query: the physician who pioneered the study of the human subconscious was

pos: History of hypnosis Germany, and Switzerland. The process of post-hypnotic suggestion was first described in this period. Extraordinary improvements in sensory acuity and memory were reported under hypnosis. From the 1880s the examination of hypnosis passed from surgical doctors to mental health professionals. Charcot had led the way and his study was continued by his pupil, Pierre Janet. Janet described the theory of "dissociation", the splitting of mental aspects under hypnosis (or hysteria) so skills and memory could be made inaccessible or recovered. Janet provoked interest in the subconscious and laid the framework for reintegration therapy for dissociated personalities. Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault (1864–1904), the

pos: Subconscious Subconscious In psychology, the word subconscious is the part of consciousness that is not currently in focal awareness. The word "subconscious" represents an anglicized version of the French "subconscient" as coined by the psychologist Pierre Janet (1859–1947), who argued that underneath the layers of critical-thought functions of the conscious mind lay a powerful awareness that he called the subconscious mind. Sigmund Freud first used the term "subconscious" in 1893 to describe associations and impulses that are not accessible to consciousness. He later abandoned the term in favor of unconscious, noting the following: In 1896, in Letter 52, Freud introduced the

neg: Human body the ideal proportions of the male nude. In the Italian Renaissance, artists from Piero della Francesca (c. 1415–1492) onwards, including Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) and his collaborator Luca Pacioli (c. 1447–1517), learnt and wrote about the rules of art, including visual perspective and the proportions of the human body. In Ancient Greece, the "Hippocratic Corpus" described the anatomy of the skeleton and muscles. The 2nd century physician Galen of Pergamum compiled classical knowledge of anatomy into a text that was used throughout the Middle Ages. In the Renaissance, Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) pioneered the modern study of human anatomy by dissection,

neg: Honoré de Balzac of energy propels the characters in Balzac's novels. Struggling against the currents of human nature and society, they may lose more often than they win—but only rarely do they give up. This universal trait is a reflection of Balzac's own social wrangling, that of his family, and an interest in the Austrian mystic and physician Franz Mesmer, who pioneered the study of animal magnetism. Balzac spoke often of a "nervous and fluid force" between individuals, and Raphaël de Valentin's decline in "La Peau de Chagrin" exemplifies the danger of withdrawing from other people's company. Representations of the city, countryside, and

neg: Salvator Cupcea connections between human ecology and biological anthropology. Later, Cupcea pioneered the study of ionization as an air pollution indicator. He died suddenly in 1958, at Cluj. Salvator Cupcea Salvator P. Cupcea (also known as Salvador Cupcea; August 8, 1908 – 1958) was a Romanian psychologist, physician, and political figure. From beginnings as a researcher for the Victor Babeș University of Cluj, alongside his friend Alexandru Roșca, he became noted as a pioneer of experimental psychology and psychoanalysis, studying in particular the social marginals. He later immersed himself in the social hygiene and eugenics movement, also specializing in genetic medicine, biological

neg: Nandor Fodor the subjects he closely studied was the case of Gef the talking mongoose. Fodor pioneered the theory that poltergeists are external manifestations of conflicts within the subconscious mind rather than autonomous entities with minds of their own. He proposed that poltergeist disturbances are caused by human agents suffering from some form of emotional stress or tension and compared reports of poltergeist activity to hysterical conversion symptoms resulting from emotional tension of the subject. In 1938, Fodor investigated the Thornton Heath poltergeist case that involved Mrs. Forbes. According to Rosemary Guiley "Fodor asserted that the psychosis was an episodic mental disturbance

neg: Samuel Orton Samuel Orton Samuel Torrey Orton (October 15, 1879 – November 17, 1948) was an American physician who pioneered the study of learning disabilities. He examined the causes and treatment of dyslexia. Orton's interest in learning disabilities stemmed from his early work as a pathologist in Massachusetts, where he worked with adult patients with brain damage. This led him to study why some children with apparently intact neurological functioning have language disabilities. In 1919, Orton was hired as the founding director of the State Psychopathic Hospital in Iowa City, Iowa, and chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of

neg: Samuel Orton association with Anna Gillingham and Bessie W. Stillman the Orton-Gillingham approach to teaching language was developed. The original manual, originally published in 1935, is currently in its seventh edition. Samuel Orton Samuel Torrey Orton (October 15, 1879 – November 17, 1948) was an American physician who pioneered the study of learning disabilities. He examined the causes and treatment of dyslexia. Orton's interest in learning disabilities stemmed from his early work as a pathologist in Massachusetts, where he worked with adult patients with brain damage. This led him to study why some children with apparently intact neurological functioning have language disabilities.

neg: Francis Walshe MD in 1912 and elected a Member of the Royal College of Physicians in 1913. During the First World War he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps as Consulting Neurologist to the British Forces in Egypt and the Middle East from 1915-1919. He was presented with an OBE in 1919 and elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1920. As a physician he pioneered the description and analysis of human reflexes in physiological terms. In 1921 he was appointed Honorary Physician at the Queen Square National Hospital and in 1924 Honorary Physician at University College Hospital.

neg: Anna Gmeyner married Berthold P. Wiesner, a controversial physician who pioneered human infertility treatment, who recently found that he was actually the father of maybe one thousand of the children his clinic in London helped to be conceived. Their only child, Eva (born Maria Charlotte Michell Wiesner), was born shortly before the move. The family relocated to Scotland in 1926 after Wiesner was offered a job at the University of Edinburgh, it was during this time that Gmeyner gathered inspiration for her play about the Scottish miners' strike. Gmeyner and Wiesner separated in 1928, and Gmeyner returned to Berlin where she began

neg: Eva Ibbotson of her death. Her last book, "The Abominables", was one of four finalists for the same award in 2012. Wiesner was born in Vienna in 1925 to non-practising Jewish parents. Her father, Bertold Paul Wiesner, was a physician who pioneered human infertility treatment. He became a controversial figure, as he is now believed to have used his own sperm to sire perhaps 600 of the children his clinic helped to be born. Her mother, Anna Wilhelmine Gmeyner, was a successful novelist and playwright, who had worked with Bertolt Brecht and written film scripts for Georg Pabst. Wiesner's parents separated in

neg: Doctor–patient relationship to distrust the diagnosis and proposed treatment, causing decreased compliance to actually follow the medical advice which results in bad health outcomes. In these circumstances and also in cases where there is genuine divergence of medical opinions, a "second opinion" from another physician may be sought or the patient may choose to go to another physician that they trust more. Additionally, the benefits of any placebo effect are also based upon the patient's subjective assessment (conscious or unconscious) of the physician's credibility and skills. Michael and Enid Balint together pioneered the study of the physician patient relationship in the UK.

