query: when was the office of refugee resettlement established

pos: Office of Refugee Resettlement Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, which was given the authority to provide grants with nonprofits for resettlement services (including training and healthcare), and reimbursed states for efforts undertaken within the first three years of a refugee’s living in the United States. In its goal of allowing the United States to respond quickly and efficiently to the needs of refugees, the Refugee Act of 1980 also established a new appointed office, the U.S. Coordinator for Refugee Affairs, who is appointed by the President and consults with the ORR. In 2000, additional categories

pos: Office of Refugee Resettlement refugees. This response set a precedent of federal involvement, with Eisenhower and Kennedy expanding efforts to assist nonprofits in settling refugees—efforts which became permanent with the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962. The Office of Refugee Resettlement was officially established with the passage of the Refugee Act of 1980. It was created in "an attempt to design a coherent and comprehensive refugee admission and resettlement policy". The act (a) gave recognition to the Office of the U.S. Coordinator for Refugee Affairs, which was given authority over the development of U.S. “refugee admission and resettlement policy”, and (b) established the

pos: Refugee children resettlement would be most appropriate. Some nations have prioritized children at risk as a category for resettlement: The United States established its Unaccompanied Refugee Minor Program in 1980 to support unaccompanied children for resettlement. The Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) by the Department of Homeland Security currently works with state and local service providers to provide unaccompanied refugee children with resettlement and foster care services. This service is guaranteed to unaccompanied refugee minors until they reach the age of majority or until they are reunited with their families. Some European nations have established programs to support the resettlement and integration

pos: Office of Refugee Resettlement Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, which was given the authority to provide grants with nonprofits for resettlement services (including training and healthcare), and reimbursed states for efforts undertaken within the first three years of a refugee’s living in the United States. In its goal of allowing the United States to respond quickly and efficiently to the needs of refugees, the Refugee Act of 1980 also established a new appointed office, the U.S. Coordinator for Refugee Affairs, who is appointed by the President and consults with the ORR. In 2000, additional categories

pos: Office of Refugee Resettlement the Department of Homeland Security it partners with Customs and Border Control, Immigration and Custom Enforcement, and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Within the Department of Justice, it partners with the Executive Office of Immigration Review. Lastly, within the Department of State it partners with the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration. Office of Refugee Resettlement The Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) is a program of the Administration for Children and Families, an office within the United States Department of Health and Human Services, created with the passing of the United States Refugee Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-212). The

pos: Office of Refugee Resettlement Office of Refugee Resettlement The Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) is a program of the Administration for Children and Families, an office within the United States Department of Health and Human Services, created with the passing of the United States Refugee Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-212). The ORR offers support for refugees seeking safe haven within the United States, including victims of human trafficking, those seeking asylum from persecution, survivors of torture and war, and unaccompanied alien children. The mission and purpose of the ORR is to assist in the relocation process and provide needed services to individuals granted

pos: Refugee health in the United States that seeks to reduce health-related barriers to successful resettlement and protect the health of the US population. Domestic health exams focus on infectious disease screening, but can also offer diagnosis and treatment for other health conditions identified. The parameters of the screening are based upon the 1995 Office of Refugee Resettlement Medical Screening Protocol, but new guidance is forthcoming. The Refugee Act of 1980, which amended the Immigration and Nationality Act to establish a domestic refugee resettlement program, has outlined several public health activities with regards to refugee resettlement. First, all state or local health officials are to be notified

pos: Third country resettlement the European Refugee Fund per refugee resettled. The United States helped resettle roughly 2 million refugees between 1945 and 1979, when their refugee resettlement program was restructured. Refugees destined for the United States are screened by six different federal agencies. The average time it takes from the referral to the arrival of a refugee is 18 to 24 months. The number of refugees resettled to the United States is statutorily limited by an annual ceiling that the President determines each fiscal year(FY). Since 1980, around 50,000 refugees resettled each fiscal year. This year (FY 2018) the number is set at

pos: Office of Refugee Resettlement asylum within the United States. Since 1975, the United States has assisted in the resettlement of more than 3 million refugees. Annual admissions of refugees to the United States since the 1980 Refugee Act was enacted have ranged from 27,100 to as many as 207,116. Before World War II, nonprofit voluntary agencies called "Volags" were generally responsible for aiding immigrants and refugees. In 1946, the U.S. federal government began supporting these organizations financially with the Corporate Affidavit Program. However, beginning with an influx of refugees fleeing Castro’s Cuba, the federal government began to take the primary financial role in assisting

pos: Refugee Act resettlement strategies. The Office was authorized $200,000,000 during 1980 and 1981, and that number is now decided at the beginning of each fiscal year based on the results received at the end of each year. It was only after World War II that the United States began to differentiate the term "refugee" from "immigrant" and began creating policy that dealt specifically with refugees while working outside of immigration policy. Early action came in the form of the Displaced Persons Act of 1948, the Refugee Relief Act of 1953, and the Refugee-Escapee Act of 1957. The Immigration and Nationality Act of

pos: Vietnamese boat people much larger area than Bidong. More than 170,000 Indochinese, the great majority Boat People, were temporarily resident at Galang while it served as a refugee camp from 1975 until 1996. After they became well-established, Galang and Bidong and other refugee camps provided education, language and cultural training to boat people who would be resettled abroad. Refugees usually had to live in camps for several months—and sometimes years—before being resettled. In 1980, the Philippine Refugee Processing Center was established on the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines. The center housed up to 18,000 Indochinese refugees who were approved for resettlement in the

pos: United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) 1975, the U.S. faced the challenge of resettling hundreds of thousands of displaced Indochinese refugees. They established an Indochinese refugee task force to respond to this crisis. After this situation, Congress realized it needed to create procedures that would deal with the ongoing resettlement of refugees and therefore passed the Refugee Act of 1980. Since 1975, over three million refugees have been resettled in the U.S., with annual admissions figures ranging from a high of 207,000 in 1980 to a low of 27,110 in 2002. The average number admitted annually since 1980 is 98,000. Congress passed the Refugee Act of

pos: Philippine Refugee Processing Center Philippine Refugee Processing Center The Philippine Refugee Processing Center (PRPC) was a large facility near Morong, Bataan, Philippines, which was used as the final stop for Indochinese refugees making their way to permanent resettlement in other nations. It was situated south of Subic Bay and north of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant. Opened in 1980, the Philippine Refugee Processing Center (PRPC) prepared Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian refugees, including ethnic minorities (such as the Chinese) from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, for immigration to a variety of resettlement nations such as Canada, Norway, Australia, France, and primarily the United States. An estimated

