query: when was the first refrigerator invented and by whom

pos: Refrigerator machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in Geelong, Victoria, and his first commercial ice-making machine followed in 1854. Harrison also introduced commercial vapor-compression refrigeration to breweries and meat packing houses, and by 1861, a dozen of his systems were in operation. The first gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia") was developed by Ferdinand Carré of France in 1859 and patented in 1860. Carl von Linde, an engineering professor at the Technological University Munich in Germany, patented an improved method of liquefying gases in 1876.

pos: Timeline of Australian inventions comb to lift the ears of the crop to where revolving beaters deposited the grain into a bin. 1856 – Refrigerator – Using the principle of vapour compression, James Harrison produced the world's first practical ice making machine and refrigerator. 1858 – Australian rules football – began its development when Tom Wills wrote a letter published in "Bell's Life in Victoria & Sporting Chronicle" on 10 July 1858, calling for a "foot-ball club, a rifle club, or other athletic pursuits" to keep cricketers fit during winter. An experimental match was played by Wills and others at the Richmond Paddock, later

neg: Refrigerator the bottom of the cabinet was invented by Alfred Mellowes in 1916. Mellowes produced this refrigerator commercially but was bought out by William C. Durant in 1918, who started the Frigidaire company to mass-produce refrigerators. In 1918, Kelvinator company introduced the first refrigerator with any type of automatic control. The absorption refrigerator was invented by Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters from Sweden in 1922, while they were still students at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. It became a worldwide success and was commercialized by Electrolux. Other pioneers included Charles Tellier, David Boyle, and Raoul Pictet. Carl von

neg: Refrigerator range for perishable food storage is . A similar device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer. The refrigerator replaced the icebox, which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half. The first cooling systems for food involved using ice. Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s, and developed in the early 1800s. In 1834, the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system was built. The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in 1854. In 1913, refrigerators for home use were invented. In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit. The

neg: Einstein refrigerator national immunization programs. Einstein refrigerator The Einstein–Szilard or Einstein refrigerator is an absorption refrigerator which has no moving parts, operates at constant pressure, and requires only a heat source to operate. It was jointly invented in 1926 by Albert Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd, who patented it in the U.S. on November 11, 1930 (). This is an alternative design from the original invention of 1922 by the Swedish inventors Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters. From 1926 until 1934 Einstein and Szilárd collaborated on ways to improve home refrigeration technology. The two were motivated by contemporary newspaper

neg: Einstein refrigerator Einstein refrigerator The Einstein–Szilard or Einstein refrigerator is an absorption refrigerator which has no moving parts, operates at constant pressure, and requires only a heat source to operate. It was jointly invented in 1926 by Albert Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd, who patented it in the U.S. on November 11, 1930 (). This is an alternative design from the original invention of 1922 by the Swedish inventors Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters. From 1926 until 1934 Einstein and Szilárd collaborated on ways to improve home refrigeration technology. The two were motivated by contemporary newspaper reports of a

neg: Refrigerator car Earl was born on a fruit ranch near Red Bluff, California on May 30, 1858. His father was Joseph Earl and his mother, Adelia Chaffee. His brother was Guy Chaffee Earl. Career. He started his career in the shipping of fruits. By 1886, he was President of the Earl Fruit Company. In 1890, he invented the refrigerator car to transport fruits to the East Coast of the United States. He established the Continental Fruit Express and invested US$2,000,000 in refrigerator cars. In 1901, he sold his refrigerator cars to Armour and Company of Chicago and became a millionaire. Live cattle

neg: Cold widely practiced in the United States. Also developed in 1855 was a steam powered device to haul 600 tons of ice per hour. More innovations ensued. Devices using compressed air as a refrigerants were invented. Iceboxes were in widespread use from the mid-19th century to the 1930s, when the refrigerator was introduced into the home. Most municipally consumed ice was harvested in winter from snow-packed areas or frozen lakes, stored in ice houses, and delivered domestically as iceboxes became more common. In 1913, refrigerators for home use were invented. In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit. The introduction of

neg: Pulse tube refrigerator operation of cryocoolers and related thermal machines is described by De Waele W. E. Gifford and R. C. Longsworth, in the 1960s, invented the so-called Basic Pulse Tube Refrigerator. The modern PTR was invented by Mikulin by introducing orifice in Basic pulse tube in 1984. He reached a temperature of 105 K. Soon after that, PTRs became better due to the invention of new variations. This is shown in figure 3, where the lowest temperature for PTRs is plotted as a function of time. At the moment, the lowest temperature is below the boiling point of helium (4.2 K). Originally

neg: Carl Munters Munters invented the gas absorption refrigerator for domestic use. His intention was to create an easy-to-use refrigerator without any moving parts. The technique removed thermal energy, which was driven by a heat source such as propane, electricity, or kerosene. The team rented a room and worked into the night. They slept in the mornings and missed classes at the Royal Institute of Technology where they were students. It took them about a year to create a first prototype that worked with self-circulation. The prototype still had one moving part, a ball valve, and was big and clumsy. Eventually the design

neg: Frigidaire Frigidaire Frigidaire is the US consumer and commercial home appliances brand subsidiary of European parent company Electrolux. Frigidaire was founded as the Guardian Frigerator Company in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and developed the first self-contained refrigerator (invented by Nathaniel B. Wales and Alfred Mellowes) in 1916. In 1918, William C. Durant, a founder of General Motors, personally invested in the company and in 1919, it adopted the name "Frigidaire". The brand was so well known in the refrigeration field in the early-to-mid-1900s that many Americans called any refrigerator (of whatever brand) a "Frigidaire". The name Frigidaire or its antecedent Frigerator may

neg: Albert Einstein to add his name as co-author, although Einstein declined the invitation. In 1926, Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd co-invented (and in 1930, patented) the Einstein refrigerator. This absorption refrigerator was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an input. On 11 November 1930, was awarded to Einstein and Leó Szilárd for the refrigerator. Their invention was not immediately put into commercial production, and the most promising of their patents were acquired by the Swedish company Electrolux. While traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters

neg: Erlangen temperature. Until Carl von Linde invented the electric refrigerator in 1871, this was considered to be the largest refrigerator in Southern Germany. The beer festival draws more than one million visitors annually. It features carnival rides of high tech quality, food stalls of most Franconian dishes, including bratwurst, suckling pig, roasted almonds, and giant pretzels. It is commonly known by local residents as the "Berchkärwa" (pronounced "bairch'-care-va") or simply the "Berch", like in ""Gehma auf'n Berch!"" ("Let's go up the mountain!"). This is an outdoor event frequented and enjoyed by Franconians. Despite a relatively high number of visitors, it is

