query: nafta member nations include those located in

pos: North American Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; Spanish: "Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte", TLCAN; French: "Accord de libre-échange nord-américain", ALÉNA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the 1988 Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada, and is expected to be replaced by the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement once it is ratifed. NAFTA has two supplements: the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the

pos: Regionalism (international relations) international trade agreements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the development of a European Single Market demonstrate the upgraded importance of a region-by-region basis political co-cooperation and economic competitiveness. The African Union was launched on July 9, 2002 and a proposal for a North American region was made in 2005 by the Council on Foreign Relations' Independent Task Force on the Future of North America. In Latin America, however the proposal to extend NAFTA into a Free Trade Area of the Americas that would stretch from Alaska to Argentina was ultimately rejected in particular by nations such

pos: Isidro Morales Moreno also a member of the editorial board with Ashgate in England for its publication “The International Political Economy of New Regionalisms”. He is the author of Post-NAFTA North America: Reshaping the Economic and Political Governance of a Changing Region, published by Palgrave/Macmillan (U.K), in 2008, and the editor of National Solutions to Trans-Border Problems?. The Governance of Security and Risk in a Post-NAFTA North America, published by Ashgate (U.K.) in March 2011. In addition, Morales Moreno is a member of professional organizations such as International Studies Association, the Latin American Studies Association (LASA) and the Mexican Council for Foreign Affairs

neg: United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement a wide range, including agricultural produce, manufactured products, labor conditions, digital trade, among others. Some of the more prominent aspects of the agreement include giving US dairy farmers greater access to the Canadian market, guidelines to have a higher proportion of automobiles manufactured amongst the three nations rather than imported from elsewhere, and retention of the dispute resolution system similar to that included in NAFTA. The dairy provisions are similar, but slightly higher, to those Canada agreed to in the never-ratified Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), giving the U.S. tariff-free access to 3.6%, up from 3.25% under TPP, of the $15.2 billion

neg: Datamyne Group. Named a “high-impact entrepreneur” by Endeavor Global in 2003, Milburn obtained private equity backing from Greenwich, CT-based Nassau Point Investors to expand operations to the U.S. It raised additional equity through a private offering in 2010. Incorporated (in Delaware) in 2005, Miami-headquartered Datamyne opened for business offering online access to U.S. import-export trade data, including U.S. maritime import data, and South American trade data. Descartes Datamyne has since expanded its trade database coverage to include the trade of the US NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico, 16 countries in Central and South America, the EU member nations, as well as

neg: Environmentalism of caged or penned animals, and other criminal acts. Such tactics are regarded as unusual within the movement, however. On an international level, concern for the environment was the subject of a United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972, attended by 114 nations. Out of this meeting developed UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and the follow-up United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. Other international organizations in support of environmental policies development include the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (as part of NAFTA), the European Environment Agency (EEA), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

neg: Tariff in United States history which led in 1994 to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It was based on Reagan's plan to enlarge the scope of the market for American firms to include Canada and Mexico. President Bill Clinton, with strong Republican support in 1993, pushed NAFTA through Congress over the vehement objection of labor unions. Likewise, in 2000 Clinton worked with Republicans to give China entry into WTO and "most favored nation" trading status (i.e., the same low tariffs promised to any other WTO member). NAFTA and WTO advocates promoted an optimistic vision of the future, with prosperity to be based on

neg: North American Free Trade Agreement Trade Agreement. The roster of NAFTA adjudicators includes many retired judges, such as Alice Desjardins, John Maxwell Evans, Constance Hunt, John Richard, Arlin M. Adams, Susan Getzendanner, George C. Pratt, Charles B. Renfrew and Sandra Day O'Connor. NAFTA is, in part, implemented by Technical Working Groups composed of government officials from each of the three partner nations. The North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act made some changes to the copyright law of the United States, foreshadowing the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 by restoring copyright (within the NAFTA nations) on certain motion pictures which had entered the public

neg: Effects of NAFTA on Mexico class is that NAFTA needs to be revisited, not removed. Elites and free-trade proponents in Mexico have heralded NAFTA as a success on the basis of new foreign investments and the increased stability of the business environment within Mexico. They also push the idea that failures are due to an unwillingness to move on from the past by those affected by NAFTA. Overall, the working class shares a largely negative outlook towards NAFTA, where the elites and free-trade advocates look at NAFTA’s benefits outweighing the detriments. However, the overall belief is that NAFTA needs to be fixed and not removed.

neg: Economic discrimination the maintaining of cheap force labor. Trade policies like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are often regarded as financial measures serving to economically oppress third world nations. This could include: Economic discrimination Economic discrimination is discrimination based on economic factors. These factors can include job availability, wages, the prices and/or availability of goods and services, and the amount of capital investment funding available to minorities for business. This can include discrimination against workers, consumers, and minority-owned businesses. It is not the same as price discrimination, the practice by which monopolists

neg: Canada–Mexico relations Canada–Mexico relations Canada–Mexico relations are relations between Canada and the United Mexican States. Although historic ties between the two nations have been dormant, relations between Canada and Mexico have positively changed in recent years, seeing as both countries brokered the NAFTA. They were on different sides of the Cold War Spectrum (Canada was a member of NATO while Mexico was in the Non-Aligned Movement, though Mexico later left; the two countries were, however, allies in World War II). Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, G-20 major economies, Organization of American States, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

neg: Cross-national cooperation and agreements generates 75 percent of South America’s GDP and this makes MERCOSUR the fourth largest trading bloc in the world after the EU, NAFTA, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Since August 23, 2008, there exists another integration initiative, the Union of South American Nations ("UNASUR"). It includes all independent states of South America with about 400 Million people and intends to create a level of integration similar to the European Union by 2025. Regional economic integration has not been as successful in Asia as in the EU or NAFTA because most Asian countries have relied on U.S. and

neg: North America allowed trade without national taxes and tariffs, NAFTA allowed Mexico to experience a similar duty-free trade. The free trade agreement allowed for the elimination of tariffs that had previously been in place on United States-Mexico trade. Trade volume has steadily increased annually and in 2010, surface trade between the three NAFTA nations reached an all-time historical increase of 24.3% or US$791 billion. The NAFTA trade bloc GDP (PPP) is the world's largest with US$17.617 trillion. This is in part attributed to the fact that the economy of the United States is the world's largest national economy; the country had a

