query: what is one exception to the cell theory

pos: Cell theory many debates about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration, and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839. This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory. It was an important step in the movement away from spontaneous generation. The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below: The first of these tenets is disputed, as non-cellular entities such as viruses are sometimes considered life-forms. The discovery of the

neg: History of cell membrane theory modes of protein/bilayer coupling into one theory. Continued research has revealed some shortcomings and simplifications in the original theory. For instance, channel proteins are described as having a continuous water channel through their center, which is now known to be generally untrue (an exception being nuclear pore complexes, which have a 9 nm open water channel). Also, free diffusion on the cell surface is often limited to areas a few tens of nanometers across. These limits to lateral fluidity are due to cytoskeleton anchors, lipid phase separation and aggregated protein structures. Contemporary studies also indicate that much less of the

neg: Haplogroup to provide energy to the cell. Mitochondria are thought to be reduced descendants of symbiotic bacteria that were once free living. One indication that mitochondria were once free living is that each contains a circular DNA, called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), whose structure is more similar to bacteria than eukaryotic organisms (see endosymbiotic theory). The overwhelming majority of a human's DNA is contained in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell, but mtDNA is an exception. An individual inherits his or her cytoplasm and the organelles contained by that cytoplasm exclusively from the maternal ovum (egg cell); sperm only pass

neg: Side-chain theory antigen but not to the other cells of the organism. It was these antibodies that Ehrlich first described as "magic bullets", agents that specifically target toxins or pathogens without harming the body. Ehrlich suggested that interaction between an infectious agent and a cell-bound receptor would induce the cell to produce and release more receptors with the same specificity. According to Ehrlich’s theory, the specificity of the receptor was determined before its exposure to antigen, and the antigen selected the appropriate receptor. Ultimately all aspects of Ehrlich’s theory would be proven correct with the minor exception that the “receptor” exists as

neg: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory six, bringing it to a total of 29 out of 40. Avery Score of GameSpot gave the mobile version a score of 8.6 out of 10 and called it "a terrific game in its own right, even if it doesn't stray far from the established formula." Likewise, Levi Buchanan of IGN gave the same version a score of 8.8 out of 10 and said it was "definitely not a one-touch game. It's complex, but Gameloft's control scheme and pacing compensate for the limited input of a handset. Gameloft rarely stumbles with their offerings, and Chaos Theory is no exception. When

neg: History of cell membrane theory a monograph The Permeability of Living Cells, which rejects the bulk phase theories. History of cell membrane theory Cell theory has its origins in seventeenth century microscopy observations, but it was nearly two hundred years before a complete cell membrane theory was developed to explain what separates cells from the outside world. By the 19th century it was accepted that some form of semi-permeable barrier must exist around a cell. Studies of the action of anesthetic molecules led to the theory that this barrier might be made of some sort of fat (lipid), but the structure was still unknown. A

neg: History of cell membrane theory History of cell membrane theory Cell theory has its origins in seventeenth century microscopy observations, but it was nearly two hundred years before a complete cell membrane theory was developed to explain what separates cells from the outside world. By the 19th century it was accepted that some form of semi-permeable barrier must exist around a cell. Studies of the action of anesthetic molecules led to the theory that this barrier might be made of some sort of fat (lipid), but the structure was still unknown. A series of pioneering experiments in 1925 indicated that this barrier membrane consisted of

neg: History of biology of biologists pointed to the central importance of the cell. In 1838 and 1839, Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the ideas that (1) the basic unit of organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life, though they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells. Thanks to the work of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow, however, by the 1860s most biologists accepted all three tenets of what came to be known as cell theory. Cell theory led biologists to re-envision individual organisms as interdependent assemblages of individual

neg: Cell theory is no longer accepted with modern cell theory. In 1839, Theodor Schwann states that along with plants, animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures. This was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point compared to plants. From these conclusions about plants and animals, two of the three tenets of cell theory were postulated. 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the most basic unit of life Schleiden's theory of free cell formation through crystallization

neg: Competition law theory welfare by creating a deadweight loss. Sources of this market power are said to include the existence of externalities, barriers to entry of the market, and the free rider problem. Markets may fail to be efficient for a variety of reasons, so the exception of competition law's intervention to the rule of "laissez faire" is justified. Orthodox economists fully acknowledge that perfect competition is seldom observed in the real world, and so aim for what is called "workable" or "effective competition". This follows the theory that if one cannot achieve the ideal, then go for the second best option by

neg: People v. Diaz evidence found on his cell phone, citing Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable search and seizure. The trial court denied the motion, citing the fact that "incident to the arrest, search of his person and everything that turned up is really fair game in terms of being evidence of a crime or instrumentality of a crime or whatever the theory might be". Upon denial of suppression, Diaz pleaded guilty to transportation of a controlled substance. The California Supreme Court held that seizure of Diaz's cell phone was lawful because the seizure occurred during a search incident to arrest – an exception

neg: Border search exception probable cause or a warrant,” and Riley’s analysis does not apply to border searches, even for forensic searches of cell phones. The dissent, authored by Judge Jill Pryor, disagreed, concluding that, “[m]y answer to the question of what law enforcement officials must do before forensically searching a cell phone at the border, like the Supreme Court’s answer to manually searching a cell phone incident to arrest, ‘is accordingly simple—get a warrant.’” The Supreme Court has not addressed the standard of suspicion necessary for a warrantless border search of electronic materials, even though the number of cell phone border searches continues

neg: Sodium-calcium exchanger cell and shifts the membrane potential in the positive direction. What results is a large increase in intracellular [Na]. This causes the reversal of the Na/Ca exchanger to pump Na ions out of the cell and Ca ions into the cell. However, this reversal of the exchanger lasts only momentarily due to the internal rise in [Ca] as a result of the influx of Ca through the L-type calcium channel, and the exchanger returns to its forward direction of flow, pumping Ca out of the cell. While the exchanger normally works in the Ca efflux position (with the exception of

