query: a situation in which a country is closed to any international trade is referred to as

pos: Economic sanctions sanctions can be used for achieving domestic and international purposes. An embargo (from the Spanish "embargo", meaning hindrance, obstruction, etc. in a general sense, a trading ban in trade terminology and literally "distraint" in juridic parlance) is the partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country/state or a group of countries. Embargoes are considered strong diplomatic measures imposed in an effort, by the imposing country, to elicit a given national-interest result from the country on which it is imposed. Embargoes are generally considered legal barriers to trade, not to be confused with blockades, which are often

pos: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 placed on the media. International co-operation was advised to evacuate foreign nationals from the country. The resolution then referred the situation in Libya to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, who was to address the Council within two months following the adoption of Resolution 1970 and every six months thereafter on action taken, further deciding that Libyan officials should fully co-operate with the Court. An arms embargo was also imposed, preventing weapons from being exported to or out of Libya. States neighbouring Libya were encouraged to inspect suspicious cargo for weapons and to seize any found, while they were

pos: Trade in order to punish that country for some action. An embargo, a severe form of externally imposed isolation, is a blockade of all trade by one country on another. For example, the United States has had an embargo against Cuba for over 40 years. International trade, which is governed by the World Trade Organization, can be restricted by both tariff and non-tariff barriers. International trade is usually regulated by governmental quotas and restrictions, and often taxed by tariffs. Tariffs are usually on imports, but sometimes countries may impose export tariffs or subsidies. Non-tariff barriers include Sanitary and Phytosanitary rules, labeling

neg: Tokugawa Iemitsu period of "maritime restrictions", from the 1630s until the 1850s, is, as described above, very commonly referred to as "sakoku", or as "the Closed Country", but many scholars today argue against the notion that Japan was "closed". They argue that Japan's international relations policies during this period should be understood, rather, as simply being aimed at keeping international interactions under tight control; furthermore, they emphasize that Japan was not alone in seeking to control, and limit, international interactions, and that in fact nearly every major power at the time had policies in place dictating who could trade, at which ports,

neg: Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade in any other country, as established respectively in Art. 2.1 and Annex 3.D. This principle applies also to conformity assessment procedures, that have to "grant access for suppliers of like products originating in the territories of other members under conditions no less favorable than those accorded to suppliers of like products of national origin or originating in any other country in a comparable situation" (Art. 5.1 and 5.1.1). Article 2.2 obliges Members not to create unnecessary obstacles to international trade and, on this basis, to ensure that "technical restrictions are not more trade restrictive than necessary to fulfil a legitimate

neg: Most favoured nation Most favoured nation In international economic relations and international politics, "most favoured nation" (MFN) is a status or level of treatment accorded by one state to another in international trade. The term means the country which is the recipient of this treatment must nominally receive equal trade advantages as the "most favoured nation" by the country granting such treatment. (Trade advantages include low tariffs or high import quotas.) In effect, a country that has been accorded MFN status may not be treated less advantageously than any other country with MFN status by the promising country. There is a debate in

neg: Trade promotion (international trade) Trade promotion (international trade) Trade promotion (sometimes referred to as export promotion) is an umbrella term for economic policies, development interventions and private initiatives aimed at improving the trade performance of an economic area. Such an economic area can include just one country, a region within a country, or can encompass a group of countries involved in an economic trade area. Specific industries may be targeted. Improvement is mainly sought by increasing exports both in absolute terms, as well as relative to imports. When specific industries are targeted, trade promotion policies tend to target industries that have a comparative advantage

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593, adopted on 31 March 2005, after receiving a report by the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, the Council referred the situation in the Darfur region of Sudan to the International Criminal Court (ICC) and required Sudan to co-operate fully. It marked the first time the Council had referred a situation to the Court, and also compelled a country to co-operate with it. Sudan, which is not a permanent member of the ICC under the Rome Statute, refuses to recognise the court's jurisdiction, stated that "the International Criminal

neg: Free trade to increase it. If the protective theory be true, every improvement that cheapens the carriage of goods between country and country is an injury to mankind unless tariffs be commensurately increased. George considers the general free trade argument 'inadequate'. He argues that the removal of protective tariffs alone is never sufficient to improve the situation of the working class, unless accompanied by a shift towards land value tax. Concepts/topics: Trade organizations: Free trade Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports; it is the idea of the free market as applied to international trade. In

neg: Field (mathematics) and is algebraically closed (big enough to contain solutions of all polynomial equations). By the above, is an algebraic closure of . The situation that the algebraic closure is a finite extension of the field is quite special: by the Artin-Schreier theorem, the degree of this extension is necessarily 2, and is elementarily equivalent to . Such fields are also known as real closed fields. Any field has an algebraic closure, which is moreover unique up to (non-unique) isomorphism. It is commonly referred to as "the" algebraic closure and denoted . For example, the algebraic closure of is called the

neg: International trade theory International trade theory International trade theory is a sub-field of economics which analyzes the patterns of international trade, its origins, and its welfare implications. Adam Smith describes trade taking place as a result of countries having absolute advantage in production of particular goods, relative to each other. The Ricardian theory of comparative advantage became a basic constituent of neoclassical trade theory. Any undergraduate course in trade theory includes a presentation of Ricardo's example of a two-commodity, two-country model. For the modern development, see Ricardian theory of international trade (modern development) The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage, which arises due

neg: Open economy Open economy An open economy is an economy in which there are economic activities between the domestic community and outside. People and even businesses can trade in goods and services with other people and businesses in the international community, and funds can flow as investments across the border. Trade can take the form of managerial exchange, technology transfers, and all kinds of goods and services. (However, certain exceptions exist that cannot be exchanged; the railway services of a country, for example, cannot be traded with another country to avail the service.) It contrasts with a closed economy in which international

neg: International trade theory the age of so-called "global competition". International trade theory International trade theory is a sub-field of economics which analyzes the patterns of international trade, its origins, and its welfare implications. Adam Smith describes trade taking place as a result of countries having absolute advantage in production of particular goods, relative to each other. The Ricardian theory of comparative advantage became a basic constituent of neoclassical trade theory. Any undergraduate course in trade theory includes a presentation of Ricardo's example of a two-commodity, two-country model. For the modern development, see Ricardian theory of international trade (modern development) The Ricardian model focuses

