other States under Article 370. Union Territories are unitary type, directly governed by the Union government. of the constitution stipulates two tier-governance with an additional local elected government. Delhi and Puducherry were accorded legislatures under Article 239AA and 239A, respectively. The divsion of powers are defined by the constitution and the legislative powers are divided into three lists: Union List consists of 100 items (earlier 97) on which the parliament

neg: 1824 Constitution of Mexico would be an error to consider the Constitution of 1824 a mere copy of the 1812 document. Events in Mexico, particularly the assertion of states’ rights by the former provinces, forced Congress to frame a constitution to meet the unique circumstances of the nation. The principal innovations—republicanism, federalism, and a presidency—were adopted to address Mexico's new reality. The monarchy was abolished because both Fernando VII and Agustín I had failed as political leaders, not because Mexicans imitated the United States' charter. Federalism arose naturally from Mexico's earlier political experience. The provincial deputations created by the Constitution of Cádiz simply converted

neg: Federalism in the Philippines In July 4, 2018, the Consultative Committee (ConCom) tasked to review the Constitution unanimously approved the draft constitution which would shift the present government form into federalism. Under the approved proposed constitution, the Philippines will be divided into 18 federated regions, where the National Capital Region (which initially was suppose to be a 'capital region') will now be a federated region as well. The draft constitution formulated by the Concom 'allows the president to assume "all the necessary powers" of government – executive, legislative, and judiciary – to prevent the breakup' of the proposed federated republic, according to Consultative Committee

neg: Federalism the Constitution of Rio Grande do Sul State In Canada the system of federalism is described by the division of powers between the federal parliament and the country's provincial governments. Under the Constitution Act (previously known as the British North America Act) of 1867, specific powers of legislation are allotted. Section 91 of the constitution gives rise to federal authority for legislation, whereas section 92 gives rise to provincial powers. For matters not directly dealt with in the constitution, the federal government retains residual powers; however, conflict between the two levels of government, relating to which level has legislative jurisdiction

neg: Anti-Federalism passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, the Anti-Federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790–91 to oppose the policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton; this group soon became the Democratic-Republican Party. Anti-Federalism Anti-Federalism was a late-18th century movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, Anti-Federalists worried, among other things, that the position

neg: Anti-Federalism Anti-Federalism Anti-Federalism was a late-18th century movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, Anti-Federalists worried, among other things, that the position of president, then a novelty, might evolve into a monarchy. Though the Constitution was ratified and supplanted the Articles of Confederation, Anti-Federalist influence helped lead to the passage of the United States Bill of Rights. During the American Revolution and its immediate aftermath, the term "federal"

neg: Federalism in India However, many provisions in the constitution outside these lists permit parliament or state legislative assembly to legislate. Excluding the provisions of the constitution outside these lists per , the power to legislate on such subjects, rests with the parliament exclusively per Article 248. Parliament shall legislate on residuary subjects following the Article 368 procedure as constitutional amendments. In case the above lists are to be expanded or amended, the legislation should be done by the Parliament under its constituent power per with ratification by the majority of the states. Federalism is part of the basic structure of the Indian constitution

neg: Unborn Victims of Violence Act 10, Chapter 22 (Uniform Code of Military Justice) §919a (Article 119a). The law applies only to certain offenses over which the United States government has jurisdiction, including certain crimes committed on federal properties, against certain federal officials and employees, and by members of the military. In addition, it covers certain crimes that are defined by statute as federal offenses wherever they occur, no matter who commits them, such as certain crimes of terrorism. Because of principles of federalism embodied in the United States Constitution, federal criminal law does not apply to crimes prosecuted by the individual states. However, 38 states

neg: Constitution of Canada act, amendments must now conform to certain specified provisions in the written portion of the Canadian constitution. This was an Act of the British parliament, originally called the British North America Act 1867. It outlined Canada's system of government, which combines Britain's Westminster model of parliamentary government with division of sovereignty (federalism). Although it is the first of 20 British North America Acts, it is still the most famous of these and is understood to be the document of Canadian Confederation. With the patriation of the Constitution in 1982, this Act was renamed "Constitution Act, 1867". In recent years, the

neg: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution the amendment generally made arguments based on federalism and states' rights. Some argued that the proposed change so violated the spirit of the Constitution that it would not be a valid "amendment" but would instead constitute "revolution." Representative White, among other opponents, warned that the amendment would lead to full citizenship for blacks. Republicans portrayed slavery as uncivilized and argued for abolition as a necessary step in national progress. Amendment supporters also argued that the slave system had negative effects on white people. These included the lower wages resulting from competition with forced labor, as well as repression of abolitionist

