query: what was the official beginning of world war ii in europe

pos: World War II Africa and Asia. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and create a common identity. The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland; the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September

pos: World War II Africa and Asia. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and create a common identity. The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland; the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September

neg: Allen Drury's University series are beginning their senior year at "the University" as war in Europe looms on the horizon. Into What Far Harbor? (1993) finds the remaining Alpha Zetas returning from World War II and facing a new set of challenges in a changed world. Finally in Public Men (1998), octogenarian Willie plans a 2001 reunion for his surviving pals as he looks back on his run for the Presidency decades earlier. Drury completed "Public Men" two weeks before his death in 1998, and the novel was published posthumously. Toward What Bright Glory? is the first novel in Allen Drury's "University" series, published

neg: Argentina during World War II allowed entry of a number of Nazi leaders fleeing Europe after Germany's collapse. The number of Nazi fugitives that fled to Argentina surpassed 300. In May 1960, Holocaust administrator Adolf Eichmann was captured in Argentina by the Israeli Mossad and brought to trial, and execution, in Israel. Argentina during World War II The history of Argentina during World War II is a complex period of time beginning in 1939, following the outbreak of war in Europe, and ending in 1945 with the surrender of Japan. German influence in Argentina was strong, mainly due to the presence of a large number

neg: Border states (Eastern Europe) from two sides thus beginning World War II in Europe. After the end of the war, all border states with the exception of Finland, were transferred under Soviet occupation as a result of the Western betrayal. Border states (Eastern Europe) Border states or European buffer states was a political term used in the West before World War II, and referring to the European nations that won their independence from the Russian Empire after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and ultimately the defeat of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary in World War I. During the 20th century

neg: European theatre of World War II the former Nazi German state, reversed all German annexations and occupied territories, as well as agreed to jointly occupy and govern, denazify and demilitarize what remained of Germany. European theatre of World War II The European theatre of World War II, also known as the Second European War, was a huge area of heavy fighting across Europe, from Germany's and the Soviet Union's joint invasion of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the war with the Soviet Union conquering most of Eastern Europe along with the German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 (Victory in Europe Day). The

neg: Tanks of the United States turret, and additional armor protection had been installed. Nicknamed "Super Pershing" it was comparable to the German Tiger II in firepower and protection and was one of only two deployed to Europe during World War II. It saw combat in mid-1945. A total of 2,222 M26 Pershing tanks were produced, beginning in November 1944, only 20 of which saw combat in Europe during World War II. The tank was reclassified as a medium tank in May 1946, and while it didn't have time to make any real impact in the Second World War, it served with distinction in the Korean

neg: Aftermath of World War II Aftermath of World War II The Aftermath of World War II was the beginning of an era defined by the decline of all European colonial empires and the simultaneous rise of two superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA). Allies during World War II, the USA and the USSR became competitors on the world stage and engaged in the Cold War, so called because it never resulted in overt, declared hot war between the two powers but was instead characterized by espionage, political subversion and proxy wars. Western Europe and Japan were rebuilt through the American Marshall

neg: Office of Censorship was popularized during World War II, which is a testament to the urgency Americans felt to protect information relating to the war effort. Radio broadcasts, newspapers, and newsreels were the primary ways Americans received their information about World War II and therefore were the medium most effected by the Office of Censorship code. The closure of the Office of Censorship in November 1945 corresponded with the ending of World War II. Censorship by the American press began on a voluntary basis before America's official entry into World War II. In 1939, after the war had already begun in Europe, journalists

neg: Argentina during World War II Argentina during World War II The history of Argentina during World War II is a complex period of time beginning in 1939, following the outbreak of war in Europe, and ending in 1945 with the surrender of Japan. German influence in Argentina was strong, mainly due to the presence of a large number of German immigrants, and Argentina's traditional rivalry with Great Britain furthered the belief that the Argentine government was sympathetic to the German cause. Because of the close ties between Germany and Argentina, the latter stayed neutral for most of World War II, despite internal disputes and pressure

neg: Caritas Portugal Caritas Portugal Caritas Portugal ("Cáritas Portuguesa" in Portugal) is the official Catholic's Church organization in Portugal for charity and social relief, instituted by the Portuguese Episcopal Conference. Caritas Portuguesa was founded in 1945, with its first statutes were approved in 1956. From the 50s to mid-70s, his activities have focused primarily on the distribution of food by the Portuguese population, donated by the United States and the host by Portuguese families, children from the countries of central Europe in the post World War II and the beginning of the tensions of the Cold War. Caritas Portugal is a Portuguese confederation

neg: History of the Jews in Argentina Argentina was Adolf Eichmann, a high-ranking official who had supervised the death camps; he lived near Buenos Aires from after World War II until 1960. Israeli agents tracked him down and abducted him from a Buenos Aires suburb to Israel for trial for war crimes. Eichmann faced trial in Jerusalem beginning in April 1961; he was convicted of crimes against humanity and hanged in May 1962. Perón was overthrown in 1955, with the unrest unleashing a wave of antisemitism. Since then, more than 45,000 Jews have migrated to Israel from Argentina. Others have migrated to Europe and other destinations. In

neg: Panzer II Panzer II The Panzer II is the common name used for a family of German tanks used in World War II. The official German designation was "Panzerkampfwagen" II (abbreviated PzKpfw II). Although the vehicle had originally been designed as a stopgap while larger, more advanced tanks were developed, it nonetheless went on to play an important role in the early years of World War II, during the Polish and French campaigns. The Panzer II was the most numerous tank in the German Panzer divisions at the beginning of the war. It was used in both North Africa against the Western

neg: Germans editor at The National Interest, such a statement is unprecedented when taking into consideration Germany's history. "This was an extraordinary statement from a top official of a nation that was ravaged by Germany during World War II. And it reflects a profound shift taking place throughout Germany and Europe about Berlin's position at the center of the Continent." Heilbrunn believes that the adage, "what was good for Germany was bad for the European Union" has been supplanted by a new mentality—what is in the interest of Germany is also in the interest of its neighbors. The evolution in Germany's national