neg: Edwin T. Earl Edwin T. Earl Edwin T. Earl (1858-1919) was an American businessman, newspaper publisher and philanthropist. Edwin Tobias Earl was born on a fruit ranch near Red Bluff, California on May 30, 1858. His father was Joseph Earl and his mother, Adelia Chaffee. His brother was Guy Chaffee Earl. He started his career in the shipping of fruits. By 1886, he was President of the Earl Fruit Company. In 1890, he invented the refrigerator car to transport fruits to the East Coast of the United States. He established the Continental Fruit Express and invested US$2,000,000 in refrigerator cars. In 1901, he

neg: Refrigerator in documented cases of serious property damage and injury or even death from the resulting explosion. Disposal of discarded refrigerators is regulated, often mandating the removal of doors; children playing hide-and-seek have been asphyxiated while hiding inside discarded refrigerators, particularly older models with latching doors. Since 2 August 1956, under U.S. federal law, refrigerator doors are no longer permitted to latch so they cannot be opened from the inside. Modern units use a magnetic door gasket that holds the door sealed but allows it to be pushed open from the inside. This gasket was invented, developed and manufactured by Max

neg: Refrigerator His new process made possible the use of gases such as ammonia (NH), sulfur dioxide (SO) and methyl chloride (CHCl) as refrigerants and they were widely used for that purpose until the late 1920s. In 1913, refrigerators for home and domestic use were invented by Fred W. Wolf of Fort Wayne, Indiana, with models consisting of a unit that was mounted on top of an ice box. In 1914, engineer Nathaniel B. Wales of Detroit, Michigan, introduced an idea for a practical electric refrigeration unit, which later became the basis for the Kelvinator. A self-contained refrigerator, with a compressor on

neg: Ice trade by limiting the flow of air over it, and preserving the food, which depended on circulating more air over the ice to create colder temperatures. Early approaches to preserving food used variants of traditional cold boxes to solve the problem of how to take small quantities of products short distances to market. Thomas Moore, an engineer from Maryland, invented an early refrigerator which he patented in 1803; this involved a large, insulated wooden box, with a tin container of ice embedded in the top. This refrigerator primarily relied upon simple insulation, rather than ventilation, but the design was widely adopted

neg: Dilution refrigerator Dilution refrigerator A He/He dilution refrigerator is a cryogenic device that provides continuous cooling to temperatures as low as 2 mK, with no moving parts in the low-temperature region. The cooling power is provided by the heat of mixing of the Helium-3 and Helium-4 isotopes. The dilution refrigerator was first proposed by Heinz London in the early 1950s, and was experimentally realized in 1964 in the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium at Leiden University. The refrigeration process uses a mixture of two isotopes of helium: helium-3 and helium-4. When cooled below approximately 870 millikelvins, the mixture undergoes spontaneous phase separation to form

neg: Refrigerator mother theory Refrigerator mother theory Refrigerator mother theory is a discarded theory that autism is caused by a lack of maternal warmth. Current research indicates that a combination of genetic factors predominate in the cause of autism. The terms refrigerator mother and refrigerator parents were coined around 1950 as a label for mothers and parents of children diagnosed with autism or schizophrenia. When Leo Kanner first identified autism in 1943, he noted the lack of warmth among the parents of autistic children. Parents, particularly mothers, were often blamed for their children's atypical behavior, which included rigid rituals, speech difficulty, and self-isolation. Kanner

neg: Saran (plastic) final work needed for introduction of PVDC, which had been invented in 1939. PVDC monofilaments were also extruded for the first time. The word "Saran" was coined by a combination of John Reilly's wife's and daughter's names, Sarah and Ann Reilly. In 1949, Dow introduced "Saran Wrap", a thin, clingy plastic wrap that was sold in rolls and used primarily for wrapping food. It quickly became popular for preserving food items stored in the refrigerator. "Saran Wrap" was later acquired by S. C. Johnson & Son. However, today's "Saran Wrap" is no longer composed of PVDC in the United States,

neg: American modernism new products, new refrigerators were quickly developed with bigger freezer sections Shock resistant refrigerator units for trucks had to be invented and used by the military before frozen products could distributed and marketed around the country and around the world. These developments forced farmers to change what they grew and how they grew their products to meet new consumer demands. In the following are there a few of the foods that were first produced and sold in the 1940s. – Mrs. Paul's frozen fish sticks – Cheerios (first sold as Cheeri Oats, the first ready-to-eat oat cereal) and Kellogg's Raisin

neg: Refrigerator car followed suit. By 1920, the SRL owned and operated 7,000 of the ice-cooled rail cars. The General American Transportation Corporation would assume ownership of the line in 1930. In the 1870s, the lack of a practical means to refrigerate peaches limited the markets open to Samuel Rumph, a Georgia peach grower. In 1875, he invented a refrigerated railcar and crates that allowed him to grow peaches on a very large scale and ship them to distant markets. He was the first to achieve this. His innovations created Georgia's fame for peaches, a crop now eclipsed economically by blueberries. Edwin Tobias

neg: Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) knuckle coupler is the derivative of a coupling device that links and connects rolling railway cars such as passenger, refrigerator, freight, and stock cars together on railroad track. The knuckle coupler have a bifurcated drawhead and a revolving hook, which, when brought in contact with another coupler, automatically interlocks with its mate. Knuckle couplers replaced the much more dangerous link-and-pin couplers and became the basis for standard coupler design for the rest of the 19th century. The knuckle coupler was invented and patented by Eli H. Janney in 1873. 1874 Fire sprinkler (automated) A fire sprinkler is the part of

neg: Magnetic refrigeration Giauque in 1927. It was first demonstrated experimentally by Giauque and his colleague D. P. MacDougall in 1933 for cryogenic purposes when they reached 0.25 K. Between 1933 and 1997, advances in MCE cooling occurred. In 1997, the first near room-temperature proof of concept magnetic refrigerator was demonstrated by Karl A. Gschneidner, Jr. by the Iowa State University at Ames Laboratory. This event attracted interest from scientists and companies worldwide who started developing new kinds of room temperature materials and magnetic refrigerator designs. A major breakthrough came 2002 when a group at the University of Amsterdam demonstrated the giant magnetocaloric

neg: Magic Shell flavour based upon the candy bar Twix, Hersheys, and Reeses. In Australia, where the product was first invented, it is made by Cottees; called Ice Magic, it is sold in chocolate, mint chocolate, honeycomb chocolate, and strawberry flavours. It is not to be stored in a refrigerator, as it may harden, and will not pour. If this should happen, however, the bottle can be microwaved (without the lid) or placed in hot water for a short time to return the contents to a desired pouring consistency. In the UK, the product was available as Bird's Ice Magic. The "shell" effect

neg: Western Refrigerator Line of reefers for the Green Bay and Western Railroad (GBW). WRX was headquartered at Norwood Yard in Green Bay, Wisconsin until the property was purchased by the GBW in the 1960s. WRX rolling stock often sported the GBW's "Green Bay Route" emblem. By 1981, the WRX had become part of the Burlington Northern Railroad. Western Refrigerator Line Company Roster, 1930–1970: Western Refrigerator Line Two distinct and separate railroad refrigerator car companies have operated under the name Western Refrigerator Line. The first, the Western Refrigerator Line (WRL) was a refrigerator car leasing company founded by the Western Pacific Railroad on January

