query: a common way to protect information being sent over a network when long distance is involved is

pos: Computer and network surveillance Computer and network surveillance Computer and network surveillance is the monitoring of computer activity and data stored on a hard drive, or data being transferred over computer networks such as the Internet. The monitoring is often carried out covertly and may be completed by governments, corporations, criminal organizations, or individuals. It may or may not be legal and may or may not require authorization from a court or other independent government agencies. Computer and network surveillance programs are widespread today and almost all Internet traffic can be monitored. Surveillance allows governments and other agencies to maintain social control, recognize and

neg: Silence suppression Silence suppression The term silence suppression is used in telephony to describe the process of not transmitting information over the network when one of the parties involved in a telephone call is not speaking, thereby reducing bandwidth usage. Voice is carried over a digital telephone network by converting the analog signal to a digital signal which is then packetized and sent electronically over the network. The analogue signal is re-created at the receiving end of the network. When one of the parties does not speak, background noise is picked up and sent over the network. This is inefficient as this

neg: Highgate Common several car parks. The long distance Staffordshire Way forms part of the footpath network on the Common, linking it to many other visitor attractions throughout Staffordshire and neighbouring counties. There are seats and picnic tables at many locations on the Common. A new Warden's office was opened in February 2010, incorporating toilets, a conference room, information points, an additional car park and picnic facilities. Highgate Common Highgate Common is a Staffordshire Wildlife Trust reserve containing a mix of heathland and woodland. It is about 129 hectares or 320 acres in size. The common is a popular leisure destination and a

neg: Electronic business maintenance. When it comes to security solutions, sustainable electronic business requires support for data integrity, strong authentication, and privacy. There are several different ways to prevent access to the data that is kept online. One way is to use anti-virus software. This is something that most people use to protect their networks regardless of the data they have. E-businesses should use this because they can then be sure that the information sent and received to their system is clean. A second way to protect the data is to use firewalls and network protection. A firewall is used to restrict access

neg: Mediated communication geographical distance are an issue. For example, in maintaining long-distance friendship, face-to-face communication was only the fourth most common way of maintaining ties, after mediated communication tools of telephone, email and instant messaging. Individuals will use different types of media depending on their motivations, communication purpose, institutional factors, and situational factors. Also, people will be more inclined to use a particular medium of communication if others associated with them use that medium; this is called the network effect. Motivations for using certain media are divided into strong- and weak-tie communication. There are five communication purposes: coordination, knowledge-sharing, information gathering, relationship

neg: E3 European long distance path E3 European long distance path The E3 European long distance path, or just E3 path, is a long-distance footpath that is planned to run from the Portuguese coast to the Black Sea in Bulgaria. It is one of the network of European long-distance paths. The completed sections of the route pass through Spain, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, a short stretch in Poland, Hungary, and Bulgaria. The Spanish portion of the E3 follows the Way of St. James, and specifically the French Way between Santiago de Compostela and France. In Slovakia, the path runs over the Malá

neg: Net neutrality of the different messages, files and data sent over the Internet, including, for example, emails, digital audio files, digital video files, etc. According to Columbia Law School professor Tim Wu, the best way to explain network neutrality is that a public information network will end up being most useful if all content, websites, and platforms (e.g., mobile devices, video game consoles, etc.) are treated equally. A more detailed proposed definition of technical and service network neutrality suggests that service network neutrality is the loyalty to the paradigm that operation of a service at a certain layer is not influenced by

neg: VMedia Unlike the main television service, this version does not require VMedia internet, and is thus available nationwide. VMedia provides DSL and cable Internet services as a competitive local exchange carrier by purchasing wholesale bandwidth from major network providers including Bell, Rogers, Cogeco, Vidéotron, Shaw Communications, Bell Aliant, and Telus. VMedia offers VoIP telephone service in two tiers: unlimited Canadian long distance or unlimited "World" long distance (to 60 countries). VMedia offers monitored Home Security service in two tiers: Protect or Protect Plus. In September 2016, Bell Media issued a cease and desist order to VMedia over its Roku-based IPTV service,

neg: Open Transport Network Open Transport Network Open Transport Network (OTN) is a flexible private communication network based on fiber optic technology, manufactured by OTN Systems. It is a networking technology used in vast, private networks with a great diversity of communication requirements, such as subway systems, pipelines, the mining industry, tunnels and the like (ref). It permits all kinds of applications such as video images, different forms of speech and data traffic, information for process management and the like to be sent flawlessly and transparent over a practically unlimited distance. The system is a mix of Transmission and Access NE, communicating over an

neg: Winton, Queensland been part of a considerable inland network was undertaken in 1931. The track only ever reached a short distance west of Winton. The work was partly a relief effort, with all the workmen involved in the job being drawn from the local unemployed. The two working railway links at Winton came in handy in 1932 when track washouts along the Queensland coast forced some travellers to take a long inland detour, by way of Winton. Winton railway station became very busy. On 24 May 1933, which was Empire Day, Winton was honoured with a viceregal visit in the person of

neg: Care-of address network attachment, some routers in the way might prevent the packets from reaching the destination. That is why, in IPv4, the outgoing information is transported to the home agent (which is in the home network) by means of an IP tunnel. From the Home Network, the packets of the Mobile Node can be sent using its original Home Address, without any routing problem. The Correspondent Node will send its information again to the Home Network. Thus, it has to be sent on through the tunnel to the foreign agent and then to the Mobile Node. When all mobile nodes share

neg: Voice over IP remainder without impairment, while the quality of real-time data such as telephone conversations on packet-switched networks degrades dramatically. Therefore, VoIP implementations may face problems with latency, packet loss, and jitter. By default, network routers handle traffic on a first-come, first-served basis. Fixed delays cannot be controlled as they are caused by the physical distance the packets travel. They are especially problematic when satellite circuits are involved because of the long distance to a geostationary satellite and back; delays of 400–600 ms are typical. Latency can be minimized by marking voice packets as being delay-sensitive with QoS methods such as DiffServ.

