query: the iliad takes place during which year of the trojan war

pos: Iliad Iliad The Iliad (; "", in Classical Attic; sometimes referred to as the Song of Ilion or Song of Ilium) is an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter, traditionally attributed to Homer. Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the "Iliad" mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about

pos: Iliad Iliad The Iliad (; "", in Classical Attic; sometimes referred to as the Song of Ilion or Song of Ilium) is an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter, traditionally attributed to Homer. Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the "Iliad" mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about

pos: Helen of Troy (miniseries) "Troy". The film also focuses more on the life of Helen herself rather than simply the Trojan War. The entire first half deals with Helen's life before Troy and includes a number of mythological facts that other versions either gloss over or omit, such as Helen's abduction by Theseus and the actual agreement of the Greek kings to use her marriage as their peace agreement. In contrast to "Troy" (which was roughly based on the "Iliad" which itself only depicts some of the events of the final year of the war), the film tells much of the story of the

neg: Troilus and Cressida as a soldier, who gives us the background to the plot, which takes place during the Trojan War. Immortalized in Greek mythology and Homer's Iliad, the war occurs because a Trojan prince, Paris, has stolen the beautiful Helen from her husband, King Menelaus of Sparta, and carries her home to Troy with him. In response, Menelaus gathers his fellow Greek kings, and they sail to Troy hoping to capture the city and reclaim Helen. Within the walls of Troy, Prince Troilus complains to Pandarus that he is unable to fight because of heartache; he is desperately in love with Pandarus's

neg: Philoctetes (Sophocles play) Philoctetes (Sophocles play) Philoctetes (, "Philoktētēs"; English pronunciation: , stressed on the third syllable, "-tet-") is a play by Sophocles (Aeschylus and Euripides also each wrote a "Philoctetes" but theirs have not survived). The play was written during the Peloponnesian War. It is one of the seven extant tragedies by Sophocles. It was first performed at the City Dionysia in 409 BC, where it won first prize. The story takes place during the Trojan War (after the majority of the events of the "Iliad", but before the Trojan Horse). It describes the attempt by Neoptolemus and Odysseus to bring the

neg: Phrygians could designate his successor. According to the "Iliad", the Phrygians were Trojan allies during the Trojan War. The Phrygia of Homer's "Iliad" appears to be located in the area that embraced the Ascanian lake and the northern flow of the Sangarius river and so was much more limited in extent than classical Phrygia. Homer's "Iliad" also includes a reminiscence by the Trojan king Priam, who had in his youth come to aid the Phrygians against the Amazons ("Iliad" 3.189). During this episode (a generation before the Trojan War), the Phrygians were said to be led by Otreus and Mygdon. Both

neg: Iliad the siege; the earlier events, such as the gathering of warriors for the siege, the cause of the war, and related concerns tend to appear near the beginning. Then the epic narrative takes up events prophesied for the future, such as Achilles' imminent death and the fall of Troy, although the narrative ends before these events take place. However, as these events are prefigured and alluded to more and more vividly, when it reaches an end the poem has told a more or less complete tale of the Trojan War. The "Iliad" is paired with something of a sequel, the

neg: Pedasus Pedasus Pedasus (Greek: Πήδασος) has been identified with several personal and place names in Greek history and mythology. In Homer's "Iliad", Pedasus was the name of a Trojan warrior, and the son of the naiad Abarbarea and human Bucolion. His twin brother was Aesepus; both were slain by Euryalus, the son of Mecisteus, during the Trojan War. In Homer's "Iliad", Pedasus was also the name of a swift horse taken as booty by Achilles when he killed Eetion. This horse was killed by a spear during a duel between Patroclus and Sarpedon. Pedasus (Caria): In Caria, according to Herodotus, the

neg: Pedasus named Altes, who was killed by Agamemnon. This city was sacked by Achilles. Pedasus Pedasus (Greek: Πήδασος) has been identified with several personal and place names in Greek history and mythology. In Homer's "Iliad", Pedasus was the name of a Trojan warrior, and the son of the naiad Abarbarea and human Bucolion. His twin brother was Aesepus; both were slain by Euryalus, the son of Mecisteus, during the Trojan War. In Homer's "Iliad", Pedasus was also the name of a swift horse taken as booty by Achilles when he killed Eetion. This horse was killed by a spear during a

neg: Greek epic in film of Rome, the film retells the story of the Trojan War, despite some major changes from the Iliad storyline. Troy is an American epic adventure war film directed by Wolfgang Peterson. Based on Homer’s "Iliad", the film describes the story of the Trojan War following the attack of Troy by Greek forces as well as the stories of those involved. Although the Iliad describes the story of the rivalry between Achilles and Agamemnon in the ninth year, Troy tells the story of the entire decade-long war. The film’s ending is not taken from the Iliad but from Virgil’s "Aeneid," showing

neg: Achilles Achilles In Greek mythology, Achilles or Achilleus ( ; , "Achilleus" ) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's "Iliad". His mother was the immortal Nereid Thetis, and his father, the mortal Peleus, was the king of the Myrmidons. Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan hero Hector outside the gates of Troy. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the "Iliad", other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him

neg: Trojan War the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", composed sometime between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Each poem narrates only a part of the war. The "Iliad" covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy, while the "Odyssey" concerns Odysseus's return to his home island of Ithaca following the sack of Troy and contains several flashbacks to particular episodes in the war. Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the Epic Cycle, also known as the Cyclic Epics: the "Cypria", "Aethiopis", "Little Iliad", "Iliou

neg: Trojan War Trojan War In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's "Iliad". The core of the "Iliad" (Books II – XXIII) describes a period of four days and two nights in the tenth year of the decade-long siege of Troy; the "Odyssey" describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the war's heroes. Other

neg: Phthia dressed in white approached me. She called me and said: 'Socrates, may you arrive at fertile Phthia on the third day.'" The reference is to Homer's "Iliad" (ix.363), when Achilles, upset at having his war-prize, Briseis, taken by Agamemnon, rejects Agamemnon's conciliatory presents and threatens to set sail in the morning; he says that with good weather he might arrive on the third day "in fertile Phthia" — his home. Phthia is the setting of Euripides' play "Andromache", which takes place name Farsala after the Trojan War, when Achilles' son Neoptolemus (in some translations named Pyrrhus) has taken the widow

neg: De bello Troiano announced as the long-lost verse version of his story ("quibus multis seculis caruimus" – which we lacked for many centuries) supposedly put into Latin hexameters by Nepos. De bello Troiano Daretis Phrygii Ilias De bello Troiano ("The Iliad of Dares the Phrygian: On the Trojan War") is an epic poem in Latin, written around 1183 by the English poet Joseph of Exeter. It tells the story of the ten year Trojan War as it was known in medieval western Europe. The ancient Greek epic on the subject, the "Iliad", was inaccessible; instead, the sources available included the fictional "diaries" of

