query: who was involved in the moral reform movement

pos: Birth control movement in the United States run by the Netherlands' first female physician, Aletta Jacobs. The first birth control clinic in England was established in 1921 by Marie Stopes, in London. Contraception was legal in the United States throughout most of the 19th century, but in the 1870s a social purity movement grew in strength, aimed at outlawing vice in general, and prostitution and obscenity in particular. Composed primarily of Protestant moral reformers and middle-class women, the Victorian-era campaign also attacked contraception, which was viewed as an immoral practice that promoted prostitution and venereal disease. Anthony Comstock, a postal inspector and leader in the purity movement,

neg: Victorian dress reform Victorian dress reform Victorian dress reform was an objective of the Victorian dress reform movement (also known as the rational dress movement) of the middle and late Victorian era, comprising various reformers who proposed, designed, and wore clothing considered more practical and comfortable than the fashions of the time. Dress reformists were largely middle class women involved in the first wave of feminism in the United States and in Britain, from the 1850s through the 1890s. The movement emerged in the Progressive Era along with calls for temperance, women's education, suffrage and moral purity. Dress reform called for emancipation from

neg: New England Female Moral Reform Society by eradicating immoral practices. Women were able to address both of these goals through the moral reform movement, which marked the first social movement in which women predominated. Moral reform was a female cause that spurred the creation of primarily female organizations. Like most social movements at this time, the movement organized gendered groups. By 1841 there were about 50,000 women in 616 local moral reform societies in the North, including the New England Moral Reform Society. While the two most notable moral reform societies were urban, the auxiliary groups that formed in rural areas did an immense amount of

neg: History of Singaporean Indians movement. Leaders like Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani focussed on moral, social and religious reform. For example, they campaigned against alcohol abuse, which was a problem among the coolie class. These groups also promoted the use of the Tamil language, and the development of Tamil literature in Singapore. They were also involved in the union activism, especially in those work sectors dominated by Tamils. Tamil-educated journalists and teachers were at the forefront of the Tamil Reform movement. The 1915 Singapore Mutiny, also known as the 1915 Sepoy Mutiny, was an incident concerning 850 sepoys (Indian soldiers) who mutinied against the British on

neg: John Pierre Burr it founded its republic, to serving as an agent for the abolitionist newspaper, "The Liberator," published by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston and distributed nationally. He worked on civil rights, protesting disfranchisement of free blacks by the state legislature in 1838, and sheltering fugitive slaves. As chairman of the board of the American Moral Reform Society, Burr helped publish its journal, the "National Reformer". He was involved in the National Black Convention movement of the early 1830s. Burr served as an officer for the Mechanics' Enterprise Hall, the Moral Reform Retreat (a refuge for black alcoholics), and the Colored Citizens

neg: Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement its General Conference session held at Zeist, Utrecht (province), Netherlands in 1951. The cause for the division involved tensions that had arisen over unresolved issues of the preceding years. Charges of arbitrariness and authoritarianism by the Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement leader and on the part of the General Conference administration towards member Units, failures by the General Conference committee to adequately resolve moral failings among leaders, issues concerning mal-administration of Church finances, and procedural and organisational irregularities prior to and during the Session itself are cited by the present organisation as significant contributing factors. After two weeks of deliberations

neg: Temperance movement brought with it an optimism about moral reform, achieved through volunteer organizations. Although the temperance movement was nonsectarian in principle, the movement consisted mostly of church-goers. The temperance movement promoted temperance and emphasized the moral, economical and medical effects of overindulgence. Connecticut born minister Lyman Beecher published a book in 1826 called "Six Sermons on...Intemperance". Beecher described inebriation as a "national sin" as well as suggesting legislation to prohibit the sales of alcohol. He believed that it was only possible for drinkers to reform in the early stages of addiction, because anyone in advanced stages of addiction, according to Beecher,

neg: New England Female Moral Reform Society work for the movement and consisted of a large majority of the women in the movement. One of the primary means of spreading the New England Female Moral Reform Society's message was through the publication of a semi-monthly periodical, called "Friend of Virtue." The first volume of this periodical was published in 1838 and was edited by the society's secretary, Rebecca Eaton. This publication was a way to spread the ideas of the movement to small towns and cities throughout New England. It urged the women in those areas to organize groups of their own in order to fight for

neg: Kate Harvey authorities attempted to auction her belongings to pay her fines, but were forced to close the sale when no bids were made. She was awarded a medal from suffragists depicting the entry of Holloway Prison. During the war, most suffragists suspended the campaign for enfranchisement, but Harvey and Despard, continued to press for reform and were ardent pacifists, speaking against war. The pair attended the Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in Budapest and were interested in promoting the international feminist movement. Both were also involved in the Theosophy movement, believing that moral and spiritual development of the

neg: Indian Singaporeans that promoted the movement, and they also hosted visiting leaders of the Self-Respect Movement from Tamil Nadu when they visited Singapore. The Singapore groups focussed on moral, social and religious reform. For example, they campaigned against caste distinctions and alcohol abuse. These groups also promoted the use of the Tamil language, and the development of Tamil literature in Singapore, through the establishment of Tamil newspapers and schools. They were also involved in the union activism, especially in those work sectors dominated by Tamils. Tamil-educated journalists and teachers were at the forefront of this movement. Leaders like Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani were

neg: Moral treatment Moral treatment Moral treatment was an approach to mental disorder based on humane psychosocial care or moral discipline that emerged in the 18th century and came to the fore for much of the 19th century, deriving partly from psychiatry or psychology and partly from religious or moral concerns. The movement is particularly associated with reform and development of the asylum system in Western Europe at that time. It fell into decline as a distinct method by the 20th century, however, due to overcrowding and misuse of asylums and the predominance of biomedical methods. The movement is widely seen as influencing

neg: William Whipper William Whipper's investments in Dresden. William Whipper operated a major Underground Railroad station and provided shelter for slaves primarily from Virginia and Maryland, moving them in part in the railroad cars he owned. Whipper's ideology regarding antislavery was unique and complex. One of his main tenets rested in moral reform. Moral reform refers to the idea that the abolitionist movement "served as a check on the evil dispositions of blacks and inculcated moral principles. Initially Whipper believed that white prejudice against Black Americans stemmed from the condition in which blacks found themselves, not just the color of their skin. In

neg: Ztohoven of The Moral Reform as well as an interactive web application of The Moral Reform on Ztohoven.com where everyone can go through from who, to who and what was the messages including the content of all of the 585 sent messages. The text messages called for a moral reform in Czech politics across political parties, forget personal differences and work towards better future. In November, 2012, the group published cell phone numbers of Czech deputies and President as a part of the exhibition "Morální reforma" (The Moral Reform) in the modern art center DOX, Prague - Holešovice. On Saturday 19

