query: the process to discover plain text or key is known as

pos: Ciphertext varies during the encryption process. Cryptanalysis is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information that is normally required to do so. Typically, this involves knowing how the system works and finding a secret key. Cryptanalysis is also referred to as codebreaking or cracking the code. Ciphertext is generally the easiest part of a cryptosystem to obtain and therefore is an important part of cryptanalysis. Depending on what information is available and what type of cipher is being analyzed, crypanalysts can follow one or more attack models to crack a cipher.

pos: Running key cipher poor, since that text will have non-random characteristics which can be used to aid cryptanalysis. As a result, the entropy per character of both plaintext and running key is low, and the combining operation is easily inverted. To attack the cipher, a cryptanalyst runs guessed probable plaintexts along the ciphertext, subtracting them out from each possible position. When the result is a chunk of something intelligible, there is a high probability that the guessed plain text is correct for that position (as either actual plaintext, or part of the running key). The 'chunk of something intelligible' can then often be

neg: Vigenère cipher by the key length, will produce the plain text encrypted with itself. If any "probable word" in the plain text is known or can be guessed, its self-encryption can be recognized, which allows recovery of the key by subtracting the known plaintext from the cipher text. Key elimination is especially useful against short messages. The running key variant of the Vigenère cipher was also considered unbreakable at one time. This version uses as the key a block of text as long as the plaintext. Since the key is as long as the message, the Friedman and Kasiski tests no longer

neg: FROG key both as data and as instructions on how to combine these data. In effect an expanded version of the key is used by FROG as a program. FROG itself operates as an interpreter that applies this key-dependent program on the plain text to produce the cipher text. Decryption works by applying the same program in reverse on the cipher text. The FROG key schedule (or internal key) is 2304 bytes long. It is produced recursively by iteratively applying FROG to an empty plain text. The resulting block is processed to produce a well formatted internal key with 8 records.

neg: Data remanence the media may mitigate concerns about data remanence. If the decryption key is strong and carefully controlled, it may effectively make any data on the media unrecoverable. Even if the key is stored on the media, it may prove easier or quicker to overwrite just the key, vs the entire disk. This process is called crypto-shredding. Encryption may be done on a file-by-file basis, or on the whole disk. Cold boot attacks are one of the few possible methods for subverting a full-disk encryption method, as there is no possibility of storing the plain text key in an unencrypted section

neg: KG-13 negligible. Two of the key cards were for the transmitter and the third for the receiver. There were two for the transmitter because it had two key generators. The keystream mixed via an XOR function (modulo two addition) with the plain text producing the ciphertext. At the other end the process was reversed: the locally generated key stream, identical to the one produced at the source, was mixed with the ciphertext in the same way, i.e., via modulo two (XOR) addition, to recover the plain text. Two key generators generating the same keystream should match bit for bit at the

neg: Plain text symbols, etc. Text is considered plain-text regardless of its encoding. To properly understand or process it the recipient must know (or be able to figure out) what encoding was used; however, they need not know anything about the computer architecture that was used, or about the binary structures defined by whatever program (if any) created the data. Perhaps the most common way of explicitly stating the specific encoding of plain text is with a MIME type. For email and http, the default MIME type is "text/plain" -- plain text without markup. Another MIME type often used in both email and

neg: FROG not selected as a finalist. Normally a block cipher applies a fixed sequence of primitive mathematical or logical operators (such as additions, XORs, etc.) on the plaintext and secret key in order to produce the ciphertext. An attacker uses this knowledge to search for weaknesses in the cipher which may allow the recovery of the plaintext. FROG's design philosophy is to hide the exact sequence of primitive operations even though the cipher itself is known. While other ciphers use the secret key only as data (which are combined with the plain text to produce the cipher text), FROG uses the

neg: Vigenère cipher letter frequencies to shifted plaintext frequencies to discover the key letter (Caesar shift) for that column. Once every letter in the key is known, all the cryptanalyst has to do is to decrypt the ciphertext and reveal the plaintext. Kerckhoffs' method is not applicable if the Vigenère table has been scrambled, rather than using normal alphabetic sequences, but Kasiski examination and coincidence tests can still be used to determine key length. The Vigenère cipher, with normal alphabets, essentially uses modulo arithmetic, which is commutative. Therefore, if the key length is known (or guessed), subtracting the cipher text from itself, offset

neg: Markdown the syntax, with the goal of enabling people "to write using an easy-to-read and easy-to-write plain text format, optionally convert it to structurally valid XHTML (or HTML)". Its key design goal is "readability" – that the language be readable as-is, without looking like it has been marked up with tags or formatting instructions, unlike text formatted with a markup language, such as Rich Text Format (RTF) or HTML, which have obvious tags and formatting instructions. To this end, its main inspiration is the existing conventions for marking up plain text in email, though it also draws from earlier markup languages,

neg: CBC-MAC any of the bits therein as she chooses, provided that the final block, formula_17, remains the same. We assume, for the purposes of this example and without loss of generality, that the initialization vector used for the encryption process is a vector of zeroes. When Bob receives the message, he will first decrypt the message by reversing the encryption process which Alice applied, using the cipher text blocks formula_18. The tampered message, delivered to Bob in replacement of Alice's original, is formula_19. Bob first decrypts the message received using the shared secret key to obtain corresponding plain text. Note that

neg: Rocket U2 ID is stored, making the search process more efficient and quicker than searching through the whole file. Nonhashed files are used to store data with little or no logical structure such as program source code, XML or plain text. This type of file is stored as a subdirectory within the account directory on the host operating system and may be read or edited using external tools. Files are made of records, which are similar to rows within tables of a traditional relational database. Each record has a unique key (called a "record ID") to distinguish it from other records in

neg: Japanese army and diplomatic codes Wireless Experimental Centre. It used a 10 x 10 conversion square with the plain text digits 0-9 across the top key digits down the side and the table contained the cipher text digits. As well as "kana" the Chinese Telegraph Code was used to explain places or words, and the code groups 1951 or 5734 indicated that the CTC follows; an "absurd security flaw" as it was like "Stop" as a key. The CTC code group was often preceded by the "kana" groups for the same character. Many of the Army codes were known to the Allies by their four-figure