neg: Homer Homer Homer (; , "Hómēros") is the legendary author of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The "Iliad" is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek kingdoms. It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war. The "Odyssey" focuses on the journey home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, around 20 years after the fall of Troy. Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical

neg: Trojan Battle Order by Athenaeus and Pausanias, while Strabo cites it frequently in his own discussion of the geography of northwestern Anatolia. Trojan Battle Order The Trojan Battle Order or Trojan Catalogue is an epic catalogue in the second book of the "Iliad" listing the allied contingents that fought for Troy in the Trojan War. The catalogue is noted for its deficit of detail compared to the immediately preceding Catalogue of Ships, which lists the Greek contingents, and for the fact that only a few of the many Trojans mentioned in the Iliad appear there. Structurally the Trojan Battle Order is evidently inserted

neg: Trojan Battle Order Trojan Battle Order The Trojan Battle Order or Trojan Catalogue is an epic catalogue in the second book of the "Iliad" listing the allied contingents that fought for Troy in the Trojan War. The catalogue is noted for its deficit of detail compared to the immediately preceding Catalogue of Ships, which lists the Greek contingents, and for the fact that only a few of the many Trojans mentioned in the Iliad appear there. Structurally the Trojan Battle Order is evidently inserted to balance the preceding Catalogue of Ships. It is, however, much shorter. Denys Page summarizes the prevailing explanation that

neg: Little Iliad Little Iliad The Little Iliad (Greek: , "Ilias mikra"; ) is a lost epic of ancient Greek literature. It was one of the Epic Cycle, that is, the "Trojan" cycle, which told the entire history of the Trojan War in epic verse. The story of the "Little Iliad" comes chronologically after that of the "Aethiopis", and is followed by that of the "Iliou persis" ("Sack of Troy"). The "Little Iliad" was variously attributed by ancient writers to Lesches of Pyrrha (7th century BCE), Cinaethon of Sparta (8th century BCE), Diodorus of Erythrae, Thestorides of Phocaea, or Homer himself (8th century

neg: Little Iliad Hector's wife Andromache captive and kills Hector's baby son, Astyanax, by throwing him from the walls of the city. The "Little Iliad" does not seem to have been redacted in a single, authoritative version, according to varying accounts of its details that cannot securely be harmonised. Little Iliad The Little Iliad (Greek: , "Ilias mikra"; ) is a lost epic of ancient Greek literature. It was one of the Epic Cycle, that is, the "Trojan" cycle, which told the entire history of the Trojan War in epic verse. The story of the "Little Iliad" comes chronologically after that of the

neg: Uppsala–DLR Trojan Survey the fact that it is pointing towards the Sun, not away from it. The group of Jupiter trojan contains about 6,000 asteroid. They are named after figures from Greek mythology, typically after the heroes of the Trojan War as narrated in Homer's "Iliad". The Minor Planet Center credits the Uppsala–DLR Trojan Survey with the discovery of 62 numbered minor planets during 1996–1997. Uppsala–DLR Trojan Survey The Uppsala–DLR Trojan Survey (UDTS, also known as UAO–DLR Trojan Survey) is an astronomical survey to study the movements and locations of asteroids near Jupiter, which includes Jupiter trojans and other asteroids, which line-of sight

neg: De bello Troiano De bello Troiano Daretis Phrygii Ilias De bello Troiano ("The Iliad of Dares the Phrygian: On the Trojan War") is an epic poem in Latin, written around 1183 by the English poet Joseph of Exeter. It tells the story of the ten year Trojan War as it was known in medieval western Europe. The ancient Greek epic on the subject, the "Iliad", was inaccessible; instead, the sources available included the fictional "diaries" of Dictys of Crete and Dares of Phrygia. When Joseph's text was printed for the first time in 1541, it was actually erroneously attributed to Dares of Phrygia,

neg: Military in the media sex from their husbands to prevent them from going to war. The "Iliad", an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameters traditionally attributed to Homer, is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek states, and tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. The "Odyssey", also ascribed to Homer, is, in part, a sequel to the "Iliad", and is fundamental to the modern Western canon. The "Aeneid", written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, tells the legendary

neg: Trojan language Trojan language The language spoken by the Trojans in the "Iliad" is Homeric Greek. However, there has been some scholarly debate on what language the historical Trojans would have spoken at the time of the Trojan War, identified with the site Troy VIIa. The language likely to have been prevalent in the historical city is Luwian, although there are no direct records. The cultural context in which the lost Trojan language existed was described by Jaan Puhvel, "Homer and Hittite" (1991). The Trojans in the "Iliad" have no difficulty in speaking to their Greek opponents. However, this may merely be

neg: Trojan War that there is regularly a consistency between the location of Troy as identified by Schliemann (and other locations such as the Greek camp), the geological evidence, and descriptions of the topography and accounts of the battle in the "Iliad". In the twentieth century scholars have attempted to draw conclusions based on Hittite and Egyptian texts that date to the time of the Trojan War. While they give a general description of the political situation in the region at the time, their information on whether this particular conflict took place is limited. Andrew Dalby notes that while the Trojan War most

neg: Phrygia and expert" horsemen. According to the Iliad, before the Trojan War, a young king Priam of Troy had taken an army to Phrygia to support it in a war against the Amazons. Homer calls the Phrygians "the people of Otreus and godlike Mygdon". According to Euripides, Quintus Smyrnaeus and others, this Mygdon's son, Coroebus, fought and died in the Trojan War; he had sued for the hand of the Trojan princess Cassandra in marriage. The name "Otreus" could be an eponym for Otroea, a place on Lake Ascania in the vicinity of the later Nicaea, and the name "Mygdon" is

neg: In Search of the Trojan War In Search of the Trojan War In Search of the Trojan War is a 6-part BBC TV documentary series written and presented by Michael Wood, first broadcast in 1985 on BBC2. It examines the extent to which historical and archeological evidence matches the tale of the Trojan War as recounted by Homer in "The Iliad". Terry Oldfield and David Pash are credited with the original musical score. "In Search of the Trojan War" was the first follow-up series to Michael Wood's initial major broadcasting success, the documentary series "In Search of the Dark Ages", which the BBC had aired between

neg: Helen of Troy fighting in the "Iliad". Nicostratus was a son of Menelaus by his concubine Pieris, an Aetolian slave. Megapenthes was a son of Menelaus by his concubine Tereis, no further origin. In Euripides's tragedy "The Trojan Women", Helen is shunned by the women who survived the war and is to be taken back to Greece to face a death sentence. This version is contradicted by two of Euripides' other tragedies Electra, which predates The Trojan Women, and Helen, as Helen is described as being in Egypt during the events of the Trojan War in each. From Antiquity, depicting Helen would be

