query: when was the expression unity and integrity of the nation added in the preamble to the constitution

pos: Preamble to the Constitution of India being a part of the Constitution, the Preamble can be subjected to Constitutional Amendments exercised under article 368, however, the basic structure cannot be altered. The preamble has been amended only once so far. On 18 December 1976, during the Emergency in India, the Indira Gandhi government pushed through several changes in the Forty-second Amendment of the constitution. A committee under the chairmanship of Sardar Swaran Singh recommended that this amendment be enacted after being consulted to study the question of amending the constitution in the light of past experience. Through this amendment, the words "socialist" and "secular" were added

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India between the words "Sovereign" and "democratic" and the words "unity of the Nation" were changed to "unity and integrity of the Nation". Preamble to the Constitution of India The preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out guiding people and principles of the document, and it indicates the source from which the ordinary document derives its authority, meaning, the people. The hopes and aspirations of the people as well as the ideals before our nation are described in the preamble in clear words. It may be considered the heart and soul of the Constitution.

neg: Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister's Office. The amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding India's federal structure. The 42nd Amendment also amended Preamble and changed the description of India from "sovereign democratic republic" to a "sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". The Emergency era had been widely unpopular, and the 42nd Amendment was the most controversial issue. The clampdown on civil liberties

neg: Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution The Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution is the first part of the Syrian constitution introduced on 13 March 1973. It discusses the basic principles governing all citizens of the Syrian Arab Republic. The preamble contains the five main principles of the constitution. First, it defines the Arab nation's aspirations in unity, freedom and socialism and stipulates that the means to achieve these aspirations lie in the wider Arab revolution. Second, within the reality of a divided Arab nation, collective defense will be needed to counter the dangers of imperialism

neg: Nanabhoy Palkhivala 1 SCC 85]: "The survival of our democracy and the unity and integrity of the nation depend upon the realisation that constitutional morality is no less essential than constitutional legality. Dharma (righteousness; sense of public duty or virtue) lives in the hearts of public men; when it dies there, no Constitution, no law, no amendment, can save it." He was a strong proponent of the rights of freedom of expression and freedom of the press. In an attempt to stifle dissenting opinion, the central government imposed import controls on newsprint in 1972. In the case before the Supreme Court [Bennett

neg: Censorship in India 2010. Censorship in India In general, censorship in India, which involves the suppression of speech or other public communication, raises issues of freedom of speech, which is protected by the Indian constitution. The Constitution of India guarantees freedom of expression but places certain restrictions on content, with a view towards maintaining communal and religious harmony, given the history of communal tension in the nation. According to the Information Technology Rules 2011, objectionable content includes anything that "“threatens the unity, integrity, defence, security or sovereignty of India, friendly relations with foreign states or public order"". In 2018, the Freedom in the

neg: Censorship in India Censorship in India In general, censorship in India, which involves the suppression of speech or other public communication, raises issues of freedom of speech, which is protected by the Indian constitution. The Constitution of India guarantees freedom of expression but places certain restrictions on content, with a view towards maintaining communal and religious harmony, given the history of communal tension in the nation. According to the Information Technology Rules 2011, objectionable content includes anything that "“threatens the unity, integrity, defence, security or sovereignty of India, friendly relations with foreign states or public order"". In 2018, the Freedom in the World

neg: Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India Amendment changed the description of India from a "sovereign democratic republic" to a "sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". B. R. Ambedkar, the principal architect of the Constitution, was opposed to declaring India's social and economic structure in the Constitution. During the Constituent Assembly debates on framing the Constitution in 1946, K.T. Shah proposed an amendment seeking to declare India as a "Secular, Federal, Socialist" nation. In his opposition to the amendment, Ambedkar stated, "My objections, stated briefly are two. In the first place the

neg: Constitution of Latvia 2006, an amendment that defined that marriage as the union of one man and one woman was added. In 2007, article 40 was amended and article 81 was abolished. In 2009, possibility for electorate to dissolve the Parliament was introduced. On 19 June 2014 Preamble of the Constitution of Latvia was adopted by Saeima. Preamble text initially presented by European Court of Justice judge Egils Levits on 2013 described all basic values of the Republic of Latvia and Latvians. Levits draft of preamble to the Satversme stated the following: In order to ensure the existence of the Latvian nation through

neg: President of Moldova Moldova”. According to the Article 77 of the Constitution of Moldova (1994), the President of Moldova is the head of the State and represents the State and is the guarantor of national sovereignty, independence, and the unity and territorial integrity of the nation. The Acting President of Moldova () is a person who fulfills the duties of President of Moldova when cases of incapacity and vacancy occur. It is a temporary post provided by the Constitution of Moldova. According to Article 91 of the Constitution of Moldova (1994): According to Article 89 of the Constitution of Moldova (1994): According to

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India Preamble to the Constitution of India The preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out guiding people and principles of the document, and it indicates the source from which the ordinary document derives its authority, meaning, the people. The hopes and aspirations of the people as well as the ideals before our nation are described in the preamble in clear words. It may be considered the heart and soul of the Constitution. The preamble can be referred to as the preface which highlights the entire Constitution. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by

neg: Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan threat of external aggression against the sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity of Afghanistan," the proposed agreement states. There is a later clause saying they would "consult urgently" in the event of such aggression. Obama added in a letter to his Afghan counterpart: "The US commitment to Afghanistan's independence, territorial integrity, and national unity, as enshrined in our Strategic Partnership Agreement, is enduring, as is our respect for Afghan sovereignty." In a preamble, the draft specifies that "the United States does not seek permanent military facilities in Afghanistan, or a presence that is a threat to Afghanistan's neighbors, and has pledged

neg: U.S.–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement NATO-style mutual defense pact the Afghans originally wanted. "The United States shall regard with grave concern any external aggression or threat of external aggression against the sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity of Afghanistan," the proposed agreement states. There is a later clause saying they would "consult urgently" in the event of such aggression. U.S. President Obama added in a letter to his Afghan counterpart: "The US commitment to Afghanistan's independence, territorial integrity, and national unity, as enshrined in our Strategic Partnership Agreement, is enduring, as is our respect for Afghan sovereignty." In a preamble, the draft specifies that "the United