neg: United States Army in World War II United States Army in World War II United States Army in World War II is the official history of the ground forces of the United States Army during World War II. The 78-volume work was originally published beginning in 1946. The work describes and to a degree evaluates the ground operations of the Army in 21 volumes. Additional volumes address grand strategy; recruitment, organization, and training; the service forces; the technical services; and special studies; again almost exclusively those of the ground forces. Three additional volumes provide a pictorial account. (Air operations, logistics, and training are presented in a separate

neg: Walter Herdeg Germany during World War II. At the time, Switzerland was not a participant to the war. Despite this condition, business in the country proceeded as usual but with a hint of unease from the fear of sudden attack. Because of this, Switzerland's borders were closed to migration, and the beginning of Graphis saw limited propagation. The magazine still found its way out of the country through the ambassadors who left Switzerland for other countries. At this time the magazine was one of the few that communicated to the western audiences as to what was being done in Europe design wise,

neg: European Travel Commission was established in 1948 in Norway. Between World War I and World War II, Europe became aware of the importance of tourism. The establishment of national tourism organizations rapidly led to the creation of the “International Union of Official Tourist Publicity Organizations”: its first mission was the launch of a joint publicity campaign named “Europe Calling”. This union became the International Union of Official Travel Organisations (IUOTO), which is today known as the World Tourism Organization, WTO. In its first General Assembly, the IUOTO adopted the principle of Regional Commissions: 19 European countries were represented and those countries decided to

neg: Heroes Over Europe Heroes Over Europe Heroes Over Europe is an arcade flying video game developed by Transmission Games and published by Ubisoft. It is the sequel to "Heroes of the Pacific". "Heroes Over Europe" follows three pilots - an American (Tom Forester) who flies with first the British and later the Americans, a Briton (Danny Miller), and a New Zealander (Will West)- through fourteen missions during World War II beginning in June 1940 and ending in January 1945. The game features over 40 World War II planes and online support for 16 players in Dogfight, Team Dogfight, Survivor, and Team Survivor game

neg: Nord Express than those in Western Europe. In Paris there was a connecting service to the "Sud Express" (Southern Express) to Lisbon. This train service enabled people to travel across Europe in what was, by the standards of the time, a very fast and comfortable manner. After World War I the train was diverted to Warsaw instead to Saint Petersburg. After World War II the "iron curtain" and air travel caused the end to this famous train. Since World War II the name "Nord Express" has been used for the initially luxury and since 1951 ordinary night train between Paris and Copenhagen.

neg: Superpower collapse in ideology led to a rapid wave of decolonization all over the world in the decades after World War II. The Suez Crisis of 1956 is generally considered the beginning of the end of Britain's period as a superpower. 'Dangers are never greater than when empires break up'. — Margaret Thatcher 'That special time (collapse of communism in Eastern Europe) caught me in its wild vortex and ... compelled me to do what had to be done.' Václav Havel 'The world reads an expansion in military activity as a sign of increasing power when in fact it serves to mask

neg: Antisemitism in Europe invasion of Poland in 1939 and the beginning of World War II, the Nazis began the final solution of the Jews in Europe. The Jews were concentrated in ghettos and later sent to concentration and death camps where they were murdered. In the occupied territories of the USSR, Jews were murdered in mass numbers by death squads with the help of local population. This practice was later replaced by gassing the Jews in the death camps; the largest of them was Auschwitz. With the end of World War II in 1945, the surviving Jews began to return to their homes

neg: Europe GDP per capita in the world according to the World Bank report. As a whole, Europe's GDP per capita is US$21,767 according to a 2016 International Monetary Fund assessment. Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism. From Britain, it gradually spread throughout Europe. The Industrial Revolution started in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom in the late 18th century, and the 19th century saw Western Europe industrialise. Economies were disrupted by World War I but by the beginning of World War II they had recovered and were having to compete with the growing economic strength

neg: Joseph Balkoski "an amazing book... If you want to know what D-Day and Normandy were like, from private to general, from rifle to tank, from beginning to end, this is the book for you." Balkoski's highly detailed series on the history of the 29th Division in World War II closed in 2015 with the publication of the fifth volume, "The Last Roll Call," which recounts the end of the war in Europe and the GIs' return to civilian life. His thirty-year effort to detail the history of this celebrated outfit was praised by author Rick Atkinson, who described the series as "a

neg: History of the Catholic Church since 1962 History of the Catholic Church since 1962 Post Vatican II history of the Catholic Church includes the recent history of the Catholic Church since the Second Vatican Council. In the aftermath of World War II, religious existence came under fire from communist governments in Eastern Europe and China. Although some priests have since been exposed as collaborators, both the Church's official resistance and the leadership of Pope John Paul II are credited with helping to bring about the downfall of communist governments across Europe in 1991. The Church policies after World War II under Pope Pius XII focused on material

neg: World War II in Albania World War II in Albania In Albania, World War II began with its invasion by Italy in April 1939. Fascist Italy set up Albania as its protectorate or puppet state. The resistance was largely carried out by Communist groups against the Italian (until 1943) and then German occupation in Albania. At first independent, the Communist groups united in the beginning of 1942, which ultimately led to the successful liberation of the country in 1944. The Center for Relief to Civilian Populations (Geneva) reported that Albania was one of the most devastated countries in Europe. 60,000 houses were destroyed and about

neg: Transitional justice The origins of the transitional justice field can be traced back to the post-World War II period in Europe with the establishment of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and the various de-Nazification programs in Germany and the trials of Japanese soldiers at Tokyo Tribunal. What became known as the "Nuremberg Trials", when the victorious allied forces extended criminal justice to Japanese and German soldiers and their leaders for war crimes committed during the war, marked the genesis of transitional justice. The field gained momentum and coherence during the 1980s and onwards, beginning with the trials of former members of

neg: Second Polish Republic of Gdynia. Between March and August 1939, Poland also shared a border with the then-Hungarian governorate of Subcarpathia. The Second Republic ceased to exist in 1939, when Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of World War II in Europe. In 1938, the Second Republic was the sixth largest country in Europe. According to the 1921 census, the number of inhabitants was 27.2 million. By 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, this had grown to an estimated 35.1 million. Almost a third of population came from minority groups:

neg: 1940–41 Divizia B 1940–41 Divizia B The 1940–41 Divizia B was the seventh season of the second tier of the Romanian football league system. The league included 26 teams divided in three regional series. Many changes in the composition of the series were generated by the historical factor, the beginning of the World War II. It was the last official season of Divizia B until 1946, when the league was resumed. The seasons played during the World War II are not considered official. Also, promotions and relegations are not feasible this season because Divizia A and Divizia C were also suspended for the

neg: White Tiger (2012 film) of what all of Europe silently wanted and were uneasy to openly admit. He finally ends with saying that the war has no beginning or end and that it is the original human state. White Tiger (2012 film) White Tiger (, translit. Belyy tigr) is a 2012 Russian war film, directed by Karen Shakhnazarov and co-written with Aleksandr Borodyansky based on the novel "Tankist, ili "Belyy tigr"" ("The Tank Crewman", "Tanker" or "The White Tiger") by Russian novelist Ilya Boyashov. The film is about a badly wounded Soviet tank commander on the Eastern Front of World War II who becomes

neg: Battle of Poljana finally raised around 4 pm on 15 May. Casualty estimates by the Partisans were at least 310 NDH and Axis dead in the two main locations of fighting, and 250 wounded. On the Partisan side, losses were considerably lower, numbering fewer than 100 dead and wounded. The surrender of this last area of Axis resistance 8 days after the official end of World War II in Europe, the surrender of the Germans on Monday 7 May 1945, was the last major battle of World War II in Europe. On May 15, the Bleiburg repatriations began. Battle of Poljana The Battle

neg: Military history of Greece during World War II "What did you do in the war, Thanasi?" and "Ipolochagos Natassa". The Greek defense was the subject of Swedish power metal band Sabaton's title track for their album Coat of Arms. Military history of Greece during World War II The military history of Greece during World War II began on 28 October 1940, when the Italian Army invaded from Albania, beginning the Greco-Italian War. The Greek Army was able to halt the invasion temporarily and was able to push the Italians back into Albania. The Greek successes forced Nazi Germany to intervene. The Germans invaded Greece and Yugoslavia on 6

neg: World War II 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously, and the two wars merged in 1941. This article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939. The exact date of the war's end is

neg: Werner Kempf Werner Kempf Werner Kempf (9 March 1886 – 6 January 1964) was a German general during the Nazi era. He rose to corps-level command during World War II. Kempf is best known for commanding the Army Detachment Kempf during the Battle of Kursk. Kempf joined the Imperial German Army on in 1905; following World War I, he served in the Reichswehr and later the Wehrmacht. In October 1937 Kempf took command of the newly formed 4th Panzer Brigade; in January 1939 he was promoted to "Generalmajor". At the beginning of World War II in Europe, he took part in the

neg: Europe and 17 million people who perished during the Holocaust. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people (mostly civilians) during the war, about half of all World War II casualties. By the end of World War II, Europe had more than 40 million refugees. Several post-war expulsions in Central and Eastern Europe displaced a total of about 20 million people. World War I and especially World War II diminished the eminence of Western Europe in world affairs. After World War II the map of Europe was redrawn at the Yalta Conference and divided into two blocs, the Western countries and

neg: Henry J. Kaiser mass-production techniques, such as using welding instead of rivets. Henry Kaiser was an early advocate of bringing American aid to those suffering from Nazi aggression in Europe. In 1940, a full year before the then-neutral United States had entered World War II, Kaiser was serving as National Chairman of United Clothing Collection for International War Relief to provide much-needed clothing for the refugees from Hitler's conquests in Europe, while the U.S. was still 'isolationist'. Kaiser fought Hitler far more directly with what he is most famous for: the Kaiser Shipyard in Richmond, California; during World War II adapting production techniques

neg: World War II by country July 1941. British occupation lasted until the end of the war. The province of İskenderun was given to Turkey to be kept neutral in the war. Tajikistan was part of the Soviet Union during World War II. So see this article's section on the Soviet Union. Thailand was nominally an ally of Japan at the beginning of the war. Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram, a military dictator with nationalist leanings, ruled under the Thai King. Thailand remained uninvolved when war broke out in Europe, but it took the opportunity of France's defeat to settle claims to parts of French Indochina, in

neg: Carmel Offie argued on his behalf. Washington, D.C., police arrested Offie in 1943 and charged him with "disorderly conduct." He had solicited an undercover police officer in Lafayette Park across from the White House. With the knowledge of Secretary of State Cordell Hull, the State Department provided Offie with a cover story in the form of a note asserting that Offie had planned a rendezvous with a confidential source as part of his official duties. Offie served in Europe during the final years of World War II, beginning first in March 1944 as an aide to Robert Murphy, the State Department's civilian

neg: 1940s 1940s The 1940s (pronounced "nineteen-forties" and commonly abbreviated as the "Forties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1940, and ended on December 31, 1949. Most of World War II took place in the first half of the decade, which had a profound effect on most countries and people in Europe, Asia, and elsewhere. The consequences of the war lingered well into the second half of the decade, with a war-weary Europe divided between the jostling spheres of influence of the Western world and the Soviet Union, leading to the beginning of the Cold War.