neg: Government procurement procurement is organized by the Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC) agency and is governed by their Code of Conduct of Procurement in combination with principles laid out in the Federal Accountability Act and in the Financial Administration Act. Public procurement is guided by the principles of fairness, transparency, openness, and non-discrimination and complies with all international agreements that Canada is a member of (WTO Government Procurement Agreement [GPA], NAFTA, CETA, and various bilateral FTAs). Foreign suppliers from member nations to these agreements can bid on Canadian government procurements and are treated the same as domestic suppliers. The principal statutory

neg: Mercosur the investment. Member nations cannot adopt any exchange measures restricting free transfer of the funds invested or from activities exercised in their respective territories. Some South Americans see Mercosur as giving the capability to combine resources to balance the activities of other global economic powers, especially the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union. The organization could also potentially pre-empt the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA); however, over half of the current Mercosur member countries rejected the FTAA proposal at the IV Cumbre de las Américas (IV Summit of the Americas) in Argentina in 2005.

neg: Canada–Mexico relations Bush, began to negotiate another pact with Mexico under President Carlos Salinas de Gortari. The Canadian government under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney feared that the advantages Canada had through the Canada-US FTA would be undermined, and asked to become a party to the US-Mexican talks. The result was that NAFTA replaced the previous Canada-US FTA. An agreement was reached between all three nations and NAFTA came into effect on 1 January 1994. Since NAFTA has come into force, the two countries have become much more important to each other, and often collaborate when dealing with the United States. Relations between

neg: Prosec Mexico Prosec Mexico Prosec (Program of Sectoral Promotion) is a program started by the Mexican government after the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to overcome the challenges faced by international factories (maquiladoras)) in Mexico resulting from NAFTA article 3. Article 3 states that no NAFTA member can waive or reduce import tariffs conditioned upon the export of the finished good to another NAFTA country. The result was that after Mexico joined NAFTA the tariff rates for many of the raw materials used by maquiladora manufacturing companies would have risen significantly, particularly for goods of Chinese origin. Prosec

neg: Six Nations Polytechnic Six Nations Achievement Centre is a member of the Brant Literacy Service Planning (LSP) and the Ontario Native Literacy Coalition. The programs offered include: Main campus is a building located on 2160 Fourth Line in Ohsweken, Ontario. Ogwehoweh Skills and Trades Training Centre located at 16 Sunrise Court is a complex consisting of three two-storey buildings that mimic longhouses. Six Nations Polytechnic Six Nations Polytechnic (SNP) is a Haudenosaunee-owned and controlled post-secondary institution at Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation. The Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation are the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca, and Tuscarora.

neg: Effects of NAFTA on Mexico GDP. NAFTA has had a mild effect on employment, and wages have largely remained static over the years that NAFTA has been in place. Finally, Mexicans overall have a critical view towards the trade deal, but are generally opposed to a complete repeal of the law. For more information: [North American Free Trade Agreement] When NAFTA was being developed to include Mexico, the developers of the deal presented it as way to create more middle class jobs in Mexico by increasing development and investment in Mexico. This deal followed a trend of increased neo-liberal policies in Mexico that ultimately made

neg: Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of 53 sovereign states. Nearly all of them are former British colonies or dependencies of those colonies. No one government in the Commonwealth exercises power over the others, as is the case in a political union. Rather, the Commonwealth is an international organisation in which countries with diverse social, political, and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status, and cooperate within a framework of common values and goals, as outlined in the Singapore Declaration issued in 1971. Such common values and goals include the

neg: Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations 2014 estimates. Other states which have expressed an interest in joining the Commonwealth over the years or states which may be eligible to join the Commonwealth include Algeria, Bahrain, Cambodia, Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Libya, Madagascar, Palestine, United States and Yemen. Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of 53 sovereign states. Nearly all of them are former British colonies or dependencies of those colonies. No one government in the Commonwealth exercises power over the others, as is the case in a political union. Rather, the Commonwealth is an international organisation in which

neg: Mexico–United States relations two-way trade between both nations amounted to $521.5 billion USD. Foreign direct investment (FDI) into Mexico has risen dramatically since NAFTA went into effect and in 2008, 41% of all FDI came from U.S. sources. Roughly half of this investment goes to manufacturing. One U.S. company, Wal-Mart, is the largest private sector employer in Mexico. As of 2009, 62% of illegal immigrants in the United States originate from Mexico, but by 2014, they made up 52% of illegal immigrants. Commonly those who enter the United States illegally are smuggled in by individuals referred to as "coyotes". In 2005, according to

neg: History of globalization and transport costs have decreased. Multinational trade contracts and agreements have been signed, like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the European Union (EU) has been hugely involved in eliminating tariffs between member states, and the World Trade Organization. From 1890 and up to World War I instability in trade was a problem, but in the post war period there has mostly been economic expansion which leads to stability. Nations have to take care of their own products; they have to make sure that foreign goods do not suffocate their domestic products

neg: United Nations General Assembly resolution ES-10/L.22 issues of principle, legality and morality." Canada's Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland's spokesman, a country which was seeking re-negotiations of the NAFTA, confirmed its intention to abstain from the vote and that the resolution should not have come to the General Assembly. The text of the resolution includes the following key statements: The General Assembly, The motion was proposed by Yemen and Turkey. In introducing the resolution as chair of the Arab Group, Yemen's Amabassador said the US decision was a "blatant violation of the rights of the Palestinian people, as well as those of all Christians and Muslims." He

neg: Investor-state dispute settlement the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law ("UNCITRAL Rules") or under the Rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ("ICSID Rules"). NAFTA Chapter 11 was the first instance of an ISDS provision receiving widespread public attention, especially in the United States in the wake of the Methanex case. Resistance from the EU side to the US proposal to include an ISDS clause in the draft Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership treaty was such as to cause this element to be abandoned in September 2015. In its place, the European Commission proposed an investment court system (ICS).