pos: Pierce Field of four South Vietnamese resettlement camps established in the United States as part of Operation New Arrivals, the largest humanitarian airlift in history. Air Force personnel housed and processed more than 10,000 Southeast Asian refugees in a "Tent City." It again became an Air Force refugee resettlement center processing over 10,000 Cubans who fled to the U.S. between April and May 1980. The active use of the field initially ended in the late 1970s, was reactivated in the late 1980s and closed again in 2000. The airfield remains under the ownership of the United States Air Force and is under

pos: Fort Chaffee Maneuver Training Center matching them with sponsors, and arranging for their resettlement in the United States. Among notable children of refugees born at Fort Chaffee was Dat Nguyen, who would later become an All-American linebacker at Texas A&M University and play professionally for the Dallas Cowboys. In 1980, Fort Chaffee became a Cuban refugee resettlement center, holding 19,000 Cubans after the Mariel boatlift and briefly making the camp the 11th largest city in Arkansas. The Cubans were brought to the fort in early May, and there were delays in processing and resettlement caused by "bureaucratic setbacks and rumors (later prove true by refugee

pos: Nong Samet Refugee Camp over 60 percent. On February 9, 1983, NW82 was closed, and the remaining 122 occupants without resettlement offers were transferred temporarily to the Khao-I-Dang Holding Center. Food distribution problems had been resolved by the aid agencies in 1980 and Nong Samet became a model camp for its organization and the quality of its health care services, which included a tuberculosis treatment program, established in spite of claims that the situation was still too unstable to permit long-term treatment. A 100-bed hospital with pediatrics, maternity and surgical facilities and two outpatient clinics were operated by the American Refugee Committee, which trained

neg: Refugee Act Coordinator for Refugee Affairs and the Office of Refugee Resettlement. Most importantly, it established explicit procedures on how to deal with refugees in the U.S. by creating a uniform and effective resettlement and absorption policy. The Act recognizes that it has been the historic policy of the United States to respond to the urgent needs of persons subject to persecution in their homelands and to provide assistance, asylum, and resettlement opportunities to admitted refugees. The goal of the Refugee Act was to create a uniform procedure with which to provide these opportunities to refugees. The Act amended the Immigration and

neg: Refugee Act period of twelve months. The Attorney General is also granted power to admit additional refugees and grant asylum to current aliens, but all admissions must be reported to Congress and be limited to 5,000 people. The Act created the position of U.S. Coordinator for Refugee Affairs who was now responsible to the president for the development of overall US refugee admission and resettlement policy. Title IV of the Immigration and Nationality Act was amended here when the Act created the Office of Refugee Resettlement, which is responsible for funding and administering federal programs for domestic resettlement and assistance to refugees.

neg: Assets for Independence a large variety of programs is apparent. The groups we will mention in the following section are the Office of Refugee Resettlement, the IRS, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, and non-profit groups. The Office of Refugee Resettlement, like AFI, is part of the Department of Health and Human Services. Refugee Resettlement focuses on policies, programs, and initiatives to aid refugees within the country. Consequently, AFI uses the Office of Refugee Resettlement as a resource for grantees. The IRS acts as another resource for AFI. One of AFI's main goals is to help individuals and groups to effectively

neg: United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) with the opportunity to maximize their potential in the United States." The Office of Refugee Resettlement plays a particularly important role within USRAP. Bringing refugees into the United States and processing their documents is quite a different thing from assisting those same refugees in living and working in a new and foreign culture. This is the task of the Office of Refugee Resettlement. Nonprofits play a special role in USRAP. There are ten nonprofits appointed to work with the nation in either refugee referrals or in refugee resettlement. The nine non-profits currently working with USRAP are listed below: These nine

neg: Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service is a non-profit organization that welcomes and supports refugees and migrants entering the United States. It is one of nine refugee resettlement agencies working with the Office of Refugee Resettlement and one of only two that serves unaccompanied refugee minors. LIRS also advocates for just policies and practices relating to immigration and detention. As an organization, LIRS originates from the response of American Lutherans in 1939 to the needs of Europeans displaced because of World War II, but the roots of the organization reach back to the 1860s when the

neg: Refugee children of refugee children. The European countries admitting the most refugee children in 2016 via resettlement were the United Kingdom (2,525 refugee children), Norway (1,930), Sweden (915), and Germany (595). Together, these accounted for 66% of the child resettlement admissions to all of Europe. The United Kingdom also established a new initiative in 2016 to support the resettlement of vulnerable refugee children from the Middle East and North Africa, regardless of family separation status. It was reported in February 2017 that this program has been partially suspended by the government; the program would no longer accept refugee youth with "complex needs,"

neg: Refugee Action Refugee Action has a head office in London and offices in Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham and Bristol. The group's work has included the resettlement of refugees from Vietnam, Bosnia and Kosovo, as well as evacuees from Montserrat after the Soufrière Hills volcano eruption in 1995. Refugee Action operates the largest part of the UNHCR Gateway Resettlement Programme in the UK, which resettles 750 refugees every year. The main countries of origin of current service users include Somalia, Sudan, Iraq, Ethiopia and Congo. The Syrian Vulnerable Person Resettlement Scheme is also delivered by Refugee Action in some areas of the UK. The

neg: Gateway Protection Programme asylum in the United Kingdom. Since 2008, it has been co-funded by the European Union, first through the European Refugee Fund and then through its successor, the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF). Over the period 2009–14, the Home Office provided £29.97 million in funding and the EU £18.67 million. Anna Musgrave of the Refugee Council argues that the programme "is rarely talked about and the Home Office, in the main, stay fairly quiet about it." The Gateway Protection Programme is not the first British refugee resettlement programme. Other, informal resettlement programmes include the Mandate Refugee Scheme, and the UK

neg: Sam Brownback from the program. The federal Office of Refugee Resettlement served notice that it would instead work directly with local refugee resettlement organizations. Mark Greenberg of the federal Administration for Children and Families said, "If the state were to cease participating in the refugee resettlement program, it would have no effect on the placement of refugees by the State Department in Kansas, or the ORR-funded benefits they can receive." Although states are legally entitled to withdraw from the program, the initial withdrawal for claimed security reasons, is the first in the nation. Micah Kubic, the Kansas ACLU's executive director said Brownback's

neg: Every Campus a Refuge the Pope's call on every parish to host one refugee family, ECAR calls on every college and university in the world to partner with their local refugee resettlement agencies to house refugees on campus grounds and assist them in resettlement. ECAR also shares its best practices with campuses interested in joining the initiative. Through ECAR, Guilford College has partnered with the Greensboro office of Church World Service (CWS) - a refugee resettlement agency – in 2015. Since January 2016, Guilford has hosted 42 refugees (clients of CWS) in campus houses and apartments; 23 of them have been children between the

