query: what are the names of the boroughs in new york

pos: Boroughs of New York City Boroughs of New York City New York City encompasses five county-level administrative divisions called "boroughs": Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, and Staten Island. All boroughs are part of New York City, and each of the boroughs is coextensive with a respective county, the primary administrative subdivision within New York State. Queens and The Bronx are concurrent with the counties of the same name, while Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island correspond to New York, Kings, and Richmond Counties respectively. Boroughs have existed since the consolidation of the city in 1898, when the city and each borough assumed their current boundaries. However,

pos: Neighborhoods in New York City form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city. Neighborhoods in New York City The neighborhoods in New York City are located within the five boroughs of the City of New York. Their names and borders are not officially defined, and they change from time to time. New York City is split up into five boroughs, which are the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island. Each borough has the same boundaries as a county of the state. The county governments were dissolved when the city consolidated in 1898, along with all

pos: Neighborhoods in New York City Neighborhoods in New York City The neighborhoods in New York City are located within the five boroughs of the City of New York. Their names and borders are not officially defined, and they change from time to time. New York City is split up into five boroughs, which are the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island. Each borough has the same boundaries as a county of the state. The county governments were dissolved when the city consolidated in 1898, along with all city, town, and village governments within each county. The term "borough" was adopted to describe a unique

pos: New York City million, to reduce traffic collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns at red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present. New York City is located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are (primarily) coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island, and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State's mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of

pos: Boroughs of New York City individual county, each borough also elects a district attorney, as does every other county of New York State. While the district attorneys of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island are popularly referred to as such by the media (e.g., "Manhattan D.A. Cyrus Vance, Jr.", or "Brooklyn D.A. Kenneth P. Thompson"), they are technically and legally the district attorneys of New York County, Kings County and Richmond County, respectively. There is no such distinction made for the district attorneys of the other two counties, Queens and the Bronx, since these boroughs share the respective counties' names. Because the five district attorneys are,

pos: Independent city City displays many features associated with independent cities but is, in fact, a "sui generis" municipality that is coextensive with five counties. Counties invariably are administrative divisions of state government. In the case of New York City, however, they are also administrative divisions of "city" government. As city administrative divisions, the five counties are called boroughs, retaining the label 'county' as state administrative divisions. For three out of the five boroughs, the borough and county have different names: the borough of Manhattan is the County of New York; Brooklyn is Kings County; and Staten Island is Richmond County. For the

pos: Lynbrook, New York of the New York State 14th Assembly District, which is represented by Republican Brian F. Curran, who resides in Lynbrook. Long Island Rail Road service to the New York City boroughs of Manhattan, Queens and Brooklyn is available at the Lynbrook station located off Sunrise Highway between Peninsula Boulevard and Broadway. There is also the Westwood station located off Whitehall Street that provides service to the New York City boroughs of Manhattan, Queens and Brooklyn. The area currently known as Lynbrook had other names, including Rechquaakie (originally), Near Rockaway, Parson's Corners, and Bloomfield. It was later named Pearsall's Corners, after

pos: Consolidated city-county created in 1898 when the city of New York (then comprising what would become the boroughs of Manhattan and The Bronx) annexed Kings County, Queens County, and Richmond County as the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island, respectively. Similar arrangements also exist in other countries. England has six "metropolitan counties" created in 1974: Greater Manchester, Merseyside, South Yorkshire, Tyne and Wear, West Midlands, and West Yorkshire. From 1986, these metropolitan counties do not have county councils but rather joint boards for certain functions. Modern unitary authorities are similar, and are known as "county boroughs" in Wales. In Scotland, Aberdeen,

pos: Geography of New York City of the Staten Island Greenbelt. New York New Jersey New York City comprises five boroughs, an unusual form of government used to administer the five constituent counties that make up the city. Throughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct , many with a definable history and character all their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States. Although it is not in the subtropics and its winters are cold, New York has a humid subtropical climate according

pos: Borough (United States) Kings County, New York County, Queens County, Bronx County, and Richmond County, respectively. There are no county governments within New York City for legislative or executive purposes. The powers of the boroughs are inferior to the powers of the citywide government, but each borough elects a borough president, who in turn appoints some members of local community boards (see Government of New York City). The boroughs of New York City are generally treated as separate counties for judicial purposes and for some legal filings. Boroughs do not exist in any other part of the state of New York. In Pennsylvania's

pos: Jamaica Avenue Jamaica Avenue Jamaica Avenue is a major avenue in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, New York, in the United States. Jamaica Avenue's western end is at Broadway and Fulton Street, as a continuation of East New York Avenue, in Brooklyn's East New York neighborhood. Physically, East New York Avenue connects westbound to New York Avenue, where East New York Avenue changes names another time to Lincoln Road; Lincoln Road continues to Ocean Avenue in the west, where it ends. Its eastern end is at the city line in Bellerose, Queens, where it becomes Jericho Turnpike to

pos: Jamaica Avenue bus station is a major transport hub, a rival to the nearby Jamaica – 179th Street station () on Hillside Avenue. Jamaica Avenue Jamaica Avenue is a major avenue in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, New York, in the United States. Jamaica Avenue's western end is at Broadway and Fulton Street, as a continuation of East New York Avenue, in Brooklyn's East New York neighborhood. Physically, East New York Avenue connects westbound to New York Avenue, where East New York Avenue changes names another time to Lincoln Road; Lincoln Road continues to Ocean Avenue in the

pos: Boroughs of New York City form the new Nassau County. The borough of Staten Island, concurrent with Richmond County, was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, while leaving the name of the county unchanged. There are throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Since 1914, each of New York City's five boroughs has been coextensive with a county of New York State – unlike most U.S. cities, which lie within a single county or extend partially into another county, constitute a county