neg: Iliad Even without Homer, the Trojan War story had remained central to Western European medieval literary culture and its sense of identity. Most nations and several royal houses traced their origins to heroes at the Trojan War. Britain was supposedly settled by the Trojan Brutus, for instance. William Shakespeare used the plot of the "Iliad" as source material for his play "Troilus and Cressida", but focused on a medieval legend, the love story of Troilus, son of King Priam of Troy, and Cressida, daughter of the Trojan soothsayer Calchas. The play, often considered to be a comedy, reverses traditional views on

neg: Lycomedes of Thebes Lycomedes of Thebes In Greek mythology, Lycomedes (Ancient Greek: Λυκομήδης "Lykomedes") was a Theban armed sentry with Thrasymedes, son of Nestor during the Trojan War. Lycomedes was the son of Theban regent, Creon of Thebes and possibly his wife Eurydice or Henioche, and thus, the brother of Menoeceus (Megareus), Haemon, Megara, Pyrrha and Henoiche. Lycomedes fought on the side of the Argives in the Trojan War. No real significant background is given about him in the "Iliad". He was listed among the younger leaders and was not a king but of second rank. In the tenth year of the struggle

neg: Phorcys of Phrygia "shieldless" in the "Iliad" because he was wearing a two-piece corselet, which was thought to provide enough protection in the battle. Phorcys of Phrygia In Greek mythology, Phorcys (; , "Phorkus") was a Phrygian ally of King Priam in the Trojan War. Phorcys appears in "The Iliad" as the leader of the Phrygians, a son of Phaenops. The "Bibliotheca", however, refers to him as a son of Aretaon and brother of Ascanius, another Phrygian leader. Phorcys is mentioned among the Trojan allies whom Hector addresses with a speech in Book 17 of the "Iliad". He was killed in battle by

neg: Achilles 1890, Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress of Austria, had a summer palace built in Corfu. The building is named the "Achilleion", after Achilles. Its paintings and statuary depict scenes from the Trojan War, with particular focus on Achilles. Achilles In Greek mythology, Achilles or Achilleus ( ; , "Achilleus" ) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's "Iliad". His mother was the immortal Nereid Thetis, and his father, the mortal Peleus, was the king of the Myrmidons. Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan

neg: Dione (Titaness) name and figures in the eastern third of the north frieze, among the Olympian family of Aphrodite. This placement making her the offspring of Uranus and Gaia is Homeric and contradicts the theory put forth by Erika Simon that the altar's organization was Hesiodic. Dione's possible appearance in the east pediment of the Parthenon would likewise place her among the children of Uranus and Gaia. The mythology concerning Dione is not consistent across the existing sources. In Book V of the "Iliad", during the last year of the Trojan War, the love goddess Aphrodite attempts to save her son Aeneas

neg: In Search of the Trojan War to take into account more recent developments in the search for Troy. In Search of the Trojan War In Search of the Trojan War is a 6-part BBC TV documentary series written and presented by Michael Wood, first broadcast in 1985 on BBC2. It examines the extent to which historical and archeological evidence matches the tale of the Trojan War as recounted by Homer in "The Iliad". Terry Oldfield and David Pash are credited with the original musical score. "In Search of the Trojan War" was the first follow-up series to Michael Wood's initial major broadcasting success, the documentary series

neg: Polites (prince of Troy) Polites (prince of Troy) Polites () was the legitimate son of Priam and Hecuba. He was a prince of Troy, and brother of 49 other children, including 12 daughters. He was killed by Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), son of Achilles, who then killed his father. Polites was born to Priam, King of Troy, and Hecuba, his wife. He lived in Troy during his youth, was crowned prince of Troy, and was styled "his royal Majesty". During his youth, Polites witnessed the Trojan War and was a supporting character in the Iliad. During the passage of the Trojan Horse in the Trojan War,

neg: Menelaus Paris the most beautiful woman in all the world. After concluding a diplomatic mission to Sparta during the latter part of which Menelaus was absent to attend the funeral of his maternal grandfather Catreus in Crete, Paris ran off to Troy with Helen despite his brother Hector's prohibition. Invoking the oath of Tyndareus, Menelaus and Agamemnon raised a fleet of a thousand ships and went to Troy to secure Helen's return; the Trojans refused, providing a "casus belli" for the Trojan War. Homer's "Iliad" is the most expansive source for Menelaus’s exploits during the Trojan War. In Book 3, Menelaus

neg: Zeus attempt to stamp out the Jewish religion, directed that the temple at Jerusalem be profaned and rededicated to Zeus (Jupiter Olympius). The "Iliad" is a poem by Homer about the Trojan war and the battle over the City of Troy. As God of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order, justice, Zeus controlled ancient Greece and all of the mortals and immortals living there. The Iliad covers the Trojan War, in which Zeus plays a major part. Notable Scenes that include Zeus The most notable conflict in Zeus's history was his struggle for power. Zeus's parents Cronus and Rhea ruled the

neg: Percote help King Priam during the Trojan War - though this contingent was led not by Merops's sons, but by Asius, son of Hyrtacus, according to Homer's Iliad, one native from Percote was wounded in the Trojan War by Antilochus, two natives from Percote were killed in the Trojan War by Diomedes and Ullysses. The Meropidae (Amphius and Adrastus) instead lead a contingent from nearby Adrastea. A nephew of Priam, named Melanippus, son of Hicetaon, herded cattle (oxen) at Percote, according to Homer. According to Phanias of Eresus, Artaxerxes I of Persia had given to Themistocles the city of Percote with

neg: Trojan Battle Order "the Catalogues are substantially Mycenaean compositions rather expanded than altered by the Ionians" . Noting that the Greek catalogue occupies 265 lines but the Trojan catalogue only 61, Page wonders why the Ionian authors know so little about their native land and concludes they are not describing it but are reforming poetry inherited in oral form from Mycenaean times . Some examples of Mycenaean knowledge are : There is also some internal evidence that the Trojan catalogue was not part of the "Iliad" but was a distinct composition pre-dating the Trojan War and incorporated later into the "Iliad" : Page

neg: Agamemnon in the Crimean Peninsula. Hesiod said she became the goddess Hecate. Agamemnon was the commander-in-chief of the Greeks during the Trojan War. During the fighting, Agamemnon killed Antiphus and fifteen other Trojan soldiers, according to one source. But in the "Iliad" itself, he's shown to slaughter hundreds more in Book 11 during his "aristea" loosely translated to "day of glory" which is the most similar to Achilles' "aristea" in Book 21 (they both are compared to lions and destructive fires in battle, their hands are described as "splattered with gore" and "invincible," the Trojans flee to the walls, they both

neg: Othryoneus In the Iliad, he is killed during the Battle of the Ships by Idomeneus, in a passage in which he is cited as gleefully mocking him while Othryoneus is dying. Othryoneus Othryoneus (Ancient Greek: Ὀθρυονεύς) was in Greek mythology a suitor of Princess Cassandra of Troy during the Trojan War, mentioned in one passage in Homer's "Iliad". Othryoneus was from Cabesos, a Homeric site over whose location there has been disagreements since ancient times, some sources suggesting a site in the Troad self and others pointing at the very similar name of the ancient site of Kavissos, today near Feres