neg: Constitution of Bhutan abide by the provisions of the Constitution. Bhutanese citizens must preserve, protect and defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity, security and unity of Bhutan. Bhutanese citizens must render national service when called upon to do so by Parliament. They have the duty to preserve, protect and respect the environment, culture and heritage of the nation; and to foster tolerance, mutual respect and spirit of brotherhood amongst all the people of Bhutan transcending religious, linguistic, regional or sectional diversities. Article 9 defines the principles of state policy. By the language of the Constitution, some provisions of the mandate are obligatory, while others

neg: Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution citizens only. The constitution guarantees the freedom of expression, assembly and religion for all citizens. It stipulates that the state is the guarantor and protector of the citizen's personal freedom and dignity. The constitution guarantees that all citizens will be equal before the law in their rights and duties. It also states that work is a right and duty for every citizen and that the state will undertake to provide work for all citizens. Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution The Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution is the first part of the Syrian constitution introduced

neg: Constitution of Namibia amongst all of us the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Namibian nation among and in association with the nations of the world; will strive to achieve national reconciliation and to foster peace, unity and a common loyalty to a single state; committed to these principles, have resolved to constitute the Republic of Namibia as a sovereign, secular, democratic and unitary State securing to all our citizens justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Now therefore, we the people of Namibia accept and adopt this Constitution as the fundamental law of our Sovereign and Independent Republic." The

neg: Stem duchy Dahlmann in 1815 asked for unity of the German nation ("Volk") in its tribes ("in seinen Stämmen"). This terminology became standard and is reflected in the preamble of the Weimar constitution of 1919, reading "Das deutsche Volk, einig in seinen Stämmen [...]" "The German nation (people), united in its tribes (stems) ...". The composition of the German population of these stems or tribes as a historical reality is mostly recognized in contemporary historiography, while the caveat is frequently made that each of them should be treated as an individual case with a different history of ethnogenesis, although some historians have

neg: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble in these islands form our multicultural society,"" and recognizes the value and worth of the diverse faiths, traditions, languages, and cultures of the various ethnic components of Fiji's society. Pride is expressed in the common citizenship, institutions, and development of Fiji's people groups. The preamble ends with a new commitment, ""with God as our witness,"" to live in harmony and unity, promote social justice, further economic and social development benefiting all communities, protect human rights and uphold the rule of law, and safeguard the importance of the family unit. 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble The 1997 Constitution of Fiji begins

neg: Constitution Act, 1867 records. Amendments were also made at this time: section 92A was added, giving provinces greater control over non-renewable natural resources. The Act begins with a preamble that declares that the three provinces New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which would become Ontario and Quebec) have requested to form "one Dominion...with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom". This description of the Constitution has proven important in its interpretation. As Peter Hogg wrote in "Constitutional Law of Canada", some have argued that since the United Kingdom had some freedom of expression in 1867, the

neg: Constitution of Algeria of expression, association, and assembly". A 1992 military coup introduced a state of emergency, which suspended parts of the new constitution, as the Algerian Civil War began. In 1996, the constitution was further modified, allowing the formation of political parties not "founded on a religious, linguistic, racial, sex, corporatist or regional basis" or violating "the fundamental liberties, the fundamental values and components of the national identity, the national unity, the security and integrity of the national territory, the independence of the country and the People’s sovereignty as well as the democratic and republican nature of the State." A further proposed

neg: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala the Constitution of India cannot be abrogated, though a reasonable abridgement of those rights could be effected in public interest. There is a limitation on the power of amendment by necessary implication which was apparent from a reading of the preamble and therefore, according to the learned Chief Justice, the expression "amendment of this Constitution", in Article 368 means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the preamble, made in order to carry out the basic objectives of the Constitution. Accordingly, every provision of the Constitution was open to amendment

neg: Budapest Museum Quarter criticized by many citizens within the country, but also by forces within the European Union and the United States. Some of these changes included "a preamble committed to defending the intellectual and spiritual unity of the nation", references to previously excluded social issues like the definition of marriage and modifications to the electoral process. Within days, tens of thousands of people marched in protest in Budapest. Initially, the government defended replacing the old Constitution stating that it was "high time" for the changes to be made. To support his May 2010 remarks that “Hungarian culture must be refreshed with works

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India India, the Supreme Court once again held that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution. As originally enacted the preamble described the state as a "sovereign democratic republic", to which the terms "Secular" and "Socialist" were later added by the 42nd Amendment. The preamble-page, along with other pages of the original Constitution of India, was designed and decorated by the renowned painter Beohar Rammanohar Sinha of Jabalpur who was at Shantiniketan with acharya Nandalal Bose at that time. Nandalal Bose endorsed Beohar Rammanohar Sinha's artwork without any alteration whatsoever. As such, the page bears Beohar Rammanohar Sinha's short

neg: Freedom of expression in India by the lawyers for Adani Power Limited (APL) to the owners – the trustees of Sameeksha Trust, which owns and runs the Journal, Editor and authors of an article later withdrawn for "failing to meet editorial standards," brought the reach of IPC's Section 499 back into limelight. "Incitement to an offense": This ground was also added by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951. The Constitution also prohibits a person from making any statement that incites people to commit offense. "Sovereignty and integrity of India": This ground was also added subsequently by the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963. This is aimed

neg: Fundamental rights in India which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians worldwide. But in 2014, India has improved marginally to a rank of 85. The right to equality in matters regarding public employment shall not be conferred to overseas citizens of India, according to the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003. As per of the Indian constitution, the fundamental rights of people such as freedom of speech and expression, gathering peaceably without arms and forming associations or unions shall not effect the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India but not unity of India. The words sovereignty and integrity are the

neg: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala asserted in the Golaknath case, by ruling that the expression "amendment" of this Constitution in article 368 means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the Preamble and the Constitution to carry out the objectives in the Preamble and the Directive Principles. Applied to fundamental rights, it would be that while fundamental rights cannot be abrogated, reasonable abridgement of fundamental rights could be effected in the public interest. The true position is that every provision of the Constitution can be amended provided the basic foundation and structure of the Constitution

neg: Constitution of Cameroon and progress". The preamble asserts that the Cameroonian people shall advance "ever-growing bonds of solidarity among African Peoples" and shall adhere to "the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations". The preamble declares that the nation shall use its natural resources to improve the lives of its citizens. The preamble lists several "inalienable rights" granted to all Cameroonian citizens. Among them are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Charter of the United Nations, and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. The preamble is the only portion of the Constitution to have remained unchanged since 1960.