neg: Trade promotion (international trade) schemes. In Alvarez (2004), only market studies and arranged meetings with experts, authorities and clients had a statistically significant effect. Görg et al. (2008), however, find that matching grant schemes for Irish enterprises helps to increase exports by existing exporters without stimulating the entry of new firms into export markets. Trade promotion (international trade) Trade promotion (sometimes referred to as export promotion) is an umbrella term for economic policies, development interventions and private initiatives aimed at improving the trade performance of an economic area. Such an economic area can include just one country, a region within a country, or can

neg: Tax haven not trade locally either). These vehicles were usually called "exempt companies" or "international business corporations". However, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the OECD began a series of initiatives aimed at tax havens to curb the abuse of what the OECD referred to as "unfair tax competition". Under pressure from the OECD, most major tax havens repealed their laws permitting these ring-fenced vehicles to be incorporated, but concurrently they amended their tax laws so that a company which did not actually trade within the country would not accrue any local tax liability. The following are the most cited papers

neg: Heckscher–Ohlin model also Intra-industry trade. New Trade Theory analyses individual enterprises and plants in an international competitive situation. The classical trade theory—i.e., the Heckscher–Ohlin model—has no enterprises in mind. The new trade theory treats enterprises in an industry as identical entities. New New Trade Theory gives focus on the diversity of enterprises. It is a fact that some enterprises engage in export and some that do not. Some enterprises invest directly in the foreign country in order to produce and sell in that country. Some other enterprises engage only in export. Why does this kind of differences occur? New Trade Theory tries

neg: Import parity price definition is: ""Import parity price (IPP) – is the monetary value of a unit of product bought from a foreign country, valued at a geographic location of interest in the importing country"". The IPP is used in International trade and is sometimes referred to as the International Benchmark Price. Both have the same meaning. The phrase "“...possible equilibrium prices for an equivalent domestically produced good.”" in the first definition (above) is normally qualified by the following considerations: The IPP or International Benchmark Price is 'set' periodically (usually monthly) by the country that exports the largest volume of a commodity. Other

neg: Global waste trade state functions, deregulation of finance and labor, elimination of the welfare state and unions, liberalization of trade in goods and capital investment, and the marketization and commodification of society.” Given this economic platform of privatization, neoliberalism is based on expanding free-trade agreements and establishing open-borders to international trade markets. Trade liberalization, a neoliberal economic policy in which trade is completely deregulated, leaving no tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions on international trade, is designed to further developing countries’ economies and integrate them into the global economy. Critics claim that although free-market trade liberalization was designed to allow any country the opportunity

neg: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593 did not recognise the jurisdiction of the Court would instead be subject to the jurisdiction of that state for acts related to Sudan. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593, adopted on 31 March 2005, after receiving a report by the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, the Council referred the situation in the Darfur region of Sudan to the International Criminal Court (ICC) and required Sudan to co-operate fully. It marked the first time the Council had referred a situation to the Court, and also compelled a country to co-operate with it. Sudan, which

neg: Sarah Leah Whitson to "immediately halt any deportation proceedings" against Al-Khaleq and release him. In late 2012, Whitson wrote an op-ed in the Huffington Post in which she criticized the UAE government and referred to it as a country "where people who attempt to exercise their rights to free speech and peaceful dissent are likely to find themselves in arbitrary detention." In 2013 Human Rights Watch commented on the "backsliding" human rights situation in the UAE. Whitson revealed that if the government continues to violate "basic human rights and core international prohibitions, it will do major damage to its reputation." Due to Whitson

neg: Closed circle of suspects Closed circle of suspects The closed circle of suspects is a common element of detective fiction, and the subgenre that employs it can be referred to as the closed circle mystery. Less precisely, this subgenre - works with the closed circle literary device - is simply known as the "classic", "traditional" or "cozy" detective fiction. It refers to a situation in which for a given crime (usually a murder), there is a quickly established, limited number of suspects, each with credible means, motive, and opportunity. In other words, it is known that the criminal (murderer) is one of the people

neg: Export Export The term export in international trade means the sending of goods or services produced in one country to another country. The seller of such goods and services is referred to as an "exporter"; the foreign buyer is referred to as an "importer". Export of goods often requires involvement of customs authorities. An export's reverse counterpart is an import. Many manufacturing firms began their global expansion as exporters and only later switched to another mode for serving a foreign market. Methods of exporting a product or good or information include mail, hand delivery, air shipping, shipping by vessel, uploading to

neg: Commercial policy not to create deficits, retaliation to restrictive trade policies of other countries that do business on the international playing field. Commercial policy A commercial policy (also referred to as a trade policy or international trade policy) is a government's policy governing international trade. Commercial policy is an all encompassing term that is used to cover topics which involve international trade. Trade policy is often described in terms of a scale between the extremes of free trade (no restrictions on trade) on one side and protectionism (high restrictions to protect domestic producers) on the other. A common commercial policy can sometimes

neg: International trade law access to essential medicines in some nations such as less developed countries, as the local economy is not as capable of producing more technical products such as pharmaceuticals. Cross-border operations are subject to taxation by more than one country. Commercial activity that occurs among several jurisdictions or countries is called a cross-border transaction. Those involved in any international business development or international trade should be knowledgeable in tax law, as every country enforces different laws on foreign businesses. International tax planning ensures that cross-border businesses stay tax compliant and avoid or lessen double taxation. Most prominent in the area of

neg: 2017 Albanian opposition protest the government accepted dialogue on forming a technocratic government. Prior to the opposition protests, the drug situation in Albania and subsequent war on the drug trade had become major problems in the country, causing international concern. In the months before the protest, Albania became known as the cannabis capital of Europe and since 2016 saw a major increase in the industry, which is illegal in the country. According to the Albanian police, over 2.5 million cannabis plants were destroyed and 5,204 fields identified. The new development indicated an expanded geographic spread of cannabis production throughout the entire country. Drug lords