neg: Polydamas (mythology) Polydamas (mythology) In Greek mythology, Polydamas (; Ancient Greek: Πολυδάμας, -αντος "Poludámas", "-antos") was a lieutenant and friend of Hector during the Trojan War. Polydamas and Hector were born on the same night. Since Homer, in the "Iliad", makes no reference to his ancestry (except to note that he is the son of Panthous (Πάνθοος) and Phrontis (Φροντίς), he is apparently a commoner, or in any event not a member of the royal house of Troy. During the battles described in the "Iliad", he often proposes a cautious battle strategy which is sometimes accepted but more often refused by Hector,

neg: Cyme (Aeolis) area was utilized during the Byzantine Age. Although historians have dated the Trojan war to 1178 BC by calculating Homer's solar eclipse, it was not immortalised in the Iliad until about 750 BC. Around the same period, the Mykonos pithamphora - which shows the wooden horse the Greeks used to infiltrate Troy - was manufactured on the island of Tinos. Referenced in both literature and art, that cunning end to the war - the Trojan Horse - had become synonymous with the name of Agamemnon. The house of Agamemnon claimed continuity at Cyme in Aeolia, associating themselves with the legends

neg: Hera goddesses were enraged by this and through Helen's abduction by Paris they brought about the Trojan War. Hera plays a substantial role in "The Iliad", appearing in a number of books throughout the epic poem. In accordance with ancient Greek mythology, Hera's hatred towards the Trojans, which was started by Paris' decision that Aphrodite was the most beautiful goddess, is seen as through her support of the Greeks during the war. Throughout the epic Hera makes many attempts to thwart the Trojan army. In books 1 and 2, Hera declares that the Trojans must be destroyed. Hera persuades Athena to

neg: Ruse de guerre and similar traps can be considered perfidious under the rules in certain circumstances. Explicitly prohibited ruses under article 23 of the Hague Convention of 1907 include improper use of a flag of truce or the military insignia of the enemy. According to Homer's somewhat mythical account in the "Iliad", during the Trojan War, the Greeks pretended to give up their fruitless ten-year siege of the city of Troy and sailed away, leaving behind the Trojan Horse. After the Trojans pulled what they believed was a parting gift within the walls of the city, soldiers that had hidden inside the hollow

neg: Undead Legacy of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest of ancient Greek epic poets. The album has three main parts; It kicks in with "War I Wage" (track 1) which is based on the Iliad. The Iliad relates a part of the Trojan War, the siege of Troy. It runs through some songs to meet the second station which is "The Tempest" (track 5), fully based on the Odyssey. The Odyssey describes Odysseus rough journey home. The album finishes with the last part of the Odyssey, Odysseus return to Ithaca, slaying of the suitors to find his

neg: Lycomedes of Thebes ankle by the Trojan Agenor. Lycomedes of Thebes In Greek mythology, Lycomedes (Ancient Greek: Λυκομήδης "Lykomedes") was a Theban armed sentry with Thrasymedes, son of Nestor during the Trojan War. Lycomedes was the son of Theban regent, Creon of Thebes and possibly his wife Eurydice or Henioche, and thus, the brother of Menoeceus (Megareus), Haemon, Megara, Pyrrha and Henoiche. Lycomedes fought on the side of the Argives in the Trojan War. No real significant background is given about him in the "Iliad". He was listed among the younger leaders and was not a king but of second rank. In the

neg: Elaeus Asia, as well as the possibility of controlling shipping to Crimea. For these reasons, Elaeus later received colonists from Athens, who built fortifications there. The last resting place of the mythological hero Protesilaus was said to be at Elaeus, near a steep coastal cliff. According to Homer’s "Iliad", Protesilaus was the first Greek to set foot on land during the Trojan War, for which - according to the will of the gods - he was also the first to die. His tomb at Elaeus lay on the European coast opposite Troy, and became a destination for pilgrimages by members of

neg: Trojan War Italy are the subject of the Latin epic poem "The Aeneid" by Virgil. Writing during the time of Augustus, Virgil has his hero give a first-person account of the fall of Troy in the second of the "Aeneid" 's twelve books; the Trojan Horse, which does not appear in "The Iliad", became legendary from Virgil's account. Aeneas leads a group of survivors away from the city, among them his son Ascanius (also known as Iulus), his trumpeter Misenus, father Anchises, the healer Iapyx, his faithful sidekick Achates, and Mimas as a guide. His wife Creusa is killed during the sack

neg: Aethiopis Aethiopis The Aethiopis or Aithiopis (Greek: , "Aíthiopís"; ) is a lost epic of ancient Greek literature. It was one of the Epic Cycle, that is, the "Trojan" cycle, which told the entire history of the Trojan War in epic verse. The story of the "Aethiopis" comes chronologically immediately after that of the Homeric "Iliad", and is followed by that of the "Little Iliad". The "Aethiopis" was sometimes attributed by ancient writers to Arctinus of Miletus (8th century BC) (see Cyclic poets). The poem comprised five books of verse in dactylic hexameter. The "Aethiopis" was probably composed in the seventh

neg: Troy in 1998. Ancient Greek historians variously placed the Trojan War in the 12th, 13th, or 14th centuries BC: Eratosthenes to 1184 BC, Herodotus to 1250 BC, and Duris of Samos to 1334 BC. Modern archaeologists associate Homeric Troy with archaeological Troy VII. In the "Iliad", the Achaeans set up their camp near the mouth of the River Scamander (presumably modern Karamenderes), where they beached their ships. The city of Troy itself stood on a hill, across the plain of Scamander, where the battles of the Trojan War took place. The site of the ancient city is some 5 km from

neg: Hestiaea the site of the Trojan War. Her opinion influenced Demetrius of Scepsis, who cited her as a source. According to the Homer scholar J. V. Luce, writing in "Celebrating Homer's Landscapes: Troy and Ithaca Revisited", neither Hestiaea nor Demetrius would have accepted the view espoused by the inhabitants of Ilium that their city marked the location of ancient Troy. Strabo mentions Hestiaea in his "Geography" (XIII.1.16, C599): "Demetrius cites also Hestiaea of Alexandreia as a witness, a woman who wrote a work on Homer's "Iliad" and inquired whether the war took place round the present Ilium and the Trojan Plain,

neg: The Trojan War Will Not Take Place The Trojan War Will Not Take Place The Trojan War Will Not Take Place () is a play written in 1935 by French dramatist Jean Giraudoux. In 1955 it was translated into English by Christopher Fry with the title Tiger at the Gates. The play has two acts and follows the convention of the classical unities. Within the framework of the Iliadic myth of the Trojan War, Giraudoux criticizes diplomacy and the behaviour of the national leaders and intellectuals who brought about World War I and the lead-up to World War II. The play takes place the day before the