neg: William Whipper premier lumberyards and accrued substantial wealth demonstrating the benefits of northern freedom. Whipper used his newfound wealth to further his personal fight for moral reform and abolition. He utilized his assets to the benefit of the antislavery movement by helping runaway slaves escape to the north. He was also involved in the Philomathean Institute of Philadelphia, a literary organization which included Frederick Douglass, Charles Burleigh Purvis, Mifflin Wistar Gibbs, and Izaiah Weir. His sister Mary Ann married James Hollensworth and settled in Dresden, Ontario, Canada, a final destination on the Underground Railroad. Mary Ann and James were the overseers of

neg: History of Lutheranism also swept through Scandinavia, influenced by both German Neo-Lutheranism and Pietism. Danish pastor and philosopher N. F. S. Grundtvig reshaped church life throughout Denmark through a reform movement beginning in 1830. He also wrote about 1,500 hymns, including "God's Word Is Our Great Heritage". In Norway, Hans Nielsen Hauge, a lay street preacher, emphasized spiritual discipline and sparked the Haugean movement. In Sweden, Lars Levi Læstadius began the Laestadian movement that emphasized moral reform. In Finland, a farmer, Paavo Ruotsalainen, started a reform movement when he took to preaching about repentance and prayer. In 1817, Frederick William III of Prussia

neg: New York Female Moral Reform Society in the hopes that membership would expand even further. This name change came just a year after the Boston Female Moral Reform Society became the New England Female Moral Reform Society due to a growing rivalry for support among auxiliary societies in the Northeast. Moral reform became a prominent issue in America during the 1830s and 1840s and many organizations were created during this time to eliminate prostitution and the sexual double standard, and to also encourage sexual abstinence. While some organizations tried to reclaim women who had fallen into prostitution, moral reform societies like NYFMRS were convinced that prevention

neg: Built environment Classical Antiquity: Hippodamus of Miletos, known as the "father of urban planning," developed Greek cities from 498 BC to 408 BC that created order by using grid plans that mapped the city. These early city plans eventually gave way to the City Beautiful movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s, inspired by Daniel Hudson Burnham, a reformist for the Progressivism movement who actively promoted "a reform of the landscape in tandem with political change." The effort was in partnership with others who believed that beautifying American cities would improve the moral compass of the cities and encourage the upper

neg: Ruth C. Engs the United States she discovered that anti-alcohol and pro-health campaigns with moral undertones had come in cycles. This led to Clean Lean Living Movement: American Cycles of Health Reform (2000) which was featured in the "New York Times Science Book Section". Her next book was The Progressive Era Health Reform Movement: A Historical Dictionary (2003), followed by The Eugenics Movement: An Encyclopedia (2005), and in the fall of 2007 Conversations in the Abbey. Currently she is working on a biography of Upton Sinclair as a health reformer. Engs was awarded the School of HPER (now School of Public Health-Bloomingon), Indiana

neg: Tan Sitong of putting the emperor under house arrest for initiating the new policies, he immediately visited general Yuan Shikai on September 18, in the hope that Yuan's army might support the Reformation Movement and prevail over the opposition forces headed by Empress Cixi. However, after Yuan Shikai returned to Tianjin on September 20, he immediately betrayed the reform movement and divulged the conspiracy to overthrow Cixi. Cixi responded with a coup and arrested all those people who were involved in the reform. The Hundred Days Reform failed after 103 days, hence its name. Tan Sitong was arrested at the "Guild Hall

neg: New England Female Moral Reform Society New England Female Moral Reform Society The New England Female Moral Reform Society was originally called the Boston Female Moral Reform Society at the time it was founded in 1835. The group changed their name in 1838 in response to a rivalry with the New York Female Moral Reform Society for support among women in auxiliary societies. The goal of the New England Female Moral Reform Society, as well as the other moral reform societies at the time, was to prevent prostitution and to end the sexual double standard. Despite their stated goal of preventing prostitution, in 1844 the society

neg: History of California 1900–present and pollution, and public health. California women were leaders in the temperance movement, moral reform, conservation, public schools, recreation, and other issues. They helped pass the 18th amendment, which established Prohibition in 1920. Initially, women did not often run for public office. California played a major role in the Progressive Movement. It was the only state where the Progressives took control of the Republican Party. California was a leader in the Progressive Movement from the 1890s into the 1920s. A coalition of reform-minded Republicans, especially in southern California, coalesced around Thomas Bard (1841–1915). Bard's election in 1899 as United States

neg: Fruntimmersällskapet för fångars förbättring influenced social work among women. This very same movement had been the inspiration for the foundation of the Deaconess institution Ersta diakoni only three years prior, and all the founders of the society were also actively involved in the Deaconess institution. Despite resistance from the clergy and the prison director, in 1854 the women were given permission to visit female prisoners and manage a form of Sunday school among them with the purpose of "with prayer, bible studies and moral talk try to bring comfort to the women placed under arrest and if possible influence their reform for the better".

neg: Women in law enforcement in the United States Their primary responsibilities were to ensure the well-being of women, children, and girls in jails. Many women became involved in social and moral reform movements in the late 1880s and early 1900s, which facilitated their visibility in the sphere of policing and public vigilance. These moral reform movements concerned themselves with eliminating gambling, prostitution, public obscenity, alcoholism and other behaviors they considered vices. The designation of the first policewoman in the United States is contested. Some claim Alice Stebbins Wells to be the first policewoman. She was commissioned as an officer in 1910 at 37 years old in the city

neg: Moral shock that moral shocks are especially likely when someone holds a sweeping movement ideology that takes the form of a “quasi-religion.” In Chapter 5 of "The Art of Moral Protest", Jasper defines a moral shock as "an unexpected event or piece of information [which] raises such a sense of outrage in a person that she becomes inclined toward political action, with or without the network of personal contacts emphasized in mobilization and process theories." For example, seeing a documentary about illicit banking practices may motivate an individual to participate in financial reform efforts. The motivation generated by a moral shock is,

neg: New England Female Moral Reform Society the cause. Through "Friend of Virtue," the society spoke out against immoral actions and events, warned women of the deception of men, and told stories about immoral women to belabor their beliefs. New England Female Moral Reform Society The New England Female Moral Reform Society was originally called the Boston Female Moral Reform Society at the time it was founded in 1835. The group changed their name in 1838 in response to a rivalry with the New York Female Moral Reform Society for support among women in auxiliary societies. The goal of the New England Female Moral Reform Society, as