neg: Most favoured nation extend preferential treatment to the exports of the developing countries. Another challenge to the "most favoured nation" principle has been posed by regional trade blocs such as the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which have lowered or eliminated tariffs among the members while maintaining tariff walls between member nations and the rest of the world. Trade agreements usually allow for exceptions to allow for regional economic integration. In the 1990s, continued "most favoured nation" status for the People's Republic of China by the United States created controversy because of its sales of sensitive military technology

neg: Latin American economy The Doha round most recent talks, have stalled. Many countries have established bi-lateral trade agreements and there has been a proliferation of them, dubbed the Spaghetti bowl effect. Free trade agreementss in Latin American and countries outside the region were established in the twentieth century. Some were short-lived, such as Caribbean Free Trade Association (1958–1962), which was later expanded into the Caribbean Community. Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement initially included only Central American nations (excluding Mexico) and the U.S., but was expanded to include the Dominican Republic. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was an expansion of the

neg: Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement 2009. The goal of the agreement is the creation of a free trade area similar to NAFTA, which currently encompasses the United States, Canada, and Mexico. CAFTA-DR is also seen as a stepping stone towards the FTAA, another (more ambitious) free trade agreement that would encompass all the South American and Caribbean nations as well as those of North and Central America except Cuba. Canada is negotiating a similar treaty called the Canada–Central American Free Trade Agreement. Once passed by the countries involved, tariffs on about 80% of U.S. exports to the participating countries were eliminated immediately and the rest

neg: Colin Robertson (diplomat) United Nations, as Vice Consul in the Canadian Consulate in New York City and as Counsellor and Consul in Hong Kong. He served as Consul General in Los Angeles from 2000-2004 where he was responsible for the American Southwest was appointed as the first head of the Advocacy Secretary and Minister at the Canadian Embassy in Washington. Mr Robertson worked in the Trade Negotiations Office during the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement negotiations and later was a member of the NAFTA Implementation Team. Mr. Robertson also held executive positions at Citizenship and Immigration, the Treasury Board Secretariat and with Petro-Canada International

neg: Andrés Manuel López Obrador cancelled, arguing it is benefits the three member nations. In June 2018, during a presidential debate, he argued that if there is a failure in the NAFTA renegotiation, the domestic economy must be strengthened, arguing, "[it] cannot be fatal for Mexicans, our country has a lot of natural resources, a lot of wealth." López Obrador has argued in favor of increasing workers' salaries "because wages in our country are very low, they are the lowest wages in the world and we need to strengthen the domestic market and this is to improve the income of workers; you can not be

neg: NAFTA superhighway NAFTA superhighway The NAFTA superhighway is a term sometimes used informally to refer to certain existing and proposed highways intended to link Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Although the term has not been used publicly by governments in an official policy context, there are some dissident beliefs about this appellation that are associated with conspiracy theories regarding alleged secret plans to undermine U.S. sovereignty. Development of these routes is supported by the North American SuperCorridor Coalition as part of a NASCO Corridor. These include Interstate 35 from Laredo, Texas to the Canadian border that downgrades to a non-freeway route

neg: Marc-André Blanchard Marc-André Blanchard Marc-André Blanchard (born November 10, 1965) is a Canadian lawyer and diplomat. On January 16, 2016, he was named as the Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations, effective April 1, 2016. In May 2018, The Government of Canada appointed Ambassador Blanchard Canada’s Representative to the Ismaili Imamat. In 2017, he was named as a member of Canada’s North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Council. Prior to his appointment, Blanchard was chairman and CEO of McCarthy Tétrault, one of Canada's largest and most prominent law firms, and a former president of the Quebec Liberal Party. He served

neg: Ginoogaming First Nation O'Nabigon, Maurice Waboose, Jerry Echum and David Charles Jr, Joseph Dore Jr. Their two-year elected terms began on August 2009. The First Nation is a member of Matawa First Nations, a Regional Chiefs Council, which in turn is a member of the Nishnawbe Aski Nation, a Tribal Political Organization representing many of the First Nations in northern Ontario. Government services are provided by the First Nation, the Matawa First Nations and by the Nishnawbe Aski Nation. Services include: Ginoogaming First Nation Ginoogaming First Nation (formerly the Long Lake 77 First Nation) is a small Anishinaabe (Ojibway) First Nation reserve located

neg: NAFTA's effect on United States employment Certain states with heavy emphasis on manufacturing industries like Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and California were significantly affected by these job losses. For example, in Ohio, Trade Adjustment Assistance and NAFTA-TAA identified 14,653 jobs directly lost due to NAFTA-related reasons like relocation of U.S. firms to Mexico. Similarly, in Pennsylvania, Keystone Research Center attributed 150,000 job losses in the state to the rising U.S. trade deficit. Since 1993, 38,325 of those job losses are directly related to trade with Mexico and Canada. Although many of these workers laid off due to NAFTA were reallocated to other sectors, the majority of

neg: US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement positively received Trump's view, with 68% of those voters opining that free trade agreements like NAFTA were "a bad thing" for the United States. As a result, a Bloomberg National Poll that was conducted shortly after the inauguration of Donald Trump into office (from February 19 to February 22 of 2016) showed that proportionally, 29% of respondents thought that NAFTA was good for the U.S. economy, 44% of respondents thought that NAFTA was bad for the U.S. economy, and 27% of respondents were unsure. Later, when the same poll was conducted in 2017, the results demonstrated a positive shift in

neg: Female homicides in Ciudad Juárez devaluation of women and an increase in gendered violence." Further, according to Wright, in the time period between the implementation of NAFTA in 1994 and 2001, "the homicide rate for men increased by 300 percent, while for women it increased by 600 percent." Such studies indicate the importance of exploring the effects of NAFTA when considering the possible causes of the murder of women and girls in Ciudad Juárez. Consequently, it has been suggested that amendments be made to NAFTA that include human rights provisions. Sociocultural factors in relation to traditional gender roles have impacted violence against women in Mexico.

