query: what is the significance of baghdad in islam

pos: Baghdad Wisdom), garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Centre of Learning". Baghdad was the largest city of the Middle Ages for much of the Abbasid era, peaking at a population of more than a million. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arab culture.

neg: Islam in Iraq Islam in Iraq The history of Islam in Iraq goes back almost 1,400 years to the lifetime of Muhammad (died 632). Iraq's Muslims follow two distinct traditions, Shia and Sunni Islam. Arabic-speaking Shias are known as Iraqiyyuns, and Arabic-speaking Sunnis are known as Jaziran Arabs. Iraq is home to many religious cities important for both Shia and Sunni Muslims. Baghdad was a hub of Islamic learning and scholarship for centuries and served as the capital of the Abassids. Baghdad also is home to two prominent Shia Imams in what is known as Kadhimiya, Iraq. The city of Karbala has substantial

neg: Islam in Asia They are also credited with the establishment of the first paper mill in Baghdad. The power of the Barmakids in those times is reflected in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights"; the vizier Ja'far appears in several stories, as well as a tale that gave rise to the expression “Barmecide feast”. Many of the early governors of the Caliphate were Barmakids. Khalid ibn Barmak built Mansura, Sindh and later Baghdad. His son was the governor of what is now Azerbaijan. Islam is currently the largest religion in Asia (25%) followed by Hinduism. The total number of Muslims in

neg: History of Islam of Isfahan had fallen to them by 1237. With the election of Khan Mongke in 1251, Mongol targeted the Abbasid capital, Baghdad. Mongke's brother, Hulegu, was made leader of the Mongol Army assigned to the task of subduing Baghdad. The fall of Bagdhad in 1258 destroyed what had been the largest city in Islam. The last Abbasid caliph, al-Musta'sim, was captured and killed; and Baghdad was ransacked and destroyed. The cities of Damascus and Aleppo fell in 1260. Plans for the conquest of Egypt were delayed due to the death of Mongke at around the same time. The Abbasid army

neg: Mawla to exist but acquired political significance with the formation of troops entirely composed of mainly-Turkic freedmen in the service of the caliph, a practice that persisted through the Ottoman period. Together, the rise to power of those ethnic groups restricted the power of the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad. Abu Hanifa was the founder of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam and lived through the Abbasid Revolution. He famously stated in one of his dictums: “The belief of a newly converted Turk is the same as that of an Arab from Hejaz”. However, the Umayyads resented such reforms, and

neg: Christian influences in Islam the Hellenistic period. Centers of learning and of transmission of classical wisdom included colleges such as the School of Nisibis, and later the School of Edessa, and the renowned hospital and medical academy of Jundishapur; libraries included the Library of Alexandria and the Imperial Library of Constantinople; other centers of translation and learning functioned at Merv, Salonika, Nishapur and Ctesiphon, situated just south of what later became Baghdad. The House of Wisdom was a library, translation institute, and academy established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq. Nestorians played a prominent role in the formation of Arab culture, with the Jundishapur school being

neg: Ibn Taymiyyah never rejected the practice outright, and actually enumerated a list of early Sufis whom he considered to be among the greatest Islamic saints. In this list, he included Bayazid Bastami, Junayd of Baghdad, Abdul-Qadir Gilani, Hasan of Basra, Ibrahim ibn Adham, Maruf Karkhi, Sirri Saqti, and several other venerable personages who have always been venerated in mainstream Sunni Islam as being among the greatest saints of all. Regarding all these early saints, Ibn Taymiyyah even declares: "These great Sufi people were the leaders of humanity, and they were calling to what is right and forbidding what is wrong." While Ibn

neg: Polygyny in Islam marriages in this era, including polygynous ones, were not sacramental in nature, but purely contractual. It was not until Islam, one could say, standardized marriage and therefore what it constituted, that matrimony assumed a different set of characteristics beyond those of the purely contractual. To amplify the context within which polygyny occupies an Islamic relevance, one should look to the current debates surrounding polygyny in Islam, and more broadly, polygamy, and the implications that emerged from their contextual transition from the jahiliyya to the Islamic era. Two highly dichotomous views on the social significance of the institutionalization of polygyny by

neg: Jewish philosophy who converted to Islam in his twilight years - once head of the Baghdad Yeshiva and considered the leading philosopher of Iraq. Historians differ over the motive for his conversion to Islam. Some suggest it was a reaction to a social slight inflicted upon him because he was a Jew, while others suggest he was forcibly converted at the edge of a sword (which prompted Maimonides to comment upon Anusim). Despite his conversion to Islam, his works continued to be studied at the Jewish Baghdad Academy, a well-known academy, into the thirteenth century. He was a follower of Avicenna's teaching,

neg: Baghdad Manifesto Baghdad Manifesto The manifesto of Baghdad was a 1011 testimony ordered by The Abbasid Caliph Al-Qadir in response to the growth of the Fatimid-supporting Ismaili sect of Islam within his borders. Most Ismailis viewed the Fatimids as their rightful spiritual and political leaders and their claim was made over the Muslim world. The majority of Muslims rejected that claim. This competition led to the Baghdad Manifesto of 1011, in which the Abbāsids claimed that the line Al Ḥakīm represented did not legitimately descend from ˤAlī. The manifesto of Baghdad is the testimony given by a number of Muslim Sunni and

neg: Al-Atabat Al-Aliyat tigris bank where is toward Baghdad as the capital of Iraq. There are the shrines of Musa al-Kadhim (the 7th Imam of Shia Islam) and Muhammad al-Jawad (as the 9th Imam of Shia Islam) in this city. Samarra is a city in Iraq where stands on the north of Baghdad. The tenth Imam of Shia (Al-Hadi) and the eleventh Imam of Shia (Hassan Askari) are buried there, and it is regarded as one of Atabat Aliyat destinations. Al-Atabat Al-Aliyat Al-Atabat Al-Aliyat (Arabic: العتبات العالیات) literally means the sublime thresholds. Al-Atabat Al-Aliyat which is also famous as Al-Atabat Al-Muqaddasa (literally: holy

neg: Nezamiyeh Other nizamiyyah schools were located in Nishapur, Amol, Balkh, Herat and Isfahan. Nizam ul-Mulk was finally assassinated en route from Isfahan to Baghdad in 1092 CE. According to several books, he was assassinated by a member of Hashshashin, a group of the Ismaili sect of Shi'a Islam. According to Mughatil ibn Bakri, a staff member of the Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad, he alleges that Nizam al-Mulk converted to Shia Islam after a Sunni-Shia debate held on the orders of Sultan Malik Shah I, who also converted to Shia'ism. But it is thereafter that they were both assassinated. This narration is disputed,

neg: John (Desireless song) Said (second Israeli-Arab war, 1956), Baghdad (Iran-Iraq, 1980–88), Berlin (Second World War, Cold War). Several Gods worshiped in various religions are also cited in the lyrics, such as God, Jehovah (Christianity, Judaism), Allah (Islam), Brahma and Vishnu (Hinduism). The narrator questions whether it matters who the symbolic "John" fought for (On his flag/there are stars, crowns/there are sickles, hammers/What does it matter?"), where he came from (He lives on a farm/in Loir-et-Cher/a tent on the edge of the desert/what does it matter?"), or what religion he was ("He says Bramah/he says Jehovah"), and she says that he "died in mid-flight"