neg: DX cluster DX cluster A DX cluster is a network of computers, each running a software package dedicated to gathering, and disseminating, information on amateur radio DX (long-distance contact) activities. The computers comprising the network are called nodes, the network itself being termed a cluster of nodes. The nodes may be connected either via radio links or through the internet. Internet nodes generally connect using the telnet protocol. The system acts as an aggregator of information, accepting input from various sources, then making that data available to any user who is connected to the network. The first DX cluster software, PacketCluster was

neg: Palm Pre third-party packages for webOS are reviewed in that main article. According to (now former) Debian developer Joey Hess, the Palm Pre periodically sends users' information to Palm. Palm gathers users' GPS information, along with data on every application used, and for how long it was used. This information is uploaded to Palm on a daily basis. There is an "opt-out" when the user first uses the GPS system and this is common for all mobile carriers and with Google Maps. There is also an opt-out on GPS data being sent to Google. When showcased in 2009 January, five months prelaunch,

neg: Multibook MultiBook’s integrated Suite B security module. The security module known as a HAIPE protects information stored on the computer, as well as data being sent to and from networks classified Secret and below. Due to the lack of stored collateral data, multiBooks do not have any burdensome COMSEC handling requirements. There is no Data at Rest (DAR) when equipment is turned off. Some multibooks are NSA certified to protect information classified Secret and below. They are approved for Suite B information/processing with data in transit (DIT) encryption protecting information when sent to and from classified networks. The multibook security benefit

neg: Two-way communication the provider to the network. Two-way communication Two-way communication is a form of transmission in which both parties involved transmit information. Two-way communication has also been referred to as interpersonal communication. Common forms of two-way communication are: A cycle of communication and two-way communication are actually two different things. If we examine closely the anatomy of communication – the actual structure and parts – we will discover that a cycle of communication is not a two-way communication in its entirety. Meaning, two way communication is not as simple as one may infer. One can improve two-way or interpersonal communication by

neg: Information rights management gain access. This is important as often people share sensitive information with users who should legitimately have access but don't. Technology must facilitate control over sensitive information in such a situation. IRM is far more secure than shared secret passwords. Key management is used to protect the information whilst it is at rest on a hard disk, network drive or other storage device. IRM continues to protect and control access to the document when it is in use. Functionality such as preventing screen shots, disallowing the copying of data from the secure document to an insecure environment and guarding the

neg: Guard (information security) in order to protect the integrity of information and availability of services in the protected network. Guards generally provide the following functionality: Guards are functionally equivalent to a bastion host acting as an application proxy placed within a DMZ network, where the proxy imposes the necessary controls over the data that is exchanged to provide the protection against external threats and internal leaks. But they can be distinguished by the way they are constructed. A DMZ network relies on the outer packet filtering firewalls to route traffic to the bastion host. If the firewalls function incorrectly they may pass traffic

neg: Distance matrix properties of a metric. That is, if with is a distance matrix for a metric distance, then Another common example of a distance matrix arises in coding theory when in a block code the elements are strings of fixed length over an alphabet and the distance between them is given by the Hamming distance metric. The smallest non-zero entry in the distance matrix measures the error correcting and error detecting capability of the code. In a network, a directed graph with weights assigned to the arcs, the distance between two nodes of the network can be defined as the minimum

neg: WINLAB (Yeungnam University) transfer of information over a distance without the use of enhanced electrical conductors or "wires". The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear, the term is often shortened to "wireless". Wireless communication is generally considered to be a branch of telecommunications. WINLAB (Yeungnam University) The Wireless Information Networking Laboratory (WINLAB) at Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea, was founded to carry out the extensive research in wireless communication. WINLAB contributed many research articles in many reputed world class journals in

neg: Palatinate Forest mountain range is criss-crossed by a dense network of signed trails, over 12,000 kilometres in overall length, most of which were established by volunteers of the Palatine Forest Club, who continue to maintain them. These include several important international and national long distance paths that link the forest to the European and national networks of long distance trails. Well known examples include the Palatine St. James Way (waymark: scallop on blue field), the Pirmasens – Belfort long distance path (waymark: yellow bar) or the Franconia-Hesse-Palatinate ("Franken – Hessen – Kurpfalz") long distance path (waymark: red cross). These main walking routes

neg: European long-distance paths the network consists of 12 E-paths and covers more than 70,000 km, crisscrossing Europe. The newest E-path is E12, following the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The E-paths are constantly improving and changing in small bits as many persons and organisations are involved in maintaining and upgrading the E-paths. European long-distance paths The European long-distance paths (E-paths) are a network of long-distance footpaths that traverse Europe. While most long-distance footpaths in Europe are located in just one country or region, each of these numbered European long-distance paths passes through many different countries. The first long-distance hiking trail in Europe

neg: DX cluster connect to a particular node using telnet client software. A number of DX cluster software packages are available, among which are: DX cluster A DX cluster is a network of computers, each running a software package dedicated to gathering, and disseminating, information on amateur radio DX (long-distance contact) activities. The computers comprising the network are called nodes, the network itself being termed a cluster of nodes. The nodes may be connected either via radio links or through the internet. Internet nodes generally connect using the telnet protocol. The system acts as an aggregator of information, accepting input from various sources,

neg: Norfolk Trails Norfolk Trails Norfolk County Council manages and promotes a number of long-distance footpaths in the county under the Norfolk Trails brand. The Norfolk Trails network brings together over 1,200 miles of walks, cycle and bridle routes throughout the county of Norfolk. They aim to help people discover the diverse landscape of unique market towns, rich wildlife and cultural heritage which Norfolk is so well known for. It was initially considered a controversial decision within the walking community, as it involved a focusing of the council's resources for Public Rights of Way on these key routes. However, the trails are expanding

neg: Control city for information purposes only. In the Netherlands, the guidelines for signposting feature a distinction between regular control cities (called "hoofddoel") and network cities (called "netwerkdoel"). The class, a group of ten cities in each part of the country where major roads intersect, is being signposted in addition to regular control cities. The references to network control cities serve to guide long-distance traffic through the country, unlike the reference to the first regular control city which is seldom more than away. Network control cities can also be towns on an intersecting road. Since 2010, efforts are being made to create even

