query: who invented and where was the metric system invented

pos: History of the metric system as well as much of Europe was complete by mid-century. In the middle of the 19th century, James Clerk Maxwell put forward the concept of a coherent system where a small number of units of measure were defined as base units, and all other units of measure, called derived units, were defined in terms of the base units. Maxwell proposed three base units: length, mass and time. Advances in electromagnetism in the 19th century necessitated new units to be defined, and multiple incompatible systems of such units came into usage; none could be reconciled with the existing system of mechanical

neg: Jean-Charles de Borda for navigation and position-fixing in pre-chronometer days; and used, for example, by Lewis and Clarke to measure their latitude and longitude during their exploration of the North-western United States. Another of his contributions is his construction of the standard "metre", basis of the metric system to correspond to the measurements of Delambre. As an instrument maker, he improved the reflecting circle (invented by Tobias Mayer) and the repeating circle (invented by his assistant, Etienne Lenoir), the latter used to measure the meridian arc from Dunkirk to Barcelona by Delambre and Méchain. With the advent of the metric system after the

neg: Yardstick system also exist, most notably those which have metric measurements on one side and U.S. customary units on the other side (or both on the same side). The "tumstock" (literally ""thumbstick"", meaning "inch-stick") invented in 1883 by the Swedish engineer Karl-Hilmer Johansson Kollén was the first such hybrid stick, and was developed with the goal to help Sweden convert to the metric system. Yardsticks are often thin and rectangular, and made of wood or metal. Metal ones are often backed with a 'grippy' material, such as cork, to improve friction. They are relatively cheap, with most wood models costing under

neg: Windmill sail was invented by German airplane engineer Kurt Bilau early in the twentieth century and became quite popular in Germany where it was fitted to over 140 mills. A similar system was invented by a millwright by the name of Van Riet of Goes where the leading edge and the airbrake together form a more complete airfoil. In France some mills have a system of longitudinal shutters running the length of the sail. The system, invented in 1842, is called "Ailes Berton", commemorating their inventor, Pierre-Théophile Berton . These sails can be adjusted without stopping the mill. A few mills had

neg: Antoniadi scale Antoniadi scale The Antoniadi scale is a system used by amateur astronomers to categorise the weather conditions when viewing the stars at night. The Antoniadi scale was invented by Eugène Antoniadi, a Greek astronomer, who lived from 1870 to 1944. Living most of his life in France, he spent his time viewing Mars from Camille Flammarion's observatory. He was very prestigious and was eventually given access to the Meudon Observatory, the largest of the time. Now the scale is seen as the metric system of astronomy, being used as a default measurement all over the world. Until recently in 2018,

neg: Additional Member System state of Baden-Wurttemberg, where the compensatory seats are filled by the party's defeated candidates who were the 'best near-winner' in each of the state's four regions. It was the way that compensatory seats were allocated that made their report the origin of the additional member system, the term which the report also invented, which was then applied along with the much older "mixed system" by English-speaking writers on voting systems to West Germany's system and similar models until mixed member proportional (MMP) was invented for the adoption of the German system proposed for New Zealand in a royal commission report

neg: Metric system system came into existence in 1889, when artefacts for the metre and kilogram were fabricated according to the convention of the Metre. Early in the 20th century, an unspecified electrical unit was added, and the system was called MKSX. When it became apparent that the unit would be the ampere, the system was referred to as the MKSA system, and was the direct predecessor of the SI. The metre–tonne–second system of units (MTS) was based on the metre, tonne and second – the unit of force was the sthène and the unit of pressure was the pièze. It was invented

neg: Heating film heating system as "ondol". Technically, the modern day "ondol" is based on the same concept as the underfloor radiant heating invented by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who was interested in Japanese architecture. Wright came with the idea while visiting a Japanese nobleman's house, where he found a tea room that was different from the rest of the house, using a Korean "ondol" as a heating system. He then took the same idea to create a heating system that fits American houses. Wright invented modern radiant floor heating, using hot water running through pipes instead of hot air through

neg: Metre–tonne–second system of units system are as follows: Metre–tonne–second system of units The metre–tonne–second or MTS system of units is a system of physical units. It was invented in France, hence the unit names "sthène" and "pièze", and became its legal system between 1919 and 1961 ("décret" 5 May 1961, "Journal Officiel"). It was adopted by the Soviet Union in 1933 and abolished there in 1955. It was a metric and coherent system of units, much as SI and the centimetre–gram–second system (CGS), but with larger units for industrial use, whereas the CGS system was regarded as suitable for laboratory use only. The base

neg: Metre–tonne–second system of units Metre–tonne–second system of units The metre–tonne–second or MTS system of units is a system of physical units. It was invented in France, hence the unit names "sthène" and "pièze", and became its legal system between 1919 and 1961 ("décret" 5 May 1961, "Journal Officiel"). It was adopted by the Soviet Union in 1933 and abolished there in 1955. It was a metric and coherent system of units, much as SI and the centimetre–gram–second system (CGS), but with larger units for industrial use, whereas the CGS system was regarded as suitable for laboratory use only. The base units of the MTS

neg: Clément Ader Clément Ader Clément Ader (2 April 1841 – 3 May 1925) was a French inventor and engineer who was born in Muret, Haute-Garonne (a distant suburb of Toulouse), and died in Toulouse. He is remembered primarily for his pioneering work in aviation. Ader was an innovator in both electrical and mechanical engineering. He originally studied electrical engineering, and in 1878 improved on the telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell. After this he established the telephone network in Paris in 1880. In 1881, he invented the théâtrophone, a system of telephonic transmission where listeners received a separate channel for each ear,

neg: Equivalent average Equivalent average Equivalent Average (EqA) is a baseball metric invented by Clay Davenport and intended to express the production of hitters in a context independent of park and league effects. It represents a hitter's productivity using the same scale as batting average. Thus, a hitter with an EqA over .300 is a very good hitter, while a hitter with an EqA of .220 or below is poor. An EqA of .260 is defined as league average. The date EqA was invented cannot readily be documented, but references to it were being offered on the rec.sport.baseball usenet group as early as

neg: Connascence Connascence Connascence () is a software quality metric invented by Meilir Page-Jones to allow reasoning about the complexity caused by dependency relationships in object oriented design much like coupling did for structured design. In software engineering, two components are connascent if a change in one would require the other to be modified in order to maintain the overall correctness of the system. In addition to allowing categorization of dependency relationships, connascence also provides a system for comparing different types of dependency. Such comparisons between potential designs can often hint at ways to improve the quality of the software. A form