neg: Vakhtang Chabukiani what marked the beginning of the Soviet ballet, she answered: "the ballets of Chabukiani ..." In 1939 fascist Germany attacked Poland. The Soviet Union supported Germany and took part in annexation of Poland. The countries of Europe and the USA refused to help Poland. World War II began. The government of the USSR demanded the works supporting policy of the USSR. The ballet "Taras Bulba" became such work. The short story "Taras Bulba" by Nikolai Gogol was put in a plot of ballet. Taras Bulba has two sons, Ostap and Andriy. Andriy fell in love with the Polish girl and

neg: Economy of Europe World War II, European governments were in tatters Many non-Socialist European governments moved to link their economies, laying the foundation for what would become the European Union. This meant a huge increase in shared infrastructure and cross-border trade. Whilst these European states rapidly improved their economies, by the 1980s, the economy of the COMECON was struggling, mainly due to the massive cost of the Cold War. The GDP and the living standards of Central and Eastern European states were lower than in other parts of Europe. The European Community grew from 6 original members following World War II, to 12

neg: Propaganda and India in World War II and printed news sheets and leaflets. One news sheet was titled the "Hamara Hindustan" and was a four-page weekly newspaper with stories of progress in the war in Europe and Asia, as well as maps and images. This paper was printed in Urdu, and first disseminated in early 1944 by GHQ, India. Many of the leaflets and newspapers were particularly focused at Indian troops towards the end of the war. At the beginning of World War II, the Germans were hesitant to get involved with India as it was part of the British Empire. Subhas Chandra Bose was the main

neg: John Balmer from No. 30 Squadron, Hudsons from No. 6 Squadron, and his own No. 100 Squadron Beauforts in an assault on Japanese shipping near Milne Bay. It was the first time the Beauforts had been armed with torpedoes in combat, and they failed to score any hits. Beginning in October 1942, Nos. 6 and 100 Squadrons were given what the official history of the RAAF in World War II called the "huge task" of keeping open the sea lanes between Australia and New Guinea, while disrupting as best they could Japanese lines of communication and supply. The units kept up a

neg: Evacuation of the Louvre museum art collection during World War II responsible of the conservation of the French art collections under the Kunstschutz principle, arrived in Paris to oversee France’s art collection, but the museum was almost empty. He knew what was going on but voluntarily did not do anything. Evacuation of the Louvre museum art collection during World War II During the beginning of the German invasions during World War II, Jacques Jaujard, the director of the French Musées Nationaux, foreshadowed the fall of France and decided to organize the evacuation of the Louvre art collection in province. On 25 August 1939, the Louvre was closed for 3 days, officially

neg: Shrinking cities of justice, racism, economic and health disparity, as well as inequitable power relations, are consequences of the shrinking cities phenomenon. The question is, what causes urban decline and why? While theories do vary, three main categories of influence are widely attributed to urban decline: deindustrialization, globalization, and suburbanization. One theory of shrinking cities is deindustrialization or, the process of disinvestment from industrial urban centers. This theory of shrinking cities is mainly focused on post-World War II Europe. Following World War II, global economic power shifted from Western Europe to the United States. At this moment, manufacturing declined in Western Europe

neg: Mortuary Affairs 303rd, and 304th Grave Registration Units. They were deployed to Europe during the war. Many of the men that served in these units had been incapacitated for field service. The Graves Registration Service ceased to exist during Interwar period. This led to difficulties reactivating the service at the beginning of World War II. Despite these initial difficulties, by the end of the war, the Graves Registration service consisted of more than 30 active companies and 11 separately numbered platoons. At the end of World War II, the Graves Registration service was again effectively disbanded. The sudden onset of the Korean

neg: World War II evacuation and expulsion the invasion of Poland in September 1939 which marked the beginning of World War II, the campaign of ethnic "cleansing" became the goal of military operations for the first time since the end of World War I. The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was set up in 1943, to provide humanitarian relief to the huge numbers of potential and existing refugees in areas facing Allied liberation. UNRRA provided billions of US dollars of rehabilitation aid, and helped about 8 million refugees. It ceased operations in Europe in 1947, and in Asia in 1949, upon which it ceased to exist.

neg: Israel–Poland relations Israel–Poland relations Israel–Poland relations comprise diplomatic relations between Israel and Poland. At least 220,000 Israeli citizens are of Polish-Jewish origin. Both countries are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the United Nations. Beginning in the late 900s CE, Poland became host to what was to become, until the 1940s, the largest Jewish community in Europe. In World War II and the Jewish genocide perpetrated by Germany, much of Poland's Jewish community was destroyed, and many surviving Polish Jews emigrated to other countries, including some 70,000 who moved to Israel. On 29

neg: Events preceding World War II in Europe Events preceding World War II in Europe The events preceding World War II in Europe are closely tied to the rise of fascism, especially in Nazi Germany and communism, especially in the Soviet Union. World War II is generally viewed as having its roots in the aftermath of World War I. In that war, the German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm II, with its allies, was defeated, chiefly by the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. The victors blamed Germany entirely for the war and all resulting damages; it was Germany that effectively started the war with an attack on

neg: Polish contribution to World War II 4th largest Allied army in Europe, after the Soviet Union, United States and Britain. The invasion of Poland by the military forces of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and a small German-allied Slovak contingent marked the beginning of World War II in Europe. In keeping with the terms of the of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Germany informed the Soviet Union that its forces were nearing the Soviet interest zone in Poland and so urged the Soviet Union to move into its zone. The Soviets had been taken by surprise by the speed of the German advance as they had expected to

neg: Events preceding World War II in Europe exerted pressure on weaker governments to place their economies at the disposal of the German war machine. One such case was the German-Romanian economic agreement of March 23, 1939. Events preceding World War II in Europe The events preceding World War II in Europe are closely tied to the rise of fascism, especially in Nazi Germany and communism, especially in the Soviet Union. World War II is generally viewed as having its roots in the aftermath of World War I. In that war, the German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm II, with its allies, was defeated, chiefly by the United Kingdom,

neg: Domino theory Europe into its influence as part of the post-World War II new settlement, prompting Winston Churchill to declare in a speech in 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri that: Following the Iran crisis of 1946, Harry S. Truman declared what became known as the Truman Doctrine in 1947, promising to contribute financial aid to Greece during their Civil War and to Turkey following World War II, in the hope that this would impede the advancement of Communism into Western Europe. Later that year, diplomat George Kennan wrote an article in "Foreign Affairs" magazine that became known as the "X

neg: Naval Ops: Warship Gunner mode or the World War II mode. In the World War II mode, technologies available will be mostly consistent with what was available to World War II-era warships. In the Normal mode, more advanced technology is available, including science fiction weapons like lasers and wave guns. At the beginning of the game, the player is given command of a generic destroyer. As missions are completed, the player earns points and money. The points go toward crew promotions, while the money can be used to purchase ship parts from boat hulls to weapons, armor, and equipment. The money earned can also