neg: Hebbian theory its stability. ... When an axon of cell "A" is near enough to excite a cell "B" and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that "A"s efficiency, as one of the cells firing "B", is increased. The theory is often summarized as "Cells that fire together wire together." This summary, however, should not be taken too literally. Hebb emphasized that cell "A" needs to "take part in firing" cell "B", and such causality can occur only if cell "A" fires just before, not at

neg: Hebbian theory the form and function of cell assemblies can be understood from the following: The general idea is an old one, that any two cells or systems of cells that are repeatedly active at the same time will tend to become 'associated', so that activity in one facilitates activity in the other. Hebb also wrote: When one cell repeatedly assists in firing another, the axon of the first cell develops synaptic knobs (or enlarges them if they already exist) in contact with the soma of the second cell. Gordon Allport posits additional ideas regarding cell assembly theory and its role in

neg: Morse theory is a torus. A torus, of course, is the same as a torus with a disk removed with a disk (a 2-cell) attached. One therefore appears to have the following rule: the topology of formula_11 does not change except when formula_12 passes the height of a critical point, and when formula_12 passes the height of a critical point of index formula_14, a formula_14-cell is attached to formula_11. This does not address the question of what happens when two critical points are at the same height. That situation can be resolved by a slight perturbation of "f". In the case of

neg: Cell theory 60 ‘observations’ in detail of various objects under a coarse, compound microscope. One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork. Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named "cells". This came from the Latin word Cella, meaning ‘a small room’ like monks lived in and also Cellulae, which meant the six sided cell of a honeycomb. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function. What Hooke had thought were cells, were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues. With microscopes during this time having a low magnification, Hooke was unable to see that there

neg: Theodor Schwann composed of cells and cell products". He drew three further conclusions about cells, which formed his cell theory or cell doctrine. The first two were correct: By the 1860s, these tenets were the accepted basis of cell theory, used to describe the elementary anatomical composition of plants and animals. Schwann's theory and observations created a foundation for modern histology. Schwann claimed that "there is one universal principle of development for the elementary parts of organisms, however different, and this principle is the formation of cells." Schwann supported this claim by examining adult animal tissues and showing that all tissues could

neg: John Goodsir and structure of cellular life and organisation. He concluded that all living organisms are formed of microscopic units, cells. Goodsir was not alone in postulating such a concept and the theory that cells form the basic structure of tissues in all plants and animals has been attributed to Matthius Schleiden and to Theodor Schwann. Goodsir posed and then answered the questions ‘What is a cell with its walls, contents, nucleus and nucleolus? How is a cell formed? How do cells multiply?’ The theory which he developed from these studies was original and won the extravagant praise of Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902),

neg: Age of onset itself and a major concern is what happens to the brain in earlier life that mirrors what occurs later in its psycho-pathological state. The typical onset of many mental disorders in late adolescence may reflect the critical development that happens at this time. The rate-of-living theory of aging states that senescence occurs because individuals accumulate damage to cells and tissues during cell division. This theory is not supported because its postulates that aging rate should be correlated with metabolic rate and organisms cannot evolve longer lifespans were not supported in trials. The rate-of-living theory may not be used to draw

neg: Neuron doctrine The connections between the large cell bodies and smaller features could not be observed, and it was possible that neurofibrils would stand as an exception to cell theory as non-cellular components of living tissue. Technical limitations of microscopy and tissue preparation were largely responsible. Chromatic aberration, spherical aberration and the dependence on natural light all played a role in limiting microscope performance in the early 19th century. Tissue was typically lightly mashed in water and pressed between a glass slide and cover slip. There was also a limited number of dyes and fixatives available prior to the middle of the

neg: Polyclonal B cell response 1950s however, the works of three scientists—Jerne, Talmage and Burnet (who largely modified the theory)—gave rise to the clonal selection theory, which proved all the elements of Ehrlich's hypothesis except that the specific receptors that could neutralize the agent were soluble and not membrane-bound. The clonal selection theory was proved correct when Sir Gustav Nossal showed that each B cell always produces only one antibody. In 1974, the role of MHC in antigen presentation was demonstrated by Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter C. Doherty. Polyclonal B cell response Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by

neg: Queer theory theme to outline what masculine is. This is particularly noticeable in gangster films, action films and westerns, which never have "weak" (read: homosexual) men playing the heroes, with the recent exception of the film "Brokeback Mountain". Queer theory looks at destabilizing and shifting the boundaries of these cultural constructions. New Media artists have a long history of queer theory inspired works, including cyberfeminism works, porn films like "I.K.U." which feature transgender cyborg hunters and "Sharing is Sexy", an "open source porn laboratory", using social software, creative commons licensing and netporn to explore queer sexualities beyond the male/female binary. Within the

neg: History of zoology since 1859 in the gradual evolution of what is to-day the great river of zoological doctrine to which they have all been rendered contributory. Cell theory led zoologists to re-envision individual organisms as interdependent assemblages of individual cells. Scientists in the rising field of cytology, armed with increasingly powerful microscopes and new staining methods, soon found that even single cells were far more complex than the homogeneous fluid-filled chambers described by earlier microscopists. Much of the research on cell reproduction came together in August Weismann's theory of heredity: he identified the nucleus (in particular chromosomes) as the hereditary material, proposed the distinction

neg: Donald O. Hebb of the important functions of the brain right. His theory became known as Hebbian theory and the models which follow this theory are said to exhibit "Hebbian learning." This method of learning is best expressed by this quote from the book: When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased. This is often paraphrased as "Neurons that fire together wire together."