neg: The Trojan War Will Not Take Place performances. The Trojan War Will Not Take Place The Trojan War Will Not Take Place () is a play written in 1935 by French dramatist Jean Giraudoux. In 1955 it was translated into English by Christopher Fry with the title Tiger at the Gates. The play has two acts and follows the convention of the classical unities. Within the framework of the Iliadic myth of the Trojan War, Giraudoux criticizes diplomacy and the behaviour of the national leaders and intellectuals who brought about World War I and the lead-up to World War II. The play takes place the day before

neg: Talthybius figure. Talthybius Talthybius () was herald and friend to Agamemnon in the Trojan War. He was the one who took Briseis from the tent of Achilles. Preceding the duel of Menelaus and Paris, Agamemnon charges him to fetch a sheep for sacrifice. He died at Aegium in Achaia. Talthybius appears in Euripides’ "Hecuba" and "The Trojan Women". In addition, he has a small role in The "Iliad". In "The Iliad", Agamemnon orders Talthybius to fetch the medic Machaon after Menelaus was wounded with an arrow shot by Pandarus. In "Hecuba" and "The Trojan Women", Talthybius seems to always be the

neg: Talthybius Talthybius Talthybius () was herald and friend to Agamemnon in the Trojan War. He was the one who took Briseis from the tent of Achilles. Preceding the duel of Menelaus and Paris, Agamemnon charges him to fetch a sheep for sacrifice. He died at Aegium in Achaia. Talthybius appears in Euripides’ "Hecuba" and "The Trojan Women". In addition, he has a small role in The "Iliad". In "The Iliad", Agamemnon orders Talthybius to fetch the medic Machaon after Menelaus was wounded with an arrow shot by Pandarus. In "Hecuba" and "The Trojan Women", Talthybius seems to always be the bearer

neg: Kolonai coins which were spelt in the Aeolic Greek dialect. In Greek mythology, the king of Kolonai during the Trojan Wars was Cycnus. He was killed on the first day of the Trojan Wars by Achilles. This story does not appear in the "Iliad", but does in the "Cypria", which is thought to have been composed slightly later than the "Iliad" in the latter half of the 7th century BC. Cycnus appears on two separate occasions in Pindar, suggesting that by the early 5th century BC the myth had some currency. The mid-1st century BC historian Diodorus Siculus related a story

neg: Zeleia Zeleia Zeleia (Ζέλεια) is the name of an ancient town or city, according to the "Iliad", which was allied to Troy. It appears to have been located in the Troad and to have been inhabited by Trojans. Says Homer: "They who lived in Zeleia below the foot of Mount Ida, who drank the dark water of Aesepus, Trojans." ("Iliad" 2.824). Zeleia led a force of warriors to aid Troy during the Trojan War, led by Pandarus, son of Lycaon (the latter Lycaon not to be confused with Lycaon, son of Priam. It is later related that the people of Zeleia

neg: Homer papyri and other sources; some argue for a 'multi-text' view, rather than seeking a single definitive text. The nineteenth-century edition of Arthur Ludwich mainly follows Aristarchus's work, whereas van Thiel's (1991,1996) follows the medieval vulgate. Others, such as Martin West (1998-2000) or T.W. Allen fall somewhere between these two extremes. </div> This is a partial list of translations into English of Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey". Homer Homer (; , "Hómēros") is the legendary author of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The "Iliad" is set during the Trojan War,

neg: Menelaus Menelaus In Greek mythology, Menelaus (; , "Menelaos", from μένος "vigor, rage, power" and λαός "people," "wrath of the people") was a king of Mycenaean (pre-Dorian) Sparta, the husband of Helen of Troy, and the son of Atreus and Aerope. According to the "Iliad", Menelaus was a central figure in the Trojan War, leading the Spartan contingent of the Greek army, under his elder brother Agamemnon, king of Mycenae. Prominent in both the "Iliad" and "Odyssey", Menelaus was also popular in Greek vase painting and Greek tragedy, the latter more as a hero of the Trojan War than as a

neg: Hero matters, and behave arrogantly in a childlike manner. During classical times, people regarded heroes with the highest esteem and utmost importance, explaining their prominence within epic literature. The appearance of these mortal figures marks a revolution of audiences and writers turning away from immortal gods to mortal mankind, whose heroic moments of glory survive in the memory of their descendants, extending their legacy. Hector was a Trojan prince and the greatest fighter for Troy in the Trojan War, which is known primarily through Homer's "The Iliad". Hector acted as leader of the Trojans and their allies in the defense of

neg: Thersites in the writings of Karl Marx' and those of later Marxist literature in Soviet times much in the spirit of Hegel's construal. Heiner Müller casts Thersites in the role of Shepherd who also shears his sheep reflecting the contradictions broached by Hegel. Thersites In Greek mythology, Thersites (Ancient Greek: Θερσίτης) was a soldier of the Greek army during the Trojan War. In the "Iliad", he does not have a father's name, which may suggest that he should be viewed as a commoner rather than an aristocratic hero. However, a quotation from another lost epic in the Trojan cycle, the "Aethiopis",

neg: Thersites Thersites In Greek mythology, Thersites (Ancient Greek: Θερσίτης) was a soldier of the Greek army during the Trojan War. In the "Iliad", he does not have a father's name, which may suggest that he should be viewed as a commoner rather than an aristocratic hero. However, a quotation from another lost epic in the Trojan cycle, the "Aethiopis", gives his father's name as Agrius of Calydon and Dia, as his mother. Agrius, was a prince of Calydon while Dia was a daughter of King Porthaon. In some accounts, Thersites together with his five brothers including Melanippus, overthrew Oeneus from the

neg: Greek epic in film Hector’s death and funeral instead. The film’s cast includes actors Brad Pitt, Orlando Bloom, and Eric Bana. Another Homeric epic often used in modern film, the "Odyssey" (Ὀδύσσεια) serves as a sort of sequel to the "Iliad". The poem narrates the journey home (or "nostos") of Greek hero Odysseus after ten years of fighting in the Trojan War. Like the "Iliad", the poem begins "in medias res", or "in the middle of things," beginning Ulysses is a fantasy-adventure film based on Homer’s "Odyssey". The film tells the story of Ulysses’ attempt to return home after the Trojan War, as well

neg: Troy: Fall of a City found in the "Iliad" and are not normally included in most modern adaptations. One of the show's most radical changes from earlier adaptations was its decision to include the Greek gods as human-like characters played by live actors who speak normal dialogue. While the gods are major figures in the original Homeric epics, ever since the mid-twentieth century, adaptations of the Trojan War have nearly always either removed the gods from the story or heavily reduced their role in it. Most twenty-first-century adaptations of the Trojan War, including the film "Troy" (2004), Alessandro Baricco's "Iliad" (2004), Margaret George's "Helen of