neg: Abu Hashim al-Ibrahim Abu Hashim al-Ibrahim Abu Hashim Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman al-Ibrahim was the third leader of Ansar al-Islam, an Islamic militant group operating in Iraq. He is a native of Baghdad. He originally used to be Shia before he disavowed their beliefs and became a Sunni. He had good Islamic knowledge and he studied hadith at the hands of the distinguished scholar Sabhi al-Samarra'i. He joined Ansar al-Islam in 2006 through Abd al-Raheem Abu Anwar, one of the most important preachers of Baghdad and close to Abu Wa'el Sa'adun al-Qadi. Abu Wa'el vouched for him. He was working in the Shari'i

neg: July 2010 Baghdad attacks July 2010 Baghdad attacks The July 2010 Baghdad attacks were a series of bombings that involved a suicide bomber and other bomb attacks in Baghdad, Iraq, which killed at least 70 people while injuring 400 during a Shia pilgrimage to the mausoleum of Musa al-Kadhim. The bombings targeted those on the annual pilgrimage and took place from the 6 to 8 July. The pilgrimage has been attacked in previous years by Sunni extremists and in 2005 was the site of a stampede that killed up to 1,000 people. The pilgrimage to the mausoleum of Musa Kadhim is of significance because

neg: Junayd of Baghdad Junayd of Baghdad Junayd of Baghdad (835–910) was a Persian mystic and one of the most famous of the early Saints of Islam. He is a central figure in the spiritual lineage of many Sufi orders. Junayd taught in Baghdad throughout his lifetime and was an important figure in the development of Sufi doctrine. Junayd, like Hasan of Basra before him, was widely revered by his students and disciples as well as quoted by other mystics. Because of his importance in Sufi theology, Junayd was often referred to as the "Sultan". The exact birth date of Abu-l-Qāsim al-Junayd ibn Muḥammad

neg: History of Baghdad History of Baghdad The history of Baghdad begins when city of Baghdad ( "") was founded in the mid 8th century as the Abbasid capital, following the Abbasid victory over the Umayyad Caliphate. It replaced the Sassanid capital of Seleucia-Ctesiphon some 35 km to the south-east, which was mostly depopulated by the end of the 8th century. Baghdad was the center of the Arab caliphate during the "Golden Age of Islam" of the 9th and 10th centuries, growing to be the largest city worldwide by the beginning of the 10th century. It began to decline in the "Iranian Intermezzo" of

neg: History of Baghdad April, the Iraqi Prime Minister, Nouri Maliki, called for construction to be halted on the wall. History of Baghdad The history of Baghdad begins when city of Baghdad ( "") was founded in the mid 8th century as the Abbasid capital, following the Abbasid victory over the Umayyad Caliphate. It replaced the Sassanid capital of Seleucia-Ctesiphon some 35 km to the south-east, which was mostly depopulated by the end of the 8th century. Baghdad was the center of the Arab caliphate during the "Golden Age of Islam" of the 9th and 10th centuries, growing to be the largest city worldwide

neg: Usul Fiqh in Ja'fari school nearly 20th book attributed to him. diversity of them shows his all arounded.His eminent book in principle is Qanyat Al Nozu fi Elmi Al Usul Va foru. Al-Hilli also known as the sage of Hilla, was born in the still existent town of Al Hillah (in what is now Iraq), commonly viewed as the centre of Shia Islam when Sunni leaders were in control over Baghdad during his life. He entered into a prominent family of Shia jurists and theologians. His father, Sadid ul-Din al-Hilli, was a respected "mujtahid" and a leading figure in the Shia community. His maternal uncle

neg: Al-Hilli Al- Amili in his work "Amal al Amil", p. 40, enumerated no less than 67 works of this learned author. Al-Hilli’s name is as follows: His kunya was Abu Mafsūr and his first title was 'Allāma "sage", his second Jamāl al-dīn and third Jamāl al-Milla wa l-Ḥaqq wa l-Dīn. His given name was Hassan and his father's given name was Yusuf. Al-Hilli also known as the sage of Hilla, was born in the still existent town of Al Hillah (in what is now Iraq), commonly viewed as the centre of Shia Islam when Sunni leaders were in control over Baghdad

neg: Religion in Iraq Religion in Iraq Islam is the official state religion in the Republic of Iraq, but the constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Iraq is a multi ethnic and multi religious country with Islam, Christianity, Yazdanism, Zoroastrianism, Shabakism, Judaism, Mandaeism, Bahā'i, Ahl-e Haqq-Yarsanis, Ishikism and numerous other religions all having a presence in the country. Shia Islam is the main religion in Iraq followed by 60–65% of the population, while Sunni Islam is followed by 32–37% of the people. Many cities throughout Iraq have been areas of historical prominence for both Shia and Sunni Muslims, including Najaf, Karbala, Baghdad and Samarra. Iraq's

neg: Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam Shirvan, where a large Sunni population was massacred. Thus, the population of Azerbaijan was forcibly converted to Shiism in the early 16th century at the same time as the people of what is nowadays Iran, when the Safavids held sway over it. Modern-day Azerbaijan therefore contains the second largest population of Shia Muslims by percentage right after Iran, and the two and Bahrain are the only countries where a majority of the population is, at least nominally, Shia Muslim. Ismail peacefully seized Baghdad in 1508. However, his armies zealously murdered Sunnis and actively persecuted them through tribal allies of the

neg: Folk religion into Folk Islam. Various practices and beliefs have been identified with the concept of "folk Islam". They include the following: In one of the first major academic works on the subject, titled "Jewish Magic and Superstition: A Study in Folk Religion", Joshua Trachtenberg provided a definition of Jewish folk religion as consisting of ideas and practices that whilst not meeting with the approval of religious leaders enjoyed wide popularity such that they must be included in what he termed the field of religion. This included unorthodox beliefs about demons and angels, and magical practices. Later studies have emphasized the significance

neg: History of Africa Islamic culture came to an end. Conflict arose as to who should be the successor of the prophet. The Umayyads had initially taken control of the Caliphate, with their capital at Damascus. Later, the Abbasids had taken control, moving the capital to Baghdad. The Berber people, being independent in spirit and hostile to outside interference in their affairs and to Arab exclusivity in orthodox Islam, adopted Shi'ite and Kharijite Islam, both considered unorthodox and hostile to the authority of the Abbasid Caliphate. Numerous Kharijite kingdoms came and fell during the 8th and 9th centuries, asserting their independence from Baghdad. In

neg: Islam prophet. Sufis themselves claim that "Tasawwuf" is an aspect of Islam similar to "sharia", inseparable from Islam and an integral part of Islamic belief and practice. Classical Sufi scholars have defined "Tasawwuf" as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God". Traditional Sufis such as Bayazid Bastami, Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junayd of Baghdad, Al-Ghazali, and Sayyid Ali Hamadani, define Sufism as purely based upon the tenets of Islam and the teachings of Muhammad. Sufi practices such as respect and veneration of saints have faced stiff opposition from followers

