query: who was the roman emperor in 43 ad

pos: Roman conquest of Britain Isles today. Roman conquest of Britain The Roman conquest of Britain was a gradual process, beginning effectively in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, whose general Aulus Plautius served as first governor of Roman Britain (). Great Britain had already frequently been the target of invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. In common with other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had enjoyed diplomatic and trading links with the Romans in the century since Julius Caesar's expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, and Roman economic and cultural influence was a significant part

pos: Pomponia Graecina the emperor Caligula and Agrippina the Younger, who was the mother of Nero and wife of Claudius. Other notable ancestors on her mother's side include the historian and senator Gaius Asinius Pollio, who was consul in 40 BC. Pomponia married Aulus Plautius (d. by 65 AD), the senator and general who led the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD, for which he later received a military ovation, and who governed Roman Britain until 47 AD. A younger Aulus Plautius, probably their son, was murdered by the emperor Nero, supposedly because Nero's mother Agrippina had fallen in love with him

pos: Roman Norfolk in 410 AD, most of the visible remains of Roman Britain slowly disappeared. Roman Norfolk "This is part of a series on the History of Norfolk" Roman Norfolk began after the first contact by Julius Caesar in his expeditions of 55 and 54 BC and the eventual invasion of England by Emperor Claudius in 43 AD. After this century of co-operation, during which the Roman client states held power, the infighting and other troubles led to the Roman invasion in 43 AD. The Iceni were in power in Norfolk during that period from 55 BC to 43 AD and further

pos: Roman Norfolk Roman Norfolk "This is part of a series on the History of Norfolk" Roman Norfolk began after the first contact by Julius Caesar in his expeditions of 55 and 54 BC and the eventual invasion of England by Emperor Claudius in 43 AD. After this century of co-operation, during which the Roman client states held power, the infighting and other troubles led to the Roman invasion in 43 AD. The Iceni were in power in Norfolk during that period from 55 BC to 43 AD and further problems between them led to eventual war between Boudica and the invading Romans.

pos: Oldest town in Britain the Celtic warlords Cunobelin and Caratacus in the first century AD, it became the most powerful Celtic kingdom in Britain. In 43 AD, the settlement was conquered by the Roman Empire under Emperor Claudius, who led the attack in person, building a legionary fortress on the site, the first in Britain. This was converted into the town of Colonia Victricensis in 49 AD, becoming the provincial capital and the only pre-Boudican town to have the honour of Roman citizenship. Its town walls, constructed between 61 AD and 80 AD, are the oldest Roman town walls in Britain by at least

pos: Claudia Antonia Claudia Antonia Claudia Antonia (Classical Latin: ) (c. AD 30–AD 66) was the daughter and oldest surviving child of the Roman Emperor Claudius and the only child of his second wife Aelia Paetina. Antonia was a great great-niece of the Emperor Augustus, great-niece of the Emperor Tiberius, first cousin of the Emperor Caligula, half-sister to Claudia Octavia and Britannicus (her father's children by his third marriage to Valeria Messalina), and cousin, stepsister and sister-in-law of the Emperor Nero. Until 37, she was raised by her paternal grandmother Antonia Minor (who died that year). From then until 43, she was raised

pos: Folkestone Roman Villa imported through the bay. Evidence of trade between Roman Gaul and the wealthy community who lived at Folkestone, seems to suggest that they were on good terms with the Romans in the years before the Roman occupation, and that when the Roman Emperor Claudius invaded Britain in AD 43, his troops did not come ashore at Folkestone. By c. 75 AD, the Iron Age settlement had been replaced with a Roman villa. The first version of the villa to be built consisted only of block A, and was built of tufa blocks laid on foundations of flint and ironstone. Main

pos: Roman roads in Britannia section of Watling Street was begun in the years following the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD, it may have been known to the Romano-Britons as the "Via Claudia" in honour of Emperor Claudius (r.41-54 AD) who led the military campaign. The only Anglo-Saxon name which might be etymologically linked to an original Roman name is the Fosse Way between Exeter and Lincoln. "Fosse" may derive from "fossa", the Latin word for "ditch". But this is likely to be attributable to a popular, rather than official, Roman name for the route. Generally the Roman roads in Britain have names

pos: Astures into the Roman world was a slow and hazardous process, with its partially romanized people retaining the Celtic language, religion and much of their ancient culture throughout the Roman Imperial period. This included their martial traditions, which enabled them to provide the Roman Army with auxiliary cavalry units ("Alae"), who participated in Emperor Claudius' invasion of Britain in AD 43–60. However, ephigraphic evidence in the form of an inscribed votive stele dedicated by a "Primpilus Centurio" of "Legio VI Victrix" decorated for bravery in action confirms that the Astures staged a revolt in AD 54, prompting another vicious guerrilla war

pos: Lycia et Pamphylia Lycia et Pamphylia Lycia et Pamphylia was the name of a province of the Roman empire, located in southern Anatolia. It was created by the emperor Vespasian (reigned AD 69- 79), who merged Lycia and Pamphylia into a single administrative unit. In 43 AD, the emperor Claudius had annexed Lycia. Pamphylia had been a part of the province of Galatia. The borders drawn by Vespasian ran west of the River Indus (which flowed from its upper valley in Caria) from the Pisidian plateau up to Lake Ascanius (Burdur Gölü), to the south of Apamea. In the north and east it

pos: Lyon Tablet visited the city in 43 AD and in 47 AD. Lyon Tablet The Lyon Tablet is an ancient bronze tablet that bears the transcript of a speech given by the Roman emperor Claudius. The surviving bottom portion of the tablet was discovered in 1528 by a draper in his vineyard on Croix-Rousse Hill (on the site of the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls) in Lyon, France. It currently resides in the Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon. Claudius had particular affinities with Lugdunum (Lyon). He was born there, and it housed the Imperial cult centre: as both Emperor and a "native" of

pos: England in 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up a client king from the Trinovantes. The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of Emperor Claudius, subsequently conquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as Britannia province. The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were the Catuvellauni led by Caratacus. Later, an uprising led by Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at the Battle of Watling Street. This era saw a Greco-Roman culture prevail with the introduction of Roman law, Roman

pos: Aemilia Lepida (fiancee of Claudius) Aemilia Lepida (fiancee of Claudius) Aemilia Lepida (5 BC – c. 43 AD) was a noble Roman woman and matron. She was the eldest daughter and first-born child of Julia the Younger (the first granddaughter of the Emperor Augustus) and consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus. Her father was of a distinguished and ancient patrician family. She was the first great-grandchild of Emperor Augustus, noblewoman Scribonia and a great-grandchild of consul Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (brother of the triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus). Aemilia Lepida was the sister of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (6-39) who was married to Caligula's favorite sister Drusilla and who