neg: Office of Refugee Resettlement specified formula guidelines. States ultimately hold the responsibility for carrying out the ORR’s mission: “Federal resettlement assistance to refugees is provided primarily through the state-administered refugee resettlement program. States provide transitional cash and medical assistance and social services, as well as maintain legal responsibility for the care of unaccompanied refugee children." The ORR uses a matching grant program to provide funding for its affiliate voluntary agencies. These voluntary agencies are then expected to operate the program through their national networks. The ORR “awards $2 for every $1 raised by the agency up to a maximum of $2,500 in Federal funds

neg: Exodus Refugee Immigration vetted and pre-approved by the United States Government, which issues them valid refugee visas. It is affiliated with a national VOLAGs, Church World Service (CWS), which is assigned by the US Government's Office of Refugee Resettlement, which also provides funds for initial resettlement. These funds are channeled through the VOLAGs into local resettlement agencies such as Exodus, who provide short-term assistance with housing, employment services, ESL and financial services to the incoming refugees. Refugees resettled by Exodus are assisted by local welcome teams, made up of volunteers from religious organizations and other community groups. These welcome teams help refugees complete

neg: Refugee crisis resources for JRS regions throughout the world. The U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) funds a number of organizations that provide technical assistance to voluntary agencies and local refugee resettlement organizations. RefugeeWorks, headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland, is ORR's training and technical assistance arm for employment and self-sufficiency activities, for example. This nonprofit organization assists refugee service providers in their efforts to help refugees achieve self-sufficiency. RefugeeWorks publishes white papers, newsletters and reports on refugee employment topics. The US government position on refugees states that there is repression of religious minorities in the Middle East and in Pakistan such as Christians,

neg: North Dakota one of the top resettlement locations for refugees proportionally. According to the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement, in 2013–2014 "more than 68 refugees" per 100,000 North Dakotans were settled in the state. In fiscal year 2014, 582 refugees settled in the state. Fargo Mayor Mahoney said North Dakota accepting the most refugees per capita should be celebrated given the benefits they bring to the state. In 2015, Lutheran Social Services of North Dakota, the state's only resettlement agency, was "awarded $458,090 in federal funding to improve refugee services." Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of

neg: Syrian Vulnerable Person Resettlement Programme Syrian Vulnerable Person Resettlement Programme The Syrian Vulnerable Person Resettlement Programme, sometimes referred to as a Relocation Scheme, is a programme of the United Kingdom government that plans to resettle 20 000 Syrian refugees from refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt and Turkey over the period from September 2015 to May 2020. It was first announced in January 2014 and in September 2015 the expansion to 20,000 refugees was made. It is run in partnership between the UK Home Office, the Department for International Development, the Department for Communities and Local Government and NGOs such as Refugee Action. Only

neg: Reception of Unaccompanied Minors from the Northern Triangle minors with a either a guardian or a sponsor and excludes unaccompanied minors held by the Office of Refugee Resettlement. The Reno v. Flores landmark case was an attempt to better the conditions within ORR detainment centers. Between 2009 and 2010 the average stay of an unaccompanied minor was 61 days. That is 61 days without attending a public school and socializing with other individuals. In 2014, the Office of Refugee Resettlement declared that they are required to provide unaccompanied minors educational services in a classroom setting from Monday to Friday. In these classrooms within the detainment facility, children are

neg: Human rights in Bhutan Bhutanese refugees, in particular regarding Nepal's desire for them to be repatriated, were held in 1993, 1996, and 2001. By 2009 some 111,000 Lhotshampa resided within refugee camps in Nepal when a "third country resettlement program" began which has seen 88,770 Bhutanese refugees resettled, including 75,000 in the United States. As of September 2015 10,000 Lhotshampa remain in refugee camps in Nepal overseen by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Bhutan's refugee situation has been categorised by Amnesty International as "one of the most protracted and neglected refugee crises in the world", with possible resolutions to

neg: United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) Population, Refugees, and Migration is primarily responsible for USRAP’s operations abroad. According to the Bureau’s website, its roughly 130 staff members perform primarily pass-through operations where they do not work directly with refugees. Rather, they work through other organizations such as the International Rescue Committee and other various intergovernmental organizations so as to provide services to refugees. The Bureau also processes applications for refugee resettlement to the United States. Whereas the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration primarily handles the foreign-based portions of USRAP and USCIS works with admissions and legal issues, the Office of Refugee Resettlement "provide[s] new populations

neg: Refugees As Survivors New Zealand part of its international quota resettlement programme. Refugees As Survivors New Zealand Refugees As Survivors New Zealand (RASNZ) is the charitable humanitarian NGO which is the lead agency for mental health services for all incoming UNHCR quota and convention refugees who enter New Zealand for resettlement. Established in 1997, RASNZ is based at the national refugee reception centre at Mangere in Auckland. Working closely with Immigration New Zealand (INZ) and other government agencies at the centre, RASNZ provides treatment for traumatised refugees and victims of torture. Initially treatment and support is provided at the Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre. New Zealand

neg: United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) incidence of poverty." Sixth, insufficient funding after initial support for resettlement has created a difficult economic climate for the local communities. Also, the fundamental structure to support the refugee program has not been proven effective. Seventh, the federal government has established an ineffective resettlement system that imposes burdens on local governments. The current resettlement system not only is a burden, but also inhibits services for other refugees who have already been resettled. In order to help the cities and refugees with these problems, this study suggests seven strategies for improvement: (1) ensure the local leaders involvement in decision making processes,

neg: Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre Refugee Services Aotearoa New Zealand Inc., Auckland University of Technology, and the Red Cross. Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre The Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre (MRRC) is the central processing and assessment location for all refugees who arrive in New Zealand. It is a housing complex, set on a site in Auckland owned by the New Zealand Government where all United Nations Quota Refugees enter for a 6-week period of assessment and orientation prior to resettlement. The MRRC is the national refugee resettlement operation for New Zealand and is a 'one-stop-shop' with a collaborative service run by several key agencies. including Immigration

neg: Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre The Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre (MRRC) is the central processing and assessment location for all refugees who arrive in New Zealand. It is a housing complex, set on a site in Auckland owned by the New Zealand Government where all United Nations Quota Refugees enter for a 6-week period of assessment and orientation prior to resettlement. The MRRC is the national refugee resettlement operation for New Zealand and is a 'one-stop-shop' with a collaborative service run by several key agencies. including Immigration New Zealand, Refugees As Survivors New Zealand (RASNZ), Auckland Public Health Refugee Medical Services,

