query: puerto rican store chain that began in the 1950s

pos: Topeka (store) electronics, toys and other consumer products in their stores. Topeka has now opened a few supermarkets and "Hipermercados" (a combination food and clothing store)under their trademark name in Puerto Rico. Topeka (store) Tiendas Topeka (or Topeka Stores) is a large Puerto Rican retail department store chain. "Topeka" as a store chain began in the late 1950s, competing with such other stores as "Woolworth's", "Pitusa" (which opened in 1977) and "La New York Department Stores". "Topeka" eventually grew into one of the largest retail store chains on the island by opening locations in almost every town and city of Puerto Rico.

pos: Topeka (store) Topeka (store) Tiendas Topeka (or Topeka Stores) is a large Puerto Rican retail department store chain. "Topeka" as a store chain began in the late 1950s, competing with such other stores as "Woolworth's", "Pitusa" (which opened in 1977) and "La New York Department Stores". "Topeka" eventually grew into one of the largest retail store chains on the island by opening locations in almost every town and city of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico's shopping mall boom of the 1980s provided Topeka with further opportunity to open in more locations. Originally a clothing store, Topeka gradually grew to include food, school items,

pos: Department store the country of shopping centres and supermarket chains like Continente, owned by Sonae, Intermarché and Pingo Doce, owned by Jerónimo Martins, which are more akin to the local taste. In Puerto Rico, various department stores have operated, such as Sears, JC Penney, Macy's, Kmart, Wal-Mart, Marshalls, Burlington Coat Factory, T.J. Maxx, Costco, Sam's Club and others. La New York was a Puerto Rican department store. Topeka, Capri and Pitusa are competitors on the Puerto Rican market that also have hypermarkets operating under their names. Retailers Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue also have plans to come to the Mall of San

neg: La Gloria (shoe retailer) La Gloria (shoe retailer) La Gloria is a Puerto Rican shoe store chain, which has stores across the Caribbean island, including one in Plaza Carolina, near Luis Munoz Marin International Airport in Carolina. The first La Gloria store opened in 1940. During much of its existence, La Gloria faced stiff opposition from Almacenes Gonzalez, another nationwide Puerto Rican shoe retailer store chain, and, for children shoes, with Chiquitin, a store chain which catered to children and teenager's shoe needs. Its main competitor, , is Humberto Vidal. La Gloria and Humberto Vidal were in fact, owned by the same family, the

neg: La Gloria (shoe retailer) Vidal family, forming a duopoly. La Gloria (shoe retailer) La Gloria is a Puerto Rican shoe store chain, which has stores across the Caribbean island, including one in Plaza Carolina, near Luis Munoz Marin International Airport in Carolina. The first La Gloria store opened in 1940. During much of its existence, La Gloria faced stiff opposition from Almacenes Gonzalez, another nationwide Puerto Rican shoe retailer store chain, and, for children shoes, with Chiquitin, a store chain which catered to children and teenager's shoe needs. Its main competitor, , is Humberto Vidal. La Gloria and Humberto Vidal were in fact, owned

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s were a series of coordinated armed protests for the independence of Puerto Rico led by the president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, Don Pedro Albizu Campos, against the United States Government rule on the Island. The Party repudiated the "Free Associated State" ("Estado Libre Asociado") status that had been enacted in 1950 and which the Nationalists considered a continuation of colonialism. The Party organized a series of uprisings to take place in various Puerto Rican cities on October 30, 1950. The uprisings

neg: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke Puerto Ricans in Holyoke As of the 2010 census, Holyoke, Massachusetts had the largest Puerto Rican population, per capita, of any city in the United States outside Puerto Rico proper, with 44.7% or 17,826 residents being of Puerto Rican heritage, comprising 92.4% of all Latinos in the community. From a combination of farming programs instituted by the US Department of Labor after World War II, and the housing and mills that characterized Holyoke prior to deindustrialization, Puerto Ricans began settling in the city in the mid-1950s, with many arriving during the wave of Puerto Rican immigration to the Northeastern United

neg: Puerto Ricans in Chicago built in the early 1950s. The events of June 12 through 14, 1966, the Division Street riots, constituted the first major Puerto Rican urban rebellion in Chicago. The uprising took place about the time that the Chicago Police Department began taking "precautionary measures" to head off potential unrest of the type that had already occurred in African-American centers such as Harlem, Watts and North Philadelphia. In 1977, the Puerto Rican community came into conflict with the Chicago Police Department again at the Humboldt Park riot. The Puerto Rican community is establishing itself and becoming more active politically. With the support

neg: Supermercados Selectos de Puerto Rico since 1991. By 2010, the chain operated a total of 32 stores. By 2014, the chain had reached 37 operating stores. Supermercados Econo - another Puerto Rican supermarket chain with a similar business model Supermercados Selectos Supermercados Selectos is a Puerto Rican supermarket company. It is one of a number of well-known Puerto Rican supermarkets chains, along with Pueblo Supermarkets, Amigo Supermarkets and others. The company is not related to Supermercados Super Selectos of El Salvador. The first four Supermercados Selectos stores opened in 1978, after Carlos Torres, a Puerto Rican businessman, took the initiative of organizing

neg: History of women in Puerto Rico She thus, became the first female Puerto Rican to own a music store in New York City. Her business continued to grow and this placed her in a position where she could act as a liaison between the major record companies and the Latino community and as such serve as a booking agent for many Puerto Rican musicians. Hernández began her own record label, however she was forced to close her business because of the Great Depression in 1929. She moved to Mexico, but returned to New York in 1941. She established another record store that she named Casa Hernández

neg: COOP (Puerto Rico) opened in 2010) Isabela, Arecibo, (Mi Familia Fam Coop) and other towns. COOP (Puerto Rico) Coop or Supermercados Fam Coop is a Puerto Rican supermarket chain. It has been operating since the 1960s. During the 1970s. Supermercados COOP in Puerto Rico had a similar logo to that used by other COOP supermarkets around the world (two green trees inside a circle). There were locations at key Puerto Rican cities, including one at Santa Juanita, Bayamon. Subsequent years saw the demise of Grand Union, a chain with a large presence on the Puerto Rican market, but also the establishment of other

neg: COOP (Puerto Rico) COOP (Puerto Rico) Coop or Supermercados Fam Coop is a Puerto Rican supermarket chain. It has been operating since the 1960s. During the 1970s. Supermercados COOP in Puerto Rico had a similar logo to that used by other COOP supermarkets around the world (two green trees inside a circle). There were locations at key Puerto Rican cities, including one at Santa Juanita, Bayamon. Subsequent years saw the demise of Grand Union, a chain with a large presence on the Puerto Rican market, but also the establishment of other supermarket stores such as Supermercados Selectos, Pueblo Xtra, Grande and others. The