neg: North American Union Tom Tancredo, who have all expressed opposition to a North American Union during their campaigns. U.S. Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez stated in 2007: "There is no secret plan to create a North American union, or a common currency, or to intrude on the sovereignty of any of the partner nations". Regarding the NAFTA superhighway, officials from the Federal Highway Administration have denied such a scheme. Also, the NASCO denies a new proposal for a "NAFTA superhighway" saying, "it exists today as I-35." In an August 2007 press conference in Montebello, Quebec, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated that he didn't

neg: NAFTA superhighway ending at Thunder Bay, Ontario, and Interstate 29, a spur that also downgrades to a regular highway at the border and continues to Winnipeg, Manitoba. The term is also sometimes used to describe some additional partly-built or proposed highways and supercorridors which are intended to connect the road systems of the three nations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) trade bloc. One of these is Interstate 69 that is mostly complete from the Canada–US border at Port Huron, Michigan to western Kentucky. In Canada, Ontario Highway 402 and other freeways in the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor can be considered

neg: Permanent representative Permanent representative A permanent representative is a diplomat who is the head of a country’s diplomatic mission to an international organisation. Organizations that receive permanent representatives from their member states include the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, NATO, the European Union, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Organization of American States. Permanent representatives can be sent to subunits or field offices of an organization. For example, in addition to the permanent representatives sent to the United Nations headquarters in New York City, UN member states also appoint permanent representatives to other UN offices, such as those in Geneva,

neg: Capital punishment Council of Europe, which has 47 member states, has sought to abolish the use of the death penalty by its members absolutely, through Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights. However, this only affects those member states which have signed and ratified it, and they do not include Armenia, Russia, and Azerbaijan. The United Nations General Assembly has adopted, in 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, non-binding resolutions calling for a global moratorium on executions, with a view to eventual abolition. Although most nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60% of the world's population live in countries where

neg: Kryptonita Spanish), a working-class urban area near Buenos Aires, where he and the other members of the Justice League (Flash, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, Hawkgirl, Batman and Martian Manhunter) have grown up to be antiheroes. Superman becomes known as "Nafta Super", and together with his friends they form the Nafta Super Gang, who rob banks and help the poor people in La Matanza -a "partido" (county) located in the urban agglomeration of Greater Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires Province)- by giving them the stolen money. Nafta Super and his gang (which includes a tranvestite Wonder Woman) are enemies with another gang lead

neg: Caribbean Basin Initiative United States entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994 with Mexico it became easier for Mexico to export its products to the United States. CBI countries had lost their advantage relative to Mexico, a major competitor in industries such as textiles and apparel, so they sought to increase their own preferences and achieve "NAFTA parity". Those efforts were not successful until the 2000 Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act, which was broadened in 2002. Several exports from the region continue to receive preferential status in the United States, however those preferences will likely be replaced by bilateral

neg: North American Free Trade Agreement Canada had come to an agreement to replace NAFTA with the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA). The USMCA is the result of the renegotiation of NAFTA that the member states undertook from 2017 to 2018, though NAFTA will remain in force until the USMCA is ratified by its members. The impetus for a North American free trade zone began with U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who made the idea part of his campaign when he announced his candidacy for the presidency in November 1979. Canada and the United States signed the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in 1988, and shortly afterward

neg: United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement reference to the previous trilateral agreement it is meant to supersede, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It is the result of the 2017–2018 renegotiation of NAFTA by its member states, which informally agreed to the terms on September 30, 2018, and formally on October 1. The USMCA was signed by United States President Donald Trump, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on November 30, 2018, as a side event of the 2018 G20 Summit in Buenos Aires. Each country's legislature still must ratify the agreement. Compared to NAFTA, the agreement gives the United

neg: United Nations Office at Vienna the work done in Vienna and highlight resources for further research in those subject areas. Some of the guides include: The courtyards and corridors of the United Nations Office at Vienna are adorned with many works or art. In June 2009 Iran donated a pavilion to the United Nations Office in Vienna, which located in the central Memorial Plaza of the Vienna International Centre. The Persian Scholars Pavilion at UNOV features statues of four prominent Persian figures. Highlighting Persian architectural features, the pavilion is adorned with Persian art forms and includes the statues of renowned Persian scientists Avicenna, Abu Rayhan

neg: Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, and Zimbabwe. The 2018 Winter Olympics saw the debut of Ecuador, Eritrea, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Singapore. This list of nations includes those that lie entirely or predominantly within the tropical latitudes and also have a mostly tropical climate according to the Köppen climate classification system. Years of Winter Olympic Games participation are shown. Other warm-weather nations (located in the subtropics, for example) that have competed in the Winter Games include Australia (which has a tropical far north, and became the first Southern Hemisphere nation to win a gold medal at the Winter Olympics in 2002), Bermuda, Chinese

neg: Section 22 Section 22 Section 22, as referred to in shorthand, is a provision of permanent United States agricultural law (Agricultural Adjustment Act Amendment of 1935, P.L. 74-320) that allows the President to impose import fees or import quotas to prevent imports from non-WTO member countries from undermining the price support and supply control objectives of domestic farm programs. Legislation implementing The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture exempts NAFTA partners and WTO member countries from Section 22 quotas and fees. Under both trade agreements, the United States converted then-in-effect Section 22 restrictions into tariff-rate

neg: Section 22 quotas. This effectively eliminates Section 22 as a tool to shield domestic price support operations. Section 22 Section 22, as referred to in shorthand, is a provision of permanent United States agricultural law (Agricultural Adjustment Act Amendment of 1935, P.L. 74-320) that allows the President to impose import fees or import quotas to prevent imports from non-WTO member countries from undermining the price support and supply control objectives of domestic farm programs. Legislation implementing The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture exempts NAFTA partners and WTO member countries from Section 22 quotas and

neg: Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act the free and dutiable tariff rates of 43 countries. It found that only seven nations had a lower tariff level than the United States (5.1%), while eleven nations had free and dutiable tariff rates higher than the Smoot–Hawley peak of 19.8% including the United Kingdom (25.6%). The 43-country average was 14.4%, which was 0.9% higher than the U.S. level of 1929, demonstrating that few nations were reciprocating in reducing their levels as the United States reduced its own. In the discussion leading up to the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) then-Vice President Al Gore mentioned the

neg: NK Nafta 1903 NK Nafta 1903 Nogometni klub Nafta Lendava 1903, commonly referred to as NK Nafta Lendava 1903 or simply Nafta, is a Slovenian football club from Lendava, which currently plays in the Slovenian Second League under the name Nafta 1903. The club was founded in 2012. ND Lendava 1903 is legally not considered to be the successor of NK Nafta Lendava and the statistics and honours of the two clubs are kept separate by the Football Association of Slovenia and the Association of 1. SNL. The club's supporters are called Gorgone Lendava. They also supported the old NK Nafta Lendava, which

neg: Mexico the 19th century. The Porfiriato was ended by the start of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system as a federal, democratic republic. Mexico has the 15th largest nominal GDP and the 11th largest by purchasing power parity. The Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) partners, especially the United States. In 1994, Mexico became the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It is classified as an "upper-middle