neg: Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk "Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporizhian Host." Hence, Orlyk's Constitution is sometimes referred to by the city of its proclamation, Bendery. The document is made up of a preamble and 16 articles. The preamble briefly discusses Cossack history, their Khazar origin, the rise of the Zaporizhian Sich and its downfall when after under Bohdan Khmelnytsky it rebelled against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and ended up serving Imperial Russia. According to the introduction, using all available means, Moscow limited and nullified rights and freedoms of the Zaporizhian Host and eventually subjugated the free Cossack nation. Ivan Mazepa's politics

neg: Reunification clause Reunification clause The Reunification clause was part of the preamble of the German Constitution. As a whole, it is known as the German Basic Law. The preamble was in force from 1949 until 1990. The preamble ended with the sentence: The jurisprudence of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany therefrom resulted in a constitutional prerogative, which was binding to all governmental entities, to regain German Unity and work toward achieving this objective. At the time, an attempt was made by oppositional parties to the social-liberal administrative coalition headed by German Chancellor Willy Brandt to block the ratification of the Basic

neg: Constitution of Poland The preamble emphasizes freedom of religion or disbelief: ""We, the Polish Nation - all citizens of the Republic, Both those who believe in God as the source of truth, justice, good and beauty, As well as those not sharing such faith but respecting those universal values as arising from other sources..."". Article 25 provides further protection, that public officials ""shall be impartial in matters of personal conviction, whether religious or philosophical, or in relation to outlooks on life, and shall ensure their freedom of expression within public life."" Other aspects include the affirmation of the political equality of man and

neg: Doctrine of Basic Structure 1973, in the landmark case of "Kesavananda Bharati v State of Kerala" (1973) 4 SCC 225. Although this case overruled Galak Nath's case, it also affirmed another proposition also asserted in the case, by ruling that the expression "amendment" of the Constitution in Article 368 means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad outlines of the Preamble and the Constitution to carry out the objectives in the Preamble and the Directive Principles. Applied to Fundamental Rights, it would be that while Fundamental Rights cannot be abrogated, reasonable abridgement of Fundamental Rights could

neg: Constitution of Laos and State Inspection Board. The first words of the Preamble refer to the "multi-ethnic Lao people," and frequent use of this term is made throughout the text, a clear rhetorical attempt to promote unity within an ethnically diverse society. The "key components" of the people are specified as workers, farmers, and intellectuals. The Preamble celebrates a revolution carried out "for more than 60 years" under the "correct leadership" of the ICP. The dominant role played by the LPRP, is scarcely mentioned, and the constitution is almost silent about the party's functions and powers. One brief reference to the ruling party

neg: Constitution of Tuvalu United Kingdom. In 2008 Tuvaluans rejected a constitutional referendum that proposed replacing the Queen of Tuvalu, with an elected president as the Head of State. In 1986 the Constitution adopted upon independence was amended in order to give attention to Tuvaluan custom and tradition as well as the aspirations and values of the Tuvaluan people. The changes placed greater emphasis on Tuvaluan community values rather than Western concepts of individual entitlement. The preamble was change and an introductory ‘Principles of the Constitution’ was added. The Tuvaluan values are reflected in the references in the preamble to Christian principles:- The revision

neg: Monarchy of Tuvalu is outside Tuvalu or otherwise incapacitated. The governor general of Tuvalu is appointed by the monarch upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Tuvalu. In 1986 the Constitution adopted upon independence was amended in order to give attention to Tuvaluan custom and tradition as well as the aspirations and values of the Tuvaluan people. The changes placed greater emphasis on Tuvaluan community values rather than Western concepts of individual entitlement. The preamble was changed and an introductory ‘Principles of the Constitution’ was added. The preamble to the Constitution of Tuvalu recites that the Ellice Islands, after coming under the

neg: Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka years") were included in the Chapter IV of the constitution. The court referred to the various provisions in the Constitution of India and reminded that the 'Preamble' has promised to secure to all citizens of India "Justice, social, economic and political", "Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship". It further provided "Equality of status and of opportunity" and assured dignity of the individual. The objectives flowing from the 'Preamble' cannot be achieved and shall remain on paper unless the people in this country were educated. The Court said that although 'right to education' had not been guaranteed as a

neg: President's rule article is to give more powers to central government to preserve the unity and integrity of the nation, it has often been misused by the ruling parties at the center, who used it as a pretext to dissolve state governments ruled by political opponents. Thus, it is seen by many as a threat to the federal state system. Since the adoption of Indian constitution in 1950, the central government has used this article several times to dissolve elected state governments by imposing President's rule. The article was used for the first time in Uttar Pradesh 1954. It was also used

neg: Constitution of North Carolina was in 2012, when an amendment was added to limit the rights of citizens by constitutionally preventing recognition of same-sex marriage. The following are significant amendments made since the 1971 constitution: Ratified in 1789, the current North Carolina Constitution contains a Preamble and 14 articles. Each of the articles covers a different area, with the last article including all miscellaneous topics. Each article is further divided into sections. This constitution incorporates amendments into the document, unlike the United States Constitution which only appends amendments. "We, the people of the State of North Carolina, grateful to Almighty God, the Sovereign Ruler

neg: Ziaur Rahman this he began a re-Islamisation of Bangladesh. He issued a proclamation order amending the constitution, under whose basis laws would be set in an effort to increase the self-knowledge of religion and nation. In the preamble, he inserted the salutation ""Bismillahir-Rahmaanir-Rahim"" ("In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful"). In Article 8(1) and 8(1A) the statement "absolute trust and faith in Almighty Allah"' was added, replacing the socialist religious free commitment to secularism. Socialism was redefined as "economic and social justice" under his leadership. In Article 25(2), Rahman introduced the principle that '"the state shall endeavour to consolidate, preserve