neg: Animal rights movement compromise with targets. Actors in the reformist movement diagnose the problem as one of nonhuman animal mistreatment, offer a prognosis including welfare reform, and employ action frames that include moral shocks. It has been noted that the power of the animal rights movement in the United States is centralized in professionalized nonprofit organizations that prefer moderated goals of welfare reform and tend to be isomorphic. The abolitionist faction diagnoses the problem as one of nonhuman animal use, offers a prognosis including vegan outreach, and employ action frames including a rational and theoretic focus. Gary Francione, a leader in abolitionism, formed

neg: Moral treatment country. She supported the moral treatment model of care. She spoke to many state legislatures about the horrible sights she had witnessed at the prisons and called for reform. Dix fought for new laws and greater government funding to improve the treatment of people with mental disorders from 1841 until 1881, and personally helped establish 32 state hospitals that were to offer moral treatment. Many asylums were built on the so-called Kirkbride Plan. The moral treatment movement was initially opposed by those in the mental health profession. By the mid-19th century, however, many psychologists had adopted the strategy. They became

neg: William Small (trade unionist) William Small (trade unionist) William Small (1845 – 23 January 1903) was a Scottish trade unionist. In his younger years, Small ran a drapers' shop in Glasgow, then moved his business to Cambuslang, and finally to Blantyre. There, he became involved in the land reform movement. Alexander Macdonald had been the leading miners' trade union organiser in Lanarkshire. He died in 1881, and Andrew McCowie, who had met Small through the land reform movement, believed that Small would be McDonald's ideal successor. Small's draper business was not going well, and he was persuaded, devoting the remainder of his life to

neg: Social purity movement Social purity movement The social purity movement was a late 19th-century social movement that sought to abolish prostitution and other sexual activities that were considered immoral according to Christian morality. Composed primarily of women, the movement was active in English-speaking nations from the late 1860s to about 1910, exerting an important influence on the contemporaneous feminist, eugenics, and birth control movements. The movement helped to shape feminist views on prostitution. The roots of the social purity movement lay in early 19th-century moral reform movements, such as radical utopianism, abolitionism, and the temperance movement. In the late 19th century, "social" was

neg: William Small (trade unionist) the University of Glasgow and stood unsuccessfully as a Labour Party candidate for Parliament. William Small (trade unionist) William Small (1845 – 23 January 1903) was a Scottish trade unionist. In his younger years, Small ran a drapers' shop in Glasgow, then moved his business to Cambuslang, and finally to Blantyre. There, he became involved in the land reform movement. Alexander Macdonald had been the leading miners' trade union organiser in Lanarkshire. He died in 1881, and Andrew McCowie, who had met Small through the land reform movement, believed that Small would be McDonald's ideal successor. Small's draper business was

neg: The Age of Reform disparity between Progressivism and the New Deal was that the latter was not based on Protestant morality and responsibility but was more pragmatic. It did not use moral rhetoric to create changes but physically acted. "The Age of Reform" is a genuine evaluation of the reform associations from William Jennings Bryan to Franklin Roosevelt. Rather than just provide a copious number of details of each reform movement, Hofstadter instead analyzes the ideas of the average participant, not the legislative or political philosophies. That makes it an innovative historical work. In the introduction, Hofstadter states his point clearly: his purpose is

neg: Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel (Philadelphia) (1999),[3] and a co-editor of "Reform Judaism in America: A Biographical Dictionary and Sourcebook" (1993)[4] and "New Essays in American Jewish History" (2009) At KI he has continued to publish in historical work while also actively participating in various aspects of the Reform Movement. He has also been heavily involved in interfaith organizations in Philadelphia. Like Rabbi's Krauskopf and Korn, Sussman was active in the movement to help Jews escape the Soviet Union and more recently has been involved in efforts to reach out to the small Jewish community in Cuba. Under Sussman's leadership KI developed youth exchange programs between

neg: Yan'an Rectification Movement the revolution, but only after they had undergone a thorough political reeducation and ideological reform. The process of indoctrination extended even to the cadres who had survived the Long March and "proven their revolutionary credibility." All Party members were reeducated with the newly established "Mao Zedong Thought" in order to ensure their high compliance with the new leadership and the new party ideology. In order to secure his power, Mao supported his political authority with ethical and moral rhetoric. The Yan'an rectification saw Mao consolidate his position of preeminence in the CCP. To do this he undertook a "thought-reform campaign"

neg: City Beautiful movement City Beautiful movement The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. The movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Washington, D.C., promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations. Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could promote a harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life, while critics would complain that the movement was overly concerned

neg: New York Female Moral Reform Society New York Female Moral Reform Society The New York Female Moral Reform Society (NYFMRS) was established in 1834 under the female leadership of Lydia A. Finney, wife of revivalist Charles Grandison Finney. The NYFMRS was created for the fundamental purpose of preventing prostitution in early 19th century New York. In time, the NYFMRS became one of the most well-known moral reform organizations of the period and even expanded its influence to other cities across America. Five years after its establishment, the NYFMRS already had 445 auxiliaries, and thus changed its name in 1839 to the American Female Moral Reform Society

neg: Union for Reform Judaism stresses Jewish learning in order to gain insights into the tradition and make informed choices. The Reform movement also encourages its members to participate in synagogue and communal Jewish life. Reform Judaism draws a distinction between the moral and ethical imperatives of Judaism and traditional ritual requirements and practices, which, it believes may be altered or renewed to better fulfill Judaism's higher function. Another central tenet of Reform Judaism is the belief that it is the universal mission of Jews to spread God's message, to be a light unto the nations. Reform Judaism foresees a future Messianic Age of peace,

neg: Dean Whiteway the House of Commons in the 1993 election, after winning a four-person contest for the Reform Party nomination in Provencher. Whiteway argued that the Reform Party was a natural home for evangelical Christians, and spoke of bringing "some moral fibre to Parliament". He lost to Liberal David Iftody, and told reporters that he would probably not run for public office again. Whiteway was involved in abortive plans to create a provincial branch of the Reform Party in 1994. He indicated that he had no interest in becoming a candidate himself. Whiteway moved to British Columbia after the 1993 election. In

neg: William Whipper His son Lee Julian Purnell, Jr. was an electrician and building contractor who, in 1983, survived a 100-foot fall down an elevator shaft at the Forest Glen Station of the D.C. Metro. African-American educator, author and activist Frances Rollin Whipper was married to Whipper's nephew, attorney William J. Whipper. Actor Leigh Whipper was her son. William Whipper William Whipper (February 22, 1804 – March 9, 1876) was an African-American abolitionist. Whipper was a successful businessman who played a key role in the antislavery movement as a reformer. He advocated nonviolence and co-founded the American Moral Reform Society, an early African-American