neg: Commercial policy Commercial policy A commercial policy (also referred to as a trade policy or international trade policy) is a government's policy governing international trade. Commercial policy is an all encompassing term that is used to cover topics which involve international trade. Trade policy is often described in terms of a scale between the extremes of free trade (no restrictions on trade) on one side and protectionism (high restrictions to protect domestic producers) on the other. A common commercial policy can sometimes agreed by treaty within a customs union, as with the European Union's common commercial policy and in Mercosur. A nation's

neg: North Cascades National Park a party that explored the area for potential locations for the construction of a railroad through the region. McClellan determined the mountains were too numerous and precipitous, and that any railway would have to be constructed well to the south. American and British disputes in the region centered on the fur trade, and the Treaty of 1818 allowed for joint administration of Oregon Country, as it was referred to in the United Statesthe British Empire referred to the region as the Columbia District. The treaty set the international border at the 49th parallel, but this was disputed west of the

neg: Immiserizing growth Immiserizing growth Immiserizing growth is a theoretical situation first proposed by Jagdish Bhagwati, in 1958, where economic growth could result in a country being worse off than before the growth. If growth is heavily export biased it might lead to a fall in the terms of trade of the exporting country. In rare circumstances this fall in the terms of trade may be so large as to outweigh the gains from growth. If so, this situation would cause a country to be worse off after growth than before. This result is only valid if the growing country is able to

neg: Greenhouse gas emissions accounting (sometimes referred to as territorial-based) or consumption-based. Production-based emissions take place “within national territory and offshore areas over which the country has jurisdiction”. Consumption-based emissions encompass those emissions from domestic final consumption and those caused by the production of its imports. This means the importing country takes responsibility for emissions related to production of the exporting country’s exports. By these definitions production-based emissions include exports but exclude imports and emissions embodied in international trade, whereas consumption-based emissions refer to the reverse (Table 1). Which technique is applied by policymakers is fundamental as each can generate a very different NEI. Different

neg: Brian Manning (trade unionist and activist) them as the basis of media releases and in the CIET publication East Timor News and the Melbourne based Timor Information Service newsletters. In edition Manning established what he referred to as the “public radio”, using which he would surreptitiously take journalists and others, including Labor MP Ken Fry, to bush locations make contact with and interview Fernandes. In a period in which Indonesia kept East Timor closed to the outside world the radio link provided information on ongoing Fretilin resistance and the very serious humanitarian and human rights situation during the Indonesian invasion and occupation. Manning continued his activism

neg: Trade-to-GDP ratio trade-to-GDP ratio tends to be low in countries with large economies and large populations such as Japan and the United States, and to have a higher value in small economies. Singapore has the highest trade-to-GDP ratio of any country; between 2008 and 2011 it averaged about 400%. Worldwide trade-to-GDP ratio rose from just over 20% in 1995 to about 30% in 2014. Trade-to-GDP ratio The trade-to-GDP ratio is an indicator of the relative importance of international trade in the economy of a country. It is calculated by dividing the aggregate value of imports and exports over a period by the

neg: General Union of Ecuadorian Workers Unitario de los Trabajadores). UGTE is not affiliated to any international trade union organization. Nelson Erazo is the president of UGTE. Kléber Alvarado, a labour lawyer, is the vice-president of UGTE. As of 2006, UGTE organized 76 trade unions, 1.41% of the total number of unions in the country. UGTE claims a membership of around 40,000. It organizes unions in public and private sectors. The main union of UGTE is the National Union of Educators (UNE), which at one point organized some 100,000 teachers across the country. Ahead of the 2010 Ecuador coup attempt, UGTE voiced opposition to the partial

neg: Kyrgyzstan N, and longitudes 69° and 81° E. It is farther from the sea than any other individual country, and all its rivers flow into closed drainage systems which do not reach the sea. The mountainous region of the Tian Shan covers over 80% of the country (Kyrgyzstan is occasionally referred to as "the Switzerland of Central Asia", as a result), with the remainder made up of valleys and basins. Issyk-Kul Lake, or Ysyk-Köl in Kyrgyz, in the north-eastern Tian Shan is the largest lake in Kyrgyzstan and the second largest mountain lake in the world after Titicaca. The highest peaks

neg: North Country Blues deliberately conventional opening ("Come gather round friends and I'll tell you a tale..."). However, the darkness of the tale soon becomes apparent. Each verse contains at least one tragic situation or event: Dylan hides the fact that the narrator is a woman to the end of verse four. The song ends bleakly, as by this time the woman has lost her husband, mother, father and brother; the mine is closed and the town is virtually abandoned; and soon her children will leave her in complete isolation and desolation. Within this apparently restricting and morose format, referred to as a "formally

neg: Globalization of goods or services in one or more countries other than their home country. It can also be referred as an international corporation, a transnational corporation, or a stateless corporation. A free-trade area is the region encompassing a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free-trade agreement (FTA). Such agreements involve cooperation between at least two countries to reduce trade barriers import quotas and tariffs and to increase trade of goods and services with each other. If people are also free to move between the countries, in addition to a free-trade agreement, it would also be considered an open

neg: Open–closed political spectrum of international trade and international cooperation are another significant line of division between the two camps. In the open ideology, free trade and globalism is a net good, strengthening the national economy and providing jobs while cutting prices. In the closed ideology, free trade is detrimental to the national economy and encourages companies to offshore industries, resulting in lower wages and higher unemployment, as well as potentially threatening national culture. The closed attitude to globalism manifests in opposition to trade agreements such as the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, to military alliances such as NATO, and to supranational unions such

neg: Brexit The UK government announced in July 2017 that it would end the 1964 convention in 2019. Loss of access to UK waters will particularly affect the Irish fishing industry which obtains a third of its catch there. The Common Fisheries Policy gives access for any member country to the waters of any other member country. The policy is generally considered a disadvantage to fish-rich countries and is a major reason why Norway and Iceland are not members. Questions have arisen over how existing international arrangements with the EU under [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) terms should evolve. Some countriessuch as Australia