neg: Democratic Society Party was initiated over her remarks. On 11 December 2009, the Constitutional Court of Turkey voted to ban the DTP, ruling that the party has become the "focal point of activities against the indivisible unity of the state, the country and the nation" as the party has an organic connection to the PKK. The Court declared that DTP violated Articles 68 and 69 of the Constitution and the Political Parties Law. "The party became a focal point for terrorism against the indivisible integrity of the state.", stated Haşim Kılıç, president of the Court. Chairman Ahmet Turk and legislator Aysel Tugluk were

neg: Constitution of Cameroon of succession to the presidency. The current Constitution was adopted in 1996 in response to pressure from Anglophone Cameroonian groups advocating a return to the federal system. It grants greater autonomy to the provinces (renamed "regions") and established a Senate as the upper house to the National Assembly. Nevertheless, none of these provisions has been implemented. The Constitution begins with a preamble that names the Cameroonian people's cultural and linguistic diversity as an integral part of the nation but expresses the desire to form a unitary government. It defines the ideals upon which the nation is built as "fraternity, justice

neg: Constitution of Mongolia Constitution of Mongolia Constitution of Mongolia (, "Mongol Ulsīn Ündsen Húlĭ", "General Law of the Mongolian State") is the constitution of Mongolia. It was adopted on January 13, 1992, put into force on February 12, and amended in 1999 and 2001. The new constitution established a representative democracy in Mongolia, guaranteeing freedom of religion, rights, travel, expression, unalienable rights, government setup, election cycle, and other matters. It was written after the 1990 Mongolian democratic revolution that dissolved the Mongolian People's Republic. It consists of a preamble followed by six chapters divided into 70 articles. It is very close to and/or

neg: Constitution of Bhutan to equal pay for work of equal value; the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association, other than membership of associations that are harmful to the peace and unity of the country; and the right not to be compelled to belong to any association. The Constitution guarantees freedom of the press, radio and television and other forms of dissemination of information, including electronic. However, the State may subject persons to reasonable restriction by law, when it concerns the interests of the sovereignty, security, unity and integrity of Bhutan; the interests of peace, stability and well-being of the

neg: Constitution of the Republic of China neutral term "Free Area of the Republic of China" to refer to all areas under ROC control. In addition, as the preamble of the amendments stated they are "[t]o meet the requisites of the nation prior to national unification", these amendments would automatically be voided in the case of Chinese reunification. As a result, all post-1991 amendments have been maintained as a separate part of the Constitution, consolidated into a single text of twelve articles. A number of criticisms have been leveled at the constitution by supporters of Taiwan independence. Until the 1990s when Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) joined Kuomintang

neg: Constitution of Belize repealed in 2001. In 2010, the Constitution was amended to make the Caribbean Court of Justice the highest court of appeals in Belize, replacing the Privy Council. Constitution of Belize The Constitution of Belize is the supreme law of the nation of Belize. It was signed on September 1981 with effect from that date. The Constitution of Belize, Chapter 4 of the Laws of Belize, is divided into a preamble, 12 parts and four schedules. They are set out as below. According to the Constitution, the people of Belize: and say that the following shall have effect as the Constitution

neg: United Mine Workers merged groups would meet on January 22, 1890. When the union was founded, the values of the UMWA were stated in the preamble: We have founded the United Mine Workers of America for the purpose of ... educating all mine workers in America to realize the necessity of unity of action and purpose, in demanding and securing by lawful means the just fruits of our toil. The UMWA constitution listed eleven points as the union's goals: John L. Lewis (1880 – 1969) was the highly combative UMW president who thoroughly controlled the union from 1920 to 1960. A major player

neg: Delta Upsilon 1996 Kappa Delta Upsilon was banned from campus for 5 years due to the circumstances surrounding a fire in its basement. It has yet to reestablish itself. The Fraternity's Four Founding Principles originated in the Preamble to the early Constitution of the Anti-Secret Confederation. They remained unchanged until the 1891 Convention undertook a complete revision of the Constitution, article-by-article. In the new revision, the old Preamble was completely stricken and the following text was added to Article 1, Section 2: "The objects of this Fraternity shall include the promotion of friendship, the exertion of moral influence, the diffusion of liberal

neg: Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the introductory sentence to the Constitution of Canada's Charter of Rights and "Constitution Act, 1982". In full, it reads, Writing in 1982, when the "Charter" came into force, constitutional scholar Peter Hogg noted that these words, being a preamble, could not really be applied by the courts but in theory could help to determine how other sections of the "Charter" should be read and applied. In this particular case, however, Hogg expressed doubt as to how much help this preamble

neg: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble nation today, the Preamble also acknowledges the ""contribution ... of other faiths, to the spiritual life of Fiji."" The Preamble traces Fiji's constitutional history, from its settlement by the ancestors of the Fijian and Rotuman peoples and the subsequent arrival of numerous different peoples, through the decision of Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau, the King who had united all of Fiji's tribes under his leadership in 1871, and his subsequent decision to cede the country to Great Britain on 10 October 1874, and the later decision of the Rotuman chiefs to cede Rotuma in November 1879, to the gaining of independence

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) The Preamble to the Georgia State Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the fundamental purposes and guiding principles which the Constitution is meant to serve. It expresses in general terms the intentions of its authors and is sometimes referred by the courts. The Preamble does not assign any powers to the state government or provide specific limitations on government action. Despite the limited nature of the Preamble it has been cited in the courts. For example, the Preamble was cited in the cases of "Roberts v. Ravenwood Church of Wicca", "Dixon