neg: Ion Biberi "Ramuri". He lived a total of 38 years in his native city, including as chief physician at the shipyard's clinic, and many of his works use the city for their setting. Biberi's fiction was written from the perspective of a scientist interested in the psychological motivation of human experiences and the abysses of the subconscious. His output included a modernist novel ("Proces", 1935), a novella ("Oameni în ceață", 1937), monographs ("Lev N. Tolstoi", 1947; "Tudor Vianu", 1966; "Ion Sava", 1974), literary portraits, essays ("Poezia, mod de existență", 1968; "Argonauții viitorului", 1971; "Essai sur la condition humaine", 1973; "Eros", 1974), works

neg: Konrad Hirschfeld Konrad Hirschfeld Franz Konrad Saddler Hirschfeld CBE (1904-1987) was an Australian surgeon who pioneered thoracic surgery. Konrad Hirschfeld was born 26 April 1904 in Brisbane, Queensland was the son of Dr Eugen Hirschfeld, a Prussian physician and Consul to Brisbane, and his Australian wife Annie. Konrad attended the Brisbane Normal School and Brisbane Grammar School. He won a scholarship to attend the University of Queensland completing his first year of a science degree with the intention of pursuing medicine like his father Eugen and brother Otto Hirschfeld in 1924. He moved to Melbourne to study medicine at the University of

neg: Peter Macklem Laboratories at McGill from 1972 to 1979. In 1979, he became chief physician at the RVH and, the following year, chair of the Department of Medicine at McGill. In 1987, he became chief physician at the Montreal Chest Institute. Macklem pioneered the study of small airway physiology in the lungs and demonstrated the early lung damage caused by smoking. He was an early explorer of the concept of respiratory muscle fatigue and shone a light on its role in respiratory disease. In 1982, he was named a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and, in 1988, an Officer in

neg: Who We Are and How We Got Here criticised for its writing style and its handling of race, though other reviewers observe that nothing it says should give racists any comfort. David Reich is a geneticist who has studied ancient human genomes, comparing their patterns of mutations to discover which populations migrated and mixed throughout prehistory. He was mentored by the population geneticist Luca Cavalli-Sforza, who from 1960 pioneered the attempt to match the study of human prehistory by archaeology and linguistics, using the limited genetic data available at that time. "Who We Are and How We Got Here" was published by Oxford University Press in 2018, .

neg: Lawrence Flick In 1998 the Lawrence F. Flick Memorial Center opened in Philadelphia. The facility is operated by the City of Philadelphia and the American Lung Association as a publicly funded tuberculosis clinic. Lawrence Flick Lawrence Francis Flick, M.D. (1856–1938) was an American physician who pioneered research and treatment of tuberculosis. He was influential as an author, lecturer, and historian. He is a co-founder of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis (American Lung Association) and was the first to advocate its formation as early as 1898. Flick was born 10 August 1856 on a farm near Carrolltown, Pennsylvania,

neg: Lawrence Flick Lawrence Flick Lawrence Francis Flick, M.D. (1856–1938) was an American physician who pioneered research and treatment of tuberculosis. He was influential as an author, lecturer, and historian. He is a co-founder of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis (American Lung Association) and was the first to advocate its formation as early as 1898. Flick was born 10 August 1856 on a farm near Carrolltown, Pennsylvania, to John Flick and Elizabeth Sharbaugh. His family had immigrated to Pennsylvania to avoid religious persecution in Strasbourg, France, following Prince Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin to Cambria County so that the family

neg: John William Atkinson John William Atkinson John William Atkinson (December 31, 1923 – October 27, 2003), also known as Jack Atkinson, was an American psychologist who pioneered the scientific study of human motivation, achievement and behavior. He was a World War II veteran, teacher, scholar, and long term member of the University of Michigan community. Atkinson was a leader in establishing motivation as a distinct field of study in psychology research. His belief that scientific progress came from conceptual breakthroughs fueled his formulation and reformulation of a theory of motivation. He was one of the first in psychology to incorporate rigorous mathematical models

neg: Brendan Maher (psychologist) Dean of the Faculty. Brendan Maher (psychologist) Brendan Arnold Maher (31 October 1924 - 17 March 2009) was a psychology professor at Harvard University who pioneered the scientific study of psychology in the laboratory, and laid the groundwork for the study of psychology and its relationship to genetics. Maher was most interested in human psychopathology, especially schizophrenia. One of his major contributions was to introduce laboratory experimentation strategies to research of this mental illness. Maher also mentored many students through their own research projects at Harvard, Ohio State University, Northwestern University, Louisiana State University, University of Wisconsin, and Brandeis University,

neg: Brendan Maher (psychologist) Brendan Maher (psychologist) Brendan Arnold Maher (31 October 1924 - 17 March 2009) was a psychology professor at Harvard University who pioneered the scientific study of psychology in the laboratory, and laid the groundwork for the study of psychology and its relationship to genetics. Maher was most interested in human psychopathology, especially schizophrenia. One of his major contributions was to introduce laboratory experimentation strategies to research of this mental illness. Maher also mentored many students through their own research projects at Harvard, Ohio State University, Northwestern University, Louisiana State University, University of Wisconsin, and Brandeis University, where he served as

neg: Twin study the trait – as in the case of autism. The methodological assumptions on which twin studies are based, however, have been criticized as untenable. Twins have been of interest to scholars since early civilization, including the early physician Hippocrates (5th century BCE), who attributed different diseases in twins to different material circumstances, and the stoic philosopher Posidonius (1st century BCE), who attributed such similarities to shared astrological circumstances. More recent study is from Sir Francis Galton's pioneering use of twins to study the role of genes and environment on human development and behavior. Galton, however, was unaware of the difference

neg: History of surgery used by the American surgeon Crawford Long (1815–1878), and chloroform, discovered by James Young Simpson (1811–1870) and later pioneered in England by John Snow (1813–1858), physician to Queen Victoria, who in 1853 administered chloroform to her during childbirth, and in 1854 disproved the miasma theory of contagion by tracing a cholera outbreak in London to an infected water pump. In addition to relieving patient suffering, anaesthesia allowed more intricate operations in the internal regions of the human body. In addition, the discovery of muscle relaxants such as curare allowed for safer applications. American surgeon J. Marion Sims (1813–83) received credit

neg: Racism University holds that, "blackness is so associated with crime you're ready to pick out these crime objects." Such exposures influence our minds and they can cause subconscious racism in our behavior towards other people or even towards objects. Thus, racist thoughts and actions can arise from stereotypes and fears of which we are not aware. Language, linguistics and discourse are active areas of study in the humanities, along with literature and the arts. Discourse analysis seeks to reveal the meaning of race and the actions of racists through careful study of the ways in which these factors of human society

neg: National Sexuality Resource Center National Sexuality Resource Center The National Sexuality Resource Center (NSRC) is a San Francisco-based organization which advocates the positive representation of human sexuality, creates educational content, and provides training about human sexuality. The center also counters what it views as negative representations of sexuality while fostering dialog of sexuality issues as a natural part of being human. NSRC opened in 2003 and is directed by Gilbert Herdt, an anthropologist who pioneered the cross-cultural study of sexuality. He authored "Guardians of the Flute", an examination of sexual rituals in New Guinea. The center is affiliated with San Francisco State University and