pos: Boroughs of New York City legislative function within a borough. Executive functions in New York City are the responsibility of the Mayor of New York City, while legislative functions reside with the New York City Council. The borough presidents primarily act as spokesmen, advocates, and ceremonial leaders for their boroughs, have budgets from which they can allocate relatively modest sums of money to community organizations and projects, and appoint the members of the 59 largely advisory community boards in the city's various neighborhoods. The Brooklyn and Queens borough presidents also appoint trustees to the local public library systems in those boroughs. Being coextensive with an

pos: New York City Subway nomenclature cultures of the former private companies that operated parts of the system, by the need for non-ambiguous names in a city where there are stations with the same name on different lines in different locations and even different Boroughs, and by changing perceptions of the best way to communicate information to a diverse public. Up until 1940, there were three major operators of New York subway and elevated lines, the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT), the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and the Independent Subway System (ISS or ICOS before 1940, now IND). Service labels have always been assigned based on

pos: Borough (United States) 1974. In New Jersey, boroughs are independent municipalities and are one of five types of municipal government, each operating separately at the equivalent level of the other four types of municipal government available in New Jersey: Township, Town, City, and Village. Many boroughs were formed out of larger townships, but even in such cases there is no continuing link between the borough and the township. Most boroughs were formed during the Boroughitis phenomenon of the mid-1890s. New York City is divided into five boroughs: Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Each of these is coterminous with a county:

pos: Boroughs of New York City River, and during the Dutch colonial era, was under the jurisdiction of New Amsterdam and known as Bergen. Jersey City and Hoboken in Hudson County, New Jersey, are sometimes referred to as the sixth borough, given their proximity and connections by rapid transit PATH trains. Fort Lee, New Jersey, in Bergen County, opposite Upper Manhattan and connected by the George Washington Bridge, has also been called the sixth borough. Miami and nearby areas in Florida, Philadelphia and China are locales entirely outside the city's metropolitan area which have been called New York City's sixth borough. Boroughs of New York City

pos: Boroughs of New York City the term is used to refer to New York City as a whole unambiguously, avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New York metropolitan area. The term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the term "outer boroughs" refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan, even though the geographic center of the city is along the Brooklyn–Queens border. All five boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the city's current boundaries were established. The Bronx originally

pos: Chinese in New York City Asia and within the U.S. with an estimated population of 573,388 in 2014, and continues to be a primary destination for new Chinese immigrants. New York City is subdivided into official municipal boroughs, which themselves are home to significant Chinese populations, with Brooklyn and Queens, adjacently located on Long Island, leading the fastest growth. After the City of New York itself, the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn encompass the largest Chinese populations, respectively, of all municipalities in the United States. In 2013, 19,645 Chinese legally immigrated to the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA core based statistical area from Mainland

pos: Borough president officio" as members of various boards and committees. They generally act as advocates for their boroughs to mayoral agencies, the city council, the New York State government, public corporations, and private businesses. Their authorizing law is codified in title 4, sections 81 to 85 of the New York City Charter, while their regulations are compiled in title 45 of the New York City Rules. On January 1, 1898, the boroughs of Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Richmond were created and consolidated into a unified city of New York. As part of the consolidation, all town and county governments within

pos: New York City near the city, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city. is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs, and in turn, there are throughout the boroughs, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States (Staten island would be ranked 37th) ; these same boroughs are coterminous with the four most densely populated counties in

pos: Demographics of New York City of Queens and Brooklyn. The mayor has asserted that the numbers for Queens and Brooklyn, the two most populous boroughs, are implausible. According to the Census, they grew by only 0.1% and 1.6%, respectively, while the other boroughs grew by between 3% and 5%. In addition, the Mayor claims, the census showed improbably high amounts of vacant housing in vital neighborhoods such as Jackson Heights, Queens. Click here to view the density of New York City as an interactive map of the 1900 census, shortly after municipal consolidation of the five boroughs in 1898. According to the 2010 United States

pos: New York metropolitan area eight subregions are often further divided. For instance, Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores (usually when speaking about Nassau County and western Suffolk County) and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, largely because of the shared usage of the Metro-North Railroad system. The geographical, cultural, and economic center of the metropolitan area is New York City, which consists of five boroughs, each of which is also a county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and

pos: 1920 United States presidential election in New York the New York City area and Long Island. All but five of New York State’s 62 counties went Republican with more than sixty percent of the vote. Harding won heavily populated New York City as a whole with a commanding majority, sweeping all five boroughs. Harding received over sixty percent of the vote in the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island, and also won majorities in Manhattan and the Bronx. 1920 was the first of only two occasions in which a Republican presidential candidate has won all five boroughs of New York City since the city’s incorporation in 1898,

pos: Brooklyn during the 1890s, according to the new Municipal Charter of "Greater New York", Brooklyn was consolidated with the other cities, boroughs, and counties to form the modern "City of New York", surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs. The borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. Brooklyn's official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is , which translates from early modern Dutch as "Unity makes strength". In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as an avant garde destination for hipsters, with concomitant

pos: Metropolis (comics) in New York Harbor. However, most stories indicate the Statue of Liberty is actually in New York City, which also exists in the DC Universe as a separate city from Metropolis. The map of Metropolis designed for Mayfair Games' first edition of the "DC Heroes Role-Playing Game" resembled that of Manhattan. Metropolis is made up of six boroughs, the largest being New Troy. Each of the boroughs has its own distinct character and feel, which resemble and mimic New York City's boroughs. New Troy is the largest borough in Metropolis. Resembling Manhattan, New Troy is a skyscraper island bustling with

pos: Cypress Hills Cemetery (New York City) The cemetery features: In Marvel Comics, Cypress Hill Cemetery served as the headquarters of the supernatural superhero team, The Midnight Sons. The cemetery was also introduced in many Ghost Rider comics featuring the Legion of Vengeance. Cypress Hills Cemetery (New York City) Cypress Hills Cemetery was the first non-sectarian/non-denominational cemetery corporation organized in the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens in New York City. The Cemetery is run as a non-profit organization and is located at 833 Jamaica Avenue in Brooklyn. The Cemetery occupies both boroughs, and its 225 acres are divided by the Jackie Robinson Parkway. Cypress Hills Cemetery retains