neg: Sisil local brands. Sisil Sisil () is a Sri Lankan manufacturer of refrigerators. In 1963 the Associated Electrical Company introduced the Sisil refrigerator. Sisil was the first refrigerator marque created in Sri Lanka. The brand was acquired by Singer Sri Lanka in 2001. Since its introduction in 1963, Sisil was the leading refrigerator brand in the Sri Lankan market; this continued until the 1990s, when Sisil lost its position to increasing number of competitive brands. This loss of market leadership crippled much of Sisil’s manufacturing operations. Sisil's plant was closed in 1994, forcing the company to start importing refrigerators from India,

neg: Sisil Sisil Sisil () is a Sri Lankan manufacturer of refrigerators. In 1963 the Associated Electrical Company introduced the Sisil refrigerator. Sisil was the first refrigerator marque created in Sri Lanka. The brand was acquired by Singer Sri Lanka in 2001. Since its introduction in 1963, Sisil was the leading refrigerator brand in the Sri Lankan market; this continued until the 1990s, when Sisil lost its position to increasing number of competitive brands. This loss of market leadership crippled much of Sisil’s manufacturing operations. Sisil's plant was closed in 1994, forcing the company to start importing refrigerators from India, which were

neg: Pridyider an antique refrigerator is located. Tina arrives in her former home,when she receives the news of her mother's (Janice de Belen)'s suicide and her father's disappearance. The refrigerator starts taking lives,starting with Tina's friend's pet cat. Her manager (Baron Geisler) tries to give her another chance, until the refrigerator takes him alive, despite Tina trying to rescue him from the tentacles. When she and her boyfriend tried to open the refrigerator, they were sprayed with blood. The refrigerator was later revealed to be cursed by a demon who her mother made a deal with to sate her vengeance on her

neg: Frigidaire includes the technology and machinery to simulate a stove’s lifetime usage and performance expectations and can test more than 300 products at one time. Electrolux/Frigidaire also operates a manufacturing facility for free standing gas and electric ranges in Springfield, Tennessee. The Springfield facility currently employs about 2,900 people. It also has operated a large manufacturing facility in Northern Mexico since 2005. Frigidaire Frigidaire is the US consumer and commercial home appliances brand subsidiary of European parent company Electrolux. Frigidaire was founded as the Guardian Frigerator Company in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and developed the first self-contained refrigerator (invented by Nathaniel B.

neg: Armour Refrigerator Line Armour Refrigerator Line The Armour Refrigerator Line (ARL, one of the Armour Car Lines) was a private refrigerator car line established in 1883 by Chicago meat packer Philip Armour, the founder of Armour and Company. To get his products to market, Armour followed the lead of rivals George Hammond and Gustavus Swift when he established the "Armour Refrigerator Line" in 1883. Armour's endeavor soon became the largest private refrigerator car fleet in America. By 1900, the company listed over 12,000 units on its roster (one-third of all the privately owned cars in the country), all built in Armour's own car

neg: Franco Columbu than the other competitors. He was forced to drop from competition due to an injury. While leading the "refrigerator race", a downhill race while wearing a heavy, unwieldy refrigerator strapped to the racer's back, Franco stumbled and collapsed with a grotesquely dislocated leg, and aired on national television. After a court settlement, he received a reported $1 million in compensation for his injury. After Arnold Schwarzenegger's comeback victory in the 1980 Mr. Olympia, Franco followed suit and won the 1981 Mr. Olympia. Columbu is a longtime friend of Schwarzenegger, whom he met in Stuttgart in 1965 and against whom he

neg: Internet refrigerator Internet refrigerator Internet refrigerator (also known as a smart refrigerator) is a refrigerator which has been programmed to sense what kinds of products are being stored inside it and keep a track of the stock through barcode or RFID scanning. This kind of refrigerator is often equipped to determine itself whenever a food item needs to be replenished. By the late 1990s and the early 2000s, the idea of connecting home appliances to the internet (Internet of Things) had been popularized and was seen as the next big thing. In June 2000, LG launched the world’s first internet refrigerator, the

neg: Einstein–Szilárd letter as the Belgian Congo was the best source of uranium ore. Wigner suggested that Albert Einstein might be a suitable person to do this, as he knew the Belgian Royal Family. The connection between Einstein and Szilárd pre-dates the letter. They knew each other in Berlin in the early 1920s, and in 1926 jointly invented the Einstein-Szilárd refrigerator. On July 12, 1939, Szilárd and Wigner drove in Wigner's car to Cutchogue on New York's Long Island, where Einstein was staying. When they explained about the possibility of atomic bombs, Einstein replied: "Daran habe ich gar nicht gedacht" (I did not

neg: Zion Square refrigerator bombing refrigerator blew up. Among the dead were Rivka (née Soifer) Ben-Yitzhak, 35, an American citizen, and her husband, Michael, who left behind two small children. The Ben-Yitzhak Award, presented annually to an outstanding children's book illustrator by the Israel Museum, was established in their memory. Daoud Khoury, an Arab accountant at the King David Hotel, was also killed in the attack. Palestinian militant group PLO claimed responsibility for the attack. Later on it was revealed that the attack was executed by the Arab-American Ahmed Jabara, aka Abu Sukar, whom originated from Turmus Ayya. Jabara was assisted by Bassem Tabila of

neg: Aaron L. Brody school, in food technology with the Birdseye Fisheries Lab Division of General Foods in 1951 as a team member in the development of the first frozen precooked foods including fish sticks. While a graduate student, he worked part-time for Raytheon Manufacturing Company where he was a member of a team that developed the first microwave oven, leading to microwave cooking, heating, and browning of foods. After he earned his graduate degree, Brody worked for the Whirlpool Corporation in Benton Harbor, Michigan. He led the development of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), invented an odor control system for refrigerators, a thermoelectric refrigerator/freezer,

neg: The Refrigerator (film) The Refrigerator (film) The Refrigerator is a 1991 supernatural comedy horror film starring Julia McNeal, Dave Simonds and Angel Caban. It was written and directed by Nicholas Jacobs. The film tells the story about a couple that move into an apartment in New York with a refrigerator that contains the portal to hell. The first draft of the script was written in 1987 and the film took four years altogether to make. "The Refrigerator" was filmed within New York in America, by production companies Connexion Film Productions and Avenue D Films. As an independent production with a limited budget, the

neg: Linda Ronstadt a wagon maker whose early contribution to the city's mobility included six mule-drawn streetcars delivered in 190304. Her mother Ruth Mary, of German, English, and Dutch ancestry, was raised in Flint, Michigan. She was a daughter of Lloyd Groff Copeman, a prolific inventor and holder of many patents. Copeman, with nearly 700 patents to his name, invented an early form of the toaster, many refrigerator devices, the grease gun, the first electric stove, and an early form of the microwave oven. His flexible rubber ice cube tray earned him millions of dollars in royalties. Establishing her professional career in the