neg: City Beautiful movement ended this fashion. Now, however, in Australia, many streets are tree-lined and streetscapes and skylines are regulated. This was largely a result of the City Beautiful philosophy. Notes City Beautiful movement The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. The movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Washington, D.C., promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations. Advocates of the

neg: Union for Reform Judaism latter to convene an assembly which accepted the Pittsburgh Platform on 19 November. Embodying the spirit of "Classical Reform", it added virtually nothing to the theoretical foundation of the movement but elucidated it clearly. It was declared that "to-day we accept as binding only the moral laws, and maintain only such ceremonies as elevate and sanctify our lives." A small group of conservatives withdrew from the UAHC in protest, joining Kohut, Morais and their supporters in founding the Jewish Theological Seminary. At first unifying almost all non-Reform currents, it developed into the center of Conservative Judaism. In 1889, Wise founded

neg: Clean living movement Clean living movement In the history of the United States, a clean living movement is a period of time when a surge of health-reform crusades, many with moral overtones, erupts into the popular consciousness. This results in individual, or group reformers such as the anti-tobacco or alcohol coalitions of the late twentieth century, to campaign to eliminate the health problem or to "clean up" society. The term "Clean Living Movement" was coined by Ruth C. Engs, a Professor of Applied Health Sciences at Indiana University in 1990. Cycles of social reforms have been observed in religion, politics, the economy and

neg: Bodheswaran meetings at which great leaders such as Mohandas K. Gandhi and Motilal Nehru spoke. Upon return from his travels, Bodheswaran was advised by Narayana Guru to meet Chattampi Swamikal, who subsequently influenced him greatly. While continuing his association with Swami he worked for national movement also. His public speeches attracted huge crowds and inspired the youngsters to join freedom movement. After a short spell during which he favoured the Arya Samaj movement, influenced by Chattampi Swamikal he got involved in social reform movements like Vaikkom Satyagraham and the Temple Entry Movement. He also became a worker for the Indian National

neg: Clean living movement and other health reforms became prime concerns of the day. Clean living movement In the history of the United States, a clean living movement is a period of time when a surge of health-reform crusades, many with moral overtones, erupts into the popular consciousness. This results in individual, or group reformers such as the anti-tobacco or alcohol coalitions of the late twentieth century, to campaign to eliminate the health problem or to "clean up" society. The term "Clean Living Movement" was coined by Ruth C. Engs, a Professor of Applied Health Sciences at Indiana University in 1990. Cycles of social

neg: Mongkut Mongkut's movement was that, "…true Buddhism was supposed to refrain from worldly matters and confine itself to spiritual and moral affairs." Mongkut eventually came to power in 1851, as did his colleagues who had the same progressive mission. From that point on, Siam more quickly embraced modernization. Vajirayan initiated two major revolutionary changes. Firstly, he fought for the people to embrace modern geography, among other sciences considered "Western." Secondly he sought reform in Buddhism and, as a result, a new sect was created in Siamese Theravada Buddhism. Both revolutions challenged the purity and validity of the Buddhist order as it

neg: Landless Workers' Movement for settlement and increased taxes on unused land, it also forbade public inspection of invaded land - thereby precluding future expropriation - and the disbursement of public funds to people involved in such invasions. Cardoso's chief land reform project, supported by a World Bank US$90 million loan, was addressed to "individuals" who had previous experience in farming and a maximum yearly income of US$15,000, and who were granted a loan of up to US$40,000 if they could associate with other rural producers in order to buy land from a willingly landholder - a land reform programme that catered primarily for

neg: Huldrych Zwingli role in changing his theology. Another view is that Zwingli did not pay much attention to Luther's theology and in fact he considered it as part of the humanist reform movement. A third view is that Zwingli was not a complete follower of Erasmus, but had diverged from him as early as 1516 and that he independently developed his theology. Zwingli's theological stance was gradually revealed through his sermons. He attacked moral corruption and in the process he named individuals who were the targets of his denunciations. Monks were accused of indolence and high living. In 1519, Zwingli specifically rejected

neg: Iranian Reformists Iranians identify as leaning Reformist. In comparison, 15% identify as leaning Principlist. The 2nd of Khordad Movement usually refers not only to the coalition of 18 groups and political parties of the reforms front but to anyone else who was a supporter of the 1997 reform programs of Khatami. The ideology of Khatami and the movement is based on Islamic democracy. The reforms front consists of several political parties, some of the most famous including the following Many Iranian intellectuals were involved in establishing a foundation for the movement. Perhaps the most influential figure was Abdolkarim Soroush. For many years,

neg: Agnes Chow the Moral and National Education scheme which they deemed as "brainwashing". The movement successfully drew thousands of protesters gathered in front of the Central Government Complex which led to the backdown of the government in September 2012. After the Moral and National Education, Chow and other activists of Scholarism including Joshua Wong and Ivan Lam continued their involvement in social and political movements, notably the 2014 Hong Kong electoral reform. Chow was one of the leaders in the class boycott campaign against the restrictive electoral framework set by the National People's Congress Standing Committee on the 2017 Chief Executive election,

neg: History of women in the United States Texas civil rights movement through the Dallas NAACP. She focused on working with black youths, organizing them as the vanguard in protests against segregation practices in Texas. The Progressive movement was especially strong in California, where it aimed to purify society of its corruption, and one way was to enfranchise supposedly "pure" women as voters in 1911, nine years before the 19th Amendment enfranchised women nationally in 1920. Women's clubs flourished and turned a spotlight on issues such as public schools, dirt and pollution, and public health. California women were leaders in the temperance movement, moral reform, conservation, public schools,

neg: Donglin movement moral evaluations. Thereafter the Academy became a centre of dissent for public affairs in the late Ming and early Qing periods. Many supporters of Donglin were found in the bureaucracy and it became deeply involved in factional politics. The movement got momentum when the Donglin Academy in Wuxi was joined by the academies of the nearby Wujin and Yixing. Many of the academy's creators were among the mandarins who a few years previously had forced the Wanli Emperor to appoint his first-born son, Zhu Changluo (the future Taichang Emperor) as the heir to the throne, even though the emperor himself

neg: Criticism of Conservative Judaism halakhically observant laypeople in our synagogues, and ... have a devastating effect on the Conservative movement throughout the world.” According to Rabbi Golinkin, if the Conservative movement adopted such a change, most Israelis would see little difference between the Masorti movement (Israeli Conservative Judaism in Israel) and Reform Judaism. Rabbi Joseph Prousser, a member of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, also lobbied against the proposal, arguing that its adoption would result in "a fractured Conservative movement" that is "rendered less viable". He wrote that adopting such a change would represent a "failure of moral and religious leadership" and