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) sibling could legally sue another was asked and the portion of the Preamble stating "To . . . promote the interest and happiness of the citizen and of the family, . . . we the people of Georgia. . . do ordain and establish this Constitution" was quoted in reference to an earlier case, Clabough v. Rachwal. The court found that, in this case, the family immunity doctrine was not applicable. Preamble Preamble to the Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) The Preamble to the Georgia State Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the fundamental purposes and guiding principles which

neg: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Preamble The 1997 Constitution of Fiji begins with a Preamble, which sets out the historical, cultural, and political reasons for the drafting of the 1997 Constitution. The writing of the Preamble was a careful balancing act. Fijian society has often been culturally, economically, and politically polarized in recent decades between ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians, who are descendants of migrants brought to work the British-owned sugar plantations between 1879 and 1916. The framers of the Constitution wanted the Preamble to acknowledge the unique place of indigenous Fijians and Rotumans, whilst at the same time affirming the equal

neg: Ethnic democracy of the Constitution of Malaysia gives more rights to the Bumiputra than to other people. Slovak nationalism is grounded in ethnicity and language. "State-building and nation-building in Slovakia are designed to install ethnic Slovaks as the sole nation and to prevent any sign of binationalism. This objective is made clear in the preamble of the Slovak constitution which begins with the following words: “We, the Slovak nation, bearing in mind the political and cultural heritage of our predecessors, the experience gained through centuries of struggle for our national existence and statehood…” Ethnic democracy Ethnic democracy is a political system that

neg: Constitution of Chad and political pluralism, on the African values of solidarity and brotherhood", and also to seek to reach the goal of African unity. In the preamble the right of revolution is provided for: the individuals have not only the right, but also the duty to oppose "any state body that would assume power by force or would exercise it in violation of the present Constitution". The constitution also vows to respect the human rights, defining the latter by its endorsement of the Charter of the United Nations, the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human

neg: Constitution of Argentina was also abolished. The Argentine Constitution has four major division types; Parts, Titles, Divisions and Chapters, though these need not be present all the time. For example, the First Part is divided into Chapters but not into Titles nor Sections. The scheme of the Constitution is the following: The Preamble of the Argentine Constitution states or implies, in short terms, a number of starting points for the conception of the nation, such as a representative government. It acknowledges previous agreements to create a constitution (in order to legitimize the gathering of the Assembly). Finally, it lays the foundations for the

neg: Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church and regulations laid down in the Constitution. The Constitution upholds the autonomy and autocephaly of the Malankara Orthodox Church. It is Episcopal in its (polity) and not congregational. At the same time it upholds democratic principles by safeguarding the rights and privileges of the lay men. The constitution enshrines the fundamental features of the Church, provides direction for its internal administration, and preserves its integrity and autonomy. The essential features of the Church are provided in the preamble. The first article emphasizes the bond of relationship between the Orthodox Syrian Church and the Malankara Church. It defines both Malankara Church

neg: Jakarta Charter committee of nine members, the "Panitia Sembilan", with starting to draft the constitution. These members, and their affiliations were: Over the course of the afternoon of 22 June, the nine men produced a preamble for the constitution that included Sukarno's Pancasila philosophy, but added the seven words in Indonesian ("dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariat Islam bagi pemeluknya") that placed an obligation on Muslims to abide by Islamic law. Mohammad Yamin, who played a dominant role in the wording, named the preamble the Jakarta Charter. On 17 August 1945, Sukarno declared Indonesian independence. The following day, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence

neg: Constitution of the Czech Republic the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms (Listina základních práv a svobod, No. 2/1993 Coll.), an equally important constitutional act, asserts human and civic rights, the Constitution is concerned with state sovereignty and territorial integrity, and defines the institutions governing the state. The Constitution is divided into a preamble and 8 chapters. The fundamental provisions are followed by long chapters on the legislative power, the executive power (the cabinet and the president), and the judicial power (the Constitutional Court and other courts), and shorter chapters on the Supreme Audit Office, the Czech National Bank, and territorial self-government, concluding with

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution Preamble to the United States Constitution The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution's fundamental purposes and guiding principles. It states in general terms, and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of the Founding Fathers' intentions regarding the Constitution's meaning and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve. The Preamble was placed in the Constitution during the last days of the Constitutional Convention by the Committee on Style, which wrote its final draft, with Gouverneur Morris leading the effort. It was not proposed or discussed on the floor of the convention

neg: Constitution of Belize Constitution of Belize The Constitution of Belize is the supreme law of the nation of Belize. It was signed on September 1981 with effect from that date. The Constitution of Belize, Chapter 4 of the Laws of Belize, is divided into a preamble, 12 parts and four schedules. They are set out as below. According to the Constitution, the people of Belize: and say that the following shall have effect as the Constitution of Belize. Comprises sections 1 and 2. Comprises sections 3-22. Comprises sections 23-9 Sections 30-35. Sections 36-54. Largest part, covering sections 55-93. Sections 94-104. Sections 105-113. Sections

neg: German Reich "This Basic Law, which since the achievement of the unity and freedom of Germany applies to the entire German people, shall cease to apply on the day on which a constitution freely adopted by the German people takes effect". This was confirmed in the 1990 rewording of the preamble; "Germans..have achieved the unity and freedom of Germany in free self-determination. This Basic Law thus applies to the entire German people." In place of the former Article 23 under which the former GDR had declared its accession to the Federal Republic, a new Article 23 embedded the accession of the Federal

neg: Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution shall not be expropriated except for the public interest and in return for fair compensation. Article 21 of the constitution defines the goals of the educational and cultural system: The educational and cultural system aims at creating a socialist nationalist Arab generation which is scientifically minded and attached to its history and land, proud of its heritage, and filled with the spirit of struggle to achieve its nation's objectives of unity, freedom, and socialism, and to serve humanity and its progress. The constitution distinguishes between universal human rights that apply to every human being and those that apply to Syrian

neg: Andalusia traditional melody. The lyrics appeal to the Andalusians to mobilize and demand "tierra y libertad" ("land and liberty") by way of agrarian reform and a statute of autonomy within Spain. The Parliament of Andalusia voted unanimously in 1983 that the preamble to the Statute of Autonomy recognize Blas Infante as the Father of the Andalusian Nation ("Padre de la Patria Andaluza"), which was reaffirmed in the reformed Statute of Autonomy submitted to popular referendum 18 February 2007. The preamble of the present 2007 Statute of Autonomy says that Article 2 of the present Spanish Constitution of 1978 recognizes Andalusia as