neg: Information security Exploit the Flaw. Neither of these models are widely adopted. In information security, confidentiality "is the property, that information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities, or processes." While similar to "privacy," the two words aren't interchangeable. Rather, confidentiality is a component of privacy that implements to protect our data from unauthorized viewers. Examples of confidentiality of electronic data being compromised include laptop theft, password theft, or sensitive emails being sent to the incorrect individuals. In information security, data integrity means maintaining and assuring the accuracy and completeness of data over its entire lifecycle. This means that

neg: Last mile of the need to connect several of these LANs together, particularly as related to common projects among the United States Department of Defense, industry and some academic institutions. ARPANET came into being to further these interests. In addition to providing a way for multiple computers and users to share a common inter-LAN connection, the TCP/IP protocols provided a standardized way for dissimilar computers and operating systems to exchange information over this inter-network. The funding and support for the connections among LANs could be spread over one or even several LANs. As each new LAN, or subnet, was added, the new

neg: Ninja mid-15th century, when certain samurai families started to focus on covert warfare, including espionage and assassination. Like the samurai, ninja were born into the profession, where traditions were kept in, and passed down through the family. According to Turnbull, the ninja was trained from childhood, as was also common in samurai families. Outside the expected martial art disciplines, a youth studied survival and scouting techniques, as well as information regarding poisons and explosives. Physical training was also important, which involved long distance runs, climbing, stealth methods of walking and swimming. A certain degree of knowledge regarding common professions was also

neg: Encryption software Encryption software Encryption software is software that uses cryptography to prevent unauthorized access to digital information. Cryptography is used to protect digital information on computers as well as the digital information that is sent to other computers over the Internet. There are many software products which provide encryption. Software encryption uses a cipher to obscure the content into ciphertext. One way to classify this type of software is by the type of cipher used. Ciphers can be divided into two categories: public key ciphers (also known as asymmetric ciphers), and symmetric key ciphers. Encryption software can be based on either

neg: Quantum network the sender or receiver knowing. This works because if a listener tries to listen in then they will change the information in an unintended why by listening therefore tipping their hand to the people on whom they are attacking. Secondly, without the proper quantum operator to decode the information they will be corrupting the sent information without being able to use it themselves. This topic will be gone into in more detail in the next sections. Quantum Networks can also be used to protect against jamming. A user can use a Quantum Network by using Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum(FHSS). This method

neg: Burnley Way Burnley Way The Burnley Way is a 40-mile (64 km) long distance footpath in Lancashire, England. As a circular walk it can be walked from any point, but it is common to start and finish at the Weavers' Triangle Visitor Centre in Burnley. It covers a range of terrain from canal towpaths to open moorland. The path is waymarked by a letter "B" and a bird symbol. It was created in 1993 and updated in May 2008. The route is described in a series of six sectional leaflets, updated in 2008, which are available from Burnley Tourist Information Centre. The

neg: Network Sovereignty from those who promote "free flow of information," President Vladimir Putin and the Kremlin remain stolid in assertions of network sovereignty to protect Russian citizens. China's approach could also be repeated in many other countries around the world. One example was the Internet censorship in the Arab Spring, when the Egyptian government in particular tried to block access to Facebook and Twitter. Also, during the 2011 England riots, the British government tried to block Blackberry Messenger. In Ireland, Microsoft and Apple have fought for control over servers and claimed that their intentions to protect user privacy were being manipulated by

neg: Distance-vector routing protocol require that a router informs its neighbours of network topology changes periodically. Distance-vector routing protocols use the Bellman–Ford algorithm and Ford–Fulkerson algorithm to calculate the best route. Another way of calculating the best route across a network is based on link cost, and is implemented through link-state routing protocols. The term "distance vector" refers to the fact that the protocol manipulates "vectors" (arrays) of distances to other nodes in the network. The distance vector algorithm was the original ARPANET routing algorithm and was implemented more widely in local area networks with the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). Routers that use distance-vector

neg: Transmission medium along its length. Four major factors favor optical fiber over copper- data rates, distance, installation, and costs. Optical fiber can carry huge amounts of data compared to copper. It can be run for hundreds of miles without the need for signal repeaters, in turn, reducing maintenance costs and improving the reliability of the communication system because repeaters are a common source of network failures. Glass is lighter than copper allowing for less need for specialized heavy-lifting equipment when installing long-distance optical fiber. Optical fiber for indoor applications cost approximately a dollar a foot, the same as copper. Multimode and single

neg: Phreaking (providing his nickname, "Captain Crunch"). This allowed control of phone systems that worked on single frequency (SF) controls. One could sound a long whistle to reset the line, followed by groups of whistles (a short tone for a "1", two for a "2", etc.) to dial numbers. While single-frequency worked on certain phone routes, the most common signaling on the then long-distance network was multi-frequency (MF) controls. The slang term for these tones and their use was "Marty Freeman." The specific frequencies required were unknown to the general public until 1954, when the Bell System published the information in the

neg: IP Flow Information Export established or if IPFIX is sent over UDP which is a session-less protocol. IP Flow Information Export Internet Protocol Flow Information Export (IPFIX) is an IETF protocol, as well as the name of the IETF working group defining the protocol. It was created based on the need for a common, universal standard of export for Internet Protocol flow information from routers, probes and other devices that are used by mediation systems, accounting/billing systems and network management systems to facilitate services such as measurement, accounting and billing. The IPFIX standard defines how IP flow information is to be formatted and transferred

neg: Quantum network the information that is being sent so that only the receiver and the sender can decipher the information using the operator. This method makes it difficult for a potential listener to eavesdrop because without the operator they will not be able to determine the information. At the same time if a listener does try to decode the sent information by doing so they will change the information which will immediately tell the receiver that someone is listening to them. When using any computer to communicate with another computer the name of the game is security. "Attackers", people who want to

neg: Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network links between the major centers. Some long distance and international links were based on duplex radioteletype transmissions and leased lines. When it upgraded to CIDIN (Common ICAO Data Interchange Network), it was upgraded to X.25 links at much higher data rates. As the AMHS comes online over the next decade, it will switch to X.400 links, with either dedicated lines or tunneled through IP. An AFTN address is an eight-letter-group composed of a four-letter ICAO Location Indicator plus a three-letter-group identifying an organization or service addressed and an additional letter. The additional letter represents a department, division or process within