pos: Cypress Hills Cemetery (New York City) Cypress Hills Cemetery (New York City) Cypress Hills Cemetery was the first non-sectarian/non-denominational cemetery corporation organized in the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens in New York City. The Cemetery is run as a non-profit organization and is located at 833 Jamaica Avenue in Brooklyn. The Cemetery occupies both boroughs, and its 225 acres are divided by the Jackie Robinson Parkway. Cypress Hills Cemetery retains its two primary entrances at Jamaica Avenue (Cypress Hills, Brooklyn) and Cooper Avenue (Glendale, Queens). Dedicated on November 21st, 1848 east of the Ridgewood Reservoir, Cypress Hills Cemetery was opened for burials in 1851 and was

pos: Grand Street and Grand Avenue were built in 1875 and 1890. The street is referenced in songs and books from many local artists, including Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan ("I Don't Wanna Grow Up", popularized by the Ramones) and Matt & Kim (the title of their album "Grand", as well as in the lyrics of their songs "Cameras" and "Daylight"). Grand Street and Grand Avenue Grand Street and Grand Avenue are the respective names of a street which runs through the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, New York City, United States. Originating in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, Grand Street runs roughly northeast until crossing Newtown Creek into

pos: Grand Street and Grand Avenue Grand Street and Grand Avenue Grand Street and Grand Avenue are the respective names of a street which runs through the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, New York City, United States. Originating in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, Grand Street runs roughly northeast until crossing Newtown Creek into Queens, whereupon Grand Street becomes Grand Avenue, continuing through Maspeth where it is a main shopping street, until reaching its northern end at Queens Boulevard in Elmhurst. The thoroughfare continues north and west beyond Queens Boulevard as Broadway until terminating on the bank of the East River in western Queens (in Astoria/Long Island City). Grand

pos: Hamilton Park, Staten Island Hamilton Park, Staten Island Hamilton Park in Staten Island, one of the five boroughs of New York City, is a neighborhood filled with homes from the 18th and 19th century, several of which are historic landmarks. Some of the street names include Harvard Avenue, Franklin Avenue, Park Place, Highview Avenue, and St. Mark's Place. Hamilton Park is an old tight-knit community nestled in a sea of developments and low income housing projects. It sits on top of a hill known as "Brighton Heights" and ranks with Todt Hill as one of the highest points on the eastern seaboard below Maine.

pos: Hamilton Park, Staten Island House. Among German-born architect Carl Pfeiffer's first American commissions in the early 1860s were 12 houses built for Hamilton, many of which survive today. Although somewhat simpler and less picturesque than the earlier Harvard Avenue house, the brick, Italianate "cottage" at 105 Franklin Avenue boasts a magnificent arcaded loggia. Hamilton Park is served by the local buses. Hamilton Park, Staten Island Hamilton Park in Staten Island, one of the five boroughs of New York City, is a neighborhood filled with homes from the 18th and 19th century, several of which are historic landmarks. Some of the street names include Harvard

pos: Queens Queens became a borough during the consolidation of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, the County of Queens included what is now Nassau County. Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City. It is home to John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, both among the world's busiest, which in turn makes the airspace above Queens among the busiest in the United States. Landmarks in Queens include Flushing Meadows–Corona Park; Citi Field, home to the New York Mets baseball team; the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, site

pos: Chinatowns in Brooklyn and as the primary destination for new Chinese immigrants, New York City is subdivided into official municipal boroughs, which themselves are home to significant Chinese populations, with Brooklyn and Queens, adjacently located on Long Island, leading the fastest growth. After the City of New York itself, the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn encompass the largest Chinese populations, respectively, of all municipalities in the United States. In the earlier part of the 20th century, Eighth Avenue in Sunset Park was primarily home to Norwegian immigrants, and it was known as "Little Norway", or ""Lapskaus Boulevard"", as the Norwegians termed it. Later

pos: Chinatown, Manhattan a wide margin, with an estimated 573,388 individuals in 2014, and as the primary destination for new Chinese immigrants, New York City is subdivided into official municipal boroughs, which themselves are home to significant Chinese populations, with Brooklyn and Queens, adjacently located on Long Island, leading the fastest growth. After the City of New York itself, the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn encompass the largest Chinese populations, respectively, of all municipalities in the United States. Ah Ken is claimed to have arrived in the area during the 1850s; he is the first Chinese person credited as having permanently immigrated to

pos: Port of New York and New Jersey of Liberty National Monument, the port district comprises all or part of seventeen counties in the region. The ten that are completely within the district are Hudson, Bergen, Essex, Union (in New Jersey), Westchester (in New York), and the five boroughs of New York City, which are coterminous with the counties of New York, Bronx, Kings, Queens, and Richmond. Abutting sections of Passaic, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, and Somerset in New Jersey, and Nassau and Rockland in New York are also within the district. New York Harbor is one of the world's largest natural harbors. The Atlantic Ocean is to the

pos: Transportation on Long Island Transportation on Long Island Nearly every major type of transportation serves Long Island, including three major airports, railroads and subways, and several major highways. The New York City Subway only serves the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. There are historic and modern bridges, recreational and commuter trails, and ferries, that connect the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn to Manhattan, the south shore with Fire Island and Long Island's north shore and east end with the state of Connecticut. Long Island is the location of three large airports with regularly scheduled commercial jet airline service. These are the

pos: Metoac the R-dialects of the Lenape language. Those Native Americans who lived on the east end of the island were related to the Pequot of eastern Connecticut, and they spoke a Y-dialect of the Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett language. European colonization of the region began in the 1620s, with Dutch colonists settling around the lower Hudson and western Long Island. From the north, the New England Confederation exerted influence on eastern Long Island and along its north shore. The western portion (including what are now the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens) were under the jurisdiction of New Netherland. This separation between