neg: Robert D. Ray office was notable for his humanitarianism on behalf of Southeast Asian Tai Dam refugees. Ray agreed to bring the group to the United States by creating his own refugee resettlement program. Ray announced that the state of Iowa would accept 1,500 additional refugees in January 1979. Ray wrote letters to President Jimmy Carter and other governors asking them to support greater admissions of boat people. Opinion polls from the period demonstrated Ray's refugee resettlement and relief efforts were very controversial. Many feared competition for jobs, diversion of funds from needy native Iowans, and racial mixing. Ray also enacted the first

neg: Sam Brownback Reform Act. Brownback supports increasing numbers of legal immigrants, building a fence on Mexican border, and the reform bill "if enforced." While he initially supported giving guest workers a path to citizenship, Brownback eventually voted "Nay" on June 28, 2007. Brownback has said that he supports immigration reform because the Bible says to welcome the stranger. On April 25, 2016, Brownback issued executive orders barring state agencies from facilitating refugee resettlement from Syria and other majority Muslim countries, in concert with the federal Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR). He maintained they presented security risks. His decision entirely removed the state

neg: Office of Refugee Resettlement the division providing services and the program being performed. For example, the Division of Resettlement Services works through private nonprofit and public organizations to provide economic support and social integration services to refugees. This particular division “administers the Voluntary Agency Match Grant Program and seven competitive refugee social services discretionary grant programs. Discretionary grants are awarded on a competitive basis". The ORR receives an appropriation from Congress each year with some specifications on allotments for each division, and divides the allotment among its programs. These programs then appropriate the money to their partnering agencies in the form of grants, following

neg: Third country resettlement Third country resettlement Third country resettlement or refugee resettlement is, according to the UNHCR, one of three durable solutions (voluntary repatriation and local integration being the other two) for refugees who fled their home country. Resettled refugees may also be referred to as quota or contingent refugees, as countries only take a certain number of refugees each year. In 2016 there were 65.6 million forcibly displaced people worldwide and around 190,000 of them were resettled into a third country. Precondition for resettlement is to be registered as a refugee with the UNHCR and to have undergone the Refugee Status Determination

neg: United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) to assess refugee admissibility into the resettlement program. At no point during the resettlement process does a government employee or contracted party have the responsibility to investigate and report "the presence of a needs-related vulnerability for the purposes of ensuring post-arrival assistance. Instead, such information is only gathered to help support the individual’s persecution claim." Similarly, medical examinations and interviews of refugees performed by the USCIS overseas are not used to determine the health and resettlement needs of the refugee. Rather, this information is used to assess the admissibility of the refugee. In fact, resettlement agencies must make placement decisions

neg: Nicholas Anthony DiMarzio worker and fluent in Italian and Spanish and proficient in French. DiMarzio was ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Newark on May 30, 1970 by Archbishop Thomas Boland. He began his ministry among migrants in 1976, where he served as the archdiocese's refugee resettlement director for nine years, during which time he also served a two-year term as director of the Office of Migration of Newark's Catholic Community Services, now Catholic Charities. He moved to Washington, D.C. in 1985, when appointed executive director for Migration and Refugee Services for the U.S. Catholic Conference and served there for six

neg: Brian Babin Texas Senator Ted Cruz for President. He praised Cruz' "conservative leadership and fortitude" and said that he "will speak honestly to the American people". In September 2015, in response to the Syrian refugee crisis, Babin introduced the Resettlement Accountability National Security Act, designed to oppose President Obama's plan to expand the country's refugee program. The bill calls for a "temporary halt to the refugee program until the general accounting office can do an assessment of just exactly how much this is costing the taxpayer." Babin said that this was urgently necessary because the refugee program amounts to an "open invitation"

neg: Refugees As Survivors New Zealand Refugees As Survivors New Zealand Refugees As Survivors New Zealand (RASNZ) is the charitable humanitarian NGO which is the lead agency for mental health services for all incoming UNHCR quota and convention refugees who enter New Zealand for resettlement. Established in 1997, RASNZ is based at the national refugee reception centre at Mangere in Auckland. Working closely with Immigration New Zealand (INZ) and other government agencies at the centre, RASNZ provides treatment for traumatised refugees and victims of torture. Initially treatment and support is provided at the Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre. New Zealand accepts 750 UN refugees per year as

neg: Refugee law a culture orientation. After the refugee is resettled, he or she is eligible for medical and cash assistance. The Office of Refugee Resettlement has a program called the Cash and Medical Assistance Program which completely reimburses the assistance in which states provide refugees. The refugee is eligible for this cash and medical assistance up to eight months after their arrival date. The burden of refugee status determination (RSD) falls primarily on the state. However, in cases where states are either unwilling or unable, the UNHCR assumes responsibility. In 2013, the UNHCR managed RSD in over 50 countries and worked in

neg: Syrian Vulnerable Person Resettlement Programme 2,659 Syrian refugees were resettled through the programme by the end of June 2016. The National Audit Office estimated the Programme's cost at £1,112 million. Syrians are only granted 5 years humanitarian protection and not indefinite leave to remain. Syrian Vulnerable Person Resettlement Programme The Syrian Vulnerable Person Resettlement Programme, sometimes referred to as a Relocation Scheme, is a programme of the United Kingdom government that plans to resettle 20 000 Syrian refugees from refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt and Turkey over the period from September 2015 to May 2020. It was first announced in January 2014 and

neg: Refugee psychological analyses, and spiritualities. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established on 14 December 1950. It protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in providing durable solutions, such as return or resettlement. All refugees in the world are under UNHCR mandate except Palestinian refugees, who fled the current state of Israel between 1947 and 1949, as a result of the 1948 Palestine War. These refugees are assisted by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). However, Palestinian Arabs who fled

neg: World Relief World Relief works across 7 sectors: health and nutrition, child development, refugee and immigration services, disaster response, economic development, peacebuilding and community resiliency, advocacy and mobilization. World Relief's core programs focus on microfinance, AIDS prevention and care, maternal and child health, child development, agricultural training, disaster response, refugee resettlement and immigrant services. World Relief began in 1944 when American Christian denominations worked together with sister churches in war-torn Europe to address critical humanitarian needs. The National Association of Evangelicals established the War Relief Commission to send clothing and food to victims of World War II. After the war, evangelical leaders