neg: Ruth Mary Reynolds the situation of the island. She returned to the island on 1948, to investigate the student strike at the University of Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s was a widespread campaign for independence by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, against United States Government rule over Puerto Rico. It specifically repudiated the so-called "Free Associated State" ("Estado Libre Asociado") designation of Puerto Rico – a designation that the nationalists considered a "colonial farce". The revolts began on October 30, 1950, upon the orders of Nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos, with uprisings in various towns, among them

neg: Cadets of the Republic a call for an armed revolt by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party against United States Government rule over Puerto Rico. The revolts specifically repudiated the so-called Free Associated State ("Estado Libre Asociado") designation of Puerto Rico—a designation widely recognized as a colonial farce. The revolts, known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s, began on October 30, 1950 upon the orders of Nationalist leader Albizu Campos, with uprisings in various towns, among them Arecibo, Mayagüez, Naranjito, Peñuelas and Ponce. The most notable uprisings occurred in Utuado, Jayuya, and San Juan. It was estimated by the FBI that

neg: Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia many pan-Latino areas were becoming predominately Puerto Rican. By 1954, 65% of Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia lived in three neighborhoods north of Center City. In the 1950s Puerto Ricans were settling in those three neighborhoods and two of them became no longer majority white. Spring Garden, the third, remained predominately White. In the period from 1950 to 1970 the Puerto Rican community expanded by over 60,000. By the 1960s an increase of Cubans arrived in Philadelphia and the proportionate percentage of Puerto Ricans began to decline. Since 1970, Puerto Ricans coming to Philadelphia have originated from Puerto Rico and from

neg: Maripily Rivera a Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, fashion store for several years called Maripily Boutique, which burned down in 2007, and later reopened. Her current entrepreneurial endeavors include selling her own lines of jeans, swimwear, underwear, shoes, and handbags through the Puerto Rican chain Pompis Store ("pompis" is Spanish slang for buttocks). Her clothing design places special importance on flattering a range of body types, including plumper figures. In 2013, she launched her own fragance, MP by Maripily. Rivera Borrero had a son from a relationship with José Antonio García. The son was also named José Antonio García. Rivera Borrero married baseball star

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s incident ""Mundo Abierto" " (Open World) is a poem written in 1956 by Hugo Margenat, in which he refers to the bombardment of the town of Jayuya by the U.S. military. This occurred during the Jayuya Uprising, which was headed by Nationalist leader Blanca Canales. FBI list of names of the Nationalists who were incarcerated in 1950 and who were still in prison as of 1954. Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s were a series of coordinated armed protests for the independence of Puerto Rico led by the president

neg: Demographics of Philadelphia Ricans had taken some leadership positions As of 2010, there was of 121,643 Puerto Ricans living in Philadelphia. This meant that Puerto Ricans are the largest Latino group in the city and that Philadelphia has the second largest Puerto Rican population, after New York City. Though, smaller numbers of Puerto Ricans can be found throughout the city, overall, eastern North Philadelphia has one of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in the country, largely the result of high levels of segregation and a very large Puerto Rican population. Philadelphia has been a heavy Puerto Rican destination since the 1950s, though

neg: Puerto Rican literature how Puerto Ricans challenged United States officials and fought successfully for legislation that benefited the island. Her book has been praised by scholars. "Puerto Ricans in the Empire" provides an excellent introduction to Puerto Rico’s crucial tobacco industry, with fascinating material on farmer organizations and agricultural research." —Herbert S. Klein, Gouverneur Morris Professor Emeritus of History Columbia University After a nationalist tradition of Puerto Rican writers from the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, the island has maintained a production of authors. Often, these writers are cataloged by decade into "generations" (for example, writers who got their start in the 1950s are

neg: Puerto Ricans in Holyoke of these workers found work in Connecticut and the Pioneer Valley, particularly working for the Shade Tobacco Growers Agricultural Association. Holyoke's history in Puerto Rican settlements first began around the mid 1950s, when a landlord named Domingo Perez, purportedly became the city's first Puerto Rican resident. By 1956 an article in The Republican reported on 1,000 Puerto Ricans in a self-described immigrant colony in the Greater Springfield area. The first to settle in the area were met with racial discrimination and open hostility, with one Boricua restauranteur describing their people being "treated like animals" at the time. This same family

neg: Puerto Rican cuatro of "classical" cuatro orchestra were formed in the 1950s and 1960s: Or: As noted, most of the instrumental variants are now rare, as are these classical groupings. There have been, however, modern efforts to revive the "orquesta jíbara". William Cumpiano and Christina Sotomayor founded the Puerto Rican Cuatro Project, a non-profit organization dedicated to fostering the traditions that surround the national instrument of Puerto Rico, by means of gathering, promoting and preserving the cultural memories of Puerto Rican musical traditions, folkloric stringed instruments and musicians. The Cuatro Project is also dedicated to promoting and preserving the Puerto Rican décima verse

neg: Politics of Puerto Rico the United States unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, using the same official name as the commonwealths of the U.S. states of Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Virginia, as well as that of other sovereign nation countries such as Australia. The alternative pro-independence Tydings bill had languished in Congress. In the 1950s, the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party denounced the Constitution and Muñoz Marín support as a sham, and staged a series of uprisings in 1950, known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s, of which the most notable were the ones in Jayuya,

neg: History of women in Puerto Rico many women in Puerto Rico found employment in the needle industry, working as seamstresses in garment factories. Many Puerto Rican families also migrated to the United States in the 1950s. According to the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, women who are born to Puerto Rican parents in the United States or elsewhere, are considered to be Puerto Rican citizens. On November 18, 1997, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, through its ruling in "Miriam J. Ramirez de Ferrer v. Juan Mari Brás", reaffirmed the standing existence of the Puerto Rican citizenship. Since 2007, the Government of Puerto Rico has been

neg: Humboldt Park riot Chicago spiked during the 1950s and 60s. Puerto Rican communities in the city were then displaced by highway construction, urban renewal, and public housing projects. The Puerto Rican population moved from the Near West Side and the Near North Side to West Town and Humboldt Park, areas of white working-class neighborhoods, populated by European immigrants and their children. New Puerto Rican arrivals joined the new Puerto Rican enclaves in West Town and Humboldt Park. By 1960, 25% of the city's Puerto Rican population lived in West Town. Most Puerto Ricans faced racial tensions with their white neighbors and especially with