neg: Forum for International Trade Training as the FITT International Business Professional designation in the U.S. and Europe. It is often referred to as the CITP|FIBP designation. In French, it is referred to as the Professionnel accrédité en commerce international (PACI|FPAI) designation. FITT's strategic partners are Export Development Canada (EDC), Global Affairs Canada (GAC) and the World Trade Centers Association. In the late 1980s, Dieter Hollweck, began the planning towards a new organization. FITT was then incorporated in 1992 as part of Canada’s sector council initiative. FITT first launched its FITTskills training program in 1993, which is now in its sixth edition, with the seventh edition

neg: Export decision of the firm to initiate and develop export activities". In the literature, export barriers are divided into four large categories: motivational, informational, operational/resource-based, and knowledge. In addition, export motivators are divided into five dimensions; reactive, marketing,export, technological, external. Research shows that exporters are more favourable to motivators than non-exporters. Export The term export in international trade means the sending of goods or services produced in one country to another country. The seller of such goods and services is referred to as an "exporter"; the foreign buyer is referred to as an "importer". Export of goods often requires involvement of

neg: Johan August Gripenstedt trade and other liberal reforms. He succeeded in getting the Swedish parliament to gradually abolish tariffs and reduce customs duties. In 1865 he signed trade agreements with France, the German Customs Union and Prussia, which resulted in greatly reduced customs duties on many products. His optimistic descriptions in the Swedish parliament in 1857 of the economic situation of the country, the so-called "flower paintings" (), paved the way for a fast expansion of the Swedish railroad network, which was financed by loans on the international market. Gripenstedt opposed an activist foreign policy, which he saw as a threat to the

neg: Borderless selling Borderless selling Borderless selling is the process of selling services to clients outside the country of origin of services through modern methods which eliminate the actions specifically designed to hinder international trade. International trade through "borderless selling" is a new phenomenon born in the current "globalization" era. Borderless selling is defined as the process of performing sales transaction between two or more parties from different countries (an exporter and an importer) which is free from actions specifically designed to hinder international trade, such as tariff barriers, currency restrictions, and import quotas. International trade which is the exchange of goods and

neg: Letter of credit the letter of credit market. It defines a number of terms related to letters of credit which categorise the various actors within any given transaction. These are crucial to understanding the role financial institutions play within. These include: A letter of credit is an important payment method in international trade. It is particularly useful where the buyer and seller may not know each other personally and are separated by distance, differing laws in each country, and different trading customs. It is a primary method in international trade to mitigate the risk a seller of goods takes when providing those goods

neg: Immiserizing growth influence world prices. Harry G. Johnson had, independently, worked out conditions for this result in 1955. Immiserizing growth Immiserizing growth is a theoretical situation first proposed by Jagdish Bhagwati, in 1958, where economic growth could result in a country being worse off than before the growth. If growth is heavily export biased it might lead to a fall in the terms of trade of the exporting country. In rare circumstances this fall in the terms of trade may be so large as to outweigh the gains from growth. If so, this situation would cause a country to be worse off

neg: Smuggling importation of contraband items, their demand and cost functions are altogether different requiring different analytical framework. As a result, illegal trade through customs stations is differently considered, and smuggling is defined as international trade through ‘unauthorized route’. A seaport, airport or land port which has not been authorized by the government for importation and exportation is an ‘unauthorized route’. The legal definition of these occurs in the Customs Act of the country. Notably, some definitions define any 'undeclared' trafficking of currency and precious metal as smuggling. Smuggling is a cognizable offense in which both the smuggled goods and the goods

neg: Shopping hours Australia's. Trading hours are stipulated in law, and are based on size and product offer. As in South Australia, smaller, independently operated supermarket retailers are exempted. Chain supermarkets are required to close Monday to Friday at 9pm, Saturdays at 5pm, and are permitted to trade on Sundays and public holidays only from 11am to 5pm. The situation in Austria is very similar to that in Germany, with most public holidays being based on Catholic holidays as the country is predominantly. Until the 1990s, all shops closed around noon on Saturday and did not reopen until Monday morning. Entrepreneurs such as

neg: Grain and Feed Trade Association Grain and Feed Trade Association The Grain and Feed Trade Association or GAFTA is an international, London headquartered trade association consisting of traders, brokers, superintendents, analysts, fumigators, arbitrators and other professionals in the international grain trade. Gafta can trace its origins back to 1878, when the London Corn Trade Association (LCTA) was established by members of the corn trade to protect their interests. The LCTA sought to achieve this through the adoption of standard forms of contract, drawn up by the association, with any disputes arising out of these contracts being settled by arbitration rather than legislation. Disputes were referred

neg: Third country dumping Third country dumping Third country dumping is a situation in which exports of a product from one country are being injured or threatened with injury because of exports of the same product from a second country into a third country at less than fair value. Section 1318 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-418) establishes procedures for U.S. industries to petition the U.S. Trade Representative to request a foreign government that is a signatory to the GATT Anti-Dumping Code to initiate an antidumping investigation on behalf of a U.S. industry that claims it is being injured

neg: Closed circle of suspects to use this device till modern days, for example Rex Stout, Lucille Kallen, Jonathan Gash, Simon Brett. While the closed circle is a common device in literary fiction, it is a much less common occurrence in real world investigations. Closed circle of suspects The closed circle of suspects is a common element of detective fiction, and the subgenre that employs it can be referred to as the closed circle mystery. Less precisely, this subgenre - works with the closed circle literary device - is simply known as the "classic", "traditional" or "cozy" detective fiction. It refers to a situation in

neg: Compagnie Française d'Assurance pour le Commerce Extérieur the financial health of companies' clients, based on a real-time analysis of country, sector and credit risks, and provides information which enables transactions to be carried out more securely. The credit insurer alerts companies of any changes in the financial situation of their clients. If a risk is established, the credit insurer collects debts in their name and guarantees the payment of trade receivables. In providing this guarantee, credit insurance also enables improved credit and loan conditions from banks. Country risks analysis enables companies to assess the risk of a country's business defaulting, and to evaluate the overall quality of