neg: European Refugee Fund along with the European Integration Fund and the European Return Fund, was replaced by the Asylum Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) established for the period 2014–20. European Refugee Fund The European Refugee Fund (ERF) was a scheme designed to facilitate the sharing of the financial costs of the reception, integration and voluntary repatriation of refugees amongst European Union member states. All EU member states apart from Denmark participated in the ERF. The Fund financed both national and transnational projects, including providing skills and language training to refugees, improvements to reception facilities and refugee resettlement or relocation operations. The ERF was

neg: Scottish Refugee Council of a humanitarian evacuation programme. The Scottish Refugee Council was at the forefront in helping these refugees settle and integrate into Scottish society. In 2000 the focus changed from resettlement to helping people return safely or make claims for asylum. The Immigration and Asylum Act (1999) established Glasgow as one of the largest refugee dispersal centres in the UK. This led to a significant increase in the number of people seeking asylum in Scotland. Following this change, the Scottish Refugee Council faced a 20-fold increase in the size of its client base. At this time it was necessary for the

neg: Mark Norris (judge) from the state senate on November 1, 2018, after being confirmed to the district court. In 2015, Norris opposed a proposal to make the Bible the official state book. Norris engaged in an effort to bar refugee resettlement in Tennessee and was a lead figure supporting a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the U.S. Refugee Resettlement Program. Norris created an online petition against refugee resettlement under the headline "Don't let potential terrorists come to Tennessee." Norris also supported the Trump travel bans. On July 13, 2017, President Trump nominated Norris to the United States District Court for the Western District

neg: Third country resettlement from refugees for resettlement places. Apart from that, large families are more likely to be considered for resettlement than singles, because resettlement officers have to work through fewer case files per submitted person when referring large families. Also single men, who are likely to receive a more thorough and time consuming security screening from resettlement states, are less likely to be submitted. To be referred for resettlement may involve a tedious game with refugee chairmen, agency personnel or security guards. Chairmen can help making up stories or can ignore real security issues. The refugees themselves may manipulate the selection process.

neg: Marilyn Lacey II; in 1987 it was published as Chapter 1 in "People in Upheaval". Lacey also conducted a national study of AmerAsian refugee youth, "In Our Fathers’ Land", that was published by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in 1986 and distributed to refugee resettlement sites nationwide. In 1985, she became Director of Refugee Services for Catholic Charities in San Jose, California. Catholic Charities provides refugee resettlement services, employment placement for newcomers, foster care for refugee minors, and legal assistance to immigrants. During her tenure, Catholic Charities expanded its immigration programs to include services for language and financial literacy, naturalization,

neg: Ban Vinai Refugee Camp the U.S. government doubled its quota for resettlement of Lao, including Hmong, from 4,000 to 8,000 annually in early 1988. After several years of increased resettlement of Hmong abroad, declining numbers of new refugees, and repatriations to Laos. Thailand closed Ban Vinai Refugee Camp at the end of 1992. The remaining Hmong and Lao refugees in Thailand were distributed to other camps and refugee centers, notably Wat Tham Krabok. Ban Vinai Refugee Camp Ban Vinai Refugee Camp, officially the Ban Vinai Holding Center, was a refugee camp in Thailand from 1975 until 1992. Ban Vinai primarily housed highland people, especially

neg: United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) refugees were usually supported by private (both ethnic, religious and secular) organizations, which formed the basis for the public/private role of U.S. refugee resettlement today. Notable resettlement efforts include the admission of 35,000 Hungarians who fled the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Resettlement activities were coordinated by a civilian Committee for Hungarian Refugee Relief under the chairmanship of Mr. Tracey F. Voorhees. This Committee has coordinated all activities in connection with what was termed "Operation Mercy." In the process it utilized the services of more than 20 volunteer and governmental agencies. After the fall of Vietnam in April

neg: Asylum in the United States 1951 Convention and its Protocol, the Refugee Act provided for the establishment of an Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to help refugees begin their lives in the U.S. The structure and procedures evolved and by 2004, federal handling of refugee affairs was led by the Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration (PRM) of the U.S. Department of State, working with the ORR at HHS. Asylum claims are mainly the responsibility of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Each year, the President of

neg: Third country resettlement that refugees were resettled from, not their countries of origin. Third country resettlement Third country resettlement or refugee resettlement is, according to the UNHCR, one of three durable solutions (voluntary repatriation and local integration being the other two) for refugees who fled their home country. Resettled refugees may also be referred to as quota or contingent refugees, as countries only take a certain number of refugees each year. In 2016 there were 65.6 million forcibly displaced people worldwide and around 190,000 of them were resettled into a third country. Precondition for resettlement is to be registered as a refugee with

neg: T. Don Hutto Residential Center 79% from 2005. There were about 14,000 people being detained. T. Don Hutto re-opened in May 2006 as a "Family Residential Facility" to detain immigrant families. Previously, illegal immigrants with children would be released with a notice to appear before an immigration judge. In some cases, where release was not approved by ICE, children were separated from their parents. Parents were sent to an adult facility while children were released to family, or sent to the Office of Refugee Resettlement. A 2007 report entitled "Locking Up Family Values" by the Women's Refugee Commission and Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Services documented

neg: United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) through "erratic and unpredictable authorizations." The approach toward federal funding of refugee resettlement was similarly ad hoc. Generally speaking, the resettlement agencies provided the vast majority of the resources needed to support refugee. The Displaced Persons Act of 1948, the first refugee legislation enacted by U.S. Congress, provided for the admission of an additional 400,000 displaced Europeans. Previous to this Act, 250,000 displaced Europeans had already been admitted to the U.S. After the Displaced Persons Act of 1948, refugee admission laws evolved to accept people fleeing from communist regimes such as Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, North Korea, China, and Cuba. The

neg: Refugee women and wellbeing of refugee women. In refugee camps, the mental health of refugee women is also affected by incidences of discrimination based on gender, sexual and domestic violence, forced labor, and heavy responsibilities. In countries of asylum and resettlement, complications with mental health also prevail due to language and cultural barriers, the post traumatic stress of fleeing persecution in their home countries, difficulty seeking mental health treatment, and an increased likelihood of facing abuse as compared to host-country nationals. Malnutrition of refugee women manifests in a variety of ways both in refugee camps and in countries of asylum and resettlement.