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s Jayuya Uprising was a revolt in the town of Jayuya, Puerto Rico, which occurred on October 30, 1950. The revolt, led by Blanca Canales, was one of the most notable among the various revolts which occurred that day against the island's US-supported government. In the town square, Canales gave a speech and declared Puerto Rico a free Republic. Under the direction of the Puerto Rican commander of the Puerto Rican National Guard, the town was attacked by US-supplied planes and artillery. The town was held by the Nationalists for three days. The Utuado Uprising was a revolt that occurred in

neg: José Santiago (1950s pitcher) 2003, Santiago was inducted into the Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame. In the 1970s, Santiago became a boxing promoter in Puerto Rico. A believer in Puerto Rican Independence, Santiago, like his friend Fufi Santori, owned a technically possible, Puerto Rican passport, in his case numbered #001261, since 1997. José Santiago (1950s pitcher) José Guillermo Santiago Guzmán (September 4, 1928 – October 9, 2018), better known by nickname "Pantalones", was a Puerto Rican professional pitcher in Major League Baseball who played from 1954 through 1956 for the Cleveland Indians (1954–55) and Kansas City Athletics (1956). In the Negro leagues, he played

neg: Puerto Rican migration to New York City in restaurants which read "No dogs or Puerto Ricans allowed". The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party established an office in New York in the 1950s and attracted many migrants. Leaders of the party conceived a plan that would involve an attack on the Blair House with the intention of assassinating United States President Harry S. Truman and an attack on the House of Representatives. These events had a negative impact on the Puerto Rican migrants. Americans viewed Puerto Ricans as anti-Americans and the discrimination against them became even more widespread. Many Puerto Ricans were able to overcome these obstacles and became

neg: Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia and Spring Garden. Between 1910 and 1945 those three areas had the majority of Philadelphia Hispanophones. Additional Puerto Ricans moved to Philadelphia during World War I and the period between World War I and World War II. A mass migration from Puerto Rico to Philadelphia coincided with an industrialization Puerto Rican economy from the late 1940s to 1970. Most Puerto Ricans came from rural areas. During the period many Puerto Ricans worked in factories. Puerto Rican neighborhoods and organizations formed during the area. By the 1950s Puerto Ricans became the largest Latino and Hispanic group in Philadelphia. In the 1950s

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s were suppressed by strong ground and air military force under the command of Puerto Rico National Guard Major General Luis R. Esteves. In a related event, on November 1 of that year, two Nationalists from New York City attempted to storm the Blair House in a failed effort to assassinate U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who supported the Puerto Rican government effort to draft a constitution that would rename the local government as a commonwealth of the United States and provide some limited local autonomy. In 1952, nearly 82% of Puerto Rican voters approved the Constitution of the "Estado Libre

neg: Cinema of Puerto Rico in the movie were not professional actors; they actually were poor children cast at the shooting locale. Photographer Jack Delano directed the film for the Puerto Rican government's Division of Community Education. Some consider "Los Peloteros" to be the best Puerto Rican film ever made. Several films were shot in Puerto Rico in the 1950s. Two were Puerto Rican, the musical drama "El Otro Camino" (1955), and the drama/romance "Maruja" (1958). Axel Anderson was a German ex-patriate who became a star in both Puerto Rican television and film. In "Maruja", Anderson played opposite leading lady, Marta Romero, and in "El

neg: Puerto Rican migration to New York City and Sunset Park. In Williamsburg; Graham Avenue is nicknamed "Avenue of Puerto Rico" because of the high density and strong ethnic enclave of Puerto Ricans who have been living in the neighborhood since the 1950s. The Puerto Rican Day Parade is also hosted on the avenue. Ridgewood, Queens, also has a significant Puerto Rican population, as does the neighboring community of Bushwick, Brooklyn. Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Manhattan include Spanish Harlem and Loisaida. Spanish Harlem was "Italian Harlem" from the 1880s until the 1940s. By 1940, however, the name "Spanish Harlem" was becoming widespread, and by 1950, the area was

neg: Rafael Valle Rafael Valle Rafael Valle González (born March 1, 1938 in San Juan, Puerto Rico) was a Puerto Rican professional basketball player. In the 1950s and 1960s, he played with the Cangrejeros de Santurce and the Santos de San Juan teams in the Puerto Rican National Basketball League. During that time, he was also a member of the Puerto Rican national basketball team, leading the team to a 13th place at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, where he scored 127 points in seven games. In 1956, he was the highest scorer of the league, with 693 points in 24 games,

neg: Puerto Rico Rican Federal Relations Act". U.S. Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman, under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs, clarified the new commonwealth status in this manner: On October 30, 1950, Pedro Albizu Campos and other nationalists led a three-day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico, in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s. The most notable occurred in Jayuya and Utuado. In the Jayuya revolt, known as the Jayuya Uprising, the Puerto Rican governor declared martial law, and attacked the insurgents in Jayuya with

neg: Pedro Albizu Campos it was repressive and in direct violation of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, which guarantees Freedom of Speech. Figueroa noted that since Puerto Ricans had been granted United States citizenship they were covered by its constitutional protections. Pedro Albizu Campos was jailed again after the October 30, 1950 Nationalist revolts, known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s, in various Puerto Rican cities and towns against United States rule. Among the more notable of the revolts was the Jayuya Uprising, where a group of Puerto Rican Nationalists, under the leadership of Blanca Canales, held

neg: Puerto Rican migration to New York City community, assuage the adjustment experience of new arrivals, and generally inform them about jobs, housing and other critical concerns. It wasn't long before the Puerto Rican "Barrios" in the Williamsburg, Bushwick, South Bronx, Spanish Harlem, and Manhattan's Lower East Side began to resemble "Little Puerto Ricos" with their "Bodegas" (small grocery stores) and "Piragueros" (Puerto Rican shaved ice venders) in every corner. It is estimated that from 1946 to 1950 there were 31,000 Puerto Rican migrants each year to New York. Puerto Ricans began to form their own small "barrios", in The Bronx, Brooklyn and in East Harlem (which would

neg: Puerto Rican women in the military demand for the services of these women. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Puerto Rican women continued to volunteer for military service. CWO3 Rose Franco, born January 22, 1934 in Guánica, Puerto Rico, was the first Puerto Rican woman to become a Chief Warrant Officer in the U.S. Marine Corps. With the outbreak of the Korean War, Rose surprised her family by announcing that she was leaving college to join the United States Marine Corps. In 1965, Rose was named Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy Paul Henry Nitze by the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson. 1st Lieutenant

neg: Puerto Rican Football Federation Preparatory Tournament 1-0 at Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium. Puerto Rican Football Federation Preparatory Tournament The Puerto Rican Football Federation Preparatory Tournament () is a football competition that began in March 2018 and it serves as a preparation tournament for the local clubs that will participate on the 2018-19 Puerto Rican Football Federation season. The first edition of the domestic competition began in March 2018. Bayamón FC, CD Barbosa, GPS Guaynabo, Leal Arecibo FC, Metropolitan FA, Don Bosco FC, Guaynabo Gol, Criollos de Caguas, Mirabelli SA and Guayama FC are the 10 clubs that entered the competition. Bayamón FC became champions on June

neg: Puerto Rican Football Federation Preparatory Tournament Puerto Rican Football Federation Preparatory Tournament The Puerto Rican Football Federation Preparatory Tournament () is a football competition that began in March 2018 and it serves as a preparation tournament for the local clubs that will participate on the 2018-19 Puerto Rican Football Federation season. The first edition of the domestic competition began in March 2018. Bayamón FC, CD Barbosa, GPS Guaynabo, Leal Arecibo FC, Metropolitan FA, Don Bosco FC, Guaynabo Gol, Criollos de Caguas, Mirabelli SA and Guayama FC are the 10 clubs that entered the competition. Bayamón FC became champions on June 10, 2018 after beating GPS Guaynabo