pos: Prasutagus Prasutagus Prasutagus was king of a British Celtic tribe called the Iceni, who inhabited roughly what is now Norfolk, in the 1st century AD. He is best known as the husband of Boudica. Prasutagus may have been one of the eleven kings who surrendered to Claudius following the Roman conquest in 43, or he may have been installed as king following the defeat of a rebellion of the Iceni in 47. As an ally of Rome his tribe were allowed to remain nominally independent, and to ensure this Prasutagus named the Roman emperor as co-heir to his kingdom, along with

pos: Imperial Roman army failure of his Elbe strategy, Augustus reportedly included a clause in his will advising his successors not to attempt to expand the empire further. In the main, this advice was followed, and few major permanent annexations were made for the duration of the Principate. The main exceptions were (a) Britain, which was invaded by the emperor Claudius in AD 43 and was progressively subdued (as far as the Tyne-Solway, line of the later Hadrian's Wall) in 43-78. However, the stiff, prolonged resistance offered by native tribes seemingly confirmed Augustus' warning, and reportedly led the emperor Nero at one stage to

pos: Statilia Messalina Statilia Messalina Statilia Messalina (c. AD 35 – after AD 68) was a Roman patrician woman, a Roman Empress and third wife to Roman Emperor Nero. The ancient sources say little of her family; however, Suetonius states that she was a great-great-granddaughter of Titus Statilius Taurus, a Roman general who was awarded a triumph for his victory and was twice consul. She was either the daughter of Titus Statilius Taurus Corvinus, consul in 45 AD, and who was involved in a plot against the Emperor Claudius, or a daughter of the sister of Corvinus, Statilia Messallina. She was related to

pos: Roman conquest of Britain Roman conquest of Britain The Roman conquest of Britain was a gradual process, beginning effectively in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, whose general Aulus Plautius served as first governor of Roman Britain (). Great Britain had already frequently been the target of invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. In common with other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had enjoyed diplomatic and trading links with the Romans in the century since Julius Caesar's expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, and Roman economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the

pos: Legio IX Hispana first found during the reign of Augustus and probably originated at that time. After this, the legion was probably part of the imperial army in the Rhine borderlands that was campaigning against the Germanic tribes. Following the abandonment of the eastern Rhine area (after the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9), the Ninth was relocated in Pannonia. In AD 43 the legion most likely participated in the Roman invasion of Britain led by the emperor Claudius and general Aulus Plautius, because they soon appear amongst the provincial garrison. In AD 50, the Ninth was one of two

pos: Julia Livia Julia Livia Julia Livia (c.7–43 AD), sometimes referred to as Julia Drusi Caesaris filia (Julia, daughter of Drusus Caesar), was the daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar and Livilla, and granddaughter of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. She was also a first cousin of the emperor Caligula, and niece of the emperor Claudius. Julia was born in the later year's of the reign of her adoptive great-grandfather, Emperor Augustus, and was the daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar (a grandson of Augustus wife Livia Drusilla through her son Tiberius) and Livilla (a granddaughter of Augustus wife Livia Drusilla through her son Nero Claudius

pos: Julia Livia has her mother attempting to poison her to prevent Sejanus from marrying her, but it is not explicit about whether she died as a result, so glossing over her fate under Claudius. Julia Livia Julia Livia (c.7–43 AD), sometimes referred to as Julia Drusi Caesaris filia (Julia, daughter of Drusus Caesar), was the daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar and Livilla, and granddaughter of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. She was also a first cousin of the emperor Caligula, and niece of the emperor Claudius. Julia was born in the later year's of the reign of her adoptive great-grandfather, Emperor Augustus, and

pos: Broch of Gurness inner ditch and the tower. These were built after the tower, but were a part of the settlement's initial conception. A "main street" connects the outer entrance to the broch. The settlement is the best-preserved of all broch villages. Pieces of a Roman amphora dating to before 60 AD were found here, lending weight to the record that a "King of Orkney" submitted to Emperor Claudius at Colchester in 43 AD. At some point after 100 AD the broch was abandoned and the ditches filled in. It is thought that settlement at the broch continued into the 5th century AD,

pos: Romano-British culture Roman legions withdrew, to 597 when St Augustine of Canterbury arrived – southern Britain preserved an active sub-Roman culture that survived the attacks from the Anglo-Saxons and even used a vernacular Latin when writing. Roman troops, mainly from nearby provinces, invaded the Brythonic Celtic land in AD 43, in what is now part of England, during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Over the next few years the province of Britannia was formed, eventually including the whole of what later became England and Wales and parts of Scotland. Thousands of Roman businessmen and officials and their families settled in Britannia. Roman

pos: Prehistoric Orkney "Orcas", conceivably a reference to Orkney. Remarkably, the earliest written record of a formal connection between Rome and Scotland is the attendance of the "King of Orkney" who was one of eleven British kings who submitted to the Emperor Claudius at Colchester in AD 43 following the invasion of southern Britain three months earlier. The long distances and short period of time involved strongly suggest a prior connection between Rome and Orkney, although no evidence of this has been found and the contrast with later Caledonian resistance to Rome is striking. Pomponius Mela, the Roman geographer, recorded in his "De

pos: 1st century 1st century The 1st century was the century that lasted from AD 1 to AD 100 according to the Julian calendar. It is often written as the or to distinguish it from the 1st century BC (or BCE) which preceded it. The 1st century is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. During this period, Europe, North Africa and the Near East fell under increasing domination by the Roman Empire, which continued expanding, most notably conquering Britain under the emperor Claudius (AD 43). The reforms introduced by Augustus during his long reign stabilized the empire after the

pos: Limes Britannicus the Roman domination of Britain is generally considered to be positive. For a long time there was peace and prosperity on the island. Behind the protection of Hadrian's Wall and that formed by the natural coastal boundaries to the east, south and west, the region we now know as England was heavily influenced by the achievements of Roman civilization. Hadrian's Wall and the "castra" on the Saxon Shore are still the most prominent symbols of Roman rule over Britain. The conquest of Britain was ordered in 43 AD by Emperor Claudius. Claudius had a low reputation among his troops and

pos: Italians in the United Kingdom settle in the British Isles along with other people from various parts of the Roman Empire. They came as far back as 55 and 54 BC when Julius Caesar (initially landing in Deal) led expeditionary campaigns in the south-east of England, and then again in AD 43 when Emperor Claudius invaded and subsequently conquered the British islands. Historian Theodore Mommsen calculated that in the five centuries of Roman presence in the British isles, more than 50,000 Roman soldiers (mainly from The Balkans) moved to live permanently in Roman Britain. Continuous contact with Rome and the Catholic world was initially restricted

pos: Persecution in Lyon Persecution in Lyon The persecution in Lyon in AD 177 was a persecution of Christians in Lugdunum, Roman Gaul (present-day Lyon, France), during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161-180). The sole account of this persecution is a letter preserved in Eusebius's "Ecclesiastical History", book 5, chapter 1. Lugdunum was an important Roman city in Gaul. Founded on the Rhone river in 43 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus, it served as the capital of the Roman province Gallia Lugdunensis. The emperor Claudius was born in Lugdunum. The first known Christian community established in Lugdunum some time in the 2nd century was