neg: Western Refrigerator Line Western Refrigerator Line Two distinct and separate railroad refrigerator car companies have operated under the name Western Refrigerator Line. The first, the Western Refrigerator Line (WRL) was a refrigerator car leasing company founded by the Western Pacific Railroad on January 1, 1923 specifically to service the fruit and green vegetable farmers in California's Central Valley. In early 1924, however, the WP and Pacific Fruit Express entered into an agreement whereby the PFE would handle all of Western Pacific's perishable goods. All of the WP's 2,000 pieces of existing rolling stock were placed into PFE's car pool, including an additional 775

neg: Refrigerator death idea was eventually scrapped, partly because the writers wanted the time machine to be mobile, and because Robert Zemeckis was afraid that kids would imitate the film and get trapped in refrigerators. Refrigerator death A refrigerator death is death by suffocation in a refrigerator or similar appliance such as a freezer. Because, by design, such appliances are air-tight when closed, a person trapped inside will have a limited supply of oxygen. Early refrigerators could only be opened from the outside, making accidental trappings a possibility, particularly of children playing with discarded appliances; several such deaths have been recorded. Modern designs

neg: St. Louis Refrigerator Car Company St. Louis Refrigerator Car Company The St. Louis Refrigerator Car Company (SLRX) was a private refrigerator car line established on February 3, 1878, by Anheuser-Busch, the brewer's first subsidiary. SLRX was formed to facilitate large-scale distribution of the A-B's products via the U.S. rail network. The SLRX not only built its own bunkerless reefers, but maintained and operated them as well. In 1919 the firm was acquired by Manufacturers Railway Company (MRS), another A-B transportation subsidiary that provided switching service to the brewery and interchange connection with the common carrier railroads serving St. Louis. The St. Louis Refrigerator Car Company

neg: St. Louis Refrigerator Car Company currently owns the "Dome Railway Service" in Wood River, Illinois. St. Louis Refrigerator Car Company Roster, 1900–1960: St. Louis Refrigerator Car Company The St. Louis Refrigerator Car Company (SLRX) was a private refrigerator car line established on February 3, 1878, by Anheuser-Busch, the brewer's first subsidiary. SLRX was formed to facilitate large-scale distribution of the A-B's products via the U.S. rail network. The SLRX not only built its own bunkerless reefers, but maintained and operated them as well. In 1919 the firm was acquired by Manufacturers Railway Company (MRS), another A-B transportation subsidiary that provided switching service to the brewery

neg: Staling starch granules into the interstitial spaces, degelatinizing the starch. The starch amylose and amylopectin molecules realign themselves causing recrystalisation. This results in stale bread's leathery, hard texture. Additionally, pleasant "fresh" flavor is lost to the air, and often unpleasant flavor is absorbed from it as well, especially in a confined space with other food such as when in a refrigerator. Anti-staling agents used in bread include wheat gluten, enzymes, and glycerolipids, mainly monoglycerides and diglycerides. Stale bread is an important ingredient in many dishes, some of which were invented for the express purpose of using up otherwise unpalatable stale bread.

neg: Ferdinand Carré He also invented the Carré machine, an electrostatic generator used to produce high voltages. Ferdinand Carré Ferdinand Philippe Edouard Carré (11 March 1824 – 11 January 1900) was a French engineer, born at Moislains (Somme) on 11 March 1824. Carré is best known as the inventor of refrigeration equipment used to produce ice. He died on 11 January 1900 at Pommeuse (Seine-et-Marne). In 1850, Ferdinand's brother Edmond Carré (22 January 1833 – 7 May 1894) developed the first absorption refrigerator, using water and sulphuric acid. Ferdinand continued Edmond's work on the process and in 1858 developed a machine which used

neg: Refrigerator Mothers Refrigerator Mothers Refrigerator Mothers is a 2003 television documentary film by Kartemquin Films for PBS's P.O.V. series. The film paints an intimate portrait of an entire generation of American mothers whose children were diagnosed with autism. Labeled 'refrigerator mothers' in the 1950s and 1960s by the medical establishment for their supposedly frigid and detached mothering, these women "have emerged with strong, resilient voices to share the details of their personal journeys." "Refrigerator Mothers" was awarded First Prize at the 2002 National Council of Family Relations Media Awards. The film won Best of Show at the 2002 Indiana Film Festival as

neg: The Refrigerator (film) make a statement about the inherent evil of domesticity. If so, it could have been done many other ways."" The Refrigerator (film) The Refrigerator is a 1991 supernatural comedy horror film starring Julia McNeal, Dave Simonds and Angel Caban. It was written and directed by Nicholas Jacobs. The film tells the story about a couple that move into an apartment in New York with a refrigerator that contains the portal to hell. The first draft of the script was written in 1987 and the film took four years altogether to make. "The Refrigerator" was filmed within New York in America,

neg: Carl von Linde of the supply chain of industrial gases as a profitable line of businesses. He was knighted in 1897 as Ritter von Linde. Carl von Linde invented the first reliable and efficient compressed-ammonia refrigerator in 1876. Born in , Bavaria as the son of a German-born minister and Swedish mother, was expected to follow in his father's footsteps, but took another direction entirely. Von Linde's family moved to Münich, in 1854 and eight years later he started a course in engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland, where his teachers included Rudolf Clausius, Gustav Zeuner and Franz

neg: Vixen (RV) front bed, while in the back above the engine was a full-time, full-sized bed that used a standard mattress. The kitchen included a microwave, an electric refrigerator, a sink above the hot water heat exchanger, and an alcohol fired stove. Those who do a lot of cooking sometimes replace the stove with a modern marine diesel powered cook top. Though the driving press seemed to love it, the public only bought a bit over 300 of the original TD model in the first two years of business. Financing took a hit. The company Vixen was invented around the design and

neg: Kimchi refrigerator Kimchi refrigerator A kimchi refrigerator is a refrigerator designed specifically to meet the storage requirements of kimchi and facilitate different fermentation processes. Kimchi usually becomes too sour when stored in a conventional refrigerator for about a week. In contrast, kimchi can be stored up to 4 months without losing its qualities in a kimchi refrigerator. The kimchi refrigerator aims to be colder, with more consistent temperature, more humidity, and less moving air than a conventional refrigerator, providing the ideal environment for fermentation of kimchi. Some models may include features such as a UV Sterilizer. In a consumer survey aimed at

neg: Refrigerator When the refrigerator gets too warm, the thermostat starts the cooling process and a fan circulates the air around the freezer. During this time, the refrigerator also gets colder. The freezer control knob only controls the amount of air that flows into the refrigerator via a damper system. Changing the refrigerator temperature will inadvertently change the freezer temperature in the opposite direction. Changing the freezer temperature will have no effect on the refrigerator temperature. The freezer control may also be adjusted to compensate for any refrigerator adjustment. This means the refrigerator may become too warm. However, because only enough air

