query: who has the authority to set voting requirements

pos: Voting Rights Act of 1965 the formula in 1970 and 1975. In "Shelby County v. Holder" (2013), the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the coverage formula as unconstitutional, reasoning that it was no longer responsive to current conditions. The Court did not strike down Section 5, but without a coverage formula, Section 5 is unenforceable. As initially ratified, the United States Constitution granted each state complete discretion to determine voter qualifications for its residents. After the Civil War, the three Reconstruction Amendments were ratified and limited this discretion. The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) prohibits slavery; the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) grants citizenship to anyone "born or naturalized

neg: Oregon v. Mitchell and filed suit on the grounds that the act was unconstitutional. The respondent was John Mitchell in his role as United States Attorney General. The Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote that Congress could set requirements for voting in federal elections, and by a different 5–4 majority that Congress could "not" set requirements for voting in local and state elections. The opinion of the Court was written by Hugo Black. The remaining eight justices were split 4-4 on whether Congress had power to set voting requirements in "any" elections, regardless of whether they were state or federal. Black's vote

neg: Certification of voting machines The US Election Assistance Commission has assumed federal responsibility for accrediting voting system test laboratories and certifying voting equipment through the Voting System Certification & Laboratory Accreditation Program. The purpose of the program is to independently verify that voting systems comply with the functional capabilities, accessibility, and security requirements necessary to ensure the integrity and reliability of voting system operation, as established in the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG). With this program the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) will recommend labs for accreditation through its National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP). The VVSG provide a set of specifications

neg: Federal Voting Assistance Program Official During a period of a declared emergency or other situation in which a short time frame for ballot transmission exists, the governor or designated state official should have the authority to designate alternate methods for handling absentee ballots to ensure UOCAVA voters have the opportunity to exercise their right to vote. 6. Removal of Notarization and Witnessing Requirements Notarization and witnessing requirements on voter registration applications, ballot requests, and voted ballots present a real barrier to voting for many UOCAVA citizens. Citizens living in remote areas overseas are hindered because notary services may not exist or may be prohibitively

neg: Social policy of the Barack Obama administration 80% on civil liberty issues for the 110th Congress U.S. Senate. As noted above, Obama voted to reauthorize the USA PATRIOT Act, which extended the Act, but with some amendments. Such amendments would clarify the rights of an individual who has received FISA orders to challenge nondisclosure requirements and to refuse disclosure of the name of their attorney. He voted against extending the USA PATRIOT Act's Wiretap Provision on March 1, 2006. This bill would give the FBI the authority to conduct "roving wiretaps" and access to business records. Voting against this bill would prolong the debate, keeping the USA

neg: Occupational Health and Safety Regulation of British Columbia requirements that apply to certain industries or activities such as forestry and agriculture. The OHS Regulation has associated guidelines in order to assist with compliance. The guidelines provide ways to comply with the requirements set out by the OHS Regulation. Guidelines are updated regularly. Occupational Health and Safety Regulation of British Columbia The Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Regulation of British Columbia came into effect on April 15, 1998, and the most recent amendments came into effect on February 1, 2016. The requirements set out under the OHS Regulation are adopted under the authority of the Workers Compensation Act (WCA)

neg: Electronic voting and tabulation of election results. A worthy e-voting system must perform most of these tasks while complying with a set of standards established by regulatory bodies, and must also be capable to deal successfully with strong requirements associated with security, accuracy, integrity, swiftness, privacy, auditability, accessibility, cost-effectiveness, scalability and ecological sustainability. Electronic voting technology can include punched cards, optical scan voting systems and specialized voting kiosks (including self-contained direct-recording electronic voting systems, or DRE). It can also involve transmission of ballots and votes via telephones, private computer networks, or the Internet. In general, two main types of e-voting can be

neg: Airworthiness (Procedures for Competent Administration) "establishes the administrative procedures that must be followed by the competent authority to execute its tasks and responsibilities in connection with the concession, modification, suspension or revocation of approvals of maintenance organizations Part 145". The Annex III (Part 66); Section A (Technical requirements), "define the aircraft continuing license and set the requirements for its application, dispatch and continuity of its validity".The Section B (Procedures for the competent authority) "establishes the procedures, requirements, administrative requirements, measurement and control of compliance with Section A of Part 66". The Annex IV (Part 147); Section A (Technical requirements), "establishes the

neg: Voluntary Voting System Guidelines Voluntary Voting System Guidelines The Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG) are guidelines adopted by the United States Election Assistance Commission (EAC) for the certification of voting systems. The National Institute of Standards and Technology's Technical Guidelines Development Committee drafts the VVSG and gives them to the EAC in draft form for their adoption. The Help America Vote Act instructed Election Assistance Commission (EAC) to develop voluntary voting system guidelines—a set of specifications and requirements against which voting systems can be tested to determine if the systems provide all of the basic functionality, accessibility and security capabilities required of these systems.

neg: Oregon v. Mitchell Oregon v. Mitchell Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112 (1970), was a Supreme Court case which held that the United States Congress could set voting age requirements for federal elections but not for local or state elections. The case also upheld Congress's nationwide prohibition on literacy tests and similar "tests or devices" used as voting qualifications as defined in the "Voting Rights Act of 1965". Congress had passed the "Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970" requiring all states to register citizens between the ages of 18 and 21 as voters. The state of Oregon objected to the lower voting age,

neg: Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity applying to federal elections, it has deferred the making of most aspects of election laws to the states. Therefore the administration of voter registration requirements, voting requirements, and elections vary widely across jurisdictions. Voter impersonation (also sometimes called in-person voter fraud) is a form of electoral fraud in which one person who is not eligible to vote in an election does so by voting under the name of another eligible voter or by otherwise pretending to be eligible. In the United States, voter ID laws have been enacted in a number of states since 2010 with the aim of preventing

neg: Help America Vote Act accessibility, affordability, and security of voting equipment, election systems, and voting technology. HAVA requires the National Institute of Standards and Technology annually recommend areas for research. Responses to these requirements varied by state, but a widespread effect has been the purchasing of electronic voting machines, including DRE voting machines. There are criticisms of the reliability and security of these machines. Some electronic voting machines sold through 2005, including those by Diebold Election Systems, have not met the requirements of HAVA and were not required to be in compliance until January 1, 2006. Concerns have been raised that as late as