neg: Password hash format, sometimes in the /etc/passwd file or the /etc/shadow file. The main storage methods for passwords are plain text, hashed, hashed and salted, and reversibly encrypted. If an attacker gains access to the password file, then if it is stored as plain text, no cracking is necessary. If it is hashed but not salted then it is vulnerable to rainbow table attacks (which are more efficient than cracking). If it is reversibly encrypted then if the attacker gets the decryption key along with the file no cracking is necessary, while if he fails to get the key cracking is

neg: Configuration file graphical interfaces such as YaST or debconf. Some computer programs only read their configuration files at startup. Others periodically check the configuration files for changes. Users can instruct some programs to re-read the configuration files and apply the changes to the current process, or indeed to read arbitrary files as a configuration file. There are no definitive standards or strong conventions. Across Unix-like operating systems many different configuration-file formats exist, with each application or service potentially having a unique format, but there is a strong tradition of them being in human-editable plain text, and a simple key-value pair format is

neg: Beaufort cipher P. Secondly, travel down column P to the corresponding key letter K. Finally, move directly left from the key letter to the left edge of the tableau, the ciphertext encryption of plaintext P with key K will be there. For example if encrypting plain text character "d" with key "m" the steps would be: To decrypt, the process is reversed. The Beaufort cipher is a reciprocal cipher, that is, decryption and encryption algorithms are the same. The Beaufort cipher can be described algebraically. For example, using an encoding of the letters A–Z as the numbers 0–25 and using addition modulo

neg: Batch file term "replacement variables" for them. JP Software calls them "batch file parameters". This example batch file displays codice_17, prompts and waits for the user to press a key, and then terminates. (Note: It does not matter if commands are lowercase or uppercase unless working with variables) To execute the file, it must be saved with the extension .bat (or .cmd for Windows NT-type operating systems) in plain text format, typically created by using a text editor such as Microsoft Notepad or a word processor working in plain text mode. When executed, the following is displayed: The interpreter executes each line

neg: Information security audit can be authenticated, monitored, logged, and reported. Some different types of firewalls include: network layer firewalls, screened subnet firewalls, packet filter firewalls, dynamic packet filtering firewalls, hybrid firewalls, transparent firewalls, and application-level firewalls. The process of encryption involves converting plain text into a series of unreadable characters known as the ciphertext. If the encrypted text is stolen or attained while in transit, the content is unreadable to the viewer. This guarantees secure transmission and is extremely useful to companies sending/receiving critical information. Once encrypted information arrives at its intended recipient, the decryption process is deployed to restore the ciphertext back

neg: SiSU SiSU SiSU ("SiSU information Structuring Universe" or "Structured information, Serialized Units"), is a Unix command line-oriented framework for document structuring, publishing and search. Using markup applied to a document, or a collection of documents, SiSU can produce plain text, HTML, XHTML, EPUB, XML, OpenDocument, LaTeX or PDF files, and populate an SQL database. Document structuring SiSU offers its user a way to structure plain text and to add graphics, hyperlinks, endnotes, footnotes etc. with simple text editing programs such as Notepad (Windows), TextEdit (Mac) or Gedit (GNU/Linux). The lightweight markup language is mnemonic and human readable. To process the marked

neg: Text editor Text editor A text editor is a type of computer program that edits plain text. Such programs are sometimes known as "notepad" software, following the naming of Microsoft Notepad. Text editors are provided with operating systems and software development packages, and can be used to change files such as configuration files, documentation files and programming language source code. There are important differences between plain text (created and edited by text editors) and rich text (such as that created by word processors or desktop publishing software). Plain text exclusively consists of character representation. Each character is represented by a fixed-length sequence

neg: CBC-MAC repeated for any given secret key under which the block cipher operates. This provides semantic security, by means of ensuring the same plain text is not encrypted to the same cipher text, allowing an attacker to infer a relationship exists. When computing a message authentication code, such as by CBC-MAC, the use of an initialization vector is a possible attack vector. In the operation of a cipher block chaining cipher, the first block of plain text is mixed with the initialization vector using an exclusive OR (formula_44). The result of this operation is the input to the block cipher for

neg: Block cipher the next round. A good P-box has the property that the output bits of any S-box are distributed to as many S-box inputs as possible. At each round, the round key (obtained from the key with some simple operations, for instance, using S-boxes and P-boxes) is combined using some group operation, typically XOR. Decryption is done by simply reversing the process (using the inverses of the S-boxes and P-boxes and applying the round keys in reversed order). In a "Feistel cipher", the block of plain text to be encrypted is split into two equal-sized halves. The round function is applied

neg: Enter key carriage return key from which it originates. It normally has an arrow pointing down and left (⏎ or ↵), which is the symbol for carriage return. In contrast, the "Enter" key is commonly labelled with its name in plain text on generic PC keyboards, or with the symbol ⌤ (U+0021 ) on many Apple Mac keyboards. The enter key is typically located on the lower right of the numeric keypad, and the return/enter key on the right edge of the main alphanumeric portion of the keyboard, between backspace and the right-hand shift (and/or control) key (as well as below the

neg: CBC-MAC with formula_35. It follows that the message authentication protocol, in this usage scenario, has been broken, and Bob has been deceived into believing Alice sent him a message which she did not produce. If, instead, we use different keys for the encryption and authentication stages, say formula_36 and formula_37, respectively, this attack is foiled. The decryption of the modified cipher-text blocks formula_38 obtains some plain text string formula_39. However, due to the MAC's usage of a different key formula_37, we cannot "undo" the decryption process in the forward step of the computation of the message authentication code so as to

neg: Text editor but simpler editors focus on just one, or, like gPHPedit, are targeted at a single programming language. Text editor A text editor is a type of computer program that edits plain text. Such programs are sometimes known as "notepad" software, following the naming of Microsoft Notepad. Text editors are provided with operating systems and software development packages, and can be used to change files such as configuration files, documentation files and programming language source code. There are important differences between plain text (created and edited by text editors) and rich text (such as that created by word processors or desktop