neg: Italian literature the clearest religious utterance to have made itself heard in 14th-century Italy. Although precise ideas of reformation did not enter her head, the want of a great moral reform was felt in her heart. She must take her place among those who prepared the way for the religious movement of the 16th century. Another Sienese, Giovanni Colombini, founder of the order of Jesuati, preached poverty by precept and example, going back to the religious idea of St Francis of Assisi. His letters are among the most remarkable in the category of ascetic works in the 14th century. Bianco da Siena

neg: Social conscience brought about by the presence of the second world war led to several reform movements. With such ongoing changes it is natural for one's social conscience to act up in a way that will attempt to push change in a way that coincides with their moral values. Throughout this period of time, several moralistic movements were initiated. These values came in the form of strikes, peaceful protests, or attempting to shine a light on a misdeed by alerting the public. One such movement was initiated by a group of young men who shined a public spotlight on the inhumane conditions

neg: Silverine Swer She stayed with NEFA from 1952 to 1968 and returned to Shillong that year for a two-year stint at her native place where she was involved with the activities of the "Good Will Movement" of the Moral Re-Armament (MRA). She was among the Indian delegates who visited Sweden in 1970 in connection with MRA activities. Towards the latter part of her career, she chaired the International Year for Women and the Social Advisory Board of Meghalaya state, headed the State Guides movement as its commissioner and was a member of the Executive council of the North Eastern Hill University. Silverine

neg: Gaspar García Laviana providing the revolutionary movement with a sense of moral legitimacy. Many of García Laviana's concerns became priorities for the Sandinistas when they assumed power. The revolutionary government took up health care as a major priority, implemented agrarian reform initiatives that redistributed land back to many peasants individually and in cooperatives, made education through the fourth grade free and universal, and denounced prostitution. Gaspar García Laviana Father Gaspar García Laviana (November 8, 1941 — December 11, 1978) was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest who took up arms to fight as a soldier in Nicaragua with the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN)

neg: Presbyterian Church in the United States of America dividing over the Old School–New School Controversy. The conflict between Old School and New School factions merged with the slavery controversy. The New School's enthusiasm for moral reform and voluntary societies was evident in its increasing identification with the abolitionist movement. The Old School, however, was convinced that the General Assembly and the larger church should not legislate on moral issues that were not explicitly addressed in the Bible. This effectively drove the majority of Southern Presbyterians to support the Old School faction. The first definitive split over slavery occurred within the New School Presbyterian Church. In 1858, Southern synods

neg: Lady Griselda Cheape the idea of feminine moral superiority. Her opinions may be traced to her strongly evangelical approach to temperance reform that emphasised moral, rather than legal, ‘suasion.’" She died in 1934 in London. British Library: Votes for Woman- The Anti-suffrage Movement Lady Griselda Cheape Lady Griselda Johanna Helen Cheape (20 December 1865 – 12 February 1934) was an anti-suffrage campaigner. Born in Angus, Scotland Griselda Ogilvy and was the sixth child of Henrietta Blanche Stanley and Sir David Graham Drummond Ogilvy, Earl of Airlie. Griselda Ogilvy married James Cheape of Strathtyrum in 1897. They went on to have three children. She

neg: Katharina Scheven Technology. As well as being involved in the IAF, Scheven was active in the "Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine" (BDT: League of German Women's Associations), and from 1919 was a member of BDT's Federal board. When reform of criminal law was raised in 1909, she became chair of the BDF ethics committee, which prepared a broad list of topics on reform of the abortion law. Scheven argued against impunity for an abortion, which she though weakened the moral responsibility of women. Scheven was one of the founders of the Federation of Dresden Women's Organizations in 1918, some of which she led. She

neg: Judaism and abortion by competent medical opinion as severely defective. The fetus is a life in the process of development, and the decision to abort should never be taken lightly. Thus, the Conservative position is in line with some of the Acharonim who permit an abortion in case of acute potential emotional and psychological harm. Before reaching her final decision, Conservative Judaism holds that the woman should consult with the biological father, other members of her family, her physician, her Rabbi and any other person who can help her in assessing the many grave legal and moral issues involved. Reform Judaism permits abortion,

neg: Surendra Kumar Datta published by Margarita Barns. He was a devout Christian and critic of Hinduism, who believed that the Indian religions do indeed search for the truth, yet argued that they didn't provide moral and spiritual support for reform and renewal. He denounced Hinduism philosophy and its doctrines, especially Karma and Transmigration in weakening the demand for moral responsibility and social reform; according to him, only the basic teachings of Christianity could give hope to the people of India—the righteousness of God, the moral order of the created universe, the redeeming love of God manifest in Jesus Christ. He further emphasized a

neg: Reform Zionism acting as a "light unto the nations", a national example of ideal prophetic principles of justice and peace. For the Reform Zionist, this means that by working to make Israel a better place, one can lead the world in working towards a state of perfection. Due to this, the Reform Zionist movement is heavily involved in social activism in Israel. As a religious, rather than political, ideology, Reform Zionism and its organizations do not see themselves as inherently political, and do not align with any Israeli political party or movement. In 1897 Hebrew Union College President and founder Isaac M.

neg: Student activism to retract its plans to introduce Moral and National Education as a compulsory subject. On 1 September, an open concert was held as part of the protest, with an attendance of 40,000. At last, the government de facto struck down the Moral and National Education. Student organizations made important roles during the Umbrella Movement. Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) made decisions on the Hong Kong political reform on 31 August 2014, which the Nominating Committee would tightly control the nomination of the Chief Executive candidate, candidates outside the Pro-Beijing camp would not have opportunities to be nominated.