neg: Colorado House career of Douglas Bruce 165 contract corrections employees to state payrolls. Bruce also joined with left-leaning and environmental groups in opposing proposed changes to Colorado's petition process that would raise signature requirements and make it more difficult to put proposals to amend the Colorado state constitution on the statewide ballot. Bruce also entered into debate on, and voted against, a bill to impose new requirements on landlords and set standards for rental properties. His actions generated criticism from other legislators, who argued that Bruce should have recused himself from voting on the measure because his ownership of rental properties created a conflict of interest;

neg: 2008 Oregon Ballot Measure 54 in court decisions have made each of those requirements unconstitutional or a violation of federal law. The 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution prevents denial or abridgment of the voting rights of a citizen 18 years of age or older. Federal court decisions have held that residency requirements of the type which were set forth in section 6, violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. In addition, the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 generally prohibits literacy tests as a condition for eligibility to vote. Because of this, Oregon’s Attorney General in

neg: Voting rights in Singapore equal protection. Voting rights in Singapore The right to vote in Singapore is not explicitly stated in Singapore's Constitution, but the Government has expressed the view that it may be inferred from the fact that Singapore is a representative democracy and from specific constitutional provisions, including Articles 65 and 66 which set out requirements for the prorogation and dissolution of Parliament and the holding of general elections. Speaking on the matter in Parliament in 2009, the Minister for Law, K. Shanmugam, said that the right to vote could not be a mere privilege as this would imply the existence of

neg: Voting rights in Singapore Voting rights in Singapore The right to vote in Singapore is not explicitly stated in Singapore's Constitution, but the Government has expressed the view that it may be inferred from the fact that Singapore is a representative democracy and from specific constitutional provisions, including Articles 65 and 66 which set out requirements for the prorogation and dissolution of Parliament and the holding of general elections. Speaking on the matter in Parliament in 2009, the Minister for Law, K. Shanmugam, said that the right to vote could not be a mere privilege as this would imply the existence of an institution

neg: Pilot licensing and certification Pilot licensing and certification Pilot licensing or certification refers to permits on how to operate aircraft that are issued by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) in each country, establishing that the holder has met a specific set of knowledge and experience requirements. This includes taking a flying test. The certified pilot can then exercise a specific set of privileges in that nation's airspace. Despite attempts to harmonize the requirements between nations, the differences in certification practices and standards from place to place serve to limit full international validity of the national qualifications. In addition, U.S. pilots are "certified", not licensed,

neg: Judaism traditionalist interpretation of Judaism's requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Historically, special courts enforced Jewish law; today, these courts still exist but the practice of Judaism is mostly voluntary. Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization, but in the sacred texts and the rabbis and scholars who interpret them. The history of Judaism spans more than 3,000 years. Judaism has its

neg: Elections in the United Kingdom Commonwealth country (including Fiji, Zimbabwe and the "whole" of Cyprus ) or a European Union Member State, can apply to the electoral registration officer in the local authority area where they reside with a 'considerable degree of permanence' to be listed in that area's Electoral Register. In Scotland, those fulfilling the nationality requirements (as stated in the previous paragraph) who will be aged 16 or over on polling day can register to vote, as the age for voting in Scottish Parliament and local elections is 16. However, voters in Scotland under 18 are not entitled to vote in European Parliament

neg: Social Choice and Individual Values all the laws. The work culminated in what Arrow called the "General Possibility Theorem," better known thereafter as Arrow's (impossibility) theorem. The theorem states that, absent restrictions on either individual preferences or neutrality of the constitution to feasible alternatives, there exists no social choice rule that satisfies a set of plausible requirements. The result generalizes the voting paradox, which shows that majority voting may fail to yield a stable outcome. The Introduction contrasts voting and markets with dictatorship and social convention (such as those in a religious code). Both exemplify social decisions. Voting and markets facilitate "social" choice in a

neg: Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895) constitution was the frustration amongst members of the Reform Party (also known as the Missionary Party) with the growing debt of the Kingdom, the spending habits of the King, and general governance of the Kingdom. It was specifically triggered by an ill-fated attempt by Kalakaua to create a Polynesian Federation under his rule, and a bribery scandal Kalakaua was involved in regarding opium licenses. The 1887 constitution stripped the monarchy of much of its authority, imposed significant income and property requirements for voting, and completely disenfranchised all Asians from voting. Only well-to-do Europeans, Americans and native Hawaiians were given full

neg: Voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand Voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand The voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand have been in a near constant state of flux since the first election in New Zealand in 1853. Prisoners have experienced varying degrees of enfranchisement. The present position in New Zealand is that anyone in prison at the time of an election is ineligible to vote, regardless of the length of sentence imposed. The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 set out the requirements for enfranchisement. Prisoners were expressly excluded from registration for voting where they were serving a sentence for "any treason, felony, or infamous

neg: College of American Pathologists and the organization was later given authority to accredit medical laboratories as a result of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988. The CAP publishes checklists containing requirements pertaining to the performance of laboratory tests. The All Common Checklist (COM) contains a core set of requirements that apply to all areas performing laboratory tests and procedures. Some requirements exist in both the COM checklist and in a discipline-specific checklist, but with a different checklist note that has a more specific requirement. In these situations, the discipline-specific requirement takes precedence over the COM requirement. The COM checklist also describes the

neg: Software independence auditability and proactively address the increasing difficulty of protecting against all prospective threats, the TGDC directs STS to write requirements for the next version of the VVSG requiring the next generation of voting systems to be software independent. The TGDC directs STS and HFP to draft usability and accessibility requirements to ensure that all voters can verify the independent voting record." "The TGDC further directs STS and Core Requirements and Testing Subcommittees (CRT) to draft requirements to ensure that systems that produce independently verifiable voting records are reliable and provide adequate support for audits." Examples of software-independent voting systems are

neg: Proxy voting otherwise participate in the proceedings unless he is a stockholder in that same corporation. The Securities and Exchange Commission has ruled that an investment adviser who exercises voting authority over his clients' proxies has a fiduciary responsibility to adopt policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that the adviser votes proxies in the best interests of clients, to disclose to clients information about those policies and procedures, to disclose to clients how they may obtain information on how the adviser has voted their proxies, and to keep certain records related to proxy voting. This ruling has been criticized on many