neg: Security service (telecommunication) a standardized way, communication protocols had been defined. The ITU-T organization published a large set of protocols. The general architecture of these protocols is defined in recommendation X.200. The different means (air, cables) and ways (protocols and protocol stacks) to communicate are called a communication network. Security requirements are applicable to the information sent over the network. The discipline dealing with security over a network is called Network security. The X.800 Recommendation: This Recommendation extends the field of application of Recommendation X.200, to cover secure communications between open systems. According to X.200 Recommendation, in the so-called OSI Reference model there

neg: Available bit rate Available bit rate Available bit rate (ABR) is a service used in ATM networks when source and destination don't need to be synchronized. ABR does not guarantee against delay or data loss. ABR mechanisms allow the network to allocate the available bandwidth fairly over the present ABR sources. ABR is one of five service categories defined by the ATM Forum for use in an ATM Network. The network switches use locally available information to determine the explicit allowable rates or relative rate (increase/decrease) for the source. The newly calculated rates are then being sent to the sources using resource management

neg: Encryption software to establish the initial state of a keystream generator, and the output of that generator is used to encrypt the plaintext. Block cipher algorithms split the plaintext into fixed-size blocks and encrypt one block at a time. For example, AES processes 16-byte blocks, while its predecessor DES encrypted blocks of eight bytes. There is also a well-known case where PKI is used for data in transit of data at rest. Data in transit is data that is being sent over a computer network. When the data is between two endpoints, any confidential information may be vulnerable. The payload (confidential information)

neg: GSM Radio Frequency optimization using different graphs and reports and when KPI from the statistics exceed the limit, extensive analysis is carried out to identify and troubleshoot the problem. There are various control channels involved in setting up of a voice call in a GSM network. On Broadcast Channels system information and various parameters along with synchronization and frequency correction information is transmitted. Common Control Channels are used for informing the mobile or the GSM network about a service(voice, data, SMS) initiation and Dedicated Control Channels are used for call setup, authentication, location updating and SMS. A mobile is informed on a paging channel(PCH)

neg: Network security can be private, such as within a company, and others which might be open to public access. Network security is involved in organizations, enterprises, and other types of institutions. It does as its title explains: It secures the network, as well as protecting and overseeing operations being done. The most common and simple way of protecting a network resource is by assigning it a unique name and a corresponding password. Network security starts with authentication, commonly with a username and a password. Since this requires just one detail authenticating the user name—i.e., the password—this is sometimes termed one-factor authentication. With

neg: Afghanistan Mission Network NATO and Partner Nations operated on AMN. Afghanistan Mission Network The Afghanistan Mission Network (AMN) is the primary Coalition, Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C5ISR) network for NATO-led missions in Afghanistan (ISAF, RSM). By providing a common network over which to share critical information, the AMN enabled a shift in information-sharing posture from "need to know" to "need to share," resulting in an increase in situational awareness among coalition partners. AMN establishes a common information sharing platform that provides standardised services such as email, instant messaging or chat, Common Operational Picture service, VTC, Voice over IP and

neg: Afghanistan Mission Network Afghanistan Mission Network The Afghanistan Mission Network (AMN) is the primary Coalition, Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C5ISR) network for NATO-led missions in Afghanistan (ISAF, RSM). By providing a common network over which to share critical information, the AMN enabled a shift in information-sharing posture from "need to know" to "need to share," resulting in an increase in situational awareness among coalition partners. AMN establishes a common information sharing platform that provides standardised services such as email, instant messaging or chat, Common Operational Picture service, VTC, Voice over IP and Web Services for document sharing and application

neg: IPsec IPsec In computing, Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a secure network protocol suite that authenticates and encrypts the packets of data sent over an internet protocol network. It is used in virtual private networks (VPNs). IPsec includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agents at the beginning of a session and negotiation of cryptographic keys to use during the session. IPsec can protect data flows between a pair of hosts ("host-to-host"), between a pair of security gateways ("network-to-network"), or between a security gateway and a host ("network-to-host"). Internet Protocol security (IPsec) uses cryptographic security services to protect communications over Internet

neg: Tutuila is divided into three zones has a network of hiking trails. The National Park Service (NPS) maintains good information system about these trails. One such trail goes up the Mount Alava, a high peak within the park rising to a height of . A TV tower exists on this mountain and also the ruins of a cable car station of a long cable way which once ran over Pago Pago Harbor to Solo hill in Utulei. (524m). This cable way, which was the only single way cable in the world at that time built in 1965, was damaged when a

neg: Nada personal (1996 TV series) and half-brother, Alfonso Carbajal, is assigned to the case. An old schoolmate of Camila's, he has long been in love with her and conflicts arise when all evidence points to Camila being involved in the drug trade. The two brothers find themselves caught between their professional duty that would require them to exploit Camila and their desire to protect her. Standing in their way is Fernando, who is busy fabricating evidence to sink Camila and at the same time taking a very personal interest in Raúl's widow, María Dolores. Each on his own, Alfonso and Luis Mario work to prove

neg: Sneakernet this distance would be very difficult to attain without a costly dedicated connection as one would likely need to use several hops and have a connection that is not oversubscribed. Sneakernets may also be used in tandem with computer network data transfer to increase data security. For example, a file or collection of files may be encrypted and sent over the Internet while the encryption key is printed and hand delivered or mailed. This method greatly reduces the possibility of an individual intercepting both the key and encrypted data. Another way sneakernets are used together with network transfers is to

neg: Problem solving realized fully, the "aha" moment happens for the subject. These moments of insight can take a long while to manifest or not so long at other times, but the way that the solution is arrived at after toiling over these barriers stays the same. Irrelevant information is information presented within a problem that is unrelated or unimportant to the specific problem. Within the specific context of the problem, irrelevant information would serve no purpose in helping solve that particular problem. Often "irrelevant information" is detrimental to the problem solving process. It is a common barrier that many people have trouble

neg: Common Information Model (electricity) implementation. The harmonization can be done by mixing equipment topological approach of CIM and functionality approach of SCL. IEC TC57 WG19 is involved in the harmonization CIM & SCL. This will involve the following steps Common Information Model (electricity) In electric power transmission and distribution, the Common Information Model (CIM), a standard developed by the electric power industry that has been officially adopted by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), aims to allow application software to exchange information about an electrical network. The CIM is currently maintained as a UML model. It defines a common vocabulary and basic ontology for aspects