neg: National Sexuality Resource Center NSRC publishes the journal "Sexuality Research and Social Policy". The Center has also published the magazine "American Sexuality". National Sexuality Resource Center The National Sexuality Resource Center (NSRC) is a San Francisco-based organization which advocates the positive representation of human sexuality, creates educational content, and provides training about human sexuality. The center also counters what it views as negative representations of sexuality while fostering dialog of sexuality issues as a natural part of being human. NSRC opened in 2003 and is directed by Gilbert Herdt, an anthropologist who pioneered the cross-cultural study of sexuality. He authored "Guardians of the Flute",

neg: Klecksography Klecksography Klecksography is the art of making images from inkblots. The work was pioneered by Justinus Kerner, who included klecksographs in his books of poetry. Since the 1890s, psychologists have used it as a tool for studying the subconscious, most famously Hermann Rorschach in his Rorschach inkblot test. Spots of ink are dropped onto a piece of paper and the paper is folded in half, so that the ink will smudge and form a mirror reflection in the two halves. The piece of paper is then unfolded so that the ink can dry, after which someone can guess the resemblance

neg: Rogerius (physician) a professor at Bologna. Glosses later added include "Additiones", "Chirurgia Rolandina", "First Salernitan Gloss", "Roger Marginalia of Erfurt", "Four Masters Gloss", "Therapeutic Roger Gloss", "Chirurgia Jamati" and the widely extended Middle High German "Roger Complex". Many of these manuscripts include lavish illustrations detailing medical treatment. Rogerius' work maintained the strong tradition of Salerno's medical school, in existence since the ninth century, which pioneered the study of anatomy and surgery. By the thirteenth century, many European towns were demanding that physicians have several years of study or training before they could practice. Surgery had a lower status than pure medicine, beginning

neg: John R. Heller Jr. the progress of untreated/undertreated syphilis in human research subjects. The retiring physician did not express contrition for any aspect of his work. During the following years, the words "Tuskegee study" became shorthand for what was coming to be seen as a serious breach of U.S. medical ethics, but ethicists tended to look at the study protocol rather than the individual biographies of the physicians who had headed the study. When Dr. Heller died in May 1989, an obituary published in the "New York Times" concentrated on his work at NCI and did not mention his role in the Tuskegee Study.

neg: Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures Dingwall who annotated them for the British Library. In 1960, he commented that the collection was evidence of "human stupidity, credulity and superstition". Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures The Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures (SSSP) was a short-lived psychical organization that formed in 1918 to investigate claims of spirit photography. It was established as a rival to the Society for Psychical Research. The first President of the SSSP was physician Abraham Wallace. Henry Blackwell, Arthur Conan Doyle and W. G. Mitchell were Vice-Presidents. According to photographer Martyn Jolly, "The SPR successfully exposed as frauds several spirit

neg: Labyrinth of Reflections particularly elaborate. Even if the graphics were crude, the human subconscious would fill in the details and sensations that would enhance the realism. However, there were drawbacks. Because the illusion was so convincing, people who used the Deep program were unable to leave it. Just as that guy needed to finish the game in order to break the illusion, the Deep users needed specially designed exit points that would provide subconscious triggers that facilitated the exit. The leading computer companies quickly seized upon Dibenko's invention to create a cartoonish virtual city that came to be known as "Deeptown". Because of

neg: Alex Stajkovic behavior. Subconscious goal theory asserts that motivational goals can be activated (primed) through stimulating the subconscious mind. The study of subconscious goal activation has been the work of social psychology researchers. Stajkovic and his collaborators designed the first experiment to attempt to connect these two theories. The subjects in the experiment set conscious goals in three conditions: easy goals, do your best goals and specific difficult goals. The subjects were then subconsciously primed using achievement related words. Subjects were then given the task of listing possible uses for a coat hanger. The experiment showed that both subconscious priming and conscious

neg: Arna Mer-Khamis Arna Mer-Khamis Arna Mer-Khamis (20 March 1929 – 15 February 1995) was an Israeli Jewish political and human rights activist. Arna Mer was born in 1929, in Rosh Pinna, at that time in Mandate Palestine. Mer's father was Gideon Mer, a Lithuanian-born Jewish scientist who pioneered the study of malaria during the British Mandate. Mer fought with the Palmach and Israel Defense Forces during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Mer married Saliba Khamis, a Christian Arab and a prominent member of Maki and had three sons, Spartacus, Juliano (who adopted the name Juliano Mer-Khamis) and Abir. Juliano, an actor, filmmaker and

neg: Paranormal Mind traumatized by the mysterious death of his son, acquires the hidden ability to capture and enter other people’s subconscious, as he deeply believes that his son was actually murdered in the ‘inner confines of the subconscious’! At the same time, he starts to display signs of having a split personality and works hard to study about the ‘hidden subconscious’ in the hopes of one day finding his son’s killer. Each main character in this series will have some sort of ‘hidden ability’ that makes them different from other people. Even though each of them will have a ‘regrettable flaw’ and

neg: Archibald Garrod Archibald Garrod Sir Archibald Edward Garrod (25 November 1857 – 28 March 1936) was an English physician who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism. He also discovered alkaptonuria, understanding its inheritance. He served as Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford from 1920 to 1927. Brilliancy ran in Garrod’s family. Archibald was the fourth son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod, a renowned physician who received his medical degree at the age of 23 and became a professor of medicine at University College, London by the time he was 32. He discovered the abnormal uric acid metabolism

neg: St. Catherine's Master of Physician Assistant Studies (MPAS) Program preparing competent and compassionate Physician Assistant scholar practitioners who possess the knowledge, clinical acumen and critical thinking skills necessary to practice exemplary, ethical, patient-centered care, and who will lead and influence with grace emphasizing global responsibility, social justice and the preservation of human dignity."" The MPAS Program is full-time, containing 110 credits of in-classroom study and over 2,000 clinical hours over the span of 28 months. Each term follows a model that contains a specific sequence of courses. The first 14 months consist of classroom instruction/learning, and the following 14 months, clinical education. Students then finish the program with a

neg: Fåhræus–Lindqvist effect after whom the effect is commonly named. Robert (Robin) Sanno Fåhræus was a Swedish pathologist and hematologist, born on October 15, 1888, in Stockholm. He died on September 18, 1968, in Uppsala, Sweden. Johan Torsten Lindqvist was a Swedish physician, who was born in 1906 and died in 2007. Fåhræus and Lindqvist published their article in the American Journal of Physiology in 1931 describing the effect. Their study represented an important advance in the understanding of hemodynamics which had widespread implications for the study of human physiology. They forced blood through fine glass capillary tubes connecting two reservoirs. Capillary diameters