neg: Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe were camps established after World War II in Germany, Austria, and Italy, primarily for refugees from Eastern Europe and for the former inmates of the Nazi German concentration camps. A "displaced persons camp" is a temporary facility for displaced persons, whether refugees or internally displaced persons. Two years after the end of World War II in Europe, some 850,000 people lived in DP camps across Europe, among them Armenians, Poles, Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Yugoslavs, Jews, Greeks, Russians, Ukrainians and Czechoslovaks. At the end of

neg: Golden age of baseball Golden age of baseball The Golden Age of Baseball, or Baseball's Golden Era, is the period from about 1920 to 1960. The golden era is the time period immediately following the dead-ball era (before World War I) but prior to what is now called the modern era. There is no exact timeframe in any of these eras. MLB considers the post World War II era to be the beginning of the modern age, which places the golden era between the end of World War I and the end of World War II. Much of baseball's golden age was captured in

neg: Jewish Community Council of Victoria Jews have lived in what was to become Australia from the beginning of European settlement (1788) but the Jewish population only grew significantly after World War II, largely due to migration from Europe. The last Australian Census (2006) put the Jewish population of Melbourne (Victoria’s capital) at 40,547 of a national Jewish population of 88,834. It is estimated, however, that there may well be under-counting of up to 30% for a range of reasons. One reputable analysis of the Census figures estimates that 60,080 Jews live in Victoria, constituting 1.2% of the total Victorian population. Other estimates, based on the

neg: 65th Infantry Regiment (United States) of Infantry, United States Army. On May 14, 1917, the Regiment was activated and additional men were assigned, with the unit being sent to serve at Panama. On June 4, 1920, the Regiment was renamed 65th Infantry. During World War II, the Regiment saw action throughout Europe, especially France and Germany, participating in Naples-Foggia, Rome-Arno and Rhin. Several Purple Hearts were handed posthumously to members of the 65th Regiment. The 65th Infantry Regiment participated in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and in what is known in the United States as the War on Terror. On April

neg: Rhodesian Air Force responsible for training aircrews for the defence of the Empire during World War II. The most suitable site comprised a portion of Thornhill farm and an adjacent farm, Glengarry. This land was commandeered for the duration of the War and finally purchased in 1947. The first buildings were constructed in 1941 and official use and the beginning of training began in March 1942. Some of the original buildings of this time are still in use at Thornhill today. The town of Gwelo and the air station grew during World War II. A total of 1810 pilots were trained during this

neg: Mikhail Meltyukhov Mikhail Meltyukhov Mikhail Ivanovich Meltyukhov (: Михаил Иванович Мельтюхов, ), (born 14 March 1966), is a Russian military historian. Currently he is working at the Russian Institute of Documents and Historical Records Research. Meltyukhov was born in Moscow. In 1995, he defended the dissertation “Contemporary Historiography on Pre-history of the German-Soviet War” on historiography concerning the beginning of World War II. Since then, he has published several studies, many of which are notable for the critical review of the official Soviet conceptions of World War II. Some important works in this direction are "On the Verge of the Great Patriotic

neg: .41 Long Colt of bullet and bore sizes, but by the beginning of World War I it was in serious decline and it fell from use by the beginning of World War II. The .41 long Colt was a moderately popular chambering in several Colt models. It was available in the Model 1877 Thunderer double action revolver, the series of New Army and New Navy revolvers of 1889, 1892 94,95,96, 1901 & 1903, the Single Action Army, the Bisley Model, the Army Special-Official Police. Today, the .41 Long Colt is a mere relic of the past and is considered obsolete. It is currently

neg: Grigore Gafencu was sent as ambassador to Moscow, where he remained till the beginning of the war against the Soviet Union on 21 June 1941. During the war he settled in Geneva, Switzerland. During World War II, he collaborated with the "Journal de Genève" and other newspapers across Europe. In 1944, his book "Préliminaires de la guerre à l'Est" (Preliminaries of the War in the East) was published under the author name of Grégoire Gafenco at the Egloff publishing house in Fribourg. After the war, Gafencu moved to Paris. He then published his second book, Last Days of Europe ("Derniers jours de

neg: War in Europe (game) for France 1940, North Africa 1942 (from Gazala to Tunis), Italy 1943, and France 1944. "War in the East" includes a scenario for each of the years 1941, 1942, 1943, and 1944. The complete "War in Europe" contains a single scenario for the fall of Germany, beginning in December 1944 with the Battle of the Bulge. The full game can be played by two or three players (the Soviets have separate victory conditions, based on control of territorial objectives, from the Western Allies), but is also playable solitaire. For many World War II wargamers, this became the ultimate World War

neg: Architecture of Colombia and looked elsewhere for new models, first England, then France, marking the beginning of what became known as Republican Architecture ("Arquitectura republicana"), an era that lasted well into the twentieth century, when the changes in architectural thinking in Europe brought Modern Architecture to the country during the last years before World War II. Prominent Colombian architects include Rafael Esguerra, Daniel Bermúdez, Giancarlo Mazzanti, Rogelio Salmona, Álvaro Barrera, Patricio Samper Gnecco, Bruce Graham, Laureano Forero Ochoa, Pedro Nel Gómez, Raúl Fajardo Moreno, Rafael Esguerra, Arturo Robledo Ocampo and Simón Vélez. Firms include . Jorge Arango, Andres Cortes, Jaime Correa and Felipe

neg: Desmond Parsons developed Hodgkin's Disease. His brother, who was visiting him, managed to bring back Parsons to Europe where he died on 4 July 1937. Byron died in 1941 when the ship he was travelling was attacked during World War II. At the beginning of the World War II, Acton sent back to Birr Castle Parsons' collection of Chinese Art. Desmond Parsons Hon. Desmond Edward Parsons (13 December 1910 – 4 July 1937) was an aristocratic aesthete, regarded as "one of the most magnetic men of his generation." He had a passionate friendship with James Lees-Milne, was the one true love of