neg: Medically unexplained physical symptoms single studies show a possible effect in chronic facial pain, non-cardiac chest pain, and interstitial cystitis. SSRIs are usually not effective or have only a weak effect. One exception is menopausal syndrome, where SSRIs are "possibly effective" as well as a third class of antidepressants, the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). There is no consensus as to what causes MUPS. However, a number of theories have been put forward. Many of these share the common assumption that MUPS are somehow caused by psychological distress or disturbance. One classical theory is that MUPS arise as a reaction to childhood trauma in vulnerable

neg: Cell theory which was first introduced by Dumortier, was how reproduction of new animal cells were made. Once this tenet was added, the classical cell theory was complete. The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include: The modern version of the cell theory includes the ideas that: The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. The first cell theory is credited to the work of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the 1830s. In this theory the internal contents of cells were called protoplasm and described as a jelly-like substance, sometimes called living jelly. At

neg: Stem cell theory of aging theories include the immunologic approach to ageing, rate-of-living and the alterations in neuroendocrinal control mechanisms. ("See" homeostasis). Cellular theory of ageing can be categorized as telomere theory, free radical theory (free-radical theory of aging) and apoptosis. The stem cell theory of aging is also a sub-category of cellular theories. Stem cell theory of aging The stem cell theory of aging postulates that the aging process is the result of the inability of various types of stem cells to continue to replenish the tissues of an organism with functional differentiated cells capable of maintaining that tissue's (or organ's) original function. Damage

neg: Only A Theory Only A Theory Only A Theory: Evolution and the Battle for America's Soul is a 2008 book by the American cell biologist and Roman Catholic Kenneth R. Miller. In the book, Miller examines the battle between evolution and intelligent design (ID), and explores the implications of science in America. The title of the book comes from a misconception of what "theory" means in the context of science and evolution. Glenn C. Altschuler reviewed the book saying "Though I.D. trumpets its connections to information theory, biochemistry and molecular biology, Miller concludes, as did Judge John Jones in "Kitzmiller v. Dover", it

neg: Gut-specific homing in lymphocyte homing is the interactions between T cell adhesion molecules (lymphocyte homing receptors) and ligands (addressins) on the tissue high endothelial venules (HEVs). This theory arose from the observation that the cell surface integrins varied between different T cell populations. Work began to identify the differences and what they meant for T cell migration. It became apparent that there were significantly higher levels of the integrin α4β7 on activated T cells in comparison to naïve T cells. Additionally, this integrin was much more common on CD8+ T cells activated in the Peyer's patches (PP T-cells) compared to other T

neg: Chloroplast early eukaryotic cell. Chloroplasts cannot be made by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division. With one exception (the amoeboid "Paulinella chromatophora"), all chloroplasts can probably be traced back to a single endosymbiotic event, when a cyanobacterium was engulfed by the eukaryote. Despite this, chloroplasts can be found in an extremely wide set of organisms, some not even directly related to each other—a consequence of many secondary and even tertiary endosymbiotic events. The word "chloroplast" is derived from the Greek words "chloros" (χλωρός), which means green, and "plastes" (πλάστης), which means "the one

neg: Thiomargarita namibiensis vacuoles are what account for the size that scientists had previously thought impossible. Scientists disregarded large bacterium, because bacteria rely on diffusion to move chemicals around, a process that works only over tiny distances. This implies that the cytoplasm has to be close to the cell wall, greatly limiting their size. But "Thiomargarita" are an exception to this size constraint, as their cytoplasm forms along the periphery of the cell, while the nitrate-storing vacuoles occupy the center of the cell. As these vacuoles swell, they greatly contribute to the record-holding size. It holds the record for the world's largest bacteria,

neg: Immunodominance forms what is known as dominance hierarchy. The mechanisms of immunodominance are very poorly understood. What determines cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunodominance can be a number of factors, many of which are debated. Of these, one in particular focuses on the timing of CTL clonal expansion. The dominant CTLs that arise were activated sooner so therefore proliferate faster than subdominant CTLs that were activated later, thus resulting in a greater number of CTLs for that immunodominant epitope. This can be in concordance with an additional theory which states that immunodominance may be dependent on the affinity of the T-cell receptor

neg: What the Night Knows house, and ghostly phone calls. John receives a call from Billy taunting him and saying things that only John or Alton Blackwood would know concerning John’s sister. John follows up on Billy to find out he does not have a phone in his cell and could not possibly have made the phone call. John begins to work on the theory that it wasn’t Billy Lucas that killed his family, but rather Alton Blackwood. Billy is found dead in his cell having died from the stress of what he was going through. John’s wife Nicolette, who had oral surgery three months

neg: Formula for primes Formula for primes In number theory, a formula for primes is a formula generating the prime numbers, exactly and without exception. No such formula which is efficiently computable is known. A number of constraints are known, showing what such a "formula" can and cannot be. A simple formula is By Wilson's theorem, formula_3 is prime if and only if formula_4. Thus, when formula_3 is prime, the first factor in the product becomes one, and the formula produces the prime number formula_3. But when formula_3 is not prime, the first factor becomes zero and the formula produces the prime number 2.

neg: Biology impact on biological thinking. In the early 19th century, a number of biologists pointed to the central importance of the cell. Then, in 1838, Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the now universal ideas that (1) the basic unit of organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life, although they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells. Thanks to the work of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow, however, by the 1860s most biologists accepted all three tenets of what came to be known as cell theory. Meanwhile,

neg: Osmia bicornis are located are usually not lined with mud, with the exception of some irregularly arranged nests. Females construct around six cells per nest on average; however, larger females construct more cells than smaller ones. When it is time for females to lay their eggs, they add pollen to each brood cell and lay one egg in each cell next to the pollen. The sequence of nesting behavior is: cell construction, provisioning, egg-laying, and sealing the cell. Cells containing females are typically larger than those containing males, due to the sexual dimorphism of the species. Additionally, cells containing females are situated

neg: The Phantom Public forceful critique of what he takes to be mistaken conceptions of "the public" found in democratic theory like that it is made up of sovereign and omnicompetent citizens (21); "the people" are a sort of superindividual with one will and one mind (160) or an "organism with an organic unity of which the individual is a cell" (147); the public directs the course of events (77); it is a knowable body with fixed membership (110); it embodies cosmopolitan, universal, disinterested intuition (168-9); and it is a dispenser of law or morals (106). Lippmann counters that the public is none of

neg: Archaea apart. Like bacteria, archaea lack interior membranes and organelles. Like bacteria, the cell membranes of archaea are usually bounded by a cell wall and they swim using one or more flagella. Structurally, archaea are most similar to gram-positive bacteria. Most have a single plasma membrane and cell wall, and lack a periplasmic space; the exception to this general rule is "Ignicoccus", which possess a particularly large periplasm that contains membrane-bound vesicles and is enclosed by an outer membrane. Most archaea (but not "Thermoplasma" and "Ferroplasma") possess a cell wall. In most archaea the wall is assembled from surface-layer proteins, which