neg: Wall bars to and provide an area to jump off from. Wall bars Gymnastics wall bars (also known as a gymnastics ladder, Swedish ladder or as stall bars) were invented at the beginning of the 19th century by the Swedish teacher Per Henrik Ling who, when suffering from arthritis, realized the therapeutic potential of wall-bars exercise. With the support of the Swedish king, Ling founded The Royal Institute for Gymnastics, where he taught gymnastics as an art, which later became the working system in whole Europe. He later invented the vaulting box. With the arrival of emigrants in America, the wall bars

neg: Wall bars Wall bars Gymnastics wall bars (also known as a gymnastics ladder, Swedish ladder or as stall bars) were invented at the beginning of the 19th century by the Swedish teacher Per Henrik Ling who, when suffering from arthritis, realized the therapeutic potential of wall-bars exercise. With the support of the Swedish king, Ling founded The Royal Institute for Gymnastics, where he taught gymnastics as an art, which later became the working system in whole Europe. He later invented the vaulting box. With the arrival of emigrants in America, the wall bars were quickly adopted in the USA. Gymnastics wall bars

neg: Saladin box belts. The Saladin box was invented by the French Lt. Colonel Charles Saladin (1878-1942) in the late 1800s to overcome the problem where the roots of the malting barley would become entangled if not regularly turned by hand, forming large mats unusable for further processing, as encountered in the earlier system that used artificial air flow to cool the barley in deeper beds designed by Galland. The first U.S. brewery to use the Saladin system was John A. Huck Brewery in Chicago, Illinois. Modern malting devices use a similar systems of screws as those invented by Saladin, but use ribbon

neg: Dmitri Mendeleev heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapor, irrespective of the pressure and volume. Mendeleev is given credit for the introduction of the metric system to the Russian Empire. He invented "pyrocollodion", a kind of smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose. This work had been commissioned by the Russian Navy, which however did not adopt its use. In 1892 Mendeleev organized its manufacture. Mendeleev studied petroleum origin and concluded hydrocarbons are abiogenic and form deep within the earth – see Abiogenic petroleum origin. He wrote: "The capital fact to note is that petroleum was born in

neg: History of large numbers in order to give rough estimates, but shortly thereafter, Apollonius of Perga invented a more practical system of naming large numbers which were not powers of 10, based on naming powers of a myriad, for example, Much later, but still in antiquity, the Hellenistic mathematician Diophantus (3rd century) used a similar notation to represent large numbers. The Romans, who were less interested in theoretical issues, expressed 1,000,000 as "decies centena milia", that is, 'ten hundred thousand'; it was only in the 13th century that the (originally French) word 'million' was introduced . The Indians, who invented the positional numeral system,

neg: Crankcase ventilation system pollution as well as objectionable odors. Moreover, the draft tube could become clogged with snow or ice, in which case crankcase pressure would build and cause oil leaks and gasket failure. During World War II a different type of crankcase ventilation had to be invented to allow tank engines to operate during deep fording operations, where the normal draft tube ventilator would have allowed water to enter the crankcase and destroy the engine. The PCV system and its control valve were invented to meet this need, but no need for it on automobiles was recognized. In 1952, Professor A. J.

neg: Ernst Kaps teacher of Carl Bechstein, who invented and put into use the system of high tension steel strings and copper wound over steel in pianos. Pape, who was also the true inventor of the overstrung piano in 1826, along with many other successful and not so successful inventions, invented the design of an additional pressure bar or individual capo/s located between the hitch pins and the bridges (a similar system later patented by Theodore Steinway in 1872) now known as "duplex scaling". He also introduced the use of compressed felt for hammers. A good number of these are still in use

neg: United States Chess Federation "class" sections, in tournaments. USCF first instituted a rating system for over-the-board play in 1950, using a calculation formula devised by Kenneth Harkness. In 1960, the USCF adopted a more reliable rating system invented by Arpad Elo, a college professor of physics who was a chess master. Elo worked with USCF for many years. The system he invented, or a variant of it, was later adopted by FIDE, and is utilized in other games and sports, including USA Today's college football and basketball rankings. USCF has made further adjustments to the rating calculation over the years; the present calculation was

neg: James T. Nulty As an embalmer, Nulty was the inventor of a "Derma" formula embalming process that was used by undertakers throughout the nation at the turn of the 19th century. In his earlier career as a metal roller, he also invented a railroad spike and, thereafter, patented a two piece rail invention, which doubled as an electrical power line conduit and short grounding system (U.S. Patent No. 372,273) and which he sold to the Johnstown Railway Company in 1888. In that same year, James T. Nulty opened his Nulty Funeral Home business, where he employed his newly invented Derma formula and where

neg: Martine Kempf use voice commands to focus magnifying devices. The device has potential to be used as a mobile phone to control a car by spoken commands. Kempf also invented the Comeldir Multiplex Handicapped Driving Systems for people who must operate cars with their feet rather than their hands. Martine Kempf Martine Kempf is a computer scientist who invented the Katalavox in 1985, a computer-based voice activation system. Martine Kempf was born in 1951 in Dossenheim-Kochersberg, France. She attended Friedrich Wilhelm University, Bonn as an astronomy major from 1981-1983. Her invention of a voice recognition system was inspired while she was a

neg: Aulay Macaulay Aulay Macaulay Aulay Macaulay (died 1788) was an 18th-century English tea-dealer, based in Manchester, who invented a system of shorthand which could be used in English and many other languages. He died on 19 March 1788, in Manchester. In the 18th century Macaulay invented a system of shorthand, which he named "Polygraphy". His system was documented in a self-printed book titled "Polygraphy or Shorthand Made Easy to the Meanest Capacity Being an Universal Character Fitted to All Languages Which may be learnt by this Book without the help of a Master", published in 1747. In order to ward off possible

neg: Aileron by about 1915, well after the function of the rudder and elevator flight controls had been largely standardised. Although there were previously many conflicting claims over who first invented the aileron and its function, i.e., lateral or roll control, the flight control device was invented and described by the British scientist and metaphysicist Matthew Piers Watt Boulton in his 1864 paper "On Aërial Locomotion". He was the first to patent an aileron control system in 1868. Boulton's description of his lateral flight control system was both clear and complete. It was "the first record we have of appreciation of the

neg: Andrew Alford The original system was co-invented by Alford and Frank Kear. In 1983 Alford was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his invention of the Localizer Antenna System which guides aircraft during landings. Andrew Alford Andrew Alford (5 August 1904 – 25 January 1992) was an American electrical engineer and inventor. Born in Samara, Russia, Alford invented and developed antennas for radio navigation systems, now used for VHF omnidirectional range and instrument landing systems. Alford graduated from the University of California in 1924. He received an honorary doctorate from Ohio University in 1975. He invented a balanced square