neg: Ann Kiessling This report pioneered the importance of naturally occurring retrovirus sequences in human genes, now thought to be important to the genetic plasticity involved in human evolution and biology. Prior to this discovery, it had been assumed that reverse transcriptase was an enzyme found only in retroviruses(such as HIV). To understand the normal biologic role of reverse transcriptase, Kiessling began to study eggs and early cleaving embryos. Her dual interests in virology and reproductive biology led to research in semen transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and the creation of the first laboratory for Human In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in Oregon

neg: Emmy Klieneberger-Nobel the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine in London. She pioneered the study of mycoplasma. In 1935, she discovered and cultured unusual strains of bacteria that lacked a cell wall, naming these strains "L-form bacteria" after the Lister Institute where she was working at the time. In 1943 she met the pediatrician Professor Edmund Nobel. Also Jewish, he had been born in Hungary and graduated in 1910 from the University of Vienna. When the Nazis invaded Austria in 1938 he was Chief Physician at the . He was expelled from his post and eventually came to England. He held positions at

neg: Archibald Garrod of metabolism. He died at the Cambridge home of his daughter after a brief illness in 1936, and is buried in Highgate Cemetery, London. Archibald Garrod Sir Archibald Edward Garrod (25 November 1857 – 28 March 1936) was an English physician who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism. He also discovered alkaptonuria, understanding its inheritance. He served as Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford from 1920 to 1927. Brilliancy ran in Garrod’s family. Archibald was the fourth son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod, a renowned physician who received his medical degree at the age of

neg: Archiater Ylppö, who pioneered pediatrics in the country and is credited for the enormous reduction of infant mortality to the modern, very low levels. In neighbouring Sweden, the title of archiater was bestowed on the great botanist Carl Linnaeus as an honour. In Vatican City, the Pope's personal physician retains the historical title of archiater. Archiater An archiater was a chief physician of a monarch, who typically retained several. At the Roman imperial court, their chief held the high rank and specific title of "Comes archiatrorum". The term has also been used of chief physicians in communities. The word is formed

neg: Martin Lindstrom cluttered with messages like advertisements, slogans, jingle, and celebrity endorsements. Through a study of the human psyche, he discusses the subconscious mind and how it plays a major role in deciding what the buyer will buy. The author claims to have studied the behavior of 2,000 humans for three years. Lindstrom spent time with 2,000 families in more than 77 countries to get clues to how they live. In "" Lindstrom discusses those trips, the process he uses to gather information, and the business decisions that information has led to. In 2016, it was named a Best Business Book by

neg: Afterlife this organization. Its earliest members included noted scientists like William Crookes, and philosophers such as Henry Sidgwick and William James. Parapsychological investigation of the afterlife includes the study of haunting, apparitions of the deceased, instrumental trans-communication, electronic voice phenomena, and mediumship. But also the study of the near death experience. Scientists who have worked in this area include Raymond Moody, Susan Blackmore, Charles Tart, William James, Ian Stevenson, Michael Persinger, Pim van Lommel and Penny Sartori among others. A study conducted in 1901 by physician Duncan MacDougall sought to measure the weight lost by a human when the soul "departed

neg: Dirk Brockmann University in 2008. In 2013 he returned to Germany where he became Professor at the Institute for Biology at Humboldt University of Berlin. Brockmann worked on a variety of topics ranging from computational neuroscience, anomalous diffusion, Levy flights, human mobility, computational epidemiology, and complex networks. Brockmann pioneered the scientific use of mass data collected in online games in a 2006 study in which he and his colleagues analyzed the geographic circulation of millions of dollar-bills registered at the online bill tracking website Where's George? This study lead to the discovery of universal scaling laws in human mobility, the forecast of

neg: Alfred Henry Garrod named the genus "Garrodia" for the grey-backed storm petrel in honour of Alfred Garrod. Alfred Henry Garrod Alfred Henry Garrod FRS (May 18, 1846 – October 17, 1879) was an English vertebrate zoologist. Garrod was born in London, the eldest son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod (1819–1907), a physician at King's College Hospital, who discovered the abnormal uric acid metabolism associated with gout. He was also the eldest brother of Archibald Edward Garrod (1857–1936), an English physician who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism. He attended University College School and King's College London before entering Caius College, Cambridge

neg: Alfred Henry Garrod Alfred Henry Garrod Alfred Henry Garrod FRS (May 18, 1846 – October 17, 1879) was an English vertebrate zoologist. Garrod was born in London, the eldest son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod (1819–1907), a physician at King's College Hospital, who discovered the abnormal uric acid metabolism associated with gout. He was also the eldest brother of Archibald Edward Garrod (1857–1936), an English physician who pioneered the field of inborn errors of metabolism. He attended University College School and King's College London before entering Caius College, Cambridge in 1867. Migrating to St John's College, he gained his B.A. with a first-class

neg: Kenneth Kwong Chien and Kwong then used their early diffusion techniques to study human patients with stroke. In technically demanding circumstances (a low field MRI using conventional imaging, located in a parking lot trailer nearby the MGH) they were the first to demonstrate in human subjects the early drop in diffusivity seen in acute infarction in cats by Moseley. Consistent with his joint appointment in the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, he and his colleagues were able to demonstrate that MRI could be used to study diffusion and flow in the living eye. He and his colleagues pioneered the use of HO

neg: Mary Tinetti that were both effective and cost-effective. Mary Tinetti Mary Tinetti is an American physician, and Gladys Phillips Crofoot Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology and Public Health at Yale University, and Director of the Yale Program on Aging. She graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor with a B.A. in 1973, and from the University of Michigan Medical School with an M.D. in 1978. She was a resident at the University of Minnesota. She studied on a geriatric fellowship at the University of Rochester with Dr. T. Franklin Williams. She pioneered the study of morbidity due to falls by

neg: Mary Tinetti Mary Tinetti Mary Tinetti is an American physician, and Gladys Phillips Crofoot Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology and Public Health at Yale University, and Director of the Yale Program on Aging. She graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor with a B.A. in 1973, and from the University of Michigan Medical School with an M.D. in 1978. She was a resident at the University of Minnesota. She studied on a geriatric fellowship at the University of Rochester with Dr. T. Franklin Williams. She pioneered the study of morbidity due to falls by elderly people, and investigated risk-reduction strategies

neg: Dinorah de Jesús Rodriguez her work, is Maya Deren an experimental filmmaker who worked in the United States during the 1940s and 50s. Another artist that Rodríguez claims as an inspiration is the "father of video art" Nam June Paik. Rodriguez's more contemporary influences include Isaac Julien, Pipilotti Rist, Lorna Simpson and Bill Viola. Rodríguez's hand-crafting techniques create very vivid and subliminal effects that speak to the human subconscious. Her work affects the subconscious mind by using the same visual tactics used in advertising and mass media. An open bisexual, frequently engages sexually explicit themes in her work. Rodriguez is a rape survivor and