neg: Human rights in Colombia little protection in the Colombian justice system; 784 human rights defenders were threatened, attacked or murdered between 2002 and 2009, there has been a conviction in only 10 of these cases. Colombia is widely referred to as the most dangerous country in the world to be a trade unionist. The 2011 Annual Survey of Violation of Trade Union Rights published by the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) reports that 49 trade unionists were killed in Colombia in 2010, more than in the rest of the world put together. According to government figures, 37 unionists were murdered. Between January and August

neg: Recession caused partially by the oil crisis happening in that same year, which brought inflation at a 13% increase. Economic recession hit by the middle of the year 1974, with no change in policy enacted by the government as a measure to counter the economic situation of the country. Consequently, the unemployment level rose and the trade deficit increased significantly. Another recession – the most recent one to date – came in the 1990s, at the beginning of the decade. It was the result of a major stock collapse in 1987, in October, referred to now as Black Monday. Although the

neg: Senegambia Confederation each country, the lock and key border situation has posed unique problems for international relations, especially in trade and control of regions surrounding the Senegal–Gambia border. One of the greatest problems for both countries is the ease with which violence could spread through the region. With shared ethnic communities on both sides of the border, a successful coup in one country could lead to a group of sympathizers in the other, bringing danger to the democratic regimes of both countries. This fear was realized during the 1981 coup attempt to oust President Dawda Jawara of the Gambia. Senegal's pro-Western stance

neg: Third country dumping by dumping in that country’s market. Third country dumping Third country dumping is a situation in which exports of a product from one country are being injured or threatened with injury because of exports of the same product from a second country into a third country at less than fair value. Section 1318 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-418) establishes procedures for U.S. industries to petition the U.S. Trade Representative to request a foreign government that is a signatory to the GATT Anti-Dumping Code to initiate an antidumping investigation on behalf of a U.S. industry

neg: International Criminal Court investigation in Kenya before it would refer the case to the ICC Prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo. The "Waki List" has so far not been made public, and there is speculation that it may contain more names than the six who were initially indicted by the ICC; consequently there have been some calls in Kenya for either the ICC or Waki to release the list. The International Criminal Court's prosecutor may open a formal investigation in one of three circumstances: when a situation is referred by the government of a state which the investigation concerns, when the situation is referred by the UN Security

neg: Peren–Clement index Peren–Clement index The Peren–Clement index is a method of country-specific risk analysis for businesses engaged in international trade and direct investment. This instrument provides a guideline when deciding which foreign markets offer the possibility of additional business engagement and investment and the extent of an existing engagement or investment can be increased or should be reduced. The Peren-Clement index can be used as an early detection system, which evaluates probabilities and risks of an investment in a certain foreign market, which are determined by the political situation, its social, economical and judicial environment as well as its predictable or anticipated

neg: Psychological Strategy Board P. Lilly wrote a 1,400 page study of United States psychological warfare during World War II, which is available among Lilly's papers at the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas; Lilly also wrote a book chapter on the PSB. The PSB defined psychological warfare as any nonmilitary action which influenced public opinion or foreign policy interest. This, therefore, includes, but is not limited to: trade and economic aid, cultural and educational exchange, threats to use force and diplomacy. Buzzwords Diplomats and Politicians used carefully selected words and phrases, often referred to as buzzwords, to shape policies and influence domestic and international

neg: Double auction determination of prices in ordinary markets. A simple example of a double auction is a "bilateral trade" scenario, in which there is a single seller who values his product as "S" (e.g. the cost of producing the product), and a single buyer who values that product as "B". From an economist's perspective, the interesting problem is to find a competitive equilibrium - a situation in which the supply equals the demand. In the simple bilateral trade scenario, if "B"≥"S" then any price in the range ["S","B"] is an equilibrium price, since both the supply and the demand equal 1. Any

neg: South African labour law the employee’s choice. Where the limits of freedom of non-association lie is the subject of considerable controversy. Closed-shop agreements exist where an employer and a trade union conclude a collective agreement in terms of which the employer undertakes to employ or retain in its services only those employees who have joined the union. The closed-shop agreement forces employees to join a certain union if they are to keep their jobs. A closed-shop agreement could be seen as an infringement of the employees’ right not to associate. Sometimes mention is made of the freedom of dissociation. This refers to the situation

neg: International trade is due to the fact that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays, and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system, or culture. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus, international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labour, or other factors of production. Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute

neg: International Workers' Association other country previously active members of the International had to start over. At the seventh congress in Toulouse in 1951 a much smaller IWA was relaunched, again without the CNT, which would not be strong enough to reclaim membership until 1958 as an exiled and underground organization. Delegates attended, though mostly representing very small groups, from Cuba, Argentina, Spain, Sweden, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Denmark, Norway, Britain, Bulgaria and Portugal. A message of support was received from Uruguay. But the situation remained difficult for the International, as it struggled to deal with the rise of state-sanctioned economic trade

neg: Parallel import [https://www.dutchparalleltrading.com/ Statement on Parallel import and export, or parallel trade Parallel import A parallel import is a non-counterfeit product imported from another country without the permission of the intellectual property owner. Parallel imports are often referred to as grey product and are implicated in issues of international trade, and intellectual property. Parallel importing is based on concept of exhaustion of intellectual property rights: according to this concept, when the product is first launched on the market in a particular jurisdiction, parallel importation is authorized to all residents in the state in question. Some countries allow it but others do not.