neg: Public-key cryptography years at a time, so the associated private keys must be held securely over that time. When a private key used for certificate creation higher in the PKI server hierarchy is compromised, or accidentally disclosed, then a "man-in-the-middle attack" is possible, making any subordinate certificate wholly insecure. Major weaknesses have been found for several formerly promising asymmetric key algorithms. The 'knapsack packing' algorithm was found to be insecure after the development of a new attack. Recently, some attacks based on careful measurements of the exact amount of time it takes known hardware to encrypt plain text have been used to

neg: Plain text http is "text/html; charset=UTF-8" -- plain text represented using UTF-8 character encoding with HTML markup. Another common MIME type is "application/json" -- plain text represented using UTF-8 character encoding with JSON markup. When a document is received without any explicit indication of the character encoding, some applications use charset detection to attempt to guess what encoding was used. ASCII reserves the first 32 codes (numbers 0–31 decimal) for control characters known as the "C0 set": codes originally intended not to represent printable information, but rather to control devices (such as printers) that make use of ASCII, or to provide meta-information

neg: Plain text For instance, rich text such as SGML, RTF, HTML, XML, wiki markup, and TeX rely on plain text. According to The Unicode Standard, plain text has two main properties in regard to rich text: The purpose of using plain text today is primarily independence from programs that require their very own special encoding or formatting or file format. Plain text files can be opened, read, and edited with countless text editors and utilities. A command-line interface allows people to give commands in plain text and get a response, also typically in plain text. Many other computer programs are also capable

neg: TED Notepad TED Notepad TED Notepad is a freeware portable text editor for Microsoft Windows. The software has been developed by Juraj Šimlovič since 2001, originally as a school project. It has a similar cosmetic look to Notepad, but provides variety of features for advanced plain-text editing. Includes experimental features like line completion or selection jumping. Key features of TED Notepad include simple text-only interface, large variety of text-processing tools, supplemental text clipboards, high accessibility through hotkeys, and respectable number of settings and options. The application offers several innovative and experimental features like secondary search or line-sensitive completion. It is often described

neg: Ontology learning Ontology learning Ontology learning (ontology extraction, ontology generation, or ontology acquisition) is the automatic or semi-automatic creation of ontologies, including extracting the corresponding domain's terms and the relationships between the concepts that these terms represent from a corpus of natural language text, and encoding them with an ontology language for easy retrieval. As building ontologies manually is extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming, there is great motivation to automate the process. Typically, the process starts by extracting terms and concepts or noun phrases from plain text using linguistic processors such as part-of-speech tagging and phrase chunking. Then statistical or symbolic techniques are

neg: Data Protection API key. If the key is stored in "plain text", then any user that can access the key can access the encrypted data. If the key is to be encrypted, another key is needed, and so on. DPAPI allows developers to encrypt keys using a symmetric key derived from the user's logon secrets, or in the case of system encryption, using the system's domain authentication secrets. The DPAPI keys used for encrypting the user's RSA keys are stored under codice_1 directory, where {SID} is the Security Identifier of that user. The DPAPI key is stored in the same file as the

neg: Binary-to-text encoding it is then decoded back to its eight-bit form. This process is referred to as binary to text encoding. Many programs perform this conversion to allow for data-transport, such as PGP and GNU Privacy Guard (GPG). Binary-to-text encoding methods are also used as a mechanism for encoding plain text. For example: By using a binary-to-text encoding on messages that are already plain text, then decoding on the other end, one can make such systems appear to be completely transparent. This is sometimes referred to as 'ASCII armoring'. For example, the ViewState component of ASP.NET uses base64 encoding to safely transmit

neg: Text file additional, more specific UTIs are: "public.utf8-plain-text" for utf-8-encoded text, "public.utf16-external-plain-text" and "public.utf16-plain-text" for utf-16-encoded text and "com.apple.traditional-mac-plain-text" for classic Mac OS text files. When opened by a text editor, human-readable content is presented to the user. This often consists of the file's plain text visible to the user. Depending on the application, control codes may be rendered either as literal instructions acted upon by the editor, or as visible escape characters that can be edited as plain text. Though there may be plain text in a text file, control characters within the file (especially the end-of-file character) can render the

neg: Plain text drawings or even bitmapped graphics, but is still plain text. According to The Unicode Standard, plain text has two main properties in regard to rich text: Files that contain markup or other meta-data are generally considered plain-text, as long as the entirety remains in directly human-readable form (as in HTML, XML, and so on (as Coombs, Renear, and DeRose argue, punctuation is itself markup). The use of plain text rather than bit-streams to express markup, enables files to survive much better "in the wild", in part by making them largely immune to computer architecture incompatibilities. According to The Unicode Standard,

neg: Plain text of processing or creating plain text, such as countless programs in DOS, Windows, classic Mac OS, and Unix and its kin; as well as web browsers (a few browsers such as Lynx and the Line Mode Browser produce only plain text for display) and other e-text readers. Plain text files are almost universal in programming; a source code file containing instructions in a programming language is almost always a plain text file. Plain text is also commonly used for configuration files, which are read for saved settings at the startup of a program. Plain text is used for much e-mail.

neg: Authentication protocol PAP and CHAP) is also not expected, as the CHAP authentication would be compromised by PAP sending the password in plain-text. The authentication process in this protocol is always initialized by the server/host and can be performed anytime during the session, even repeatedly. Server sends a random string (usually 128B long). The client uses password and the string received as parameters for MD5 hash function and then sends the result together with username in plain text. Server uses the username to apply the same function and compares the calculated and received hash. An authentication is successful or unsuccessful. EAP was

neg: Block cipher a second input – the secret key. Decryption is similar: the decryption algorithm takes, in this example, a 128-bit block of ciphertext together with the secret key, and yields the original 128-bit block of plain text. For each key "K", "E" is a permutation (a bijective mapping) over the set of input blocks. Each key selects one permutation from the set of formula_4 possible permutations. Most block cipher algorithms are classified as "iterated block ciphers" which means that they transform fixed-size blocks of plaintext into identical size blocks of ciphertext, via the repeated application of an invertible transformation known as