neg: Suffrage has been limited to people who had achieved a certain level of education or passed a certain test. In some US states, "literacy tests" were previously implemented to exclude those who were illiterate. This disproportionately affected poor and black people, who were systemically denied access to the same educational opportunities as the white and rich people. Under the 1961 constitution of Rhodesia, voting on the "A" roll, which elected up to 50 of the 65 members of parliament, was restricted based on education requirements, which in practice led to an overwhelming white vote. Voting on the "B" roll had universal

neg: Socii republican constitution was democratic, based on the principle of the sovereignty of the Roman people. It had also developed an elaborate set of checks and balances to prevent the excessive concentration of power. The two Consuls, together with other republican Magistrates, were elected annually by the Roman citizenry (male citizens over 14 years old only) voting by "centuria" (voting constituency) at the "comitia centuriata" (electoral assembly), held each year on the Field of Mars in Rome. The popular assemblies also had the right to promulgate laws ("leges"). The Consuls, who combined both civil and military functions, had equal authority and

neg: Tactical voting voting equilibria that require all voters use the optimal strategy and all voters share a common set of "p" pivot probabilities. Because of these additional requirements, such equilibria may in practice be less widely applicable than the strategies. Because tactical voting relies heavily on voters' perception of how other voters intend to vote, campaigns in electoral methods that promote compromise frequently focus on affecting voter's perception of campaign viability. Most campaigns craft refined media strategies to shape the way voters see their candidacy. During this phase, there can be an analogous effect where campaign donors and activists may decide whether

neg: Political positions of John McCain the measure with some amendments clarifying the rights of an individual who has received FISA orders to challenge nondisclosure requirements and to refuse disclosure of the name of their attorney. Voting against this bill would have terminated the Patriot Act. McCain voted to extend the Patriot Act's Wiretap Provision. This piece of legislation would allow the FBI to use roaming wiretaps on U.S. residents and would concede to the Federal Agents entry and access to corporate accounts. Voting for this bill would extend the Patriot Act to December 31, 2009, thereby making its provisions permanent whereas voting against this bill

neg: November 2009 International Criminal Court judges election thrice until 28 October 2009 due to the lack of candidates from some groups for which minimum voting requirements were in place. The following persons were nominated: Minimum voting requirements governed part of the election. This was to ensure that article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements existed; they were to be adjusted once the election was underway. Regarding the List A or B requirement, there was no minimum voting requirement. Regarding the regional criteria, there was a voting requirement for one judge from the Asian States and one judge from the Latin

neg: 2003 International Criminal Court judges election article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. The following minimum voting requirements existed: Regarding the List A or B requirement, there was a minimum voting requirement (not to be waived at any time) of nine judges from List A and five judges from List B. Regarding the regional criteria, there were minimum voting requirements for three African, two Asian, two Eastern European judges, three Latin American and Caribbean judges and three judges from Western European and Other States. Regarding the gender criteria, there was a minimum voting requirement for six female and six male judges. The voting requirements were as follows:

neg: South African National Halaal Authority consumers know that the product is in compliance with halal dietary requirements. South African National Halaal Authority South African National Halaal Authority (SANHA) is an international non-profit organization certifying halal food and products in South Africa. The authority's goal is to simplify the recognition and purchase of halal food across all stores in South Africa instead of having halal products sold in a select group of halal-only stores. The organization has offices in KwaZulu-Natal, Gauteng, and Western Cape. SANHA examines products according to a set of Islamic dietary criteria. When a product meets the criteria, it gets certified which means

neg: Certification of voting machines and requirements against which voting systems can be tested to determine if the systems provide all of the basic functionality, accessibility and security capabilities required of these systems. In addition, the guidelines establish evaluation criteria for the national certification of voting systems. The EAC's Technical Guidelines Development Committee, with technical support from NIST are tasked with developing an initial set of recommendations for each VVSG iteration. After the initial draft guidelines are authored, they are sent to the EAC for review and revision and then released for public comment. Comments are reviewed and considered by the EAC in consultation with

neg: School leaving qualification is delivered at a later date. Most countries around the world award high school diplomas on the basis of completing appropriate coursework and passing one or more standardized tests. Every country has different requirements for receiving a diploma, and in some cases, individual schools set their own requirements. Requirements also change over time. There is no single, universal set of requirements for receiving a high school diploma. Every time and place has different requirements. A person who qualifies for a diploma, but has not yet received it, is called a "graduand"; after receiving it, the person is called a "graduate".

neg: IDEA 2004 a method of meeting the new requirements set by IDEA 2004. Changes to due process include the following: Procedural Safeguards Notice only needs to be distributed once per year, Parents have two years to exercise due process rights, changes to the due process complaint notice procedure, parents must go through a mandatory resolution session before due process,responsibility for attorney's fees and requirements for hearing officers. 1. Adds new authority for school staff to determine discipline on a case by case basis 2. New standards for manifestation determinations where the burden of proof has been shifted to the parents and must

neg: Politics of Estonia by the municipal council and comprises at least five members, with half of the members being presented by the municipal secretary and half by participating political parties. The activities of the National Electoral Committee and election managers can be observed by everyone. Electronic voting was first used in Estonia during the municipal council elections of 2005. Since then the share of people voting electronically has continuously risen. Electronic voting is managed by the State Electoral Office, which establishes the technical requirements and organisation of electronic voting. Voting is based on the Estonian ID card. Every voter has the right to

neg: Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act also has the authority to grant voting rights to residents of the District of Columbia. The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act has also been challenged in federal court by U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico. Plaintiffs in the case of "Igartua de la Rosa v. United States" claimed that the Act is unconstitutional because it allows U.S. citizens who move abroad to vote in federal elections, but not if they relocate to Puerto Rico. The challenge was dismissed by the courts. However, in his dissent, Judge Juan R. Torruella argued that the United States Constitution neither denies citizens

neg: Age of candidacy in any federal election. In Thailand the minimum age to be elected to the National Assembly is 35 years. The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary elections as 30. This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006, when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment. In 2017, it was further lowered to 18, the same as the voting age. The Prime Minister of Turkey has to be a member of the parliament, hence it has the same requirements as parliamentary eligibility. The age of candidacy for the President is 18. Due to new laws being voted in as