neg: William Perry (American football) Ford's Clemson Tigers football team from 1981 to 1984. He was a member of a national championship team in 1981, and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American as a junior in 1983. As a freshman in 1981, he earned his "refrigerator" nickname when a fellow player could barely squeeze into an elevator with Perry and their laundry which they were taking to be washed. The player, Ray Brown, said "Man, you're about as big as a refrigerator." In 1985, he was selected in the first round of the 1985 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears; he had been hand-picked

neg: Carl Munters Carl Munters Carl Georg Munters (March 22, 1897 – 1989) was a Swedish inventor, most known for inventing together with Baltzar von Platen the gas absorption refrigerator now sold by Electrolux. He also invented and patented a method of making foamed plastic, which was later rediscovered by Dow Chemical Company and used to make Styrofoam. He was born in Dala-Järna, Kopparbergs län, Sweden, the son of engineer Anders Johan Munters and Hilma Bernhardina Helling. He graduated from KTH in 1922. Munters married Anna Eugenia Geralf in 1925 and Marianne Warkander in 1951. Together with Baltzar von Platen and John Tandberg,

neg: Frozen bovine semen placed in containers called glass ampules, sealed, frozen in dry ice and alcohol and kept in that type of solution until it was needed for insemination. Later the liquid nitrogen refrigerator was invented by Union Carbide with money given to them by John Rockefeller Prentice, who used it exclusively for his bull stud before a number of years later giving it to the entire artificial insemination (A.I.) industry at no charge or royalty. Liquid nitrogen boils at −195.79 °C (77 K; −320 °F), which allows very little deterioration of bovine semen. The ampules were fastened to a cane which was

neg: Vial of Life and some may be downloaded and/or printed for free from the internet. It is unknown where and when the first Vial of Life program started. The Vial of Life was named after the prescription bottles that were originally used to store a medical information form inside the patient’s refrigerator. That prescription bottle would then be rubber banded to the bottom of the top-most shelf of the refrigerator door. When a patient first starts with their Vial of Life kit, they must complete a medical information form about their medical history. All information on this form is optional, but the more

neg: Walden Schmidt lights on and off and get ice from the refrigerator, by the use of Walden's voice, but not Alan's. He begins dating con artist Courtney Leopard, whom Alan knows from the past, so he tries to warn Walden, but he doesn't listen, so Alan calls Bridget to convince Walden. He thinks this could be his chance at getting Bridget back, but she turns him down again. When he sees Bridget dating someone else again, he becomes jealous and tries to date a woman who looks like Bridget called Danny who happens to be a lesbian. When his old business partner

neg: Refrigerator truck on fuel cell auxiliary power units. The first successful mechanically refrigerated trucks were introduced by the ice cream industry in about 1925. There were around 4 million refrigerated road vehicles in use in 2010 worldwide. Refrigerator truck A refrigerator truck is a van or truck designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures. Like refrigerator cars, refrigerated trucks differ from simple insulated and ventilated vans (commonly used for transporting fruit), neither of which are fitted with cooling apparatus. Refrigerator trucks can be ice-cooled, equipped with any one of a variety of mechanical refrigeration systems powered by small displacement diesel engines,

neg: Refrigerator death Refrigerator death A refrigerator death is death by suffocation in a refrigerator or similar appliance such as a freezer. Because, by design, such appliances are air-tight when closed, a person trapped inside will have a limited supply of oxygen. Early refrigerators could only be opened from the outside, making accidental trappings a possibility, particularly of children playing with discarded appliances; several such deaths have been recorded. Modern designs close with a magnetic mechanism that can be opened from the inside, reducing the danger of accidental trappings. Children would occasionally play in abandoned appliances, such as refrigerators and washing machines, and

neg: Refrigerator metal cabinets began to appear. Ice cube trays were introduced more and more during the 1920s; up to this time freezing was not an auxiliary function of the modern refrigerator. The first refrigerator to see widespread use was the General Electric "Monitor-Top" refrigerator introduced in 1927, so-called because of its resemblance to the gun turret on the ironclad warship USS "Monitor" of the 1860s. The compressor assembly, which emitted a great deal of heat, was placed above the cabinet, and enclosed by a decorative ring. Over a million units were produced. As the refrigerating medium, these refrigerators used either sulfur

neg: Refrigerator car run on his own, then — when the American roads refused his business — he contracted with the GTR (a railroad that derived little income from transporting live cattle) to haul the cars into Michigan and then eastward through Canada. In 1880 the Peninsular Car Company (subsequently purchased by ACF) delivered the first of these units to Swift, and the Swift Refrigerator Line (SRL) was created. Within a year, the Line's roster had risen to nearly 200 units, and Swift was transporting an average of 3,000 carcasses a week to Boston, Massachusetts. Competing firms such as Armour and Company quickly

neg: Refrigerator mother theory PBS website has described as "Though wholly discredited today, the 'refrigerator mother' diagnosis condemned thousands of autistic children to questionable therapies, and their mothers to a long nightmare of self-doubt and guilt. In "Refrigerator Mothers", the new film by David E. Simpson, J. J. Hanley and Gordon Quinn, and a Kartemquin Educational Films production, these mothers tell their story for the first time." Refrigerator mother theory Refrigerator mother theory is a discarded theory that autism is caused by a lack of maternal warmth. Current research indicates that a combination of genetic factors predominate in the cause of autism. The terms

neg: Refrigerator magnet Refrigerator magnet A refrigerator magnet or fridge magnet is an ornament, often whimsical, attached to a small magnet, which is used to post items such as shopping lists, child art or reminders on a refrigerator door, or which simply serves as decoration. Refrigerator magnets come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, and may have promotional messages placed on them. Refrigerator magnets are popular souvenir and collectible objects. The first fridge magnets were cylindrical or solid rectangular magnets. Later, a flexible magnet was developed, composed of a high-coercivity ferromagnetic compound (usually ferric oxide) mixed with a plastic binder. This

neg: Thermal mass refrigerator bottom to the outside as well, so as to allow natural circulation of air. The inflow of outside air from the top could be closed off by closing the skylight as well as by closing the removable insulated damper. Thermal mass refrigerator A thermal mass refrigerator is a refrigerator that is foreseen with thermal mass as well as insulation to decrease the energy use of the refrigerator. A particularly popular thermal mass refrigerator was conceived by Michael Reynolds and detailed in the book "Earthship Volume 3". This refrigerator was a DIY refrigerator designed around a (Sun-Frost) DC refrigeration unit run

neg: Fred Mather salmon eggs to Europe, he devised a refrigerator box, and in 1875 succeeded in carrying the eggs to Germany. He also, at the same time, invented a conical hatching apparatus, by which, through the admission of water at the bottom, shad and other eggs were hatched in bulk instead of in layers upon trays or floating boxes. In 1884 he hatched the adhesive eggs of the smelt, although all previous attempts had been failures. He was sent abroad several times by the U. S. government in connection with fish culture, and he received medals and testimonials from many scientific societies