neg: Moral Re-Armament Moral Re-Armament Moral Re-Armament (MRA) was an international moral and spiritual movement that, in 1938, developed from American minister Frank Buchman's Oxford Group. Buchman headed MRA for 23 years until his death in 1961. In 2001, the movement was renamed Initiatives of Change. In 1938, Europe was rearming militarily. Frank Buchman, who had been the driving force behind the Oxford Group, was convinced that military rearmament alone would not resolve the crisis. At a meeting of 3,000 in East Ham Town Hall, London, on 29 May 1938, he launched a campaign for Moral Re-Armament. "The crisis is fundamentally a moral

neg: Alaide Gualberta Beccari father's secretary for a time, then returned to Padua when it was captured by the forces of Lombardy-Venetia. At age 16, Beccari was living in Venice, where she launched the journal "Woman". The journal "Woman" was published biweekly. Beccari's publication promoted women's rights following Italian unification in 1861. She was a social reformer, when moral and political reform were gaining popular support in Great Britain, France, the United States, and elsewhere as part of a larger Reform movement during the 19th century. "Woman" was a rare feminist voice in Italy during the 1870s and 1880s, and in the language of

neg: Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi of writings by American female physicians mentioning over forty of her own works. In 1894, she wrote "Common Sense Applied to Women's Suffrage" which was later reprinted and used to support the women's suffrage movement in the United States. Also in 1894, after the defeat of the women's suffrage amendment to the New York State Constitution, Jacobi was one of six prominent suffragists who founded the League for Political Education. While Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910) viewed medicine as a means for social and moral reform, the younger Jacobi focused on curing disease. Blackwell believed that women would succeed in medicine because

neg: Martin Luther King Jr. the bus boycott transformed him into a national figure and the best-known spokesman of the civil rights movement. In 1957, King, Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, Joseph Lowery, and other civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The group was created to harness the moral authority and organizing power of black churches to conduct nonviolent protests in the service of civil rights reform. The group was inspired by the crusades of evangelist Billy Graham, who befriended King after he attended a 1957 Graham crusade in New York City. King led the SCLC until his death. The SCLC's 1957

neg: Human rights movement in the Soviet Union Human rights movement in the Soviet Union In the 1960s a human rights movement began to emerge in the USSR. Those actively involved did not share a single set of beliefs. Many wanted a variety of civil rights — freedom of expression, of religious belief, of national self-determination. To some it was crucial to provide a truthful record of what was happening in the country, not the heavily censored version provided in official media outlets. Others still were "reform Communists" who thought it possible to change the Soviet system for the better. Gradually, under the pressure of official actions and

neg: William Whipper William Whipper William Whipper (February 22, 1804 – March 9, 1876) was an African-American abolitionist. Whipper was a successful businessman who played a key role in the antislavery movement as a reformer. He advocated nonviolence and co-founded the American Moral Reform Society, an early African-American abolitionist organization. William Whipper epitomized the unique prosperity that Northern Blacks were able to attain in the mid-19th century. Born February 22, 1804, in Drumore Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, to an enslaved African-American house servant and her white owner. William had siblings, Alfred, Benjamin, Hannah wife of Stephen Purnell and Mary Ann wife of James

neg: English land law (1801–1827). As national and global trade expanded, the power of a new monied class of business men was growing, and the economic and political importance of land was diminishing with it. The moral philosopher and father of economics, Adam Smith, reflected these changes as he argued in "The Wealth of Nations" that landowners position allowed them to extract rents from others in return for very little. In the 19th century, a growing liberal movement for reform produced three major results. First, there was increasing pressure to dismantle the privileges of the landed aristocracy. The most direct reform was to gradually

neg: Abolitionism in the United States Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth all played important roles in abolitionism. But even beyond these well-known women, abolitionism maintained impressive support from white middle-class and some black women. It was these women who performed many of the logistical, day-to-day tasks that made the movement successful. They raised money, wrote and distributed propaganda pieces, drafted and signed petitions, and lobbied the legislatures. Though abolitionism sowed the seeds of the women's rights movement, most women became involved in abolitionism because of a gendered religious worldview, and the idea that they had feminine, moral responsibilities. For example, in the

neg: Lance J. Sussman served as an adviser to numerous public exhibitions at museums and other cultural institutions and been involved with many public television (PBS)programs. Between 1998 and 2001, Sussman was active in a national debate among Reform leaders over the direction of the Movement. In 1998 the magazine "Reform Judaism" published a draft of a new platform for the movement. In May 1999, the annual meeting of the Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR), which is the organization of Reform Rabbis in the United States and Canada, debated this platform. In that debate Sussman offered numerous amendments to the proposed platform, many

neg: New York Female Moral Reform Society was their primary concern. Women involved in the New York Female Benevolent Society, who tended to be older women, were more willing to help prostitutes out of their situation. Prostitution first became a problem in America between 1810 and 1820, primarily because it was not completely illegal, thus it is estimated that 5 to 10 percent of women were prostitutes. Women soon discovered that prostitution paid more than any other kind of work available to them at the time, and even some kinds of employment were linked to prostitution. A report by the NYFMRS in the 1830s found that servants,

neg: Salafi movement Due to numerical superiority, the movement has been referred to as the mainstream of the Salafist movement at times. This trend, who some call "politicos", see politics as "yet another field in which the Salafi creed has to be applied" in order to safeguard justice and "guarantee that the political rule is based upon the Shari'a". Al–Sahwa Al-Islamiyya (Islamic Awakening), as example, has been involved in peaceful political reform. Safar Al-Hawali and Salman al-Ouda are representatives of this trend. Because of being active on social media, they have earned some support among more educated youth. "Salafi Jihadism" was a term

neg: Fornication be commonplace in the early medieval period. In the twelfth century, the Paris-based "Reform Church" movement was a Catholic faction that attempted to refocus society's moral compass with a particular emphasis on sex and marriage. The movement sent priests to Wales where it was, up until that time, the norm for Christians to live together prior to marriage. Up until this period, marriage was considered a private contract between two people. They would make a pledge to each other and, from that moment on, they were considered married. This pledge could take place anywhere; it did not have to occur

neg: Primacy of Peter the stability which through Christ is given to Peter, through Peter is conveyed to the apostles" (Giles, 280). The Council of Chalcedon would later refer to Leo as "him who had been charged with the custody of the vine by the savior." The Gregorian Reform movement was rather a series of movements many of which involved the reform of the Catholic Church, headed by Gregory VII, formerly the Archdeacon Hildebrand. Gregory became Pope in 1073 with the objective of reforming not the body of the church, but a purification of the clergy in general. Gregory is perhaps most recognized with

neg: Austin Ardill war he became involved with the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) and was elected as a member of Larne Rural District Council. In 1965 he was elected as a member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, representing Carrick. He was opposed to the political reform programme of the Prime Minister Terence O'Neill and as a result lost the UUP nomination for Carrick in 1969 to Anne Dickson. Subsequently, he became involved in the Ulster Vanguard movement, as one of its deputy leaders. The movement was launched on opposed to any further reforms which would threaten the status quo. When the movement