pos: Roman client kingdoms in Britain 40 AD. As a Roman ally, it has been argued that the nominal goal of the Roman conquest of 43 AD to restore Verica to power. Following the Roman conquest, Cogidubnus, who was at some point given the Roman names "Tiberius Claudius", ruled what had been the lands of the Atrebates. His people were now referred to as Regni or Regnenses (see the Regnenses article for discussion of the name). Cogidubnus was notably loyal to the Romans (see, e.g., Tacitus), and after his death, probably in 73 AD, the kingdom became part of the Roman province of Britannia. Client status:

pos: Quintus Curtius Rufus it is Quintus.) In the List of Roman consuls he served as Consul Suffectus for October through December, 43 AD under the emperor Claudius. He had been a protégé of Tiberius. He must have written the "Histories" in the year or two before the consulship. Tacitus says that he was on the staff of the Quaestor of Africa during that time, which would have given him the opportunity to use the Library of Alexandria. Tiberius had died in 37; Caligula was emperor then. Curtius’ relations with Caligula are not mentioned. But Caligula was not in his vicinity. On Curtius’ return,

pos: Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus (or Togidubnus, Togidumnus or similar) was a 1st-century king of the Regnenses or Regni tribe in early Roman Britain. The currently accepted preferred name is Togidubnus. Chichester and the nearby Roman villa at Fishbourne, believed by some to have been Togidubnus' palace, were probably part of the territory of the Atrebates tribe before the Roman conquest of Britain in AD 43. Togidubnus may therefore have been an heir of Verica, the Atrebatic king whose overthrow prompted the emperor Claudius to invade. After the conquest the area formed part of the civitas of the Regnenses

pos: Lycia later came to the attention of the framers of the United States Constitution, influencing their thoughts. Despite home rule, Lycia was not a sovereign state and had not been since its defeat by the Carians. In 43 AD the Roman emperor Claudius dissolved the league, and Lycia was incorporated into the Roman Empire with provincial status. It became an eparchy of the Eastern, or Byzantine Empire, continuing to speak Greek even after being joined by communities of Turkish language speakers in the early 2nd millennium. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century, Lycia was under the

pos: Isca Augusta Isca Augusta Isca, variously specified as Isca Augusta or Isca Silurum, was the site of a Roman legionary fortress and settlement or "vicus", the remains of which lie beneath parts of the present-day suburban village of Caerleon in the north of the city of Newport in South Wales. The site includes Caerleon Amphitheatre and is protected by Cadw. Headquarters of the Legion "II Augusta", which took part in the invasion under Emperor Claudius in AD 43, Isca is uniquely important for the study of the conquest, pacification and colonisation of Britannia by the Roman army. It was one of only

pos: Silsden Hoard hoards were deposited by British refugees fleeing the Roman invasion of AD 43, under the Emperor Claudius and, as such, may be associated with accounts of the flight of Caratacus, the son of Cunobelinus, whose policies were used by the Romans as a pretext for the invasion. Silsden Hoard The Silsden Hoard is an assemblage containing 27 gold coins of late British Iron Age date and a Roman iron finger ring. The hoard was discovered in 1998 by Jeff Walbank using a metal detector in a field at Silsden in West Yorkshire, England. The hoard was declared to be treasure

pos: Rochester Bridge paid for by the Rochester Bridge Trust with the proceeds from the original endowments and was carried out at no cost to the public taxpayer. National Cycle Route 1 passes over the road bridges. There are four extant bridges, and also the Roman bridge, and the Mediaeval bridge that was built 40m upstream, and the first railway bridge. The Roman Bridge was builr circa AD 43 on the instructions of the Emperor Claudius. The flat bridge deck was supported on nine stone piers set on iren tipped oak timbers piled deep into the riverbed. To achieve this, a coffer dam

pos: Aemilia Lepida (fiancee of Claudius) to have been poisoned on the orders of Agrippina the Younger during the reign of Nero, but this Lepida was evidently Domitia Lepida, the mother of Valeria Messalina and the "second" wife of Appius Junius Silanus. Aemilia Lepida (fiancee of Claudius) Aemilia Lepida (5 BC – c. 43 AD) was a noble Roman woman and matron. She was the eldest daughter and first-born child of Julia the Younger (the first granddaughter of the Emperor Augustus) and consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus. Her father was of a distinguished and ancient patrician family. She was the first great-grandchild of Emperor Augustus, noblewoman Scribonia

pos: Cohors II Delmatarum been raised after the suppression of the Illyrian revolt in two series, of 7 and 5 respectively. All these units were in existence by the time of emperor Claudius (r. 41-54) Of these, 9 appear to have survived into the 2nd century. The regiment was probably raised by founder-emperor Augustus (r. 30BC-14AD) after 9 AD. It was certainly in existence by the time of Claudius (r. 41-54). Its early movements are unknown. Holder suggests that the regiment may have taken part in the Roman invasion of Britain (43), but there is no supporting evidence. It first appears in the datable

pos: Cohors I Delmatarum been raised after the suppression of the Illyrian revolt in two series, of 7 and 5 respectively. All these units were in existence by the time of emperor Claudius (r. 41-54) Of these, 9 appear to have survived into the 2nd century. The regiment was probably raised by founder-emperor Augustus (r. 30BC-14AD) after 9 AD. It was certainly in existence by the time of Claudius (r. 41-54). Its early movements are unknown. Holder suggests that the regiment may have taken part in the Roman invasion of Britain (43) or the suppression of the revolt of Boudicca (61), but there is

pos: Tiberius Tiberius was married twice, with only his first union producing a child who would survive to adulthood: Tiberius Tiberius (; ; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37 AD) was Roman emperor from 14 AD to 37 AD, succeeding the first emperor, Augustus. Born to Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla in a Claudian family, he was given the personal name Tiberius Claudius Nero. His mother divorced Nero and married Octavian—later to ascend to Emperor as Augustus—who officially became his stepfather. Tiberius would later marry Augustus' daughter (from his marriage to Scribonia), Julia the Elder, and even later be

pos: Roman Norfolk 60 AD Roman rule was imposed on the territory and his widow Boudicca led a rebellion in which the towns of Colchester ("Camulodunum"), London ("Londinium") and St. Albans ("Verulamium") were sacked. Prasutagus was the king of the Iceni who inhabited what is now Norfolk. They initially were not part of the territory under direct Roman control having voluntarily allied themselves to Rome after Claudius' conquest in AD 43. The Iceni guarded their independence and revolted in AD 47 when the governor Publius Ostorius Scapula threatened to disarm them. Prasutagus lived a long life of conspicuous wealth and, in hope of

pos: Itius Portus many places that were Roman-era ports but are now far inland. Caligula's abortive invasion of Britain c. AD 40 was probably to have departed from Boulogne. The Roman lighthouse which once stood there is believed to have been built by him. Boulogne is presumed to have been the point of departure for the conquest of Britain of 43 under Aulus Plautius, although the only surviving account of the invasion, that of Cassius Dio, does not mention it. The emperor Claudius followed later with reinforcements, and Suetonius tells us he sailed from Gesoriacum. Itius Portus Itius Portus or Portus Itius, an