neg: Refugee health in the United States prone to inter-personal trauma such as family separation, domestic violence or rape. Another health issue that affects refugee women disproportionately is sexual and gender based violence. While men also experience sexual violence, women are an especially vulnerable population because of shifting gender roles and power dynamics as they flee their home country and migrate and resettle in a new place. Gender based violence is prevalent in both the home country and the country of resettlement as an instrument of war, in resettlement camps, and in families and communities throughout the resettlement process. This sexual violence is also present for refugee

neg: Office of Refugee Resettlement 2005 and 2008. In 2010, the ORR reported to U.S. Congress six guiding principles which represented a modification of its priorities: Additionally, the ORR reshaped its vision: “to assist refugees with accessing mainstream opportunities and resources”. The current appointed director of the ORR is Scott Lloyd. The Office of the Director also includes the ORR Deputy Director who oversees ORR's refugee program and the ORR Deputy Director, Children's Services who oversees ORR's unaccompanied alien children program. The ORR has eight major divisions at the federal level, each with a director and support staff: Service delivery to refugees varies based on

neg: National Refugee Service American life. Building on the resettlement program that had been established under the NCC, the National Refugee Service within its first year expanded the network of cooperating organizations to an additional 200 communities. Moreover, it maintained a staff of field representatives that communicated with and traveled to local communities in order to troubleshoot in a variety of matters related to the communities' work with refugees, including migration, family assistance, employment, retraining, and loans. The National Refugee Service also produced reports and statistical studies that documented its own work and the work of cooperating agencies; and disseminated factual information about United

neg: Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada opening doors to this specific group of refugees. The refugees came into the country in three different refugee immigration schemes: the "Privately Sponsored Refugees (PSRs)", who were financially supported by private citizens or organizations, the "Government Assisted Refugees (GARs)," who were funded by IRCC through the Refugee Resettlement Assistance Program (RAP), and the "Blended Visa Office-Referred Refugees (BVORs)", which is a type of refugee classified by UNCHR and subsequently paired with Canadian private sponsors. They are given up to 6 months of financial aid until they can fully stand on their own.The Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada announced

neg: Detention of refugee children in Thailand them as illegal migrants and detained them in IDC. The government does not allow the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees to conduct refugee status determination screenings for ethnic Rohingya from Myanmar. There are 3,801 urban refugees and 4,130 asylum seekers registered with UNHCR in Thailand and 2800 of which are children. As they wait for refugee status determination by the UNHCR many are subject to poor treatment from Thai authorities, such as harsh and unlawful treatment by corrupt authorities and detained in IDCs for prolonged period until they could leave for third country resettlement. Thailand became a

neg: Humanitarian aid during the Syrian Civil War the countries neighbour Syria that are hosting Syrian refugees the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), also known as the UN Refugee Agency, is mandated to protect and support Syrian refugees in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country. The main framework for coordinating the refugee response is the Syria Regional Response Plan (RRP). Detailed and up-to-date information on the refugee situation can be accessed on the Inter-agency Information Sharing Portal, which is maintained by UNHCR. Outside the SHARP and the RRP mechanism, the International Committee of the Red Cross, in partnership

neg: Third country resettlement (RSD) process based on the 1951 Refugee Convention refugee definition. Among those refugees the UNHCR or other organisations (e.g. RefugePoint or HIAS) make referrals for resettlement if they identify a high level of risk and vulnerability whilst being in the first country of asylum. Refugees cannot apply for resettlement themselves. Selection procedures can vary between UNHCR offices but the below criteria are generally used: If one or more of these criteria are met it still needs to be assessed whether third country resettlement is the most appropriate durable solution compared to voluntary return and local integration. After the refugees are

neg: United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) before they even receive the medical records of refugees. One of the most crucial factors to the success of refugees is where they are placed in United States. Even though the most vulnerable populations are being targeted for resettlement, these vulnerabilities are not being communicated to the placing agencies. No structured system exists in USRAP for the collecting and distributing of refugee information for planning purposes. This failure to share information down the resettlement chain hurts the resettled refugees and the success of USRAP. Because critical information is not always considered when a placement decision is made, it is not

neg: Asylum in the United States refugees into their country of asylum and, last, (3) resettlement to a third country, such as the U.S., when the first two options are not viable. The United States prioritizes valid applications for resettlement into three levels. is composed of groups designated by the U.S. government as being of special concern. These are often identified by an act proposed by a Congressional representative. Priority Two groups proposed for 2008 included: is reserved for cases of family reunification, in which a refugee abroad is brought to the United States to be reunited with a close family member who also has refugee

neg: 2014 American immigration crisis U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Office of Refugee Resettlement, which is charged with the processing, treatment, and placement of unaccompanied migrant children pending the resolution of immigration proceedings. Government officials placed the teens with human traffickers who posed as relatives and friends. Concerns that the Ohio case was indicative of larger, systemic problems led to a Senate inquiry into how human traffickers successfully exploited the federal resettlement processes. The results of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations' probe were released on January 26, 2016. Led by Sen. Rob Portman (R-OH) and Sen. Claire McCaskill (D-MO), the committee

neg: Well-Founded Fear It was also broadcast on CNN and CNN satellite stations as "CNN Presents: Asylum in America." It played at Docfest 2000, where it was lauded as The Grand Jury Prize Winner. The film has screened at festivals in San Francisco, New Zealand, Finland and many cities across the United States. It has been an Official Selection at: The film has been specially screened at New York University, The School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, Austin Film Society's "Texas Documentary Tour," Office of Refugee Resettlement National Conference in D.C., Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in D.C. and The Refugee

neg: Internal migration migration of immigrants within the European Union. In the United States, the Office of Refugee Resettlement, a program of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services's Administration for Children and Families, is tasked with managing the secondary migration of resettled refugees. However, there is little information on secondary migration and associated programmatic structural changes. Secondary migration has been hypothesized as one of the driving forces behind the distribution of resettled refugees in the United States. Somalis, a refugee group that was initially widely dispersed in the United States, has formed significant communities in Minnesota, Ohio and Washington. Secondary migration

neg: Immigration to Venezuela Mendoza headed the Venezuelan Institute for Immigration and embraced the creation of the International Refugee Organization in 1946 (this body was later replaced by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). Mendoza succeeded, despite fierce opposition within the cabinet, in ensuring that Venezuela would aid European refugees and displaced people who could not or would not return to their homes after World War II and chose to emigrate to Venezuela. He assumed responsibility for the legal protection and resettlement of tens of thousands of refugees arriving in Venezuela. International Refugee Organization officials consider Mendoza to have directed

neg: Jeff Merkley the senate floor for 15 hours 28 minutes in protest of the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court. In early June 2018, Merkley received national attention when he attempted to visit a facility holding the children of jailed adults who had attempted to cross the border to seek asylum. Children were removed from their parents and placed in the custody the Office of Refugee Resettlement. Merkley filmed his attempt to visit a facility located in a former Walmart in Brownsville, Texas. He was refused entrance and the police were called and arrived as he continued to try to