neg: World War II Online because of legal considerations with the old title of "Blitzkrieg", whose trademark was owned by another game. The Battleground Europe re-release was distributed across Europe in late 2005 and in the US in early 2006 by the game's new publishers GMX Media (Europe) and Matrix Games (USA). "World War II Online: Battleground Europe" was largely a compilation of fixes already available through patches to the original game. However, compared to the initial 2001 release, the game was drastically different due to these changes. World War II Online World War II Online is a massively multiplayer online first-person shooter (MMOFPS) video

neg: Theodore Knauth Berlin during World War II. He reported for "The Chicago Tribune", "The New York Times", and "Time Magazine". Theodore Knauth Theodore Whitman Knauth (1885-1962) was an investment banker, journalist, and government official. His career included reporting as a war correspondent from Europe for NBC Radio during the early years of World War II and service for the U.S. government in the American Zone of Occupation. Knauth was born in New York City on January 13, 1885. He graduated from Morristown School (now Morristown-Beard School) in Morristown, NJ in 1903. Knauth then completed his bachelor's degree at Harvard University in Cambridge,

neg: Invasion of Poland but the culmination of combined European and Pacific conflicts would result in what was truly a "world war". Thus, what was not seen by most politicians and generals in 1939 is clear from the historical perspective: The Polish September Campaign marked the beginning of a pan-European war, which combined with the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and the Pacific War in 1941 to form the global conflict known as World War II. The invasion of Poland led Britain and France to declare war on Germany on 3 September. However, they did little to affect the outcome of the September

neg: M1 carbine not Underwood) One has to wonder what the GI thought when he looked at the manufacture's name of the Carbine he had been issued to carry into battle when it was marked UN-QUALITY. Many carbines were refurbished at several arsenals after the war, with many parts interchanged from original maker carbines. True untouched war production carbines, therefore, are the most desirable for collectors. The M1 carbine was also one of the most cost effective weapons used by the United States Military during World War II. At the beginning of World War II the average production cost for an M1 carbine

neg: Nixon shock exchange rate of $35 per ounce, which was redeemable by the U.S. government. Thus, the United States was committed to backing every dollar overseas with gold, and other currencies were pegged to the dollar. For the first years after World War II, the Bretton Woods system worked well. With the Marshall Plan, Japan and Europe were rebuilding from the war, and countries outside the US wanted dollars to spend on American goods—cars, steel, machinery, etc. Because the U.S. owned over half the world's official gold reserves—574 million ounces at the end of World War II—the system appeared secure. However, from

neg: Post–World War II economic expansion former Axis powers and the western Allies. After the war, the major powers were determined not to repeat the mistakes of the Great Depression, some of which were ascribed to post–World War I policy errors. The Marshall Plan for the rebuilding of Europe is most credited for reconciliation, though the immediate post-war situations was more complicated. In 1948 the Marshall Plan pumped over $12 billion to rebuild and modernize Western Europe. The European Coal and Steel Community formed the foundation of what was to become the European Union in later years. Institutional economists point to the international institutions established in

neg: World War II in popular culture period and its impact on what happened afterward. World War II has provided material for many films, television programmes and books, beginning during the war. The film aspect had reached its peak by the 1960s, with films such as "The Longest Day" (which had been adapted from a book), "The Great Escape", "Patton" and "Battle of Britain". In the UK the actor Sir John Mills became particularly associated with war dramas, such as "The Colditz Story" (1954), "Above Us the Waves" (1955) and "Ice Cold in Alex" (1958), and was seen as the personification of Britain at war, conveying heroism

neg: Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia The expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after World War II was part of a series of evacuations and deportations of Germans from Central and Eastern Europe during and after World War II. During the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Czech resistance groups demanded the deportation of ethnic Germans from Czechoslovakia. The decision to deport the Germans was adopted by the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile which, beginning in 1943, sought the support of the Allies for this proposal. The final agreement for the expulsion of the German population however was not reached until 2 August 1945 at the

neg: Eric Hobsbawm new world being born in great suffering would still have been worth backing" but, unfortunately, "Soviet Union was not the beginning of the World Revolution". The following year, when asked the same question on BBC Radio 4's "Desert Island Discs", that is if "the sacrifice of millions of lives" would have been worth the future communist society, he replied: "That's what we felt when we fought the Second World War", repeating what already said to Michael Ignatieff, "now people says we shouldn't had World War II" because of the massive number of deaths, but in fact, at the time, "very

neg: Action painting after World War II ended. With this came a disordered economy and culture in Europe, and in America the government took advantage of their new state of importance. A product of the post-World War II artistic resurgence of expressionism in America and more specifically New York City, action painting developed in an era where quantum mechanics and psychoanalysis were beginning to flourish and were changing people's perception of the physical and psychological world; and civilization's understanding of the world through heightened self-consciousness and awareness. American action painters pondered the nature of art as well as the reasons for the existence

neg: Cold War course of the 1960s and 1970s, Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new, more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs. From the beginning of the post-war period, Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s, with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States, while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated. As a result of the 1973 oil crisis, combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as the Organization

neg: Kester Berwick to Kester Baruch after a friend told him that would sound "less plebeian", than changed it again to Kester Berwick at the beginning of World War II, when he was living in Switzerland. He founded the experimental Ab-Intra Studio Theatre in Adelaide with Alan Harkness in 1931. In 1935, the two men closed Ab-Intra and went to Europe. Berwick studied at Dartington Hall, Devon, England, with Michael Chekhov a former student of Stanislavski, for four years from 1936 to 1937. After World War II broke out he returned to Australia to spend this time teaching. In the 'forties he was

neg: Catherine Bramwell-Booth Russia and in 1917 made headlines when she led a rescue team into the area devastated by the Silvertown TNT explosion at the Brunner-Mond munitions factory in what has become known as the Silvertown explosion, when seventy-three people died and hundreds were injured. Later, she was to be involved with relief work in Europe after both World War I and World War II. She left the International Training College in 1917 to become the Under Secretary for Europe for Salvation Army work in Europe, being attached to the International Headquarters in London. In 1926 she was promoted to Colonel, and