pos: Aspasius Paternus Gallienus’ partisans by the incoming emperor Claudius Gothicus. Aspasius Paternus Aspasius Paternus (fl. 3rd century) was a Roman senator who was appointed consul twice. Aspasius Paternus was a member of the Paterni, a prominent senatorial family. He was appointed "consul suffect" sometime around AD 246. In AD 257, Paternus was assigned as the Proconsular governor of Africa. His next appointment was as "Praefectus urbi" of Rome, a position he held from AD 264 – 266. In AD 268, Paternus was appointed "consul prior", alongside Publius Licinius Egnatius Marinianus. He may have been among the supporters of the emperor Gallienus who

pos: Cologne Carnival by a man. Beard or moustache are forbidden for this role. From 1936-43, the maiden was ordered by Nazi authorities to be played by a real woman. The Cologne maiden wears a mural crown. This "defender" crown and her virginity symbolize the impregnability of the city. Also she has a hand mirror symbolizing "female vanity", a recent attribute with no deeper meaning. Her Roman dress is a reminder of the Roman empress Agrippina (the younger, AD 15–59), wife of emperor Claudius. Agrippina was born in the city in AD15 and succeeded in getting a renaming of the place as the

pos: Britain (place name) linguist Karl Schmidt states that the "name of the island was originally transmitted as Πρεττανία (with Π instead of Β) ... as is confirmed by its etymology". According to Barry Cunliffe: Following Julius Caesar's expeditions to the island in 55 and 54 BC, "Brit(t)an(n)ia" was predominantly used to refer simply to the island of Great Britain. After the Roman conquest under the Emperor Claudius in AD 43, it came to be used to refer to the Roman province of Britain (later two provinces), which at one stage consist of part of the island of Great Britain south of Hadrian's wall.

pos: Great St Bernard Pass succeeded where his adoptive father failed and the pass became Roman. Augustus placed a large "castra stativa" and colony, "Augusta Praetoria Salassorum", below the pass, which became Aosta (contraction of Augusta). Its ruins are a historic attraction there. By 43 AD under the emperor Claudius a good Roman road through the pass was completed with a mansio at the top and a temple to "Jupiter Poeninus", resulting in the name "Mons Jovis" in late antiquity, "Monte Jove" in the early Italian period and "Mont Joux" in the French period, a synonym for the pass. The site of the temple is

pos: World of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen the documents from the "". In the "Black Dossier", the alternate history of the League's United Kingdom is explored in depth. As in medieval Welsh Mythology, in approximately 1100 BC, Brutus of Troy founds the kingdom of Britain (then called Brutain) with the capital at New Troy. He is accompanied by the ageless and gender swapping , who aids Brutus in subduing Brutain's population of savage giants and their chieftain, Gogmagog. In 43 AD Britain is invaded by the Roman Empire under Claudius. In 363, the year of Merlin's birth, the Emperor Julian declares Britain a pagan nation. In 410

pos: Historical immigration to Great Britain Roman protection. The Romans returned in AD 43, led by the Emperor Claudius, this time establishing control, and establishing the province of Britannia. Initially an oppressive rule, gradually the new leaders gained a firmer hold on their new territory which at one point stretched from the south coast of England to Wales and as far away as southern Scotland. During the 367 years of Roman occupation of Britain, the majority of settlers were soldiers garrisoned on the mainland. It was with constant contact with Rome and the rest of Romanised Europe through trade and industry that the elite native Britons

pos: Livia Livia Livia Drusilla (Classical Latin: , ; 30 January 58 BC – 28 September 29 AD), also known as Julia Augusta after her formal adoption into the Julian family in AD 14, was the wife of the Roman emperor Augustus throughout his reign, as well as his adviser. She was the mother of the emperor Tiberius, paternal grandmother of the emperor Claudius, paternal great-grandmother of the emperor Caligula, and maternal great-great-grandmother of the emperor Nero. She was deified by Claudius who acknowledged her title of "Augusta". She was born on 30 January 59 or 58 BC as the daughter of

neg: Vespasian Vespasian Vespasian (; ; 17 November 9 AD – 24 June 79 AD) was Roman emperor from 69–79, the fourth, and last, in the Year of the Four Emperors. He founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Empire for 27 years. Vespasian was the first emperor who hailed from an equestrian family and only rose into the senatorial rank as the first member of his family later in his lifetime. Vespasian's renown came from his military success; he was legate of Legio II "Augusta" during the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 and subjugated Judaea during the Jewish rebellion of

neg: History of Christianity in Sussex History of Christianity in Sussex The history of Christianity in Sussex includes all aspects of the Christianity in the region that is now Sussex from its introduction to the present day. After the Roman conquest of AD 43, the Celtic society of Sussex became heavily Romanized. The first written account of Christianity in Britain comes from the early Christian Berber author, Tertullian, writing in the third century, who said that "Christianity could "even" be found in Britain." Emperor Constantine (AD 306-337), granted official tolerance to Christianity with the Edict of Milan in AD 313. Then, in the reign of Emperor

neg: Liber ad honorem Augusti Roman Emperor (part. 43). At every page opening a column of Latin text is faced by a full page illustration with brief captions. This beautiful volume gives a rich picture of 12th century life in Italy and Sicily; it may be compared with the 11th century Bayeux Tapestry. The fierce caricatures of Tancred, who is depicted as almost ape-like in stature and features, match the propagandistic bias of the text. Liber ad honorem Augusti The Liber ad honorem Augusti sive de rebus Siculis ("Book in honour of the Emperor, or on Sicilian affairs"; also called Carmen de motibus Siculis, "Poem

neg: Classical Latin the term "Old Roman" at one point), Teuffel presents "the second period", his major, "das goldene Zeitalter der römischen Literatur", the Golden Age of Roman Literature, dated 671–767 AUC or 83 BC – 14 AD according to his time reckoning, between the dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix and the death of the emperor Augustus. Of it Wagner translating Teuffel writes The Ciceronian Age was dated 671–711 AUC (83 BC – 43 BC), ending just after the death of M. Tullius Cicero, and the Augustan 711–67 AUC (43 BC – 14 AD), ending with the death of Augustus. The Ciceronian

neg: Gordian III Gordian III Gordian III (; 20 January 225 AD – 11 February 244 AD) was Roman Emperor from 238 AD to 244 AD. At the age of 13, he became the youngest sole legal Roman emperor throughout the existence of the united Roman Empire. Gordian was the son of Antonia Gordiana and an unnamed Roman Senator who died before 238. Antonia Gordiana was the daughter of Emperor Gordian I and younger sister of Emperor Gordian II. Very little is known of his early life before his acclamation. Gordian had assumed the name of his maternal grandfather in 238 AD. In