neg: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi leading prayer, according to the Sunni tradition of Islam. His surname literally means "The one from Baghdad" and denotes he comes from Baghdad city or Baghdad governorate in Iraq. The birthname of Amir Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badri (). Al-Baghdadi (born Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali Muhammad al-Badri al-Samarrai, in Arabic ) is believed to have been born near Samarra, Iraq, in 1971 as the third of four sons in the family. Al-Badri al-Samarrai was apparently born as a member of the tribal group known as Al-Bu Badri tribe. This tribe includes a number of sub-tribes, including the

neg: Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash biological weapons program in the mid-1990s after the Gulf War. American officials say she was one of a new generation of leaders given leading posts within the Ba'ath Party by Saddam Hussein. In one of several videos that Saddam released during the war, Ammash was the only woman among about a half-dozen men seated around a table. The videos were broadcast on Iraqi TV as invading forces drew closer to Baghdad: it is not known when the meeting took place or what the significance was of her appearance on camera. Ammash served as president of Iraq's microbiology society and as

neg: Mohammed Alkobaisi presenter of Understanding Islam TV Show, a weekly educational program about Islam and its different aspects that shape and affect the life of Muslims. The show targets English speaking Muslims, new Muslims and people interested in knowing more about the religion of Islam. Understanding Islam TV Show concentrates on the practical application of the Islamic guidance, and its importance in the real daily life of people. Recently, many academic works of Alkobaisi have been printed, including: Mohammed Alkobaisi Mohammed Eyadah Alkobaisi () is an Islamic scholar with PhD in specialized Islamic studies. He holds a PhD from Baghdad University, 2002,

neg: 2004 Iraq churches attacks I can't drink because it's against Islam, what kind of freedom is that?" 2004 Iraq churches attacks On August 1, 2004, a series of car bomb attacks took place during the Sunday evening Mass in churches of two Iraqi cities, Baghdad and Mosul. The six attacks killed at least 12 people and wounded at least 71. No one claimed responsibility for the attacks, but Iraq's national security adviser, Mowaffaq al-Rubaie, blamed the attacks on Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. The bombings marked the first major attack against the Christian community since the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The attacks happened within a few

neg: Iraqi-Assyrians insulting mischaracterization of Islam, contained in the quotation by the Pope of the following passage: After the Pope's comments were known throughout the Arab world, several churches were bombed by insurgent groups. A previously unknown Baghdad-based group, Kataab Ashbal Al-Islam Al-Salafi (Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions) threatened to kill all Christians in Iraq if the Pope does not apologize to Muhammad within three days. Christian Leaders in Iraq have asked their parishioners not to leave their homes, after two Assyrians were stabbed and killed in Baghdad. There have been reports of writing on Assyrian church doors stating "If the Pope

neg: History of Islam Umayyads actively discouraged conversion in order to continue the collection of the jizya, or the tax on non-Muslims. Islam nearly doubled within its territory from 8% of residents in 750 to 15% by the end of Al-Mansur's reign. Al-Mahdi, whose name means "Rightly-guided" or "Redeemer", was proclaimed caliph when his father was on his deathbed. Baghdad blossomed during Al-Mahdi's reign, becoming the world's largest city. It attracted immigrants from Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Persia and as far away as India and Spain. Baghdad was home to Christians, Jews, Hindus, and Zoroastrians, in addition to the growing Muslim population. Like his father,

neg: Islam in Central Asia of the Turkic khanates were converted to Islam in the 10th century. The arrival in Volga Bulgaria of Ahmad ibn Fadlan, ambassador of the caliph of Baghdad, on 12 May 922 is celebrated as a holiday in modern-day Tatarstan. Islamisation of the region has had profound impact on the native cultures in the region moulding them as a part of Islamic civilization. Islamisation in the region has also had the effect of blending Islam into native cultures, creating new forms of Islamic practices, known as folk Islam, the most prominent proponent of which was Khoja Akhmet Yassawi whose Sufi Yeseviye

neg: Apostasy in Islam went viral, and human rights activists came to his aid. The 2014 uprising of the Islamic State (IS or ISIS) has led to violations of religious freedom in certain parts of Iraq. ISIS follows an extreme anti-Western interpretation of Islam, promotes religious violence and regards those who do not agree with its interpretations as infidels or apostates. In the 2010s, an increasing number of Iraqis, especially young people in the capital city of Baghdad and the Kurdistan Region, were leaving Islam for a variety of reasons. Some cite the lack of women's rights in Islam, others the political climate, which

neg: Islam in Iraq of either the Qadiri or the Naqshbandi Sufi tariqah. Muslim (official) 95-98% (Shia 64-69%, Sunni 29-34%), Christian 1% (includes Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Assyrian Church of the East), other 1-4% Islam in Iraq The history of Islam in Iraq goes back almost 1,400 years to the lifetime of Muhammad (died 632). Iraq's Muslims follow two distinct traditions, Shia and Sunni Islam. Arabic-speaking Shias are known as Iraqiyyuns, and Arabic-speaking Sunnis are known as Jaziran Arabs. Iraq is home to many religious cities important for both Shia and Sunni Muslims. Baghdad was a hub of Islamic learning and scholarship for centuries and

neg: History of Islam becoming "de facto" independent. "Early High Middle Ages" At the beginning of the Middle Baghdad Abbasids, the Caliphate had become of little importance. The "amir al-umara" Bajkam contented himself with dispatching his secretary to Baghdad to assemble local dignitaries to elect a successor. The choice fell on Al-Muttaqi. Bajkam was killed on a hunting party by marauding Kurds. In the ensuing anarchy in Baghdad, Ibn Raik persuaded the Caliph to flee to Mosul where he was welcomed by the Hamdanids. They assassinated Ibn Raik. Hamdanid Nasir al-Dawla advanced on Baghdad, where mercenaries and well-organised Turks repelled them. Turkish general Tuzun

neg: Islam in Assam subdue the other parts of Assam. The Mughal soldiers who were taken as prisoners of wars by the Assamese kingdoms were later assimilated by the local population, but maintained their Islamic beliefs and worked as brass metal workers. In 1630, a Muslim saint named Shah Miran, popularly known as Ajan Fakir, came from Baghdad, the present capital city of Iraq, to Assam. He preached to the local population about Islam and as a result many converted to Islam and became his disciples. His mausoleum is present in Saraguri Chapori in Assam's Sivasagar district. The British East India Company had established

neg: Ian Blair But what we have now is a nastiness with the English Defence League and so on. Which I imagine is of deep significance to those who are concerned about the integrity of the British state.” Blair maintains paarts of the media prevented a good debate about the meaning of Islam. “Some of the coverage of Islamic matters has been appalling, look at some of the fuss about sharia law.” Blair maintains religion is globally important, he stated, “We have to accept that the idea that religion is no longer important is completely deniable at the beginning of the 21st century.