neg: Caribbean Basin Trade and Partnership Act Proclamation issued today, President Clinton designated all 24 countries as CBTPA Beneficiary Countries. In considering the eligibility of these countries for CBTPA Beneficiary Country status, the CBTPA required the President to take into account the existing eligibility criteria of the CBERA, as well as several new criteria elaborated in the CBTPA. These new criteria include: In addition to Presidential eligibility designations based on the criteria described above, the CBTPA requires an additional determination that countries have implemented or are making substantial progress towards implementing certain customs procedures based on those contained in the NAFTA. Today's Proclamation delegates authority for these

neg: International Electrotechnical Commission national standards bodies. National committees are constituted in different ways. Some NCs are public sector only, some are a combination of public and private sector, and some are private sector only. About 90% of those who prepare IEC standards work in industry. IEC Member countries include: Source: In 2001 and in response to calls from the WTO to open itself to more developing nations, the IEC launched the Affiliate Country Programme to encourage developing nations to become involved in the Commission's work or to use its International Standards. Countries signing a pledge to participate in the work and to encourage

neg: Urban Indian reserve these encourage a diverse land base which provides business opportunities for First Nations people. It is also claimed that there are advantages to the surrounding community due to spin-off business activity which contributes favourably to those outside the reserve. Examples include: Urban Indian reserve An urban Indian reserve () is land that the Government of Canada has designated as a First Nations reserve that is situated within an urban area. Such lands allow for aboriginal commercial ventures which enjoy the tax exemptions offered to traditional reserves. They may be located within either a municipality or, in the case of Saskatchewan,

neg: NK Nafta 1903 was dissolved in 2011. NK Nafta 1903 Nogometni klub Nafta Lendava 1903, commonly referred to as NK Nafta Lendava 1903 or simply Nafta, is a Slovenian football club from Lendava, which currently plays in the Slovenian Second League under the name Nafta 1903. The club was founded in 2012. ND Lendava 1903 is legally not considered to be the successor of NK Nafta Lendava and the statistics and honours of the two clubs are kept separate by the Football Association of Slovenia and the Association of 1. SNL. The club's supporters are called Gorgone Lendava. They also supported the old

neg: NK Nafta Lendava the successor of NK Nafta Lendava and the statistics and honours of the two clubs are kept separate by the Football Association of Slovenia and the Association of 1. SNL. Nafta supporters were called "Gorgone Lendava". League NK Nafta Lendava Nogometni klub Nafta Lendava (), commonly referred to as NK Nafta Lendava or simply Nafta, was a Slovenian football club, which played in the town of Lendava. They were founded as Lendvai Football Egyesület in 1903 during Hungarian administration. They were regarded as the oldest Slovenian football club until they filled for bankruptcy and were dissolved following the 2011–12 Slovenian

neg: US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement After it officially went into effect on January 1, 1994, U.S. public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has varied over time. Early public opinion on NAFTA was ambivalent, where a plurality of polled Americans was either unsure about NAFTA or did not have an opinion about NAFTA. As public opinion on NAFTA evolved, there were intermittent shifts in polls and surveys between support and opposition for NAFTA. However, support or opposition to NAFTA was frequently out of a plurality, as there was regularly a significant portion

neg: Ross Perot Perot also believes capital gains tax should be increased, while giving tax breaks to those starting new businesses. In his book, Perot showed support for giving tax cuts for SME's, as opposed to larger corporations. Additionally, Perot has supported a balanced budget amendment, stating: "spending should not exceed revenue for 27 consecutive years." On trade, Perot has stated that there is a trade deficit between Mexico and the U.S. and a loss of manufacturing jobs which he believes is caused by NAFTA. His position on Free Trade and NAFTA became his defining campaign principles of both the 1992 and 1996

neg: Canada–Mexico relations 1968, a joint ministerial commission was set up by both nations to meet every two years to discuss and analyze mutual interests in promoting development and deepening bilateral relations. In 1974, an agreement was signed between both nations to allow temporary migrant workers from Mexico to work in Canada. In 1990, leaders of Canada, Mexico and the United States began negotiating a free trade agreement that would be known as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Canada had just signed a free trade agreement with the United States in 1988 (FTA) when the US, under President George H. W.

neg: Defences and remedies in Canadian patent law Defence would still require that the patent claims are construed prior to determining infringement. International treaties such as "NAFTA" and "TRIPs" allow member states to create exceptions from the exclusive rights enjoyed by patent owners where the exceptions: Under the Canadian "Patent Act", legitimate user rights include prior use, experiments and research, and private non-commercial uses. Further user rights are available under the common law doctrine of exhaustion. Academics submit that user rights may extend to education. Section 56(1) of the Canadian "Patent Act" covers the situation where a person has made or used an invention prior to a patent

neg: North America nominal GDP of approximately $14.7 trillion in 2010. The countries of NAFTA are also some of each other's largest trade partners. The United States is the largest trade partner of Canada and Mexico; while Canada and Mexico are each other's third largest trade partners. The Caribbean trade bloc – CARICOM – came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations. As of 2000, CARICOM trade volume was US$96 billion. CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations. In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and

neg: Commercial policy In 2009, South Korea and the EU signed the EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement. The signing of the agreement created an FTA that is second only to NAFTA in size. The agreement held the benefits of increased free trade between the participants in the FTA as well as increased challenge to the United States. Preferential agreements are trade deals that involve nations making deals with specific countries that can aid the interests of one another as opposed to the nondiscriminatory deals that are pushed by the WTO. Nations have been increasingly preferring such deals since the 1950s as they are quicker

neg: US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement of respondents that were unsure about NAFTA and or did not have a substantial opinion on NAFTA. Notably, during the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump became a briefly polarizing force on public opinion about NAFTA, where negative views of NAFTA not only proliferated among Republican voters, but also the general population. Broadly, present public opinion on NAFTA is positive, with recent surveys finding that a majority of Americans viewing NAFTA as good for the U.S. economy. However, to note, public opinion towards NAFTA greatly fluctuated when survey data was organized into different categories (e.g. political party, level of education). Currently,

neg: Member states of the World Customs Organization states also include Vatican City, Cook Islands, Niue, Taiwan, and the other states with limited recognition. Member states of the World Customs Organization As of September 2017, the World Customs Organization has a total of 182 members. The European Communities (now: European Union) joined "on an interim basis akin to those enjoyed by WCO Members". The 175 sovereign states, 4 customs territories and one customs union are divided into the following regional groups: The following United Nations member states are not members of the WCO: Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Dominica, Suriname, Equatorial Guinea, Liechtenstein,