neg: Refugee law first step of being granted this status is to receive a referral to the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP). The person is allowed to include their spouse, child, or other family members (only in specific circumstances) when applying for refugee status. After the person is referred, a U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services officer located abroad will conduct an interview to determine refugee resettlement eligibility inside the U.S. If the person is approved as a refugee, he or she will then be provided with many forms of assistance. These include a loan for travel, advice for travel, a medical exam, and

neg: Chris Ferguson (pastor) Canada global mission personnel in Colombia, Israel/Palestine and Costa Rica. Susan coordinated the UCC national refugee work and was executive director of an ecumenical refugee resettlement agency in Toronto. Susan and Chris have two adult children. Chris Ferguson (pastor) Christopher Mackie Ferguson (born 15 May 1953) is a pastor, theologian and social justice advocate from the United Church of Canada. He was elected to the post of general secretary of the World Communion of Reformed Churches in May 2014. He entered office on 1 August 2014, for a seven-year term. Chris Ferguson is general secretary of the World Communion of

neg: Gateway Protection Programme In early 2014, Amnesty International and the Refugee Council campaigned for the government to offer resettlement or humanitarian protection to Syrian refugees above and beyond the Gateway quota of 750 per year, "to ensure that resettlement opportunities continue to be available to refugees from the rest of the world". The anniversary of the programme was also the occasion of further criticism of the 750 quota, with some commentators arguing that this is mean-spirited and continues to compare unfavourably with the refugee resettlement programmes of states including the United States, Canada and Australia. Others, such as academic Jonathan Darling, have been

neg: Int'l Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump a diplomatic cable to embassies and consulates seeking to define what qualifies as a "bona fide relationships", excluding connections with refugee resettlement agencies, and clarifying that step-siblings and half-siblings are close family while grandparents and nephews are not. On July 14 in Honolulu, Judge Derrick Watson found that the President's limitations on refugee resettlement agencies and family definitions violated the Supreme Court's order, writing "grandparents are the epitome of close family members." On July 19, the Supreme Court left in place Judge Watson's order on family definitions, but it stayed while on appeal the part of his injunction on refugee

neg: Immigration to the United States refugee populations are very prominent. In the year 2014, the number of asylum seekers accepted into the U.S. was about 120,000. This compared with about 31,000 in the UK and 13,500 in Canada. Japan accepted just 41 refugees for resettlement in 2007. Since 1975, more than 1.3 million refugees from Asia have been resettled in the United States. Since 2000 the main refugee-sending regions have been Somalia, Liberia, Sudan, and Ethiopia. The ceiling for refugee resettlement for fiscal year 2008 was 80,000 refugees. The United States expected to admit a minimum of 17,000 Iraqi refugees during fiscal year 2009. The

neg: New Zealand Red Cross New Zealand Red Cross merged with Refugee Services. Each year around 750 refugees are welcomed to New Zealand through the United Nations Resettlement Programme. A 'Refugee of the Year' award was introduced to both promote the plight of refugees and award deserving people. New Zealand Red Cross, which has a contract with the government, is the primary agency supporting quota refugees in New Zealand. They provide core resettlement services in Auckland, Hamilton, Palmerston North, Wellington and Nelson. A new programme called Pathways to Employment was started by New Zealand Red Cross in 2014 to help people with refugee backgrounds find

neg: Cecilia Razovsky 1934. Razovsky was also involved with many other organizations including the National Conference of Social Work (1926 to 1929), the Conference on Immigration Policy (1928) and the International Conference for Protection of Migrants in Geneva (1929). In 1934, she organized the Coordinating Committee for Refugee Resettlement which would become the National Refugee Service in 1939. Between 1944-1948 she worked for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. As part of her efforts to study and assist Jewish refugees, Razovsky traveled extensively and established a social service program for refugees in Cuba. She married

neg: United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration Directorate of Border and Transportation Security; (3) Oversight of the immigration-related functions of the Department of Justice, the Department of State, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Refugee Resettlement, and the Department of Labor; (4) Oversight of international migration and refugee laws and policy: and (5) Private immigration relief bills." United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration The Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration was one of six subcommittees within the Senate Judiciary Committee during the 114th Congress. The judiciary subcommittee on immigration is called the Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration

neg: Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States saying the perpetrator was a state official. The researchers involved believed actual numbers were likely higher. According to a report by "Splinter News", as many as 80% of women and girls coming to the United States from Central America are sexually assaulted. Michelle Brané of the Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children told "Tucson Weekly" that "nonprofit groups and even the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement ... estimate that the vast majority of women and female children encounter some sort of sexual assault en route to the United States," and that "it's become the norm, and in many cases

neg: International Rescue Committee volatile confrontations between the two superpowers, and participated in an array of sensitive clandestine operations. In the 1940s, IRC fed people during the Soviet blockade of West Berlin. In 1945, at the end of World War II, the IRC initiated emergency relief programs, established hospitals and children’s centers, and started refugee resettlement efforts in Europe. With the descent of the Iron Curtain in 1946, the IRC initiated a resettlement program for East European refugees, which continued until the end of the Cold War. In 1950, the IRC intensified its aid in Europe with Project Berlin, which provided food to the

neg: UNRWA local integration in current country, resettlement in a third country or repatriation when possible. UNRWA allows refugee status to be inherited by some descendants. UNRWA was established following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War by the United Nations General Assembly under Resolution 302(IV) of 8 December 1949. This resolution reaffirmed paragraph 11, concerning refugees, of UN General Assembly Resolution 194 (1948), adopted and passed unopposed, supported by Israel and the Arab states, with only the Soviet bloc and South Africa abstaining. UNRWA is a subsidiary organ of the United Nations General Assembly and its mandate is renewed every three years. UNRWA has

neg: Comprehensive Plan of Action procedure to determine refugee status) were adopted to examine every individual's claim to refugee status. Recognized refugees were to receive resettlement opportunities. Rejected asylum seekers were to return to their home countries, whose governments agreed to refrain from any discrimination, harassment, persecution or unfair treatment. Under the Plan, the UNHCR provided humanitarian assistance to the asylum seekers and countries of first asylum. Extensive monitoring procedures were also established in the countries of origin, and financial assistance was provided to the returnees and to the communities which agreed to accept them back. After 7 years, the plan was declared ended on

neg: Indochina refugee crisis to land on their shores unless European and North American countries would promise resettlement to them. At a UN conference on refugees in Geneva in July 1979, the Western countries agreed to accept 260,000 refugees per year, up from 125,000, for resettlement, to facilitate processing of refugees, and to contribute additional funds to refugee assistance. Most importantly, the Vietnamese government promised to stem the flow of refugees and to cooperate in the Orderly Departure Program under which Vietnamese could apply for resettlement without leaving their homeland. The numbers of boat people leaving Vietnam quickly dropped off to more manageable numbers.