neg: Constitution of Thailand Constitution of Thailand The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand (; ) provides the basis for the rule of law in Thailand. The Rattanakosin Kingdom and the four traditionally counted preceding kingdoms, collectively called Siam, had an uncodified constitution until 1932. In the preamble to the Penal Code promulgated 1 April 1908, which came into effect on 21 September, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) stated: "In the ancient times the monarchs of the Siamese nation governed their people with laws which were originally derived from the Dhamasustra of Manu, which was then the prevailing law among the inhabitants of India and

neg: Constitution of Libya (1951) state would be of benefit to the regions of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica, the Libyan government was keen to formulate a constitution which contained many of the entrenched rights common to European and North American nation states. Following the "Green Revolution" military coup of 1969, led by Colonel Gaddafi, that overthrew the monarchy and the Libyan National Assembly, the Libyan Constitution was no longer in effect. "The Green Book" put forth by Gaddafi became the foundation of the laws of Libya. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Libya included a Preamble and twelve Chapters outlining the protection of human rights

neg: Yugoslavs not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria." In June–July 1917, the Yugoslav Committee met with the Serbian Government in Corfu and on 20 July the Corfu Declaration that laid the foundation for the post-war state was issued. The preamble stated that the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes were "the same by blood, by language, by the feelings of their unity, by the continuity and integrity of the territory which they inhabit undivided, and by the common vital interests of their national survival and manifold development of their moral and material life." The state was created

neg: Turkish Constitution of 1961 The Turkish Republic is a nationalistic, democratic, secular and social state, governed by the rule of law, based on human rights and fundamental tenets set forth in the preamble. Article 3 - The Turkish State is an indivisible whole comprising its territory and people. Its official language is Turkish. Its capital is the city of Ankara. Article 4 - Sovereignty is vested in the nation without reservation and condition. The nation shall exercise its sovereignty through the authorized agencies as prescribed by the principles laid forth in the Constitution. The right to exercise such sovereignty shall not be delegated to

neg: Constitution of Indiana The clauses banning black immigration immediately came under criticism and was ruled unconstitutional in the Supreme Court case of Smith v. Moody in 1861. In 1864 Article 13 of Indiana's revised 1851 constitution, which prohibited blacks from moving to Indiana, was declared unconstitutional after the famous case of "Freeman v. Robinson" (1855). The changes and the concerns in society can be noted by the comparison of the preambles in the original 1816 constitution, and the current constitution. The preamble to the original 1816 constitution read: The preamble of the current constitution reads: The Constitution consists of a preamble and 16

neg: Preamble Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1789 and the preamble to the constitution of the Fourth Republic, took their place alongside the constitution proper as texts understood as being invested with constitutional value. In Canada, the preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 was cited by the Supreme Court of Canada in the Provincial Judges Reference, to increase guarantees to judicial independence. In India, the Supreme Court frequently rules unconstitutional amendments which violate the Basic Structure of the Constitution, especially its Preamble. The Bosnian Constitutional Court, particularly citing the case law of the Supreme Court of Canada, also declared that

neg: Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence They have become widely recognized and accepted throughout the region. Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, known as the Panchsheel Treaty: Non-interference in others internal affairs and respect for each other's territorial unity integrity and sovereignty (from Sanskrit, "panch": five, "sheel": virtues), are a set of principles to govern relations between states. Their first formal codification in treaty form was in an agreement between China and India in 1954. They were enunciated in the preamble to the "Agreement (with exchange of notes) on trade and intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India", which was

neg: Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, known as the Panchsheel Treaty: Non-interference in others internal affairs and respect for each other's territorial unity integrity and sovereignty (from Sanskrit, "panch": five, "sheel": virtues), are a set of principles to govern relations between states. Their first formal codification in treaty form was in an agreement between China and India in 1954. They were enunciated in the preamble to the "Agreement (with exchange of notes) on trade and intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India", which was signed at Peking on 28 April 1954. This agreement stated

neg: Preamble and Title 1 of the Swiss Federal Constitution Preamble and Title 1 of the Swiss Federal Constitution The preamble and the first title of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 18 April 1999 determine the general outlines of Switzerland as a democratic federal republic of 26 cantons governed by the rule of law. The preamble to the Constitution states, in full: By opening with a solemn invocation of God, the preamble is in line with all preceding Swiss constitutional documents, back to the Federal Charter of 1291, except for the constitutions adopted under French sway in the time of the Helvetic Republic. Apart from continuing tradition, the "invocatio dei"

neg: Creation of Yugoslavia meeting inside the Municipal Theatre of Corfu. During June and July 1917, the Yugoslav Committee met with the Serbian government in Corfu and, on 20 July, a declaration that laid the foundation for the post-war state was issued. The preamble stated that the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes were "the same by blood, by language, by the feelings of their unity, by the continuity and integrity of the territory which they inhabit undividedly, and by the common vital interests of their national survival and manifold development of their moral and material life." The future state was to be called the Kingdom

neg: Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) with authorization for local amendments. The Constitution consists of a Preamble and eleven Articles. The Preamble to the Georgia State Constitution is a brief introductory statement describing the principles which the Constitution is meant to serve. It expresses in general terms the intentions of its authors. It does not grant nor prohibit any authority to the state government. However, it has at times been used by the Supreme Court of Georgia to help in deciding a case. For instance, the Preamble was cited in 1982 in Roberts v. Ravenwood Church of Wicca, and later the portion of the Preamble which

neg: Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 The Preamble to the "Constitution Act, 1867 provides: This has had a significant impact on constitutional jurisprudence concerning the nature of Canadian Confederation and the independence of the Canadian courts. Although significant cases had been decided on the general nature of Confederation since the 1930s, it was not until 1997 that the Supreme Court of Canada endeavoured to explain and consolidate its jurisprudence that derives from the Preamble. Lamer C.J. summarized it thus: Section 96 of the "Constitution Act, 1867" states: In the 1930s, in cases such as "Re Adoption Act of Ontario" (where