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s renovations were being made to the White House. The last major attempt by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party to draw world attention to Puerto Rico's situation occurred on March 1, 1954, when four Nationalists attacked the United States House of Representatives. First organized on September 17, 1922, the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party's main objective was Puerto Rican Independence. By 1930, disagreements between Jose Coll y Cuchi and Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos as to how the party should be run, led the former and his followers to abandon the party. On May 11, 1930, Albizu Campos was elected president of the

neg: Blanca Canales Blanca Canales Blanca Canales (February 17, 1906 – July 25, 1996) was an educator and a Puerto Rican Nationalist. Canales joined the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party in 1931 and helped organize the Daughters of Freedom, the women's branch of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. As a leader of the Nationalist party in Jayuya, she stored arms in her house, which were used in a revolt in 1950 against United States rule over the island. During the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s she led members in the Jayuya Uprising, in which Nationalists took control of the town for

neg: Verdadism ethnocentrism and relationships are common themes. An American artist of Puerto Rican heritage, Soraida Martinez was born in 1956 in Harlem, New York City to Puerto Rican parents who came to the United States during the Puerto Rican migration to New York City starting in the 1950s. The civil rights movement, feminism and the social upheavals of the late 1960s to early 1970s were instrumental in shaping the artist's socially conscious philosophy. The first Verdadism exhibition, Soraida's Verdadism: The Intellectual Voice of A Puerto Rican Woman on Canvas; Unique, Controversial Images and Style, was held in 1994 at the Walt

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s Sugar Refining Company, which also dominated Puerto Rico's economy. This company was later renamed as the Domino Sugar company. In effect, Charles Allen leveraged his governorship of Puerto Rico into a controlling interest over the entire Puerto Rican economy. The Federal government did not quite know how to classify Puerto Ricans at first. In 1904, the Immigration Service implemented more strict regulations that classified people from Puerto Rico as aliens who tried to enter the US, although previously they had easily migrated. In a case carried to the US Supreme Court by Isabel González in 1904, the court ruled that

neg: Luis R. Esteves Puerto Rico National Guard and held the position of Adjutant General until his retirement in June 1957. On October 30, 1950, the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party organized a series of uprisings in numerous cities in Puerto Rico against the United States rule and the Puerto Rican commonwealth government in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s. The Puerto Rico National Guard was mobilized under the command of Esteves by orders of Governor Luis Muñoz Marín and U.S. Brigadier Gen. Edwin L. Sibert, and sent to confront the Nationalists in various towns such as Jayuya,

neg: Puerto Rico National Guard Before, the 296th existed as a battalion of the 295th Infantry Regiment. On October 30, 1950, the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party organized a series of uprisings in numerous cities in Puerto Rico against United States rule and the Puerto Rican commonwealth government in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s. The Puerto Rico National Guard was mobilized under the command of Puerto Rico Adjutant General Luis R. Esteves by orders of Governor Luis Muñoz Marín and sent to confront the Nationalists in various towns such as Jayuya, Utuado and San Juan. Due to the

neg: Hugo Margenat Paris of 1898. Puerto Ricans were denied the right to elect a Puerto Rican governor until 1949, when Luis Muñoz Marín became the first Puerto Rican to be elected into said position. Various events took place in Puerto Rico during the 1930s thru the 1950s, involving the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and the local government which influenced Margenat's political views and his way of thinking. The Río Piedras massacre on October 24, 1935, a confrontation with police at University of Puerto Rico campus in Río Piedras, in which 4 Nationalist partisans and one policeman were killed. On February 23, 1936,

neg: Leopoldo Figueroa Leopoldo Figueroa Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa (September 21, 1887 – October 15, 1969) a.k.a. "The deacon of the Puerto Rican Legislature", was a Puerto Rican politician, journalist, medical doctor and lawyer. Figueroa, who began his political career as an advocate of Puerto Rican Independence, was the co-founder of the "Independence Association", one of three political organizations which merged to form the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Figueroa, had changed political ideals and in 1948, was a member of the "Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño" (Puerto Rican Statehood Party). That year, he was the only member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives who did

neg: Pedro Ortiz Dávila Rafael Hernández"). Also in 1974, Davilita, Felipe and Pellín Rodríguez (no relation to Felipe) recorded a trilogy which are considered Puerto Rican classics. These were "La Protesta de los Reyes" ("The Protest of the Magi"), "Parranda parrandera" and "Navidad" (Christmas). On many occasions, Davilita, a strong supporter of the cause of Puerto Rican independence, stated that he was discriminated against for this reason, to the point of endangering his livelihood when the singing contracts decreased during the late 1950s and early 1960s. He recorded an album of Puerto Rican patriotic standards with Mario Hernández y el Sexteto Borinquen in the

neg: Puerto Rican migration to New York City total population of U.S. citizens around the world (within and outside the U.S. mainland). New York City's total Puerto Rican population was 723,621 and they represented 8.9% of the population. The Puerto Rican population and the percentage Puerto Ricans make up of each borough, as of the 2010 census, is: In July 1930, Puerto Rico's Department of Labor established an employment service in New York City. The Migration Division (known as the "Commonwealth Office"), also part of Puerto Rico's Department of Labor, was created in 1948, and by the end of the 1950s, was operating in 115 cities and towns

neg: History of Puerto Rico "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico." in English and ""Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico"" in Spanish. (The Commonwealth designation was similar to the bodies politic of the states of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Kentucky.) Once in office, Muñoz Marin did not pursue Puerto Rican Independence, which angered some of his constituency. On October 30, 1950, a group of Puerto Rican nationalists, led by Pedro Albizu Campos, staged several local attacks, known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s, the most successful of which is known as the Jayuya Uprising. The revolts included an attack on the governor's mansion,

neg: Alfonso Joseph Alfonso Joseph Alfonso "El Panameno" Joseph was born in the Republic of Panama, and immigrated to New York City at 11 years of age, where he studied music and became one of the forefront bassists of the Cuban bandleader Arsenio Rodríguez. Joseph is a featured guest in a major television production about the era of Afro-Cuban music at The Palladium in New York "La Epoca". Joseph's musical career began in the mid-1950s, learning and playing guitar with many Puerto Rican groups, "conjuntos", and playing diverse rhythmic variations of Puerto Rican music. He replaced the guitar strings with electronic strings and

neg: Division Street riots their skin color and ethnicity. Many moved west, settling near Division Street in West Town, Bucktown, and Wicker Park. The Chicago Catholic Church did not offer the Puerto Rican community their own parish, so devout Puerto Ricans had to try to attend existing parishes. In the 1950s and 60s, some white parishes did not accept Puerto Rican parishioners, so Puerto Ricans were displaced, looking for a place to worship and meet. According to Felix M. Padilla, the systematic oppression that Puerto Ricans experienced in Chicago in the 1960s created a psychological climate for riot. Puerto Ricans faced racial discrimination, class-related