neg: Where Troy Once Stood Where Troy Once Stood Where Troy Once Stood is a 1990 book by Iman Wilkens that argues that the city of Troy was located in England and that the Trojan War was fought between groups of Celts. The standard view is that Troy is located near the Dardanelles in Turkey. Wilkens claims that Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey", though products of ancient Greek culture, are originally orally transmitted epic poems from Western Europe. Wilkens disagrees with conventional ideas about the historicity of the "Iliad" and the location and participants of the Trojan War. His work has had little impact among professional

neg: Trojan War and founded colonies elsewhere was interpreted by Thucydides as being due to their long absence. Nowadays the interpretation followed by most scholars is that the Achaean leaders driven out of their lands by the turmoil at the end of the Mycenaean era preferred to claim descent from exiles of the Trojan War. The inspiration provided by these events produced many literary works, far more than can be listed here. The siege of Troy provided inspiration for many works of art, most famously Homer's "Iliad", set in the last year of the siege. Some of the others include "Troades" by Euripides,

neg: 2223 Sarpedon based on an absolute magnitude of 9.41. This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Lycian hero Sarpedon from the "Iliad", who was killed by Patroclus, during the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1981 (). 2223 Sarpedon 2223 Sarpedon, provisional designation "", is a dark Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 4 October 1977, by astronomers at the Purple Mountain Observatory near Nanking, China. The D-type asteroid belongs to the 30 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of

neg: Abydos (Hellespont) to be reported until at least the 19th century, however, little remains and the area was declared a restricted military zone in the early 20th century, thus little to no excavation has taken place. Abydos is mentioned in the "Iliad" as a Trojan ally, and, according to Strabo, was occupied by Bebryces and later Thracians after the Trojan War. It has been suggested that the city was originally a Phoenician colony as there was a temple of Aphrodite Porne (Aphrodite the Harlot) within Abydos. Abydos was settled by Milesian colonists contemporaneously with the foundation of the cities of Priapos and

neg: Dictys Cretensis conte Aurelio Guglielmo Balleani at Jesi, of a manuscript of Dictys, in large part of the ninth century, that was described and collated by C. Annibaldi in 1907. For a medieval source on the Trojan War that is uniquely independent of Dictys and Dares, see the "Rawlinson Excidium Troie". Dictys Cretensis Dictys Cretensis or Dictys of Crete (; ) () of Knossus was the legendary companion of Idomeneus during the Trojan War, and the purported author of a diary of its events, that deployed some of the same materials worked up by Homer for the "Iliad". With the rise in

neg: Dictys Cretensis Dictys Cretensis Dictys Cretensis or Dictys of Crete (; ) () of Knossus was the legendary companion of Idomeneus during the Trojan War, and the purported author of a diary of its events, that deployed some of the same materials worked up by Homer for the "Iliad". With the rise in credulity in Late Antiquity, the story of his journal, an amusing fiction addressed to a knowledgeable and sophisticated Alexandrian audience, came to be taken literally. In the 4th century AD a certain Q. Septimius brought out "Dictys Cretensis Ephemeris belli Trojani" ("Dictys of Crete, chronicle of the Trojan War")

neg: Menestheus Menestheus Menestheus (), the son of Peteus, son of Orneus, son of Erechtheus, and either Polyxene or Mnesimache, was a legendary King of Athens during the Trojan War. He was set up as king by the Dioscuri when Theseus travelled to the underworld, and exiled Theseus from the city after his return. Menestheus was one of the suitors of Helen of Troy, and when the Trojan War started he brought "fifty black ships" to Troy. In the "Iliad" it is noted that no one could arrange chariots and shield-bearing warriors in battle orders better than Menestheus, and that only Nestor

neg: Chryses Chryses In Greek mythology, Chryses (; "Khrúsēs") was a Trojan priest of Apollo at Chryse, near the city of Troy. According to a tradition mentioned by Eustathius of Thessalonica, Chryses and Briseus (father of Briseis) were brothers, sons of a man named Ardys (otherwise unknown). During the Trojan War (prior to the actions described in Homer's "Iliad"), Agamemnon took Chryses' daughter Chryseis (Astynome) from Moesia as a war prize and when Chryses attempted to ransom her, refused to return her. Chryses prayed to Apollo, and he, in order to defend the honor of his priest, sent a plague sweeping through

neg: Palamedes (mythology) during a fishing expedition. Still another version relates that he was lured into a well in search of treasure, and then was crushed by stones. Although he is a major character in some accounts of the Trojan War, Palamedes is not mentioned in Homer's "Iliad". Ovid discusses Palamedes' role in the Trojan War in the "Metamorphoses". Palamedes' fate is described in Virgil's "Aeneid". In the "Apology", Plato describes Socrates as looking forward to speaking with Palamedes after death, and intimates in the "Phaedrus" that Palamedes authored a work on rhetoric. Euripides and many other dramatists have written dramas about his

neg: Thetis realizing his destiny, Thetis then had Hephaestus make a shield and armor. Thetis played a key part in the events of the Trojan War. Beyond the fact that the Judgement of Paris, which essentially kicked off the war, occurred at her wedding, Thetis influenced the actions of the Olympians and her son, Achilles.Nine years after the beginning of the Trojan War, the "Iliad" starts with Agamemnon, the King of the Achaeans, and Achilles, son of Thetis, arguing over Briseis, a war prize of Achilles. After initially refusing, Achilles relents and gives Briseis to Agamemnon. However, Achilles feels disrespect for having

neg: Caria BC. The coast of Caria was part of the Doric hexapolis ("six-cities") when the Dorians arrived after the Trojan War, in c. 13th century BC, in the last and southernmost waves of Greek migration to western Anatolia's coastline and occupied former Mycenaean settlements such us Knidos and Halicarnassos (near present-day Bodrum). Herodotus, the famous historian was born in Halicarnassus during the 5th century BC. Greek apoikism (a form of colonization) in Caria took place mostly on the coast, as well as in the interior in great number, and groups of cities and towns were organized in local federations. Homer's "Iliad"

neg: Halizones located them near Cyme in Asia Minor. A later scholiast to Homer calls them a Thracian tribe. Meanwhile, Pliny the Elder, Hecataeus of Miletus, Menecrates of Elaea, and Palaephatus placed the Halizones or Alazones in Mysia. Halizones The Halizones (Greek Ἁλιζῶνες, also Halizonians, Alizones or Alazones) are an obscure people that appear in Homer's Iliad as allies of Troy during the Trojan War. Their leaders were Odius and Epistrophus, said in the "Bibliotheca" to be sons of a man named Mecisteus. According to Homer, the Halizones came from "Alybe far away, where is the birth-place of silver..." Strabo (in his