neg: Benjamin Miessner radio station in Washington, D.C. to be a radio operator. It was while he was in Washington that he invented the "cat whisker" detector which allowed for receiving radio waves by crystal sets. He was also promoted to Chief Operator. He left the Navy to work with John Hays Hammond Jr. and Frtiz Lowenstein in 1911. The group worked on a wireless control system for torpedoes. While working for Hammond he invented a superheterodyne radio system. The group also invented the Electric Dog, a prop they used to demonstrate how light changes the electrical conduction properties of selenium. Miessner and

neg: Birmingham invented the postage stamp and created the first modern universal postal system in 1839. Alexander Parkes invented the first man-made plastic in the Jewellery Quarter in 1855. By the 1820s, an extensive canal system had been constructed, giving greater access to natural resources and fuel for industries. During the Victorian era, the population of Birmingham grew rapidly to well over half a million and Birmingham became the second largest population centre in England. Birmingham was granted city status in 1889 by Queen Victoria. Joseph Chamberlain, mayor of Birmingham and later an MP, and his son Neville Chamberlain, who was Lord

neg: Connascence change together. Connascence of identity is when multiple components must reference the entity. Reducing connascence will reduce the cost of change for a software system. One way of reducing connascence is by transforming strong forms of connascence into weaker forms. For example, a method that takes several arguments could be changed to use named parameters. This would change the connascence from CoP to CoN. Reducing the degree and increasing locality of involved elements constitute other ways to reduce connascence. Connascence Connascence () is a software quality metric invented by Meilir Page-Jones to allow reasoning about the complexity caused by dependency

neg: Parimutuel betting American "place" bet which has winners, the total amount to be distributed is first divided into equal shares. If is one of the winners, those who bet on outcome will receive a payout of for every dollar they bet on it. The parimutuel system was invented by Catalan impresario Joseph Oller in 1867. The large amount of calculation involved in this system led to the invention of a specialized mechanical calculating machine known as a totalisator, "automatic totalisator" or "tote board", invented by the Australian engineer, George Alfred Julius. The first was installed at Ellerslie Racecourse, Auckland, New Zealand in

neg: Italians the Hindu–Arabic numeral system to the Western World and he also introduced the sequence of Fibonacci numbers which he used as an example in Liber Abaci. Gerolamo Cardano, introduced the probability and established the binomial coefficients and binomial theorem and he also invented some essential onjects. During the Renaissance, Luca Pacioli established accounting to the world, published the first work on Double-entry bookkeeping system. Galileo Galilei made several significant advances in mathematics. Bonaventura Cavalieri's works anticipated integral calculus and popularized logarithms in Italy. Jacopo Riccati, who was also a jurist, invented the Riccati equation. Maria Gaetana Agnesi, the first woman

neg: Feynman slash notation Feynman slash notation In the study of Dirac fields in quantum field theory, Richard Feynman invented the convenient Feynman slash notation (less commonly known as the Dirac slash notation). If "A" is a covariant vector (i.e., a 1-form), using the Einstein summation notation where "γ" are the gamma matrices. Using the anticommutators of the gamma matrices, one can show that for any formula_2 and formula_3, where formula_5 is the identity matrix in four dimensions. In particular, Further identities can be read off directly from the gamma matrix identities by replacing the metric tensor with inner products. For example, where Often,

neg: William Bell Wait William Bell Wait William Bell Wait (1839–1916) was a teacher in the New York Institute for the Education of the Blind who invented New York Point, a system of writing for the blind that was adopted widely in the United States before the Braille system was universally adopted there. Mr. Wait also applied the New York Point principles to adapt them for use in over 20 languages, created a form of New York Point to notate music, and invented a number of devices to better type and print embossed material for the visually impaired. Wait grew up in New York

neg: Penmanship an ideographic system (where a sign represents an idea) and then to a syllabic system (where a sign represents a syllable). Developing around the same time, the Egyptian system of hieroglyphics also began as a pictographic script and evolved into a system of syllabic writing. Two cursive scripts were eventually created, hieratic, shortly after hieroglyphs were invented, and demotic (Egyptian) in the seventh century BC. Scribes wrote these scripts usually on papyrus, with ink on a reed pen. The first known alphabetical system came from the Phoenicians, who developed a vowel-less system of 22 letters around the eleventh century BC.

neg: Tape bias at which the high-frequency response is at maximum (lowest bias). These conditions unfortunately do not occur at the same bias level. Professional reel-to-reel and cassette recorders are always set up for minimal distortion. Consumer equipment, and in particular compact-cassette recorders have the bias set at a compromise level (usually a little higher) to give good frequency response and acceptably low distortion. Bang & Olufsen invented and patented the so-called Dolby HX PRO (Headroom eXtension) principle for combining bias control with the Dolby system for better high-frequency response in cassette recorders. Tandberg invented the cross-field recording system for tape recorders where

neg: David H. Shepard David H. Shepard David Hammond Shepard (September 30, 1923 – November 24, 2007) was an American inventor, who invented among other things, the first optical character recognition device, first voice recognition system and the Farrington B numeric font used on credit cards. Shepard was born September 30, 1923 in Milwaukee. His father died when he was 2 and his mother when he was 10. His guardian was Laurens Hammond who invented the Hammond organ. He graduated in electrical engineering from Cornell in 1945 and then University of Michigan with a master's degree in Mathematics in 1947. He worked during World

neg: David H. Shepard Sydney. Shepard died in San Diego of bronchiectasis on November 24, 2007, at the age of 84. David H. Shepard David Hammond Shepard (September 30, 1923 – November 24, 2007) was an American inventor, who invented among other things, the first optical character recognition device, first voice recognition system and the Farrington B numeric font used on credit cards. Shepard was born September 30, 1923 in Milwaukee. His father died when he was 2 and his mother when he was 10. His guardian was Laurens Hammond who invented the Hammond organ. He graduated in electrical engineering from Cornell in 1945

neg: Mechanical arm and Harold A. Roseland, where they developed a sprayer that had about five degrees of freedom and an electric control system. Pollard’s was called “first position controlling apparatus.” William Pollard never designed or built his arm, but it was a base for other inventors in the future. Other robotic arms were invented in 1961 by Unimate, evolving to the PUMA arm. In 1963, the Rancho arm was designed, along with many others in the future. Even though Joseph Engelberger marketed Unimate, George Devol invented the robotic arm. It focused on using Unimate for tasks that are harmful to humans. In

neg: Elevated photography unit. The operational range of the most common, electric-powered multicopters are well-below the operational altitude and range of commercial aircraft, which are capable of conventional aerial photography using a larger, professional cameras that are hand-held by a camera operator, or, mounted inside a gyro-stabilized platform, which are mounted on the outside of the aircraft. Skycam is the original, elevated cable-controlled camera system that was invented by Garrett Brown in 1984; who also invented the body-mounted Steadicam system. Because of its ability to carry heavy loads and provide smooth, precise camera movements and maintain steady camera positions, the Skycam and CableCam-type