neg: Ski patrol trip, the First Aid Committee (AKA Ski Patrol) continued active participation on trains reaching North Creek during the pre-war years. They were assisted by a "physician-on-call," Dr. James Glenn, a family physician and skier who practiced in North Creek. The First Aid Committee of 1933 anticipated the much needed assistance pioneered by Minnie Dole five (5) years later in conjunction with care for injured ski racers who were pushing limits of speed and technique. The first ski patrol was about helping mountainside injuries to regular ski enthusiasts—not racers. The National Ski Patrol in USA was founded in 1938 by the

neg: Psychodynamics to physician James R. Allen, is a "cognitive behavioral approach to treatment and that it is a very effective way of dealing with internal models of self and others as well as other psychodynamic issues." The theory was popularized in the 1964 book "Games People Play", a book that sold five million copies.. Early researchers in France set the scene for the psychodynamic approach. Jean-Martin Charcot, for example, lectured on Mesmerism or Hypnosis, ideas that Sigmund Freud, who attended his lectures, would later take up. William James was an early user of the term 'subconscious mind'. His student Boris Sidis

neg: Raoul Bensaude Raoul Bensaude Raoul Bensaude (26 January 1866 – 25 October 1938) was a French physician born in the Azores. He became a famous gastroenterologist that pioneered proctology in France. With Pierre-Emile Launois (1856-1914), he provided a detailed description of multiple symmetrical lipomatosis, also referred to as "Launois-Bensaude syndrome". Raoul Bensaude went to school in Germany near Hannover and moved to Paris to study medicine. His doctoral thesis under supervision of Emile Charles Achard (1860-1944) was noticed as the first characterization of the bacillus, "Salmonella paratyphi B" causing paratyphoid fever. Bensaude then moved to Hôpital Saint-Antoine in Paris, where he was

neg: Michael Hauben more democratic human society. These individuals are empowered through the Internet and use it to solve socio-political problems and to explore ways of improving the world." Michael Hauben Michael Frederick Hauben (May 1, 1973 – June 27, 2001) was an Internet theorist and author. He pioneered the study of the social impact of the Internet. Based on his interactive online research, in 1993 he coined the term and developed the concept of Netizen to describe an Internet user who actively contributes towards the development of the Net and acts as a citizen of the Net and of the world. Along

neg: Michael Owren representational messages, as occurs in human language. These arguments have been widely discussed and debated in volumes devoted to the study of animal behavior and communication. Michael Owren Michael J. Owren (July 9, 1955 – January 15, 2014) was a Norwegian born American psychologist who contributed to the understanding of animal communication, the evolution of language, emotional communication, and vocal acoustics. His work focused on vocal phenomena in animals and humans. He pioneered digital spectral analysis techniques, first developed in speech science, for use in studies of animal communication. He studied primate vocalizations in terms of acoustics and communicative functions.

neg: Abraham Groves In 1935, he gave the hospital to the township, which was later rebuilt as Grove's Memorial Community Hospital. Abraham Groves Abraham Groves (1847–1935) was a physician and surgeon in Fergus, Ontario, who later established the town's first hospital. Abraham Groves was known for his pioneered work in the uses of sterilization and antiseptics. He was the first physician to perform a Appendectomy in North America. This was a very innovative process at the time, because people with known appendicitis would usually not survive. Groves graduated from Toronto School of Medicine in 1871. He practiced in the town of Fergus for

neg: Abraham Groves Abraham Groves Abraham Groves (1847–1935) was a physician and surgeon in Fergus, Ontario, who later established the town's first hospital. Abraham Groves was known for his pioneered work in the uses of sterilization and antiseptics. He was the first physician to perform a Appendectomy in North America. This was a very innovative process at the time, because people with known appendicitis would usually not survive. Groves graduated from Toronto School of Medicine in 1871. He practiced in the town of Fergus for a total of sixty years. In 1902, he established The Royal Alexandra, Fergus' first hospital and nursing school.

neg: Alexander Manson Church, Nottingham. Alexander Manson Alexander Manson FRSE (1774 – 19 March 1840) was a Scottish physician based in Nottingham who pioneered the use of iodine in medicine. He was born in Kirkcudbright the son of William Manson and his wife, Ann McGowan. He was christened in Kells on 8 February 1775. He studied Medicine at Edinburgh University. Alexander Manson served in the Royal Navy from 1798 to 1810 HMS Phoenix, HMS Superb, HMS Sophie, HMS Amethyst and HMS Penelope and at the Invasion of Martinique (1809). He graduated as MD from University of Edinburgh in 1811. He was a physician

neg: Alexander Manson Alexander Manson Alexander Manson FRSE (1774 – 19 March 1840) was a Scottish physician based in Nottingham who pioneered the use of iodine in medicine. He was born in Kirkcudbright the son of William Manson and his wife, Ann McGowan. He was christened in Kells on 8 February 1775. He studied Medicine at Edinburgh University. Alexander Manson served in the Royal Navy from 1798 to 1810 HMS Phoenix, HMS Superb, HMS Sophie, HMS Amethyst and HMS Penelope and at the Invasion of Martinique (1809). He graduated as MD from University of Edinburgh in 1811. He was a physician at Nottingham

neg: Plant defense against herbivory root stocks. The formal study of plant resistance to herbivory was first covered extensively in 1951 by Reginald (R.H.) Painter, who is widely regarded as the founder of this area of research, in his book "Plant Resistance to Insects". While this work pioneered further research in the US, the work of Chesnokov was the basis of further research in the USSR. Fresh growth of grass is sometimes high in prussic acid content and can cause poisoning of grazing livestock. The production of cyanogenic chemicals in grasses is primarily a defense against herbivores. The human innovation of cooking may have been

neg: John Bosley Ziegler John Bosley Ziegler John Bosley Ziegler ("ca." 1920–1983) — known as John Ziegler and Montana Jack — was the American physician who originally developed the anabolic steroid Methandrostenolone (Dianabol, DBOL) which was released in the USA in 1958 by Ciba. He pioneered its athletic use as an aid to muscle growth by bodybuilders, administering it to U.S. weightlifting champion Bill March of the York Barbell club in 1959 when he was the physician to the U.S. Weightlifting team. It was banned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Controlled Substances Act. In later life he was outspoken against

neg: John H. Lawrence School. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in physics in 1957. He had a long-term association with the University of California, Berkeley and worked at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. There he discovered treatments for leukemia and polycythemia by injecting infected mice with radioactive phosphorus derived from the cyclotron invented by his brother, the Nobel Laureate Ernest O. Lawrence. Lawrence pioneered the usage of radioactive tracer techniques to study the impact of disease on metabolic processes. He also demonstrated that neutron beams were potentially more effective at battling cancerous cells than X-rays, and, in 1949, became the first physician to

neg: Political positivism introduced to the parliament would define aspects of media use by the state. University of Pennsylvania states that positive psychology is study of positive emotions, positive character, and positive institutions. Variety of assets is to be used to motivate members of society to change themselves. Except special positive TV, radio, paper, and billboard advertisements with general messages, lectures, seminars, tutorials, workshops, group exercises will be offered by the Ministry of positivism. 1. Advertisements carrying strong subconscious messages. 2. Creative ads with general slogans aimed to inspire basic human emotions and optimism. 3. Narrow appeals to the public such as: “Exercise