neg: Trade secret Trade secret A trade secret is a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, commercial method, or compilation of information not generally known or reasonably ascertainable by others by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors or customers. In some jurisdictions, such secrets are referred to as "confidential information". The precise language by which a trade secret is defined varies by jurisdiction, as do the particular types of information that are subject to trade secret protection. Three factors are common to all such definitions: A trade secret is information that In international law, these three factors define a

neg: Trade study solvable using linear programming techniques. Generally, one or more of the targets is not fixed at a specific value, and it is desired to make these T values as large or small as possible. These are generally referred to as cost functions, and the other measures are treated as constraints. If the situation was as described above, formal optimization or linear programming methods would work totally. However, in practice, needed information is: Trade study A trade study or trade-off study is the activity of a multidisciplinary team to identify the most balanced technical solutions among a set of proposed viable

neg: Études Sans Frontières International which otherwise would not be accessible to them because of the situation in their country – so as to enhance their willingness and capability to commit themselves to the (re-)construction of a peaceful, free and fair society in their home country. This term refers to any national or sub-national area worldwide whose population faces violent conflict, post-conflict challenges, severe political oppression, a failed state situation, extreme poverty or environmental disasters, leading to severely restricted access to higher education or a severely reduced capacity of the higher education system. Currently ESFI has higher education programs implying students from Rwanda, Democratic Republic

neg: Baron Boltens Gård It filed for bankruptcy and closed temporarily in 2010, but started up shortly after in the same name. Baron Boltens Gård Baron Boltens Gård is a historic house at 8 Gothersgade in central Copenhagen, Denmark, as well as a passageway that connects Gothersgade to Store Kongensgade. In recent years the name has also referred to an entertainment cluster located at the same address. The property was originally called "Weltkuglen" and was in the mid-18th century a focalpoint for international trade and a popular meetingplace for prominent citizens and international merchants. In 1767 the property was acquired by an affluent wine

neg: International Workingmen's Association in America with various trade unions in New York City and around the country and was instrumental in helping to establish new sections of the International. Early in 1870 a French-speaking section was established in New York City, with a Czech-speaking section following the fall of that same year. Communication between the executive of the International in London and the American movement was fragmented, with American sections speaking one or another language communicating directly with corresponding secretaries in that language in London — a situation which was deemed as contributing to factional rivalry and personal animosity. It was deemed desirable that a

neg: International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur The International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur or the situation in Darfur is an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into criminal acts committed during the War in Darfur. Although Sudan is not a state party to the Rome Statute, the treaty which created the ICC, the situation in Darfur was referred to the ICC's Prosecutor by the United Nations Security Council in 2005. As of 2012 seven suspects have been indicted by the court: Ahmed Haroun and Ali Kushayb, Omar al-Bashir, Bahar Abu Garda, Abdallah Banda and Saleh Jerbo, and Abdel

neg: Kalākaua's 1881 world tour none of them had any knowledge of the situation and so forwarded the report to Kalākaua. When the King was visiting England on July 15, the "Sacramento Daily Record-Union" reprinted a defensive July 14 editorial in "The New York Times" stating the rumor as fact that Kalākaua was circumnavigating the world in hopes of finding a buyer for the islands: "… Virtually, the United States has a mortgage upon the Sandwich Islands … we have a monopoly of trade of the islands, both as imports and exports …". The trade monopoly referred to was Article IV of the Reciprocity Treaty

neg: Patents in the Philippines 8293. The Philippines is an active participant in international trade. The country is a member of the international trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. The country subscribes to a number of multilateral, regional, and bilateral treaties that facilitate the process of trade between multiple nations as well as to observe and uphold Intellectual property rights. Some of the notable treaties that the country participates in are the following: The TRIPS Agreement is a multilateral trade agreement mediated by the World Trade Organization that came into effect on 1 January 1995, on the

neg: Fair trade bananas annually). In 1997 Fair Trade Labeling Organizations International (FLO) was established in Bonn, Germany to consolidate various labeling initiatives and establish worldwide standards for fair trade bananas. The first fair trade labelled bananas imported to Germany were by TransFair in April 1998. Fair Trade Labeling Organizations International, (now renamed Fair Trade International), is a large importer whose bananas bear the International FairTrade Certification Mark. FLO-CERT is the international body that inspects the farms to ensure they meet the proper social and environmental according to Fair Trade international standards. Five companies control about 80% of the conventional banana trade. This situation,

neg: Standard International Trade Classification Standard International Trade Classification Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) is a classification of goods used to classify the exports and imports of a country to enable comparing different countries and years. The classification system is maintained by the United Nations. The SITC classification, is currently at revision four, which was promulgated in 2006. The SITC is recommended only for analytical purposes - trade statistics are recommended to be collected and compiled in the Harmonized System instead. The following excerpt was taken from the United Nations Statistics Division, international trade statistics branch: "For compiling international trade statistics on all merchandise entering

neg: History of Ghana part of Busia's economic structural adjustment efforts to put the country on a sounder financial base. The austerity programmes had been recommended by the International Monetary Fund. The recovery measures also severely affected the middle class and the salaried work force, both of which faced wage freezes, tax increases, currency devaluations, and rising import prices. These measures precipitated protests from the Trade Union Congress. In response, the government sent the army to occupy the trade union headquarters and to block strike actions—a situation that some perceived as negating the government's claim to be operating democratically. The army troops and officers

neg: History of Ghana (1966–79) adjustment efforts to put the country on a sounder financial base. The austerity programs had been recommended by the International Monetary Fund. The recovery measures also severely affected the middle class and the salaried work force, both of which faced wage freezes, tax increases, currency devaluations, and rising import prices. These measures precipitated protests from the Trade Union Congress. In response, the government sent the army to occupy the trade union headquarters and to block strike actions—a situation that some perceived as negating the government's claim to be operating democratically. The army troops and officers upon whom Busia relied for

neg: International economics effects of international trade upon wage earners in developed countries. Samuelson‘s factor price equalisation theorem indicates that, if productivity were the same in both countries, the effect of trade would be to bring about equality in wage rates. As noted above, that theorem is sometimes taken to mean that trade between an industrialised country and a developing country would lower the wages of the unskilled in the industrialised country. However, it is unreasonable to assume that productivity would be the same in a low-wage developing country as in a high-wage developed country. A 1999 study has found international differences in

neg: Nationality offspring born to foreign mothers. Although this person may have an emotional national identity, he or she may not legally be the national of any state. Another stateless situation arises when a person holds a travel document (passport) which recognizes the bearer as having the nationality of a "state" which is not internationally recognized, has no entry in the International Organization for Standardization's country list, is not a member of the United Nations, etc. In the current era, persons native to Taiwan who hold Republic of China passports are one example. This list includes parents' ability to confer nationality on

neg: Consularization consular" (Portuguese Br.). Consularization In international law, consularization is the act of authenticating any legal document by the consul office, by the consul signing and affixing a red ribbon to the document. International trade shipments often require consular invoices and other documents that may need to be consularized include travel documents (such as a parental consent letter for persons under 18 traveling without a parent), letters of credit, and powers of attorney. A consular invoice is a document, often in triplicate, submitted to the consul or embassy of a country to which goods are to be exported before the goods

neg: Consularization Consularization In international law, consularization is the act of authenticating any legal document by the consul office, by the consul signing and affixing a red ribbon to the document. International trade shipments often require consular invoices and other documents that may need to be consularized include travel documents (such as a parental consent letter for persons under 18 traveling without a parent), letters of credit, and powers of attorney. A consular invoice is a document, often in triplicate, submitted to the consul or embassy of a country to which goods are to be exported before the goods are sent abroad.