pos: Boroughs of New York City included parts of New York County outside of Manhattan that had previously been ceded by neighboring Westchester County in two stages; in 1874 and then following a referendum in 1894. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York. The borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. In 1899, the three eastern towns of Queens County that had not joined the city the year before—the towns of Hempstead, North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay—formally seceded from Queens County to

pos: Streetcar suburb westward and southward expansion occurred. Although most closely associated with the electric streetcar, the term can be used for any suburb originally built with streetcar-based transit in mind, thus some streetcar suburbs date from the early 19th century. As such, the term is general and one development called a streetcar suburb may vary greatly from others. However, some concepts are generally present in streetcar suburbs, such as straight (often gridiron) street plans and relatively narrow lots. By 1830, many New York City area commuters were going to work in Manhattan from what are now the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens,

pos: New York Knicks and the National League's New York Mets, due to both boroughs' proximity through the New York City Subway. Historically, the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn competed via the Dodgers–Giants rivalry, when the two teams were known as the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants. Like the Knicks and Nets, the Giants and Dodgers played in Manhattan and Brooklyn, respectively, and were fierce divisional rivals. The rivalry between the New York Islanders and New York Rangers of the National Hockey League also have this distinction when the Islanders moved to Brooklyn in 2015. Due to the Knicks and Nets being

pos: Chinatowns in Queens population by a wide margin, with an estimated 573,388 individuals in 2014, and as the primary destination for new Chinese immigrants, New York City is subdivided into official municipal boroughs, which themselves are home to significant Chinese populations, with Brooklyn and Queens, adjacently located on Long Island, leading the fastest growth. After the City of New York itself, the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn encompass the largest Chinese populations, respectively, of all municipalities in the United States. Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠), or Mandarin Town Flushing (國語埠法拉盛) in Flushing, is one of the largest and fastest growing ethnic Chinese enclaves outside Asia,

pos: Brooklyn Nets Subway Series rivalry between the American League (AL)'s New York Yankees and the National League (NL)'s New York Mets, and the National Football League (NFL) rivalry between the National Football Conference (NFC)'s New York Giants and the American Football Conference (AFC)'s New York Jets, the result of the boroughs' proximity through the New York City Subway. Historically, the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn competed via the Dodgers–Giants rivalry, when the two teams were known as the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants. Like the Knicks and Nets, the Giants and Dodgers played in Manhattan and Brooklyn, respectively, and were

pos: New York City Subway stations list shows these occurrences presented alphabetically by borough, then west to east, then north to south; stations of the same name that form a subway complex are grouped in parentheses (); demolished and permanently closed stations are stricken through; future stations are in "italics": These tables list the top ten New York City Subway stations by annual, average weekday, and average weekend ridership in 2017. New York City Subway stations The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system that serves four of the five boroughs of New York City, New York: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens. Its

pos: New York metropolitan area passed through ports in New York or in one of the surrounding towns. The five boroughs of New York City — The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island — were consolidated into a single city in 1898. The newly unified New York City encouraged both more physical connections between the boroughs and the growth of bedroom communities. The New York City Subway began operating in 1904 as the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, one of three systems (the other two being the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation and the Independent Subway System) that were later taken over by the city. Railroad stations

pos: Taxicabs of New York City for five years or more. Medallion (yellow) cabs are concentrated in the borough of Manhattan, but can be hailed anywhere throughout the five boroughs of New York City and may be hailed with a raised hand or by standing at a taxi stand. Boro taxis in "apple green" color can be hailed only in the outer boroughs (except at the airports) and in the northern part of Manhattan. Before 2011, a cab's availability was indicated by the lights on the top of the car. When no lights were lit, the cab would be occupied by passengers. When just the center

pos: Flags of New York City to which is added an arc of five five-pointed stars (representing each of the five boroughs) in blue above the seal. The dimensions of the Mayor's flag are set at 33 inches by 44 inches. The New York City Council uses a variant of the city flag, with the word "COUNCIL" underneath the seal. Currently, only Brooklyn and the Bronx have official borough flags. The other three boroughs have standard designs in current use, though they have never been officially adopted. Staten Island borough lawmakers pushed to have their flag officially recognized by the state in the 1990s and early

pos: Brooklyn–Queens Greenway Brooklyn–Queens Greenway The Brooklyn–Queens Greenway is a bicycling and pedestrian path connecting parks and roads in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, connecting Coney Island in the south to Fort Totten in the north, on Long Island Sound. The route connects major sites in the two boroughs, such as the New York Aquarium, Brooklyn Museum, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the New York Hall of Science and Citi Field. The Greenway is being developed under the joint auspices of the New York City Department of Transportation and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. As of

pos: Grand Theft Auto IV Theft Auto IV" takes place in 2008, in a redesigned version of Liberty City consisting of four boroughs, based on four of the boroughs of New York City: Broker (based on Brooklyn), Dukes (Queens), Bohan (The Bronx), and Algonquin (Manhattan). Adjacent to the city is the independent state of "Alderney" (Northern New Jersey). There are three minor islands present in the game: Charge Island (Randall's Island), Colony Island (Roosevelt Island), and Happiness Island (Liberty Island). Initially, bridges are locked down due to a terrorist threat, and players are constantly pursued by police if the bridges are crossed, but the blockades

pos: Manhattan Being primarily an island, Manhattan is linked to New York City's outer boroughs by numerous bridges, of various sizes. Manhattan has fixed highway connections with New Jersey to its west by way of the George Washington Bridge, the Holland Tunnel, and the Lincoln Tunnel, and to three of the four other New York City boroughs—the Bronx to the northeast, and Brooklyn and Queens (both on Long Island) to the east and south. Its only direct connection with the fifth New York City borough, Staten Island, is the Staten Island Ferry across New York Harbor, which is free of charge. The

pos: Cider in the United States local product is taxed to make it more competitive nationally. In New York City itself, a new brewery for hard cider is fully operational and thriving, specializing in artisanal brews. It has named itself Original Sin, a tongue-in-cheek reference to the story in Genesis where Eve bites the apple. It nods to its local heritage by basing one of its products on an apple cultivar that was born in one of the five boroughs that make up New York City in the 18th century, what is today Queens: Newtown Pippin. California is a large contributor to the agriculture business in