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party as to a Puerto Rico relationship with Spain as its Mother country and their nationalistic love for Puerto Rico as their Motherland. The other reason for the splinter group was due to the violence that took place in the 1950s. This splinter group would later become known in 1968 as "El Movimiento Indio Taino de Boriken" (The Taino Indian Movement of Puerto Rico) which was primarily made up of the children of the Puerto Rican Nationalists whom would come to establish the indigenous grassroots civil rights movement in Puerto Rico. Although less active, the Nationalist Party continues to exist as

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s to maintain its colonial regime in Puerto Rico. In 1950, the US Congress passed a law authorizing a new status for Puerto Rico, as a "Free Associated State" ("Estado Libre Asociado"). It provided for popular elections of the governor, a bicameral legislature and bill of rights, and executive functions similar to those of the states. The US was to keep control over the money, defense, customs, and any foreign treaties. The Nationalists considered this a continuation of colonialism. The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s were a call for independence from US rule. It demanded the recognition of

neg: Puerto Rican migration to New York City Puerto Ricans to travel between Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland without the need of a passport, thereby becoming migrants. The advent of air travel was one of the principal factors that led to the largest wave of migration of Puerto Ricans to New York City in the 1950s, known as "The Great Migration". Similar to many other U.S. East Coast cities, Puerto Ricans were the first Hispanic group to move to New York City in large numbers. From 1970 until about 1990, the city's Puerto Rican population was at its height, they represented up to 80% of the city's

neg: Puerto Rican Independence Party Puerto Rican Independence Party The Puerto Rican Independence Party (, PIP) is a social-democratic political party in Puerto Rico that campaigns for the independence of Puerto Rico from United States suzerainty. Those who follow the PIP ideology are usually called "independentistas", "pipiolos", or sometimes just "pro-independence activists". The party began as the electoral wing of the Puerto Rican independence movement. It is the largest of the independence parties, and the only one that is on the ballot during elections (other candidates must be added in by hand). In 1948, two years after being founded, the PIP gathered 10.2% of the

neg: Juan Antonio Corretjer that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico. On October 30, 1950, the Nationalists staged uprisings in the towns of Ponce, Mayagüez, Naranjito, Arecibo, Utuado (Utuado Uprising), San Juan (San Juan Nationalist revolt), and Jayuya (Jayuya Uprising). Known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s, the revolts were a widespread call for independence by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, against United States Government rule over Puerto Rico. It specifically repudiated the so-called "Free Associated State" ("Estado Libre Asociado") designation of Puerto Rico - a designation widely recognized

neg: Music of Cuba ever existed, was singing Boleros with a salsa cadence in the 1940s. It was not until the 1950s that Cuban music became popular for Puerto Rican bands. Plena, Bomba an other styles or music were popular at the time in Puerto Rico. Many famous Puerto Rican musicians went to learn the music styles of Cubans in the 1930s and 1940s, and it was not until the arrival of Castro in 1959 and the Cuban music stopped its exportation to the world, that Puerto Ricans in New York were able to be greatly noticed, but what is known as Salsa today,

neg: Charlie Vázquez to a Cuban-Puerto Rican mother and Puerto Rican father. Vázquez's first novel, "Buzz and Israel" (Fireking Press, 2004), details the complicated relationship between Israel, a closeted Puerto Rican actor, and Buzz, a junkie and jewelry store thief. "Buzz and Israel" was followed by "Business as Unusual" in 2007, also published by Fireking Press. "Business as Unusual" is a fiction collection composed of two novellas and three short stories that were written in Southern California, Baja California, Oregon, and New York City. His second novel, "Contraband", was published in 2010 by Rebel Satori Press. It superimposes a 1959 Cuban Revolution-styled technological

neg: Division Street riots Division Street riots The Division Street riots were episodes of rioting and civil unrest, which started on June 12 and continued through June 14, 1966. These riots are remembered as a turning point in Puerto Rican civic involvement in Chicago. This was the first riot in the United States attributed to Puerto Ricans. Puerto Rican migration to Chicago peaked in the 1950s and 60s, and the Puerto Rican population of Chicago jumped from 255 in 1950 to 32,371 in 1960. Puerto Ricans in Chicago worked low-paying jobs in the service industries or labored in factories. This was in part because

neg: Division Street riots Division Street riots The Division Street riots were episodes of rioting and civil unrest, which started on June 12 and continued through June 14, 1966. These riots are remembered as a turning point in Puerto Rican civic involvement in Chicago. This was the first riot in the United States attributed to Puerto Ricans. Puerto Rican migration to Chicago peaked in the 1950s and 60s, and the Puerto Rican population of Chicago jumped from 255 in 1950 to 32,371 in 1960. Puerto Ricans in Chicago worked low-paying jobs in the service industries or labored in factories. This was in part because

neg: History of the Jews in Puerto Rico Spanish. On November 30, 2005, the Puerto Rican Jewish community established their first synagogue outside of the Metropolitan San Juan area. The synagogue, which is located in the City of Mayagüez in the island's west coast, is called "Centro Hasidico Puertorriqueno Toiras Jesed". The Sha'are Zedeck, which has been designated by the Puerto Rican government as a National Historic Monument., and Reform congregations are located in San Juan and the Chabad Center is located in Isla Verde, in the city of Carolina. In the 1950s, the Puerto Rican musician Augusto Rodríguez, founder of the Choir of the University of Puerto

neg: Cadets of the Republic Cadets of the Republic Cadets of the Republic, known in Spanish as Cadetes de la República, was a quasi-military youth organization of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party in the twentieth century. The organization was also referred to as the Liberation Army of Puerto Rico "(Ejército Libertador de Puerto Rico)" The Cadets of the Republic were founded and organized in the 1930s by Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos, the president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Some members of the cadets participated in the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s against United States colonial rule. The following is a brief

neg: Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia cost of living compared to other cities in the Northeast region. Throughout the 1950s, many Puerto Rican migrants settled east and west along Spring Garden Street. Puerto Ricans were not always welcome newcomers, however, and many faced prejudice and discrimination in their neighborhoods. As the Puerto Rican population continued to grow in the 1960s, it expanded east towards the Delaware River and north towards Lehigh Avenue. During the 1980s and 1990s, the Puerto Rican community grew further north into Olney and into the lower sections of the Northeast. Since 2010, Philadelphia replaced the city of Chicago as the city with