neg: Halizones Halizones The Halizones (Greek Ἁλιζῶνες, also Halizonians, Alizones or Alazones) are an obscure people that appear in Homer's Iliad as allies of Troy during the Trojan War. Their leaders were Odius and Epistrophus, said in the "Bibliotheca" to be sons of a man named Mecisteus. According to Homer, the Halizones came from "Alybe far away, where is the birth-place of silver..." Strabo (in his "Geography") speculates that "Alybe far away" may originally have read as "Chalybe far away", and he suggests that the Halizones may have been Chalybes, as well as Khaldi. Strabo's speculation equating the Halizones with the Chalybes

neg: Phorcys of Phrygia Phorcys of Phrygia In Greek mythology, Phorcys (; , "Phorkus") was a Phrygian ally of King Priam in the Trojan War. Phorcys appears in "The Iliad" as the leader of the Phrygians, a son of Phaenops. The "Bibliotheca", however, refers to him as a son of Aretaon and brother of Ascanius, another Phrygian leader. Phorcys is mentioned among the Trojan allies whom Hector addresses with a speech in Book 17 of the "Iliad". He was killed in battle by the Greek hero Ajax. Phorcys is referenced in Pausanias' "Description of Greece": the author explains that Phorcys was referred to as

neg: Ilium (novel) Time") and Vladimir Nabokov's novel "". In July 2004, "Ilium" received a Locus Award for best science fiction novel of 2004. The novel centers on three character groups: that of Hockenberry (a resurrected twentieth-century Homeric scholar whose duty is to compare the events of the "Iliad" to the reenacted events of the Trojan War), Greek and Trojan warriors, and Greek gods from the "Iliad"; Daeman, Harman, Ada, and other humans of an Earth thousands of years after the twentieth century; and the "moravec" robots (named for scientist and futurist Hans Moravec) Mahnmut the Europan and Orphu of Io, also thousands

neg: Pandarus Pandarus Pandarus or Pandar (Ancient Greek: Πάνδαρος "Pándaros") is a Trojan aristocrat who appears in stories about the Trojan War. In Homer's "Iliad" he is portrayed as an energetic and powerful warrior, but in medieval literature he becomes a witty and licentious figure who facilitates the affair between Troilus and Cressida. In Shakespeare's play "Troilus and Cressida", he is portrayed as an aged degenerate and coward who ends the play by telling the audience he will bequeath them his "diseases". In Homer's "Iliad", Pandarus is a renowned archer and the son of Lycaon. Pandarus, who fights on the side of

neg: Troy (novel) Troy (novel) Troy is a young adult novel by Adèle Geras, published in 2000. It is based on events in "The Iliad", incorporating original stories set in the heart of the city towards the end of the Trojan War. The novel was shortlisted for the Carnegie Medal, the Whitbread Award and the Guardian Award. It starts ten years into the Trojan War. Xanthe and Marpessa are sisters living in Troy, which is besieged by the Greeks. After Paris swept Helen away from her husband in Greece to his home in Troy, Menelaus started a war to win her back. The

neg: Achilles' heel the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles. One day, a poisonous arrow shot at him was lodged in his heel, killing him shortly afterwards. The death of Achilles was not mentioned in Homer's "Iliad", but appeared in later Greek and Roman poetry and drama concerning events after the Iliad, later in the Trojan War. In the myths surrounding the war, Achilles was said to have died from a heel wound which was the result of an arrow—possibly poisoned—shot by Paris. Classical myths attribute Achilles's invulnerability to his

neg: Tenedos Nestor also sailed back from Troy stopping at Tenedos and island-hopping to Lesbos. "The Odyssey" mentions the Greeks leaving Troy after winning the war first traveled to nearby Tenedos, sacrificed there, and then went to Lesbos before pausing to choose between alternative routes. Homer, in the Iliad mention that between Tenedos and Imbros there was a wide cavern, in which Poseidon stayed his horses. Virgil, in the "Aeneid", described the Achaeans hiding their fleet at Tenedos's bay, toward the end of the Trojan War, to trick Troy into believing the war was over and allowing them to take the Trojan

neg: Troy VIIa to a close, led to this phase being identified with the city besieged by the Greeks during the Trojan War. This was immortalized in the "Iliad" written by Homer. Initially, the layers of Troy VI and VII were overlooked entirely, because Schliemann favoured the burnt city of Troy II. It was not until the need to close "Calvert's Thousand Year Gap" arose—from Dörpfeld's discovery of Troy VI—that archaeology turned away from Schliemann's Troy and began working towards finding Homeric Troy once more. "Calvert's Thousand Year Gap" (1800–800 BC) was a period not accounted for by Schliemann's archaeology and thus

neg: Samsun suffix for place names) to "eis Sampsunda" (Σαμψούντα) and then Samsun (). The early Greek historian Hecataeus wrote that Amisos was formerly called "Enete", the place mentioned in Homer's "Iliad". In Book II, Homer says that the "ἐνετοί" (Enetoi) inhabited Paphlagonia on the southern coast of the Black Sea in the time of the Trojan War (c. 1200 BC). The Paphlagonians are listed among the allies of the Trojans in the war, where their king Pylaemenes and his son Harpalion perished. Strabo mentioned that the inhabitants had disappeared by his time. It has also been known as "Peiraieos" by Athenian

neg: Black Ships Before Troy Black Ships Before Troy Black Ships Before Troy: The story of the Iliad is a novel for children written by Rosemary Sutcliff, illustrated by Alan Lee, and published (posthumously) by Frances Lincoln in 1993. Partly based on the "Iliad", the book retells the story of the Trojan War, from the birth of Paris to the building of the Trojan Horse. For his part Lee won the annual Kate Greenaway Medal from the Library Association, recognizing the year's best children's book illustration by a British subject. "Kirkus Reviews" noted the "compelling vision and sensitivity to language, history, and heroics" that she

neg: Thrace inhabitants of Thrace are Sunni Muslims. Ancient Greek mythology provides the Thracians with a mythical ancestor Thrax, the son of the war-god Ares, who was said to reside in Thrace. The Thracians appear in Homer's "Iliad" as Trojan allies, led by Acamas and Peiros. Later in the "Iliad", Rhesus, another Thracian king, makes an appearance. Cisseus, father-in-law to the Trojan elder Antenor, is also given as a Thracian king. Homeric Thrace was vaguely defined, and stretched from the River Axios in the west to the Hellespont and Black Sea in the east. The Catalogue of Ships mentions three separate contingents

neg: Menon (Trojan) Menon (Trojan) Menon (in Greek Mένων) was a Trojan soldier killed by Leonteus in the Trojan War as detailed by Homer in the Iliad (XII.201). There is also a Trojan chieftain or king by the same name, mentioned by the twelfth-century Icelandic writer Snorri Sturluson in his prologue to the Prose Edda. Snorri states the chieftain's name as Múnón, yet also called Mennón. It is uncertain whether Snorri is referring to this Menon, the Trojan soldier, or to Memnon, or to someone else. According to Snorri, Múnón was one of the twelve chieftains who dwelt in Troy in the stronghold