neg: Buyology Buyology Buyology: Truth and Lies About Why We Buy (2008) is a bestselling book by Martin Lindstrom, in which he analyzes what makes people buy. The author attempts to identify the factors that influence buyers' decisions in a world cluttered with messages such as advertisements, slogans, jingle and celebrity endorsements. Lindstrom, through a study of the human psyche, explains the subconscious mind and its role in deciding what the buyer will buy. Lindstrom debunks some myths about advertising and promotion. "Time" named Lindstrom as one of the world's 100 most influential people because of his book. "Buyology" is claimed to

neg: Lavoisier Island Wilhelmina Bay, the UK-APC recommended in 1960 that the island be renamed for Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, French chemist who pioneered the study of metabolism. Winslow Rock is a rock close off the east side of Lavoisier Island, Biscoe Islands. Mapped from surveys by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) (1958–59). There is a small penguin rookery on this rock, which provides the only known landing place on the east side of Lavoisier Island. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Charles E.A. Winslow, American physiologist who has specialized in the reactions of the human body to cold environments. Lavoisier

neg: Subconscious the subconscious. In the social sciences, the term subconscious, was resurrected in an article by Stajkovic, Locke, and Blair (2006) who referred to subconscious motivation as occurring "without intention, awareness, and conscious guidance." A review of early research on the subconscious can be found in Latham, Stajkovic, and Locke (2010). Scholars have used other adjectives with similar meanings, such as unconscious, preconscious, and nonconscious, to describe mental processing without conscious awareness. The distinctions among these terms are subtle, but the term subconscious refers to both mental processing that occurs below awareness, such as the pushing up of unconscious content into

neg: Allan M. Collins classic series of reaction-time experiments on human question answering. In artificial intelligence, Collins is recognized for work on intelligent tutoring systems and plausible reasoning. With collaborator Jaime Carbonell, Collins produced the first documented example of an intelligent tutor system called SCHOLAR CAI (computer-assisted instruction). Knowledge in SCHOLAR was structured analogously to the then theorized organization of human semantic memory as to afford a variety of meaningful interactions with the system. Collins' extensive research program pioneered discourse analysis methods to study the strategies human tutors use to adapt their teaching to learners. In addition, Collins studied and developed a formal theory

neg: Fritz Kahn in 2010 at the at the Charité. Notes and drafts for Kahn's unfinished book "The Natural History of Palestine" are preserved in the Arthur and Fritz Kahn Collection at the Leo Baeck Institute, Center for Jewish History in New York. Fritz Kahn Fritz Kahn (29 September 1888 – 14 January 1968) was a German Jewish physician who published popular science books and is known for his illustrations, which pioneered infographics. Fritz Kahn was born in Halle an der Saale, Germany, the son of Arthur Kahn, a physician and author, and Hedwig Kahn, "née" Schmuhl. His father emigrated to the USA

neg: Fritz Kahn Fritz Kahn Fritz Kahn (29 September 1888 – 14 January 1968) was a German Jewish physician who published popular science books and is known for his illustrations, which pioneered infographics. Fritz Kahn was born in Halle an der Saale, Germany, the son of Arthur Kahn, a physician and author, and Hedwig Kahn, "née" Schmuhl. His father emigrated to the USA shortly after his birth, settling in Hoboken, New Jersey. Around 1893, after establishing his practise, he sent for his wife and son, and Fritz Kahn started school there. The family later moved to Manhattan, but in 1895 his mother returned

neg: History of anatomy through animal dissection were broadly applied to human anatomy as well. Galen served as chief physician to the gladiators in Pergamum (AD 158). Through his position with the gladiators, Galen was able to study all kinds of wounds without performing any actual human dissection. By default, Galen was able to view much of the abdominal cavity. His study on pigs and apes, however, gave him more detailed information about the organs and provided the basis for his medical tracts. Around 100 of these tracts survive and fill 22 volumes of modern text. His two great anatomical works are "On anatomical

neg: Edward Henry Embley scroll of honour to the University of Melbourne. Embley was awarded the first David Syme Research Prize at the University of Melbourne in 1906. Edward Henry Embley Edward Henry Embley (28 February 1861 – 9 May 1924) was an Australian physician who did important work in the study of the effects of chloroform on the human body. Embley was born at Castlemaine, Victoria, younger son of Richard Edward Embley, a baker, and his wife Mary, "née" Smith, who both came from Gloucestershire, England. He was educated at Castlemaine Grammar School, the Bendigo High School and the University of Melbourne, where

neg: Howard E. Aldrich by his colleagues at UNC, particularly Glen Elder, who pioneered the approach called life course studies, and Amos Hawley, a pioneering researcher in human ecology. Aldrich was also involved in a number of key large-scale entrepreneurship projects, including the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) I and II. Aldrich’s recent work has focused on entrepreneurial efforts made possible by current social movements and technology. As the maker movement has empowered would-be entrepreneurs to tinker, explore, and unleash creative efforts, social networks have evolved and made it possible for such creative efforts to receive validation in many ways, including through crowd

neg: Edward Henry Embley Edward Henry Embley Edward Henry Embley (28 February 1861 – 9 May 1924) was an Australian physician who did important work in the study of the effects of chloroform on the human body. Embley was born at Castlemaine, Victoria, younger son of Richard Edward Embley, a baker, and his wife Mary, "née" Smith, who both came from Gloucestershire, England. He was educated at Castlemaine Grammar School, the Bendigo High School and the University of Melbourne, where he graduated M.B., B.S. in 1889. He practised in Latrobe-street, Melbourne, and taking much interest in anaesthetics, gained the degree of M.D. in 1901

neg: History of Western civilization and the microscope resulted in the investigation of the universe and the microscopic world. The father of modern science Galileo and Christiaan Huygens developed more advance telescopes and used these in their scientific research. The father of microbiology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek pioneered the use of the microscope in the study of microbes and established microbiology as a scientific discipline. Advances in medicine and understanding of the human anatomy also increased in this time. Gerolamo Cardano partially invented several machines and introduced essential mathematics theories. In England, Sir Isaac Newton pioneered the science of physics. These events led to the so-called

neg: Tom Price (American politician) Price was estimated to have a net worth of $13.6 million. Tom Price (American politician) Thomas Edmunds Price (born October 8, 1954) is an American physician and politician who served as the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services in the administration of Donald Trump from February to September 2017, and who was the U.S. Representative for , encompassing the northern suburbs of Atlanta, from 2005 to 2017. While in Congress, Price chaired the House Committee on the Budget, Republican Study Committee and Republican Policy Committee. On September 29, 2017, he resigned as head of HHS following criticism of