neg: Cold boot attack is conducted within an HTM transaction: the private key is firstly decrypted into memory, and then RSA decryption or signing is conducted. Because a plain-text RSA private key only appears as modified data in an HTM transaction, any read operation to these data will abort the transaction - the transaction will roll-back to its initial state. Note that, the RSA private key is encrypted in initial state, and it is a result of write operations (or AES decryption). Currently HTM is implemented in caches or store-buffers, both of which are located in CPUs, not in external RAM chips. So cold-boot

neg: Text editor of one, two, or four bytes, or as a variable-length sequence of one to four bytes, in accordance to specific character encoding conventions, such as ASCII, ISO/IEC 2022, UTF-8, or Unicode. These conventions define many printable characters, but also non-printing characters that control the flow of the text, such space, line break, and page break. Plain text contains no other information about the text itself, not even the character encoding convention employed. Plain text is stored in text files, although text files do not exclusively store plain text. In the early days of computers, plain text was displayed using a

neg: Text editor text and visual formatting achieved using non-printing control characters or escape sequences. Later word processors like Microsoft Word store their files in a binary format and are almost never used to edit plain text files. Some text editors can edit unusually large files such as log files or an entire database placed in a single file. Simpler text editors may just read files into the computer's main memory. With larger files, this may be a slow process, and the entire file may not fit. Some text editors do not let the user start editing until this read-in is complete. Editing

neg: Plain text Plain text In computing, plain text is a loose term for data (e.g. file contents) that represent only characters of readable material but not its graphical representation nor other objects (floating-point numbers, images, etc.). It may also include a limited number of characters that control simple arrangement of text, such as spaces, line breaks, or tabulation characters (although tab characters can "mean" many different things, so are hardly "plain"). Plain text is different from formatted text, where style information is included; from structured text, where structural parts of the document such as paragraphs, sections, and the like are identified); and

neg: Formatted text done. Formatted text Formatted text, styled text, or rich text, as opposed to plain text, has styling information beyond the minimum of semantic elements: colours, styles (boldface, italic), sizes, and special features in HTML (such as hyperlinks). Formatted text cannot rightly be identified with binary files or be distinct from ASCII text. This is because formatted text is not necessarily binary, it may be text-only, such as HTML, RTF or enriched text files, and it may be ASCII-only. Conversely, a plain text file may be non-ASCII (in an encoding such as Unicode UTF-8). Text-only formatted text is achieved by markup

neg: Formatted text Formatted text Formatted text, styled text, or rich text, as opposed to plain text, has styling information beyond the minimum of semantic elements: colours, styles (boldface, italic), sizes, and special features in HTML (such as hyperlinks). Formatted text cannot rightly be identified with binary files or be distinct from ASCII text. This is because formatted text is not necessarily binary, it may be text-only, such as HTML, RTF or enriched text files, and it may be ASCII-only. Conversely, a plain text file may be non-ASCII (in an encoding such as Unicode UTF-8). Text-only formatted text is achieved by markup which

neg: Seascape ecology temporal scales of patchiness in phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish. Measuring habitat structure at multiple scales is typical in seascape ecology, particularly where a single meaningful scale is not known or not meaningful to the ecological process of interest. Multi-scale measurements have been used to discover the scale at which populations are associated with key habitat features. With regard to scaling seascapes, one approach is to select spatial and temporal scales to be ecologically meaningful to the organism’s movements or other processes of interest. The absence of information, or the lack of continuous observation on the way animals use space through

neg: Comparison of e-book formats in plain text (.txt) format, supplied for free by the Project Gutenberg community, but the format itself existed before the e-book era. The plain text format doesn't support digital rights management (DRM) or formatting options (such as different fonts, graphics or colors), but it has excellent portability as it is the simplest e-book encoding possible as a plain text file contains only ASCII or Unicode text (text files with UTF-8 or UTF-16 encoding are also popular for languages other than English). Almost all operating systems can read ASCII text files (e.g. Unix, Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, DOS and other systems) and

neg: Autokey cipher Autokey cipher An autokey cipher (also known as the autoclave cipher) is a cipher that incorporates the message (the plaintext) into the key. The key is generated from the message in some automated fashion, sometimes by selecting certain letters from the text or, more commonly, by adding a short "primer key" to the front of the message. There are two forms of autokey cipher: "key-autokey" and "text-autokey" ciphers. A key-autokey cipher uses previous members of the keystream to determine the next element in the keystream. A text-autokey uses the previous message text to determine the next element in the keystream.

neg: Dimensional modeling the model is to describe the business process which the model builds on. This could for instance be a sales situation in a retail store. To describe the business process, one can choose to do this in plain text or use basic Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) or other design guides like the Unified Modeling Language (UML). After describing the business process, the next step in the design is to declare the grain of the model. The grain of the model is the exact description of what the dimensional model should be focusing on. This could for instance be “An

neg: Kitáb-i-Aqdas reader, as there are no clergy in the religion to rely on for guidance. The text also moves between statements said to be plain and statements suggesting the key to understanding the book is to look at the text for clues to itself. Some statements reflect on the teachings in the religion on various themes and underscore a relationship of the Aqdas as a 'motherhood' in relation to all the other scriptural works and they to it. It also relates to scriptures of other religions by abrogation, explanation, affirmation or reformation — an example of progressive revelation as a principle

neg: MetaTexis in MetaTexis for Word is converted into a bilingual document (containing both the source text and the translation). The text is segmented, and the segments are presented to the translator one after another. When the translation is finished, the final, translated document is created by a clean-up process. The workflow is similar to older Trados versions or Wordfast Classic. MetaTexis for Word can handle the following formats: any file type that is supported by Microsoft Word, plain text files, Word documents (DOC/DOCX), Microsoft Excel (XLS/XLSX), PowerPoint (PPT/PPTX), Rich Text Format (RTF), HTML, XML, TRADOS Word documents, TRADOS TagEditor (TTX), TRADOS

neg: Plain text to represent characters, does not change the meaning (so long as you know what encoding is in use), but for binary files such a conversion "does" change the meaning of at least some parts of the file. Files that contain markup or other meta-data are generally considered plain-text, so long as the markup is also in directly human-readable form (as in HTML, XML, and so on (as Coombs, Renear, and DeRose argue, punctuation is itself markup; and no one considers punctuation to disqualify a file from being plain text). The use of plain text rather than binary files, enables files