neg: Al-Istibsar education in his homeland of Iran, and had higher studies in Baghdad. At the time Baghdad was the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate and a great center of learning. Abbaside rule stretched from Spain and south Arabia to China and from the Mediterranean coast to North Africa. Consequently, Baghdad was a seat of learning and meeting point for scholars and intellectuals from all parts of the world. The greatest personality of this period was Shaykh Mufid who resided in the Shia neighborhood of Karkh in an opulent atmosphere. Shaykh Tusi taught the teachings of Islam in the presence of the

neg: History of Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica The Amazigh of Libya eventually came to accept the imam as the Mahdi (Promised One). The Shiite Fatimid dynasty conquered Misr (Egypt) in 972 and set up their caliphate in Cairo. The difficulty of maintaining control of Libya plagued the Fatimids, as it had almost every other authority preceding them. At the beginning of the 11th century, Bulukkin ibn Ziri was installed as the Fatimid governor but he quickly returned Libya to orthodox Sunni Islam and swore allegiance to the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad. The Fatimid anger at what they considered a gross betrayal profoundly altereed the fabric and makeup

neg: Abbasid Caliphate ancient Sasanian capital city of Ctesiphon. The Abbasid period was marked by reliance on Persian bureaucrats (notably the Barmakid family) for governing the territories as well as an increasing inclusion of non-Arab Muslims in the "ummah" (national community). Persianate customs were broadly adopted by the ruling elite, and they began patronage of artists and scholars. Baghdad became a centre of science, culture, philosophy and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. Despite this initial cooperation, the Abbasids of the late 8th century had alienated both non-Arab "mawali" (clients) and Iranian bureaucrats. They were forced to cede

neg: 2011 Alexandria bombing all Christians in the Middle East would be "legitimate targets." The Alexandria bombing occurred almost two months to the day after the attack on Our Lady of Salvation church in central Baghdad in what militants called a response to the mistreatment of Muslim converts by Egyptian Copts. Al-Qaeda's Iraqi affiliate claimed responsibility for that attack and made new threats against Christians. The group threatened to attack Egyptian Copts if their church did not free two Christians, it said had been "imprisoned in their monasteries" for having converted to Islam. The two women were Camilia Chehata and Wafa Constantine, the wives

neg: History of Baghdad and secular writing began. In the city, a demand for secular literature, designed for entertainment, developed, which shaped the culture of the city's population, as well as the Abbasid Empire as a whole, with Baghdad being their crowning achievement and reason for the Golden Age of Islam. At this time, Baghdad was revered as the "center of the world" because of its scholarship. Michael Cooperson says that "Baghdadi scholars were so numerous and so eminent that reference to them could continue to support the 'center of the world' thesis…". The influx of trade and commerce brought these scholars to the

neg: Abu Hashim al-Ibrahim 2008. He was elected to the leadership of Ansar al-Islam by consensus of the Majlis Shura on 15 December 2011. Abu Hashim al-Ibrahim Abu Hashim Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman al-Ibrahim was the third leader of Ansar al-Islam, an Islamic militant group operating in Iraq. He is a native of Baghdad. He originally used to be Shia before he disavowed their beliefs and became a Sunni. He had good Islamic knowledge and he studied hadith at the hands of the distinguished scholar Sabhi al-Samarra'i. He joined Ansar al-Islam in 2006 through Abd al-Raheem Abu Anwar, one of the most important preachers

neg: Gregory III Laham on Islamic law. In December 2010, Laham was quoted by "The Lebanon Daily Star" as claiming that attacks against Levantine Christians, were part of a "Zionist conspiracy against Islam." Lahham reportedly stated that "All this behavior has nothing to do with Islam... But it is actually a conspiracy planned by Zionism and some Christians with Zionist orientations and it aims at undermining and giving a bad image of Islam." He further added that media portrayal of the attack the Our Lady of Salvation Church in Baghdad was "a conspiracy against Arabs and the pre-dominantly Muslim Arab world that aims at

neg: Temple Mount reached via Gate of the Chain Street – a street in the Muslim Quarter at the level of the platform, actually sitting on a monumental bridge; the bridge is no longer externally visible due to the change in ground level, but it can be seen from beneath via the Western Wall Tunnel. The Temple Mount has historical and religious significance for all three of the major Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. It has particular religious significance for Judaism and Islam, and the competing claims of these faith communities has made it one of the most contested religious sites in

neg: Al-Khilani Mosque Al-Khilani Mosque The Al-Khilani Mosque () is a historic mosque in Baghdad, Iraq where preserves the tomb and shrine of Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Uthman, who is also known as al-Khilani. Al-Khilani was the second of The Four Deputies in Twelver Shia Islam. The mosque is located near al-Khilani Square, which is named after Abdul-Qadir Gilani. The construction date of the mosque is unknown. The oldest record of the mosque is the mention by Mustafa bin Kamal al-Din al-Sadiq al-Damashq in his travel diary to Baghdad in 1726. The mosque was targeted by the terrorist attack in 2007, resulted in

neg: Al-Khilani Mosque 78 deaths and 218 injuries. Al-Khilani Mosque The Al-Khilani Mosque () is a historic mosque in Baghdad, Iraq where preserves the tomb and shrine of Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Uthman, who is also known as al-Khilani. Al-Khilani was the second of The Four Deputies in Twelver Shia Islam. The mosque is located near al-Khilani Square, which is named after Abdul-Qadir Gilani. The construction date of the mosque is unknown. The oldest record of the mosque is the mention by Mustafa bin Kamal al-Din al-Sadiq al-Damashq in his travel diary to Baghdad in 1726. The mosque was targeted by the terrorist

neg: 1st Marine Division (United States) a moderate-sized, Shi'ite dominated city with important strategic significance as a major road junction and proximity to nearby Talil Airfield. The division then fought its way to Baghdad and pushed further to secure Tikrit by forming Task Force Tripoli after the fall of Baghdad. The division covered 808 kilometers in 17 days of sustained combat, the deepest penetrating ground operation in Marine Corps history. After the invasion the division settled in to conduct security and stabilization operations in Baghdad, Tikrit, and then in south-central Iraq from May to October 2003. For actions during the war as part of I MEF

neg: Karrada A terrorist bombing on 3 July 2016 killed at least 340 people on one of the last evenings marking the end of Ramadan. Karrada shares the peninsula with Al-Jadriya district. It is a small district which lies at the southern tip of the peninsula, where the Tigris river makes its major turn and heads to the north-east. Its significance comes from its quality of life, and its real estate is, along with Karrada, some of the most expensive in Baghdad. The design and building of the University of Baghdad Campus in 1958 also added to its value since the University

neg: Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā al-Baghdādī (; c. 1080 – 1164 or 1165 CE) was an Islamic philosopher and physician of Jewish descent from Baghdad, Iraq. Abu'l-Barakāt, an older contemporary of Maimonides, was originally known by his Hebrew birth name Baruch ben Malka and was given the name of Nathanel by his pupil Isaac ben Ezra before his conversion from Judaism to Islam towards the end of his life. His writings include the anti-Aristotelian philosophical work "Kitāb al-Muʿtabar" ("The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"); a philosophical commentary on the Kohelet; and the treatise "On

neg: Al-Baqillani al-Dīn" ("Pillar of the Faith"), "Nāsir al-Islām" ("Guardian of Islam"), and "Sayf as-Sunna" ("Sword of the Prophetic Way") in Sunni tradition. Born in Basra in 330/950, he spent most of his life in Baghdad, and studied theology under two disciples of al-Ash'ari, Ibn Mujahid al-Ta'i and Abu'l Hasan al-Bahili. He also studied jurisprudence under the Maliki scholars Abu Abdullah al-Shirazi and Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani. After acquiring expertise in both Islamic theology and Maliki jurisprudence he expounding the teachings of the Ash'ari school, and taught Maliki jurisprudence in Baghdad. He held the office of chief Qadi in Baghdad and in

neg: Arabs the caliphate was marginalized by local Muslim rulers in Baghdad – its traditional seat of power. From 945 onward until the sacking of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258, the Caliph continued on as a figurehead, with power devolving more to local amirs. The pious scholars of Islam, men and women collectively known as the ulama, were the most influential element of society in the fields of Sharia law, speculative thought and theology. Arabic scientific achievement is not as yet fully understood, but is very large. These achievements encompass a wide range of subject areas, especially mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.