neg: Nauruan nationality law Nauruan nationality law Nationality and citizenship in the Republic of Nauru are currently defined and regulated by the Constitution of Nauru and the "Nauruan Community Ordinance 1956-1962". Dual citizenship is permitted. Part VIII of the Constitution pertains to citizenship, and defined who was to become a citizen of Nauru upon the country's accession to independence in 1968. Article 71 refers to the "Nauruan Community Ordinance 1956-1962". Any person who is Section 4 of the Ordinance in question establishes legal belonging to the "Nauruan community". Nauruans under this law include The Constitution re-iterates the provisions of the Ordinance, and provides additional

neg: Executive federalism primary responsibility to set the national standards in social policy and Alberta's Premier Ralph Klein calling on other premiers to join him in opposing Ottawa's signing of the Kyoto protocol Executive federalism Executive federalism is "the processes of intergovernmental negotiation that are dominated by the executives of the different governments within the federal system." Alternatively, Donald Smiley defined Executive federalism as “the relation between elected and appointed officials of the two orders of government.” In Canada, the most publicized aspect of Executive federalism is the First Ministers Conference; however, in recent years the Council of the Federation has become the

neg: United States Constitution United States Constitution The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Articles Four, Five and Six embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments, the states in relationship to the federal government, and the

neg: Executive federalism Executive federalism Executive federalism is "the processes of intergovernmental negotiation that are dominated by the executives of the different governments within the federal system." Alternatively, Donald Smiley defined Executive federalism as “the relation between elected and appointed officials of the two orders of government.” In Canada, the most publicized aspect of Executive federalism is the First Ministers Conference; however, in recent years the Council of the Federation has become the important bi-annual meeting between the Premiers of Canada. Notable efforts at the Council of the Federation include Premier Mike Harris' attempt to promote the idea that the provinces should take

neg: Kenya African National Union independence constitution and universal suffrage while KADU was supporting the continuation of the colonial political system established by the "Lyttelton Constitution" of 1954 with federalism(Majimbo) and white minority rule as KADU's key tenets. Despite the numerical advantage lying with the numerically stronger KANU, a form of Federalism involving Kenya's 8 provinces was adopted in Kenya's independence as a result of British colonial government supporting KADU's plan. After independence KANU nonetheless decided to remove all provisions of a federal nature from the constitution. The Kenya African Union was a political organization formed in 1944 to articulate Kenyan grievances against the British

neg: Canadian federalism telecommunications) or that of the provinces, such as education and healthcare. The division of powers is outlined in the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly the British North America Act 1867), a key document in the Constitution of Canada. The federal nature of the Canadian constitution was a response to the colonial-era diversity of the Maritimes and the Province of Canada, particularly the sharp distinction between the French-speaking inhabitants of Lower Canada and the English-speaking inhabitants of Upper Canada and the Maritimes. John A. Macdonald, Canada's first prime minister, originally favoured a unitary system; later, after witnessing the carnage of the American

neg: Saxony-Anhalt (1945-1952) quasi-unitary state, the state was dissolved by a change of the Constitution of East Germany in July 1952. All of the five "Länder" were replaced by 14 newly formed Bezirke. In case of Saxony-Anhalt, the territory was transferred to the "Bezirke" Cottbus, Halle, Leipzig and Magdeburg. The abolishion of the Chamber of States in 1958 and two ratifications of the constitution in 1968 and 1974 finally eliminated all kinds of federalism in the GDR until the peaceful revolution in 1989. After the first free elections in the GDR, the five "Länder" were re-established with some smaller geographical adjustments in August

neg: Federalism 1891, although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles. The 1937 federal government had the authority to appoint State Governors (called intervenors) at will, thus centralizing power in the hands of President Getúlio Vargas. Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade. Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments. The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 introduced a new component to the ideas of federalism, including municipalities as federal entities. Brazilian municipalities are now invested with some of the traditional powers usually granted to states in federalism, and they are allowed to have a Constitution like

neg: Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd expressed or necessarily implied... a right of sovereignty subject to extrinsic control is a contradiction in terms. The reserved powers doctrine was a principle used in the interpretation of the Constitution that emphasised the context of the Constitution, drawing on principles of federalism, what the Court saw as the compact between the newly formed Commonwealth and the former colonies, particularly the compromises that informed the text of the constitution. The doctrine involved a restrictive approach to the interpretation of the specific powers of the Federal Parliament to preserve the powers that were intended to be left to the States. The