neg: Cell wall lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Most bacteria have the gram-negative cell wall and only the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria (previously known as the low G+C and high G+C gram-positive bacteria, respectively) have the alternative gram-positive arrangement. These differences in structure can produce differences in antibiotic susceptibility, for instance vancomycin can kill only gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective against gram-negative pathogens, such as "Haemophilus influenzae" or "Pseudomonas aeruginosa". Although not truly unique, the cell walls of Archaea are unusual. Whereas peptidoglycan is a standard component of all bacterial cell walls, all archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan, with the exception of one

neg: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Game 2005" and "Best Multiplayer Game 2005" awards, which ultimately went to "F.E.A.R." and "Battlefield 2", respectively. Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory is a stealth game developed by Ubisoft and released in March 2005 for the Xbox, PlayStation 2, GameCube and Microsoft Windows. Handheld versions for the Nintendo DS, mobile and N-Gage were also released. A Game Boy Advance port was planned, but later cancelled. "Chaos Theory" is the third game in the "Splinter Cell" series endorsed by novelist Tom Clancy. As with previous entries in the franchise, "Chaos Theory" follows the activities

neg: Theory of solar cells Theory of solar cells The theory of solar cells explains the process by which light energy in photons is converted into electric current when the photons strike a suitable semiconductor device. The theoretical studies are of practical use because they predict the fundamental limits of a solar cell, and give guidance on the phenomena that contribute to losses and solar cell efficiency. When a photon hits a piece of silicon, one of three things can happen: When a photon is absorbed, its energy is given to an electron in the crystal lattice. Usually this electron is in the valence band.

neg: Hebbian theory the same time as, cell "B". This important aspect of causation in Hebb's work foreshadowed what is now known about spike-timing-dependent plasticity, which requires temporal precedence. The theory attempts to explain associative or Hebbian learning, in which simultaneous activation of cells leads to pronounced increases in synaptic strength between those cells. It also provides a biological basis for errorless learning methods for education and memory rehabilitation. In the study of neural networks in cognitive function, it is often regarded as the neuronal basis of unsupervised learning. Hebbian theory concerns how neurons might connect themselves to become engrams. Hebb's theories on

neg: Émile Picard theorems. Picard's little theorem states that every nonconstant entire function takes every value in the complex plane, with perhaps one exception. Picard's great theorem states that an analytic function with an essential singularity takes every value infinitely often, with perhaps one exception, in any neighborhood of the singularity. He made important contributions in the theory of differential equations, including work on Picard–Vessiot theory, Painlevé transcendents and his introduction of a kind of symmetry group for a linear differential equation. He also introduced the Picard group in the theory of algebraic surfaces, which describes the classes of algebraic curves on the

neg: Value theory to those maxims that you could will to be universal law." but should not be confused with the Ethic of Reciprocity or Golden Rule, e.g. Mt. 7:12. Whereas the golden rule states that "One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself," Kant asks us to analyze whether an act can be performed simultaneously by everyone without exception. For example, murder cannot be performed simultaneously by everyone, one set of people would have to live and the other die. That disparity is an exception. The act cannot be performed without exception, therefore it fails the categorical imperative.

neg: Enzymatic biofuel cell fuel cell activity, a porous electrode can be used instead of one that is planar. This increases the electroactive area allowing more enzyme to be loaded onto the electrode. An alternative is to form films with graphite particles adsorbed with hydrogenase inside a polymer matrix. The graphite particles then can collect and transport electrons to the electrode surface. In a biofuel cell, hydrogenase is exposed to two oxidizing threats. O inactivates most hydrogenases with the exception of [NiFe] through diffusion of O to the active site followed by destructive modification of the active site. O is the fuel at the

neg: Transdifferentiation the patient. In this approach, transcription factors from progenitor cells of the target cell type are transfected into a somatic cell to induce transdifferentiation. There exists two different means of determining which transcription factors to use: by starting with a large pool and narrowing down factors one by one or by starting with one or two and adding more. One theory to explain the exact specifics is that ectopic Transcriptional factors direct the cell to an earlier progenitor state and then redirects it towards a new cell type. Rearrangement of the chromatin structure via DNA methylation or histone modification may

neg: Cell theory Cell theory In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later,

neg: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory is a stealth game developed by Ubisoft and released in March 2005 for the Xbox, PlayStation 2, GameCube and Microsoft Windows. Handheld versions for the Nintendo DS, mobile and N-Gage were also released. A Game Boy Advance port was planned, but later cancelled. "Chaos Theory" is the third game in the "Splinter Cell" series endorsed by novelist Tom Clancy. As with previous entries in the franchise, "Chaos Theory" follows the activities of Sam Fisher, an agent working for a covert-ops branch within the NSA called "Third Echelon". The

neg: Tropical geometry For higher dimension, sums are taken instead around each cell of dimension "d"-1 after quotienting out the affine span of the cell. The property that "V" is connected in codimension one means for any two points lying on dimension "d" cells, there is a path connecting them that does not pass through any cells of dimension less than "d"-1. The study of "tropical curves" (tropical varieties of dimension one) is particularly well developed and its strongly related to graph theory. For instance, the theory of divisors of tropical curves are related to chip-firing games on graphs associated to the tropical

neg: DNA damage theory of aging one. In humans and other mammals, DNA damage occurs frequently and DNA repair processes have evolved to compensate. In estimates made for mice, DNA lesions occur on average 25 to 115 times per minute in each cell, or about 36,000 to 160,000 per cell per day. Some DNA damage may remain in any cell despite the action of repair processes. The accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage is more prevalent in certain types of cells, particularly in non-replicating or slowly replicating cells, such as cells in the brain, skeletal and cardiac muscle. To understand the DNA damage theory of aging it

neg: Reproductive-cell cycle theory Reproductive-cell cycle theory Rather than seeing aging as a loss of functionality as we get older, this theory defines aging as any change in an organism over time, as evidenced by the fact that if all chemical reactions in the body were stopped, no change, and thus no aging, would occur. Since the most important change in an organism through time is the chemical reactions that result in a single cell developing into a multicellular organism, whatever controls these chemical reactions that regulate cell growth, development, and death, is believed to control aging. The theory argues that these cellular changes