neg: Ice trade to transport chilled meat to Britain, designed by Bate, adapted the railroad refrigerator cars, using ice at either end of the hold and a ventilation fan to keep the meat cool. An improved version, invented by James Craven, piped a brine solution through the ice and then the hold to keep the meat cool, and created a drier atmosphere in the hold, preserving the meat better. Natural ice was also used in fishing industries to preserve catches, initially in the eastern American fisheries. In 1858 the Grimsby fishing fleet began to take ice out to sea with them to preserve

neg: Pridyider husband (Joel Torre), according to a former policeman/detective turned hunter who was obsessed with the case involving her parents. Tina's mother killed the woman who she suspects to be her husband's mistresses,chopping them up and feeding their corpses on the refrigerator,until the police saw her corpse in the refrigerator. the policeman/detective was blinded when he tried to open the refrigerator. They also consulted with the priest,giving them instructions to defeat the demon. Her father appears as a grotesque faced man,when he accidentally doused with boiling oil while he was cooking and he fell upon the floor, following the cauldron. When

neg: Absorption refrigerator the early years of the twentieth century, the vapor absorption cycle using water-ammonia systems was popular and widely used, but after the development of the vapor compression cycle it lost much of its importance because of its low coefficient of performance (about one fifth of that of the vapor compression cycle). Absorption refrigerators are a popular alternative to regular compressor refrigerators where electricity is unreliable, costly, or unavailable, where noise from the compressor is problematic, or where surplus heat is available (e.g., from turbine exhausts or industrial processes, or from solar plants). Absorption cooling was invented by the French scientist

neg: Absorption refrigerator Absorption refrigerator An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar energy, a fossil-fueled flame, waste heat from factories, or district heating systems) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process. The principle can also be used to air-condition buildings using the waste heat from a gas turbine or water heater. Using waste heat from a gas turbine makes the turbine very efficient because it first produces electricity, then hot water, and finally, air-conditioning (called cogeneration/trigeneration). The American National Standards Institute standard for the absorption refrigerator is given by the ANSI/AHRI standard 560–2000. In

neg: Swift Refrigerator Line and the Swift Refrigerator Line (SRL) was created. Within a year the Line’s roster had risen to nearly 200 units, and Swift was transporting an average of 3,000 carcasses a week to Boston. Competing firms such as Armour and Company quickly followed suit. By 1920 the SRL owned and operated 7,000 of the ice-cooled rail cars. The General American Transportation Corporation assumed ownership of the line in 1930. Swift Refrigerator Transportation Company Roster, 1900–1930: Swift Refrigerator Line The Swift Refrigerator Line (SRL, also known as the Swift Refrigerator Transportation Company) was a private refrigerator car line established around 1875 by

neg: Refrigerator is diverted to the refrigerator compartment, the freezer usually re-acquires the set temperature quickly, unless the door is opened. When a door is opened, either in the refrigerator or the freezer, the fan in some units stops immediately to prevent excessive frost build up on the freezer's evaporator coil, because this coil is cooling two areas. When the freezer reaches temperature, the unit cycles off, no matter what the refrigerator temperature is. Modern computerized refrigerators do not use the damper system. The computer manages fan speed for both compartments, although air is still blown from the freezer. A few manufacturers

neg: Family Tree (TV series) place in London and Los Angeles. The closing credits song "I'm Alone But That's OK" is performed by Ron Sexsmith and was written for the series by Christopher Guest and Harlan Collins. Oddball inventions: Tom's father has invented a shoe tree that can cool or heat up a shoe; a woman whom Tom and Pete meet has invented a glass, attached around her aged mother's neck, that allows her to see if she's still breathing. Kitty Chadwick has invented flavoured enemas. Awkward dates: Pete sets up Tom on bad first dates. One woman talks about how dinosaurs still exist; another

neg: Atlas (appliance company) types began. Also in 1997, upgrades were made to the Baranovichi Plant's production, transport, storage, and assembly systems. In 1998 the first 700 Series refrigerators were produced, and the first two-compressor refrigerator, the MXM-1704. Also in 1998, the Belarus State Committee on Standardization, Measurement, and Certification issued the Minsk Refrigerator Plant a certificate of compliance to ISO 9001-96 for the design, manufacture, and servicing of refrigerators and freezers and an ISO 9002 certificate of compliance for quality management systems. In 1999 the Minsk Refrigerator Plant was awarded a quality prize by the government, to be followed by similar prizes in

neg: Garfield's Thanksgiving is excited that Liz is coming over, but Garfield is absolutely miserable at being put on a diet. After eating half a leaf of lettuce for lunch, Garfield tries to raid the refrigerator but is stopped by Odie, whom Jon has assigned to make sure the cat himself doesn't try to cheat on his diet. Later, Garfield weighs himself on the talking weight scale and destroys it for comparing him to Orson Welles, then is repeatedly foiled by Odie when he tries to steal cookies, flour, salt and sugar. Garfield wonders if the lack of food is making him hallucinate.

neg: Glued IOL Intraocular lens (IOL) surgery was done. For the first time in the World, tissue glue had been used to fix an intraocular lens in an eye. This new surgical procedure was invented & performed by Prof. Amar Agarwal, Chairman, Dr.Agarwal’s Eye Hospital, Chennai. Subsequently the first child in whom glued IOL was performed was a patient Anandhi who had a history of injury in her right eye 3 months ago while bursting crackers. She underwent emergency surgery for lens removal due to severe injury to the lens and sutured IOL, which was specific for such cases. After 1 month, when

neg: Anheuser-Busch facilities in St. Louis during the 1870s. The expansions led production to increase from 31,500 barrels in 1875 to more than 200,000 in 1881. To streamline the company's refrigerator car operations and achieve vertical integration, Busch established the St. Louis Refrigerator Car Company in 1878, which was charged with building, selling, and leasing refrigerator cars; by 1883, the company owned 200 cars, and by 1888 it owned 850. To serve these cars and switch them in and out of their St. Louis brewery, Anheuser-Busch founded the Manufacturers Railway Company in 1887. The shortline operated until 2011 when Anheuser-Busch sought to

neg: Curse of the Starving Class Ella goes to the back part of the house and Emma goes to the refrigerator. Emma asks the refrigerator why it doesn’t have any food because they aren’t part of the starving class. She reassures the refrigerator that soon there will be little eggs, butter, and other foods tucked away inside of it. She then becomes angry with the refrigerator and slams it shut. When she turns around she finds that there is a man standing in the room with her. The man tells her that he was going to knock but that there was no door. Emma explains that