neg: Aristeia seen, to some extent, in the Aeneid, when Nisus and Euryalus leave the Trojan defenses to slaughter the Latin captains while they sleep. It also features in "Book X", when Mezentius takes the place of Turnus and strikes down all in his path: it draws upon homeric models, using a simile. Arete (excellence) Aristeia An aristeia or aristia (; , ""excellence"") is a scene in the dramatic conventions of epic poetry as in the "Iliad", where a hero in battle has his finest moments ("aristos" = "best"). An aristeia can result in the death of the hero at the aristeia's

neg: Iliad the war god. Yet great as you are I would not strike you by stealth, watching for my chance, but openly, so, if perhaps I might hit you. However, despite examples of disdain for this tactical trickery, there is reason to believe that the "Iliad", as well as later Greek warfare, endorsed tactical genius on the part of their commanders. For example, there are multiple passages in the "Iliad" with commanders such as Agamemnon or Nestor discussing the arraying of troops so as to gain an advantage. Indeed, the Trojan War is won by a notorious example of Greek guile

neg: Trojan language evidence that a fictional convention frequently used in narratives in later times had already been adopted by the poet of the "Iliad": for example, Jason finds no language barrier with Medea in Colchis, and Trojan Aeneas converses without difficulty both with Punic Dido and with Latin Turnus. Greek legend gives further indications on the subject of language at Troy. For one thing, the allies of Troy, listed at length in the Trojan Battle Order which closes book 2 of the "Iliad", are depicted as speaking various languages and thus needing to have orders translated to them by their commanders (2.802-6).

neg: Oneiros Oneiros In Greek mythology, dreams were sometimes personified as Oneiros (Dream) or Oneiroi (Dreams). In the "Iliad" of Homer, Zeus sends Oneiros to appear to Agamemnon in a dream, while in Hesiod's "Theogony", the Oneiroi are the sons of Nyx (Night), and brother of Hypnos (Sleep). For the ancient Greeks, dreams were not generally personified. However a few instances of the personification of dreams, some perhaps solely poetic, can be found in ancient Greek sources. In Homer's "Iliad", Zeus decides to send a "baleful dream" to Agamemnon, the commander of the Greek army during the Trojan War. Oneiros is summoned

neg: Elm on a wild animal: The first reference in literature to elms occurs in the "Iliad". When Eetion, father of Andromache, is killed by Achilles during the Trojan War, the Mountain Nymphs plant elms on his tomb ("περὶ δὲ πτελέoι εφύτεψαν νύμφαι ὀρεστιάδες, κoῦραι Διὸς αἰγιόχoιo"). Also in the Iliad, when the River Scamander, indignant at the sight of so many corpses in his water, overflows and threatens to drown Achilles, the latter grasps a branch of a great elm in an attempt to save himself ("ὁ δὲ πτελέην ἕλε χερσὶν εὐφυέα μεγάλην". The Nymphs also planted elms on the tomb

neg: Menon (Trojan) with the High King. Múnón was wedded to the daughter of the High King at that time, Priam. The daughter's name was Tróán. According to Snorri, Múnón and Tróán had a child named Trór, "whom," Snorri states, "we call Thor." Thus, in Snorri's euhemerized account of Norse mythology, Múnón is the father of Thor, who, according to Snorri, is the ancestor (eighteen generations later) of Odin. Menon (Trojan) Menon (in Greek Mένων) was a Trojan soldier killed by Leonteus in the Trojan War as detailed by Homer in the Iliad (XII.201). There is also a Trojan chieftain or king by

neg: Epic Cycle quotation shows that the "Little Iliad" narrated how Neoptolemus took Andromache prisoner after the fall of Troy; however, in Proclus, the "Little Iliad" stops before the sack of Troy begins. Some scholars have argued that the "Cypria" as originally planned dealt with more of the Trojan War than Proclus' summary suggests; conversely, others argue that it was designed to lead up to the "Iliad", and that Proclus' account reflects the "Cypria" as originally designed. It is probable that at least some editing or "stitching" was done to edit epics together. For the last line of the "Iliad", ὣς οἵ γ᾽

neg: Iliad "Odyssey", also attributed to Homer. Along with the "Odyssey", the "Iliad" is among the oldest extant works of Western literature, and its written version is usually dated to around the 8th century BC. In the modern vulgate (the standard accepted version), the "Iliad" contains 15,693 lines; it is written in Homeric Greek, a literary amalgam of Ionic Greek and other dialects. According to Michael N. Nagler, the "Iliad" is a more complicated epic poem than the "Odyssey". () After an invocation to the Muses, the story launches "in medias res" towards the end of the Trojan War between the Trojans

neg: Theomachy Theomachy A theomachy is a battle among gods in Greek mythology. An early example is the Titanomachy (War of the Titans), in which the Olympian Gods fought against the preceding generation, the Titans. The war lasted ten years and resulted in the victory of the Olympians and their dominion over the world. Another case is the Gigantomachy. The gods were once again divided against one another, each supporting a different side during the Trojan War. In the "Iliad", multiple theomachies occur. One is fought between Diomedes with the direct aid of Athena against Ares (part of Diomedes' "aristeia" in Book

neg: Odyssey come to refer to an epic voyage. The "Odyssey" has a lost sequel, the "Telegony", which was not written by Homer. It was usually attributed in antiquity to Cinaethon of Sparta. In one source, the "Telegony" was said to have been stolen from Musaeus of Athens by either Eugamon or Eugammon of Cyrene (see Cyclic poets). The "Odyssey" begins after the end of the ten-year Trojan War (the subject of the "Iliad"), and Odysseus has still not returned home from the war because he angered the god, Poseidon. Odysseus' son Telemachus is about 20 years old and is sharing his

neg: History of biological warfare Although the Assyrians knew of ergot, a parasitic fungus of rye which produces ergotism when ingested, there is no evidence that they poisoned enemy wells with the fungus, as has been claimed. According to Homer's epic poems about the legendary Trojan War, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey," spears and arrows were tipped with poison. During the First Sacred War in Greece, in about 590 BC, Athens and the Amphictionic League poisoned the water supply of the besieged town of Kirrha (near Delphi) with the toxic plant hellebore. During the 4th century BC Scythian archers tipped their arrow tips with snake

neg: Paphlagonia the allies of the Trojans in the Trojan War (ca. 1200 BC), where their king Pylaemenes and his son Harpalion perished ("Iliad", ii. 851—857). According to Homer and Livy, a group of Paphlagonians, called the Enetoi in Greek, were expelled from their homeland during a revolution. With a group of defeated Trojans under the leadership of the Trojan prince Antenor, they emigrated to the northern end of the Adriatic coast and later merged with indigenous Euganei giving the name Venetia to the area they settled. In the time of the Hittites, Paphlagonia was inhabited by the Kashka people, whose exact