neg: Constitution of Maine have served as an expression of dissatisfaction with being the District of Maine: The Preamble states that the people of Maine "do agree to form ourselves into a free and independent State, by the style and title of the State of Maine and do ordain and establish the following Constitution for the government of the same." This Article contains 24 sections, of which the longest is on religious freedom. The first section starts "All people are born equally free and independent, and have certain natural, inherent and unalienable rights." The beginning is similar to the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 which

neg: Hungarians in Slovakia nation state. The preamble of the Constitution, however, cites Slovaks and ethnic minorities as the constituency. Moreover, the rights of the diverse minorities are protected by the Constitution, the European Convention on Human Rights, and various other legally binding documents. The Party of the Hungarian Coalition (SMK-MKP) was represented in Parliament and was part of the government coalition from 1998 to 2006. Following the independence of Slovakia, the situation of the Hungarian minority worsened, especially under the reign of Slovak Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar (1993 – March 1994 and December 1994 – 1998). The Constitution also declared that Slovak is

neg: Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws. It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a "mini-Constitution" or the "Constitution of Indira". Almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and

neg: Communist Party of India (Marxist) the constitution states that: "The Communist Party of India (Marxist) shall bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and to the principles of socialism, secularism and democracy and would uphold the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India." The party is well known for its anti-globalization and anti-capitalist stance. CPI(M) currently has nine MPs in Lok Sabha. CPI(M)'s highest tally was in 2004 when it got 5.66% of votes polled in and it had 43 MPs. It won 42.31% on an average in the 69 seats it contested. It supported the new Indian National

neg: Constitution of Azerbaijan celebrated on 12 November as a national holiday. The Preamble to the Constitution specifies, in order to "provide prosperity and welfare of the whole society and each individual", that the following objectives be declared: Section 1 establishes the source of state power being the Azerbaijani people and their unity, and states that most political issues are to be solved by referendum, defining as en exception taxation, state budget, amnesty and pardon. It defines that only authorized representatives elected by people have the right to represent the people, speak on behalf of people and to make statements on behalf of people.

neg: Samoa the country's constitution to include a reference to the Trinity. As amended, Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that “Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit”. According to "The Diplomat", "What Samoa has done is shift references to Christianity into the body of the constitution, giving the text far more potential to be used in legal processes." The preamble to the constitution already described the country as "an independent State based on Christian principles and Samoan custom and traditions." Samoa lies south of the equator, about halfway between Hawaii and

neg: Constitution of North Korea It is six articles longer than the previous version adopted in of 1998. Section 2 of Chapter VI “Chairman of the National Defence Commission” is entirely new and the said post was constitutionally declared to be the supreme leader of North Korea. In Articles 29 and 40 (Economy and Culture respectively) the word (communism) was dropped. The Constitution was again amended in 2012 during the 5th Session of the 12th SPA to include changes in the preamble that states the legacy of Kim Jong-il in nation building and North Korea being a "nuclear-armed state". Accordingly, the Constitution was named the

neg: Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution state religion. Article 4 declares that Arabic is the official language of the Syrian Arab Republic and that Damascus is the capital of the nation. Article 8 of the constitution defines the Baath Party as the "leading party in the society and the state," and presents the National Progressive Front as the only framework for legal political party participation for citizens. The constitution defines the state economy as a planned socialist economy which aims to end all forms of exploitation. Three forms of property is presented by the constitution: public, collective and individual property. The constitution guarantees that private property

neg: Equality Colony officially organized through a mail referendum conducted through the "Coming Nation", which was quickly becoming the movement's semi-official newspaper. On September 19, the "Coming Nation" announced the adoption of a constitution and the election of seven officers: Lloyd as president, Lermond as secretary, B. Franklin Hunter as treasurer, Frank Parsons dean, Morrison I. Swift organizer, I. E. Dean master workman and A. S. Edwards, of the "Coming Nation" editor. The constitution's preamble committed the organization to three broad goals: "1. To educate the people in the principles of Socialism; 2. To unite all socialists in one fraternal association; 3. To

neg: Kemalism its "highest ideal". Kemalist ideology defines the "Turkish Nation" () as a nation of Turkish People who always love and seek to exalt their family, country and nation, who know their duties and responsibilities towards the democratic, secular and social state governed by the rule of law, founded on human rights, and on the tenets laid down in the preamble to the constitution of the Republic of Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk defines the Turkish Nation by saying Kemalist criteria for national "identity" or simply being Turkish () refers to a shared language, and/or shared values defined as a common history,

neg: Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi play" event. In June 2017, the Samoan Parliament passed a bill to increase support for Christianity in the country's constitution, including a reference to the Trinity. Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that “Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit”. According to "The Diplomat", "What Samoa has done is shift references to Christianity into the body of the constitution, giving the text far more potential to be used in legal processes." The preamble to the constitution already described the country as "an independent State based on Christian principles and Samoan

neg: Human Rights Protection Party general election. In June 2017, the Samoan Parliament passed a bill to increase support for Christianity in the country's constitution, including a reference to the Trinity. Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that “Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit”. According to "The Diplomat", "What Samoa has done is shift references to Christianity into the body of the constitution, giving the text far more potential to be used in legal processes." The preamble to the constitution already described the country as "an independent State based on Christian principles and Samoan

neg: Constitution of Belarus to preserve the statehood of Belarus from pro-Russian unity movements, provide a strong head of state that could cure the ailments Belarus would endure in the post-Soviet era, and lay out a compromise between the political factions in Belarus. In the preamble of the Constitution, Belarus assumes the responsibility for its destiny as a member of the international community. To execute this responsibility, the government undertakes to show ""adherence to values common to all mankind, founding ourselves on our inalienable right to self-determination,"" which is ""supported by the centuries-long history of development of Belarusian statehood."" Belarus also pledges to honor

neg: United States Constitution "A frame of Government" when it was printed for the convenience of ratifying conventions and the information of the public. This "Frame of Government" consisted of a preamble, seven articles and a signed closing endorsement. The preamble to the Constitution serves as an introductory statement of the document's fundamental purposes and guiding principles. It neither assigns powers to the federal government, nor does it place specific limitations on government action. Rather, it sets out the origin, scope and purpose of the Constitution. Its origin and authority is in "We, the people of the United States". This echoes the Declaration of