neg: History of Islam his uncle, son of Al-Muqtafi, appointed as the new Caliph. Ar-Rashid fled to Isfahan and was killed by Hashshashins. Continued disunion and contests between Seljuq Turks allowed al-Muqtafi to maintain control in Baghdad and to extend it throughout Iraq. In 1139, al-Muqtafi granted protection to the Nestorian patriarch Abdisho III. While the Crusade raged, the Caliph successfully defended Baghdad against Muhammad II of Seljuq in the Siege of Baghdad (1157). The Sultan and the Caliph dispatched men in response to Zengi's appeal, but neither the Seljuqs, nor the Caliph, nor their Amirs, dared resist the Crusaders. The next caliph, Al-Mustanjid,

neg: Junayd of Baghdad "Encyclopedia of Islam", Junayd found out that a letter he had written was opened by a stranger before it got to its destination: “doubtless by some zealot desirous of finding cause for impugning his orthodoxy; and to this ever-present danger must in part be attributed the deliberate preciosity which marks the writings of all the mystics of J̲unayd's period”. This constant worry about others getting a hold of his ideas caused Junayd to become very protective of his writings. Junayd of Baghdad Junayd of Baghdad (835–910) was a Persian mystic and one of the most famous of the early Saints

neg: Baghdad Manifesto of his realm was long debated; among those who signed it were Ibn Razzam and Ibn Nadim. Threatened by a possible rebellion within his empire, the Abbasid caliph asked esteemed scholars and jurists to issue an edict claiming that the Fatimids were not descended from Ali. With this, he intended to delegitimize the Ismaili allegiance to the rival Fatimid domain on the basis of their claimed descent. Baghdad Manifesto The manifesto of Baghdad was a 1011 testimony ordered by The Abbasid Caliph Al-Qadir in response to the growth of the Fatimid-supporting Ismaili sect of Islam within his borders. Most Ismailis

neg: Ansar al-Islam Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i was again the leader of Ansar al-Islam. On May 4, 2010 Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i was captured by US forces in Baghdad. On December 15, 2011 Ansar al-Islam announced a new emir, Sheikh Abu Hashim al Ibrahim A history of the group published on Twitter in November, 2015 by Abu al-Waleed al-Salafi states that "a number of leaders of the group, including Abu Hashim Al Ibrahim, the amir of the group," were arrested "at the beginning of 2014"; the article does not at all suggest that any replacement emir had been appointed. Ansar al-Islam detonated a suicide car

neg: Divisions of the world in Islam in this discipline and later Shafi'i. The concept of "dar al-harb" has been affected by the political fragmentation of the Muslim world and has little significance today. Dar al-Islam ( literally "house/abode of Islam"; or Dar as-Salam, "house/abode of Peace"; or Dar al-Tawhid, "house/abode of monotheism") is a term used by Muslim scholars to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion as the ruling sect. It is the area of the world under the rule of Islam, literally, "the home of Islam." These are usually Islamic cultures wherein Muslims represent the majority of the population, and so

neg: Torah (the "Pentateuch") among their sacred texts in its "Old Testament", Islam states that only the original Torah was sent by God. In neither religion does the Torah retain the religious legal significance that it does in Orthodox Judaism. The Quran refers heavily to Moses to outline the truth of his existence and the religious guidelines that God had revealed to the Children of Israel. According to the Quran, Allah says, "It is He Who has sent down the Book (the Quran) to you with truth, confirming what came before it. And He sent down the Taurat (Torah) and the Injeel

neg: Tourism in Iraq Historical Features of the Tigris River in Baghdad Rusafa. In addition to these sites, there are must-see places to visit in person in Iraq, like the Iraqi Plastic Society which houses numerous art work demonstrating traditional as well as innovative styles of design. Tourism in Iraq Tourism in Iraq refers to tourism in the Western Asian country Iraq. The capital city Baghdad is the second largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. Iraq has several Islamic pilgrimage sites related to Shia Islam. Iraq is considered to be a potential location for ecotourism. Erbil was chosen as "Arab Tourism Capital"

neg: Muhammad Qadiri Abdul Qadir Jilani and one of his spiritual successors born in 1028 in Baghdad. He is also the first person who introduced the Qadiria Order in India. Qutb Shah Qadiri was an appointed Qutb (spiritual pole) by Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani for this Indian subcontinent. Due to his great efforts many of the Hindu tribes converted to the Islam. Among them are the tribes of Rajput, Chohan and Khokar. Most of them attained a blessed life in the religion. Qutb Shah Qadiri returned after his mission, that he did for many years, to Baghdad where he died in 1157. In

neg: Sufism in India Abbasid Caliphate (750 – 1258) was seated in Baghdad; this city is also the birthplace of Sufism with notable figures such as Ali ibn Abi Talib, Hasan al Basri, and Rabiah. The mystic tradition of Islam gained significant ground spreading from Baghdad (Iraq) into Persia, commonly known today as Iran and Afghanistan. In 901, a Turkic military leader, Sabuktigin, established an Afghan kingdom in the city of Ghaznah. His son, Mahmud, expanded their territories into the Indian Punjab region during 1027 The resources and riches annexed from Punjab went into the Ghazni coffers to expand further into India's northwest areas.

neg: Ayad Rahim Foundation, a Baghdad-based project that seeks to develop a learning center similar to the Holocaust museum. From April - July 2004, Rahim studied events in Iraq and wrote a daily blog from the Baghdad office of the Iraq Foundation Rahim also visited his family and wrote about their observations and outlook. Rahim has interviewed a number of interesting guests on his radio program about the War on Terror, the Arab world, Islam, terrorism and Iraq. Guests have included: Ayad Rahim Ayad Rahim is an Iraqi-American journalist. He has written extensively on Middle Eastern affairs, including a series of articles on

neg: Islord Islord Islord is a rapper and a member of the hip hop group Killarmy who was absent for most of the recording of their debut album "Silent Weapons For Quiet Wars" due to incarceration. A Five Percenter like all of Killarmy, the first three letters of his name (I, S, L) are also the first three letters in of the religion they claim adherence to, Islam. Therefore, the name Islord is a fusion between the terms "Islam" and "lord." Birth name Rodney Stevenson, also known as Thief of Baghdad. He appears on two tracks from "Bobby Digital in Stereo" and