neg: District of Columbia voting rights Those who believe D.C. voting rights legislation would be unconstitutional point out that the District of Columbia is not a U.S. state. Advocates of voting rights legislation claim that Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 (the District Clause), which grants Congress "exclusive" legislative authority over the District, allows the Congress to pass legislation that would grant D.C. voting representation in the Congress. The Twenty-third Amendment says the District is entitled to: Since this amendment's adoption in 1961, the District has had three electoral votes in each presidential election. Unlike residents of U.S. territories such as Puerto Rico or Guam, which

neg: Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council South Africa Company, with the BSAC administrator presiding (and who also holding the right of veto over any legislation). Additionally, a British resident commissioner sat on the Council as a non-voting member. Qualifications for members and franchise were set by the commissioner, who required voters to be British subjects, male, 21 years of age and older, able to write their address and occupation, and then to fulfil any one of the following financial requirements: All voters were entered onto a common roll. Due to continuing pressure by white settlers for a greater role in the administration of the colony, the

neg: International Committee for Weights and Measures to match the world's increasingly demanding requirements for measurement. The ICWM has set up a number of consultative committees (CC) to assist it in its work. These committees are under the authority of the ICWM. The president of each committee, who is expected to take the chair at CC meetings, is usually a member of the ICWM. Apart from the CCU, membership of a CC is open to National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) of Member States that are recognized internationally as most expert in the field. NMIs from Member States that are active in the field, but lack the expertise to

neg: FRSAD FRSAR News Report to IFLA): Find: to find an entity (thema or nomen) or set of entities corresponding to stated criteria Identify: to identify an entity (thema or nomen) based on certain attributes / characteristics Select: to select an entity (thema or nomen) Explore: to explore any relationships between entities (thema or nomen), correlations to other subject vocabularies and structure of a subject domain FRSAD Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD), previously known as Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records (FRSAR), is a conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) and published

neg: Electoral system of Australia and then it is sent by the voting official to the voter's home district to be counted there. Other alternatives are postal voting and early voting, known as "pre-poll voting", which are also available to voters who would not be in their registered electoral districts on an election day. A form of postal voting was introduced in Western Australia in 1877, followed by an improved method in South Australia in 1890. On the other hand, concerns about postal voting have been raised as to whether it complies with the requirements of a secret ballot, in that people cast their vote

neg: Functional Requirements for Authority Data work and future implementations are aimed at supporting four tasks, frequently executed by users in a library context—either the library patrons (the first three tasks), or the librarians themselves (all four tasks): Next to the development of FRAR, the Working Group on Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records (FRANAR) is also charged to study the feasibility of an International Standard Authority Data Number (ISADN) and serve as the official IFLA liaison to and work with other interested groups concerning authority files. Functional Requirements for Authority Data Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD), formerly known as Functional Requirements for Authority

neg: Lord Chamberlain's requirements Lord Chamberlain's requirements The Lord Chamberlain's requirements were a set of four prerequisites for a licence for a production in British theatres. These were printed in theatre programmes so the audience could be aware of them. The Lord Chamberlain's Office had control of theatres until 1968, including censorship of the production content as well as for logistical matters. In the 1980s, they were replaced by similar requirements applied by a local licensing authority. The original regulations were officially known as the Lord Chamberlain's Regulations, but as they were printed in every programme as "The Lord Chamberlain's Requirements", this became their

neg: Claudia Maria Buch democratic authority to do so." In 2013, Buch and Elke König, who headed the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) at the time, were cited by German media as contenders for a post on the Executive Board of the European Central Bank that eventually went to Sabine Lautenschläger. Between July 2013 and March 2014, Buch served as member of the European Commission’s expert group on debt redemption fund and eurobills, led by Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell. The expert group was set up with a mandate to deepen the analysis on the possible merits, risks, requirements and obstacles of partial substitution of national issuance

neg: Northern Virginia Transportation Authority Delegates appointed by the Speaker of the House; one member of the Senate appointed by the Senate Committee on Rules; and two citizens who reside in counties and cities embraced by the Authority, appointed by the Governor. In addition, the Director of the Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation, or his/her designee; the Commonwealth Transportation Commissioner, or his/her designee; and the chief elected officer of one town in a county which the Authority embraces serve as non-voting members of the Authority. The NVTA has two statutory committees: Planning Coordination Advisory Committee and Technical Advisory Committee. The NVTA has three

neg: OliverMcMillan units for those who meet the income requirements established by the Hawaii Community Development Authority. Construction began on Symphony Honolulu in late 2013 and is on a two-year schedule for completion; 70% of the residences were sold in the first two days of sales in early 2013. SALT is a 3.69-acre site in Tempe that has been fully entitled as a four-story, 264-unit, Class A apartment building. Located on the south side of Tempe Town Lake, the site is part of the Hayden Ferry Lakeside Master Plan, near Arizona State University and the Mill Avenue Entertainment District. Construction is set

neg: Jenkins Commission (UK) Jenkins Commission (UK) The Independent Commission on the Voting System, popularly known as the Jenkins Commission after its chairman Roy Jenkins, was a commission into possible reform of the United Kingdom electoral system. The commission was set up in December 1997 by the Labour government with the support of the Liberal Democrats, to investigate alternatives to the single member plurality (or "first past the post") electoral system used for British general elections. A referendum was planned on whether to change the voting system. The commission was asked to take into account four requirements: The commission reported in September 1998 and

neg: Authority for Mandate Delay Act tax credits become available January 1, penalties are stated for 2014 (to be adjusted by inflation in the following years), and the section about the employer mandate has a specific effective date. There is a specific section granting the authority to waive certain requirements, but only under a set of exact conditions, only on a state level basis, and not beginning until 2017; this indicates that "Congress clearly did not want the administration to waive it unless certain specified conditions were met." Legal scholar and former federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, Michael

neg: Federal Voting Assistance Program expensive and difficult to access. Similarly, witnessing requirements, especially those that specify the age or citizenship of the witness, may disenfranchise voters who cannot satisfy this requirement due to their location or circumstances. Notarization or witnessing requirements for all absentee balloting materials should be removed, and the voter’s signature and date, under the self-administered oath on these voting materials, should verify the legitimacy of the voter and the application or ballot. 7. Late Registration Procedures Recently discharged Uniformed Service members and their accompanying families or overseas citizens returning to the United States may become residents of a state just before