neg: Legio V Macedonica least part of the Legion was in Egypt until just before the conquest of Egypt by the Arabs began in 637. This would make Legio V Macedonica the longest-lived Roman Legion known to history, spanning 680 years from 43 BC to 637 AD; the entire history of the Roman Empire in the Classical Era. Legio V Macedonica Legio quinta Macedonica (the Fifth Macedonian Legion) was a Roman legion. It was probably originally levied in 43 BC by consul Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Octavian (later known as the Emperor Augustus). It was based in the Balkan provinces of Macedonia, Moesia

neg: Valerian (emperor) Valerian (emperor) Valerian (; ; 193/195/200260 or 264), also known as Valerian the Elder, was Roman Emperor from 22 October 253 AD to spring 260 AD. He was taken captive by the Persian Emperor, Shapur I, after the Battle of Edessa, becoming the first Roman emperor to be captured as a prisoner of war, causing shock and instability throughout the empire. Unlike many of the would-be emperors and rebels who vied for imperial power during the Crisis of the Third Century of the Roman Empire, Valerian was of a noble and traditional senatorial family. Details of his early life are

neg: Legio XV Primigenia Legio XV Primigenia Legio quinta decima Primigenia (Fortune's Fifteenth Legion") - was a legion of the Imperial Roman army. "Primigena" ("firstborn") was one of the nicknames accorded to the Roman goddess Fortuna. "Primigenia" is an adjective, meaning "of Primigena". It was originally levied by the emperor Caligula in 39 AD, to aid in the Germanic campaigns and was stationed in the Rhine frontier until 70, when it was destroyed during the Batavian rebellion. After its initial campaigns (along the Rhine), XV "Primigenia" was stationed in Moguntiacum (Mainz). In 43, the redeployment of units following the Roman invasion of Britain leads

neg: Romulus Augustulus Romulus Augustulus Flavius Romulus Augustus (c. AD 460 – after AD 476; possibly still alive as late as AD 507), known derisively and historiographically as Romulus Augustulus, was the Roman emperor who ruled the Western Roman Empire from 31 October 475 until 4 September 476. He is often described as the "last Western Roman emperor", though some historians consider this to be Julius Nepos. His deposition by Odoacer traditionally marks the end of the Roman Empire in the West, the end of Ancient Rome, and the beginning of the Middle Ages in Western Europe. Although he, as all other emperors,

neg: Badbury Rings at Hengistbury Head forms a final Iron Age monument in this small chain of sites. During the Roman era, five Roman roads formed a complex junction on the north side of Badbury Rings. The Roman Conquest of Britain began in AD 43. It is likely that the Legio II Augusta campaigned in Dorset under the command of the future emperor Vespasian. About southeast of Badbury Rings, at Lake Farm near Wimborne, a fort was established. A military road from the Lake Farm fort was created which passed by the northeast side of Badbury Rings. Beyond Badbury Rings the road headed

neg: Constantine the Great Constantine the Great Constantine the Great (; ; 27 February 272 AD – 22 May 337 AD), also known as Constantine I, was a Roman Emperor who ruled between 306 and 337 AD. Born on the territory now known as Niš (Serbian Cyrillic: Ниш, located in Serbia), he was the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman Army officer. His mother was Empress Helena. His father became "Caesar", the deputy emperor in the west, in 293 AD. Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to become a military tribune under Emperors Diocletian and Galerius. In 305, Constantius

neg: Eusebius (consul 347) 347. Probably a Christian, Eusebius had at least three children, Flavius Eusebius, Flavius Hypatius, both of whom held the consulship together in AD 359, and Eusebia, who married Emperor Constantius II after her father had died. Eusebius (consul 347) Flavius Eusebius (died c. AD 350) was a Roman military officer and politician, and is usually identified as the posthumous father-in-law of the Roman emperor Constantius II. Born in the city of Thessalonica, and of Macedonian descent, prior to AD 347 Eusebius was the "Magister equitum et peditum" in the east, probably under the emperor Constantius II. During his time as

neg: Hypatius (consul 359) Hypatius (consul 359) Flavius Hypatius (c. 340 - died after AD 383) was a Roman Senator, who was the brother-in-law of the Roman emperor Constantius II. Born into a family originating from the city of Thessalonica, and of Macedonian descent, Hypatius was the son of Flavius Eusebius, the Roman consul of AD 347. Probably through the influence of his sister Eusebia, the wife of the emperor Constantius II, Hypatius was appointed "consul posterior" alongside his brother Flavius Eusebius in AD 359, while still an adolescent. Possibly appointed the "vicarius urbi Romae" on 21 February 363, at some point he moved

neg: Valerian (emperor) "The Hard Hours". He is referenced in Evelyn Waugh's "Helena": "Do you know what has happened to the Immortal Valerian?...They have him on show in Persia, stuffed." Valerian (emperor) Valerian (; ; 193/195/200260 or 264), also known as Valerian the Elder, was Roman Emperor from 22 October 253 AD to spring 260 AD. He was taken captive by the Persian Emperor, Shapur I, after the Battle of Edessa, becoming the first Roman emperor to be captured as a prisoner of war, causing shock and instability throughout the empire. Unlike many of the would-be emperors and rebels who vied for imperial

neg: Religion in Sussex Celtic society of Sussex became heavily Romanized. The first written account of Christianity in Britain comes from the early Christian Berber author, Tertullian, writing in the third century, who said that "Christianity could "even" be found in Britain." Emperor Constantine (AD 306-337), granted official tolerance to Christianity with the Edict of Milan in AD 313. Then, in the reign of Emperor Theodosius "the Great" (AD 378–395), Christianity was made the official religion of the Roman Empire. When Roman rule eventually ceased, Christianity was probably confined to urban communities. After the departure of the Roman army, the Saxons arrived in Sussex

neg: Yorkshire against her and her Roman allies. At the second attempt, Venutius seized the kingdom, but the Romans, under general Petillius Cerialis, conquered the Brigantes in 71 AD. The fortified city of Eboracum (now known as York) was named as capital of "Britannia Inferior" and joint capital of all Roman Britain. The emperor Septimius Severus ruled the Roman Empire from Eboracum for the two years before his death. Another emperor, Constantius Chlorus, died in Eboracum during a visit in 306 AD. This saw his son Constantine the Great, who became renowned for his contributions to Christianity, proclaimed emperor in the city.