neg: Federalism in India Federalism in India Federalism in India describes the distribution of legal authority across national, state and local governments in India. The Constitution of India establishes a federal structure to the Indian government, declaring it to be a "Union of States". of the Indian constitution specifies the distribution of legislative, administrative and executive powers between the Union/Federal/Central government and the States of India. The legislative powers are categorised under a Union List, a State List and a Concurrent List, representing, respectively, the powers conferred upon the Union government, those conferred upon the State governments and powers shared among them. This federalism

neg: Federalism in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state. The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government. In contrast, Europe has a greater

neg: Asymmetric federalism Each has its own constitution, has its own official language and is meant to be home to a specific ethnic minority. An autonomous okrug also has a substantial ethnic minority, but is not allowed to have its own constitution and official language. An oblast, a krai, and an autonomous oblast has subjects without a substantial ethnic minority, completely equal to an autonomous okrug with other rights. A federal city is a major city that functions as a separate region. Previously, the Soviet Union often demonstrated traits of asymmetric federalism, including defining the RSFSR's Constitution inside of the 1936 Soviet Constitution,

neg: Federalism in India of ignoring states in need or where poor people are concentrated, in order to pursue partisan goals. This was described as pork-barrel politics. The party's nomenclature is designed to convey that the central government is the source of these policies. Federalism in India Federalism in India describes the distribution of legal authority across national, state and local governments in India. The Constitution of India establishes a federal structure to the Indian government, declaring it to be a "Union of States". of the Indian constitution specifies the distribution of legislative, administrative and executive powers between the Union/Federal/Central government and the States

neg: Griffin v. California based on his failure to testify. (This law is currently .) This federal law applied only to the federal courts, and because of the principle of federalism, the States made their own decisions on this matter. For example, the California Constitution explicitly permitted counsel and the judge to comment on the failure to testify. In two rulings before "Griffin", "Twining v. New Jersey" (1908) and "Adamson v. California" (1947), the Supreme Court upheld state laws allowing such adverse comments, ruling that even if adverse comments did violate defendants' Fifth Amendment rights, the Fifth Amendment did not bind the States. In

neg: Government of Russia features included competitive multi-party elections, separation of powers, federalism, and protection of civil liberties. In 1999, Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Putin as the Prime Minister. Later in that year, Yeltsin resigned from the presidency and Putin took over. In 2000 Putin won the presidential election. The most recent change took place on 21 May 2012, when President Vladimir Putin signed a presidential decree on forming Dmitry Medvedev's Cabinet. The Government is the subject of the 6th chapter of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to the constitution, the government of the Russian Federation must: The government issues its acts in

neg: Maryland Constitution of 1851 Maryland Constitution of 1851 The Maryland Constitution of 1851 was the second constitution of the U.S. state of Maryland following the revolution, replacing the Constitution of 1776. The primary reason for the new constitution was a need to re-apportion Maryland's legislature, the Maryland General Assembly. It also permitted a change in the status of the City of Baltimore (designated as a "port of entry" in 1706, chartered as a town-1729, incorporated in 1796-97, county seat since 1768) and its relationship with the surrounding Baltimore County (which was erected in 1659). By the provisions of this 1851 Constitution, Baltimore City was

neg: Symmetric federalism Symmetric federalism Symmetric federalism refers to a federal system of government in which each constituent state to the federation possess equal powers. In a symmetric federalism no distinction is made between constituent states. This is in contrast to an asymmetric federalism, where a distinction is made between constituent states. The United States is a symmetric federation, as each of the 50 states in the Union has the same standing and powers under the United States constitution. This was affirmed in Coyle v. Smith when the U. S. Supreme Court declared a provision of the Oklahoma Enabling Act which required the

neg: Constitutional reform in the Philippines assembly for the purpose of revising the Constitution to establish a federal system of government." Arroyo stated to visiting Swiss President Pascal Couchepin: "We advocate federalism as a way to ensure long-lasting peace in Mindanao." Press Secretary Jesus Dureza, on August 12, 2008, stated, "It's all systems go for Charter change. We are supporting Senate Joint Resolution No. 10. Naughty insinuations that she [Arroyo] was going for Cha-cha [Charter change] because she wants to extend her term in office prompted the President to make her position clear. She is calling for a constitutional amendment... in order to bring about the

neg: The Federalist Papers "Federalist No. 84", Hamilton makes the case that there is no need to amend the Constitution by adding a Bill of Rights, insisting that the various provisions in the proposed Constitution protecting liberty amount to a "bill of rights". "Federalist No. 78", also written by Hamilton, lays the groundwork for the doctrine of judicial review by federal courts of federal legislation or executive acts. "Federalist No. 70" presents Hamilton's case for a one-man chief executive. In "Federalist No. 39", Madison presents the clearest exposition of what has come to be called "Federalism". In "Federalist No. 51", Madison distills arguments for