neg: Jean Maritz Jean Maritz Jean Maritz (1680–1743), also Johan Maritz, was a Swiss inventor, born in Burgdorf, Canton of Bern, who moved to France, becoming "Commissaire des Fontes" at Strasbourg (Commissionner of the King's Foundry), and invented the vertical drilling machine, as well as the horizontal drilling machine for cannons in the 18th century. His inventions revolutionized cannon-making, and became a key component of the de Vallière system, and contributed to the development of the later Gribeauval system. Jean Maritz first invented a vertical drilling machine for cannons while in France in 1713. The vertical drilling method however, in which a cannon

neg: Chess rating system the rating differences being 1620 is: formula_2 The USCF used a modification of this system to calculate ratings after individual games of correspondence chess, with a "K" = 32 and "C" = 200. The Glicko system was invented by Mark E. Glickman as an improvement of the Elo system. The Glicko-2 system is a refinement and is used by the Australian Chess Federation and some online playing sites. The ICCF U.S.A. used its own system in the 1970s. It now uses the Elo system. The Deutsche Wertungszahl system replaced the Ingo system in Germany. The Chessmetrics system was invented by

neg: Ken Thompson Ken Thompson Kenneth Lane Thompson (born February 4, 1943), commonly referred to as ken in hacker circles, is an American pioneer of computer science. Having worked at Bell Labs for most of his career, Thompson designed and implemented the original Unix operating system. He also invented the B programming language, the direct predecessor to the C programming language, and was one of the creators and early developers of the Plan 9 operating systems. Since 2006, Thompson has worked at Google, where he co-invented the Go programming language. Other notable contributions included his work on regular expressions and early computer text

neg: Brake lining about everywhere there are braking systems, from elevator safety brakes to spindle brakes inside a VCR. The form and materials are frequently different, but the principle is the same. There are different systems for the cataloguing of brake linings. The most frequently used system in Europe is the WVA numbering system. Brake lining Brake linings are the consumable surfaces in brake systems, such as drum brakes and disc brakes used in transport vehicles. Brake linings were invented by Bertha Benz (the wife of Karl Benz who invented the first patented automobile) during her historic first long-distance car trip in the

neg: Monte Carlo polarization as the form data response eigen-norm vector scalar. The idea of Monte-Carlo Polarization was firstly invented in Athens, (more commonly known as Thens), by Errikos Babudopoulos in 1978, but was mostly used in research in the 1990s by famous mathematicians, such as Grigori Perelman, in proving the soul conjecture. The origins of Monte Carlo Polarization came from the following observations made in early 1922: Where the validity of an opinion is defined by the Emotional Intelligence Hierarchical metric space, using the obvious distance function. Given an array "A" of "n" elements with values or records "A" ... "A", sorted such

neg: Charles B. Hensley invented and developed Zicam cold remedy and its underlying nasal delivery system. Hensley then created his first corporate venture in order to market and sell the product and Zicam went on to become a successful over-the-counter product and an iconic brand in the decades that followed. In 1997, Hensley invented and developed Zicam cold remedy, one of the most successful OTC remedies for the common cold on the market. Hensley also invented and developed the underlying nasal delivery system used in the Zicam products. As a means to fast track Zicam to the marketplace, Hensley and his partners co-founded Gel

neg: Invention of the telephone which a successful business could be built and grow. Bell adopted carbon transmitters similar to Edison's transmitters and adapted telephone exchanges and switching plug boards developed for telegraphy. Watson and other Bell engineers invented numerous other improvements to telephony. Bell succeeded where others failed to assemble a commercially viable telephone system. It can be argued that Bell invented the telephone industry. Bell's first intelligible voice transmission over an electric wire was named an IEEE Milestone. Elisha Gray recognized the lack of fidelity of the make-break transmitter of Reis and Bourseul and reasoned by analogy with the lover's telegraph, that if

neg: Two-liter bottle almost invariably refers to a soft drink bottle. Other common metric sizes for plastic soft drink bottles include 500 milliliters, 1 liter, and 3 liters. PepsiCo introduced the first two-liter sized soft drink bottle in 1970. Motivated by market research conducted by new marketing vice president John Sculley (who would later be known for heading Apple Inc. 1983-1993), the bottle was invented by a team led by Nathaniel Wyeth of DuPont, who received the patent in 1973. In 1985, a three-liter bottle appeared on supermarket shelves. The design is still used to this day by some bottlers. Most modern-day two-liter

neg: Spinning jenny grey cloth, and took it to shopkeepers. Ten years later this had changed and the fustian masters were middle men, who collected the grey cloth and took it to market in Manchester where it was sold to merchants who organised the finishing. To handweave a piece of eighteenpenny weft took 14 days and paid 36 shillings in all. Of this nine shillings was paid for spinning, and nine for carding. So by 1750, a rudimentary manufacturing system feeding into a marketing system emerged. In 1738 John Kay started to improve the loom. He improved the reed, and invented the raceboard,

neg: Sarati a certain degree of evolution and development. The first script for the elves was the Sarati which eventually developed into Tengwar by Fëanor. Known as the first writing system of Arda, Sarati was invented by the Ñoldorin chronicler Rúmil of Valinor in the Valian Year of 1179. It was he "who first achieved fitting signs for the recording of speech and song" The writing system is officially called Sarati as each letter of the script represents a "sarat". However, Tolkien sometimes called the writing system “The Tengwar of Rúmil", where the word "tengwar" means letters in Quenya. Sarati is the

neg: Joseph Glass the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce promoted a competition for an effective apparatus for cleaning chimneys. Several systems were invented; one invented by George Smart was awarded a gold medal by the Society of Arts in 1805. However it had little effect on the campaign. Glass invented an apparatus in which cane rods were connected with brass screw joints, creating a flexible rod which coped with bends in the chimney. A wheel was fixed to the top of the stock, to prevent jamming. Glass's system, introduced in 1828, was considered superior to Smart's apparatus. It was approved by the

neg: Soundfield microphone Soundfield microphone The Soundfield microphone is an audio microphone composed of four closely spaced subcardioid or cardioid (unidirectional) microphone capsules arranged in a tetrahedron. It was invented by Michael Gerzon and Peter Craven, and is a part of, but not exclusive to, Ambisonics, a surround sound technology. It can function as a mono, stereo or surround sound microphone, optionally including height information. The soundfield mic was invented by Michael Gerzon and Peter Craven. Their theoretical design was developed into a practical microphone system by Calrec Audio Limited, who launched the first soundfield mic in 1978. In 1993, the soundfield mic