neg: Race and ethnicity in the United States Census for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require these data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data are needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act by local jurisdictions". "Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the

neg: 2007 International Criminal Court judges election Sunday Akinola Akintan of Nigeria was withdrawn. Minimum voting requirements governed part of the election. This was to ensure that article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements existed; they were to be adjusted once the election was underway. Regarding the List A or B requirement, there was a minimum voting requirement (not to be waived at any time) of two judges from List A . Regarding the regional criteria, there was no minimum voting requirement. Regarding the gender criteria, there was no minimum voting requirement. The regional and gender criteria could have been

neg: 2014 International Criminal Court judges election the 2014 election lasts from 28 April to 20 July 2014. It was extended once due to the lack of candidates from Asia until 3 August 2014. The following persons were nominated as of 4 August 2014: Minimum voting requirements govern part of the election. This is to ensure that article 36(8)(a) cited above was fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements will exist; they will be adjusted once the election is underway. Assuming that there is no change in the bench, the voting requirements will be as follows: Regarding the List A or B requirement, there are

neg: January 2009 International Criminal Court judges election of candidates from some groups for which minimum voting requirements were in place. The following persons were nominated: The candidatures of Fernando Enrique Arboleda Ripoll of Colombia and of Lombe Chibesakunda of Zambia were withdrawn. The candidature of Onesimus Mutungi of Kenya was replaced by the candidature of Joyce Aluoch. Chile Eboe-Osuji of Nigeria was originally listed for list B. Minimum voting requirements governed part of the election. This was to ensure that article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements existed; they were to be adjusted once the election was underway. Regarding the

neg: Cantons of Switzerland of general popular assemblies in Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus, democratic rights are exercised by secret ballot. The right of foreigners to vote varies by canton, as does whether Swiss citizens living abroad (and registered to vote in a canton) can take part in cantonal voting. Swiss citizens are citizens of a particular municipality (the place of origin) and the canton in which that municipality is part. Cantons therefore have a role in and set requirements for the granting of citizenship (naturalisation), though the process is typically undertaken at a municipal level and is subject to federal law. Switzerland has only

neg: Eduroam non-voting members of the GeGC. eduroam is available at selected locations in countries with a National Roaming Operator that has signed the eduroam Compliance Statement. Those sixty-seven countries are listed below. In addition, there may be pilot deployments in countries that are in the process of joining eduroam. The NRENs that are members of the consortium of the GN3 project have joined the "European eduroam confederation" by signing the confederation's policy that requires its members to comply to a set of technical and organisational requirements, which are more specific than those in the global eduroam Compliance Statement. As a consequence,

neg: Engineer's degree requirements for Incorporated Engineer and Chartered Engineer status. The Graduate Diploma is set at the same level as the final year of a British BEng and its Postgraduate Diploma is set at the same level as the final year of a British MEng. UK Professional institutions have delegated authority from the engineering council to approve university degrees and also award the Chartered Engineer qualification in a specific discipline. For example, IMechE awards C.Eng, MIMechE, ICE awards CEng, MICE and IET awards CEng, MIET. Engineers who have been awarded a BEng (Ordinary) or BEng (Honours) and have appropriate training and experience

neg: Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011 peaceful transition to the next election, set for September 2011, and promised to make political reforms. He also said that he would demand that Egyptian authorities pursue "outlaws" and "investigate those who caused the security disarray." Mubarak said that peaceful protests were transformed into "unfortunate clashes, mobilised and controlled by political forces that wanted to escalate and worsen the situation". He called upon the Egyptian parliament to change the term limits of the presidency and to change the requirements to run for president. He also admitted that there were voting violations by key members of the parliament, which would have

neg: Lehigh and Northampton Transportation Authority Lehigh and Northampton Transportation Authority The Lehigh and Northampton Transportation Authority (LANTA; stylized as 'LANta'), is a transit agency that provides public, fixed-route bus service throughout Lehigh County and Northampton County, in Pennsylvania, United States. The primary area that LANTA serves is the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania, serving the cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, and Easton. The Lehigh and Northampton Transportation Authority (LANTA) has ten voting and two non-voting members appointed by the County Executives. The agency was created in March 1972 in response to the transportation crisis that was occurring in Lehigh, and Northampton. The solution was to create

neg: Taltopia offered prizes and opportunities to participants. User-generated contests, on the other hand, were created by registered members who can set a cheatfest description, duration, and requirements to enter. After voting was complete, winners of user-generated cheatfests earned a prize-pool of Flamebucks. Industry professionals looking to recruit creative talent post casting/job notices; members could search for and apply to these opportunities by submitting content they had already uploaded to the site for consideration. Taltopia Taltopia was an online artistic community which connected aspiring artists with fans and talent industry professionals. It was launched in Los Angeles, California on February 28, 2008

neg: Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential primary campaign the caucuses, as many employees could not leave the casinos during voting hours. Clinton supporters said they violated equal protection and one-person-one-vote requirements, and the Nevada State Education Association filed a lawsuit seeking to eliminate the casino caucus sites. The organization did not officially endorse Clinton, but many of its top officials have done so. This led Obama to allege that the suit was filed in order to hurt his chances at the caucuses. "Some of the people who set up the rules apparently didn't think we'd be as competitive as we were and are trying to change them last

neg: Clive Boughton before accepting a Visiting Fellow position in the Department of Computer Science at Australian National University in 1995, eventually becoming a full-time member of the department in 2000. Boughton was a contributor to the establishment of the BS Eng degree program within Department of Computer Science/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology. He was involved in eVACS (Electronic voting and counting), a computer system that provides for electronic voting and electronic counting for ACT Legislative Assembly elections. It provides for counting according to the Hare-Clark electoral system rules set out in the Electoral Act 1992. He was involved in requirements identification