neg: John Ramsay McCulloch of absolute value." McCulloch died in 1864, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. McCulloch's theoretical work received harsh criticism from Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk in the latter's "History and Critique of Interest Theories" (1884). wrote Böhm-Bawerk. The labour theory of value is an exception, in that McCulloch seems more insistent about it than about any of the contradictory hypotheses he entertained, Böhm-Bawerk conceded, but the form of that theory McCulloch endorsed was "the most absurd that could possibly occur to a serious thinker." On the subject of the wine cask, Böhm-Bawerk wrote that there was an "enormous difference between what

neg: History of cell membrane theory meaning that to pass the cell membrane a molecule must be at least sparingly soluble in oil, their “lipoid theory of narcosis.” Based on this evidence and further experiments, they concluded that the cell membrane might be made of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) and cholesterol. One of the early criticisms of this theory was that it included no mechanism for energy-dependent selective transport. This “flaw” remained unanswered for nearly half a century until the discovery that specialized molecules called integral membrane proteins can act as ion transportation pumps. Thus, by the early twentieth century the chemical, but not the structural nature of

neg: Immune network theory that make antibodies, T cells that regulate the production of antibodies by B cells, and non-specific accessory cells (A cells). Antibodies called IgG have two V regions and a molecular weight of 150,000. A central role in the theory is played by specific T cell factors, which have a molecular weight of approximately 50,000, and are postulated in the theory to have only one V region. Hoffmann has proposed that for brevity specific T cell factors should be called tabs. Tabs are able to exert a powerful suppressive effect on the production of IgG antibodies in response to foreign substances

neg: Exception handling or let the operating system execute a default action (like terminating the program). Typical examples are SIGSEGV, SIGBUS, SIGILL and SIGFPE. Software exception handling and the support provided by software tools differs somewhat from what is understood by exception handling in hardware, but similar concepts are involved. In programming language mechanisms for exception handling, the term "exception" is typically used in a specific sense to denote a data structure storing information about an exceptional condition. One mechanism to transfer control, or "raise" an exception, is known as a "throw". The exception is said to be "thrown". Execution is transferred to

neg: Parasol cell the brain adjust the eyes in coordinated saccades, and problems in saccadic motion may lead to blurry vision and reading problems. This underdevelopment may be caused by several factors, including nutritional deficiencies and mutations in the KIAA0319 gene on chromosome six. Additionally, autoimmune attacks by antineuronal antibodies may prevent adequate parasol ganglion cell development for normal functioning, a theory which would explain why weakened immune systems are frequently present in dyslexic individuals. Parasol cell A parasol cell, sometimes called an M cell or M ganglion cell, is one type of retinal ganglion cell located in the ganglion cell layer of

neg: Abstract cell complex an abstract cell complex is equal to the length (number of cells minus 1) of the maximum bounding path leading from any cell of the complex to the cell "c". The bounding path is a sequence of cells in which each cell bounds the next one. The book contains the theory of digital straight segments in 2D complexes, numerous algorithms for tracing boundaries in 2D and 3D, for economically encoding the boundaries and for exactly reconstructing a subset from the code of its boundary. A digital image may be represented by a 2D Abstract Cell Complex (ACC) by decomposing the

neg: Handle decomposition Handle decomposition In mathematics, a handle decomposition of an "m"-manifold "M" is a union where each formula_2 is obtained from formula_3 by the attaching of formula_4-handles. A handle decomposition is to a manifold what a CW-decomposition is to a topological space—in many regards the purpose of a handle decomposition is to have a language analogous to CW-complexes, but adapted to the world of smooth manifolds. Thus an "i"-handle is the smooth analogue of an "i"-cell. Handle decompositions of manifolds arise naturally via Morse theory. The modification of handle structures is closely linked to Cerf theory. Consider the standard CW-decomposition of

neg: Discrete Morse theory boundary operators that formula_12. In more axiomatic definitions one can find the requirement that formula_13 which is a corollary of the above definition of the boundary operator and the requirement that formula_12. A real-valued function formula_16 is a "discrete Morse function" if it satisfies the following two properties: It can be shown that the cardinalities in the two conditions cannot both be one simultaneously for a fixed cell formula_3, provided that formula_1 is a "regular" CW complex. In this case, each cell formula_17 can be paired with at most one exceptional cell formula_18: either a boundary cell with larger formula_29

neg: Dragon Ball Z Collectible Card Game subset. The 22 cards were all foil and printed with the Cell Saga art around the image and card text, with the exception of the symbol which in this case was the Tuff Enuff one. The cards showcased scenes from the Cell Games, with the exception of "Garlic Jr's Energy Blast", "Krillin's Coolness Drill" and the insane "Are You Tuff Enuff" (which had an Endurance of 100 and bestowed 100 anger to all players), these cards showed off earlier scenes. The Flavor Text/Quotes for all cards were simply "Tuff Enuff Only" Promotional cards are cards that are given away or

neg: Biology essentially completed in 2003, with further analysis still being published. The Human Genome Project was the first step in a globalized effort to incorporate accumulated knowledge of biology into a functional, molecular definition of the human body and the bodies of other organisms. Cell theory states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life, that all living things are composed of one or more cells, and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division. In multicellular organisms, every cell in the organism's body derives ultimately from a single cell in a fertilized egg. The cell is also

neg: Telephone numbers in Ukraine may be placed in the nearest geographic area. Area codes correspond to geographic regions ("oblasts") with exception of Kiev and formerly Sevastopol which utilize their own area code. See Area codes in Ukraine for current list. Cell phone numbers can be assigned both within the cell phone provider zone and within a geographic zone. The latter arrangement is used mainly for CDMA phones and for GSM operators selling their connectivity within one city, like GoldenTelecom GSM. Allocation of new GSM cell phone numbers within a geographic zone is very rare now because law requires all incoming calls to be free,