neg: Smoke signal Smoke signal The smoke signal is one of the oldest forms of long-distance communication. It is a form of visual communication used over long distance. In general smoke signals are used to transmit news, signal danger, or gather people to a common area. In ancient China, soldiers stationed along the Great Wall would alert each other of impending enemy attack by signaling from tower to tower. In this way, they were able to transmit a message as far away as in just a few hours. Misuse of the smoke signal is known to have contributed to the fall of the

neg: Glendalough the great spotted woodpecker, and some of the rarest, such as the common redstart and the wood warbler; peregrine, white-throated dipper, common cuckoo, eurasian jay and common buzzard can also be seen. There are many walking trails of varying difficulty around Glendalough. Within the valley itself there are nine colour-coded walking trails maintained by Wicklow Mountains National Park. They all begin at an information office located near the Upper Lough where maps are available to purchase. There are also a number of guided walk options. The Wicklow Way, a long distance waymarked walking trail, passes through Glendalough on its way

neg: Long Term Ecological Research Network cities or agricultural areas. Either way, the program of research for each LTER is tailored to the most pressing and promising questions for that location and the program of research determines the group of researchers with the skills and interests to pursue those questions. While each LTER site has a unique situation—with different organizational partners and different scientific challenges—the members of the Network apply several common approaches to understanding long-term ecological phenomena. These include observation, large-scale experiments, modeling, synthesis science and partnerships. Long Term Ecological Research Network The Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTER) consists of a group of over

neg: Quantum network the largest issue has always been keeping your communications private. From when couriers were used to send letters between ancient battle commanders to secure radio communications that exist today the main purpose is to ensure that what a sender sends out to the receiver reaches the receiver unmolested. This is an area in which Quantum Networks particularly excel. By applying a quantum operator that the user selects to a system of information the information can then be sent to the receiver without a chance of an eavesdropper being able to accurately be able to record the sent information without either

neg: Crypto-anarchism access to this information, it is thought to be very difficult for nodes in the network to know what information they are carrying or who is communicating with whom. Peers can protect their identities from each other's by using rendevouz onions or similar, digital signatures, etc. Who originally sent the information and who is the intended receiver is considered infeasible to detect, unless the peers themselves collaborate to reveal this information. See mix networks, onion routing and anonymous P2P for more information. Anonymizing communication protocols makes it difficult to know who is connected to any particular service or pseudonym. Because

neg: Harz descents and ascents. In addition, there are a large number of railway connections on the edge of the Harz which allow bicycles to be taken on trains. The Harz Mountain Rescue ("Bergwacht Harz") service also operates in summer, rescuing people involved in accidents on difficult terrain. The mountains of the Harz were used in former times for long walks (e. g. by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Heinrich Heine and Hans Christian Andersen). An extensive network of footpaths is maintained today, especially by the Harz Club. In addition, there are several long distance paths (the Harz Witches' Trail, Kaiser Way, Karst

neg: Mobile database Mobile database Mobile computing devices (e.g., smartphones and PDAs) store and share data over a mobile network, or a database which is actually stored by the mobile device. This could be a list of contacts, price information, distance travelled, or any other information. Many applications require the ability to download information from an information repository and operate on this information even when out of range or disconnected. An example of this is your contacts and calendar on the phone. In this scenario, a user would require access to update information from files in the home directories on a server or

neg: IP address spoofing on the packet was sent. It does not provide information on the identity of the sender or the computer being used. IP address spoofing involving the use of a trusted IP address can be used by network intruders to overcome network security measures, such as authentication based on IP addresses. This type of attack is most effective where trust relationships exist between machines. For example, it is common on some corporate networks to have internal systems trust each other, so that users can log in without a username or password provided they are connecting from another machine on the internal

neg: FCC Computer Inquiries Annual independent audits are performed to ensure certain carriers are not improperly cross subsidizing their services. The final reports of these independent audits are publicly available and can be obtained by contacting the Accounting Safeguards Division of the FCC’s Common Carrier Bureau. The FCC provides information about Common Carrier account on their ARMIS database on their website. The FCC needed to create restrictions on BOCs to gather sensitive information from their subscribers. This safeguard to protect subscriber's information has become known as the Customer Proprietary Network Information (CPNI). The FCC require carriers to provide any customer proprietary network information available

neg: Encrypting File System file could be decrypted without the user explicitly asking Windows to do so. Files and folders are decrypted before being copied to a volume formatted with another file system, like FAT32. Finally, when encrypted files are copied over the network using the SMB/CIFS protocol, the files are decrypted before they are sent over the network. The most significant way of preventing the decryption-on-copy is using backup applications that are aware of the "Raw" APIs. Backup applications that have implemented these Raw APIs will simply copy the encrypted file stream and the $EFS alternative data stream as a single file. In

neg: Convergence (routing) that engage in dynamic routing. All Interior Gateway Protocols rely on convergence to function properly. To have converged it is the normal state of an operational autonomous system. The Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol BGP typically never converges because the Internet is too big for changes to be communicated fast enough. When a routing protocol process is enabled, every participating router will attempt to exchange information about the topology of the network. The extent of this information exchange, the way it is sent and received, and the type of information required vary widely depending on the routing protocol in use, see

neg: Heart of England Way Heart of England Way The Heart of England Way is a long distance walk of around through the Midlands of England. The walk starts from Milford Common on Cannock Chase and ends at Bourton on the Water in the Cotswolds passing through the counties of Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Gloucestershire. The walk provides links to a number of other long distance walks: the Beacon Way, Staffordshire Way, Two Saints Way, Arden Way, Cotswold Way, Oxfordshire Way, and Thames Path. It is maintained by the Heart of England Way Association. On 20 July 2013, Ultra Runner David Hollyoak set a solo course

neg: Sprint Corporation official home for documents relating to the proposed merger. The FCC granted the companies request to withhold “competitively sensitive information” from the proceeding, which was filed in a separate filing. Sprint derives revenue as a wireline IP network operator and as a long distance telephony provider. Sprint Nextel is the United States' fourth largest long distance provider by subscribers. In 2006, Sprint Nextel exited the local landline telephone business, spinning those assets off into a newly created company named Embarq, which CenturyTel acquired in 2008 to form CenturyLink. SprintLink is a global Tier 1 Internet service provider network, operating an