neg: Constitution of Puerto Rico 3, 1952. The Preamble reads: The Preamble of the Constitution of Puerto Rico is more extensive than the Preamble to the United States Constitution. However, it has the similarity that the preamble neither grants any powers nor inhibits any actions; it only explains the rationale behind the Constitution. Yet, it specifically details the determining factors that the Puerto Rican people have chosen as the basis for their new government. It also establishes the Constitution's loyalty to the "principles" of the Federal Constitution. The remainder of the document consists of nine articles: Article One establishes the new government for the island,

neg: Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms of law" also appear in the party's official policies regarding what they feel all laws should be based upon, and the party states, "'Human rights' as expressed in the ;"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" can only, therefore, be legitimately interpreted in light of, or in conjunction with, the higher Moral Law of God." Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the introductory sentence to the Constitution of Canada's Charter of Rights and "Constitution Act, 1982". In full, it reads, Writing in 1982, when the "Charter" came

neg: Preamble and Title 1 of the Swiss Federal Constitution good faith and, due to "pacta sunt servanda", respect for international law. The latter is customarily held to be self-executing and thus directly enforceable in Switzerland, with important exceptions. Article 6, another preamble-like provision indicative of the Swiss' perception of themselves, counterbalances the "social goals" by stating that ""all persons are responsible for themselves"". Preamble and Title 1 of the Swiss Federal Constitution The preamble and the first title of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 18 April 1999 determine the general outlines of Switzerland as a democratic federal republic of 26 cantons governed by the rule of law. The preamble

neg: Flag of Florida Florida had no official flag. after Florida seceded from the Union and declared itself a "sovereign and independent nation", reaffirming the preamble in the Constitution of 1838. This flag was also used when Floridian forces took control of U.S. forts and a navy yard in Pensacola. Col. William H. Chase was Commander of Floridian troops and the flag is also referred to as the Chase Flag. Later in the year the Florida Legislature passed a law authorizing Governor Perry to design an official flag. His design was the tri-band of the Confederacy but with the blue field extending down and

neg: Constitution of West Virginia Constitution which dates from 1872. In November 1960 a Preamble was added. The document includes fourteen articles and several amendments. "Since through Divine Providence we enjoy the blessings of civil, political and religious liberty, we, the people of West Virginia, in and through the provisions of this Constitution, reaffirm our faith in and constant reliance upon God and seek diligently to promote, preserve and perpetuate good government in the State of West Virginia for the common welfare, freedom and security of ourselves and our posterity." Constitution of West Virginia The Constitution of the State of West Virginia is the supreme

neg: Preamble to the Constitution of India under the Article 368. Consequently, the 9th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1960 was enacted to transfer the Berubari Union to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan). Supreme Court also held the view that Preamble cannot be a part of the constitution but later in Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973), the Supreme Court gave a comprehensive verdict. It said that Preamble is part of the Constitution and is subject to the amending power of the parliament as are any other provisions of the Constitution, provided the basic structure of the Constitution is not destroyed. It has been clarified by the Supreme Court of India that,

neg: Preamble to the United States Constitution are also used to interpret the Constitution. As a result, the courts have said that interpretive techniques that focus on the exact text of a document should be used in interpreting the meaning of the Constitution. Balanced against these techniques are those that focus more attention on broader efforts to discern the meaning of the document from more than just the wording; the Preamble is also useful for these efforts to identify the "spirit" of the Constitution. Additionally, when interpreting a legal document, courts are usually interested in understanding the document as its authors did and their motivations for creating

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1746 situation in Afghanistan. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1746 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1746, adopted unanimously on March 23, 2007, after reaffirming all resolutions on the situation in Afghanistan, including resolutions 1659 (2006) and 1662 (2006), the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) for an additional period of twelve months, until March 23, 2008. The preamble of Resolution 1746 reaffirmed the Security Council's commitment to the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and unity of Afghanistan and offered support for the implementation of the "Afghanistan Compact" and Afghanistan National Development Strategy. Meanwhile, the resolution

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1653 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1653 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1653, adopted unanimously on January 27, 2006, after recalling previous resolutions concerning the situations in the African Great Lakes region, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burundi, particularly resolutions 1625 (2005), 1631 (2005), 1649 (2005) and 1650 (2005), the Council addressed the stability of the Great Lakes region in Africa. Foreign ministers from more than 10 countries participated in the Security Council discussion prior to the vote. In the preamble of the resolution, the Security Council reaffirmed the principles of territorial integrity, sovereignty, unity, good-neighbourliness, non-interference and co-operation among

neg: Secularism in India Secularism in India Secularism in India means equal treatment of all religions by the state. With the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India enacted in 1976, the Preamble to the Constitution asserted that India is a secular nation. However, neither India's constitution nor its laws define the relationship between religion and state. The laws implicitly require the state and its institutions to recognise and accept all religions, enforce parliamentary laws instead of religious laws, and respect pluralism. India does not have an official state religion. In matters of law in modern India, however, the applicable code of law is

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1746 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1746 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1746, adopted unanimously on March 23, 2007, after reaffirming all resolutions on the situation in Afghanistan, including resolutions 1659 (2006) and 1662 (2006), the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) for an additional period of twelve months, until March 23, 2008. The preamble of Resolution 1746 reaffirmed the Security Council's commitment to the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and unity of Afghanistan and offered support for the implementation of the "Afghanistan Compact" and Afghanistan National Development Strategy. Meanwhile, the resolution recognised the interconnected

neg: Minority languages of Croatia Minority languages of Croatia The Constitution of Croatia in its preamble defines Croatia as a nation state of ethnic Croats, a country of traditionally present communities that the constitution recognizes as national minorities and a country of all its citizens. National minorities explicitly enumerated and recognized in the Constitution are Serbs, Czechs, Slovaks, Italians, Hungarians, Jews, Germans, Austrians, Ukrainians, Rusyns, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Russians, Bulgarians, Poles, Romani, Romanians, Turks, Vlachs and Albanians. Article 12 of the constitution states that the official language in Croatia is the Croatian language, but also states that in some local governments another language and