neg: Transformation of the Ottoman Empire Murad IV's desire to regain control over the state, and he henceforth began to exercise power in his own right. He carried out a reform of military land tenure in an effort to strengthen the army, encouraged peasant resettlement of abandoned fields, and enforced moral reform in Istanbul in conjunction with the religious movement of the Kadızadelis. First achieving military success in 1635 with the conquest of Yerevan, he was ultimately able to lead the empire to victory by reconquering Baghdad in 1638 and establishing a long-lasting peace with the Safavids the following year. Murad IV died in 1640, only

neg: Vakkom Majeed Indian National Congress in Travancore. As a young man, he also became greatly involved in the social reform movement. Majeed was one of the few Congress leaders in Travancore who exhibited enormous courage by participating in the Quit India movement in 1942 and got arrested. He remained in jail for several months. Subsequently, when the idea of "independent Travancore" was mooted, Majeed was a staunch opponent of it and took part in the agitation against the move. He was incarcerated again for several months. When the INA hero Vakkom Kadir was sentenced to death by the British, Majeed visited him

neg: William Whipper of the same nonviolent strategies followed during later civil rights movements. Furthermore, Whipper demonstrated his dedication to the notion of moral reform via the creation of the American Moral Reform Society. In 1835 he attended the annual convention of the Improvement of Free People of Color. He urged delegates to adopt a resolution, which ended the usage of the word "colored". Because of his persistence, the delegates decided to organize a society that would have no racial boundaries. The convention gave birth to the American Moral Reform Society, and gave Whipper credit as a founding father. The American Moral Reform

neg: Social conscience were not those of their citizens. Despite the initial failures of this system, it serves as an early example of social conscience. It was the initiator for a new movement to combat the unfair conditions that widespread industrialization had brought. The organizational advancements needed to create this new platform of government was a large step in a direction that only came to light when the people of this era began to feel an obligation to solve those injustices due to their social conscience. Moral arguments have been what have propelled every movement that seeks reform. While morals differed, the conjunction

neg: David Davis, Maesyffynnon (coal owner) crowd released the horses and drew Richard's carriage back to Davis's residence at Maesyffynon. Like his brother, Lewis, was invited to contest the second seat there when Richard Fothergill retired in 1880. Unlike his father, who remained an active Wesleyan throughout his life, David Davis, Maesyffynnon, became involved in a schism which led to the short-lived 'Wesleyan Reform' movement. The 'Reform' chapel at Aberdare eventually, became Congregationalist. Davis died in 1884 at the residence of his brother, Lewis Davis, Ferndale. David Davis, Maesyffynnon (coal owner) David Davis, Maesyffynnon, (1821–1884), son of David Davis, Blaengwawr was a prominent Welsh coal owner

neg: Balfour Brickner Balfour Brickner Balfour Brickner (November 18, 1926 – August 29, 2005), a leading rabbi in the Reform Judaism movement, was rabbi emeritus of the Stephen Wise Free Synagogue in Manhattan when he died. Rabbi Brickner was a longtime political activist who was involved in the civil rights struggle (he was arrested at the Monson Motor Lodge in St. Augustine, Florida on June 18, 1964, as part of the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history, having gone there at the urging of Martin Luther King Jr.), the Vietnam antiwar movement (traveling to Paris with an interfaith peace group to

neg: James Hillman Reform Judaism movement, who emigrated to the United States from Prussia. After high school, he studied at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service for two years. He served in the US Navy Hospital Corps from 1944 to 1946, after which he attended the University of Paris, studying English Literature, and Trinity College, Dublin, graduating with a degree in mental and moral science in 1950. He began his career as associate editor for the Irish literary review, "Envoy". In 1959, he received his PhD from the University of Zurich, as well as his analyst's diploma from the C.G. Jung

neg: LGBT history in Australia men than would exist after consolidated settlement and colonisation began Gay and lesbian rights movement groups were not organised in Australia until the late 1960s. The ACT Homosexual Law Reform Society, a humanist organisation based in Canberra which was formed in mid 1969; and an Australian arm of the Daughters of Bilitis, which formed in Melbourne in January 1970, are considered Australia's first gay rights organisations. However, it was a Sydney organisation, the Campaign Against Moral Persecution (C.A.M.P.), which was founded in Sydney in June 1970 that was to galvanise the early gay rights movement in Australia. John Ware and

neg: Vasily Vorontsov Vasily Vorontsov Vasilii Pavlovich Vorontsov (Pseudonym: V.V., 1847–December 1918) was an influential Russian "narodnik" economist and sociologist, one of the principal protagonists in the controversy between "narodnik" and Marxist economists (like G. V. Plekhanov and P. B. Struve) in the 1880s and 1890s. V. P. Vorontsov came from a distinguished aristocratic family. In the 1860s and 1870s he became involved in the populist (narodnik) movement. Although he had contacts with illegal narodnik circles, he was not himself involved in significant revolutionary activity. Instead, he was associated with the 'Legal Populists' who advocated political and economic reform from above. In particular,

neg: Amos Beman movement. He served as president of the Connecticut Society of the Negro Temperance Movement. Beman was also the President of the 1855 Colored National Convention in Philadelphia, held to discuss slavery, suffrage, and moral reform. Beman kept four scrapbooks of articles documenting important moments and ideas he valued. They can be viewed at the Yale library. Amos Beman Amos Gerry Beman (1812-1872) was a 19th-century African American pastor and social activist from Connecticut. He was a prominent African American abolitionist. Beman was born in Colchester, Connecticut and later moved to Middletown, Connecticut. His grandfather, Cesar, earned his right to freedom

neg: Haskalah varying degrees to participate in the cultural practices of the surrounding Gentile population. Connected with this was the birth of the Reform movement, whose founders such as Israel Jacobson and Leopold Zunz rejected the continuing observance of those aspects of Jewish law which they classified as ritual, as opposed to moral or ethical. Orthodoxy, created new movements to fight Haskalah, most notably the Mussar Movement in Lithuania and "Torah im Derech Eretz" in Germany. Followers of Haskalah sided with Gentile governments in plans to increase secular education, at the expense of religious education and observance, among the Jewish masses, bringing

neg: Temperance movement 1810s, but had little impact outside their immediate regions and they disbanded soon after. Their methods had little effect in implementing temperance, and drinking actually increased until after 1830; however, their methods of public pledges and meetings, as well as handing out of pamphlets, were implemented by more lasting temperance societies such as the American Temperance Society. The temperance movement began at a national level in the 1820s, having been popularized by evangelical temperance reformers and among the middle classes. There was a concentration on advice against hard spirits rather than on abstinence from all alcohol and on moral reform