neg: Effects of NAFTA on Mexico the 1994 level by 2002. Economists in Mexico have argued that the growth and higher salaries that the Act should have created have failed to materialize for the workers of Mexico. Wages in Mexico have stagnated as well in the years following the passage of NAFTA, and inequality in the country still remains high, a trend that mirrors the economic trends in the United States. Overall, new income is distributed upwards, so new wealth is not distributed to the vast majority of Mexican workers. Due to this phenomenon, those who would benefit the most by expressing themselves politically face increased

neg: United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America discussions with unions to establish "a framework for collective bargaining." UE's Mexican ally the FAT, with the support of 52 other US, Mexican, Canadian and global labor organizations, filed a complaint in October 2006 with the Mexican National Administrative Office – a body established to address complaints of labor rights violations under NAFTA. The complaint charges that the North Carolina bargaining ban violates the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC), the labor-rights side agreement to NAFTA. In November 2007 the Mexican NAO launched an investigation into those charges. The plight of North Carolina public employees was dramatized in September

neg: Supply management (Canada) decrease with NAFTA re-negotiations but "renegotiation of trade agreements could boost inclusive growth if it led to a phasing-out of Canadian dairy supply management policies." Canadian wheat and barley farmers have raised similar over the talks. In the context of NAFTA talks, Jean Charest has suggested scrapping Supply Management in exchange for the United States scrapping their farm subsidies. Stanely Hartt argued that if supply management was ended New co-operatives, like Agropur, could emerge providing ownership interests and employment to the owners of small farms dedicated to those product lines and, with proper adjustment programs, the resulting growth would increase

neg: International investment agreement of people, and many more. PTIAs pursue the liberalization of trade and investment in the context of this broader focus. Frequently, the structure and appearance of the respective chapter on foreign investments is similar to a BIT. There exist many examples of PTIAs. A notable one is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). While the NAFTA agreement deals with a very broad set of issues, most importantly cross-border trade between Canada, Mexico and the United States, chapter 11 of this agreement covers detailed provisions on foreign investment similar to those found in BITs. Other examples of PTIAs concluded bilaterally

neg: George H. W. Bush and enforcement of its labor laws. Bush needed a renewal of negotiating authority to move forward with the NAFTA trade talks. Such authority would enable the president to negotiate a trade accord that would be submitted to Congress for a vote, thereby avoiding a situation in which the president would be required to renegotiate with trading partners those parts of an agreement that Congress wished to change. While initial signing was possible during his term, negotiations made slow, but steady, progress. President Clinton would go on to make the passage of NAFTA a priority for his administration, despite its conservative

neg: Labor unions in the United States Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA). In both cases, unions expressed strong opposition to the agreements, but to some extent pushed for the incorporation of basic labor standards in the agreement if one were to pass. However, Mayer has written that it was precisely unions' opposition to NAFTA overall that jeopardized organized labor's ability to influence the debate on labor standards in a significant way. During Clinton's presidential campaign, labor unions wanted NAFTA to include a side deal to provide for a kind of international social charter, a set of standards that would be enforceable both in domestic courts and through international institutions.

neg: Protectionism in the United States shipments to the United States. During the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations Republicans abandoned protectionist policies, and came out against quotas and in favor of the GATT/WTO policy of minimal economic barriers to global trade. Free trade with Canada came about as a result of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement of 1987, which led in 1994 to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It was based on Reagan's plan to enlarge the scope of the market for American firms to include Canada and Mexico. President Bill Clinton, with strong Republican support in 1993, pushed NAFTA through Congress

neg: Naphtha Belarusian word ("nafta"), Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian "nafta", the Russian word нефть ("neft<nowiki>'</nowiki>") and the Persian "naft" () mean "crude oil". Also, in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Slovenia, "nafta" (нафта in Cyrillic) is colloquially used to indicate diesel fuel and crude oil. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, "nafta" was historically used for both diesel fuel and crude oil, but its use for crude oil is now obsolete and it generally indicates diesel fuel. In Bulgarian, "nafta" means diesel fuel, while "neft", as well as "petrol" (петрол in Cyrillic), means crude oil. In "Nafta" is

neg: North American integration the signing of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in 1988. This agreement served as a template for American negotiations with Mexico that were eventually expanded to include Canada in what became the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Jorge Castañeda, serving as a policy advisor to then Mexican presidential candidate Vicente Fox, was influenced by Robert Pastor's ideas on deepening integration of NAFTA and encouraged Fox to adopt these policies as part of his campaign. Before and after the election Fox made appearances on several U.S. news programs advocating greater integration including a plan to open up the U.S.–Mexico

neg: José La Luz a longtime member of the Democratic Socialists of America La Luz has a long history in Organized Labor, and not just in one union. One of the most important examples of his work is with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU), a union that played a pivotal role in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) debates during the Clinton administration in the early 1990s. During that time, La Luz was the international director of the ACTWU when the NAFTA debate to eliminate barriers to investment and trade between the United States, Mexico and Canada raged in the

neg: Pauper labor fallacy Asia during the 1980s and 1990s. Economic research on the effects of NAFTA found that "employment effects have been small" and that NAFTA had "multiplied gains from trade" due to an "explosion of trade", in addition to providing economic and political stability and progress to Mexico. Sir James Goldsmith, a billionaire and former Member of the European Parliament, expressed his opposition with regard to international economic integration in "The Trap", a runaway best seller in France. Specifically taking issue with the GATT and global free trade, he argues that the adoption of global free trade would entail a general offshoring

neg: Effects of NAFTA on Mexico the implementation of NAFTA possible. Placed in the larger context of Mexican economic liberalization, NAFTA represents another step in the historic transformation of the Mexican economy from protectionist to open to trade. The passage of NAFTA represented an important moment for Mexico and the United States, as it represented a tying together of the two economies in a way that had never been done before between two relatively economically unequal countries. The economic growth of Mexico has remained steady between 1.2 and 2.5 percent since the passage of NAFTA, far from the large-scale growth NAFTA was supposed to lead to.