neg: Seferberlik meaning “civilian travel in a time of official mobilization”. In Persian, the term “Seferber” means prepared for war and when combined with the Ottoman suffix –lik the word means “Mobilization in preparation for war”. The practice of Safarberlik and its significance in Arab literature and history is shown in what follows. For the Ottoman government, the term Safarberlik was part of official state discourse referring to wartime mobilization either during the second Balkan war or World War I. When Ottoman regional and local officials stood publicly to announce the beginning of the conscription process, they loudly began their announcements with

neg: European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry that World War II, far from being a case of German aggression was really just an Anglo-German struggle for power. Newman wrote that World War II was not "Hitler's unique responsibility..." and rather contended that "Instead of a German war of aggrandizement, the war become one of Anglo-German rivalry for power and influence, the culmination of the struggle for the right to determine the future configuration of Europe". The "Newman controversy" caused much historical debate about what were Chamberlain's reasons for the "guarantee" of Poland in March 1939, with some reviewers arguing that Newman had failed to support his case

neg: Fashion photography decades. Richard Avedon revolutionized fashion photography — and redefined the role of the fashion photographer — in the post-World War II era with his imaginative images of the modern woman. From 1939 and onward, what had previously been the flourishing and sizeable industry of fashion photography all but stopped due to the beginnings of World War II. The United States and Europe quickly diverged from one another. What had previously been a togetherness and inspired working relationship diverged with Paris occupied and London under siege. Paris, the main fashion-power house of the time quickly became isolated from the United States—especially

neg: Mary Kessell 1939. Throughout her time as a student she illustrated books, one of which was "Miss Kimber" by Osbert Sitwell in 1937. During the end of the Second World War, Kessell was based in Germany having been commissioned by the War Artists Advisory Committee, WAAC, as an official British war artist. Just three female war artists worked abroad during World War II; as one of them, Kessell was asked to document refugees "moving through Europe in the aftermath of the German surrender". She spent six weeks in Germany, from 9 August 1945 to 20 September, where she made charcoal drawings of

neg: Purnell's History of the Second World War I, e.g., Battleships of the First World War, The Desert War, German Secret Weapons, D Day: Invasion of Hitler's Europe and German Tanks 1939–45. While popular, they included a great deal of material previously published in the main magazine. Though the magazine is long out of print, it is remembered as largely achieving what it set out to do, and back issues remain sought after on internet auctions. Purnell's History of the Second World War Purnell's History of the Second World War was a hugely successful weekly anthology or 'partwork' publication covering all aspects of World War II that was

neg: Laa an der Thaya after World War I with the establishment of the First Czechoslovak Republic; at the end of World War II it bordered the "Iron Curtain" dividing Europe. In June 2005, about 250 townspeople and 80 visitors from the US, Israel and Europe with historical family links to former Jewish citizens of Laa an der Thaya assembled with Mayor Fass to dedicate a memorial to the members of 33 Jewish families of Laa murdered by the SS in Auschwitz. This memorial was only the second official memorial dedicated to the memory of Austria's Jews. Since October 7, 2015 Brigitte Ribisch is the

neg: German-occupied Poland German-occupied Poland German-occupied Poland during World War II consisted of two major parts with different type of administration. Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany following the Invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II, nearly a quarter of the entire territory of the Second Polish Republic, were placed directly under the German civil administration. The official term used by the Nazi authorities for these areas was the "incorporated Eastern territories" (German: "Eingegliederte Ostgebiete"). They planned for a complete Germanization of the annexed territories, considering them part of their lebensraum. The rest of Nazi occupied Poland was renamed as

neg: Pornography in Japan "Eroguronansensu", literally "erotic-grotesque-nonsense", occurred influenced by decadence works of Europe. Open sexual expressions were permitted in novels and "manga" but a strict control was applied on photographs and films. After World War II, the law against 'obscenity', Article 175, was the only official censorship law that remained in force. Influenced by magazines like "Playboy", pornographic magazines were printed soon after World War II. While "Playboy"s articles were about the American lifestyle; women were mostly non-Asian, interviews were with people largely unknown in Japan, and fashion and sport were American, it thereby spawned a fetish and a genre known as "yōmono"

neg: Eastern Front (World War II) Eastern Front (World War II) The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.), Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Southeast Europe (Balkans) from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945. It has been known as the Great Patriotic War (, "Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna") in the former Soviet Union and modern Russia, while in Germany it was called the Eastern Front (), or the German-Soviet War by outside parties. The battles on the Eastern Front of

neg: Abraham Osheroff 1938 after a severe injury to his knee, Osheroff ran for the New York Legislature as a Communist. When World War II broke out, he enlisted in the US Army to fight the Third Reich in Europe. The Army did not allow him to go overseas because they were concerned about his political views. Instead, he served as an instructor, rank Sgt..based primarily in the South. At the beginning of World War II, he married his first wife,Sylvia, and had a son Carl. After the war, he taught at the Jefferson School of Social Science in New York, a Marxist

neg: Alexandra Denisova popularity that the European dancers started to adopt Russian pseudonyms. Young Patricia Galian also followed this trend and started to perform as Alexandra Denisova. Before the beginning of World War II, she worked in troupe of "Original Ballet Russe" — OBR (other name is "Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo"). The troupe went on tour in the different countries, first of all making tour across Europe. All were broken by the Second World War: tours across Europe have been cancelled. The route has changed in a direction to the South America. Nikolay Yavorsky wasn't the professional dancer too, but once in young

neg: Driving (horse) the 5th century (Southern and Northern Dynasties) allowed horses to pull greater weight than they could when hitched to a vehicle by means of the ox yokes or breast collars used in earlier times. The horse collar arrived in Europe during the 9th century, and became widespread throughout Europe by the 12th century. With the invention of the automobile, the tractor and other internal combustion vehicles, the need for driving horses diminished, beginning with the end of World War I and to an even greater degree after World War II. However, interest in driving competition for horses continued, with the

neg: United States the Soviet Union, and other Allies, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an Allied victory was won in Europe, a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter, which became active after the war. The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; causing the Japanese to surrender on September 2, ending World War II. Parades and celebrations followed in what is known as Victory Day, or V-J Day. After World War II the United States and the