neg: Health literacy Plain language is a strategy for making written and oral information easier to understand; it is communication that users can understand the first time they read or hear it. Some key elements of plain language include: The National Institute of Health (NIH) recommends that patient education materials should be not written higher than a 6th-7th grade reading level; further recommendations provided by the NIH Office of Communications and Public Liaison are published in their "Clear Communication" Initiative. Many factors determine the health literacy level of health education materials or interventions: readability of the text, the patient's current state of health,

neg: Henry M. Hart Jr. viewed as "the foundation text of the legal theory known as 'legal process.'" An exploration of law made both by courts and outside the courtroom, scholars have identified three key themes from the work itself: (1) Institutional competence, (2) Statutory interpretation, and (3) principled decisionmaking. "This perspective stresses that Hart and Sacks 'believed that it was possible to distinguish legitimate and illegitimate exercises of official power while simultaneously transcending the centuries-old debate between ... the 'is' and the 'ought'.' The Legal Process demonstrated that lawyers did not have to engage in substantive moral or political reasoning, since 'there could be

neg: McEliece cryptosystem formula_3 gives formula_49, which is the plain text message. McEliece originally suggested security parameter sizes of formula_50, resulting in a public key size of 524*(1024-524) = 262,000 bits. Recent analysis suggests parameter sizes of formula_51 for 80 bits of security when using standard algebraic decoding, or formula_52 when using list decoding for the Goppa code, giving rise to public key sizes of 520,047 and 460,647 bits respectively. For resiliency against quantum computers, sizes of formula_53 with Goppa code were proposed, giving the size of public key of 8,373,911 bits. A successful attack of an adversary knowing the public key formula_18

neg: Telex (input method) the Vietnamese word must be entered as codice_4 rather than codice_5 (*). If more than one tone marking key is pressed, the last one will be used. For example, typing codice_6 will return "a". (Thus "z" can also be used to delete diacritics when using an input method editor.) To write a tone marking key as a normal character, one has to press it twice: codice_7 becomes , while codice_8 becomes . Telex (input method) Telex (), is a convention for encoding Vietnamese text in plain ASCII characters. Originally used for transmitting Vietnamese text over telex systems, it is now

neg: Bretton Woods Project non-governmental organisations, policy-makers, journalists, researchers and parliamentarians worldwide. By encouraging information exchange and debate, it seeks to move the Bretton Woods institutions away from simplistic approaches to development. Priority areas include: "Bretton Woods Update" is a bimonthly digest of key World Bank and IMF initiatives, controversial policy trends, projects and debate. The Update is read by around 6000 key officials, journalists, NGOs and researchers and is respected as a reliable source of information on the Bretton Woods institutions. It is available on the web, in print or can be emailed as plain text. The results of the 2006 survey of

neg: Common Scrambling Algorithm 7.9 TB of storage, and enable an attacker with a GPU to recover a key in about seven seconds with 96.8% certainty. However, the attack is only effective when such all-zero padding blocks are present (i.e., in scenes with very little movement or noise), and it would be easily mitigated by for instance sending such all-zero cells unencrypted. This differs from the brute-force attack examples alleyway mentioned, in that the plain-text contents of the entire cell is known before the attack, not just parts of a block, which enables the ahead-of-time computation of the rainbow table. In 2004, a fault

neg: Text file plain text unseen by a particular method. Text file A text file (sometimes spelled "textfile"; an old alternative name is "flatfile") is a kind of computer file that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text. A text file exists stored as data within a computer file system. The end of a text file is often denoted by placing one or more special characters, known as an end-of-file marker, after the last line in a text file. Such markers were required under the CP/M and MS-DOS operating systems. On modern operating systems such as Windows and Unix-like systems,

neg: Cluster criticism elements in the text that refer to or are associated with each of the key terms. Each collection of associated elements which refer to the same key term is called a cluster. In the final step of the criticism, the critic examines how each specific cluster represents its referring key term. This process typically includes directly contrasting one cluster with another. By doing this, a critic can determine how a text privileges one key term over others. This stage of cluster criticism can incorporate other methods in rhetorical criticism. For example, if different types of metaphors are found in different

neg: Computer security compromised by hardware failure and can introduce additional latency to the memory transaction in the case of a miss. This involves also additional power consumption which is due to the activation of memory devices down in the memory hierarchy. The miss penalty has been already used to attack symmetric encryption algorithms, like DES. The basic idea proposed in this paper is to force a cache miss while the processor is executing the AES encryption algorithm on a known plain text. The attacks allow an unprivileged process to attack other process running in parallel on the same processor, despite partitioning methods such as memory protection,

neg: Content Scramble System still work. CSS employs a stream cipher and mangles the keystream with the plain-text data to produce the cipher text. The stream cipher is based on two linear feedback shift register (LFSR) and set up with a 40-bit seed. Mangling depends on the type of operation. There are three types: In order to decrypt a DVD-Video, the player reads the disc-key-block and uses its player-key to decrypt the disc-key. Thereafter, the player reads the title-keys and decrypts them with the disc-key. A different title-key can be assigned for the Video Manager and for each Video Title Set. The title-keys are

neg: A5/1 of linear equations which are required). In 2000, Alex Biryukov, Adi Shamir and David Wagner showed that A5/1 can be cryptanalysed in real time using a time-memory tradeoff attack, based on earlier work by Jovan Golic. One tradeoff allows an attacker to reconstruct the key in one second from two minutes of known plaintext or in several minutes from two seconds of known plain text, but he must first complete an expensive preprocessing stage which requires 2 steps to compute around 300 GB of data. Several tradeoffs between preprocessing, data requirements, attack time and memory complexity are possible. The same

neg: Text editor Most word processors can read and write files in plain text format, allowing them to open files saved from text editors. Saving these files from a word processor, however, requires ensuring the file is written in plain text format, and that any text encoding or BOM settings won't obscure the file for its intended use. Non-WYSIWYG word processors, such as WordStar, are more easily pressed into service as text editors, and in fact were commonly used as such during the 1980s. The default file format of these word processors often resembles a markup language, with the basic format being plain