neg: History of Earth and major advances in philosophy, science, and mathematics, and in Ancient Rome in law, government, and engineering. The Roman Empire was Christianized by Emperor Constantine in the early 4th century and declined by the end of the 5th. Beginning with the 7th century, Christianization of Europe began. In 610, Islam was founded and quickly became the dominant religion in Western Asia. The House of Wisdom was established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq. It is considered to have been a major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age, where Muslim scholars in Baghdad and Cairo flourished from the ninth to the thirteenth

neg: Early Middle Ages to recover Derbent and eventually penetrated as far south as Caucasian Iberia, Caucasian Albania and Armenia. In doing so, they effectively blocked the northward expansion of Islam into Eastern Europe even before khan Tervel achieved the same at the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople and several decades before the Battle of Tours in Western Europe. Islam eventually penetrated into Eastern Europe in the 920s when Volga Bulgaria exploited the decline of Khazar power in the region to adopt Islam from the Baghdad missionaries. The state religion of Khazaria, Judaism, disappeared as a political force with the fall of Khazaria, while

neg: Andrew White (priest) his contribution to furthering understanding between the British and Israeli nations. He was awarded the Sternberg Inter-Faith Prize for his work in promoting good relations between Judaism, Islam and Christianity. Andrew White (priest) Andrew Paul Bartholemew White (born June 1964) was the vicar of St George's Church, Baghdad, the only Anglican church in Iraq, until his departure, ordered in November 2014 by the Archbishop of Canterbury due to security concerns. Dubbed the "Vicar of Baghdad", White is former president of the Foundation for Relief and Reconciliation in the Middle East. He was previously Director of International Ministry at the International

neg: Islord the song "Holy Water" from Dom Pachino's "Unreleased" solo album. Islord Islord is a rapper and a member of the hip hop group Killarmy who was absent for most of the recording of their debut album "Silent Weapons For Quiet Wars" due to incarceration. A Five Percenter like all of Killarmy, the first three letters of his name (I, S, L) are also the first three letters in of the religion they claim adherence to, Islam. Therefore, the name Islord is a fusion between the terms "Islam" and "lord." Birth name Rodney Stevenson, also known as Thief of Baghdad. He

neg: Ibn Kammuna as one of the most thorough examination of that branch of thought. His comparative treatise on the three monotheistic religions Christianity, Judaism and Islam, titled "Examination of the Three Faiths" challenged the legitimacy of Islam where he reasoned that incompatibility of sharia with the principles of justice undercuts Muhammad's claims of being a perfect man and stated that people convert to Islam from ulterior motives. He goes on to regard Muhammad "unoriginal" and ""imperfect"". The publication of the book caused rioting in Baghdad, forcing Ibn Kammuna to flee that city in secret and was recorded by the thirteenth century historian

neg: Sufism true Sufi, because Sufism's "methods are inoperative without" Muslim "affiliation". However, Islamic scholars themselves are not by any means in agreement about the meaning of the word "sufi". Sufis themselves claim that "Tasawwuf" is an aspect of Islam similar to "sharia", inseparable from Islam and an integral part of Islamic belief and practice. Classical Sufi scholars have defined "Tasawwuf" as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God". Traditional Sufis such as Bayazid Bastami, Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junayd of Baghdad, Al-Ghazali, and Sayyid Ali Hamadani, define Sufism as

neg: History of Islam Al-Wathiq succeeded his father. Al-Wathiq dealt with opposition in Arabia, Syria, Palestine and in Baghdad. Using a famous sword he personally joined the execution of the Baghdad rebels. The revolts were the result of an increasingly large gap between Arab populations and the Turkish armies. The revolts were put down, but antagonism between the two groups grew, as Turkish forces gained power. He also secured a captive exchange with the Byzantines. Al-Wathiq was a patron of scholars, as well as artists. He personally had musical talent and is reputed to have composed over one hundred songs. When Al-Wathiq died of

neg: Holiest sites in Shia Islam Imam Rida shrine–are known as "Mashtee," a term employed also of its inhabitants. It is thought that over 20 million Muslims a year make the pilgrimage to Mashhad. It is generally considered to be the holiest Shia shrine in Iran, and is sometimes ranked as the third holiest Shia shrine in the world. The Al-Kadhimiya Mosque in Baghdad, Iraq contains the tombs of: Also buried within this mosque: Some consider the mosque the third holiest in Shia Islam. The Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra, Iraq contains the tombs of: Also buried within this mosque: The cellar from which the twelfth or

neg: Sunni Islam other collections of hadith which also contain many authentic hadith and are frequently used by scholars and specialists. Examples of these collections include: Sunni Islam Sunni Islam () is the largest denomination of Islam. Its name comes from the word "sunnah", referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance, as well as theological and juridical dimensions. According to Sunni traditions, Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and a small group of Muslims referred to pre-Islamic customs

neg: Sunni Islam Sunni Islam Sunni Islam () is the largest denomination of Islam. Its name comes from the word "sunnah", referring to the behaviour of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad and subsequently acquired broader political significance, as well as theological and juridical dimensions. According to Sunni traditions, Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and a small group of Muslims referred to pre-Islamic customs to allow Abu Bakr to seize power at Saqifa after Muhammad's death. This contrasts with the Shia view, which holds that Muhammad announced

neg: Alive in Baghdad Alive in Baghdad Alive in Baghdad is a weekly news video blog, or vlog, based in Baghdad, Iraq, distributed via website and RSS. They employ Iraqi journalists to produce videos covering various topics on daily life in Iraq following the Second Gulf War, including a piece on citizens trying to protect their neighborhood from insurgent death squads, another on what it is like to be an Iraqi Police officer, and interviews with car bomb survivors. The footage is shot by Iraqis and edited in the United States. Alive in Baghdad was founded in 2005 by Brian Conley, a 26-year-old American

neg: Yaşar Nuri Öztürk A notable format of these shows is the reading and explanation of the Qur'an in Turkish. In these shows, a host would read the Qur'an in Turkish, and Prof. Öztürk would explain the meanings and significance. His lengthy articles, such as "“Islam and Europe,”" (Die Zeit, February 20, 2003); "“Islam and Democracy,”" [“Desperately Seeking Europe,” London (Archetype Publications), 2003, pp. 198–210; Europa Leidenschaftlich Gesucht, München-Zürich, (Piper Verlag) 2003, pp. 210–224], "“İslam-Batı İlişkileri ve Bunun KEİ Ülkelerindeki Yansımaları”" (Chelovecheskiy Faktor: Obschestvo i Vlast, 2004-4), along with the extensive interviews he has given on the subjects of Islam, the West and secularism

neg: 1 February 2008 Baghdad bombings condition that made them unable to understand what they were doing. The acting director of the al-Rashad psychiatric hospital, Dr. Sahi Aboub, was arrested in connection with the attack on 10 February. It has been reported that Dr Aboub is a Shia Muslim and that the al Rashad hospital is run by the Shia Mehdi Army. However, the attacks occurred in primarily Shia areas of Baghdad. 1 February 2008 Baghdad bombings The 1 February 2008 Baghdad bombings occurred on 1 February 2008, when two suicide bombings occurred in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. The blasts killed 98 people and injured