neg: Vibia Aurelia Sabina an honorary citizen. Even the nearby Romano-berber city of Calama () was promoted to "Roman colonia", while sponsored by Vibia Aurelia Sabina, sister of the Emperor Commodus. She was the official "Roman Patrona" of Calama. Vibia Aurelia Sabina Vibia Aurelia Sabina (170 AD – before 217 AD) was a Roman Princess. She was the youngest daughter and child born to Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and Roman Empress Faustina the Younger. She was a sister to Roman Empress Lucilla and Roman Emperor Commodus. Her maternal grandparents were Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius and Roman Empress Faustina the Elder and her paternal grandparents

neg: Romulus Augustulus novel on which it is based, includes a heavily fictionalized account of the reign and subsequent life of "Romulus Augustus"; escaping captivity with the aid of a small band of loyal Romans, he reaches Britain, where he eventually becomes Uther Pendragon. Romulus Augustulus Flavius Romulus Augustus (c. AD 460 – after AD 476; possibly still alive as late as AD 507), known derisively and historiographically as Romulus Augustulus, was the Roman emperor who ruled the Western Roman Empire from 31 October 475 until 4 September 476. He is often described as the "last Western Roman emperor", though some historians consider

neg: Gaius Oppius Sabinus Gaius Oppius Sabinus Gaius Oppius Sabinus (died AD 85) was a Roman Senator who held at least one office in the emperor's service. He was ordinary consul in the year 84 as the colleague of emperor Domitian. Sabinus was probably the son or nephew of Lucius Oppius, suffect consul in the "nundinium" of October-December 43. Following his consulate, Oppius Sabinus acceded to governor of the imperial province of Moesia. He served in this position for only a few months when an army of Dacians under Diurpaneus crossed the Danube and invaded the province. Sabinus was killed in the winter of

neg: Assyria (Roman province) Assyria (Roman province) Assyria () was reputedly a Roman province that lasted only two years (116–118 AD). According to Eutropius and Festus, who in the second half of the 4th century historians, at a time when the Roman emperor Trajan was perceived as "a valuable paradigm for contemporary events and figures", wrote under the direction of the Emperor Valens, Assyria was one of three provinces (with Armenia and Mesopotamia) created by Trajan in AD 116 following a successful military campaign against Parthia that in that year saw him cross the River Tigris from Mesopotamia and take possession, in spite of

neg: Ziridava appear to be an interruption in the habitation between the two layers and it is likely that the settlement has been destroyed by an attack and then rebuilt. The last and most recent Dacian horizon, "Dacian II", is assumed to have existed between the 1st century BC and 2nd century AD. The evidence supporting this includes a variety of pottery and coins. In this layer, there were discovered two Roman Republican silver denarii, one issued in 46-45 BC and the other in 43 BC. A silver denarius of Emperor Trajan (c. 106 AD) was also discovered in the autumn of

neg: Claudia Antonia by her father, who became Roman Emperor in 41. In 43, she first married Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, a descendant of Pompeia (daughter of Pompey the Great). His parents were consul Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi and Scribonia. According to Suetonius Pompeius was stabbed to death several years later (AD 46/47), when he was caught in bed with a favorite boy. Cassius Dio states that Antonia's stepmother Empress Valeria Messalina ordered his execution out of fear that Pompeius might become a rival to her son Britannicus. The death of Pompeius left Antonia free to marry Messalina's half-brother Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix. Faustus

neg: Legio II Augusta Augusta. At the beginning of Augustus' rule, in 25 BC, this legion was relocated in Hispania, to fight in the Cantabrian Wars, which definitively established Roman power in Hispania, and later camped in Hispania Tarraconensis. With the annihilation of Legio XVII, XVIII and XIX in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9), II "Augusta" moved to Germania, possibly in the area of Moguntiacum. After 17, it was at Argentoratum (modern Strasbourg). The legion participated in the Roman conquest of Britain in 43. Future emperor Vespasian was the legion's commander at the time, and led the campaign against the Durotriges

neg: Marcian (usurper) Marcian (usurper) Marcian (Latin: "Flavius Marcianus"; fl. 469–484 AD) was a member of the House of Leo and a usurper against Emperor Zeno in 479. Marcian was a member of several Roman imperial families. His father was Procopius Anthemius, Western Roman Emperor between 467 and 472, who descended from Procopius, usurper in 365-366 against Emperor Valens and relative of Emperor Julian's (360-363). Marcian's mother was Marcia Euphemia, daughter of Marcian (Eastern Roman Emperor in 450-457) with an unknown woman. Marcian had three brothers - Anthemiolus, who died in Gaul in 471, Procopius Anthemius and Romulus - and a sister, Alypia,

neg: Statilia Messalina Nero's courtiers who survived the fall of his reign. After Nero's death, Otho promised that he would marry her, before his suicide in 69. Statilia Messalina Statilia Messalina (c. AD 35 – after AD 68) was a Roman patrician woman, a Roman Empress and third wife to Roman Emperor Nero. The ancient sources say little of her family; however, Suetonius states that she was a great-great-granddaughter of Titus Statilius Taurus, a Roman general who was awarded a triumph for his victory and was twice consul. She was either the daughter of Titus Statilius Taurus Corvinus, consul in 45 AD, and

neg: Tributum capitis not on Roman citizens. Towns in the provinces who possessed the "Jus Italicum" (enjoying the "privileges of Italy") were exempted from the poll tax. The 212 edict of Emperor Caracalla which formally conferred Roman citizenship on all residents of Roman provinces, did not however exempt them from the poll tax. The Roman poll tax was deeply resented - Tertullian bewailed the poll tax as a "badge of slavery" - and it provoked numerous revolts in the provinces. Perhaps most famous is the Zealot revolt in Judaea of 66 AD. After the destruction of the temple in 70 AD, the Emperor

neg: Dacia from their own country'. Their native country could have been the Upper Tisa region, but other places cannot be excluded. The later Roman province "Dacia Aureliana", was organized inside former Moesia Superior after the retreat of the Roman army from Dacia, during the reign of emperor Aurelian during AD 271–275. It was reorganized as Dacia Ripensis (as a military province) and Dacia Mediterranea (as a civil province). Ptolemy gives a list of 43 names of towns in Dacia, out of which arguably 33 were of Dacian origin. Most of the latter included the added suffix ‘dava’ (meaning settlement, village). But,

neg: Pomponia Graecina series Pomponia Graecina Pomponia Graecina (d. 83 AD) was a noble Roman woman of the 1st century who was related to the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She was the wife of Aulus Plautius, the general who led the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD, and was renowned as one of the few people who dared to publicly mourn the death of a kinswoman killed by the Imperial family. It has been speculated that she was an early Christian. She is identified by some as Lucina or Lucy, a saint honoured by the Roman Catholic Church. Pomponia's background is not certain, but

neg: Pomponia Graecina Pomponia Graecina Pomponia Graecina (d. 83 AD) was a noble Roman woman of the 1st century who was related to the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She was the wife of Aulus Plautius, the general who led the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD, and was renowned as one of the few people who dared to publicly mourn the death of a kinswoman killed by the Imperial family. It has been speculated that she was an early Christian. She is identified by some as Lucina or Lucy, a saint honoured by the Roman Catholic Church. Pomponia's background is not certain, but can