pos: History of New York City dominated the South, Boston dominated New England; Chicago, the nation's railroad hub, dominated the Midwest United States; however, New York City dominated the entire nation in terms of communications, trade, finance, popular culture, and high culture. More than a fourth of the 300 largest corporations in 1920 were headquartered in New York City. In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan, and outlying areas. Manhattan and the Bronx were established as two separate boroughs and joined together with three other boroughs created from parts of adjacent counties

pos: Greater New York Councils Queens and Genesis Rodriguez from the Bronx were appointed as the VOA's volunteer and staff advisers respectively. After bring appointed, the officers formed committees and began advocating for the creation of new Venturing crews in Manhattan, the Bronx and Brooklyn. These boroughs became priorities because of the lack of a Venturing presence in those districts at the time. Greater New York Councils The Greater New York Councils (GNYC) is a local council of the Boy Scouts of America that serves the New York City area. GNYC has a unique organization in that it is sub-divided into boroughs, led by a

pos: East River #1 of the New York City water supply system, built in 1917 to extend the Manhattan portion of the tunnel to Brooklyn, and via City Tunnel #2 (1936) to Queens; these boroughs became part of New York City after the city's consolidation in 1898. City Tunnel #3 will also run under the river, under the northern tip of Roosevelt Island, and is expected to be completed by 2018; the Manhattan portion of the tunnel went into service in 2013. Philanthropist John D. Rockefeller founded what is now Rockefeller University in 1901, between 63rd and 64th Streets on the river side

pos: Percy Crosby century". Percy Crosby was born in Brooklyn, New York, prior to the 1898 incorporation of the five boroughs of New York City. He grew up in Richmond Hill, in what would be the borough of Queens but at the time was considered part of Long Island. His father, Thomas Francis Crosby, the son of Catholic immigrants from County Louth, Ireland, was an amateur painter who ran an art supply business. His mother Frances (née Greene), known as Fanny, was of English and Scottish descent. Percy had two younger sisters, Ethel and Gladys. Crosby quit high school during his sophomore year

pos: Area codes 718, 347, and 929 Area codes 718, 347, and 929 North American area codes 718, 347, and 929 are New York City telephone area codes in the boroughs of The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island, as well as the Marble Hill section of Manhattan. They are overlaid by area code 917, which covers the entirety of New York City. Until 1984, all of New York City had been served by area code 212 for 37 years. New York Telephone required a new area code to "prevent an impending exhaustion of telephone numbers." On February 1, 1984, the New York Public Service Commission voted

pos: New York City Municipal Archives New York City Municipal Archives The New York City Municipal Archives was founded in 1950. It holds historical records of New York City's government. The earliest record is from the seventeenth century. There are of records on paper and microfilm. The collection has manuscripts, still and moving images, ledgers, vital records, maps, blueprints, and city directories. The archives are located in the Surrogate's Courthouse on Chambers Street in Manhattan. The New York City Municipal Archives has a genealogy section maintains vital records (birth, marriage and death records) for all five boroughs as well as city census and city directories. There

pos: New York Public Library two boroughs, Brooklyn and Queens, are not served by the New York Public Library system, but rather by their respective borough library systems: the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Library. The branch libraries are open to the general public and consist of circulating libraries. The New York Public Library also has four research libraries, which are also open to the general public. The library, officially chartered as The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, was developed in the 19th century, founded from an amalgamation of grass-roots libraries and social libraries of bibliophiles and the wealthy, aided

neg: Town number of such hamlets and villages. However, due to their independent nature, incorporated villages may exist in two towns or even two counties (example: Almond (village), New York). Everyone in New York who does not live on an Indian reservation or a city lives in a town and possibly in one of the town's hamlets or villages. (There are no towns in the five counties – also known as boroughs – that make up New York City.) What is a "town" in New York is called a township in some other states. In North Carolina, all cities, towns, and villages

neg: Borough president New York City Panel for Educational Policy. Borough presidents generally adopt specific projects to promote while in office, but since 1990 have been mainly ceremonial leaders. Officially, they advise the mayor on issues relating to their boroughs, comment on land-use items in their boroughs, advocate for their boroughs' needs in the annual municipal budget process, appoint community boards, chair the boroughs' boards, and serve as "ex officio" members of various boards and committees. They also act as advocates for their boroughs at mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York State government, public corporations, and private businesses. Borough presidents are

neg: Chester County, Pennsylvania libraries. The system provides materials and information for life, work and pleasure. Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities: cities, boroughs, townships, and, in at most two cases, towns. The post office uses community names and boundaries that usually do not correspond to the townships, and usually only have the same names as the municipalities for the cities and boroughs. The names used by the post office are generally used by residents to describe where they live. The following cities, boroughs and townships are located in Chester County: Census-designated places are geographical areas designated by the U.S.

neg: Edward Meshekoff Edward Meshekoff Edward Meshekoff (1917 in Bronx, New York City – 2010) was an American artist, illustrator and designer. A graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles, Meshekoff worked and lived in both Los Angeles and New York City. In 1957 Meshekoff designed a pair of mosaic map murals of New York City's five boroughs installed on the walls of what was then a newly-built Information Center located on a traffic island in the center of Times Square (in more recent years, the building has served as a NYPD police substation.) As of 2016, Meshekoff's mosaic maps are scheduled

neg: Administrative divisions of New York (state) of the five boroughs of the city is coextensive with a county of the state of New York. Under the New York State's General Municipal Law, a borough results when the towns, villages and cities in a county merge with the county itself. This occurred in 1898 when the city merged with surrounding counties, cities and towns to form its present configuration. The five boroughs are: The boroughs were originally intended to retain some local governance in the consolidated city. Each borough individually elects a borough president and used to elect two at-large city council members, in addition to those