neg: History of Vietnamese Americans in Houston class, well-educated, and familiar with American lifestyles." Many Vietnamese were flown to Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, before being transferred to Houston. The federal refugee resettlement system established by the Indochinese Assistance and Refugee Assistance Act of 1975, which was active from 1975 to 1988, designated Houston as a major resettling site for Vietnamese. Texas received many Vietnamese refugees in the late 1970s because it had a warm climate, an expanding economy, and a location in proximity to the ocean. Vietnamese from fishing and shrimping backgrounds saw Houston as a good settlement point due to its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico.

neg: Lost Boys of Sudan additional population burden made it evident to government officials that more needed to be done. In 2001, as part of a program established by the United States Government and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), approximately 3,800 Lost Boys were offered resettlement in the United States. Prior to the inception of this program, approximately 10,000 boys left the refugee camps for other opportunities, making them ineligible for the US's resettlement program. They are now scattered over at least 38 cities, including major metropolises such as Chicago, Dallas, Boston, Seattle and Atlanta. Halted after 9/11 for security reasons, the

neg: Bibi Amtus Salam assisted by Lajjawati Hooja, a member of the Congress and the All-India Women's Congress and Salam made several trips to Pakistan to help with the evacuation of refugees. She established the Kasturba Seva Mandir and settled down in Rajpura where she worked on the resettlement of Hindu migrants from Bahawalpur. When the Government of India began constructing a township at Rajpura for the rehabilitation of refugees, she was involved in the work there along with the Hindustani Talimi Sangh who worked on the education of the children in the refugee camps. In the 1980s, Amtus Salam served as a permanent

neg: Urban refugee number of urban refugee populations. Some war-affected countries host a huge number of both urban internally displaced people and refugees in capital cities (such as Kampala or Khartoum). Urban refugees also live in the main cities of their country of origin: after protracted exile, many returnees prefer settling back as IDPs in cities and towns of their own country upon return. Since around 2017, the UNHCR prioritizes urban refugees for resettlement over those refugees living in refugee camps. In Kenya, for example, only refugees living in Nairobi are submitted for resettlement places, and not those refugees living in Kakuma or

neg: United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) its foreign policy problems, the literature points out that USRAP has had issues with its domestic policies as well. A report, "Abandoned Upon Arrival: Implications for Refugees and Local Communities Burdened by a U.S. Resettlement System That is not Working", points out that local communities have confronted many challenges due to refugees resettlement. In the study, seven main findings were reported concerning the local resettlement communities. First, the federal government uses "faith-based groups," for refugee placement. The local communities that receive the refugees are not included in the decision-making process. Receiving new refugees into a community requires numerous resources from

neg: Asylum in the United States been certified by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the United States Department of Homeland Security, and/or the United States Department of State are also eligible for benefits and services under this program to the same extent as refugees. The URM program is coordinated by the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR), a branch of the United States Administration for Children and Families. The mission of the URM program is to help people in need “develop appropriate skills to enter adulthood and to achieve social self-sufficiency.” To do this, URM provides refugee minors with the same social services

neg: Refugee health in the United States Health Service to facilitate health screenings for all immigrants and refugees before they depart their country of origin. The screening effort is overseen by the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR), housed in and funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Both in their countries of origin and after arriving in the U.S., refugees often face obstacles in accessing medical care. In their countries of origin, weak healthcare infrastructure and a scarcity of medical resources may prevent them from obtaining needed care prior to their departure. Upon arrival in the U.S., cultural and linguistic barriers can limit

neg: Sudanese refugees in Egypt As for the perspective from Egypt's national interests, to offer official refugee status to the Sudanese would indirectly censure the Sudanese government. Additionally, unlike Sudanese refugees, Palestinian refugees are not treated as typical asylum seekers that require a status determination process because of the sentiment of Arab solidarity with the Palestinian cause. Since 1997, the increasing numbers of Sudanese refugees and insufficient living conditions of Egypt lead to greater focus on resettlement to third countries, usually Australia, Canada, the U.S. or Finland. Out of the 67,000 Sudanese who claimed refugee status from the UNHCR office between 1997-March 2004, only about

neg: Overseas Vietnamese of the Vietnam War in 1975, when boat people took to the sea and began fleeing Vietnam in all directions. Those who landed in Hong Kong were placed in refugee camps until they could be resettled in a third country. Under the Hong Kong government's Comprehensive Plan of Action, newly arriving Vietnamese were classified as either political refugees or economic migrants. Those deemed to be economic migrants would be denied the opportunity for resettlement overseas. Many Vietnamese boat refugees who crossed the South China Sea landed in the Philippines after the fall of South Vietnam in 1975. These refugees established

neg: Johnny Young (diplomat) 2007. From August 2007 to February 2015, Johnny Young served as Executive Director of Migration and Refugee Services (MRS) of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. MRS is the largest non-governmental refugee resettlement organization in the world. In addition to refugee resettlement, it provided services to undocumented and unaccompanied minor children in U.S. Government custody; worked in anti-trafficking and provided advocacy for these activities, as well as for the undocumented. It had a budget of eighty-five million dollars and a staff of over one hundred employees. Since 1975 MRS has partnered with the U.S. Government in resettling approximately one million

neg: United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) Cooperative Baptist Fellowship, and Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). Along with the basic public services provided by every nonprofit, the Church World Service administers the Religious Services Program, a program which helps refugees continue to practice their religion in the U.S. (regardless of the individual refugee’s specific religious practices). HIAS (founded as the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) works within the Jewish Communal Network Commission to provide basic services to refugees. HIAS created the Refugee Family Enrichment program that addresses the problems a refugee family may face during resettlement. As part of their resettlement program through USRAP, HIAS teaches communication and

neg: United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) to coordinate all the agencies and organizations involved in the program. This agency could then monitor the efficiency and effectiveness of the program and establish consistent policies and procedures in the resettlement process. This renovated system should be flexible enough to account for secondary migration. Refugees should not be penalized with a loss of federal assistance just because they exercise their right to relocate. United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) The United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) is a consortium of federal agencies and nonprofit organizations working together, both overseas and domestically, to identify and admit qualified refugees for resettlement