neg: Voting Rights Act of 1965 information in the language of the language minority group. Originally set to expire after 10 years, Congress reauthorized Section 203 in 1982 for seven years, expanded and reauthorized it in 1992 for 15 years, and reauthorized it in 2006 for 25 years. The bilingual election requirements have remained controversial, with proponents arguing that bilingual assistance is necessary to enable recently naturalized citizens to vote and opponents arguing that the bilingual election requirements constitute costly unfunded mandates. Several of the amendments responded to judicial rulings with which Congress disagreed. In 1982, Congress amended the Act to overturn the Supreme Court case

neg: Williams v. Mississippi whites for decades. Although some northern Congressmen proposed reducing southern states' apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives to reflect the numbers of African Americans who were disfranchised, no action was passed. With one-party rule, white Southern Democrats had a powerful voting block which they exercised for decades, for instance, to reject any Federal legislation against lynching. "(See Section Two of the 14th Amendment.)" Williams v. Mississippi Williams v. Mississippi, 170 U.S. 213 (1898), is a United States Supreme Court case that reviewed provisions of the state constitution that set requirements for voter registration. The Supreme Court did not

neg: Statement of community involvement Statement of community involvement Established as part of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 in United Kingdom law, the statements of community involvement are produced by local authorities to explain to the public how they will be involved in the preparation of local development documents. They should set out the standards to be met by the authority in terms of community involvement, building upon the minimum requirements set out in the Regulations and PPS 12. Prior to the statement being adopted, local authorities must ensure that any plan preparation work meets these minimum requirements. A key outcome of the

neg: Norwegian Railway Authority interests of passengers/users, companies, employees and the general public. The Authority is responsible for ensuring that rail operators meet the conditions and requirements set out in rail legislation that governs the traffic. The authority is also responsible for drawing up regulations, awarding licences for rail activity and approving rolling stock and infrastructure. Norwegian Railway Authority The Norwegian Railway Authority () is a Norwegian government agency responsible for practical control and supervision of rail transport in Norway, including railways, tramways, rapid transits, heritage railways and side tracks. The agency was created on October 1, 1996 when the function was removed from

neg: Tony Hill (politician) Legislators, Hill and other members encouraged Florida's Governor Charlie Crist to issue an Executive Order establishing a Task Force to develop the requirements needed for the State of Florida to begin the process of restoring Civil Rights and streamlining the restoring of Voting Rights to felons who have completed their sentences and all other court ordered requirements. In 2007, the Governor issued an Executive Order that provided for the restoration of the civil rights for certain ex-offenders. Under the rule, the civil rights of ex-offenders who have committed less severe non-violent crimes, and meeting certain requirements, qualify for approval without

neg: 2006 International Criminal Court judges election article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements existed; they were to be adjusted once the election was underway. Regarding the List A or B requirement, there was a minimum voting requirement (not to be waived at any time) of one judge from List A and one judge from List B. Regarding the regional criteria, there were minimum voting requirements for one African, one Asian and two Eastern European judges. Regarding the gender criteria, there was a minimum voting requirement for one female judge. The regional and gender criteria could have been adjusted even

neg: CARICOM Single Market and Economy designate a Competent Authority for Right of Establishment. After entry has been granted the CARICOM National must submit to the Competent Authority, relevant proof, such as Police Certificate, Financial Resources, Business Names Certificate / Certificate of Incorporation. The Competent Authority will determine if all requirements to establish the particular business have been satisfied. Once all requirements are satisfied, the Competent Authority will issue a letter of approval to the CARICOM national copied to the Immigration Department. If the business is established within the 6 months period then the CARICOM National must report to the Immigration Department to further regularize his

neg: Rohtak Pt. B.D.Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak has witnessed a phenomenal growth achieving not only its designated goals but also in expanding its horizons to set newer objectives completely commensurable with the requirements of the National goal of “Health for all by 2020”. Some other medical colleges - The Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA) has developed the Rajiv Gandhi Sports Complex. in Sector-6 completed in 2012. The complex includes cricket, hockey and football facilities, tennis courts, an athletics stadium, wrestling hall, swimming pools and other leisure facilities. An athletic pavilion has also been constructed at the sports complex. The pavilion has a height

neg: Electronic voting in Estonia Authority also responded to the claims, describing them as a political, rather than technical, attack on the e-voting system, and criticising the method of disclosure. The connection of international researchers group to the Estonian Centre Party (which has long been critical of e-voting) has also been a common speculation among Estonian state officials and has been even suggested by prime minister. The main author of a white paper for Estonian electronic voting from 2001, Helger Lipmaa has been critical of the system up to the level of using paper ballots himself. The main author of second white paper for Estonian

neg: National Voter Registration Act of 1993 require registration), Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Maine lost the exemption when it abolished EDR in 2011, although EDR was subsequently restored in that state. After Congress enacted the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to address rampant voting discrimination against racial minorities, voting rights advocates argued for federal legislation to remove other barriers to voter registration in the United States. The basic requirements to vote are the same in all states. A person has to be a U.S. citizen, of at least 18 years old and a resident of the state in which he or she is voting.

neg: Electronic voting as critical infrastructure; funding for states to upgrade the security of the information technology and cybersecurity elements of election-related IT systems; and requirements for durable, readable paper ballots and manual audits of results of elections. Thanks to the Internet, voters can cast their ballots over the electronic voting systems conveniently and efficiently without going to the polling stations. E-voting is a new technology has been implemented by developed countries; most of the research has embraced this technology within this context. Therefore, there is a necessity to explore the implementation and adoption of this technology in developing countries such as South

neg: 2015 International Criminal Court judges election three times if there had been a lack of candidates from a group for which a minimum voting requirement was in place. The following persons were nominated: The nomination dated March 31, 2015 of A.B.M. Khairul Haque of Bangladesh was withdrawn on April 13, 2015. Minimum voting requirements governed part of the election. This is to ensure that article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements existed; they could have been adjusted once the election is underway. Regarding the List A or B requirement, there was no minimum voting requirement. Regarding the regional criteria,

neg: Early voting introduced early voting in 2009 for general and European Parliament elections; the system was first used in the 2009 election of Members of the European Parliament. Elections in Malta are held over one Saturday. Electors who would be outside the country on the day and are ready to take an oath to that effect may vote one week beforehand, at the premises of the Electoral Commission. Early voting, or advance voting, has been possible in New Zealand without a reason since 2008. Advance voting opens 12 days before the election day, with around 500 polling booths set up across the