neg: Computer and network surveillance survival kit" if they are exchanging sensitive information online, storing it on a computer hard-drive or mobile phone. Individuals associated with high-profile rights organizations, dissident groups, protest groups, or reform groups are urged to take extra precautions to protect their online identities. Computer and network surveillance Computer and network surveillance is the monitoring of computer activity and data stored on a hard drive, or data being transferred over computer networks such as the Internet. The monitoring is often carried out covertly and may be completed by governments, corporations, criminal organizations, or individuals. It may or may not be legal and

neg: Long short-term memory Long short-term memory Long short-term memory (LSTM) units are units of a recurrent neural network (RNN). An RNN composed of LSTM units is often called an "LSTM network". A common LSTM unit is composed of a cell, an input gate, an output gate and a forget gate. The cell remembers values over arbitrary time intervals and the three "gates" regulate the flow of information into and out of the cell. LSTM networks are well-suited to classifying, processing and making predictions based on time series data, since there can be lags of unknown duration between important events in a time series.

neg: Connection-oriented communication data packet reordering on the receiver side. The sequence numbering requires two-way synchronization of segment counters during a three-step connection establishment phase . In a connection-oriented packet switched data link layer or network layer protocol, all data is sent over the same path during a communication session. The protocol identifies traffic flows only by a channel/data stream number, often denoted virtual circuit identifier (VCI), rather than by complete routing information for each packet (source and destination addresses) used in connectionless datagram switching such as conventional IP routers. In connection-oriented communication, routing information may be provided to the network nodes during

neg: Fradley Junction from Fradley. No more progress was made until 1782, when the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal was being proposed. The promotors wanted to ensure that it would be profitable if it was built, and this depended on it being part of a larger network, which would generated long-distance traffic. They therefore negotiated with the Oxford Canal, who agreed to complete their line to join the River Thames at Oxford, and hence open up the route to London. Negotiations with the Coventry Canal were a little more complex, and the final solution involved the Coventry Canal building of canal, including the flight

neg: Trade route Trade route A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo. The term can also be used to refer to trade over bodies of water. Allowing goods to reach distant markets, a single trade route contains long distance arteries, which may further be connected to smaller networks of commercial and noncommercial transportation routes. Among notable trade routes was the Amber Road, which served as a dependable network for long-distance trade. Maritime trade along the Spice Route became prominent during the Middle Ages, when nations resorted to military

neg: Earth potential rise could arise can protect employees not directly involved in the operation being performed. Employees on the ground in the vicinity of transmission structures should be kept at a distance where step voltages would be insufficient to cause injury. Employees should not handle grounded conductors or equipment likely to become energized to hazardous voltages unless the employees are within an equipotential zone or are protected by insulating equipment. In cases such as an electrical substation, it is common practice to cover the surface with a high-resistivity layer of crushed stone or asphalt. The surface layer provides a high resistance between feet

neg: Trailer (computing) a trailer, it can cause confusion. The trailer contains information concerning the destination of a packet being sent over a network so for instance in the case of emails the destination of the email is contained in the trailer Trailer (computing) In information technology, trailer or footer refers to supplemental data placed at the end of a block of data being stored or transmitted, which may contain information for the handling of the data block, or just mark its end. In data transmission, the data following the end of the header and preceding the start of the trailer is called

neg: Waterlink Way stations including Kent House, Lower Sydenham, Ladywell, Lewisham and Greenwich en route. In Cator Park, Beckenham the cyclepath links with the Capital Ring and Green Chain Walk long distance footpaths. Waterlink Way Waterlink Way is a long distance cyclepath and walking route in South East London. It extends from South Norwood Country Park (near Elmers End station) to the Cutty Sark ship in Greenwich, a total of eight miles. The Waterlink Way is an established part of the National Cycle Network (Route 21 between London and the Sussex coast). It connects a number of parks and green spaces in South

neg: Mobile database Commercially available mobile databases include those shown on this comparison chart. *Peer To Peer (P2P) or Device To Device Mobile database Mobile computing devices (e.g., smartphones and PDAs) store and share data over a mobile network, or a database which is actually stored by the mobile device. This could be a list of contacts, price information, distance travelled, or any other information. Many applications require the ability to download information from an information repository and operate on this information even when out of range or disconnected. An example of this is your contacts and calendar on the phone. In this

neg: E11 European long distance path three countries involved. The Dutch section of E11 is known as the Marskramerpad ("Peddlers Way"), paying tribute to those who walked through the centuries along the same track. The Marskramerpad links Scheveningen in The Hague over 368 kilometers to the German township of Bad Bentheim. The last 13 km are in Germany, which leaves 355 km for the Netherlands. Like most Dutch long distance trails, the Marskramerpad is managed by Wandelnet, where a detailed guide of the trail can be bought. The Marskramerpad links some typically Dutch landscapes, such as the wetlands and polders in the West of the country,

neg: VHF omnidirectional range is achieved by a circular array of typically 60 directional antennas, the signal to each one being amplitude modulated by the 30 Hz reference signal delayed in phase to match the azimuthal position of each individual antenna. When the composite signal is received in the aircraft, the AM and FM 30 Hz components are detected and then compared to determine the phase angle between them. This information is then fed over an analog or digital interface to one of four common types of indicators: In many cases, VOR stations have collocated distance measuring equipment (DME) or military Tactical Air Navigation

neg: Carrier system at a different frequency. Multiple layers of multiplexing may ultimately be performed upon a given input signal. For example, in the public switched telephone network, many telephone calls are sent over shared trunk lines by time-division multiplexing. For long distance calls several of these channels may be sent over a communications satellite link by frequency-division multiplexing. At a given receiving node, specific channels may be demultiplexed individually. The purpose of carrier systems is to save money by carrying more traffic on less infrastructure. 19th century telephone systems, operating at baseband, could only carry one telephone call on each wire, hence