neg: Languages of India thought to be a violation of the constitution's guarantee of federalism. Later, a constitutional amendment, , allowed for the continuation of English in the Indian government indefinitely until legislation decides to change it. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union were supposed to be the international form of Indian numerals, distinct from the numerals used in most English-speaking countries. Despite the misconceptions, Hindi is not the national language of India. The Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language. The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists 22

neg: Ethnic federalism the new constitution. Campaigns for more recognition of ethnic issues were led by Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN) representing the ethnic groups of the hills, the regional Sadbhawana party of the Terai, and the UCPN (Maoists) under pressure from the Madhesi people of the south. Following the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal and the overthrow of the monarchy, an Interim Constitution was promulgated in 2007. Years of debate in two consecutive Constituent Assemblies centred on whether to base federalism upon ethnicity or a common identity, as well as over the number and locations of provinces. An opposition front led

neg: Floor crossing (South Africa) and form alliances with the ANC in 2001, the ANC passed the legislation. ANC chairman Mosiuoa Lekota stated that the party's reasons for the legislation was "for some political realignment…and the break-up of racial power blocks". Floor crossing was originally enabled by amendments to the Constitution of South Africa and other legislation passed by Parliament. The amendments removed clauses requiring members of the National Assembly to give up their seats should they change parties. According to the void amendments, floor crossing was only permitted twice in an electoral term, in the second and fourth years after the general elections, from

neg: Nauruan nationality law the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ruled that the amendment to the citizenship law was unconstitutional, thus confirming that persons with dual nationality remain entitled to sit in Parliament. Nauruan nationality law Nationality and citizenship in the Republic of Nauru are currently defined and regulated by the Constitution of Nauru and the "Nauruan Community Ordinance 1956-1962". Dual citizenship is permitted. Part VIII of the Constitution pertains to citizenship, and defined who was to become a citizen of Nauru upon the country's accession to independence in 1968. Article 71 refers to the "Nauruan Community Ordinance 1956-1962". Any person who is

neg: Federalism in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1) Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain "express powers" (also called "enumerated powers") which are powers spelled out in the Constitution,

neg: Patriation convention. This number was not defined and commentators later criticized the court's failure to rule that the approval of all provinces was required. The decision was controversial and a loss for the premiers. Lévesque would later remark: "In other words, Trudeau's goals might be unconstitutional, illegitimate, and even 'go against the principles of federalism,' but they were legal!" Trudeau, in his memoirs, paraphrased the court as saying "that patriation was legal, but not nice." Both the United Kingdom and Canada undertook contingency preparations: Margaret Thatcher's British cabinet explored simply unilaterally patriating the constitution to Canada with an amending formula requiring

neg: 1980 Quebec referendum PQ had celebrated their victory in 1976. Trudeau attacked the "Yes" campaign for not asking a clear question, and stated that a "Yes" vote was a dead end, given that the rest of Canada was not bound by the question and that it was too vague to pursue independence if negotiations were refused. Trudeau then stated that he would interpret a vote for the "No" as a mandate to renew federalism and change the constitution, putting his MPs' seats on the line if he were to fail to keep this promise. Addressing himself to Canadians outside Quebec on behalf of

neg: Ethnic federalism Ethnic federalism Ethnic federalism is a federal system of national government in which the federated units are defined according to ethnicity. Related terms are multi-ethnic federalism and ethnofederalism. This type of federation is identified above all with the regime of Meles Zenawi from the 1990s in Ethiopia, where it has sometimes been known as Zenawism. Features of ethnic federalism have been displayed also in other countries, including Nepal, South Sudan, Pakistan, and the former Yugoslavia. Ethnic federal systems have been created in attempts to accommodate demands for regional autonomy and manage inter-ethnic tensions within a state. They have not always

neg: Federalism in Quebec and Quebec City and the current Constitution. Current Liberal Party leader and Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau at one point suggested that gaining Quebec's signature to the Constitution was not a priority, putting him at odds with many past federalists from his home province. This strain of Canadian federalism is strictly against reopening the Constitution and supports policies of shared and exclusive provincial jurisdiction in areas such as taxation, healthcare and immigration. They defend the federal government occasionally encroaching on areas that Quebec governments (both federalist and sovereigntist) consider their rightful jurisdiction. In general, federalists of this school of

neg: Asymmetric federalism have enjoyed historically. In the United Kingdom, England has no self-government and is ruled directly by the British Parliament, but Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales have varying degrees of autonomy. However, many people believe that asymmetrical devolution of powers (most notably to the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly) is unfair, which causes the ongoing West Lothian question. The United Kingdom is a unitary state, not a federal one, according to its constitution, and the British Parliament still remains sovereign. Asymmetric federalism Asymmetric federalism or asymmetrical federalism is found in a federation or confederation in which different constituent states possess different