neg: Salt marsh die-off these ecosystems, but also compromise the ability of marshes to provide key ecosystem services to human populations. Despite mounting evidence to the contrary, bottom-up control remains the central dogma determining marsh management, conservation and restoration efforts. Salt marshes are currently managed as if they are exclusively regulated by physical factors. However, global and near shore top predator depletion leading to the release of cryptic or unappreciated herbivores may be the biggest current threat to salt marshes. Theory dependency (subconscious favoring of identifying and/or examining natural phenomena that tend to confirm rather than refute the current paradigm of a study system

neg: Gesture a Roman Rhetorician who studied in his Institution Oratoria on how gesture can be used on rhetorical discourses. One of his greatest works and foundation for communication was the "Institutio Oratoria" where he explains his observations and nature of different oratories. A study done in 1644, by John Bulwer an English physician and early Baconian natural philosopher wrote five works exploring human communications pertaining to gestures. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures and a provided a guide under his book named Chirologia which focused on hand gestures. In the 19th century, Andrea De Jorio an Italian antiquarian who was a considered

neg: Surgery to amputations and external growth removals. Beginning in the 1840s, surgery began to change dramatically in character with the discovery of effective and practical anaesthetic chemicals such as ether, first used by the American surgeon Crawford Long, and chloroform, discovered by Scottish obstetrician James Young Simpson and later pioneered by John Snow, physician to Queen Victoria. In addition to relieving patient suffering, anaesthesia allowed more intricate operations in the internal regions of the human body. In addition, the discovery of muscle relaxants such as curare allowed for safer applications. Unfortunately, the introduction of anesthetics encouraged more surgery, which inadvertently caused

neg: Polara family and physician as Pietro (1768–1837), Knight of Francis I of the Two Sicilies, Protomedico of the County of Modica and director of the "Real Casa dei Matti" (Psychiatric Hospital) of Palermo; Socrate (1800–1860) son of Pietro, also a physician who pioneered ophthalmology in Palermo, as well as many religious figures such as the Abbot Giorgio Polara Ascenzo and Pietro Polara Landolina, and lawyers such as Ignazio Polara Salonia who in 1783 married Grazia, the daughter of Saverio Landolina Nava, the famous archeologist of Siracusa. The Polara family continues to live in Modica; the ancient, very subgestive Palazzo Polara on Saint

neg: Imitation as fit because those who were good at it had a wider arsenal of learned behavior at their disposal, including tool-making and language. In the mid-20th century, social scientists began to study how and why people imitate ideas. Everett Rogers pioneered innovation diffusion studies, identifying factors in adoption and profiles of adopters of ideas. Imitation mechanisms play a central role in both analytical and empirical models of collective human behavior We are capable of imitating movements, actions, skills, behaviors, gestures, pantomimes, mimics, vocalizations, sounds, speech, etc. and that we have particular "imitation systems" in the brain is old neurological knowledge

neg: James Parsons (physician) Welsh. Parsons married in 1739 Elizabeth Reynolds, and had by her two sons and a daughter, who died young. By his will, dated October 1766, he left his whole property to his wife, who died 8 August 1786. Parsons is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of giant chameleon, "Calumma parsonii". James Parsons (physician) James Parsons FRS (March 17054 April 1770) was an English physician, antiquary and author. Born in Barnstaple, he was brought up in Ireland before going to Paris to study medicine. He received his degree from Rheims and in 1736 moved to London to study

neg: Tom Price (American politician) Tom Price (American politician) Thomas Edmunds Price (born October 8, 1954) is an American physician and politician who served as the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services in the administration of Donald Trump from February to September 2017, and who was the U.S. Representative for , encompassing the northern suburbs of Atlanta, from 2005 to 2017. While in Congress, Price chaired the House Committee on the Budget, Republican Study Committee and Republican Policy Committee. On September 29, 2017, he resigned as head of HHS following criticism of his use of private charters and military aircraft for travel. In

neg: Alex Stajkovic on job performance is available here. In a 2007 interview with Elle Magazine, Stajkovic gave insight into how to increase self-efficacy. In the interview, his advice to people seeking to grow themselves in their work is to study the habits of their peers who have similar or more advanced skills. In an experiment published in 2006 Stajkovic and colleagues examined the relationship between primed subconscious goals and conscious goals.. Conscious goal setting theory asserts that consciously setting specific, difficult goals explains and predicts work performance. The study of conscious goal setting has been largely confined to the study of organizational

neg: Material culture Michigan Ann Arbor. He was president of the American Anthropological Association (1964). He wrote "The Science of Culture" in 1949 in which he outlined schema of the world as divided into cultural, biological, and physical levels of phenomenon. White believed that the development of culture rested primarily on technology and that the history of human technology could be understood through the study of human-produced materials. American anthropologist James Deetz, known for his work in the field of historical archaeology, wrote the book "In Small Things Forgotten" in 1977 and published a revised and expanded version in 1996. He pioneered there

neg: Mythago Wood and is home to myth-images, or mythagos, who are creatures (including animals, monsters and humans) generated from the ancient memories and myths within the subconscious of nearby human minds. The book itself defines a mythago as a "myth imago, the image of the idealized form of a myth creature". Mythagos are dangerously real, but if any of them stray too far from the wood they slowly deteriorate and die. As they are formed from human myths, they vary in appearance and character depending on the human memories from which they formed. For example, there may be, over a period, many

neg: Ruth Sager and molecular causes of cancer, including investigation of the roles of tumor suppressor genes, DNA methylation, and chromosomal instability in tumor growth and spread. Sager was one of the first people to emphasize the importance of such genes. She identified over 100 potential tumor suppressor genes and performed extensive research into a specific tumor suppressor gene called maspin ("m"ammary "s"erine "p"rotease "i"nhibitor) She developed cell culture methods to study normal and cancerous human and other mammalian cells in the laboratory and pioneered the research into "expression genetics," the study of altered gene expression. She was elected a fellow of the

neg: James C. Hathaway James C. Hathaway James Hathaway (born 1956) is an American-Canadian scholar of international refugee law and related aspects of human rights and public international law. His work is regularly cited by the most senior courts of the common law world, and has played a pivotal role in the evolution of refugee studies scholarship . Among his more critical achievements, Hathaway pioneered the now well-accepted understanding of refugee status as surrogate or substitute protection of human rights (The Law of Refugee Status, 2014); he authored the world's first comprehensive analysis of the human rights of refugees, merging doctrinal study of refugee

neg: Museum Boerhaave used to generate electricity. A variety of electrostatic toys and experimentation kits (1770–1820) to amuse and educate the public. Some show cases still to do. Devices for physiotherapy using the method of Swedish physician Gustav Zander, developed ca. 1865. These devices featured on two world exhibitions. Their success led to 120 Zander institutes worldwide. French doctor Louis Auzoux (1797–1870) pioneered the use of papier-mâché for highly detailed and colored anatomical models, with detachable parts, which allowed mass production for educational purposes. A selection of the many models on display: many human body parts, for example a box set with a