neg: Stem cell one stem cell and a progenitor cell with limited self-renewal potential. Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division before terminally differentiating into a mature cell. It is possible that the molecular distinction between symmetric and asymmetric divisions lies in differential segregation of cell membrane proteins (such as receptors) between the daughter cells. An alternative theory is that stem cells remain undifferentiated due to environmental cues in their particular niche. Stem cells differentiate when they leave that niche or no longer receive those signals. Studies in "Drosophila" germarium have identified the signals decapentaplegic and adherens junctions that prevent germarium

neg: Presentation complex Presentation complex In geometric group theory, a presentation complex is a 2-dimensional cell complex associated to any presentation of a group "G". The complex has a single vertex, and one loop at the vertex for each generator of "G". There is one 2-cell for each relation in the presentation, with the boundary of the 2-cell attached along the appropriate word. Let formula_1 be the two-dimensional integer lattice, with a presentation Then the presentation complex for "G" is a torus, obtained by gluing the opposite sides of a square, the 2-cell, which are labelled "x" and "y". All four corners of

neg: Grandmother cell critics. The opposite of the grandmother cell theory is the distributed representation theory, that states that a specific stimulus is coded by its unique pattern of activity over a large group of neurons widely distributed in the brain. The arguments against the sparseness include: William James in 1890 proposed a related idea of a pontifical cell. The pontifical cell is defined as a putative, and implausible cell which had all our experiences. It is in this different from a concept specific cell in that it is the site of experience of sense data. James's 1890 pontifical cell was instead a

neg: Algebraic K-theory by subdividing the triangulation, and therefore it was clear that any two triangulations that shared a common subdivision had the same Betti numbers. What was not known was that any two triangulations admitted a common subdivision. This hypothesis became a conjecture known as the "Hauptvermutung" (roughly "main conjecture"). The fact that triangulations were stable under subdivision led J.H.C. Whitehead to introduce the notion of simple homotopy type. A simple homotopy equivalence is defined in terms of adding simplices or cells to a simplicial complex or cell complex in such a way that each additional simplex or cell deformation retracts into

neg: Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics century, advances in information theory and thermodynamics eventually showed how the proverbial demon's measuring and manipulating activities would necessarily increase total entropy by more than his actions decreased the entropy of the closed gaseous system. Hence Maxwell's demon could not decrease total entropy even in principle, and Maxwell's proposed exception to the Second Law stands refuted. Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics The philosophy of thermal and statistical physics is that part of the philosophy of physics whose subject matter is classical thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and related theories. Its central questions include: What is entropy, and what does the second

neg: Social penetration theory self-disclosure strategically, carefully evaluating what to disclose and what to be reserved, since disclosing too much in the early stage of relationship is generally considered as inappropriate, which can end or suffocate a relationship. Whereas, in certain contexts, self-disclosure does not follow the pattern. This exception is known as "stranger-on-the-train (or plane or bus)" phenomenon, in which individuals reveal personal information with complete strangers in public spaces rapidly. For instance, on a night coach from London to Paris, two individuals sitting next to each other may start conversation very soon, and somehow a wide range of topics including controversial and

neg: Clonal selection synthesized product has affinity for the antigen". The key difference from Ehrlich's theory was that every cell was presumed to synthesize only one sort of antibody. After antigen binding the cell proliferates, forming a clone producing the same antibody. Later in the same year, Australian immunologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet published a paper titled ‘A modification of Jerne's theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection’ in a rather obscure "Australian Journal of Science". In it Burnet expanded the ideas of Talmage and named it "clonal selection theory." He further formalised the theory in his 1959 book "The Clonal

neg: Quaternionic projective space space formula_27. That is formula_28 (cf. the example K(Z,2)). See rational homotopy theory. In general, formula_2 has a cell structure with one cell in each dimension which is a multiple of 4, up to formula_30. Accordingly, its cohomology ring is formula_31, where formula_32 is a 4-dimensional generator. This is analogous to complex projective space. It also follows from rational homotopy theory that formula_2 has infinite homotopy groups only in dimensions 4 and formula_34. formula_2 carries a natural Riemannian metric analogous to the Fubini-Study metric on formula_36, with respect to which it is a compact quaternion-Kähler symmetric space with positive curvature.

neg: History of botany and embryo) have a reducing division (halving of chromosomes, now known as meiosis) the field of heredity was opened up. By 1926 Thomas Morgan was able to outline a theory of the gene and its structure and function. The form and function of plastids received similar attention, the association with starch being noted at an early date. With observation of the cellular structure of all organisms and the process of cell division and continuity of genetic material, the analysis of the structure of protoplasm and the cell wall as well as that of plastids and vacuoles – what is now

neg: Need wide variety of contexts, but must be adapted for specific contexts. While intuitively appealing, Maslow's model has been difficult to operationalize experimentally. It was developed further by Clayton Alderfer. The academic study of needs, which was at its zenith in the 1950s, receives less attention among psychologists today. One exception involves Richard Sennett's work on the importance of respect. One difficulty with a psychological theory of needs is that conceptions of "need" may vary radically among different cultures or among different parts of the same society. For a psychological theory of human need, one found compatible with the Doyal/Gough Theory,

neg: Cell theory types), compared with 10–20 in plants, fungi, and protoctista. Cell theory In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells,

neg: Stem cell theory of aging complete bone marrow failure, are not especially age-dependent. Aplastic Anemia is often an adverse effect of certain medications but as such it cannot really be considered as evidence against the stem cell theory of aging. The cellularity of the bone marrow does decrease with age and can be usually calculated by the formula 100-age, and this seems consistent with a stem cell theory of aging . A dog study published by Zaucha J.M, Yu C. and Mathioudakis G., "et al." also shows evidence against the stem cell theory. Experimental comparison of the engraftment properties of young and old marrow in

neg: Stem cell controversy the morula stage or earlier are truly totipotent, meaning that they are able to form all cell types including placental cells. Adult stem cells are generally limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. However, some evidence suggests that adult stem cell plasticity may exist, increasing the number of cell types a given adult stem cell can become. Many of the debates surrounding human embryonic stem cells concern issues such as what restrictions should be made on studies using these types of cells. At what point does one consider life to begin? Is it just to