neg: Common Management Information Service ISO 9595: Common Management Information Service The Common Management Information Service (CMIS) is the service interface specified in ITU-T Recommendation X.710, ISO/IEC International Standard 9595 that is employed by OSI network elements for network management. It defines the service interface that is implemented by the Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) as specified in ITU-T Recommendation X.711, ISO/IEC International Standard 9596-1. CMIS is part of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) body of international network standards. Note the term CMIP is sometimes used erroneously when CMIS is intended. CMIS/CMIP is most often used in telecommunication applications, in other areas SNMP has become

neg: Common Management Information Service Common Management Information Service The Common Management Information Service (CMIS) is the service interface specified in ITU-T Recommendation X.710, ISO/IEC International Standard 9595 that is employed by OSI network elements for network management. It defines the service interface that is implemented by the Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) as specified in ITU-T Recommendation X.711, ISO/IEC International Standard 9596-1. CMIS is part of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) body of international network standards. Note the term CMIP is sometimes used erroneously when CMIS is intended. CMIS/CMIP is most often used in telecommunication applications, in other areas SNMP has become more popular.

neg: La Hourquette d'Ancizan Starting from Campan, the climb is long. Over this distance, the climb is (an average of 4.0%), with the steepest section being at 10.0%. On both sides of the climb mountain pass cycling milestones are placed every kilometre. They indicate the height of the summit, the distance to the summit, the current height, and the average slope in the following kilometre. Such signposting for cyclists has become common in most major mountain passes in the French Pyrenees and Alps. La Hourquette d'Ancizan was first used in the Tour de France on stage 12 of the 2011 tour, when the leader

neg: Cyberattack less likely that an attack would target or compromise the traditional telephony network of SS7 switches, or an attempted attack on physical devices such as microwave stations or satellite facilities. The ability would still be there to shut down those physical facilities to disrupt telephony networks. The whole idea on these cyber-attacks is to cut people off from one another, to disrupt communication, and by doing so, to impede critical information being sent and received. In cyberwarfare, this is a critical way of gaining the upper-hand in a conflict. By controlling the flow of information and communication, a nation can

neg: Last mile adequate S/N ratio to support information flow. Dielectric optical fiber systems support heavier flow at higher cost. Traditional wired local area networking systems require copper coaxial cable or a twisted pair to be run between or among two or more of the nodes in the network. Common systems operate at 100 Mbit/s, and newer ones also support 1000 Mbit/s or more. While length may be limited by collision detection and avoidance requirements, signal loss and reflections over these lines also define a maximum distance. The decrease in information capacity made available to an individual user is roughly proportional to the

neg: Node (computer science) root node. Node depth is determined by the distance between that particular node and the root node. The root node is said to have a depth of zero. Data can be discovered along these network paths. An IP address uses this kind of system of nodes to define its location in a network. Another common use of node trees is in web development. In programming, XML is used to communicate information between computer programmers and computers alike. For this reason XML is used to create common communication protocols used in office productivity software, and serves as the base for the

neg: Yellowcraigs the beach. The area includes information displays, a barbecue area and a Treasure Island themed adventure play park. WCs and showers are located at the car park. There is also a wheelchair accessible path and ramp giving a view over the beach. Yellowcraig is on the John Muir Way, a long distance footpath between Fisherrow, Musselburgh and Dunglass, named in honour of the conservationist John Muir, who was born in Dunbar. Yellowcraig is featured in the leaflet "Aberlady to North Berwick" among a series of leaflets on the John Muir Way. The John Muir Way is part of the North

neg: Bedroom production stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface and is the most common way of connecting musical equipment to various devices and to a central DAW. Because MIDI information is non-acoustic, in the form of data instead of sound waves, it can be used to send musical information from one VST device to another or through external hardwares which can be connected to a DAW, such as a MIDI keyboard or other MIDI controller. When MIDI information is sent to different VST devices, new sounds are created from the same musical data. For example, a melody played by a virtual MIDI (VST)

neg: South Stoke, West Sussex of Houghton. The parish church, Saxon in origin, is dedicated to St Leonard. Offham has a large pub. Human population here reverted to medieval levels after 1806 when common land was enclosed to make Arundel Park, depriving unlanded villagers of sheep-grazing land. Some of this was returned to woodland after a few centuries of being used as pasture. Offham has a pub with outdoor seated area, the "Black Rabbit". The Monarch's Way long-distance footpath crosses the western edge of the parish between Houghton and Arundel. Offham is the setting for Michael de Larrabeiti's 2003 novel "Foxes' Oven", set in 1940.

neg: SERCOS III safety, Sercos III Safety is based upon the CIP Safety safety protocol developed by the Open DeviceNet Vendors Association (ODVA). This provides interoperability at the safety level with all networks based upon the Common Industry Protocol (CIP), including DeviceNet and EtherNet/IP. CIP Safety on Sercos provides for safe data transmission over Sercos III up to SIL 3 (Safety Integrity Level). No additional safety bus is required, as the safety information is sent in addition to the standard data on the Sercos network. With CIP Safety on Sercos, data is sent on the same medium using the same connections as standard

neg: History of prostitution network of European prostitutes being trafficked to India, Ceylon, Singapore, China and Japan around the same time, this known as the "White Slave Traffic." The most common destination for European prostitutes in Asia were the British colonies of India and Ceylon, where hundreds of women and girls from continental Europe and Japan serviced British soldiers. The houses of prostitution found in every mining camp worldwide were famous, especially in the 19th century when long distance imports of prostitutes became common. Entrepreneurs set up shops and businesses to cater to the miners, and brothels were largely tolerated in mining towns. Prostitution

neg: Recreational walks in Norfolk Recreational walks in Norfolk The following are lists of recreational walks in Norfolk, England. There are many short circular walks in Norfolk. Countryside Norfolk has page listing them here. The Norfolk Trails are a network of long distance footpaths formed by Norfolk County Council. A long distance circular tour of 359 kilometres around Norfolk can be completed by following the Angles Way, Peddar's Way, Norfolk Coast Path and Weavers Way. It is also possible to walk across Norfolk from Kings Lynn to Great Yarmouth, a route of 96 miles following the Nar Valley Way, the Wensum Way, The Marriott's Way