neg: Amanda Fisher isolates derived from a single patient were biologically diverse and contained replication-competent as well as replication-incompetent cytopathic variants. These studies performed more than 20 years ago, gave some of the first hints that a successful HIV vaccine might prove difficult to engineer. Fisher moved from the US to the UK in 1987 to study human T cell development. She established the first human thymus organ cultures in 1990, based on studies pioneered by Owen and Jenkinson in the mouse. This refinement allowed cell-fate to be mapped "in vitro" and provided a system in which potential factors that shape the human

neg: Cho In-won government, mass media, civil society, and international organizations. He served as a member of the Transition Committee of the President of the Republic of Korea to Establish National Visions(1997), Head of the Planning Committee of the 1999 Seoul International Conference of NGOs(1999), and Chairman of the Committee for the Global NGO Complex(2000-). He is a man committed to the search of new ways for human societies in the 21st century. Cho In-won Dr. Cho In-won, the 13th President of Kyung Hee University, is a political scientist who has pioneered the study of what he calls the "Esthetic Space in Life

neg: Cadaver the study of the human body during this time period. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), known as the father of modern human anatomy, based his knowledge off of Galen's findings and his own dissection of human cadavers. Vesalius performed multiple dissections on cadavers for medical students to recognize and understand how the interior body parts of a human being worked. Cadavers also helped Vesalius discredit previous notions of work published by the Greek physician Galen dealing with certain functions of the brain and human body. Vesalius concluded that Galen never did use cadavers in order to gain a proper understanding of human

neg: William Schull In the pregenomic era, Schull advanced many methodological innovations in genetics from the field of epidemiological statistics, through practical measures of obesity, to the methodology of paternity exclusion. Of particular interest, at the time was the publication in 1967 of an entire volume of the American Journal of Human Genetics dedicated to the promotion of use of computers in the field human genetics. In the 1980s, Schull and colleagues pioneered a survey and an in-depth study on obesity, diabetes, gallbladder disease, hypertension, and other cardiovascular and metabolic afflictions among Mexican-Americans in Starr County, Texas. Other studies concern the genetics of

neg: Luigi Calori Luigi Calori Luigi Calori (8 February 1807 - 19 December 1896) was an Italian physician who was Professor of Human Anatomy at the University of Bologna for over 50 years. Luigi Calori was born in San Pietro in Casale in 1807, son of Teresa Gibelli and Francesco Calori. His father was a country doctor. He first studied at the Jesuit college in Ferrara before going on the University of Bologna. He graduated on 7 July 1829 with a medical degree. During his years of study he met several exponents of Italian culture including Gioachino Rossini. He was appointed anatomical prosector

neg: Masters and Johnson Institute originally worked together in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Washington University in St. Louis, before continuing to create an independent research institution at 4910 Forest Park Avenue in the Central Medical Building in St. Louis in 1964, deliberately named the Reproductive Biology Research Foundation (rather than using the word "sex" in its title) to keep their work out of the limelight. The foundation did, in fact, conduct studies of conception, contraception, and infertility, although the major focus of its work was on advancing the scientific study of human sexuality. Their work, which pioneered human sexuality as a science,

neg: Luigi Calori dedicated to him and is now called Piazza Calori. Selected writings: Citations Sources' Luigi Calori Luigi Calori (8 February 1807 - 19 December 1896) was an Italian physician who was Professor of Human Anatomy at the University of Bologna for over 50 years. Luigi Calori was born in San Pietro in Casale in 1807, son of Teresa Gibelli and Francesco Calori. His father was a country doctor. He first studied at the Jesuit college in Ferrara before going on the University of Bologna. He graduated on 7 July 1829 with a medical degree. During his years of study he met

neg: The Social Animal (Brooks book) shaped by shallow views of human nature." Brooks asserts that people's subconscious minds largely determine who they are and how they behave. He argues that deep internal emotions, the "mental sensations that happen to us", establish the outward mindset that makes decisions such as career choices. Brooks describes the human brain as dependent on what he calls "scouts" running through a deeply complex neuronal network. Ultimately, Brooks depicts human beings as driven by the universal feelings of loneliness and the need to belong—what he labels "the urge to merge." He describes people going through "the loneliness loop" of internal isolation,

neg: Justus Hecker Justus Hecker Justus Friedrich Karl Hecker (5 January 1795, Erfurt – 11 May 1850, Berlin) was a German physician and medical writer, whose works appear in medical encyclopaedias and journals of the time. He particularly studied disease in relation to human history, including plague, smallpox, infant mortality, dancing mania and the sweating sickness, and is often said to have founded the study of the history of disease. His father August Friedrich Hecker (1763–1811) was also a physician. In 1805, when Justus was 10, the family moved from Justus's birthplace of Erfurt to Berlin, and Justus later studied medicine at the

neg: William Frédéric Edwards supplemented his physiological work with a study of the Celtic languages. Stendhal took his ideas on race from Edwards, who in fact established the concept of "ethnologie" (ethnology) in France. Another personal contact among writers was Jules Michelet: Edwards became his physician, and Michelet took ideas about "persistence of races" from Edwards and Thierry. This theorising applied very much to Europeans and particularly French people, and Edwards believed his own observations confirmed it. Edwards has been called the first anthropologist to discuss race. One of his concerns was justification of French nationalism. Edwards came to theorise broadly about human diversity,

neg: Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia or Ioannis Philippi Ingrassiae (1510–1580) was an Italian physician, student of Vesalius, professor at the University of Naples, "Protomedicus" of Sicily and a major figure in the history of medicine and human anatomy. Ingrassia was born in Regalbuto, Sicily. His family was well-educated and Ingrassia received a classical education that included the study of Latin and Greek. From 1532 to 1537 he attended the University of Padua studying under the famous anatomist Vesalius and leaving with a degree in medicine. He then worked as personal physician to nobleman near Palermo. In 1544 he became

neg: Mars Society Australia Science Education Centre (VSSEC) in Melbourne. The Mars Society internationally has pioneered a field of study known as Mars analogue research. This seeks to investigate technologies, exploration strategies and human factors issues involved in the future human exploration of Mars by undertaking realistic earth based simulations. In doing so, it seeks to highlight gaps in the existing body of knowledge, and encourage further research by the wider scientific community. MSA has run a number of Mars analogue research projects taking advantage of internationally recognised Mars analogue locations in outback Australia. The Society's vision is to position Australia for participation in

neg: Dan Rossignol [than the four week period during which their symptoms were monitored in the study]," and that "You wouldn't anticipate a physician who wasn't doing hyperbaric-oxygen therapy to actually conduct a study of it. Oftentimes when things are new — and this is kind of a new finding — the people who do the studies are going to be those who are involved in it to begin with." In 2010, Rossignol was sued in Cook County Circuit Court by James Coman, who alleged that Rossignol, along with another family practice physician, Anjum Usman of Naperville, had administered "dangerous and unnecessary experimental