neg: Jameson cell in the order of 300 µm in diameter. What was needed was a practical method of making such bubbles in large quantities, of the order of billions per second. The device needed to be simple to construct and operate, capable of running for long periods with minimal maintenance, and should be resistant to blockage by stray large particles in the feed. He began to look at the theory of bubble breakup in sheared flows, that is, in flow fields in which layers of liquid slide over each other. Lewis and Davidson had recently published a theory to predict the maximum

neg: Discovery and development of beta2 agonists “exosite”, so this theory has been questioned. In 1994 Anderson. et al. introduced the plasmalemma diffusion microkinetic theory, explaining what happens to the β- agonist in the cell membrane lipid bilayer and in the aqueous biophase closest to the binding site of the β-adrenoceptor. It is postulated that the plasmalemma lipid bilayer of airway smooth muscles acts as a depot for β-adrenoceptor agonists. β-adrenoceptor agonists remain available to interact with the β-adrenoceptor active site after having partitioned into the lipid bilayer. The fundamental pharmacophore for all adrenergic agonists is a substituted phenylethylamine which increases the duration of action. Adrenergic agonists

neg: American flamingo flamingos showed a higher white blood cell count than free living flamingos. One exception occurs in free living flamingos with regards to white blood cell count. The number of eosinophils in free living birds are higher because these cells are the ones that fight off parasites with which a free living bird may have more contact than a captive one. Captive birds showed higher hematocrit and red blood cell numbers than the free living flamingos, and a blood hemoglobin increase was seen with age. An increase in hemoglobin would correspond with an adults increase in metabolic needs. A smaller mean

neg: Elementary cellular automaton Elementary cellular automaton In mathematics and computability theory, an elementary cellular automaton is a one-dimensional cellular automaton where there are two possible states (labeled 0 and 1) and the rule to determine the state of a cell in the next generation depends only on the current state of the cell and its two immediate neighbors. As such it is one of the simplest possible models of computation. Nevertheless, there is an elementary cellular automaton (rule 110, defined below) which is capable of universal computation. There are 8 = 2 possible configurations for a cell and its two immediate neighbors. The

neg: Hebbian theory Hebbian theory Hebbian theory is a neuroscientific theory claiming that an increase in synaptic efficacy arises from a presynaptic cell's repeated and persistent stimulation of a postsynaptic cell. It is an attempt to explain synaptic plasticity, the adaptation of brain neurons during the learning process. It was introduced by Donald Hebb in his 1949 book "The Organization of Behavior." The theory is also called Hebb's rule, Hebb's postulate, and cell assembly theory. Hebb states it as follows: Let us assume that the persistence or repetition of a reverberatory activity (or "trace") tends to induce lasting cellular changes that add to

neg: Hadley cell meteorologist, was dissatisfied with the theory that the astronomer Edmond Halley had proposed for explaining the trade winds. What was no doubt correct in Halley's theory was that solar heating creates upward motion of equatorial air, and air mass from neighboring latitudes must flow in to replace the risen air mass. But for the westward component of the trade winds Halley had proposed that in moving across the sky the Sun heats the air mass differently over the course of the day. Hadley was not satisfied with that part of Halley's theory and rightly so. Hadley was the first to

neg: 24-cell the dual of the one above. A path that traverses 6 vertices solely along edges, resides in the dual of this polytope, which is itself since it is self dual. One can easily follow this path in a rendering of the equatorial cuboctahedron cross-section. Starting at the North Pole, we can build up the 24-cell in 5 latitudinal layers. With the exception of the poles, each layer represents a separate 2-sphere, with the equator being a great 2-sphere. The cells labeled equatorial in the following table are interstitial to the meridian great circle cells. The interstitial "equatorial" cells touch the

neg: Identity fusion to guide behavior. In contrast, the theory of identity fusion theory proposes that both the personal and social identities of a person can be salient and influential simultaneously. Social identity theory also suggests that group members are only linked to one another through their allegiance to the collective; theoretically, personal relationships between group members do not foster identification with the group (with the exception of one study). In contrast, fused individuals feel deeply connected to other group members as individuals, as well as to the larger group as a whole. This is reflected in measures of identify fusion. For example,

neg: History of zoology through 1859 and Schwann began promoting the ideas that (1) the basic unit of organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life, though they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells. Thanks to the work of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow, however, by the 1860s most biologists accepted all three tenets of what came to be known as cell theory. Up through the 19th century, the scope of zoology was largely divided between physiology, which investigated questions of form and function, and natural history, which was concerned with

neg: Distributed operating system central unit was available to any device. The TX-2 was another example of a system exhibiting distributed control, its central unit not having dedicated control. One early effort at abstracting memory access was Intercommunicating Cells, where a cell was composed of a collection of memory elements. A memory element was basically a binary electronic flip-flop or relay. Within a cell there were two types of elements, "symbol" and "cell". Each cell structure stores data in a string of symbols, consisting of a name and a set of parameters. Information is linked through cell associations. The theory contended that addressing is

neg: Moore neighborhood Moore neighborhood In cellular automata, the Moore neighborhood is defined on a two-dimensional square lattice and is composed of a central cell and the eight cells which surround it. The neighborhood is named after Edward F. Moore, a pioneer of cellular automata theory. It is one of the two most commonly used neighborhood types, the other one being the von Neumann neighborhood. The well known Conway's Game of Life, for example, uses the Moore neighborhood. It is similar to the notion of 8-connected pixels in computer graphics. The Moore neighbourhood of a cell is the cell itself and the cells

neg: Clonal selection group of lymphocytes (specifically B cells), a specific antigen only activates (i.e. selects) its counter-specific cell so that particular cell is induced to multiply (producing its clones) for antibody production. This activation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and the lymph nodes. In short the theory is an explanation of the mechanism for the generation of diversity of antibody specificity. The first experimental evidence came in 1958, when Gustav Nossal and Joshua Lederberg showed that one B cell always produces only one antibody. The idea turned out to be the foundation of molecular immunology, especially in adaptive