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s convicted, he was sentenced to death, but Truman commuted his sentence to life. Truman supported the Puerto Rican effort to draft and vote on a constitution for the island's government which would establish the islands' political status. In March 1952, the people of Puerto Rico voted overwhelmingly, nearly 82%, in favor of the new constitution establishing the Commonwealth. The Nationalists also attacked the House of Representatives. On March 1, 1954, four Puerto Rican Nationalists: Lolita Lebrón, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Andres Figueroa Cordero, and Irvin Flores Rodríguez, tried to highlight problems in Puerto Rico by attacking the House of Representatives of

neg: Luis Ortiz (Puerto Rican boxer) silver medal is historically recognized by Puerto Rican sports historians as the first silver medal won "for" Puerto Rico. Luis Ortiz (Puerto Rican boxer) Luis Ortiz Flores (born November 5, 1965 in Humacao) is a Puerto Rican former boxer. Ortiz had an award winning amateur career, which led him to represent Puerto Rico in the 1984 Los Angeles summer Olympics. Ortiz at first wasn't very well known in Puerto Rico. Within days after he started competing in the Olympics, that changed, as he began to win bouts. When he secured a bronze medal at the games, he became a nationally

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Under Albizu's leadership during the years of the Great Depression, the party became the largest independence movement in Puerto Rico. However after disappointing electoral results and strong repression by the territorial police authorities, by the mid-1930s Albizu opted against electoral participation, and advocated violent revolution. Puerto Rico had a gag law from 1948 to 1957, and this law was in effect at the time of the revolt. On May 21, 1948, a bill, which would be passed and signed into law on June 10, was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate, which would restrain the rights

neg: Young Lords 7th point was changed to demanding true education of afro-Indio culture and the Spanish language. The 10th point was for the freedom of all political prisoners and prisoners of war and lastly the 11th point was changed to a proclamation of being internationalist. New York City, where one-fourth of Puerto Ricans then lived, and Chicago were the two largest Puerto Rican hubs. Puerto Rican mainland communities also developed elsewhere during the Great Puerto Rican Migration of the 1950s, so in 1969, subsequent branches organized themselves in Philadelphia, Connecticut, New Jersey, Boston, Milwaukee, Hayward (California), San Diego, Los Angeles, and Puerto

neg: Professional wrestling in Puerto Rico the oldest active promotion in Puerto Rico. Historically, counter-promotions emerged to challenge WWC's monopoly, with the most successful attempt being made by Victor Quiñones's International Wrestling Association. The World Wrestling League is the only company that began with an international scope instead of first attempting to establish a local presence. An unorganized independent circuit also operates on a lower tier, confronting problems with clandestine wrestling promotions. The Puerto Rican professional wrestling style has been influenced by several countries, beginning with the settlement of local wrestlers in New York during the 1950s Great Migration. Among the first performers to adopt the

neg: Rafael Valle for an average of 28.5 points per game. In 2008, he was selected as one of the 12 best players in Puerto Rican basketball history between 1920 and 1969. In a recent interview, Coach Flor Meléndez picked Valle as part of his all-time Puerto Rican starting five in the power forward position along with PG. Pachín Vicens, SG. Neftalí Rivera, SF. Raymond Dalmau, C. José ‘Piculín’ Ortiz. Valle was 1.93m tall and weighed 91 kg. Rafael Valle Rafael Valle González (born March 1, 1938 in San Juan, Puerto Rico) was a Puerto Rican professional basketball player. In the 1950s and

neg: Paseo Boricua of fame with the names of many outstanding Puerto Ricans. Many businesses are named after Puerto Rican towns. The façades of some buildings have been designed to look as if they come from old San Juan with Spanish Colonial architecture. The Humboldt Park Paseo Boricua neighborhood is the flagship of all Puerto Rican enclaves. This neighborhood is the economic political and cultural capital of the Puerto Rican community in the Midwest. Throughout the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s, Humboldt Park was considered an economic dead zone by city planners and developers. Poverty and social problems contributed to the

neg: Nemesio Canales 30, 1950, she led the Jayuya Uprising revolt against United States colonial rule. Her cousins were Elio Torresola, Griselio Torresola one of two Puerto Rican nationalists who attempted to assassinate United States President Harry Truman and Doris Torresola, all high-ranking members of the party involved in the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s. Nemesio Canales Nemesio Canales (December 18, 1878 – September 14, 1923) was a Puerto Rican essayist, journalist, novelist, playwright, politician and activist who defended women's civil rights. As a politician, he presented a bill to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, which was defeated 23

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s the 1898 Charter of Autonomy, and Puerto Rico's international sovereignty. It also repudiated the "Estado Libre Asociado" (Free Associated State) designation of Puerto Rico - a designation they regarded as a colonial farce. The revolts began on October 30, 1950, upon the orders of Pedro Albizu Campos, president of the Nationalist Party. Uprisings occurred in Peñuelas, Mayagüez, Naranjito, Arecibo and Ponce. The most notable uprisings occurred in Utuado, Jayuya, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. In Utuado, the insurgents were killed. In Jayuya the "Free Republic of Puerto Rico" was declared. In San Juan, the Nationalists made a failed attempt to

neg: Rafael Ríos Rey and New York City. He painted numerous murals for hotels, banks, and public buildings. In addition he did art work for books. His works embodied the life of the poor jibaro countrymen on one end and the industrialization that took place in Puerto Rico in the 1950s at the other end. Outstanding murals by Rios Rey are: Rios Rey died in San Juan, Puerto Rico in April 1980. Rafael Ríos Rey Rafael Ríos Rey (28 July 1911 – April 1980) was a Puerto Rican muralist. He is credited with being the first Puerto Rican muralist whose work received international recognition.