neg: Cuban economic reforms director Jacques de Groote and another IMF official were invited to Havana in late 1993. After assessing the economic situation in the country they concluded that from 1989 to 1993, the Cuba's economic decline was more grave than that experienced by any other socialist Eastern European country. During those 4 years, foreign trade fell by 80%, as more than half of Cuba's trade was done with the Soviet Union, and there was a roughly 50% drop in the country's GDP during that period. The then-president, Fidel Castro, declared that as of 30 August 1990, the period would be known as

neg: General Federation of Trade Unions (Syria) Federation of Trade Unions and the International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions. General Federation of Trade Unions (Syria) The General Federation of Trade Unions (GFTU) is the sole national trade union center in Syria, it was founded in 1948. By a 1968 decree establishing a single-trade-union system, all trade unions in the country are required to be affiliated to the GFTU, and the GFTU has the power to dissolve the executive committee of any union. The union is closely linked with the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and the president of the GFTU, Shaaban Azzouz, is

neg: Carry the bat other situation where the innings closes before all 10 wickets have fallen, such as when it is declared closed, or when the team successfully chases a set run target to win the match. The term "carrying one's bat" dates back to the very early days of cricket. Initially it referred to any not out batsman, but by the 20th century the term was used exclusively to refer to opening batsmen. The expression comes from a time when the team used to share bats so the outgoing batsman would leave the bat on the crease for the next batsman to use.

neg: Standard International Trade Classification international trade, and to promote international comparability of international trade statistics. The commodity groupings of SITC reflect (a) the materials used in production, (b) the processing stage, (c) market practices and uses of the products, (d) the importance of the commodities in terms of world trade, and (e) technological changes." Standard International Trade Classification Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) is a classification of goods used to classify the exports and imports of a country to enable comparing different countries and years. The classification system is maintained by the United Nations. The SITC classification, is currently at revision four, which was

neg: Isolationism adulthood. During the mid-1860s he was the main proponent of isolationism and the principal instrument of the persecution of both native and foreign Catholics. Following the division of the peninsula after independence from Japan in 1945–48, Kim il-Sung inaugurated an isolationist totalitarian regime in the North, which has been continued by his son and grandson to the present day. North Korea is often referred to as "The Hermit Kingdom". Just after independence was achieved, Paraguay was governed from 1814 by the dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, who closed the country's borders and prohibited trade or any relation with the

neg: Majeed Al Alawi eligible to unionise as part of the reforms. The main trade union body is the General Federation of Workers Trade Unions in Bahrain, which is a member of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions' Annual Survey 2005 highlighted: "Bahrain, a bright spot in an otherwise dismal landscape of persistent labour rights violations in the Middle East". According to the ICFTU: All cases where employees are dismissed from their jobs are referred to the courts, Al Alawi told parliament in January 2008, and in the previous cases, Al Alawi said "Three unionists have

neg: Trade The ascendancy of free trade was primarily based on national advantage in the mid 19th century. That is, the calculation made was whether it was in any particular country's self-interest to open its borders to imports. John Stuart Mill proved that a country with monopoly pricing power on the international market could manipulate the terms of trade through maintaining tariffs, and that the response to this might be reciprocity in trade policy. Ricardo and others had suggested this earlier. This was taken as evidence against the universal doctrine of free trade, as it was believed that more of the economic

neg: Trade Union International of Workers in the Mining, the Metallurgy and the Metal Industries Trade Union International of Workers in the Mining, the Metallurgy and the Metal Industries The Trade Union International of Workers in the Mining, the Metallurgy and the Metal Industries is a trade union international affiliated with the World Federation of Trade Unions. The TUI-WMMMI was founded at a conference in San Sebastian, Basque Country autonomous community Basque Country, Spain held 19-20, May 2008. It claims the historical legacy of two earlier TUIs: the Trade Unions International of Workers of the Metal and Mechanical Industries which dissolved during the fall of communism in Europe, and the Trade Unions International of Energy

neg: Charles Blunt Blunt was found not to have breached any rules, and the matter was dropped. After leaving politics Blunt went into business. He led a number of trade and investment missions to the United States and was regular speaker at international trade and investment outlook conferences. In 1992 he became National Director of the American Chamber of Commerce in Australia, resigning in 2013. He is also currently chair of a number of publicly listed companies, including Capital Trade and Policy and Palamedia. In 2014, Blunt appeared in a documentary about the Nationals, A Country Road: The Nationals in which he talked

neg: The Unfortunate Rake it as 'one of the most versatile songs in the Anglo-American tradition, as it seems able to adapt itself to any group or situation.' A nineteenth century broadside published by Such printers of London is referred to in some twentieth century literature on the song. This version, and several others of that time, is called "The Unfortunate Lad". The first line of this song is 'As I was a walking down by the Lock Hospital.' This term, which referred to a hospital for the treatment of venereal diseases, is another item referred to by Bishop and Roud as an 'explicit

neg: Non-tariff barriers to trade as well as a wide range of trade restrictions, available to the governments of industrialized countries, forcing them to resort to use the NTB, and putting serious obstacles to international trade and world economic growth. Thus, NTBs can be referred as a new form of protection which has replaced tariffs as an old form of protection. The scarcity of information on non-tariff barriers is a major problem to the competitiveness of developing countries. As a result, the International Trade Centre conducted national surveys and began publishing a series of technical papers on non-tariff barriers faced in developing countries. By 2015