neg: Thermal mass refrigerator Thermal mass refrigerator A thermal mass refrigerator is a refrigerator that is foreseen with thermal mass as well as insulation to decrease the energy use of the refrigerator. A particularly popular thermal mass refrigerator was conceived by Michael Reynolds and detailed in the book "Earthship Volume 3". This refrigerator was a DIY refrigerator designed around a (Sun-Frost) DC refrigeration unit run on P.V. panels. The thermal mass used in Michael Reynolds' design is a combination of a liquid (i.e. water or beer) together with concrete mass. Concrete's temperature can be decreased quickly, while a liquid's (such as beer or water)

neg: Shake, Rattle & Roll (film) Their home includes an old refrigerator from the kitchen. The next day, Lorna becomes suspicious of their refrigerator after she saw visions of body parts around her when she gathered food. Later, when Nelia was taking a snack, the refrigerator attacks her. The fridge drags Nelia and slams her repeatedly before she collapses to the floor dead. In Detective Caloy Torres' (Lito Gruet) investigations on Nelia's death, the detective believes that Dodong was responsible for the incident but Lorna denied Torres' accusations as Dodong was claimed to be innocent. He tried to clarify about the incident and his suspicions on

neg: Ice trade by farmers and small traders, and illegal copies abounded. By the 1830s portable refrigerator chests became used in the meat trade, taking advantage of the growing supplies of ice to use ventilation to better preserve the food. By the 1840s, improved supplies and an understanding of the importance of circulating air was making a significant improvement to refrigeration in the U.S. With the development of the U.S. railroad system, natural ice became used to transport larger quantities of goods much longer distances through the invention of the refrigerator car. The first refrigerator cars emerged in the late 1850s and early

neg: Abraham ben Abraham invented, although it is unknown when or by whom (Moskwa points to a possibility that the author was Kraszewski himself, who is known to have invented some tales he claimed were true). Teter mentioned that the story ("a carefully crafted tale of conversion") was likely created and developed as a "response to a number of challenges that the Polish Jewish community faced from the mid-eighteenth century". Polish historian Janusz Tazbir asserted that the story – he uses the term "legend" – originated at the turn of the 19th century and was published in a Jewish periodical issued in London as

neg: Escapement chronometer escapement is considered the most accurate of the balance wheel escapements, and was used in marine chronometers, although some precision watches during the 18th and 19th century also used it. The early form was invented by Pierre Le Roy in 1748, who created a pivoted detent type of escapement, though this was theoretically deficient. The first effective design of detent escapement was invented by John Arnold around 1775, but with the detent pivoted. This escapement was modified by Thomas Earnshaw in 1780 and patented by Wright (for whom he worked) in 1783, however as depicted in the patent it

neg: Crisper drawer calling it a "fridge/freezer salad crisper". Crisper drawer A crisper drawer (also known as a crisper) is a compartment located within a refrigerator designed for the storage of fresh produce. Crisper drawers have a different level of humidity from the rest of the refrigerator and are designed to prevent the loss of moisture from fruits and vegetables. The first known use of the word "crisper" in relation to a crisper drawer was in 1835. Crisper drawers operate by creating an environment of greater humidity than the rest of the refrigerator, helping to preserve fresh produce by preventing loss of moisture.

neg: Crisper drawer Crisper drawer A crisper drawer (also known as a crisper) is a compartment located within a refrigerator designed for the storage of fresh produce. Crisper drawers have a different level of humidity from the rest of the refrigerator and are designed to prevent the loss of moisture from fruits and vegetables. The first known use of the word "crisper" in relation to a crisper drawer was in 1835. Crisper drawers operate by creating an environment of greater humidity than the rest of the refrigerator, helping to preserve fresh produce by preventing loss of moisture. Many crisper drawers have a separate

neg: 2017 South Surma Upazila bombings Battalion of the Bangladesh Army under the command of Major General Anwarul Momen, GOC 17th Infantry Division in Jalalabad Cantonment. First the security forces established a three kilometre perimeter around the militant hideout. Then the operation was launched on Saturday morning at 8am. Two militants were killed in the initial attack, one of whom detonated a suicide vest. The commandos rescued 78 civilians who had been trapped in the building since Thursday. The militants had planted improvised explosive devices (IEDs) all over the building which slowed down the operation. The main gate of the building was blocked by a refrigerator

neg: Leftovers by the private environment and convenience of airtight containers and refrigeration. People may eat some leftover food cold from the refrigerator, or reheated it in a microwave or conventional oven, or mix it with additional ingredients and recooked to make a new dish. The word "", meaning a small scrap of food left after a meal is completed, is not commonly heard in conversation, but is frequently encountered in crossword puzzles. New dishes made from leftovers are common in world cuisine. People invented many such dishes before refrigeration and reliable airtight containers existed. Besides capturing nutrition from otherwise inedible bones,

neg: Shannon Bramer an "intriguing book about loneliness and searching". 2005 saw Bramer's first book of poems published by Coach House Books, "The Refrigerator Memory." Incorporating a broad range of imagery, the poems in "The Refrigerator Memory" were also well received. Currently, Bramer lives in Toronto with her husband and two daughters. Her latest publication is the full-length collection of poetry, "Precious Energy". Bramer's poems are typically sparse in diction, and frequently "borrow from" and invent "fables and "fairy tales" - often surreal accounts of transpirations that occur on a day-to-day basis, as in "the psychology of a leaf" when she personifies leaves

neg: East of England 2008, and on the Hardwick Industrial Estate at the A47/A149 junction is PinguinLutosa UK, which packs frozen vegetables, and Caithness Crystal. Foster Refrigerator is the UK's leading manufacturer of commercial refrigerators and blast chillers, owned by Illinois Tool Works, based on the industrial estate; with Multitone Electronics, which has a manufacturing plant there, and which invented the pager in 1956, for St Thomas' Hospital; and Snap-on Diagnostics makes diagnostic tools for garages. Linda McCartney sausages are made by Hain Celestial Frozen Foods at Fakenham, where Kinnerton Confectionery produces around 6000 tonnes of chocolate each year, which is mostly private label

neg: Whom the Gods Would Destroy Whom the Gods Would Destroy Whom the Gods Would Destroy is a novel written by Richard P. Powell. It was published in 1970 by Charles Scribner's Sons, NY. The title is currently out of print. The story is narrated through the point of view of a young boy named Helios who grows up during the Trojan War. The following fictional characters were invented for the novel. The novel also includes these mythological characters from the story of the Trojan War. Chapter 1: The story begins with the narration of Helios at the age of 70. He reflects back to when

neg: North Western Refrigerator Line Museum in North Freedom, Wisconsin. North Western Refrigerator Line Roster, 1930–1960: <nowiki>*</nowiki>estimated North Western Refrigerator Line The North Western Refrigerator Line (NWX) was a Chicago, Illinois-based private refrigerator car line established in 1924, one of the last such companies to be formed. Between 1924 and 1940 the company acquired more than 3,000 new wood refrigerator cars originally built by the American Car and Foundry Company, and leased the former Ringling Brothers Circus railroad car plant in Baraboo, Wisconsin to serve as a car shop. The NWX was closely allied with the Chicago and North Western Railway as several officials also