neg: Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa problems. The Indian method involves using the Euclidean algorithm. It is called kuttakara ("pulveriser"). The most unusual feature of the Laghubhāskarīyavivaraṇa is the use of katapayadi system of numeration as well as the place-value Sanskrit numerals which Laghubhāskarīyavivaraṇa frequently uses. Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa is the first author known to use katapayadi system of numeration with this name but he did not invent it for it appears to be identical to a system invented earlier which was called "varnasamjna". The numeration system called "varnasamjna" was invented by the astronomer Haridatta, and it was explained by him in a text which was written in

neg: Frederick Vinton Hunt Frederick Vinton Hunt Frederick Vinton Hunt (February 15, 1905 – April 21, 1972) was an inventor, a scientist and a professor at Harvard University who worked in the field of acoustic engineering. He made significant contributions to room acoustics, regulated power supply, lightweight phonograph pickups and electronic reproduction equipment, and notably, during World War II, invented new techniques for sonar (an acronym that he invented, though the gloss was changed by others). He developed the first efficient and modern sonar system, for this work received the Medal for Merit from President Truman (1947), and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal by

neg: Optical wireless communications communication purposes is attributed to ancient Greeks and Romans who used polished shields to send signals by reflecting sunlight during battles. In 1810, Carl Friedrich Gauss invented the heliograph which uses a pair of mirrors to direct a controlled beam of sunlight to a distant station. Although the original heliograph was designed for the geodetic survey, it was used extensively for military purposes during the late 19th and early 20th century. In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell invented the photophone, the world’s first wireless telephone system. Military interest in photophones continued after Bell's time. For example in 1935, the German Army

neg: Robert Willis (engineer) of bronchitis at Cambridge where his papers are archived at the Cambridge University Library. Even before attending college, Willis invented an improvement to the harp pedal and in 1821 published "An attempt to Analyze the Automaton Chess Player". He later invented the odontograph (1837) which became widely used, and the cymograph (1841) which did not. In 1841 he published his "Principles of Mechanism", and in 1851 "A System of Apparatus for the Use of Lecturers and Experimenters in Mechanical Philosophy", as well as many works on medieval architecture and the mechanical construction of English cathedrals, notable for his incisive decompositions

neg: Gianduja (chocolate) represents the archetypal Piedmontese, a native of the Italian region where hazelnut confectionery is common. Gianduja (chocolate) Gianduja or gianduia (; ) is a sweet chocolate spread containing about 30 % hazelnut paste, invented in Turin during Napoléon's regency (1796–1814). The Continental System - imposed by Napoleon in 1806 - prevented British goods from entering European harbours under French control and put a strain on cocoa supplies. A chocolatier in Turin named Michele Prochet extended the little chocolate he had by mixing it with hazelnuts from the Langhe hills south of Turin. Based on Gianduia, Turin-based chocolate manufacturer Caffarel invented

neg: Schuyler Wheeler of an electric motor. He was awarded the John Scott Medal for this invention in 1904 by the Franklin Institute. Wheeler invented the electric elevator. He invented the electric fire engine. Wheeler's Patent for an Electric Fire-engine System was filed on May 23, 1882. It was issued on February 24, 1885 by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. He invented paralleling of dynamos and series multiple motor control. Wheeler was a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers; the American Society of Mechanical Engineers; the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (President, 1905–1906; Vice President for three years); the

neg: Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments What we call the Sonneborn-Berger system was not invented by Sonneborn or Berger, and it was not originally designed for tie-breaking. It was invented by Oscar Gelbfuhs about 1873 to be used as a weighted score in round-robin tournaments. It would be used instead of the raw score for final places. In 1886 Sonneborn criticized the system and suggested an improvement that would give a better weighted score. His suggestion was to add the square of the player's points to the amount calculated as above. In 1887 and 1888 Berger studied Gelbfuhs' system and the suggestion of Sonneborn. This improvement

neg: Edwin Hill (engineer) Edwin Hill (engineer) Edwin Hill (25 November 1793 - 6 November 1876) was a Victorian postal official, the older brother of Rowland Hill, who invented a mechanical system to make envelopes and who campaigned for legal and political change. Hill was born in Birmingham, Warwickshire and educated at a school run by his father Thomas Wright Hill where he also taught when older. Later he worked at the Assay Office in Birmingham and then at a Birmingham brass-rolling mill where he became the manager. In 1819 he married Anne Bucknall and they had ten children. In 1827 he moved to

neg: Type 91 torpedo widely considered to be impossible. A breakthrough on aerial torpedo design was made with the anti-rolling controller invented first by Iyeda, assistant manager of the arsenal workmen, in spring 1941. Ten days later, while the Iyeda system was being tested, Naval Engineer Noma invented another system. It functioned in a similar way, but with a different mechanism. During the prototype tests, Noma's system was found to be the better, having less time lag in its responses. So the Noma system was adopted for the next production version of Type91 and it went into final testing in August 1941, making practical

neg: History of the transistor thought it best that his name be left off the patent application. Shockley was incensed, and decided to demonstrate who was the real brains of the operation. Only a few months later he invented an entirely new type of transistor with a layer or "sandwich" structure. This new form was considerably more robust than the fragile point-contact system, and would go on to be used for the vast majority of all transistors into the 1960s. It would evolve into the bipolar junction transistor. The static induction transistor, the first high frequency transistor concept, was invented by Japanese engineers Jun-ichi Nishizawa

neg: Whitcomb L. Judson cable streetcar firm bought them out and turned it into an electric streetcar since Judson's system was impractical. Judson was an inventor who was awarded 30 (patents) over a sixteen-year career. He received fourteen patents on street railway ideas before his most noteworthy invention, a chain-lock fastener. This was the precursor to the modern zipper which he developed and invented in 1890. Judson is recognized as the inventor of the zipper. He also invented a "clasp-locker" automation production machine that made his fastener device inexpensively. There were many technical problems in making the "clasp-lockers", however. Judson’s metal zipper fastener device

neg: Local Heroes pages have now been deleted, suggesting that no further series are planned. 1 North West: Isambard Kingdom Brunel: 2 Scotland: Alexander Bain (inventor): Electro-chemical telegraph 3 East: William Harvey: Reformed incorrect thinking about the circulation of blood. Benjamin Wiseman: Patented a Windmill in 1783. 4 North East: John Walker (inventor): Invented the friction match. Charles Algernon Parsons: Invented the steam turbine. 5 Wales: Thomas Telford: Developed a system for road building & built bridges. Alfred Russel Wallace: Devised theory of natural selection jointly with Darwin. 6 South East: Samuel Morland: Invented giant megaphones and was master mechanic to Charles II