neg: Plain text as UTF-8 and UTF-16 become more common, that usage may be shrinking. plain text is also sometimes used only to exclude "binary" files: those in which at least some parts of the file cannot be correctly interpreted via the character encoding in effect. For example, a file or string consisting of "hello" (in whatever encoding), following by 4 bytes that express a binary integer that is "not" just a character, is a binary file, not plain text by even the loosest common usages. Put another way, translating a plain text file to a character encoding that uses entirely different number

neg: Peter Twinn rotate. And so on. When a key was pressed, a light came on behind the cipher text letter, always different from the original letter in the plain text. The illuminated letters made up the coded message. The system worked in reverse. The person decoding a cipher message would use an Enigma with identical settings. When he pressed the cipher text letter, the letter in the original plain text message lit up. The illuminated letters made up the original message. To make the codes more difficult to break, each of the rotors could be taken out and replaced in a different

neg: Notepad++ has features for consuming and creating cross-platform plain text files. It recognizes three newline representations (, + and ) and can convert between them on the fly. In addition, it supports reinterpreting plain text files in various character encodings and can convert them to ASCII, UTF-8 or UCS-2. As such, it can fix plain text that seem gibberish only because their character encoding is not properly detected. Notepad++ also has features that improve plain text editing experience in general, such as: Notepad++ has support for macros and plugins, and has been marked for its robust plugin architecture which enabled various

neg: Signal Corps in the American Civil War text. Two concentric discs were inscribed with letters and their numerical equivalents. The sending and receiving party had to agree on the specific alignment between the two discs, ensuring that both parties had identical alignment. To encipher a message, the signal officer selected an "adjustment letter" on the inner disc and then made this letter correspond with a preselected numerical code or "key number" on the outer disc. The signal officer would typically give the key numbers to the flagmen without revealing the plain text version of the message. Although this method of encryption was primitive by modern standards, there

neg: IMDb Open Media Database whose content is also contributed by users but licensed under CC-by and the GFDL. Since 2007, IMDb has been experimenting with wiki-programmed sections for complete film synopses, parental guides, and FAQs about titles as determined by (and answered by) individual contributors. IMDb does not provide an API for automated queries. However, most of the data can be downloaded as compressed plain text files and the information can be extracted using the command-line interface tools provided. There is also a Java-based graphical user interface (GUI) application available that is able to process the compressed plain text files, which

neg: Comparison of e-book formats text encoded using character sets like ASCII or UTF-8. As such, suitably formatted files can be, and sometimes are, generated "by hand" using a "plain text editor" or "programmer's editor". Many "HTML generator" applications exist to ease this process and often require less intricate knowledge of the format details involved. HTML on its own is not a particularly efficient format to store information in, requiring more storage space for a given work than many other formats. However, several e-Book formats including the Amazon Kindle, Open eBook, Compiled HTML, Mobipocket and EPUB store each book chapter in HTML format, then use

neg: Guessing the meaning of the text "is to make a guess". A guessing game is a game in which the object is to use guessing to discover some kind of information, such as a word, a phrase, a title, or the identity or location of an object. A guessing game has as its core a piece of information that one player knows, and the object is to coerce others into guessing that piece of information without actually divulging it in text or spoken word. Charades is probably the most well-known game of this type, and has spawned numerous commercial variants that

neg: Xena (software) to cover a new file type. Xena can process individual files or whole directories. When processing a whole directory, it can preserve the original directory structure of the converted records. Xena can create plain text versions of file formats such as TIFF, Word and PDF, with the use of Tesseract (software). The Xena interface or Xena Viewer can be used to view or export a Xena file (extension .xena) in its target file format. These files contain the normalised file as well as any extra information relevant to the normalisation process. The Xena Viewer supports bulk export of Xena files

neg: Plain text the Brown Corpus, and others had to resort to conventions such as keying an asterisk preceding letters actually intended to be upper-case. Fred Brooks of IBM argued strongly for going to 8-bit bytes, because someday people might want to process text; and won. Although IBM used EBCDIC, most text from then on came to be encoded in ASCII, using values from 0 to 31 for (non-printing) control characters, and values from 32 to 127 for graphic characters such as letters, digits, and punctuation. Most machines stored characters in 8 bits rather than 7, ignoring the remaining bit or using it

neg: CBC-MAC all plain text produced will be different from that which Alice originally sent, because Eve has modified all but the last cipher text block. In particular, the final plain text, formula_20, differs from the original, formula_21, which Alice sent; although formula_17 is the same, formula_23, so a different plain text formula_20 is produced when chaining the previous cipher text block into the exclusive-OR after decryption of formula_17: formula_26. It follows that Bob will now compute the authentication tag using CBC-MAC over all the values of plain text which he decoded. The tag for the new message, formula_5, is given by:

neg: Running key cipher initial key text. (These may be exchanged via public key encryption or in person. They may also be changed frequently without changing the running key book). Traditional ciphertext appears to be quite different from plaintext. To address this problem, one variant outputs "plaintext" words instead of "plaintext" letters as the ciphertext output. This is done by creating an "alphabet" of words (in practice multiple words can correspond to each ciphertext output character). The result is a ciphertext output which looks like a long sequence of plaintext words (the process can be nested). Theoretically, this is no different from using standard

neg: Vanish (computer science) the key. While both the user and recipient may have copies of the original encrypted message, the key used to turn it back into plain text is now gone. Although this particular instance of the data has become inaccessible, it's important to note that the information can always be saved by other means before expiration (copied, or even via screen shots) and published again. Vanish (computer science) Vanish is a project at the University of Washington which endeavors to "give users control over the lifetime of personal data stored on the web." The project proposes to allow a user to

neg: Device Description Language device description (DD) can be created with a plain text editor. But like any other programing or description language, the authoring is error prone and as such special development tools may be used, to create valid and norm conforming EDDs. The following tools assists the creation of EDDs: The following control and configuration tools interpret the DDL: Device Description Language Device Description Language (DDL) is the formal language describing the service and configuration of field devices for process and factory automation. Current field devices for process and factory automation have a number of configuration options, to customize them to their