neg: Federalism in the Philippines admitted to the party. In contrast, the opposing Liberal Party is mostly against the movement. Incumbent Vice President Leni Robredo, who is the current party leader, has expressed her opposition towards charter change and federarlism. This sentiment is shared also by various opposition senators and representatives, including Senators Francisco Pangilinan and Antonio Trillanes IV. Left-wing political parties such as the democratic socialist Akbayan and the more radical Bagong Alyansang Makabayan have also voiced disapproval against charter change. Federalism in the Philippines Federalism in the Philippines () is a proposed form of government in the country. The concept of a federal

neg: Ethnic federalism by the UCPN called for a federal system based on 13 ethnically defined provinces. The ruling Nepali Congress and CPN-UML parties rejected the idea, arguing that ethnicity-based federalism would create tension among ethnic castes and communities. Resistance also came from the upper-caste Brahmin and Chhetris, who feared that their long-standing political dominance would be threatened by ethnic federalism. The three parties later agreed on nine founding principles for establishing provinces; five of these were identity-oriented, referring to ethnic and cultural ties. This led to the adoption of the term "ethnic federalism" to describe the structure proposed for Nepal, although some

neg: Kenya African National Union community, against the dominance of the larger Luo and Kĩkũyũ tribes that comprised the majority of KANU's membership (Kenyatta himself being a Kikuyu). KANU was in favour of immediate total independence,new independence constitution and universal suffrage while KADU was supporting the continuation of the colonial political system established by the "Lyttelton Constitution" of 1954 with federalism(Majimbo) and white minority rule as KADU's key tenets. Despite the numerical advantage lying with the numerically stronger KANU, a form of Federalism involving Kenya's 8 provinces was adopted in Kenya's independence as a result of British colonial government supporting KADU's plan. After independence KANU

neg: Federalism in Germany Federalism in Germany Federalism in Germany is made of the states of Germany and the federal government. The central government, the states, and the German municipalities have different tasks and partially competing regions of responsibilities ruled by a complex system of checks and balances. German federalism dates back to the founding of the Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages, to the reforms that came with the Peace of Westphalia and to the constitution of the German Empire from 1871. Since re-unification in 1990, the Federal Republic has consisted of sixteen states: the ten states of the former West Germany,

neg: Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution amendment to reduce or abolish restrictions imposed by Article 9. A constitutional amendment would require a two-thirds majority and pass referendum to effect it (as per Article 96 of the Japanese Constitution). Despite numerous attempts by the LDP to change Article 9, they have never been able to achieve the large majority required, as revision is opposed by a number of Japanese parties including the DPJ and the Japanese Communist Party. In the Italian Constitution Article 11 is similar to the Japanese analogue, but the use of military forces is permitted for self-defense (articles 52 and 78) and also for

neg: Democratic Federation of Northern Syria while the U.S. does not. After peace talks between Syrian civil war parties in Astana in January 2017, Russia offered a draft for a future constitution of Syria, which would, among other things, change the "Syrian Arab Republic" into the "Republic of Syria", introduce decentralized authorities as well as elements of federalism like "association areas", strengthen the parliament at the cost of the presidency, and realize secularism by abolishing Islamic jurisprudence as a source of legislation. The "Democratic Federation of Northern Syria" during 2016 opened official representation offices in Moscow, Stockholm, Berlin, Paris, and The Hague. A broad range of

neg: Federalism never in a decisive way. Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the reference never made it to the text of the treaties adopted by consensus. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom, Denmark and France (with conservative heads of state and governments). Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995), the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position, as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best

neg: Gorran Movement for the 2009 election was to de-politicise the regional government, strengthen the judiciary, limit political interference in the economy and make the budget more transparent. Supporting federalism for Iraqi Kurdistan, it said disputes with the central government could be solved through dialogue based on the Iraqi Constitution. The Change List won a total of 25 seats in the July 2009 elections, making it the second-most successful list in the election after the Kurdistani List. The party viewed the election results as a huge victory. Considered to be the main opposition to Kurdistan List, particularly in areas dominated by the Patriotic

neg: Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines for lower positions. In its campaign for the 2013 elections, the party started a road show for constitutional reform or charter change (Cha-cha). Rodriguez, who is a proponent of charter change, had earlier written a House of Representatives resolution calling for a shift to federalism, return to a two-party system, regional or state election of senators, amendment of the presidential term of office to four years with one reelection and a four-year term with no term limits for local officials, and lifting of nationalist economic provisions in the constitution. In the 2016 local elections in the town of Salcedo, Eastern