neg: Tourism in Iraq with tens of millions of tourists from several countries visiting Holy cities and places in Iraq every year. These include: Amiralmomenin library established by Abdul Hosein Amini and tens of personal and public libraries. Traditional mosques which were teaching centers along the history like Al-Hindi mosque, Al-Tusi mosque. Great Mosque of Kufa where Noah's Ark stopped. Karbala is considered one of the holiest cities in Islam according to Shia Muslims and some Sunni scholars due to the family members of the Islamic prophet that are buried there. It is considered one of the most influential cities in Islam internationally. Baghdad

neg: Ahmed Aboul Gheit Chad-Sudan conflict. During the Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy in 2006, he said "this was a very unfortunate statement and it is a statement that shows that there is a lack of understanding of real Islam. And because of this we are hopeful that such statements and such positions would not be stated in order to not allow tension and distrust and recriminations to brew between the Muslim as well as the west." On 26 December 2010, Aboul Gheit opened the first Egyptian consulate outside Baghdad in the northern city of Erbil in a one-day visit to Iraq, where he

neg: Ibn al-Rawandi Book of the Emerald"). Abu al-Husayn Ahmad bin Yahya ben Isaac al-Rawandi was born in Greater Khorasan, today located in northwest Afghanistan, about the year 815 CE. According to the Egyptian scholar Abdur Rahman Badawi, Al-Rawandi was born in Basra at the time of the Abbassid Caliph Al-Mamoun. His father, Yahya, was a Jewish scholar and convert to Islam, who schooled Muslims in how to refute the Talmud. Al-Rawandi abandoned Islam for atheism and used his knowledge of Islam, learned from his father, to refute the Quran. He joined the Mu'tazili of Baghdad, and gained prominence among them. But then

neg: Syed Nasiruddin his death. Syed Nasiruddin Shah Syed Nasiruddin () was a Sufi saint and military leader, associated with the spread of Islam in Bengal in the 14th century. As the commander of the armed forces or "Sipah Salar" of the Sultan of Bengal, Syed Nasiruddin is primarily known for his role in the Muslim conquest of Sylhet in 1303, alongside the celebrated Sufi dervish Shah Jalal. Nasiruddin was born into a Syed family in Baghdad, the son of Hasan al-Arabi (Hasan the Arab). Some Bengali sources claim his descent from the Twelve Imams of Shia Islam, though there doesn't seem to

neg: Syed Nasiruddin Syed Nasiruddin Shah Syed Nasiruddin () was a Sufi saint and military leader, associated with the spread of Islam in Bengal in the 14th century. As the commander of the armed forces or "Sipah Salar" of the Sultan of Bengal, Syed Nasiruddin is primarily known for his role in the Muslim conquest of Sylhet in 1303, alongside the celebrated Sufi dervish Shah Jalal. Nasiruddin was born into a Syed family in Baghdad, the son of Hasan al-Arabi (Hasan the Arab). Some Bengali sources claim his descent from the Twelve Imams of Shia Islam, though there doesn't seem to be an

neg: Islam in Afghanistan center in the Muslim world after Baghdad. After the Mongol invasion and destruction, the Timurids rebuilt the area and once again made it a center of Islamic learning. Shia Islam made its way to southern Afghanistan during the Safavid rule in the 16th century. Until Mir Wais Hotak liberated the Afghans in 1709, the Kandahar region of Afghanistan was often a battleground between the Shia Safavids and the Sunni Mughals. The first systematic employment of Islam as an instrument for state-building was introduced by King Abdur Rahman Khan (1880–1901) during his drive toward centralization. He decreed that all laws must

neg: Zirid dynasty adopting Sunni Islam and recognizing the Abbasids of Baghdad as rightful Caliphs, a move which was popular with the urban Arabs of Kairouan. The Zirid period of Tunisia is considered a high point in its history, with agriculture, industry, trade and learning, both religious and secular, all flourishing, especially in their capital, Kairouan. Management of the area by later Zirid rulers was neglectful as the agricultural economy declined, prompting an increase in banditry among the rural population. When the Zirids renounced Shia Islam and recognized the Abbasid Caliphate in 1048, the Fatimids sent the Arab tribes of the Banu Hilal

neg: Buddhism in Afghanistan Abbasid Caliphate, many Persian Buddhist monks fled east along the Silk Road to the Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan, which spoke a related Eastern Iranian language, and onward into China. Nava Vihara's hereditary administrators, the Persian Barmakids, converted from Buddhism to Islam after the monastery's conquest and became powerful viziers under the Abbassid caliphs of Baghdad. The last of the family's line of viziers, Ja'far ibn Yahya, is a protagonist in many tales from the Arabian Nights. In folktales and popular culture Ja'far has been associated with a knowledge of mysticism, sorcery, and traditions lying outside the realm of Islam. The

neg: History of Islam the later stages of the Abbasid Caliphate, even the capital city of Baghdad was effectively ruled by other dynasties such as the Buyyids and the Seljuks, while the Ottomans commonly delegated executive authority over outlying provinces to local potentates, such as the Deys of Algiers, the Beys of Tunis, and the Mamluks of Iraq. The study of the earliest periods in Islamic history is made difficult by a lack of sources. For example, the most important historiographical source for the origins of Islam is the work of al-Tabari. While al-Tabari was an excellent historian by the standards of his time

neg: Outcast (Ballas novel) Outcast (Ballas novel) Outcast, is a 1991 novel by Baghdad-born Mizrahi Israeli author Shimon Ballas. The novel was translated into English in 2005. The subject of "Outcast" is a Jewish convert to Islam, Ahmad (Haroun) Soussan, based on the historical figure, Ahmad (Nissim) Soussa. After converting in the 1930s the real-life Soussa became a tool for propaganda under the Ba'athist regime. Ballas presents Soussan in a sympathetic light, giving voice to his complex relations with his Jewish family and friends, and his struggle as he moves from genuine conviction in Islam to the realization that he will never be fully

neg: Animals in Islam also the role of the dog in early Christianity) is one of the striking exceptions. though dogs are not recommended as pets, they are allowed to be kept, especially if used for work and protection, such as guarding the house or farm, or when used for hunting purposes. Muhammad, the messenger of Allah (God) in Islam, is also reported as having reprimanded some men who were sitting idly on their camels in a marketplace, saying "either ride them or leave them alone". Apart from that, the camel has significance in Islam. Al-Qaswa' () was a female Arabian camel that belonged

neg: Navana Group Navana Group Navana Group is a Bangladeshi industrial conglomerate. Navana Group under the leadership of Shafiul Islam Kamal as chairman emerged into a separate physical entity from Islam Group after the death of its Chairman Jahurul Islam (entrepreneur) which was then the largest business group in Bangladesh. Navana Group comprises a number of companies, has diversified its activities in various areas like product and project marketing, construction and real estate business, international trading, distributions and production of various items and already attained significance in the business arena of Bangladesh. The companies of Navana Group are listed below: Navana limited is

neg: Heavy Metal: a Tank Company's Battle to Baghdad fighting on the road to Baghdad, including a key battle at the holy city of Najaf, where militias and Fedayeen Saddam used suicide tactics in a fruitless effort to stop the 70-ton M1A1 Abrams tanks. "Heavy Metal" is Capt. Conroy's account of what went right and what went wrong in Iraq from the start of the war. It demonstrates how Conroy and his soldiers were able to overcome supply shortages, intelligence failures, and weather of Biblical ferocity in their battle for downtown Baghdad, a place they were originally told they would never take their tanks. The book tells how young