neg: Michael Counts three-dimensional classical still life, a cat from a Balthus painting – interwoven with invented scenarios. A hermaphrodite appeared in different guises, at one point dressed in a sailor costume identical to the ones adorning a statue of a child and worn by the Oedipus character. An armadillo lumbered around the stage, at one point standing up on its hind legs to reveal a naked young woman within on whose skin an image of the solar system was projected. There were multiple scenes involving a surreally distanced Oedipal coupling of two actors who recited a combination of Sophocles and invented texts

neg: Culture of the United Kingdom — it uses the standing water to seal the outlet of the bowl, preventing the escape of foul air from the sewer. In 1824 Charles Macintosh invented the waterproof raincoat; the Mackintosh (mac) is named after him. William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1824. The first commercial electrical telegraph was co-invented by Sir William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone. They patented it in May 1837 as an alarm system, and it was first successfully demonstrated on 25 July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London. Postal reformer Sir Rowland Hill is regarded as the creator of the modern postal

neg: Composting toilet toilet with similarities to composting toilets, but the collection vessel for the human excreta was not designed to compost. Dry earth closets were invented by English clergyman Henry Moule, who dedicated his life to improving public sanitation after witnessing the cholera epidemics of 1849 and 1854. Impressed by the insalubrity of the houses, especially during the Great Stink in the summer of 1858, he invented what he called the 'dry earth system'. In partnership with James Bannehr, he patented his device (No. 1316, dated 28 May 1860). Among his works bearing on the subject were "The Advantages of the Dry

neg: Erwin Wilhelm Müller Erwin Wilhelm Müller Erwin Wilhelm Müller (or "Mueller") (June 13, 1911 – May 17, 1977) was a German physicist who invented the Field Emission Electron Microscope (FEEM), the Field Ion Microscope (FIM), and the Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope. He and his student, Kanwar Bahadur, were the first people to experimentally observe atoms. Müller was born in Berlin, where he studied at the Technical University under Gustav Hertz. He received his degree in engineering in 1935 and his doctorate in 1936. Müller worked at the Siemens Research Laboratory, where he invented the field emission microscope in 1936 that allowed resolutions of

neg: The Man Who Invented Christmas (film) with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""The Man Who Invented Christmas" adds holiday magic to the writing of "A Christmas Carol", putting a sweetly revisionist spin on the story behind a classic yuletide tale." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 60 out of 100, based 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". The Man Who Invented Christmas (film) The Man Who Invented Christmas is a 2017 biographical drama film directed by Bharat Nalluri and written by Susan Coyne based on the book of the same

neg: History of Western civilization German-Czech Augustinian monk who studied the nature of inheritance in plants. In his 1865 paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" ("Experiments on Plant Hybridization"), Mendel traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and described them mathematically. Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister made discoveries about bacteria and its effects on humans. Geologists at the time made discoveries indicating the world was far older than most believed it to be. Early batteries were invented and a telegraph system was also invented, allowing global communication. In 1869 Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published his Periodic table. The success of Mendeleev's table came from

neg: Folsom Powerhouse State Historic Park it was invented, AC power made it feasible to convert the electrical power to high voltage by using the newly invented transformers and to then economically transmit the power long distances to where it was needed. Lower voltage electrical power, which is much easier and safer to use, could be easily gotten by using transformers to convert the high voltage power to lower voltages near where it was being used. DC power cannot use a transformer to change its voltage. The Folsom Powerhouse, using part of the American River's rushing water to power its turbines connected to newly invented AC

neg: Trackball mouse. Some small "thumbballs" are designed to clip onto the side of the keyboard and have integral buttons with the same function as mouse buttons. The trackball was invented as part of a post-World War II-era radar plotting system named Comprehensive Display System (CDS) by Ralph Benjamin when working for the British Royal Navy Scientific Service. Benjamin's project used analog computers to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a joystick. Benjamin felt that a more elegant input device was needed and invented a "ball tracker" system called the

neg: Walks plus hits per inning pitched Walks plus hits per inning pitched In baseball statistics, walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) is a sabermetric measurement of the number of baserunners a pitcher has allowed per inning pitched. WHIP reflects a pitcher's propensity for allowing batters to reach base, therefore a lower WHIP indicates better performance. WHIP is calculated by adding the number of walks and hits allowed and dividing this sum by the number of innings pitched. The stat was invented in 1979 by writer Daniel Okrent, who called the metric "innings pitched ratio" at the time. Okrent excluded hit batsmen from the numerator of

neg: Cloth diaper housewife named Marion Donovan, invented the "Boater", a waterproof covering for cloth diapers. Marion was granted 4 patents for her designs, including the use of plastic snaps that replaced the traditional and dangerous "safety pins". In 1950, the prefold diaper was invented by a diaper service owner and produced by Curity. The prefold diaper consisted of a standard "flat" diaper, but pre-folded and sewn together. Also in 1950, the Safe-T Di-Dee diaper was invented. The diaper was preformed and was the first pinless, snap-on diaper- this was the first fitted diaper. It was invented by Sybil Geeslin (Kennedy) who subsequently

neg: Tina-Rannosaurus Wrecks you package on his doorstep for his help. The family meets Chase, an insurance adjuster who at first seemed like he believes the story Bob and Tina invented in order to get their insurance claim. He invites the family to cater a party at his house, where Tina (who was manning the grill) accidentally sets the house on fire. Tina gets nightmares from the lies and Bob finally decides to come clean to Chase and the rest of the family. When they arrive at his office however, Chase reveals that he knew the story was just invented, but he figured

neg: Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91) to earth. Tom Kelly as a project engineer at Grumman, invented and successfully designed the Lunar Module. 1969 Electromagnetic lock 1969 Laser printer A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. The laser printer was invented at Xerox in 1969 by researcher Gary Starkweather, who had an improved printer working by 1971 and incorporated into a fully functional networked printer system by about a year later. 1969 Bioactive glass Bioactive glasses are a group of surface reactive glass-ceramics. The biocompatibility of these glasses has led them to

neg: Limes inferior nature of people. The end is largely mystical, but it suggests that, with the help of Alice, Sneer succeeds in saving humanity, though it is not clear exactly how he achieves that. As with much utopian and dystopian fiction in the former Soviet bloc countries, where open criticism of the government was dangerous and subject to censorship, this book was interpreted by many as in fact a criticism of the system disguised as an SF novel to evade censorship (the "aliens", who are military superpower and are simultaneously enforcing a social system invented by them and thought by them to