neg: Economy of Jamaica to increased competition as international trade policies were enacted. For example, as NAFTA was enacted in 1993, a significant amount of Caribbean exports to the United States diminished, being out competed by Latin American exports. Another example is the Banana Import Regime's 3rd phase, in which EU nations had first given priority in banana imports to previously colonized nations. Under pressure by the World Trade Organization, the EU policy was altered to provide a non-discriminatory trade agreement. Jamaica's banana industry was easily outpriced by American companies exporting Latin American goods. Jamaica's agriculture industry is now bouncing back, growing from being

neg: US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement more pro-NAFTA views. Overwhelmingly, 70% of postgraduates viewed NAFTA as good for the U.S. In contrast, 57% of college graduates, 52% with some college, and 54% with a high school education or less held the same view. However, along ideological (i.e. partisan) lines, conservative respondents were more likely to hold unfavorable views of NAFTA whereas liberal respondents were more likely to hold favorable views of NAFTA. Numerically, a survey done by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs found that 71% of Democrats had a positive view on NAFTA and that 34% of Republicans had a positive view on NAFTA. In

neg: US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement views on NAFTA, whereas 41% thought that NAFTA was good for the economy, 37% thought that NAFTA was bad for the economy, and 22% were unsure. According to a recent survey conducted by the Pew Research Center, when prompted on whether or not NAFTA was good or bad for the U.S., 56% of all respondents viewed NAFTA as good for the U.S. Similar results were found in a survey run by the Chicago Council of Global Affairs, where 53% of respondents thought that NAFTA was good for the U.S. (and its economy in particular). Categorically, respondents with greater education had

neg: Effects of NAFTA on Mexico in Mexico share the view that NAFTA has failed on its promises. Wages for manufacturing workers have remained stagnant, and instead of opportunity, many workers see NAFTA as holding back expansion. A worker interviewed for the New York Times indicated that "I thought it [NAFTA] would make my life better, that this agreement would create opportunities for everyone". Public polling in Mexico showed that two out of three people generally view NAFTA as being bad for Mexico. Luis Rubio, a pro-free trade researcher indicated that NAFTA "created the perception that things would get better, but the truth is we have

neg: Giant sucking sound since come into general use to describe any situation involving loss of jobs, or fear of a loss of jobs, particularly by one nation to a rival. Examples include: The Commission on Presidential Debates and PBS transcribed "job-sucking sound". Giant sucking sound The "giant sucking sound" was United States presidential candidate Ross Perot's phrase for what he believed would be the negative effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which he opposed. The phrase, which Perot coined during the 1992 US presidential campaign, referred to the sound of US jobs heading south for Mexico should the NAFTA, the

neg: North American Plant Protection Organization North American Plant Protection Organization The North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO), is the phytosanitary standard setting organization recognized by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It was created in 1976 as a regional organization of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. NAPPO has a global and a regional mandate. The global mandate comes from Article IX of the New Revised Text (1997) of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The main activity under this mandate is

neg: International School of Beijing the United Nations, and the International School of Beijing has been a member of the organisation since its inception. In addition, MUN is a student run program assisted by a teacher advisor, and the ISB MUN Executive Council organises and runs the Beijing International Model United Nations (BEIMUN), the third largest high school MUN conference in Asia, annually. This year (2017) marks the 25th Anniversary of the BEIMUN conference and it will be hosted in the school campus. The School is located on a campus in Shunyi District, close to popular residential compounds. Highlights of the school facilities include: The

neg: International trade and water however, disagreed with the applicability of this clause and claimed that Canada’s actions are in direct violation of several international trade agreements. Particularly, Sunbelt addressed Article XI of GATT which forbids a member nation from imposing measures other than taxes, levies and other charges on the export of its good. Likewise, Sunbelt argued that the water located in British Columbia belonged to US companies just as much as it belongs to Canadian companies. This argument is based on Article 11 of NAFTA known as the investment chapter. Once water is extracted from its natural state for whatever reason that same

neg: United Nations General Assembly observers with non-member observer states being seated immediately after UN member states, and before other observers. On 10 September 2015, the General Assembly resolved to approve the raising at the UN of the flags of non-member observer states alongside those of the 193 UN member states. Sixteen former non-member states were also granted observer status. Fourteen of those states eventually became members of the United Nations. The other two constitute a single special case. Most of the former non-member observer states accepted this status at a time when they had applied for membership but were unable to attain it, due to

neg: US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement the polling categories) were almost evenly divided." Likewise, Eric M. Uslaner suggested that "people made up their minds on NAFTA on the basis of arguments about trade, not about their own self-interest." US public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement After it officially went into effect on January 1, 1994, U.S. public opinion on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has varied over time. Early public opinion on NAFTA was ambivalent, where a plurality of polled Americans was either unsure about NAFTA or did not have an opinion about NAFTA. As public opinion on NAFTA evolved, there

neg: Textile industry in China the TPP would be excluded from, thus restricting China's ability to trade in the NAFTA region. Imports of textiles in the CBI, CAFTA, and the NAFTA region are currently subject to high import tariffs up to 10.1% for textiles and 26.8% for apparel. If the TPP were to be implemented, these tariffs would be reduced to zero for textiles and apparel products traded among member countries. Furthermore, with China being the top exporter of textiles and apparel in the world, the implementation is expected to result in a significant decline in China’s apparel exports to the United States, Japan, and

neg: Tonga the basis of traditional cultural values. Licensure criteria include 80% ownership by Tongans living in the country. , those papers denied licenses under the new act included the "Taimi ʻo Tonga" ("Tongan Times"), the "Keleʻa," and the "Matangi Tonga"—while those permitted licenses were uniformly church-based or pro-government. The bill was opposed in the form of a several-thousand-strong protest march in the capital, a call by the Tuʻi Pelehake (a prince, nephew of the king and elected member of parliament) for Australia and other nations to pressure the Tongan government to democratise the electoral system, and a legal writ calling for

neg: Bruno Simma for International Law for the German Federal Foreign Ministry's Training Centre for Junior Diplomats. He received doctorate honoris causa from the University of Macerata, Italy in 2006. He is member of the advisory board of the Goettingen Journal of International Law. Simma's term on the court expired on 5 February 2012; he was not a candidate for re-election. Simma served on the NAFTA Chapter 11 investor dispute panel in the Clayton/Bilcon case, in which a U.S. investor sought damages under NAFTA Chapter 11 after Canada and Nova Scotia rejected the investor's project to mine basalt and build a marine terminal