neg: Ministers and Secretaries Acts on 3 October 1923 the first indication was given that: This was done in 1924, by means of the "Ministers and Secretaries Act", by which the governmental structures that were intended to be a permanent feature of independent Irish government were regularised and defined. Some long-standing positions, like those of Postmaster-General and Solicitor-General, were abolished, as was the Ministry for Labour, a post created originally in the "Dáil Constitution". Others, most notably another created in the days of the Republic, the Ministry of Home Affairs, underwent a name change, moving from the British-sounding name "Home Affairs" which had parallels with

neg: Federalism the Federation of Australia commenced, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America, although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system. In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military "coup d'état" led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since

neg: Ethnic federalism the form of a growing nationalism. After the central authority waned in the 1980s, the leaderships of the republics increasingly pursued the interests of their own territories and inter-ethnic tensions mounted. Between 1991 and 2006 the six constituent republics all became independent nations; the earlier years of this process were marked by a series of wars. The lesson drawn was: Ethnic federalism Ethnic federalism is a federal system of national government in which the federated units are defined according to ethnicity. Related terms are multi-ethnic federalism and ethnofederalism. This type of federation is identified above all with the regime of

neg: Mexico claimed by Texas. A much smaller transfer of territory in what is today southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico—known as the Gadsden Purchase—occurred in 1854. The Caste War of Yucatán, the Maya uprising that began in 1847, was one of the most successful modern Native American revolts. Maya rebels, or Cruzob, maintained relatively independent enclaves in the peninsula until the 1930s. Dissatisfaction with Santa Anna's return to power led to the liberal "Plan of Ayutla", initiating an era known as La Reforma. The new Constitution drafted in 1857 established a secular state, federalism as the form of government, and several

neg: Federalism in Iraq covering three provinces of northern Iraq. After the end of the Gulf War in 1991 the Kurdish region rose up against President Saddam Hussein and gained "de facto" independence under the protection of a no fly zone. After the invasion of Iraq in 2003, the short-lived Transitional Administrative Law recognised the existing Kurdish regional government and defined Iraq for the first time as a federal country. Article 118 of the constitution of Iraq provided that no new region may be created before the Iraqi National Assembly has passed a law that provides the procedures for forming the region. This law

neg: Violence Against Women Act part of VAWA unconstitutional in "United States v. Morrison" on federalism grounds. In that decision, only the civil rights remedy of VAWA was struck down. The provisions providing program funding were unaffected. In 2005, the reauthorization of VAWA (as HR3402) defined what population benefited under the term of "Underserved Populations" described as " Populations underserved because of geographic location, underserved racial and ethnic populations, populations underserved because of special needs (such as language barriers, disabilities, alienage status, or age) and any other population determined to be underserved by the Attorney General or by the Secretary of Health and Human Services

neg: Asymmetric federalism India appropriates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution uses the Seventh Schedule to delimit the subjects under three categories, namely the Union list, the State list and the Concurrent list. A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or statehood deals. Although the Constitution did not envisage it, India is

neg: Wind power in the Republic of Ireland obtain a 10-year permission for a wind energy development. Section 42 of the above Act originally permitted a 5-year extension of the "appropriate period" provided that substantial works were carried out. This caused major problems as the term "substantial works" was not clearly defined which resulted in a large variety in interpretation of what constituted substantial works among the various planning authorities. This issue was rectified by the Planning and Development (Amendment) Act 2010 section 28 which inserted an additional paragraph allowing a once off extension not exceeding 5 years if "there were considerations of a commercial, economic or technical

neg: Federalism in all but name or a "federation without federalism". The country has been quoted as being "an extraordinarily decentralized country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system. The current Spanish constitution has been implemented in such a way that, in many respects, Spain can be compared to countries which are undeniably federal. However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such

neg: 2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum may not be submitted during the same constitutional term of office of the National Assembly.' " Chávez avoided this issue by declaring that the change to the constitution would be in the form of an amendment, instead of a constitutional reform. In addition, the constitutional amendment was re-defined to apply to all popular elected positions, not just to the president. Elenis Rodríguez Martínez, a leader of the opposition party Primero Justicia, stated that the proposed change constitutes a fundamental change to the constitution, and therefore cannot be voted as an amendment. She stated that, "Under Article 340, 'the purpose of

neg: Amax Potash Ltd v Saskatchewan immunity clause, exempting itself from paying back money gained through invalid law, was valid law. The Court found in favour of the mining companies. The government was attempting to circumvent section 52 of the Constitution by exempting itself from federalism. In his reasoning, Dickson J. (as he was then) stated: "To allow moneys collected under compulsion, pursuant to an ultra vires statute, to be retained would be tantamount to allowing the provincial Legislature to do indirectly what it could not do directly, and by covert means to impose illegal burdens." He concluded by stating: "The principle governing this appeal can