neg: Women for Human Rights integrity of and provide justice for, CAW. Being a common platform for women who had been victimized during the armed conflict, the initiative deals with the issues of these women and circulates information to the concerned stakeholders. The network of Nispakchya is spread over 10 districts in Nepal, with the end objective of encompassing the entire country. The color red symbolizes womanhood and is the color presented to every young girl when she comes of age. But these very colors are torn away from her when a woman becomes a widow. Her ornaments are broken, her 'sindhood' is wiped away

neg: Distance-vector routing protocol protocol determine the distance between themselves and a destination. The best route for Internet Protocol packets that carry data across a data network is measured in terms of the numbers of routers (hops) a packet has to pass to reach its destination network. Additionally some distance-vector protocols take into account other traffic information, such as network latency. To establish the best route, routers regularly exchange information with neighbouring routers, usually their routing table, hop count for a destination network and possibly other traffic related information. Routers that implement distance-vector protocol rely purely on the information provided to them by other

neg: Email spoofing user rather than processed by the recipient MTA. Proprietary implementation beyond the scope of the SPF schema is required to protect against certain header-from spoofing implementations. Email spoofing Email spoofing is the creation of email messages with a forged sender address. Because the core email protocols do not have any mechanism for authentication, it is common for spam and phishing emails to use such spoofing to mislead the recipient about the origin of the message. When an SMTP email is sent, the initial connection provides two pieces of address information: Together these are sometimes referred to as the "envelope" addressing,

neg: Fisheye State Routing spread in the network, since LSA are not sent with a fixed maximum TTL. One of the typical issues with link-state protocols is that when a node or link breaks, temporary loops can be created. This is due to the fact that HELLO messages are sent with a higher frequency than LSA messages, so if a node fails, its neighbors sense the broken link way before the other nodes. They immediately recompute their routing tables, which can conflict with the routing table of the other nodes, and a loop can be created. This can happen when two nodes have information

neg: Recreational walks in Norfolk and the Wherryman's Way. Recreational walks in Norfolk The following are lists of recreational walks in Norfolk, England. There are many short circular walks in Norfolk. Countryside Norfolk has page listing them here. The Norfolk Trails are a network of long distance footpaths formed by Norfolk County Council. A long distance circular tour of 359 kilometres around Norfolk can be completed by following the Angles Way, Peddar's Way, Norfolk Coast Path and Weavers Way. It is also possible to walk across Norfolk from Kings Lynn to Great Yarmouth, a route of 96 miles following the Nar Valley Way, the Wensum

neg: Long-distance running messengers would run to deliver information to distant locations. Long-distance running as a form of tradition or ceremony is known among the Hopi and Tarahumara people, among others. Distance running can also serve as a bonding exercise for family, friends, colleagues, and has even been associated with nation-building. The social element of distance running has been linked with improved performance. In the sport of athletics, long-distance events are defined as races covering three kilometres (1.86 miles) and above. The three most common types are track running, road running and cross country running, all of which are defined by their terrain

neg: Common Public Attribution License of its attribution requirement. Common Public Attribution License The Common Public Attribution License ("CPAL") is a free software license approved by the Open Source Initiative in 2007. Its purpose is to be a general license for software distributed over a network. It is based on the Mozilla Public License, but it adds an attribution term paraphrased below: The CPAL also adds the following section discussing "network use" which triggers copyleft provisions when running CPAL licensed code on a network service and this way closing the so-called ASP loophole: The Debian project found the license to be incompatible with its Free

neg: Common Public Attribution License Common Public Attribution License The Common Public Attribution License ("CPAL") is a free software license approved by the Open Source Initiative in 2007. Its purpose is to be a general license for software distributed over a network. It is based on the Mozilla Public License, but it adds an attribution term paraphrased below: The CPAL also adds the following section discussing "network use" which triggers copyleft provisions when running CPAL licensed code on a network service and this way closing the so-called ASP loophole: The Debian project found the license to be incompatible with its Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) because

neg: Roxy Miller begins seeing James Healy (Simon Baker), a new teacher who has taken over Luke's job. Suspecting they have little in common, James enlists Luke's help to persuade Roxy he is into the same books as her but Roxy quickly sees through his ruse. Although Luke manages to convince her James had meant well, James soon leaves town soon after being offered a better job. Roxy and James try to keep things going long distance but they soon fizzle out. When a self-destructive Tug steals Roxy's car, she is forced to report him to the police and feels guilty when he

neg: Trail enormously in nature, from short urban strolls, to moderate coastal locations, to challenging tramps [hikes] in the high country [mountains]". Walkway is used similarly in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, where the "Grand Concourse", is an integrated walkway system. In the United Kingdom, the term trail is in common usage. Longer distance walking routes, and government-promoted long distance paths, collectively known as National Trails, are also frequently called "ways"; as in the Pennine Way and South Downs Way. Generally the term "footpath" is preferred for pedestrian routes, including long distance trails, and is also used for urban paths and sometimes in

neg: Interplanetary spaceflight to put it into a circular orbit around Mars. If the manoeuver is timed properly, Mars will be "arriving" under the spacecraft when this happens. The Hohmann transfer applies to any two orbits, not just those with planets involved. For instance it is the most common way to transfer satellites into geostationary orbit, after first being "parked" in low Earth orbit. However, the Hohmann transfer takes an amount of time similar to ½ of the orbital period of the outer orbit, so in the case of the outer planets this is many years – too long to wait. It is

neg: Internet security encrypt the communications between their mail servers over the Internet. Unlike methods that can only encrypt a message body, a VPN can encrypt entire messages, including email header information such as senders, recipients, and subjects. In some cases, organizations may need to protect header information. However, a VPN solution alone cannot provide a message signing mechanism, nor can it provide protection for email messages along the entire route from sender to recipient. MIME transforms non-ASCII data at the sender's site to Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) ASCII data and delivers it to client's Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) to be sent

neg: Memory rehearsal information is enough to transfer it to long term memory, another way that elaborative rehearsal works is by associating new information with information that is already held in long term memory. This approach requires the learner to engage with new information in a way that creates meaningful connections to previously-learned things, thus leading to the new information also being committed to long term memory. An effective way of encouraging elaborative rehearsal is by engaging with the material in more than one way. For instance, discussion or study groups provide an opportunity to make discrete pieces of information more personal by