neg: Papal election reforms of Pope Benedict XVI weeks. He also modified the cardinals' authority to set the start date of a conclave and tightened the punishment for support personnel who violate their oath of secrecy. John Paul's 1996 rules had introduced some "radical" innovations that allowed the cardinal electors, after 33 ballots (not counting any ballot taken on the first day of the conclave), to determine by majority vote how to proceed, allowing them to lower the majority needed for election from two-thirds of those voting to as little as a simple majority, and allowing them to restrict the balloting to the candidates who had received the

neg: Functional Requirements for Authority Data Functional Requirements for Authority Data Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD), formerly known as Functional Requirements for Authority Records (FRAR) is a conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) for relating the data that are recorded in library authority records to the needs of the users of those records and facilitate and sharing of that data. The draft was presented in 2004 at the 70th IFLA General Conference and Council in Buenos Aires by Glenn Patton. It is an extension and expansion to the FRBR model, adding numerous entities and attributes. The conceptual

neg: Panamax Navy on 12 February 1940, with the (never-realized) prospect of a new set of 140-foot wide locks to be built for the Canal. The s were designed with a folding deck-edge elevator to meet Panamax limits; the limit did not apply to subsequent US aircraft carriers. Panamax Panamax and New Panamax (or Neopanamax) are terms for the size limits for ships travelling through the Panama Canal. The limits and requirements are published by the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) in a publication titled "Vessel Requirements". These requirements also describe topics like exceptional dry seasonal limits, propulsion, communications, and detailed ship design.

neg: Occupy movement in the United States corporation named "Opportunities Las Vegas", and reduced the rules for voting in the General Assembly to a simple majority. On November 5, a member of the non-profit Board of Directors stated that because of differences of opinion amongst the group that he would refuse to recognize the General Assembly's authority to in any way affect the rules of the Non-Profit due to the legal requirements and ramifications of administrating a Non-Profit. There was a theft of passwords off an unprotected computer, in which the passwords for the Go Daddy domain name OccupyLasVegas.org, was briefly pointed to an anti-Semitic hate site

neg: Wilcox rebellion of 1889 whose members were officers. The constitution was unpopular to many as it severely restricted the King's authority, and disenfranchised many of the common people by way of high property ownership requirements. The voting restrictions led the Reform Party to win the legislature in the elections on September 12, 1887, putting the government in the hands of American business interests. The Bayonet Constitution left Kalakaua mainly a figurehead and gave the legislature most of the power. Being forewarned of the Rebellion approaching ʻIolani Palace the King stayed instead at Honuakaha, the private residence of Queen Kapiolani. One explanation is that he

neg: History of South Carolina one-party Democratic state. White Democrats benefited by controlling a House of Representatives apportionment based on the total state population, although the number of voters had been drastically reduced. Blacks were excluded from the political system in every way, including from serving in local offices and on juries. During Reconstruction, black legislators had been a majority in the lower house of the legislature. The new requirements, applied under white authority, led to only about 15,000 of the 140,000 eligible blacks qualifying to register. In practice, many more blacks were prohibited from voting by the subjective voter registration process controlled by white

neg: Verified Voting Foundation state; which ultimately played a crucial role in who as elected as president. This event sparked George W Bush to sign the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) a year later. HAVA helped fund states to improve their voting systems and practices by requiring states to meet new standards, accessibility requirements, and protocols (outlined in the legislation) in their electoral process. States like Florida, Georgia, and Maryland have used HAVA to be proactive in reforming their ballot tactics in that suited their state's practices. For instance, activist groups in Maryland, associated with the Verified Voting Foundation, continue to advocate for a

neg: International Certificate of Competence ICC enables owners vessels to use them in those European waters where an ICC is required, and proves to local authorities that the skipper has the required Irish qualifications for skippering the vessel. International Yacht Training Worldwide (IYT Worldwide), The Royal Yachting Association (RYA), and the British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) are with the authority of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) approved to issue ICCs to those who meet the mandated requirements and the competency requirements. ICC's are able to be issued by these Associations to citizens of Nations who are not signatories. In this manner, for example, USA citizens

neg: Dubai Health Authority will all be required to obtain a permit from the DHA on an annual basis. In order to control costs under the reform, the DHA has also established a price list for medical services that healthcare providers must adhere to. As far as the requirements of health insurance products themselves, the DHA has mandated a minimum coverage that must be adhered to by all policies in the Emirate, although coverage that goes above and beyond the minimum is also allowed. Varying minimums have been set forth for UAE nationals, expatriate residents, and visitors. Specific medical services and treatments that are

neg: Kit car every such vehicle with a speed over 6 km/h without a general operating license (ABE) or an EC type permission (EC-TG) has to undergo, as per the § 21 of Road traffic licensing regulations (STVZO), a technical inspection by an officially recognized expert of a Technical Inspection Authority. In the United Kingdom it is necessary to meet the requirements of the IVA (Individual vehicle Approval) regulations. In the United States SEMA has gone state by state to set up legal ways for states to register kit cars and speciality vehicles for inspection and plates. A survey of nearly 600 kit

neg: Voting in Guam Voting in Guam Voting rights of citizens in Guam differ from those of United States citizens in each of the fifty states. In the U.S. House of Representatives, Guam is entitled to a delegate, who is not allowed to vote on the floor of the House, but can vote on procedural matters and in House committees. Citizens of Guam may not vote in general elections for President. The United States Constitution grants congressional voting representation to the states, of which Guam is not one. Guam is a federal territory ultimately under the complete authority of Congress. The lack of voting

neg: Election Committee 37 candidates running for 21 seats. The voter turnout rage was 79.48%. Each of the 28 functional constituencies receives a set number of electoral votes allocated to them. The block vote is applied to choose the members, as was common in the United States before the modern practice of voting only for a set slate or ticket of electors was established. By-election will be held to update the membership of the Election Committee if there are vacancies in the Election Committee. Each candidate must be validly and legally nominated in order to participate in the election. One of the requirements