neg: Trinitron had a PAL decoder that was different from those invented and licensed by Telefunken of Germany, who invented the PAL color system. The decoder inside the UK-sold Sony color Trinitron sets, from the KV-1300UB to the KV-1330UB, had an NTSC decoder adapted for PAL. The decoder used a 64 microsecond delay line to store every other line, but instead of using the delay line to average out the phase of the current line and the previous line, it simply repeated the same line twice. Any phase errors could then be compensated for by using a tint control knob on the

neg: Marich Confectionery Herman Goelitz, Inc., where he invented a number of signature candies, including the Jelly Belly. After working for others for nearly a lifetime, Marinus founded Marich Confectionery in 1983 in Watsonville, California. Marinus also employed his two sons, Brad van Dam, who was then in college, and Troy van Dam, still in high school, who began their careers at Marich. In Watsonville, Marinus invented a series of delicious chocolates consisting of chocolate covered dried fruits. The first was the chocolate covered dried cherry with pastel cherry coating. In late 1992, Marich introduced the chocolate covered dried blueberry to the confectionery

neg: Delaney card the next day of a previous absence. The Visual Seating Plan card system was invented and implemented by Edward C. Delaney, a Harvard University graduate, and teacher at DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, who died in 1969. Teachers in settings where the Delaney system is used often must keep track of hundreds of students; a typical teacher may handle 170 pupils per day. Progressive educators criticize the Delaney book because it encourages impersonal treatment by the teacher. "The cardinal sin was to treat a student like a Delaney card," recalled a teacher at New Utrecht High School. As

neg: Electrical telegraph year Johann Schweigger invented the galvanometer, with a coil of wire around a compass, which could be used as a sensitive indicator for an electric current. In 1821, André-Marie Ampère suggested that telegraphy could be done by a system of galvanometers, with one wire per galvanometer to indicate each letter, and said he had experimented successfully with such a system. In 1824, Peter Barlow said that such a system only worked to a distance of about , and so was impractical. In 1825, William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet, with a single winding of uninsulated wire on a piece of varnished

neg: Robert Whitehead (Derbyshire) Robert Whitehead (Derbyshire) Robert Whitehead (1856 to 1938) was an English land owner, businessman and Justice of the Peace (1915-1916). He was chairman or director of many business in the area including Cammell Laird shipbuilders, Brodsworth Colliery Staverly Coal and Iron Company and Leeds Forge Company Ltd and many more. He was the 2nd cousin to the Robert Whitehead who invented the torpedo and great-great Grandson of John Kay who invented the Flying Shuttle. In 1901 he took over the Hargate Estate, near the village of Wormhill, Derbyshire, where he lived until he died in 1938. He added massively to

neg: Invented (album) during its opening week, and debuted at number five on the "Billboard" Rock Albums chart and number eleven on the "Billboard" 200. All songs written and composed by Jimmy Eat World. The following personnel contributed to "Invented": Invented (album) Invented is the seventh studio album by American rock band Jimmy Eat World, released on September 28, 2010 through Interscope Records. Recorded primarily at the band's home-based studio, the album was co-produced by Mark Trombino, who had previously worked on the band's earlier material; "Static Prevails" (1996), "Clarity" (1999) and "Bleed American" (2001). The album was preceded by the single "My

neg: History of San Jose, California military platforms such as the M113 Armored Personnel Carrier, the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, and various subsystems of the M1 Abrams. FMC's military business would later be spun off into United Defense. IBM established their west coast headquarters in San Jose in 1943. In 1952 they opened a research and development facility in downtown, where Reynold Johnson and his team invented RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control). In 1956 IBM opened its Cottle Road manufacturing facility in the Santa Teresa neighborhood, where disc drives were invented in 1962. It was sold to Hitachi, who in turn sold the property

neg: History of timekeeping devices great horologists in their own right, such as George Graham who invented the deadbeat escapement, orrery and mercury pendulum, and his pupil Thomas Mudge who created the first lever escapement. Famous clockmakers of this period included Joseph Windmills, Simon de Charmes who established the De Charmes clockmaker firm and Christopher Pinchbeck who invented the alloy pinchbeck. Later famous horologists included John Arnold who made the first practical and accurate modern watch by refining Harrison's chronometer, Thomas Earnshaw who was the first to make these available to the public, Daniel Quare, who invented a repeating watch movement, a portable barometer and

neg: Craig Nevill-Manning Craig Nevill-Manning Craig Graham Nevill-Manning is a New Zealand computer scientist who founded Google's first remote engineering center, located in midtown Manhattan, where he is an Engineering Director. He also invented Froogle (now Google Shopping), a product search engine. Nevill-Manning graduated with a BSc in computer science from the University of Canterbury. He received his PhD from the University of Waikato where he was a co-creator of the Weka machine learning suite and the Greenstone digital library software. In 1994, he invented the sequitur algorithm, which uses data compression to infer the structure of a sequence of symbols. Prior to

neg: Science and technology of the Song dynasty production of printed materials. This meant that parents could encourage sons to learn to read and write and therefore be able to take the imperial examination and become part of the growing learned bureaucracy. Movable type printing was further advanced in Joseon era Korea, where Bi Sheng's baked clay characters were scrapped for metal type characters in 1234. The movable type of Bi Sheng was later improved upon by Wang Zhen (1290–1333), who invented wooden movable type c. 1298, and Hua Sui (1439–1513), who invented bronze movable type in China in 1490; yet the Koreans had metal movable type before

neg: Gianduja (chocolate) Gianduja (chocolate) Gianduja or gianduia (; ) is a sweet chocolate spread containing about 30 % hazelnut paste, invented in Turin during Napoléon's regency (1796–1814). The Continental System - imposed by Napoleon in 1806 - prevented British goods from entering European harbours under French control and put a strain on cocoa supplies. A chocolatier in Turin named Michele Prochet extended the little chocolate he had by mixing it with hazelnuts from the Langhe hills south of Turin. Based on Gianduia, Turin-based chocolate manufacturer Caffarel invented Gianduiotto in 1852. It takes its name from "Gianduja", a Carnival and marionette character who

neg: Printing telegraph afternoon." Printing Telegraphs were quite temperamental and suffered frequent breakdowns. Transmission speed was also much slower than the Morse system. The complexity of the original House device meant that production was limited. An improved version was designed by George Phelps. The Globotype was invented by David McCallum as a response to problems with the printing telegraph. Various layouts were produced to improve the efficiency of the keyboard system and accommodate several other alphabets. Teleprinter Printing telegraph The printing telegraph was invented by Royal Earl House in 1846. House's equipment could transmit around 40 instantly readable words per minute, but was

neg: Time Diver: Eon Man The world is virtually crime free thanks to the Clear System invented by Kane Nelson, scientist extraordinaire. That is, until a secret organization called Romedrux decides to challenge the system by unleashing a plague of crime. In order for them to succeed, they'll need to prevent the Clear System from ever being invented, and that means eliminating Kane or his ancestors. Los Angeles, 1993. Dan Nelson thought he was an ordinary student living in LA until the day he found himself under attack by Romedrux warriors. During the attack, Dan learns about his future son, Kane, and vows to protect