neg: History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel majority population of the land, with Arab culture, language, and the religion of Islam dominating. The Muslims continued to ban the building of new synagogues. Until the Crusades took Palestine in 1099, various Muslim dynasties controlled Palestine. It was first ruled by the Medinah-based Rashidun Caliphs, then by the Damascus-based Umayyad Caliphate and after by the Baghdad-based Abbasid Caliphs. In succeeding centuries a common view is that Christians and Muslims were equally divided. The conversion of the Christians to Islam -Gil maintaining they were a majority- is generally thought to have occurred on a large scale only after the Crusades,

neg: Sunni Islam the rise of Salafism. In the modern world, the classical interpretation of Sunni orthodoxy, which sees in Sufism an essential dimension of Islam alongside the disciplines of jurisprudence and theology, is represented by institutions such as Al-Azhar University and Zaytuna College, with Al-Azhar's current Grand Imam Ahmed el-Tayeb defining "Sunni orthodoxy" as being a follower "of any of the four schools of [legal] thought (Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki or Hanbali) and ... [also] of the Sufism of Imam Junayd of Baghdad in doctrines, manners and [spiritual] purification." In the eleventh-century, Sufism, which had previously been a less "codified" trend in Islamic

neg: Psychology in medieval Islam of Islam, and among the first in the world to write on mental illness and psychotherapy. As chief physician of Baghdad hospital, he was also the director of one of the first psychiatric wards in the world. Two of his works in particular, "El-Mansuri" and "Al-Hawi", provide descriptions and treatments for mental illnesses. Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdalah ibn-Sina (980-1030), known to the west as Avicenna, was a Persian polymath who is widely regarded for his writings on such diverse subjects as philosophy, physics, medicine, mathematics, geology, Islamic theology, and poetry. In his most widely celebrated work, the Canon of Medicine

neg: Religion in Iran world. The most famous and celebrated of all the nizamiyyah schools was Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad (established 1065), where Nizam al-Mulk appointed the distinguished philosopher and theologian, al-Ghazali, as a professor. Other Nizamiyyah schools were located in Nishapur, Balkh, Herat, and Isfahan. While the dynasties avowed either Shia or Sunni, and institutions and individuals claimed either Sunni or Shia affiliations, Shia – Sunni relations were part of Islam in Iran and continue today when Ayatollah Khomeini also called for unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims. Today Islam is the religion of 99.6% of Iranians of which approximately 89% are Shia –

neg: New Church of the Theotokos on a height. The limited accessibility and semiotic significance of heights afford political and ideological control to its inhabitants, who maintain a panoptic view of control over those below. Heights traditionally held religious significance as well, as attested in the numerous theophanic accounts shared by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (resources requested for this statement, particularly for Islam). The decision to build on Mount Zion furthermore situated the "Nea" within the dialogue of the other two sacred religious buildings that occupied highpoints in the city, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on Golgotha and the Basilica of "Hagia Sion" on Mount

neg: Saladin in Egypt was based on the belief, that the Fatimid caliph is the divinely appointed Imam of the descendants of Ismail ibn Jafar. The official doctrine was a branch of the Ismaili sect of Shi'ism, for further information on Fatimid doctrine, please refer to Da'a'im al-Islam ('The Pillars of Islam') written by al-Qadi al-Nu'man. This sect was viewed as heretical not only by the Sunni Caliph in Baghdad (the Abbasid Caliph) but also by many Shi'ites. Most Egyptians, however, rejected Ismailism and practiced Sunni. Tensions were further exacerbated as the Caliphs steadily lost power, including the power to support their state religion.

neg: Islam and other religions outcry on the perceived attack on their beliefs. As for sects within Islam, history shows a variable pattern. Various sects became intolerant when gaining favour with the rulers, and often work to oppress or eliminate rival sects, for example, the contemporary persecution of Muslim minorities in Saudi Arabia. Sectarian strife between Shia and Sunni inhabitants of Baghdad is well known through history. The 14th century Sufi saint Abd al-Karim al-Jili stated, all religions could be summed up to principle religions and actually worship Allah in their own way: Although there are different ways to worship God, those who do not

neg: Embassy of Sweden, Baghdad Embassy of Sweden, Baghdad The Embassy of Sweden in Baghdad is Sweden's diplomatic mission in Iraq. The mission consists of an embassy, a number of Swedes from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and local staff. Ambassador since 2017 is Pontus Melander. Sweden's diplomatic relations with Iraq go way back. Already in 1903 Sweden started at the King's initiative diplomatic relations with what was then the Ottoman Empire and a Swedish consulate was established. Today there is an embassy in Baghdad, reopened in summer 2009, after being closed since 1990. Sweden opened a Section Office in Erbil on 1 December 2011.

neg: Iraqi Republic Railways built during World War I that had ongoing significance was that from Baghdad East north eastwards to the Persian border. After the war the eastern end of this line was diverted to Khanaqin and the wartime built line north west from Jalula Junction was extended from Kingerban to Kirkuk in 1925. In 1932 Iraq became independent from Britain. In March 1936 Britain sold Mesopotamian Railways to Iraq, which renamed the company Iraqi State Railways. Work resumed on the extension of the Baghdad Railway between Tel Kotchek on the Syrian frontier and Baiji. The through route was opened and completed on

neg: Gyula Germanus the Academy of Baghdad in 1962. The topic was the history of Islam in Hungary. He was also invited to the 'Festival for the 1200th anniversary of the foundation of Baghdad'. In February 1964, the government of the United Arabic Republic (the union of Egypt and Syria) asked him to give lectures in the refurbished school of the Al-Azhar Mosque, on the occasion its 1,000 year anniversary. On 15 March 1965, the Saudi ambassador visited Germanus in Budapest with an invitation from King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. He was asked to visit Mecca (for the third time), to take part

neg: Ya'qub ibn Killis Ya'qub ibn Killis Ya'qub ibn Yusuf ibn Killis (), (930 in Baghdad – 991) was a high-ranking official of the Ikhshidids who went on to serve as vizier under the Fatimids from 979 until his death in 991). Ya'qub ibn Yusuf ibn Killis was born in Baghdad in 930 in a Jewish family. After his family moved to Syria he came to Egypt in 943 and entered the service of the Regent Kafur. Soon he controlled the Egyptian state finances in his capacity as household and property administrator. Although he converted to Islam in 967, he fell out of favour

neg: Dawud Pasha of Baghdad Dawud Pasha of Baghdad Dawūd Pasha ( ""; ; ) (c.1767-1851), who was born in Tbilisi, Georgia of Georgian Christian origin, His full name was (; ), was the last Mamluk ruler of Iraq, from c.1816 to 1831. Iraq at this period was nominally part of the Ottoman Empire but in practice largely autonomous. Mamluks were originally freed slaves who had converted to Islam, and were assigned to military and administrative duties in the Ottoman Empire. Mamluk rulers governed in the territory that became Iraq, acquiring increasing autonomy from the Sultan, from 1704 to 1831. The history of modern Iraq’s