neg: Plain text A comment, a ".txt" file, or a TXT Record generally contains only plain text (without formatting) intended for humans to read. The best format for storing knowledge persistently is plain text, rather than some binary format. Before the early 1960s, computers were mainly used for number-crunching rather than for text, and memory was extremely expensive. Computers often allocated only 6 bits for each character, permitting only 64 characters—assigning codes for A-Z, a-z, and 0-9 would leave only 2 codes: nowhere near enough. Most computers opted not to support lower-case letters. Thus, early text projects such as Roberto Busa's Index Thomisticus,

neg: Unicode compatibility characters rich text such as italics, superscripts and subscripts, or list markers where the styling of the rich text implies certain semantics along with it. For comparing, collating, handling and storing plain text, rich text variants are semantically redundant. For example, using a superscript character for the numeral 4 is likely indistinguishable from using the standard character for a numeral 4 and then using rich text protocols to make it superscript. Such alternate rich text characters therefore create ambiguity because they appear visually the same as their plain text counterpart characters with rich text formatting applied. These rich text compatibility characters

neg: BootX (Apple) can also boot from HFS, HFS+, UFS and ext2 formatted volumes. The boot loader can be manipulated at startup by holding down various key combinations to alter the booting process. Such functions include Verbose Mode, achieved by holding down the Command and V key at startup, which replaces the default Apple logo with text-based information on the boot process and Single User Mode, achieved by holding down the Command and S, which, depending on the operating system, may boot into a more basic command-line or text-based version of the operating system, to facilitate maintenance and recovery action. The ROM can

neg: Microsoft Office shared tools extension for storing scanned documents together with optional annotations or metadata which can include the text generated by OCR process. It is known that MDI is a variant of TIFF. Key differences from TIFF include: Office Web Components (OWC) are a group of Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) components available in Office 2000, XP, and 2003. These ActiveX Controls can be plugged into web pages, Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) forms, and Windows Forms, or programmed in-memory. The OWC can be used by any COM-compliant Component Object Model programming language. Applications such as Excel, Microsoft Access, Microsoft Project

neg: Postediting Postediting Post-editing (or postediting) is the process whereby humans amend machine-generated translation to achieve an acceptable final product. A person who post-edits is called a post-editor. The concept of post-editing is linked to that of pre-editing. In the process of translating a text via machine translation, best results may be gained by pre-editing the source textfor example by applying the principles of controlled languageand then post-editing the machine output. It is distinct from editing, which refers to the process of improving human generated text (a process which is often known as revision in the field of translation). Post-edited text may

neg: Predictive text text systems are T9, iTap, eZiText, and LetterWise/WordWise. There are many ways to build a device that predicts text, but all predictive text systems have initial linguistic settings that offer predictions that are re-prioritized to adapt to each user. This "learning" adapts, by way of the device memory, to a user's "disambiguating" feedback that results in corrective key presses, such as pressing a "next" key to get to the intention. Most predictive text systems have a user database to facilitate this process. Theoretically the number of keystrokes required per desired character in the finished writing is, on average, comparable to

neg: Snippet (programming) plain text. One common complication, however, is that environments that support programmable snippets often have to make distinctions between what counts as "plain text" and what counts as "programming instructions". Further complicating this distinction is the fact that applications that support programmable snippets almost always include support for recognition of multiple programming languages, either through basic syntax highlighting or execution of embedded commands. For these and other reasons, emitting plain text from programmable snippets almost always entails being careful to avoid problems with syntax and delimiter collisions. Programmable snippets often include an ability to establish a binding to an existing

neg: Printing Printing Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was woodblock printing, which appeared in China before 220 AD. Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 AD and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and

neg: Comparison of cryptography libraries using plain text digits that are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream. Stream ciphers are typically faster than block ciphers and may have lower hardware complexity, but may be more susceptible to attacks. Table compares the ability to utilize hardware enhanced cryptography. With using the assistance of specific hardware the library can achieve faster speeds and / or improved security than otherwise. Comparison of cryptography libraries The tables below compare cryptography libraries that deal with cryptography algorithms and have API function calls to each of the supported features. Key operations include key generation algorithms, key exchange agreements and public

neg: BibDesk References can be exported via a menu command, cut and paste, drag and drop, or a macOS service. Although it was created to import and export in BibTeX format for use in LaTeX documents, BibDesk has a built-in graphical editor for creating custom export templates using Apple's key-value coding, which the user can program to export selected references in any citation style or in any structured text format. Sample templates are included for plain text, RTF, HTML, RSS, and some other XML formats, and other templates are available on the BibDesk wiki. BibDesk can format entire bibliographies internally either via

neg: Uncertain data ignored. Uncertain data is found in the area of sensor networks; text where noisy text is found in abundance on social media, web and within enterprises where the structured and unstructured data may be old, outdated, or plain incorrect; in modeling where the mathematical model may only be an approximation of the actual process. When representing such data in a database, some indication of the probability of the correctness of the various values also needs to be estimated. There are three main models of uncertain data in databases. In attribute uncertainty, each uncertain attribute in a tuple is subject to

neg: Delete key key combination. The Delete key is typically smaller and less-conveniently located than the Backspace key, and on keyboards where space is limited, for example those omitting the numeric keypad or virtual keyboards on mobile devices, it is often omitted altogether. On some compact keyboards (for example, the 60-key Happy Hacking Keyboard), the Delete key replaces the conventional Backspace key, and the Backspace function is achieved by holding the Fn key and pressing Delete. When struck on a computer keyboard during text or command editing, the delete key ( or ), known less ambiguously as "forward delete", discards the character ahead

neg: Abstract management or on a CD-ROM or other digital medium). Abstract submission involves the authors in preparing their abstracts and sending them to the conference organisers through an online form, and is a relatively straightforward process. The abstracts are either uploaded as documents (typically Microsoft Word, PDF or LaTeX) or, where graphics and tables are not required, they may simply be entered into the form as plain text. The software will send out an email acknowledgement. Following the committee’s decisions on which abstracts are to be accepted for the conference the submission software may also be used to collect full papers and