neg: History of the Jews in Europe hundreds of Jewish communities in continental Europe — two out of three Jews of Europe were murdered. History of the Jews in Europe Jews, originally Judaean Israelite tribes from the Levant in Western Asia, migrated to Europe just before the rise of the Roman Empire. A notable early event in the history of the Jews in the Roman Empire was Pompey's conquest of the East beginning in 63 BCE although Alexandrian Jews had migrated to Rome before this event. The pre-World War II Jewish population of Europe is estimated to have been close to 9 million. Around 6 million Jews

neg: II Corps (United States) II Corps (United States) The II Corps was a corps-sized formation of the United States Army that was active in both World War I and World War II. It was originally formed and fought on the Western Front during World War I and was also the first American formation of any size to see combat in North Africa or Europe during World War II. II Corps was organized on 24 February 1918. It first saw significant action in Europe in August 1918, in the Hundred Days Offensive, as part of the British Third Army. Advances made during a secondary assault

neg: J Malan Heslop his basic training in Lebanon, Tennessee, where he took his first official army photographs. He received the rank of Technician 5th grade, T/5, which is the equivalent of a Corporal. He was sent to Europe on July 23, 1944 on the "Mauritania". He served for nine months during the end of World War II in the European Theater from September 1944 to May 1945. He served in Austria, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, and Germany. He documented significant people, organizations, and events during World War II, among these: the Counterintelligence Corps, Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill in Paris, and the Battle

neg: Alfred-Maurice de Zayas und Vertreibung". Since 1996, de Zayas has been married to Carolina Jolanda Edelenbos, a Dutch national and UN official, with whom he had a son, Stefan (deceased). De Zayas' work into the expulsion of Germans from their areas in eastern Germany and Eastern Europe at the end of World War II is extensive. In 1975, he published a study in the "Harvard International Law Journal", questioning the legality of the expulsion of possibly as many as 15 million Germans from their homes after World War II, invoking the Atlantic Charter, the Hague Conventions, and the Nuremberg Principles. The article was

neg: German-occupied Poland the General Government district (). German-occupied Poland German-occupied Poland during World War II consisted of two major parts with different type of administration. Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany following the Invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II, nearly a quarter of the entire territory of the Second Polish Republic, were placed directly under the German civil administration. The official term used by the Nazi authorities for these areas was the "incorporated Eastern territories" (German: "Eingegliederte Ostgebiete"). They planned for a complete Germanization of the annexed territories, considering them part of their lebensraum. The rest of Nazi

neg: World Socialist Party of the United States of World War II, the "Western Socialist" could not be published in Canada as an anti-war journal. Beginning with Vol. VI whole number 55, October 1939, the periodical was published in Boston and became the official organ of both the SPC and the WSPUS. Its final issue was Vol. XL, whole number 319, 1979–1980. In 1947, the party's name was changed, this time to the present World Socialist Party of the United States. During the 1980s, the party began to publish "World Socialist Review", the first issue being dated 1986. "World Socialist Review" has been published irregularly since then. The

neg: Volksmarine Volksmarine The Volksmarine (VM, ; ), was the official designation of the naval forces of East Germany. It was part of the National People's Army, established on 1 March 1956. Soon after the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War the Soviet Union initiated the rearming of its satellite state in East Germany. This included the gradual formation of maritime forces. Beginning in 1950, Soviet naval officers helped to establish the "Hauptverwaltung Seepolizei" (Main Administration Sea Police), which was renamed "Volkspolizei–See (VP–See)" (People's Police – Sea) on 1 July 1952. At the same time parts

neg: Allies of World War II Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelić declared the Independent State of Croatia before the invasion was over. King Peter II and much of the Yugoslavian government had left the country. In the United Kingdom, they joined numerous other governments in exile from Nazi-occupied Europe. Beginning with the uprising in Herzegovina in June 1941, there was continuous anti-Axis resistance in Yugoslavia until the end of the war. Before the end of 1941, the anti-Axis resistance movement split between the royalist Chetniks and the communist Yugoslav Partisans of Josip Broz Tito who fought both against each other during the war and against the

neg: Herbert Moran profession to use radium needles or radium tubes in the treatment of cancer in Australia. In France in 1926 he did work at the Cancer Clinic of Villejuif. He retired from medical practice in 1935 aged 50 and spent time roaming through Europe. He spent some considerable time in Italy, became proficient in Italian and had four audiences with Benito Mussolini. After the Italian invasion of Abyssinia, he went there as a freelance doctor in 1936. He subsequently spent a year in Germany learning the language before World War II broke out. Again at the beginning of World War II

neg: Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe infirm, crippled, or otherwise disabled. Some found resolution through suicide. Some European countries accepted these refugees on a humanitarian basis. Norway accepted 200 refugees who were blind or had tuberculosis, and Sweden also accepted a limited number. In the end most of them were accepted by Germany and Austria for their care and ultimately full resettlement as citizens. Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe were camps established after World War II in Germany, Austria, and Italy, primarily for refugees from Eastern Europe and for the former inmates of the Nazi

neg: James McGlincy James McGlincy James "Jim" Francis McGlincy (August 21, 1917 – February 9, 1988) was an American journalist. From 1940 to 1949 he worked as a war correspondent for the United Press, covering World War II in Europe and later joining a press corps led by Tex McCrary that toured Asia after the surrender in Europe. In 1945, he was among the first Americans to enter Hiroshima after the atomic bombing. Beginning in 1940, McGlincy reported for the United Press bureau out of London, where he roomed with colleague Walter Cronkite, who he remained friends with for the rest of his

neg: Miss Europe Miss Europe Miss Europe is a beauty pageant with female contestants from all over Europe. It was established in February 1929 by French journalist Maurice de Waleffe (1874-1946), who also created, in 1920, what by 1927 had become the Miss France pageant. Miss Europa was first held at the Paris Opera with participants from 18 countries. The contest was interrupted by the onset of World War II but later re-established by Mr. Zeigler (of the Moulin Rouge) and Claude Berr. Most contestants won their respective national contests for Miss World, and participated as supplemental training for their respective competitions. After