neg: Water in Arkansas This act is the primary statute providing authority to State agencies for the regulation of various programs that protect human health and the environment; however, Act 472 of 1949 does not contain reporting requirements for groundwater contamination nor does it contain numerical standards or other guidance for monitoring or remediating groundwater contamination. ADEQ is the State's delegated authority responsible for implementing various EPA programs and enforces environmental policies set by the Arkansas Pollution Control and Ecology Commission (APCEC); however, other State agencies also have authority to enact rules and regulations that address groundwater protection. Restoring aquifers to beneficial use and

neg: Postal voting requirements of a secret ballot, in that people cast their vote outside the security of a polling station, and whether voters can cast their vote privately free from another person's coercion. There have been cases of electoral fraud with postal votes in the United Kingdom (including in Birmingham at the 2004 European and local government elections in the UK). "All-postal" voting is the form of postal voting where all electors receive their ballot papers through the post, not just those who requested an absentee ballot. Depending on the system applied, electors may have to return their ballot papers by post,

neg: Electronic voting issued July 27, 2007, was conducted by the expert "red team" attempting to detect the levels of technological vulnerability. Another report on August 2, 2007 was conducted by a source code review team to detect flaws in voting system source code. Both reports found that three of the tested systems fell far short of the minimum requirements specified in the 2005 Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG). Some of the systems tested were conditionally recertified with new stringent security requirements imposed. The companies in question have until the February 2008 California Presidential Primaries to fix their security issues and ensure that

neg: Judiciary of Texas concurrent elections (presidential or mid-term) and by partisan tides, at least in the more competitive counties and appellate districts, e.g. Dallas and Harris County/Houston (county-level) and San Antonio (appellate district level). In 2006, several dozen Republican incumbents were swept off their benches by Democrats in Dallas County, and in 2008, many incumbents lost in Harris County. There is a remedy for the "problem" of judgeships changing hands at the whim of the voters: The Governor has the authority to fill vacancies, and has used that authority to bring back Republican judges who had lost their benches thanks to straight-ticket voting.

neg: Business analysis needs, for example, in IT applications the requirements need to meet end-users' needs. Essentially, they want to define the right application. This means that they must document the right requirements through listening carefully to ‘customer’ feedback, and by delivering a complete set of clear requirements to the technical architects and coders who will write the program. If a business analyst has limited tools or skills to help him elicit the right requirements, then the chances are fairly high that he will end up documenting requirements that will not be used or that will need to be re-written – resulting in

neg: Overseas Absentee Voting Act of the requirements needed for registration, specifically the affidavit of intent to return which is required of Filipino immigrants to avail of the OAV bill. This takes away the fear of Filipino U.S. green card holders who fear that their residency will be affected by submitting this affidavit. Overseas Absentee Voting Act The Overseas Absentee Voting Act, officially known as Republic Act No. 9189, is a law in the Philippines passed on February 4, 2003 which provides for a system for citizens of the Philippines currently residing or working outside of the Philippines to vote in an election. This act

neg: Absentee ballot the election. American citizens who are overseas, including active members of the military, are covered by the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act that, among other things, provides for a Federal Write-In Absentee Ballot which may be used in place of absentee ballots provided under state laws. The Federal Voting Assistance Program is a government program that assists such voters and exercises other authority under this act. This has been supplemented by the Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act. In 1997 the Texas Legislature passed a bill allowing residents to cast absentee ballots from space, because of the presence

neg: Weighted voting altogether in favor of a "de jure" segregationist weighted voting system, in which the A roll (electing 50 seats) was reserved for Europeans, Coloureds and Asians meeting higher property and education requirements, and the B roll (electing eight seats) reserved for Africans meeting lower property and education requirements. In its 1970 general election, about 50,000 A roll voters (essentially all white) elected 50 parliamentary seats, a little more than 1000 tribal chiefs elected eight special seats, whereas the rest of the population were to be content with the remaining eight seats. A weighted voting system is characterized by three things

neg: Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in 1992 for 15 years, and reauthorized it in 2006 for 25 years. The bilingual election requirements have remained controversial, with proponents arguing that bilingual assistance is necessary to enable recently naturalized citizens to vote and opponents arguing that the bilingual election requirements constitute costly unfunded mandates. Several of the amendments responded to judicial rulings that Congress disagreed with. In 1982, amended the Section 2 general prohibition of discriminatory voting laws to overturn the Supreme Court case "Mobile v. Bolden" (1980), which held that Section 2 prohibited only "purposeful" discrimination. Congress expanded Section 2 to explicitly ban any voting practice

neg: Voting Rights Act of 1965 a person's ability to cast an effective vote. One of these prohibitions is prescribed in Section 201, which prohibits any jurisdiction from requiring a person to comply with any "test or device" to register to vote or cast a ballot. The term "test or device" is defined as literacy tests, educational or knowledge requirements, proof of good moral character, and requirements that a person be vouched for when voting. Before the Act's enactment, these devices were the primary tools used by jurisdictions to prevent racial minorities from voting. Originally, the Act suspended tests or devices temporarily in jurisdictions covered by

neg: Demeny voting because it reduces gerontocracy. They calculate that Demeny voting in Japan would increase the parent voting bloc to 37% and lower the over-55-year-old voter-bloc to 35%. Stefan Olsson argues that "the delegation of the children's right to vote is not any stranger than when adults delegate political authority to their elected representative. After the election, the representatives have the right to make use of this authority." (page 71). He suggests that delegating a child's authority to the parent is perfectly reasonable. Olsson also argues that there are other areas where parents are delegated authority such as what the child eats,

neg: Right of foreigners to vote 1890, reportedly from fear of anarchist and socialist immigrants. (CN member) "British subjects", who are not an Australian citizen, have had voting rights at federal elections since 1948. Though that status was abolished in 1984, those on the electoral roll at that time retained voting rights. Non-citizens can generally vote in local government elections, subject to varying residency requirements. (EU member) In 2002, non-citizens were granted voting rights in state elections in Vienna, but the decision was overturned by the Constitutional Court in June 2004. EU nationals may vote and stand for office in local elections (in Vienna only at

neg: 2013 International Criminal Court judges election rules, the nomination period of judges for the 2013 special election was scheduled to last from 28 August to 8 October 2013 and could have been extended up to three times if there had been a lack of candidates from a group for which a minimum voting requirement is in place. As of 13 October, the following persons were nominated: Minimum voting requirements governed part of the election. This was to ensure that article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements existed; they could have been adjusted once the election was underway. Regarding the