neg: Multiple exciton generation Multiple exciton generation In solar cell research, carrier multiplication is the phenomenon wherein the absorption of a single photon leads to the excitation of multiple electrons from the valence band to conduction band. In the theory of a conventional solar cell, each photon is only able to excite one electron across the band gap of the semiconductor, and any excess energy in that photon is dissipated as heat. In a material with carrier multiplication, high-energy photons excite on average more than one electron across the band gap, and so in principle the solar cell can produce more useful work. In

neg: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex races in humans. Few made that distinction at the time, an exception being Alfred Russel Wallace. In his book "Why Freud Was Wrong", Richard Webster argued that "The Descent of Man" was influenced by racist prejudice, and that in it Darwin looked forward to the extermination of what he considered to be savage races. Since the publication of "Origin", a wide variety of opinions had been put forward on whether the theory had implications towards human society. One of these, later known as Social Darwinism, had been put forward by Herbert Spencer before publication of "Origin", and argued that society

neg: Fedor Bogomolov in the 1981 IHES preprint. Some years later, this theorem became the mathematical foundation for Mirror Symmetry. While studying the deformation theory of hyperkähler manifolds, Bogomolov discovered what is now known as the Bogomolov–Beauville–Fujiki form on formula_1. Studying properties of this form, Bogomolov erroneously concluded that compact hyperkaehler manifolds do not exist, with the exception of K3 surfaces, tori, and their products. Almost four years passed since this publication before Akira Fujiki found a counterexample. Bogomolov's paper on "Holomorphic tensors and vector bundles on projective manifolds" proves what is now known as the Bogomolov–Miyaoka–Yau inequality, and also proves that a

neg: Concert etiquette and videos. While this is frowned upon by some fans, cell phone use is fairly commonplace at concerts. Several artists, such as Björk, Prince, Neutral Milk Hotel, and Jack White have begun to specifically request that audience members not use their cell phones during the show. Jazz music is performed in many different settings and venues throughout the world. When jazz is performed in public places such as outdoor jazz festivals and indoor jazz clubs, quiet conversation is usually considered acceptable. When attending a jazz performance in an indoor concert setting, western classical concert etiquette is expected with one exception:

neg: Baxter's law exception to the ICE theory. Regulated monopolies have the incentive and opportunity to monopolize related markets in which their monopolized service is an input. Under Baxter's law, a monopolist in a regulated industry is unable to capture the entire monopoly price since their prices are regulated. This monopolist will then seek to use its monopoly on one level of the market to expand into another level of the market, one where price is unregulated. Whereas the ICE theory would normally find this acceptable, Baxter's law explains that the monopolist can use its monopoly position in one level to capture a

neg: Presentation complex each projective plane. The Cayley Complex is an infinite string of spheres. Presentation complex In geometric group theory, a presentation complex is a 2-dimensional cell complex associated to any presentation of a group "G". The complex has a single vertex, and one loop at the vertex for each generator of "G". There is one 2-cell for each relation in the presentation, with the boundary of the 2-cell attached along the appropriate word. Let formula_1 be the two-dimensional integer lattice, with a presentation Then the presentation complex for "G" is a torus, obtained by gluing the opposite sides of a square,

neg: Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis secondary tumors. Metastatic breast cancer represents the most devastating attribute of cancer and it is considered an advanced-stage event. Human breast cancer metastasizes to multiple distant organs such as the brain, lungs, bones and liver. The classical theory developed in the early 70’s anticipated that metastasis is due to genetically determined subpopulations in primary tumours. The genetic variance between metastatic foci is significant for only particular locus and within specific cell populations or only one-cell population shows differences and some loci are divergent only in one cell subpopulation. This explains the concept of tumour heterogeneity and the order of genetic

neg: Peleopoda spudasma Peleopoda spudasma Peleopoda spudasma is a moth in the Depressariidae family. It was described by Lord Walsingham in 1912. It is found in Panama and Venezuela. The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are very pale whitish ochreous, much shaded throughout with fawn grey, with the exception of a pale patch from the end of the cell to the outer end of the fold. A fuscous discal spot at one-third, followed by another at the end of the cell, with a plical spot below them nearer to the latter than to the former. A fuscous marginal shade extends along

neg: Ion trapping or energy. It is similar to osmosis in that they both involve the semipermeable nature of the cell membrane. Cells have a more acidic pH inside the cell than outside (gastric mucosal cells being an exception). Therefore, basic drugs (like bupivacaine, pyrimethamine) are more charged inside the cell than outside. The cell membrane is permeable to non-ionized (fat-soluble) molecules; ionized (water-soluble) molecules cannot cross it easily. Once a non-charged molecule of a basic chemical crosses the cell membrane to enter the cell, it becomes charged due to gaining a hydrogen ion because of the lower pH inside the cell, and

neg: Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre, Brisbane block to the western (north) cell block. The buildings are all lowset, one storey, brick and timber structures, with corrugated metal-clad hip roofs, and spaced timber board eaves linings. They are approximately rectangular in plan. Most walls are facebrick, with the exception of those in the southwestern (western cell blocks) and southeastern (southern cell block) corners of the buildings, which are single-skin with external V-jointed (VJ) timber board cladding and internally exposed timber stud framing. Each cell block originally comprised five cells, off a long passageway running the length of the building. On the opposite side of the passageway, and

neg: Comparative historical research not argue that one specific theory is better than the other just that a theory needs to be used. Their chosen theory is rational choice. One of the main problems is that everyone has a different concept of what a theory is and what makes something a theory. Some of their opponents feel that any theory can be tested and they are arguing that some cannot be. Kiser and Hecter do acknowledge that this is a growing field and that their perspective may change in the future. The comparative-historical method can be seen in "The Familial State: Ruling Families and

neg: Stem cell theory of aging Stem cell theory of aging The stem cell theory of aging postulates that the aging process is the result of the inability of various types of stem cells to continue to replenish the tissues of an organism with functional differentiated cells capable of maintaining that tissue's (or organ's) original function. Damage and error accumulation in genetic material is always a problem for systems regardless of the age. The number of stem cells in young people is very much higher than older people and this cause a better and more efficient replacement mechanism in the young contrary to the old. In