neg: Seal of Institute of Puerto Rican Culture (Jorge Soto Version) that would inform his reinterpretation of the seal. In 1971 he began working with the collaborators of the Taller Boricua artists' workshop, whose art reflected an ideological re-evisioning of the “roots” of Puerto Rican culture and attempted to reconcile this with the experiences of the Puerto Rican diaspora. This was referred to as “Afro-Taíno consciousness” and was the basis for Soto’s recreation of the seal. The original seal of the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, or ICP, was commissioned by the institute’s director, Ricardo Alegría, in 1955, and designed by Lorenzo Homar, a well-known Puerto Rican visual artist at the

neg: Isolina Rondón guarantees Freedom of Speech. He pointed out that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico. On October 30, 1950, on the orders of Albizu Campos, the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party staged various uprisings, in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s, in various towns, among them Peñuelas, Mayagüez, Naranjito, Arecibo and Ponce, of which the most notable occurrences being in Utuado uprising, where the insurgents were massacred, Jayuya uprising, the town where the "Free Republic of Puerto Rico" was declared, and which was heavily

neg: Irvin Flores Irvin Flores Irvin Flores (1925 – March 20, 1994) was a political activist, member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and an advocate of Puerto Rican independence. Flores was a leader of the Nationalist faction of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico during the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s. On March 1, 1954, Flores together with fellow Nationalists Lolita Lebrón, Andrés Figueroa Cordero, and Rafael Cancel Miranda entered the United States Capitol building armed with automatic pistols and fired 30 shots. Five congressmen were wounded, however all the representatives survived and Flores, along with the other three members of his

neg: Joyuda, Puerto Rico and fish, was any making waves. It began in the 1940s with a trickle. From nearby U.S. companies in Mayagüez, came a steady dribble of yuppie customers who could afford to take the 15 minutes drive over the new road and across the river and lagoon to eat "genuine" Puerto Rican food. In the 1950s, Mayagüez suburbs, like the Guanajibo Homes, developed toward the coast and contiguous to Joyuda, generating a new stream of evening Joyuda, Puerto Rico Joyuda is a quiet coastal fishing village in western Puerto Rico, located between the cities of Mayagüez and Cabo Rojo, known for

neg: Madeline Willemsen it was not well seen for ladies. She started working in radio soap operas during the 1950s, especially in the Puerto Rican public radio station. When commercial television started operating in the Island, her well-bred looks assured her a position as a leading lady. She was also a competent scriptwriter. Madeline Willemsen is buried at Santa María Magdalena de Pazzi cemetery in Old San Juan. Madeline Willemsen Madeline Willemsen (1915–1982) was a Puerto Rican actress and comedian, born in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico to a Dutch father and a Puerto Rican mother. She was also the first cousin of Lucy Boscana,

neg: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s of the independence and Nationalist movements in the island. It was approved by the Puerto Rican Senate, which at the time was controlled by the PPD and presided by Luis Muñoz Marín. The new law, also known as the "Ley de la Mordaza" (Gag Law), made it illegal to display a Puerto Rican flag, to sing a patriotic tune, to talk of independence, or to fight for the independence of the island. The bill was signed into law on June 10, 1948, by the U.S.-appointed Governor of Puerto Rico, Jesús T. Piñero and became known as "Ley 53" (Law 53).

neg: Puerto Ricans in the United States created in 1948, and by the end of the 1950s, was operating in 115 cities and towns stateside. The strength of stateside Puerto Rican identity is fueled by a number of factors. These include the large circular migration between the island and the mainland United States, a long tradition of the government of Puerto Rico promoting its ties to those stateside, the continuing existence of racial-ethnic prejudice and discrimination in the United States, and high residential and school segregation. Notable attributes that set the stateside Puerto Rican population apart from the rest of the US Hispanic community, is facts such

neg: History of women in Puerto Rico as the first female Secretary of the Puerto Rico Department of the Treasury during the administration of Governor Carlos Romero Barceló and later served as the president of the then government-owned Puerto Rico Telephone Company during the governorship of Pedro Rosselló,; Victoria Hernández who in 1927, established a music store called "Almacenes Hernández" in New York City thus, becoming the first female Puerto Rican to own a music store in that city; Camalia Valdés the President and CEO of Cerveceria India, Inc., Puerto Rico's largest brewery.; and Carlota Alfaro, a high fashion designer known as "Puerto Rico's grande dame of

neg: Puerto Rican women in the military the military. About 20,000 Puerto Rican men were drafted during World War I. By 1918, the U.S. Army Medical Corps realized there was a shortage of medical anesthesiologists, a low-salary specialty required in military operating rooms. Therefore, the Army reluctantly began hiring women physicians as civilian contract employees. One of the first civilian doctors contracted by the Army was a Puerto Rican woman, who despite the fact that she was not an active member of the military, contributed with her professional skills to the war effort. Dr. Dolores Piñero, born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, was the first Puerto Rican

neg: Young Lords empowerment and Puerto Rican self-determination as the unifying mission. The national office headed by Jose Cha Cha Jimenez, gave approval because before the 1950s New York was the port of entry for immigrants and Puerto Ricans entering the continental U.S. The Great Migrations of the late 40's spread Puerto Ricans into the mid west while sizable numbers continued to increase on the Eastern coast of the U.S. Today Florida also has a significant number living on the mainland Therefore, in the 1960s it was natural that the most populated center of the Puerto Rican diaspora would also take on a

neg: Puerto Rican literature Puerto Rican literature Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of oral story telling to its present-day status. Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government. Only those who were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island were allowed to write. It wasn't until the late 19th century with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters that Puerto Rican literature began to flourish. The first writers to express their political views in regard to

neg: Nuyorican but especially following the passage of the Jones-Shafroth Act on March 2, 1917, which granted U.S. citizenship to virtually all Puerto Ricans. The "Gran Migración" accelerated migration from Puerto Rico to New York during the 1940s and 1950s, but such large-scale emigration began to slow by the late 1960s. Historically, Nuyoricans resided in the predominantly Hispanic/Latino section of Manhattan known as Spanish Harlem, and around the Loisaida section of the East Village, but later spread across the city into newly created Puerto Rican/Nuyorican enclaves in Brooklyn, Queens and the South Bronx. Today, there are fewer island-born Puerto Ricans than mainland-born

neg: Eaton's 1960s were largely indistinguishable from other chain stores, further reducing Eaton's status as a destination store. The end of the catalogue and of the Eaton's Santa Claus parades, though being cost-saving measures, ensured Eaton's no longer held the same place in Canadians' hearts. The chain that had touted itself in the 1940s and 1950s as "The Store for Young Canada" lost touch with younger customers, and unintentionally became known as a chain that catered to older shoppers. Once known for its superior customer service (with its staff proudly known as "Eatonians"), Eaton's began to cut back on sales staff and

neg: Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii to exterminate the infestation. Some of the Hawaiian-Puerto Ricans who have distinguished themselves are: Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began when Puerto Rico's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes in 1899. The devastation caused a worldwide shortage in sugar and a huge demand for the product from Hawaii. Hawaiian sugarcane plantation owners began to recruit the jobless, but experienced, laborers in Puerto Rico. In the 19th century Puerto Rico depended mainly on its agricultural economy. The island together with Cuba was the Spanish Crown's leading exporter of sugar, coffee, tobacco and cotton. When the