neg: Ethnic federalism than one subunit. Examples include Canada, India and Spain. This type of system may be appropriate for nations that contain one dominant group. One of the main motivations for introducing ethnic federalism is to reduce conflict among the groups within the state, by granting each group local self-government and guaranteed representation at the centre. Thus an ethnic federal system may have particular appeal where serious conflict is feared or has already occurred. This goal is "defensive" and accepts the permanence of different ethnic identities within the state. Federalism allows ethnically diverse groups a level of autonomy, protected by a constitution

neg: Paul Sauvé reform was seen as a means to social change and national development, Sauvé begun negotiations to recover the money Ottawa set aside for higher education, while government grants would increase towards educational institutions, no longer distributed at the government's discretion. Regarding Canadian federalism, the Sauvé provincial government considered that federal grants to universities encroached an area reserved exclusively for the provinces under the "British North America Act, 1867" (since renamed the "Constitution Act, 1867"). Demands were also made in respect that the provincial university education tax be deductible. The Sauvé government also wanted to undertake an indepth study of the

neg: Constitution of South Carolina have to be able to answer questions about any constitutional provision asked in order to qualify as a voter. Thereafter, the registration process included a test of reading and writing; individuals with at least $20 in property were also permitted to vote. The change from the 1868 constitution's "personhood" to the 1895 constitution's "intelligence" was due to the 1895 constitution's framers' desire to disenfranchise African Americans in order to bar them from participation in the political process. According to the state's Democratic Party-leaning newspapers, the motivations behind changing the constitution were clear: The 1895 Constitution has been rewritten article by

neg: Empire Texas Annexation (1845), and the Mexican Cession (1848) highlight the imperialistic goals of the United States during this “modern period” of imperialism. The U.S. government has stopped pursuing additional territories since the mid 20th century. However, some scholars still consider U.S. foreign policy strategies to be imperialistic. This idea is explored in the “contemporary usage” section. In time, an empire may change from one political entity to another. For example, the Holy Roman Empire, a German re-constitution of the Roman Empire, metamorphosed into various political structures (i.e., federalism), and eventually, under Habsburg rule, re-constituted itself in 1804 as the Austrian

neg: Federalism in Nigeria between the central government, i.e. the federal government and its components (state and local government). Bernard Bourdillon the Governor-general at that time initiated and laid the foundation of federalism in Nigeria in 1939 by creating three provinces. He later handed over the constitution to his successor Arthur Richards and it became the Richards Constitution of 1946. At the beginning of formal British indirect rule in 1901, Nigeria was divided into two regions: Northern and Southern, both of which were divided into provinces. From 1901 to 1958, the number of regions was increased to three through both acquisition of territories and

neg: Constitution of Indiana articles. They are as follows: Constitution of Indiana The Constitution of Indiana is the highest body of state law in the U.S. state of Indiana. It establishes the structure and function of the state government and enumerates specific rights of Indiana citizens. Under the principles of federalism, Indiana's constitution is subordinate only to the U.S. Constitution and federal law. Prior to the enactment of Indiana's first state constitution and achievement of statehood in 1816, the Indiana Territory was governed by territorial law. The state's first constitution was created in 1816, after the U.S. Congress had agreed to grant statehood to

neg: Federalism in the Philippines history of opposing any move to amend the Constitution." The joint Senate resolution called for the creation of 11 federal states in the country, by convening of Congress “into a constituent assembly for the purpose of revising the Constitution to establish a federal system of government.” Federalism advocate, Aquilino Pimentel Jr. renewed his campaign. In May 2016, Aquilino 'Nene' Pimentel Jr., stated in an interview with Teodoro Locsin Jr. and Tina Monzon-Palma that a North Mindanao state may be separated into two distinct states, namely, Northwest Mindanao and Northeast Mindanao. While Pimentel Jr.'s earlier proposal for a Federal Philippines was

neg: Constitution of the Irish Free State the Executive Council. The Dáil was empowered to dismiss it by a vote of no confidence. With few exceptions, the Governor-General was required to act on the Executive Council's advice. The constitution provided that the judiciary would consist of the Supreme Court, the High Court, and any lower courts established by law. As originally adopted the constitution contained (in Articles 47, 48 and 50) innovative provisions for direct democracy but, owing to constitutional amendments, these provisions were never permitted to come into effect. The provisions stated that the referendum and initiative would operate on the same franchise as the Dáil;