neg: Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch The Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch was a railroad refrigerator car line established as a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in 1884 to carry perishable commodities. Though the line started out with a mere 25 ventilated fruit cars and 8 ice-cooled refrigerator cars, by 1910 its roster had swollen to 6,055 total units (compared to the 8,100 units its largest competitor, the Pacific Fruit Express, operated). As of 1929 the line was carrying some 43 percent of California's citrus crop, most of which travelled aboard its "Green Fruit Express" refrigerator car special. Some

neg: Alan Amron so I invented a way to post it without magnets pins or tape." "I had just gotten married in 1973 and my wife wasn’t home and I had to leave a message for her that I was running out to a meeting. I took a piece of - we called it memo paper in those days - and I wrote on the memo that I was going to a meeting that I’d be back later. I wanted to post it on the refrigerator. But I looked around the house for Scotch tape and I couldn’t find it. So I saw

neg: Æbbingas first given to a place on Boars Hill above Chilswell, and the name was transferred to its present site when the Abbey was relocated. Æbbingas Abingdon and Abingdon Abbey were founded in Saxon times, possibly the 7th century. The early history of Abingdon (and its abbey) has been distorted by the numerous legends surrounding its history. The legends were invented to raise its status and explain the place-name. The name seems to mean 'Hill of a man named Æbba, or a woman named Æbbe', possibly the saint to whom St Ebbe's Church in Oxford was dedicated (Æbbe of Coldingham or

neg: Refrigerator magnet fridge magnets in Europe at that time, over 2000. As of January 2016 he had a collection of over 4500. He was again interviewed by the BBC and ITV during 2017. In February 2018, whilst on holiday in Sri Lanka, his 104th country, Tony's collection surpassed 5,000 magnets. Refrigerator magnets are also popular as crafts projects. Refrigerator magnet A refrigerator magnet or fridge magnet is an ornament, often whimsical, attached to a small magnet, which is used to post items such as shopping lists, child art or reminders on a refrigerator door, or which simply serves as decoration. Refrigerator magnets

neg: James O. Clephane to become commercially successful was the typewriter invented by Christopher Sholes, along with Soule and Glidden. Clephane had an indirect but important part to play in its development and perfection. When Sholes and his business associate James Densmore began to pursue commercial development of their machine, they realized that stenographers would be among the first and most important users, and sent experimental versions to many stenographers, one of whom was Clephane. He tried the instruments as no one else had tried them, subjecting them to such unsparing tests that he destroyed them, one after another, as fast as they could

neg: Galanthophile Galanthophile A galanthophile is an enthusiastic collector of snowdrops ("Galanthus" species and cultivars). The term galanthophile was probably invented by the noted British plantsman and garden writer E. A. Bowles (1865–1954) in a letter to his friend Oliver Wyatt, another keen collector of bulbs, whom he addressed as "Dear Galanthophil". Wyatt may have been the first person to whom the term was applied but he was by no means the first galanthophile; as well as Bowles himself there had been keen collectors of snowdrops since at least the mid 19th century. Many galanthophiles are commemorated in the names of snowdrop

neg: Paracelsus He was probably the first to give the element "zinc" ("zincum") its modern name, in about 1526, likely based on the sharp pointed appearance of its crystals after smelting ("zinke" translating to "pointed" in German). Paracelsus invented chemical therapy, chemical urinalysis, and suggested a biochemical theory of digestion. Paracelsus used chemistry and chemical analogies in his teachings to medical students and to the medical establishment, many of whom found them objectionable. Paracelsus in the beginning of the sixteenth century had unknowingly observed hydrogen as he noted that in reaction when acids attack metals, gas was a by-product. Later, Théodore de

neg: Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch 100,000 produce loads were shipped from the fields of Arizona and California to East Coast markets each growing season. Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch Roster, 1890–1970: Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch The Santa Fe Refrigerator Despatch was a railroad refrigerator car line established as a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in 1884 to carry perishable commodities. Though the line started out with a mere 25 ventilated fruit cars and 8 ice-cooled refrigerator cars, by 1910 its roster had swollen to 6,055 total units (compared to the 8,100 units its largest competitor, the Pacific Fruit Express, operated). As of

neg: Refrigerator should it finish defrosting early. On some early frost-free models, the defrost limiter also sends a signal to the defrost timer to start the compressor and fan as soon as it shuts off the heating element before the timed defrost cycle ends. When the defrost cycle is completed, the compressor and fan are allowed to cycle back on. Frost-free refrigerators, including some early frost free refrigerator/freezers that used a cold plate in their refrigerator section instead of airflow from the freezer section, generally don't shut off their refrigerator fans during defrosting. This allows consumers to leave food in the main

neg: Emily Cummins Emily Cummins Emily Jayne Cummins (born 11 February 1987) is an English inventor and entrepreneur. Cummins is a student at Leeds University, studying Management and Sustainability. Her entry into a sustainable design competition, a pullable water carrier for manual workers in Africa, earned her a "Technology Woman of the Future" award in 2006. She is currently developing a re-designed evaporative refrigerator, based on the "zeer" evaporative cooler originally invented and engineered by Mohammed Bah Abba, which can be used to transport and store temperature-sensitive drugs in developing countries, for which she won a Female Innovator of the Year for 2007

neg: Julius Jeffreys to Calcutta, where he was assigned to duties at the General Hospital. Hearing of the beneficial climate of the remote hill station of Simla (Shimla), Julius obtained a leave of absence and visited the outpost in 1824. While in Simla, Julius wrote an article "Climate of the Hill Provinces (of the Himalayas), and its Connexion with Pathology". The article resulted in the establishment of additional Himalayan hill stations, and his promotion to staff surgeon in the army camp at Cawnpore (Kanpur). While at Cawnpore he invented several air-conditioning systems, including an evaporation cooling system which he termed the refrigerator. He

neg: Stochastic cooling Stochastic cooling Stochastic cooling is a form of particle beam cooling. It is used in some particle accelerators and storage rings to control the emittance of the particle beams in the machine. This process uses the electrical signals that the individual charged particles generate in a feedback loop to reduce the tendency of individual particles to move away from the other particles in the beam. It is accurate to think of this as adiabatic cooling, or the reduction of entropy, in much the same way that a refrigerator or an air conditioner cools its contents. The technique was invented and

neg: Refrigerator Mothers well as named as an Official Selection to numerous international film festivals. "Refrigerator Mothers" was featured in a January 2010 issue of "Psychology Today" that focused on the racial and class stereotyping of autism. Refrigerator Mothers Refrigerator Mothers is a 2003 television documentary film by Kartemquin Films for PBS's P.O.V. series. The film paints an intimate portrait of an entire generation of American mothers whose children were diagnosed with autism. Labeled 'refrigerator mothers' in the 1950s and 1960s by the medical establishment for their supposedly frigid and detached mothering, these women "have emerged with strong, resilient voices to share the