neg: Campaign history of the Roman military recovered Antioch by 253 AD, and Emperor Valerian gathered an army and marched eastward to the Sassanid borders. In 260 AD at the Battle of Edessa the Sassanids defeated the Roman army and captured the Roman Emperor Valerian. By the late 3rd century, Roman fortunes on the eastern frontier improved dramatically. During a period of civil upheaval in Persia, emperor Carus led a successful campaign into Persia essentially uncontested, sacking Ctesiphon in 283 AD. During the reign of the Tetrarchy, emperors Diocletian and Galerius brought a decisive conclusion to the war, sacking Ctesiphon in 299 AD and expanding the Roman

neg: Castra Praetoria "Castro Pretorio" is named after the barracks. The Castra Praetoria was the site of the murder of the Emperor Elagabalus, and his mother Julia Soaemias by the Praetorian Guard in 222 AD. The Castra Praetoria was destroyed by Constantine I, who also disbanded the Praetorian Guard upon his conquest of Italy while Maxentius ruled as the Western Roman Emperor. Castra Praetoria Castra Praetoria were the ancient barracks ("castra") of the Praetorian Guard of Imperial Rome. According to the Roman historian Tacitus, the barracks were built in 23 AD by Lucius Aelius Sejanus, the praetorian prefect serving under the emperor Tiberius,

neg: Junia Lepida Junia Lepida Junia Lepida (Classical Latin: , "PIR" I 861, ca AD 18 - 65) was a Roman noblewoman who lived during the Roman Empire in the 1st century AD. Lepida was the second born daughter and was among the children born of Aemilia Lepida and Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus, a member of the Junii Silani, a family of Ancient Rome. Her maternal grandparents were Julia the Younger (granddaughter of the emperor Augustus) and Lucius Aemilius Paullus (a consul). Through her maternal grandparents she was a descendant of the Roman emperor Augustus, the noblewoman Scribonia, the statesman Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa

neg: Gordian III along with the deaths of his grandfather and uncle and his own tragic fate at the hands of the enemy, earned him the lasting esteem of the Romans. Katrin Herrmann: Gordian III. - Kaiser einer Umbruchszeit. Speyer 2013. Potter, David.S., "The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392", Routledge, 2004, Gordian III Gordian III (; 20 January 225 AD – 11 February 244 AD) was Roman Emperor from 238 AD to 244 AD. At the age of 13, he became the youngest sole legal Roman emperor throughout the existence of the united Roman Empire. Gordian was the son of Antonia Gordiana

neg: Sino-Roman relations group of people claiming to be an ambassadorial mission of Romans to China was recorded as having arrived in 166 AD by the "Book of the Later Han". The embassy came to Emperor Huan of Han China from "Andun" (; Emperor Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), "king of Daqin" (Rome). As Antoninus Pius died in 161 AD, leaving the empire to his adoptive son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, and the envoy arrived in 166 AD, confusion remains about who sent the mission, as both emperors were named "Antoninus". The Roman mission came from the south (therefore probably by sea), entering

neg: Pomponius Januarianus his replacement by a suffect consul, he was appointed the "Praefectus Urbi" of Rome, a position he held from 27 February 288 until sometime in AD 289. Pomponius Januarianus Pomponius Januarianus (fl. 3rd century) was a Roman senator who was appointed consul in AD 288. A member of the Equestrian order, Januarianus served as the "Praefectus Aegypti" from 282 to 284 under the emperor Numerian. He transferred his loyalty to the incoming emperor Diocletian, who rewarded him with advancement into high office. Sometime between 284 and 289, Januarianus was adlected into the Roman senate, and served as Praetorian prefect to

neg: Vibia Aurelia Sabina Vibia Aurelia Sabina Vibia Aurelia Sabina (170 AD – before 217 AD) was a Roman Princess. She was the youngest daughter and child born to Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and Roman Empress Faustina the Younger. She was a sister to Roman Empress Lucilla and Roman Emperor Commodus. Her maternal grandparents were Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius and Roman Empress Faustina the Elder and her paternal grandparents were Domitia Lucilla and praetor Marcus Annius Verus. Aurelia Sabina could have been born in Sirmium, Pannonia. In the year of her birth, her parents were preparing war expeditions at Sirmium. Aurelia Sabina was named

neg: Emperor Roman Empire and those under the immediate authority of Constantinople called the Eastern Roman Empire or (after the Battle of Yarmouk in 636 AD) the Later Roman or Byzantine Empire. The subdivisions and co-emperor system were formally abolished by Emperor Zeno in 480 AD following the death of Julius Nepos last Western Emperor and the ascension of Odoacer as the "de facto" King of Italy in 476 AD. Historians generally refer to the continuing Roman Empire in the east as the Byzantine Empire after Byzantium, the original name of the town that Constantine I would elevate to the Imperial capital

neg: Ulpia (gens) Ulpia (gens) The gens Ulpia was a Roman family that rose to prominence during the first century AD. The gens is best known from the emperor Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, who reigned from AD 98 to 117. The Thirtieth Legion took its name, "Ulpia", in his honor. The ancestors of the Ulpii were Roman colonists in Hispania. Little is known of them except that they were connected with a family of the Aelii, who had also settled in Hispania; Trajan's aunt was the grandmother of the emperor Hadrian. According to one account, the Ulpii were originally from Tuder, in southern Umbria,

neg: Bithynia and Pontus territory, and be assisted by a "legatus" or a lieutenant governor, and "quaestor" who handled financial issues. The Roman writer Pliny the Younger was governor of the province in AD 110-113. His "Epistulae" ("Letters") to emperor Trajan (ruled 98-117) are a major source on Roman provincial administration. According to Cassius Dio, around AD 134 the Senate ceded control of Bithynia and Pontus to the Emperor in return for Lycia et Pamphylia. Under the administrative reforms of emperor Diocletian, Bithynia and Pontus was divided into 3 smaller provinces: "Bithynia", "Honorias", and "Paphlagonia". These belonged to the diocese of Pontica, in turn

neg: Gaius Caeionius Rufius Volusianus Gaius Caeionius Rufius Volusianus Gaius Caeionius Rufius Volusianus (c. 246 – c. 330) was a Roman senator who had a lengthy political career and who was appointed consul at least twice, the known dates being AD 311 and 314. It has been speculated that Rufius Volusianus may have been the son of Caeionius Varus, the "Praefectus urbi" of Rome in AD 284. His early career is unknown, but it is speculated that he held a suffect consulship in around AD 280 under the emperor Probus. In c. AD 282 he was appointed by the emperor Carinus to the proconsular position

neg: Edict of Milan Edict of Milan The Edict of Milan () was the February 313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire. Western Roman Emperor Constantine I and Licinius, who controlled the Balkans, met in Milan and, among other things, agreed to change policies towards Christians following the Edict of Toleration by Galerius issued two years earlier in Serdica. The Edict of Milan gave Christianity a legal status, but did not make Christianity the State church of the Roman Empire; this took place under Emperor Theodosius I in 380 AD with the Edict of Thessalonica. The document is found in