neg: Trade-to-GDP ratio Trade-to-GDP ratio The trade-to-GDP ratio is an indicator of the relative importance of international trade in the economy of a country. It is calculated by dividing the aggregate value of imports and exports over a period by the gross domestic product for the same period. Although called a ratio, it is usually expressed as a percentage. It is used as a measure of the openness of a country to international trade, and so may also be called the trade openness ratio. It may be seen as an indicator of the degree of globalisation of an economy. Other factors aside, the

neg: Senior status judge can be assigned to an appellate case, and a circuit judge can be assigned to preside over a trial. For courts that do not fall within a circuit, such as the United States Court of International Trade, the chief judge of that court can assign a senior judge of that court to perform any duty within the circuit that the judge is willing and able to perform. In special cases, the Chief Justice can assign a senior judge to any court. This is referred to as an assignment by designation, and requires that a certification of necessity be issued

neg: Open border until their claim is approved for entry into the new jurisdiction, or they may release them into the new jurisdiction while their claim is being processed. Whenever a conditionally open border is allowed, a considerable effort is often required to ensure that border controls do not break down to such an extent that it becomes an open border situation. An example of a conditionally open border is a border of any country which allows movement of asylum seekers due to application of either the 1951 Refugee Convention or international law which allows people to cross a border to escape a

neg: Shreekhandpur part of the trade route towards the southern part of the country. Merchants would have to go through this city before the invent of modern transportation. The city was incorporated in the kingdom of Nepal by Prithvi Narayan Shah during his unification around 1820 Bikram Sambat. The various parts of the town have their own names as well. The eastern part is referred to as bahatol, the part which has the Nasika temple towards north east is referred to as Nastol, the north west part is referred to as bhukhatol, the western part is referred to as basatol, and the

neg: Arbitration award of dispute resolution in the commercial sphere (for a summary of the various arenas in which arbitration is usually chosen, see the specific article on "arbitration"). One of the reasons for doing so is that, in international trade, it is often easier to enforce an arbitration award in a foreign country than it is to enforce a judgment of the court. Under the New York Convention 1958, an award issued in a contracting state can generally be freely enforced in any other contracting state, only subject to certain, limited defences. Those defences are: Virtually every significant commercial country in the

neg: National Stadium, Abuja Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The complex includes: The Abuja Stadium meets the requirements of the International safety standards; it is equipped with emergency service units, closed circuit security cameras as well as crowd control steel fencing. There are also stand-by fire fighting equipment and metal detectors which have been put in place to avoid any misfortunes. Although Nigeria had several stadiums scattered throughout the country, there was a lack of stadiums that met international standards. The capital city of Nigeria, Abuja, was selected to host the 8th All Africa Games

neg: Trade credit insurance insurance can include a component of political risk insurance which is offered by the same insurers to insure the risk of non-payment by foreign buyers due to currency issues, political unrest, expropriation etc. This points to the major role trade credit insurance plays in facilitating international trade. Trade credit is offered by vendors to their customers as an alternative to prepayment or cash on delivery terms, providing time for the customer to generate income from sales to pay for the product or service. This requires the vendor to assume non-payment risk. In a local or domestic situation as well as

neg: Romania and the International Monetary Fund on December 15, 1972. While Romania was not the first socialist country to become a member (Yugoslavia had been a member for some time), it was the first member of the Comecon to join. In order to become a member, Romania agreed to grant a scrutiny of its economic situation (including holdings of gold and international monetary reserves, international trade, balance of payments and domestic budget), a thing that other socialist states were reluctant to grant. Due to worsening trade deficit (in part due to the rise of the price of oil) and the rise of interest rates, in 1981

neg: Wildlife of Vietnam decades. The reasons adduced to this situation are; the Vietnam war, deforestation, hunting, export of animals under CITES agreement which is generally violated by illegal activity due to inadequate patrolling. Illegal trade in wild life is flourishing in Vietnam as there is great demand for these animals in China and also within the country. They have commercial value both at home and abroad Trade in wildlife resources in Vietnam is of considerable value. In respect of faunal species, trade varies between 3,700 and 4,500 tons; the use of faunal species are also for medical purposes, pets, and as food and

neg: Open market Open market The term open market is used generally to refer to an economic situation close to free trade. In a more specific, technical sense, the term refers to interbank trade in securities. Economists judge the "openness" of markets according to the amount of government regulation of those markets, the scope for competition, and the absence or presence of local cultural customs which get in the way of trade. In principle, a fully open market is a completely free market in which all economic actors can trade without any external constraint. In reality, few markets exist which are open to

neg: Arthur Gould (rugby union) the public. This caused a stir among the other Home Unions, who viewed this as an effort to pay Gould for playing, which would constitute professionalism. As the arguments continued, Gould played his final international game, a solid 11–0 win over England in early January. Wales played no further matches that season after the events behind Gould's testimonial fund caused Wales to leave the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB), in a situation now referred to as the "Gould affair". By 1896 Gould had played more first class matches, scored more tries and dropped more goals than any other player on

neg: Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade of Economics, Finance and International Trade. Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade is member of the European Association of Institutions in Higher Education (EURASHE), and the European Retail Academy (ERA). Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade The Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade (), also referred simply as KazUEFIT, is a private university in Astana, Kazakhstan. The university was established in 1999 in Almaty. In 2006, the university was relocated to Astana to be a branch office of the Turar Ryskulov Kazakh Economic University in order to develop a new educational and cultural center

neg: Internationalization comparative advantage extends the range of possible mutually beneficial exchanges. In other words, it is not necessary to have an absolute advantage to gain from trade, only a comparative advantage. David Ricardo argued that a country does not need to have an absolute advantage in the production of any commodity for international trade between it and another country to be mutually beneficial. Absolute advantage meant greater efficiency in production, or the use of less labor factor in production. Two countries could both benefit from trade if each had a relative advantage in production. Relative advantage simply meant that the ratio