neg: Federico López Federico López Federico López Camacho (March 26, 1962 – November 6, 2006), better known as Fico López, was a Puerto Rican professional basketball player. He was a member of the Mets de Guaynabo from 1981 to 1997. Although he was born in Mexico, López represented the Puerto Rican national team. Together with his brother-in-law, Mario Morales, López won various championships in the Puerto Rican league. López was born in Mexico City, Mexico to Cuban parents. His father, Federico López Sr. was a star of Cuban basketball during the 1940s and 1950s. López was one of the star players of the

neg: Puerto Rican government-debt crisis Puerto Rican government-debt crisis The Puerto Rican government-debt crisis is a financial crisis affecting the government of Puerto Rico. The crisis traces back its history to 1973 when the government began to spend more than what it collected. To cover that imbalance, the government issued bonds rather than adjust its budget. That practice continued for four decades until 2014 when three major credit agencies downgraded several bonds issues by Puerto Rico to "junk status" after the government was unable to demonstrate that it would be able to pay its debt. The downgrading, in turn, prevented the government from selling more

neg: Alice Cardona Education and the Puerto Rican Educators Association. She was the author of "Puerto Rican Women Achievers in New York City". In 1983, she received the Susan B. Anthony Prize from the National Organization for Women. She died from cancer at the age of 81. Alice Cardona Alice Cardona (March 17, 1930 – November 1, 2011) was an activist and community organizer. The daughter of Puerto Rican parents, she was born in New York City and grew up in the Spanish Harlem neighborhood there. After completing high school, she worked in a store and volunteered with the Legión de Maria. In

neg: Bolívar Pagán with the Puerto Rican Socialist Party founded in the 1970s). In 1921 he graduated with a law degree from the University of Puerto Rico School of Law; the same year he was admitted to the bar and began to practice law in San Juan. The following year he served as judge of Fajardo, Puerto Rico. In 1924, Pagán ran unsuccessfully as a Socialist Party of Puerto Rico candidate for election to the Puerto Rican Senate. The following year, he began a four-year tenure as city treasurer of San Juan. In 1928, he ran again for the Puerto Rican Senate, but

neg: Celeste Freytes Celeste Freytes Celeste Freytes Gonzalez (born 1950s) is a Puerto Rican teacher who was named, in 2013, interim President of the Universidad de Puerto Rico. When ratified in that position during 2016, she substituted Uroyoan Walker Ramos as president of the institution and Dr. Jose Lasalde as interim President. Freytes Gonzalez graduated from a local university in San Juan in 1979. She was a teacher on the Puerto Rican education system for 36 years, and at the moment of her ascending to interim President of the UPR (PRU) she was a commissioner on the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

neg: Vidal Santiago Díaz Vidal Santiago Díaz Vidal Santiago Díaz (January 1, 1910 – March 1982) was a member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and served as president of the Santurce Municipal Board of officers of the party. He was also the personal barber of Nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos. Though not involved in the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s, Santiago Díaz's barbershop was attacked by forty armed police officers and U.S. National Guardsmen. The attack was historic in Puerto Rico—the first time an event of that magnitude had ever been transmitted live via radio and heard all over the

neg: Wynwood to the west and the Florida East Coast Railway to the east. Wynwood was long referred to as "Little San Juan", and commonly known as "El Barrio" as many Puerto Ricans began immigrating to this Miami neighborhood from the island and northeastern cities in the 1950s. Puerto Rican-owned restaurants, shops, markets and other businesses line the streets of Wynwood. Since the early 2000s, the neighborhood has seen a rising amount of investments and attention, expanding the scope of the region. The Midtown Miami development construction began in 2005 between North 29th and 36th Street and Miami Avenue and the Florida

neg: Victoria Hernández the family, to study music and Victoria became a skilled cellist, violinist and pianist. In 1919, Hernández moved with her mother, grandmother and siblings to New York City and began work as a factory seamstress, who gave piano lessons to generate additional income. Within eight years, in 1927, she and her brothers bought a store, located at 1735 Madison Avenue in East Harlem. The store, "Almacenes Hernández" (Hernández Music Store), the first "Puerto Rican–owned music store in New York City", carried records and guitars, as well as music rolls for player pianos. In the back rooms, Hernández gave music lessons

neg: Los Boricuas (CMLL) they announced that a new Comandante Pierroth was putting together a new group of Boricuas, known as "Comando Caribeño" ("The Caribbean Commando"). The original team name referred to the Puerto Rican people, even though most of the wrestlers were not actually from Puerto Rico. In 1999 Pierroth Jr. returned to the Mexico City-based Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) promotion after an extended stay in Puerto Rico. Upon his return Pierroth Jr. declared that he was a "Boricua", or Puerto Rican, declaring the superiority of the Puerto Rican people. He began teaming up with Gran Markus Jr. who also adopted

neg: Luis Ortiz (Puerto Rican boxer) Luis Ortiz (Puerto Rican boxer) Luis Ortiz Flores (born November 5, 1965 in Humacao) is a Puerto Rican former boxer. Ortiz had an award winning amateur career, which led him to represent Puerto Rico in the 1984 Los Angeles summer Olympics. Ortiz at first wasn't very well known in Puerto Rico. Within days after he started competing in the Olympics, that changed, as he began to win bouts. When he secured a bronze medal at the games, he became a nationally known figure, because Puerto Rico had only had two other medalists in their Olympic history, Juan Evangelista Venegas (1948,

neg: Amigo Supermarkets Amigo Supermarkets Amigo Supermarkets (Supermercados Amigo in Spanish) is a chain of supermarkets located in Puerto Rico that is owned by Walmart. "Supermercados Amigo" was opened by Jose Marti Fuentes. During the company's formative years, it operated small supermarkets across the island; these would be located at small strip malls. Many towns in Puerto Rico had multiple "Supermercados Amigo" locations. After the Grand Union and Coop Supermarkets companies ceased operations in Puerto Rico, "Amigo" began plans to become a major player in Puerto Rico's supermarket industry. In 1989, they opened their first major store, located at Plaza del Carmen Mall,

neg: Héctor Varela (author) Héctor Varela (author) Héctor Varela is a Puerto Rican author. His main work, the novel "Affinity for Trouble: A Puerto Rican Story" (2006) tells the story of a boy growing up in Santurce, a central neighborhood of San Juan, Puerto Rico, in the 1940s and 1950s. Varela was born and raised in Santurce, Puerto Rico, a neighborhood in San Juan, Puerto Rico until he was almost 11 years old, when he moved with his family to Fort Bliss, Texas. Upon arrival in the U.S., he did not speak English. After his father’s infantry duty tour in Korea, Héctor became an