neg: Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) region: the American Council on Education (ACE), the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC), the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC), the Association of Canadian Community Colleges and the "Asociación Nacional de Universidades e Instituciones de Educación Superior" (ANUIES) from Mexico. With more than 170 member institutions, today, CONAHEC is the largest and most comprehensive network of institutions from the NAFTA region, offering student exchanges, annual conferences, professional development programs, and direct advise to its members. CONAHEC was founded in 1994 as the U.S.-Mexico Educational Interchange Project, co-convened by the Western

neg: United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara to human rights. MINURSO's budget is roughly 60 million dollars per year. There are two sets of teams, those in the Moroccan-controlled portion west of the berm and those in the Sahrawi-controlled region and refugee camps to the east and in Algeria. The camps west of the berm are located in Mahbes, Smara, Umm Dreiga and Auserd. The eastern camps include Bir Lehlou, Tifariti, Mehaires, Mijek, and Agwanit. There is also a liaison office in Tindouf which serves as a communication channel with POLISARIO leadership. , MINURSO had a total of 220 uniformed personnel, including 19 contingent troops, 193 experts

neg: Noticias Univision network's main target demographic of Hispanic and Latino Americans. Other programs produced by the news division include morning news-talk show "¡Despierta América!", newsmagazine series "Primer Impacto" and "Aquí y Ahora", and Sunday morning political affairs program "Al Punto con Jorge Ramos". Noticias Univision maintains bureaus located at many of the network's television stations across the United States (particularly those owned by parent subsidiary Univision Television Group, that serve as owned-and-operated stations of the network) and throughout Latin America. Noticiero Univision also has news share agreements with many of the national broadcast networks in those same nations and will often carry

neg: Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations four separate stone plaques, beside the original columnar stone memorial. The memorial's inscription may be translated as: An accompanying book, "" ("Book of Honour of radiologists of all nations") gives biographies of those commemorated. Three editions have been produced, the most recent in 1992. The names of those commemorated include: Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations The Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations (also known as the X-ray Martyrs' Memorial) is a memorial in Hamburg, Germany, commemorating those who died due to their work with the use of radiation, particularly X-rays, in

neg: Vedran Vinko French Ligue 2 side Metz on a free transfer. FIFA later confirmed that Nafta is eligible to receive training compensation, however an appeal annulled such claim. Vedran Vinko Vedran Vinko (born 22 February 1990) is a Slovenian footballer who plays as a forward for Nafta 1903. Vinko started his career playing in the youth team of Nafta Lendava. When he played his debut game for Nafta against Drava Ptuj, he was only 16 years old. He has definitely established himself on the first team in the 2010–11 season, scoring 10 goals in 26 games and being appointed captain of Nafta

neg: North American Free Trade Agreement of trade liberalization, designed to produce a body of evidence with respect to the initial hypotheses about NAFTA and the environment, such as the concern that NAFTA would create a "race to the bottom" in environmental regulation among the three countries, or that NAFTA would pressure governments to increase their environmental protections. The CEC has held four symposia to evaluate the environmental impacts of NAFTA and commissioned 47 papers on the subject from leading independent experts. From the earliest negotiation, agriculture was – and still is – a controversial topic within NAFTA, as it has been with almost all free

neg: ORLEN Lietuva first crude oil being put through them in 1968. In 1992, the company Naftotiekis was founded for the operation of Lithuanian pipelines, which became part of Mažeikių Nafta in 1998. The Būtingė oil terminal is a facility owned by Mažeikių Nafta, situated in an all-year-round ice-free area of the Baltic Sea on the Lithuanian coastline near the town of Būtingė, north of Palanga. The project began in 1995 when the company Būtingės Nafta was established for the purpose of constructing and operating the Terminal. In 1998, Būtingės Nafta was merged into Mažeikių Nafta. The first tanker was loaded in Būtingė

neg: NK Nafta Lendava NK Nafta Lendava Nogometni klub Nafta Lendava (), commonly referred to as NK Nafta Lendava or simply Nafta, was a Slovenian football club, which played in the town of Lendava. They were founded as Lendvai Football Egyesület in 1903 during Hungarian administration. They were regarded as the oldest Slovenian football club until they filled for bankruptcy and were dissolved following the 2011–12 Slovenian PrvaLiga season. The club played in the Yugoslav First League for one season, in 1946–47. The club went bankrupt in 2012 and was refounded as ND Lendava 1903. ND Lendava 1903 is legally not considered to be

neg: Effects of NAFTA on Mexico surging emigration to the United States following the passage of NAFTA could be tied to the loss of Mexican agricultural jobs due to subsidized agriculture in the United States. While it appears that emigration to the United States increased in the short run following the passage of NAFTA, some scholars have argued that the long-term effects of NAFTA will actually be a reduction in the number of people emigrating as a result of long-term economic gains. Attitudes towards the economic effects of NAFTA in Mexico vary based on class. Among the working class, there is a feeling of confusion towards

neg: Investor-state dispute settlement Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA Chapter 11 allows investors of one NAFTA party (Canada, United States or Mexico) to bring claims directly against the government of another NAFTA party before an international arbitral tribunal. Because NAFTA Article 1121 waives the local remedies rule, investors are not required to exhaust local remedies before filing Chapter 11 claims. While this fact has been amply criticized in public, proponents of ISDS tend to point out that speedy dispute resolution through ISDS is critical in modern economic environments and would be defeated by adding several instances of local remedies. On the other hand, there is no

neg: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1991 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1991 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1991 was a resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly on 17 December 1963. The resolution made provisions for amending the United Nations Charter in order to increase membership of the Security Council to fifteen member states and membership of the Economic and Social Council to twenty-seven member states. As per Article 108 of the UN Charter, the agreed amendments to the Charter took effect after the resolution was ratified by two-thirds of the UN member states' legislatures, including those of all five permanent members of the Security Council.

neg: North American Free Trade Agreement on November 20, 1993, 61–38. Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats. Clinton signed it into law on December 8, 1993; the agreement went into effect on January 1, 1994. Clinton, while signing the NAFTA bill, stated that "NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-paying American jobs. If I didn't believe that, I wouldn't support this agreement." NAFTA then replaced the previous Canada-US FTA. The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the U.S., Canada and Mexico. The implementation of NAFTA on January 1, 1994, brought the immediate elimination of tariffs on more than