neg: New York City Department of Small Business Services New York City Department of Small Business Services The NYC Department of Small Business Services (SBS) is a department of the government of New York City that helps unlock economic potential and create economic security for all New Yorkers by connecting them to good jobs, creating stronger businesses, and building thriving neighborhoods across the five boroughs. Its regulations are compiled in title 66 of the "New York City Rules". SBS’ programming falls under three main categories: careers, businesses, and neighborhoods. SBS prepares and helps New Yorkers to find jobs by; Services are provided in all five boroughs through a network

neg: London Government Act 1963 disagreed over which, if any of those names should appear in the new borough names. Suggestions for Enfield (Borough 32) included "Enfield Chase" and "Edmonton Hundred". Nine names were without controversy and were proposed in September 1963. Six new names were proposed by the Minister in October 1963 for boroughs unable to decide upon a name The Minister proposed a further twelve names in January 1964 Councillors for the Metropolitan Boroughs of Chelsea and Kensington were divided and opposed the loss of their two ancient parish names in combining, so the Minister for Housing and Local Government made one exception

neg: Boroughs of Quebec City Quebec was divided into administrative districts, named "quartiers", which were redivided amongst arrondissements at the time of the 2002 city mergers in Quebec. Former cities are still commonly referred to by their former names even though their administrative structures no longer exist. This list includes cities that were merged in 2002. They are not boroughs, but many would be considered neighbourhoods. Boroughs of Quebec City Quebec City is divided into six "arrondissements" or boroughs. These boroughs are the result of several waves of amalgamation and reorganization of the political boundaries of Quebec City. The six boroughs are further divided into

neg: Boroughs of New York City 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, a "borough" is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it. The limited powers of the borough governments are inferior to the authority of the Government of New York City, contrasting significantly with other borough administrations of government used in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, where a borough is an independent level of government, as well as borough forms used in other states and in Greater London. New York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs;

neg: Chatham Borough, New Jersey (0.134 km) of water (2.13%). Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include Stanley. Chatham Borough is located west of New York City on the eastern edge of Morris County. Chatham's neighboring communities are Summit to the southeast located in Union County, Millburn/Short Hills in Essex County to the northeast, while communities also located in Morris County include Chatham Township to the west, and Madison and Florham Park Boroughs to the north. The Passaic River, which rises in Mendham and defines the Great Swamp, flows north along the eastern boundary of Chatham. A good

neg: Special wards of Tokyo remains unchanged. Moreover, in everyday English, Tokyo as a whole is also referred to as a city. Thus, the closest English equivalents for the special wards would be the London boroughs or New York City boroughs, and this can help to understand their structures and functions. However, Greater London and New York City only consist of boroughs (plus the City of London), whereas Tokyo contains 62 municipalities of which only 23 are special wards. This is merely a grouping of special wards; there is no associated single government body of wards separate from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government which governs all

neg: London boroughs caused by a failure to do something or do something right for a customer). Seddon referred directly to the so-called tri-borough shared services in an article in 2012. There are four boroughs that do not have "London Borough" in their names: the City of Westminster, and the Royal Boroughs of Kingston upon Thames, Kensington and Chelsea, and Greenwich. London boroughs The London boroughs are the 32 local authority districts that make up the Greater London county; each is governed by a London borough council. The London boroughs were all created at the same time as Greater London on 1 April

neg: Architecture of New York City building's structure. The Condé Nast Building (2000) is an important example of green design in American skyscrapers. The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In the outer boroughs, large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian. Split two-family homes are also widely available across the outer boroughs, for example in the

neg: TAKI 183 he frequented. On July 21, 1971, "The New York Times" ran an article about him on the front page of its inside section, titled ""Taki 183" Spawns Pen Pals." TAKI 183 spurred competitive tagging in New York City as his tag was mimicked by hundreds of youths across the five boroughs. Those who got their names up the most and who developed signature tags became known in their communities. Graffiti became a way for many young people to try to get attention and the attention TAKI 183 received spurred this on. TAKI was last known to be the owner of

neg: London Government Act 1963 borough councils and the existing City of London. The provisions of the Act came into effect on 1 April 1965, the new councils having been elected as "shadow authorities" in 1964. Section 1 of the Act established 32 London boroughs, each of which was to be governed by an elected borough council, and was to be regulated by the Municipal Corporations Act 1882 and Local Government Act 1933. Twelve of the boroughs, corresponding to the former County of London, were designated "Inner London boroughs". The remaining twenty boroughs were designated "Outer London boroughs". None of the boroughs were given names

neg: London Centre. London's vast urban area is often described using a set of district names, such as Bloomsbury, Mayfair, Wembley and Whitechapel. These are either informal designations, reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units such as parishes or former boroughs. Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without official boundaries. Since 1965 Greater London has been divided into 32 London boroughs in addition to the ancient City of London. The City of London is the main financial district, and

neg: Shujaat Khan (engineer) boroughs. Shujaat Khan also wrote New York State Senator Jose Peralta an open letter pertaining to the recognition of Muslim school holidays throughout not just New York City, but also New York State. These events focused on the students affected by the decision to choose between school and religion and focused on what an egalitarian society should look like—one that recognizes all religious groups' rights. In 2015, after 16 years of working with various institutions, political figures, religious leaders, and coalitions, Shujaat Khan, NYCPP, La Fuente, 32BJ SEIU were successful in recognizing the school holidays in the New York City

neg: Budapest Court among others, and millions of square meters of new office buildings and apartments. But there are still large opportunities in real estate development in the city. Most of today's Budapest is the result of a late-nineteenth-century renovation, but the wide boulevards laid out then only bordered and bisected much older quarters of activity created by centuries of Budapest's city evolution. Budapest's vast urban area is often described using a set of district names. These are either informal designations, reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units of former boroughs. Such names

neg: Zones of Milan to be surrounded by the old Spanish walls, now mostly demolished), boroughs are organized in a sunburst pattern, and numbered from the north-east zone clockwise (see picture above). While boroughs are mostly referred to by number, each borough also has an official name, usually a list of its main districts or areas. Current boroughs are described in the table below, along with their names, area and population (as of 2014), as well as a list of the main districts comprising each zone. Note that districts ("quartieri") are informal (they are not administrative divisions). Zones of Milan The current administrative division