neg: Lorenzo S. Coffin Burial Plot Railroad Commissioner. He was an advocate for railroad safety and established the Railroadmen's Temperance Movement, was involved with the Railroadmen's YMCA movement, helped establish the Railroadmen's Retirement Home in Highland Park, Illinois, and served as president of their board of directors. He supported Prohibition in the United States, served on the Iowa Anti-Saloon League, ran as a Prohibitionist for governor in 1906 and was the vice-presidential candidate on the United Christian Party ticket in 1908. Coffin was also involved with the prison reform movement, and established a home for unwed mothers under the auspices of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

neg: Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș of Art History. Once familiarized with the artistic fashions of the day, Tzigara reported to the National Liberal Education Minister Spiru Haret about the need to reform the educational system in such manner as to provide peasant children with an artistic education, citing reasons moral and economical. Around 1908, Tzigara was also involved in the process of cataloging and preserving the body of works left by Romanian painter Theodor Aman. The Aman Museum appointed him director, and, under his leadership, opened its doors to the public for the very first time. Tzigara was also involved in controversies marking the celebration

neg: Ethical movement being trained to be a rabbi like his father, Samuel Adler, the rabbi of the Reform Jewish Temple Emanu-El in New York. As part of his education, he enrolled at the University of Heidelberg, where he was influenced by neo-Kantian philosophy. He was especially drawn to the Kantian ideas that one could not prove the existence or non-existence of deities or immortality and that morality could be established independently of theology. During this time he was also exposed to the moral problems caused by the exploitation of women and labor. These experiences laid the intellectual groundwork for the ethical movement.

neg: Lizzie Black Kander a native of Baltimore who had moved to Milwaukee in 1868, through their mutual interest in public school reform. Black and Kander were married on May 17, 1881; the couple never had children. From 1890 to 1893, Kander worked as truancy officer to view the home conditions of Milwaukee’s Russian immigrant families. The conditions were ““a deplorable situation, threatening the moral and physical health of the people”. Kander reported her finding to her women club members and challenged them to get involved in reforming the area. She developed a program to have volunteers visit homes and assess the extent of

neg: Back-to-the-land movement from the publishing world. Back-to-the-land movement A back-to-the-land movement is any of various agrarian movements across different historical periods. The common thread is a call for people to take up smallholding and to grow food from the land with an emphasis on a greater degree of self-sufficiency, autonomy, and local community than found in a prevailing industrial or postindustrial way of life. There have been a variety of motives behind such movements, such as social reform, land reform, and civilian war efforts. Groups involved have included political reformers, counterculture hippies, and religious separatists. The concept was popularized in the United

neg: Back-to-the-land movement Back-to-the-land movement A back-to-the-land movement is any of various agrarian movements across different historical periods. The common thread is a call for people to take up smallholding and to grow food from the land with an emphasis on a greater degree of self-sufficiency, autonomy, and local community than found in a prevailing industrial or postindustrial way of life. There have been a variety of motives behind such movements, such as social reform, land reform, and civilian war efforts. Groups involved have included political reformers, counterculture hippies, and religious separatists. The concept was popularized in the United States at the beginning

neg: Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia The Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia (MIRA), a U.K.-based Saudi oppositionist organization headed by Dr. Sa'ad Al-Faqih, who has been a key figure in the reform movement in Saudi Arabia since the Persian Gulf War. According to Dr. al-Faqih, "[the] MIRA office in London is the information and media centre of the movement rather than the leadership." The Movement of Islamic Reforms was established in London in April 1996, and its aim, along with that of the Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights (CDLR), which seemed to be a front for Hizb

neg: Clean living movement other areas of human endeavor. Reforms to clean up society in regard to issues related to health also appear to come in cycles. Reform campaigns during Clean Living Movements include temperance (anti-alcohol), social purity (sexuality), diet, physical exercise, eugenics (heredity), public health, and anti-tobacco and drug campaigns. Interest in these issues rise and fall more or less simultaneously and often follow a religious awakening in which both evangelical sentiments and the development of new sects emerge. The movements also coincide with episodes of xenophobia or moral panic in which various minorities are targeted as undesirable influences for medical or moral

neg: Lance J. Sussman generation." They emphasized the importance of Reform Judaism in "affirming the exemplary power of morally courageous deeds, the sanctity of life, and the possibility of personal transcendence through the apprehension of spiritual beauty." They further argued that modern Judaism should be understood as "compatible with reason, historical knowledge, scientific thought, and democratic values." The "Statement" concluded by reaffirming the "uniqueness of the Jewish people" and their "central role in the spiritual history of humanity." Seltzer and Sussman urged Reform Jewish leaders to "recommit" the movement to the "highest moral and religious values" and "to the ideals of truthfulness, justice, compassion,

neg: Yair Tzaban as Director General of the project. The Encyclopedia was published, in Hebrew, in 2007. Throughout his career he has been deeply involved in the fight against religious coercion, for pluralistic approach and for granting equal status to the Reform and Conservative movements in Israel. As a result of this work, he was invited to be the guest of the Congress of the Reform Movement (Atlanta, 1995) and of the Conference of the Rabbis of the Conservative movement in the United States (1996). He also received (1997) Honorary Doctorate from the Hebrew Union College. He is married to Shulamit, father to

neg: Woman's club movement of Chicago both worked on issues relating to waste disposal. The Woman's City Club was, in contrast, more interested in the health and safety of the city as opposed to the men's group who were more interested in making money from sanitation. The Carrizozo Woman's Club of New Mexico helped bring sanitation to their city. Women's club members were involved in hospital reform and the creation of hospitals. In Seattle, Anna Herr Clise created what later became the Seattle Children's Hospital. Other clubs helped set up health centers and clinics. Women's clubs were involved with improving food and drug safety.

neg: Morteza Agha-Tehrani do not share his ideas. Morteza Agha-Tehrani Morteza Agha-Tehrani () is a hardline Iranian shia cleric and politician who is widely seen as Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's moral advisor and the ethics mentor of his cabinet. He has been elected as a member of Iranian Parliament representing Tehran in 2008 but lost his seat in 2016 election. He is also one of the closest disciples of Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi. Addressing a congregation in the small town of Zarand, he famously remarked about the Iranian reform movement: "Throw away these filthy reformists as you would a tissue that you

neg: Morteza Agha-Tehrani Morteza Agha-Tehrani Morteza Agha-Tehrani () is a hardline Iranian shia cleric and politician who is widely seen as Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's moral advisor and the ethics mentor of his cabinet. He has been elected as a member of Iranian Parliament representing Tehran in 2008 but lost his seat in 2016 election. He is also one of the closest disciples of Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi. Addressing a congregation in the small town of Zarand, he famously remarked about the Iranian reform movement: "Throw away these filthy reformists as you would a tissue that you use to wipe a baby's