neg: Sound recording and reproduction market item. A key advance in audio fidelity came with the Dolby A noise reduction system, invented by Ray Dolby and introduced into professional recording studios in 1966. It suppressed the light but sometimes quite noticeable steady background of hiss, which was the only easily audible downside of mastering on tape instead of recording directly to disc. A competing system, dbx, invented by David Blackmer, also found success in professional audio. A simpler variant of Dolby's noise reduction system, known as Dolby B, greatly improved the sound of cassette tape recordings by reducing the especially high level of hiss that

neg: Mary Walton Mary Walton Mary Elizabeth Walton was a nineteenth-century American inventor who was awarded two patents for pollution-reducing devices. In 1879, Walton created a method for reducing the environmental hazards of the smoke emitted from locomotive, industrial and residential chimneys. Her system deflected the emissions being produced by factory smokestacks into water tanks, where the pollutants were retained and later flushed "into the sewer, or into other suitable channels for conducting them to a distant or any desired locality". Mary Walton also invented a system for reducing the noise produced by the elevated railway systems that were rapidly expanding in New

neg: Jaeger-LeCoultre patents and created hundreds of inventions. Invented by Antoine LeCoultre in 1844, the Millionomètre was the first instrument in history capable of measuring the micron, allowing for the precise manufacture of watch parts. The invention was never patented, as no such system existed in Switzerland at the time. However, its unique composition was kept a closely guarded secret, used by the company for more than fifty years. It was presented at the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1900. In 1847, Antoine invented a keyless watch, the second simple and reliable winding and time-setting system to do without a key after

neg: Russell Earl Marker Syntex SA. Because Marker was the only person in the company who knew how to do the synthesis of progesterone, they could no longer produce the drug. Marker however went to work with Botanica-mex, a company based in Texcoco. The company later was sold to Gedeon Richter Ltd. where they started using both cabeza de negro and barbasco (yam) to make progesterone. Today, progesterone can be used to make cortisone and oral contraceptives. Russell Earl Marker Russell Earl Marker (March 12, 1902 – March 3, 1995) was an American chemist who invented the octane rating system when he was working

neg: Bible translations into Chinese Since regional languages or dialects could not be adequately written using Chinese characters, missionaries and church leaders invented systems of phonetic transcription, syllabaries, or romanization in order to write and print Christian texts and Bibles. These were in most cases the first works printed in those languages, as in Bible translations into Taiwanese. A similar need led to the invention of several systems for Braille. Missionaries invented writing systems for tribal and minority peoples. At the beginning of the 20th century, the missionary Samuel Pollard invented a phonetic system for Miao and other minority languages which is in use over

neg: City of Heroes system to the game, which allowed characters to combine other dropped items they salvaged and recipes to create various goods. Invented enhancements could provide better bonuses than normal enhancements, including set bonuses for slotting invented enhancements from the same set into the same power. Costume pieces and limited-use temporary powers could also be invented. In addition to these, there were also collectible badges for players to earn. Gained for performing various actions in game (such as moving over specific places in each zone, defeating certain numbers of enemies, healing allies, and taking damage) most served no functional purpose for players,

neg: James S. Albus extended a previous theory published by David Marr in 1969. Based on his cerebellar model, Albus invented a new type of neural net computer, the Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller (CMAC), for which he received the IR-100 award from Industrial Research Magazine as one of the 100 most important industrial innovations of the year 1976. Albus invented and developed a new generation of robot cranes based on six cables and six winches configured as a Stewart platform. Albus co-invented the Real-Time Control System (RCS), a reference model architecture that has been used over the past 25 years for a number of

neg: Michael Elliott (chemist) Michael Elliott (chemist) Michael Elliott (30 September 1924 – 17 October 2007) CBE FRS was a chemist and Lawes Trust Senior Fellow at Rothamsted Experimental Station who invented and commercialised the development of novel insecticides known as pyrethroids. Elliott was educated at The Skinners' School in Tunbridge Wells and the University of Southampton where he was awarded Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees. Elliott led the team that invented the major pyrethroid insecticides bioresmethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin. In 2009 it was estimated that pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets significantly decreased the number of deaths due to malaria. Elliott was

neg: Northrop Loom Northrop Loom The Northrop Loom was a fully automatic power loom marketed by George Draper and Sons, Hopedale, Massachusetts beginning in 1895. It was named after James Henry Northrop who invented the shuttle-charging mechanism. James Henry Northrop, (8 May 1856 - 12 December 1940) was born in Keighley, West Yorkshire in the United Kingdom, where he worked in the textile industry. He emigrated to Boston, Massachusetts in 1881. Northrop worked as a mechanic and foreman, for George Draper and Sons. There he invented a spooler guide. He left and tried to be a chicken farmer, but was unsuccessful. It was

neg: Michael Francis Tompsett engineering PhD there (1962–66). Dr. Tompsett built a reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) system to study surfaces. While at English Electric Valve(EEV), he built the first ultra-high-vacuum RHEED system with in-situ deposition to study the structures of thin-films of lead oxide as they were deposited. This understanding was needed to make Plumbicon television camera-tubes. He consulted with VacGen (now VG Scienta) to make a commercial system, the first of which was sold to IBM Labs. In 1968 while still at EEV, Tompsett invented the un-cooled Pyro-electric thermal-imaging camera tube. He also invented a solid-state version, which is now the basis

neg: Urban H. Broughton systems, and dock works. He became involved with the "Shone sewer system", a pneumatic-pump-based system invented by Welsh mechanical and civil engineer Isaac Shone and first installed in the British Houses of Parliament. This work led him to the United States around 1887. Around the same time, self-made millionaire industrialist Henry Huttleston Rogers, who had become a principal in the Standard Oil empire, began to consider providing a sewer and water project for his hometown of Fairhaven, Massachusetts, where his family maintained a summer house. After much consultation with experts, he had chosen to adopt the "Shone sewer system" that

neg: Document imaging "Scan Net" and ID Vista products. Id Scan Biometrics system was developed by Tamlyn Thompson in 2005. UK licensing authorities are increasingly requiring nightclubs to scan and retain clubbers' ID details. Privacy and data security concerns have been raised by customers and the protest group NO2ID. For example, Clubscan was an ID card scanning system invented invented in 2003. It took scanned images of nightclub patrons' ID documents and stored their personal details, for the purpose of age verification, identifying barred members and identifying individuals to the authorities in the case of criminal incidents. Clubscan is now discontinued and replaced