neg: Boroughs of Canada to 2002. Boroughs of Canada In Quebec, the term borough is used as the formal translation into English of the French arrondissement, an administrative subdivision of a major city. There are many boroughs in Quebec. East York, Ontario, although an independent municipality with its own mayor and council, was also formerly designated as a borough. With the community's amalgamation into Toronto in 1998, East York no longer holds this status. At the time, East York was the only municipality in Canada designated as a borough; most of the communities in Quebec now designated as "arrondissements" or boroughs were also independent

neg: Boroughs of Canada Boroughs of Canada In Quebec, the term borough is used as the formal translation into English of the French arrondissement, an administrative subdivision of a major city. There are many boroughs in Quebec. East York, Ontario, although an independent municipality with its own mayor and council, was also formerly designated as a borough. With the community's amalgamation into Toronto in 1998, East York no longer holds this status. At the time, East York was the only municipality in Canada designated as a borough; most of the communities in Quebec now designated as "arrondissements" or boroughs were also independent "villes" prior

neg: Norwood, New Jersey Bureau, Norwood borough had a total area of 2.735 square miles (7.083 km), including 2.728 square miles (7.066 km) of land and 0.007 square miles (0.017 km) of water (0.24%). Norwood is in the northeastern part of New Jersey, about from the New York state line. It is bordered by the boroughs of Northvale, Old Tappan, Harrington Park, Closter, Alpine and Rockleigh. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names within the borough include West Norwood. The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $102,132 (with a margin of error of +/- $9,413)

neg: Government of New York City rule, law or pursuant to collective bargaining agreements. The Department of Finance Adjudication Division (Parking Violations Bureau) adjudicates parking violations, and the Tax Appeals Tribunal adjudicates disputes regarding city-administered taxes other than real estate assessment claims, which are adjudicated by the city Tax Commission. The state DMV Traffic Violations Bureau adjudicates non-parking traffic violations. New York City is composed of five boroughs or counties, collectively comprising 59 community districts. Each of the five boroughs has an elected borough president. The borough presidents can have legislation introduced in the council, recommend capital projects, hold public hearings on matters of public interest,

neg: Place (United States Census Bureau) the Census Bureau to be places. In the six New England states, and in New York and Wisconsin, the term "town" refers to what the Census Bureau classifies as a minor civil division (MCD) rather than a place. The MCDs in these states, while often functioning with all the powers of city governments, can contain considerable rural area; outside of New England, other units of government perform the incorporated place function. In Alaska, the term "borough" refers to territory governed as a county rather than as a place; in New York, the Census Bureau treats the five boroughs that make

neg: New York City English has a strong presence in media; pioneer variationist sociolinguist William Labov describes it as the most recognizable variety of North American English. The following famous people or fictional characters are often heard in public as speaking with features typical of a New York accent. Most, but not all, are native New Yorkers. Their pronunciation and vocabulary can be useful guides to the subtleties of speaking New York. New York City English is confined to a geographically small but densely populated area, including all five boroughs of New York City, but not all of New York State; an entirely separate dialect

neg: New York City Department of Cultural Affairs New York City Department of Cultural Affairs The New York City Department of Cultural Affairs (DCLA) is the department of the government of New York City dedicated to supporting New York City's cultural life. Among its primary missions is ensuring adequate public funding for non-profit cultural organizations throughout the five boroughs. The Department represents and serves non-profit cultural organizations involved in the visual, literary and performing arts; public-oriented science and humanities institutions including zoos, botanical gardens and historic and preservation societies; and creative artists who live and work within the City's five boroughs. The Office of Cultural Affairs (OCA), which

neg: New York City courts trial court of general jurisdiction, not the highest court in the state. In New York City, there are five venues for Supreme Court, one in each of New York City's five counties, which hear felony cases and major civil cases. Lesser criminal and civil cases are heard in the Criminal Court and Civil Court, respectively. The Surrogate's Court of the State of New York is the probate court which oversees the probate of wills and administers estates. Each Surrogate's Court is located in each of New York City's five counties (boroughs). The Family Court of the State of New York

neg: New York City Police Department Housing Bureau New York City Police Department Housing Bureau The New York City Police Department Housing Bureau is responsible for providing the security and delivery of police services to about 420,000 people using New York City's public housing projects. They are stationed in Police Service Areas (PSA), which are almost identical to police precincts, with nine PSAs in total located throughout the five boroughs. Officers often do interior patrols, making sure illegal activity does not take place in the halls, stairways, or the roof. The New York City Housing Authority Police Department was merged with the NYPD, like the New York City

neg: Pembroke (UK Parliament constituency) constituency. The voters from each participating borough cast ballots, which were added together over the whole district to decide the result of the poll. In addition to the ancient right freemen voters, who retained the franchise after 1832, there was a new householder franchise applicable to all boroughs. The enfranchised communities in this district, from 1832, were the four boroughs of Pembroke, Milford, Tenby, and Wiston. The Roman numerals after some names are to distinguish different members for this constituency, with the same name. It is not suggested this use of Roman numerals was applied at the time. As there

neg: London boroughs to Hammersmith and Fulham) on 1 April 1979 and the London Borough of Barking (changed to Barking and Dagenham) on 1 January 1980. Borough names formed by combining two locality names had been discouraged when the boroughs were created. The London boroughs were created by combining whole existing units of local government and it was realised that this might provide arbitrary boundaries in some places. The London Government Act 1963 provided a mechanism for communities on the edge of Greater London to petition for transfer from London boroughs to a neighbouring county district. This was used in 1969 in the