neg: Virtual Network Computing will connect to a Unix user's current desktop if it is served with x11vnc, or to a separate X11 session if one is served with TightVNC. From Unix, TightVNC will connect to a Mac OS X session served by Apple Remote Desktop if the VNC option is enabled, or to a VNC server running on Microsoft Windows. In July 2014 RealVNC published a Wayland developer preview. By default, RFB is not a secure protocol. While passwords are not sent in plain-text (as in telnet), cracking could prove successful if both the encryption key and encoded password are sniffed from a

neg: Copy editing in this process: Some manuscripts may require special cross-checking. For example, in a how-to text, a copyeditor might need to verify that the list of equipment or parts matches the instructions given within the text. Typecoding is the process of identifying which sections of the manuscript are not regular running text. These portions of text, known as elements, include the following: It is the copyeditor's job to typecode (or make note of) all manuscript elements for the publication designer. Hard copy copyeditors are usually asked to pencil in the typecodes in the left margin of the manuscript. On-screen copyeditors may

neg: Caminetti v. United States literal text of a statute. In its most extreme form the plain meaning rule does not look outside of the statutory text at any additional sources to find the legislative intent if the rule is "plain" from the text. Critics of using the plain meaning rule argue that a court may find or not find an ambiguity in a statute depending on the end result that a court sees fit. The issue in the case that caused the Court to interpret using the plain meaning rule was whether the Mann Act’s inclusion of the phrase “...or for any other immoral

neg: GNU Sharutils or byte count verification. GNU unshar scans a set of mail messages looking for the start of shell archives. It will automatically strip off the mail headers and other introductory text. The archive bodies are then unpacked by a copy of the shell. unshar may also process files containing concatenated shell archives. GNU Sharutils GNU Sharutils is a set of utilities to handle shell archives. The GNU shar utility produces a single file out of many files and prepares them for transmission by electronic mail services, for example by converting binary files into plain ASCII text. A shell archive is

neg: CBC-MAC and other protocols may lead to attacks being possible, reducing the effectiveness of the cryptographic protection (or even rendering it useless). We present attacks which are possible due to using the CBC-MAC incorrectly. One common mistake is to reuse the same key for CBC encryption and CBC-MAC. Although a reuse of a key for different purposes is a bad practice in general, in this particular case the mistake leads to a spectacular attack: Suppose Alice has sent to Bob the cipher text blocks formula_15. During the transmission process, Eve can tamper with any of the formula_16 cipher-text blocks and adjust

neg: Text file legacy encoding when it definitely isn't UTF-8. On most operating systems the name "text file" refers to file format that allows only plain text content with very little formatting (e.g., no bold or "italic" types). Such files can be viewed and edited on text terminals or in simple text editors. Text files usually have the MIME type "text/plain", usually with additional information indicating an encoding. MS-DOS and Windows use a common text file format, with each line of text separated by a two-character combination: carriage return (CR) and line feed (LF). It is common for the last line of text

neg: Text entry interface text entry with mobile phones has gained use. Each key contains multiple characters, and these are reached through multiple key presses. This is frequently used in conjunction with predictive text (also known as T9) entry. Although once popular, this system has been mostly displaced with the widespread use of touchscreens on smartphones and is now mostly found on budget feature phones. Virtual keyboards are similar to mechanical keyboards, but do not make use of physical keys. These may be implemented on systems using a screen or projected onto a surface. The individual letters may be selected by touching them as

neg: Greeking the distraction of readable text. Text of this sort is known as "greeked text", "dummy text", or "jabberwocky text". "Lorem ipsum" is a commonly used example, though this is derived from Latin, not Greek. Greeking in theatre, television, and film production art-department work refers to the process of changing or hiding corporate trademarks that have not been "cleared" legally for use in the production. Anime and manga series show prolific examples of trademark greeking, creating altered versions of trademarked terms like Hescafé, WcDonald's, and AVIO. Greeking Greeking is a style of displaying or rendering text or symbols, not always from

neg: Cathy's Key lovestruck immortals, trying to help her boyfriend discover the key to immortality, and in her free time delving into the mystery surrounding her father’s death. Although the story ends in another dramatic cliffhanger that leaves much to be resolved, Cathy’s saga continues in the third installation of the series, "Cathy’s Ring" (2010). "Cathy’s Key" follows the tradition established by its predecessor in presenting the story in a radically innovative way. Similar to a graphic novel, the text of the story is accompanied by hand-drawn images (created by illustrator Cathy Briggs), yet "Cathy’s Key" also contains a cache of objects that

neg: Galois/Counter Mode ("see" stream cipher attack). For any given key and initialization vector combination, GCM is limited to encrypting bits of plain text (64 GiB). NIST Special Publication 800-38D includes guidelines for initialization vector selection. The authentication strength depends on the length of the authentication tag, as with all symmetric message authentication codes. The use of shorter authentication tags with GCM is discouraged. The bit-length of the tag, denoted "t", is a security parameter. In general, "t" may be any one of the following five values: 128, 120, 112, 104, or 96. For certain applications, "t" may be 64 or 32, but

neg: Kristian Jaksch Jaksch was known as a key position player who could play either in the forward line or as a key defender. He started his career as a forward, but began to also play as a defender when he was playing in the TAC Cup, showing versatility which helped him to get drafted as a first round pick. He was also a strong mark overhead. "Statistics are correct to end of the 2017 season" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017 ! colspan=3|

neg: Due Process Clause 1897-1937) when substantive due process was used to strike down minimum wage and labor laws in order to protect freedom of contract. Since then, the Supreme Court has decided that numerous other freedoms that do not appear in the plain text of the Constitution are nevertheless protected by the Constitution. If these rights were not protected by the federal courts' doctrine of substantive due process, they could nevertheless be protected in other ways; for example, it is possible that some of these rights could be protected by other provisions of the state or federal constitutions, and alternatively they could be

neg: Arthashastra how the crown prince should be trained and how the king himself should continue learning, selecting his key "Mantri" (ministers), officials, administration, staffing of the court personnel, magistrates and judges. Topic 2 of the Arthashastra, or chapter 5 of Book 1, is dedicated to the continuous training and development of the king, where the text advises that he maintain a counsel of elders, from each field of various sciences, whose accomplishments he knows and respects. Topic 4 of the text describes the process of selecting the ministers and key officials, which it states must be based on king's personal knowledge