neg: Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period Shi'ite leaders warned that the Law of Administration could cause problems in the long term, with one senior cleric saying a clause on federalism has the potential to provoke civil war. Federalism is addressed in Ch. 8, articles 52 - 58. It was also noted by several commentators that, in theory, this Iraqi constitution grants more social rights than the United States Constitution. Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period The Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period (), also called the Transitional Administrative Law or TAL, was Iraq's provisional

neg: Secession secession had already been made during the preceding Russian Empire but had been denied by the Russian emperor. After a decade of tumultuous federalism, Ecuador and Venezuela seceded from Gran Colombia in 1830, leaving the similarly tumultuous United States of Colombia, now the Republic of Colombia which also lost Panama in 1903. Pakistan seceded from the British Indian empire in what is known as the Partition. Today, the Constitution of India does not allow Indian states to secede from the Union. The disputed territory of Indian-administered Kashmir has had a violent nationalist movement against Indian annexation mostly in the Valley

neg: Head of state of Ireland (1936 to 1949) year and was succeeded by his brother Prince Albert, Duke of York, who took the name George VI. The parliaments of independent members of the British Commonwealth were required to ratify this change in monarch, and the pro-republican government of the Irish Free State decided to use this opportunity to drastically change the constitution. The day after the abdication was announced on 12 December 1936, the Free State constitution was amended to remove all mention of the King and abolish the office of governor-general. The following day, a separate statute permitted the King to sign international treaties and to accredit

neg: Federalism is defined in Part V(Articles 141-159) of the constitution. Pakistan consists of four provinces and three territories, including the Islamabad Capital Territory. There are several levels of government in Pakistan: The District Coordination Officer is the administrative head of the District Administration. They have wide-ranging responsibility for overseeing, improving and directing the approved plans of the District Government. The Zila Nazim used to be the executive head of the District Administration until 2010 when the government gave their powers to the District Coordination Officers also. Their role is similar to district governor or prefect, with responsibility for implementing government strategy

neg: Dual federalism of sovereignty. Further, political scientist Martin Diamond interprets the argument through a federalist vs antifederalist lens, discounting the question of state size. Specifically, he argues that the pure federalism of the New Jersey Plan and the pure nationalism of the Virginia Plan eventually came together to form the system of bicameralism that the framers settled on. However, his theory largely goes against the usual understanding, which some have argued is based on stronger historical evidence. Since the initial division of state and federal powers – collectively, the system of dual federalism – put forth by the Constitution, several seminal court

neg: Federalism a multi-state setting, in a concept termed the federal union of states. The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word "foedus", meaning "treaty, pact or covenant." Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in "Federalist 39" had referred to the new US Constitution as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (i.e. neither constituting a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation

neg: Federalism in the Philippines he were to become president. Parallel to his campaign for federalism, Duterte planned to privatize tax collection and abolish the Congress to make way for a unicameral legislature, contrary to the originally proposed Joint Resolution No. 10. Movements for federalism further intensified from when the draft of the Bangsamoro Basic Law was submitted by Philippine president Benigno Aquino III to the 16th Congress on September 10, 2014. From approval, this law establishes the Bangsamoro as an autonomous region with its own parliamentary government and police force. Approval of the Bangsamoro structure would provide federalism proponents and supporters added confidence to

neg: Kingdom of Saxony could only last for one year. He was permitted to dissolve the Diet, though new elections for the lower house had to be held within six months; he was also permitted to convoke extraordinary sessions of the legislature at his discretion. From 1697 the Electors of Saxony became Roman Catholic in order to accept the crowns of Poland and Lithuania, of which they were kings until 1763. The royal family remained Roman Catholic, ruling over a domain that was 95% Protestant. The ministry was defined in the constitution as consisting of six departments, all of which were made responsible to

neg: McGinty v Western Australia a particular characteristic or operation is required by the Constitution. What is necessary is the broadly identified requirement of ultimate control by the people, exercised by representatives who are elected periodicaIly"." Further, the proposed restriction of malapprotionment did not entirely reduce the problem, which was near impposible and, "One consideration in [the decision] was that the challenged electoral distribution laws respectively permitted a similar and lesser degree of malapportionment than legislation in 1978 permitted. Accepting the plaintiffs' argument would entail that the 1978 Parliament was not itself 'chosen directly by the people'. In essence, the Western Australian Constitution was interpreted

neg: Territorial evolution of Mexico provided the legal basis for governing the country in the period between the Plan of Ayutla and Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857. That document left open a later choice for federalism or centralism, but encouraged federalism because it called the entities that formed the Republic "States". Thus, in its 2nd article, it retained the previous territorial division, and determined the existence of 22 states, the District of the capital, and 6 territories. The Constitution of 1857 was drafted during the presidency of Ignacio Comonfort, who was sworn in on February 5, 1857. The Constitution contained the