neg: Solingen for many of the boroughs' important administrative affairs. The five city boroughs: The individuals boroughs are in part composed of separate quarters or residential areas with their own names, although they often lack precise borders. These areas are: Solingen was first mentioned in 1067 by a chronicler who called the area "Solonchon". Early variations of the name included "Solengen", "Solungen", and "Soleggen", although the modern name seems to have been in use since the late 14th and early 15th centuries. Blacksmith smelters, dating back to over 2000 years, have been found around the town adding to Solingen's fame as a

neg: DigNet DigNet DigNet of New York City & Long Island, formerly known as the New York City & Long Island One Call Center, is a non-profit organization that acts as a communications link between utility companies and individuals planning any mechanized digging activity in the five boroughs of New York City and Nassau and Suffolk Counties on Long Island. By law, excavators and contractors working in the five boroughs of New York City and Nassau and Suffolk Counties on Long Island must contact DigNet, 1-800-272-4480 or 811, at least 48 hours but no more than 10 working days (excluding weekends and

neg: Delacorte Theater boroughs on temporary staging and had proved the venture worthwhile. Papp had started seeking funds in 1958 for a permanent outdoor amphitheater in Central Park, under the aegis of Helen Hayes. Papp believed theater was essential for all to experience, and that it should be free for all. These conceits, and Papp's personal drive and determination, are what propelled Shakespeare in the Park into becoming one of New York City's most treasured and beloved traditions. The first production, in 1962, was "The Merchant of Venice" starring George C. Scott and James Earl Jones. Notable recent productions include Amy Adams, Denis

neg: Pine Creek Path east, with the Great Island (modern Lock Haven) and villages further west (what are now the boroughs of Clearfield and Kittanning) and the Allegheny River. In the north another path continued north along the Genesee River and led to the Iroquois Nation in New York. The main Pine Creek Path followed Pine Creek north, switching banks until it reached the First Fork (modern Little Pine Creek at the village of Waterville). From there it stayed on the left bank the rest of its course along Pine Creek, passing through the Pine Creek Gorge to the Second Fork (Babb Creek at

neg: London Government Act 1963 Advisory Committee, set up in 1924, were abolished, with the GLC gaining powers to regulate road traffic. An alteration was also made to the Metropolitan Police District to include the whole of Greater London, but the district continued to include a number of areas in surrounding counties. The composition of the London boroughs was given in Schedule 1 of the Act: As passed, the Act did not include names for the new boroughs. Keith Joseph, the Minister, asked local councils for suggestions as to possible names, asking that they be a single word if possible, and noting that "the best

neg: New York Metropolitan Squash Racquets Association New York Metropolitan Squash Racquets Association New York Squash (formerly the Metropolitan Racquets Association, or MSRA) is a volunteer organization which organizes squash events in the New York metropolitan area. New York Squash was founded in 1924 and incorporated in 1932 as the Metropolitan Squash Racquets Association (MSRA). The organization’s membership base covers players in the five boroughs of New York City, Long Island, Westchester County, southern New York State, and Fairfield County in Connecticut. New York Squash supports the many variants of squash racquets but the majority of its efforts are focused on the game of individual squash singles

neg: New York City Law Department lawyers and 850 support professionals in ten offices located in all five boroughs, and an auxiliary office in Kingston, New York. The legal divisions are: The support divisions are: New York City Law Department The New York City Law Department, also known as the Office of the Corporation Counsel, is the department of the government of New York City responsible for most of the city's legal affairs. The department is headed by the Corporation Counsel, currently Zachary W. Carter. The Law Department represents the mayor and city officials in all civil litigation, in juvenile delinquency proceedings in Family Court, and

neg: 1980 United States presidential election in New York boroughs of New York City, Carter still won overall, and Reagan made only modest gains in vote share over Gerald Ford's 1976 showing of 33 percent, taking 37% in the city in 1980. However, although still winning 4 out of 5 boroughs, Carter bled a considerable support in the city to Anderson, dropping from 66 percent in 1976 to only 55 percent. Since Democratic victories in New York State in that era depended on running up massive margins in New York City to overcome the rest of the state's Republican lean, the reduced margin in the city from vote-splitting would

neg: New York City Sheriff's Office holds the position of deputy commissioner in the Department of Finance. The sheriff holds jurisdiction over all five county-boroughs within the city, with a subordinate undersheriff in charge of each one. Deputy sheriffs and criminal investigators of various ranks carry out the daily law enforcement duties of the Sheriff's Office. New York City Marshals perform similar civil enforcement duties. The New York City Sheriff's Office originated in 1626 as the New York County Sheriff's Office. Originally each of the city's five county-boroughs had their own sheriff, each of which held the widest law enforcement jurisdiction in their respective county-borough. Like

neg: Government of New York City two citywide courts, the Criminal Court and the Civil Court, and several statewide courts, the Supreme Court, Surrogate's Court, and Family Court. Unlike the rest of New York, New York City counties do not have a typical County Court. Each statewide court is located in each of New York City's five counties (boroughs). There are also numerous extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System. The Criminal Court of the City of New York handles misdemeanors (generally, crimes punishable by fine or imprisonment of up to one year) and lesser offenses, and

neg: New York Supreme Court cases are heard in civil terms. The court system is divided into thirteen judicial districts: seven upstate districts each comprising between five and eleven counties, five districts corresponding to the boroughs of New York City, and one district on Long Island. In each judicial district outside New York City, an Administrator (or Administrative Judge if a judge) is responsible for supervising all courts and agencies, while inside New York City an Administrator (or Administrative Judge) supervises each major court. Administrators are assisted by Supervising Judges who are responsible in the on-site management of the trial courts, including court caseloads, personnel,

neg: 1932 United States presidential election in New Jersey urban Democratic coalition, were nowhere more evident than in the New York City metro area. After two Republican sweeps of all five boroughs of New York City in 1920 and 1924, Smith won a commanding victory in all five boroughs of NYC in 1928. In New Jersey this urban popularity in the New York City area spilled over into nearby Hudson County, New Jersey. Despite losing every other county in the state, many by large margins, Smith carried Hudson County with over 60% of the vote. In 1932, with embattled incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover being perceived as failing to adequately