neg: Junia Calvina Junia Calvina Junia Calvina was a Roman noblewoman who lived in the 1st century AD. The daughter of Aemilia Lepida and Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus, Calvina belonged to two patrician houses: the "gens Aemilia" and "gens Junia" respectively. She was also the great-great-granddaughter of the Roman emperor Caesar Augustus on her mother's side of the Imperial family. As such, she was also related by blood to the "gens Julia", the aristocratic family of the Roman dictator Julius Caesar. Tacitus calls Calvina "festivissima puella" and the Emperor Vespasian, in one of his jokes, mentions her as living in AD 79. Calvina

neg: Georgia in the Roman era the 1st-century ruler Mihdrat I (AD 58-106) as "the friend of the Caesars" and the king "of the Roman-loving Iberians." Emperor Vespasian fortified the ancient Mtskheta site of Arzami for the Iberian kings in 75 AD. In the 2nd century AD, Iberia strengthened her position in the area, especially during the reign of King Pharsman II Kveli (The Prominent) who achieved full independence from Rome and reconquered some of the previously lost territories from declining Armenia. During his reign Iberia and Rome became allies. Pharsman II was even invited by emperor Marcus Aurelius to Rome and an equestrian statue of

neg: Alypia (daughter of Anthemius) Alypia (daughter of Anthemius) Alypia (fl. 467–472 AD) was a noblewoman of the Western Roman Empire, daughter of the Western Roman Emperor Anthemius. Alypia was the only daughter of Anthemius and Aelia Marcia Euphemia, and granddaughter of the Eastern Roman Emperor Marcian. The Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I appointed Anthemius Western Emperor in 467, and so Alypia's marriage became an important moment in Anthemius' rule. Anthemius married his daughter to Ricimer, the "magister militum" of the West and power-behind-the-throne; the aim of this bond was to strengthen the relationship between Anthemius and his "magister militum", who had already deposed three

neg: Flavius Optatus Flavius Optatus Flavius Optatus (died September AD 337) was a Roman senator who was appointed consul in AD 334. He was possibly related to the emperor Constantine I. Optatus was originally a rhetorician (or as characterised by Libanius, a “teacher of letters”) who was the tutor to Licinius the Younger, the son of the emperor Licinius. Libanius alleged that after the fall of Licinius in AD 324, Optatus owed his continued favour at the imperial court to the influence of his wife, who was willing to bestow her favours in order to help Optatus advance his career. Optatus was one

neg: Legio IX Hispana 108 was the most likely explanation. Mommsen cited as evidence the Roman historian Marcus Cornelius Fronto, writing in the 160s AD, who told the emperor Marcus Aurelius: “Indeed, when your grandfather Hadrian held imperial power, what great numbers of soldiers were killed by the Jews, what great numbers by the Britons”. The emperor Hadrian (r. 117-38) visited Britain in person around 122 AD, when he launched the construction of Hadrian's Wall because, according to one Roman source, “the Britons could not be kept under Roman control”. It is plausible that Hadrian was responding to a military disaster. However, there is

neg: Egnatius Lucillus Egnatius Lucillus Egnatius Lucillus (died 268 AD) was a Roman senator who was appointed "Consul Ordinarius" in AD 265. Lucillus was a relative of the Roman emperor, Gallienus, who was appointed "consul posterior" in 265 AD alongside Valerianus Minor. Nothing else is recorded about his career. It is assumed that he was one of the relatives of Gallienus murdered at Rome in 268 AD, after the assassination of Gallienus. It has been speculated that Lucillus was the son of Egnatius Lucillianus, the imperial legate in Britain under Gordian III. However, a familial relationship between the imperial members of the "gens

neg: Egnatius Lucillus Egnatii" and Egnatius Lucillianus has been described as “extremely doubtful”. Egnatius Lucillus Egnatius Lucillus (died 268 AD) was a Roman senator who was appointed "Consul Ordinarius" in AD 265. Lucillus was a relative of the Roman emperor, Gallienus, who was appointed "consul posterior" in 265 AD alongside Valerianus Minor. Nothing else is recorded about his career. It is assumed that he was one of the relatives of Gallienus murdered at Rome in 268 AD, after the assassination of Gallienus. It has been speculated that Lucillus was the son of Egnatius Lucillianus, the imperial legate in Britain under Gordian III. However,

neg: Alchester Roman Town Recent excavations have shown that it was the site of one of the earliest legionary fortresses in Roman Britain after the invasion of 43 AD. The site has been the subject of investigation since 1996, first under the auspices of Oxford University Archaeological Society, then under those of Leicester and Edinburgh Universities. Archaeology has shown an Iron Age settlement close to the later Roman town, and that Roman occupation of the site began in the Claudian period in the form of a fort soon after the invasion of Britain in 43 AD. From the time of the Roman invasion Alchester

neg: Aristaenetus (consul 404) for some purpose in AD 393. In AD 404, he was made "consul posterior" in the East alongside the emperor Honorius, although his position was not recognized in the West by the power behind the western court, the "magister utriusque militiae", Stilicho. Aristaenetus (consul 404) Aristaenetus (c. AD 365 – after AD 404) was a Roman politician who was appointed consul in AD 404 alongside the western emperor Honorius. Aristaenetus was the son of Bassianus (a "notarius" in the eastern court around the year 371) and Prisca. His grandfather was Thalassius, the praetorian prefect of the East. Possibly a pagan,

neg: Publius Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus possible that Marcellinus may be the Cornelius Lentulus appointed "Legatus Augusti pro praetore" in Pannonia in the first years of the 1st century AD. However, Syme argues that Cornelius Lentulus the general is more likely identified as Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur, consul in AD 14. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus Publius Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus (fl. 1st century BC – 1st century AD) was a Roman Senator who was elected Roman consul in 18 BC, with Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus as his colleague. During his consulship, the Senate and the Roman assembly again conferred upon the Roman emperor Augustus his extraordinary promagisterial authority

neg: Lucius Egnatius Victor posting. Egnatius Victor possibly married a daughter of Quintus Hedius Rufus Lollianus Gentianus, and he was probably the father of Lucius Egnatius Victor Lollianus (suffect consul around AD 225/230) and Egnatia Mariniana, who became the wife of the future emperor Valerian and the mother of the emperor Gallienus. He may also have been the father of Egnatius Victor Marinianus (suffect consul c. AD 230). Lucius Egnatius Victor (Lucius) Egnatius Victor (fl. 3rd century AD) was a Roman military officer and senator who was appointed suffect consul for an uncertain "nundinium" prior to AD 207. Egnatius Victor was a member of

neg: Publius Cornelius Saecularis the capture of the emperor Valerian in the east and the rebellion of Postumus in Gaul. He was probably the last member of the old republican gens Cornelia to receive a consulship. Publius Cornelius Saecularis Publius Cornelius Saecularis (fl. mid-third century) was a Roman politician who was appointed consul twice, first in around AD 240 and later in AD 260, during the Crisis of the Third Century. Saecularis was a Roman senator who was appointed "Consul suffectus" around AD 240. He was later appointed the Proconsular governor of Africa around AD 254, during which time an inscription was erected in