query: where are the roman baths located in england

pos: Roman Baths (Bath) Roman Baths (Bath) The Roman Baths complex is a site of historical interest in the English city of Bath. It is a well-preserved Roman site once used for public bathing. The Roman Baths themselves are below the modern street level. There are four main features: the Sacred Spring, the Roman Temple, the Roman Bath House and the museum, holding finds from Roman Bath. The buildings above street level date from the 19th century. The Baths are a major tourist attraction and, together with the Grand Pump Room, receive more than one million visitors a year. Visitors can tour the baths

pos: Roman Baths (Bath) Roman Baths (Bath) The Roman Baths complex is a site of historical interest in the English city of Bath. It is a well-preserved Roman site once used for public bathing. The Roman Baths themselves are below the modern street level. There are four main features: the Sacred Spring, the Roman Temple, the Roman Bath House and the museum, holding finds from Roman Bath. The buildings above street level date from the 19th century. The Baths are a major tourist attraction and, together with the Grand Pump Room, receive more than one million visitors a year. Visitors can tour the baths

neg: Welwyn Roman Baths Welwyn Roman Baths The Welwyn Roman Baths are a Roman ruin preserved under the A1(M) just north of modern-day Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England. The baths were a small part of the Dicket Mead villa, which was originally built in the 3rd century AD. The village of Welwyn has been described as being the site of a Romano-British settlement, where a Roman road crossed the river Mimram. The full extent of the Dicket Mead villa was never fully excavated prior to the construction of the motorway, but the baths were only one of at least four buildings in total. The

neg: Welwyn Roman Baths Mill Green Museum, part of Welwyn Hatfield Museum Service, which also operates the baths. This stored material can be inspected by contacting the curator. Welwyn Roman Baths The Welwyn Roman Baths are a Roman ruin preserved under the A1(M) just north of modern-day Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England. The baths were a small part of the Dicket Mead villa, which was originally built in the 3rd century AD. The village of Welwyn has been described as being the site of a Romano-British settlement, where a Roman road crossed the river Mimram. The full extent of the Dicket Mead villa was

neg: Roman Baths, Beirut reflects the ancient traditions of the site. One of the Baths is used as an artistic performance and concert space. The modern site is also home to Mediterranean-style gardens that contain a variety of medicinal plants once used in bathing balms. Actually the gardens of these "Baths" are located inside the famous Garden of Forgiveness of modern Beirut. Roman Baths, Beirut Roman Berytus (Roman Baths) are located in the middle of downtown Beirut, Lebanon between Banks Street and Capuchin Street. The remains of a Roman bath of Berytus now surrounded by government buildings were found and conserved for posterity. Roman

neg: Cisterns of the Roman Baths, Beirut pipes and channels distributed the water to the various pools of the Roman Baths. Cisterns of the Roman Baths, Beirut The Cisterns of the Roman Baths of ancient Berytus are located in downtown Beirut, Lebanon. The Romans constructed an aqueduct fed by the Beirut River whose main source was located 10 km from the city. When the water reached Riad Al Solh Square, it was stored in large cisterns and then distributed to the pools of the Roman Baths. The cisterns were built in order to store water for a city of nearly 50,000 inhabitants and in the Roman centuries

neg: Baths of Antoninus Baths of Antoninus The Baths of Antoninus or Baths of Carthage, located in Carthage, Tunisia, are the vastest set of Roman Thermae built on the African continent and one of three largest built in the Roman Empire. The baths are also the only remaining Thermae of Carthage that dates back to the Roman Empire's era. The baths were built during the reign of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius The baths are at the South-East of the archaeological site, near the presidential Carthage Palace. The archaeological excavations started during the Second World War and concluded by the creation of an archaeological park

neg: Baths of Antoninus for the monument. It is also one of the most important landmarks of Tunisia. The baths are today part of the Archaeological site of Carthage on the list of World Heritage sites of UNESCO. The 17th February 2012, the Tunisian government proposes the Roman hydraulic complex Zaghouan-Carthage, that the baths are part of, as a future World Heritage site. Baths of Antoninus The Baths of Antoninus or Baths of Carthage, located in Carthage, Tunisia, are the vastest set of Roman Thermae built on the African continent and one of three largest built in the Roman Empire. The baths are also

neg: Thermae to heat the piped water from a furnace ("praefurnium"). A number of Roman public baths survive, either as ruins or in varying degrees of conservation. Among the more notable are the Roman baths of Bath and the Ravenglass Roman Bath House in England as well as the Baths of Caracalla, of Diocletian, of Titus, of Trajan in Rome and the baths of Sofia, Serdica and Varna. Probably the most complete are various public and private baths in Pompeii and nearby sites. Thermae In ancient Rome, thermae (from Greek θερμός "thermos", "hot") and balneae (from Greek βαλανεῖον "balaneion") were facilities for

neg: Cisterns of the Roman Baths, Beirut Cisterns of the Roman Baths, Beirut The Cisterns of the Roman Baths of ancient Berytus are located in downtown Beirut, Lebanon. The Romans constructed an aqueduct fed by the Beirut River whose main source was located 10 km from the city. When the water reached Riad Al Solh Square, it was stored in large cisterns and then distributed to the pools of the Roman Baths. The cisterns were built in order to store water for a city of nearly 50,000 inhabitants and in the Roman centuries this was a big engineering accomplishment. For centuries, the streams and wells of Ain

neg: Roman baths of Toledo Roman baths of Toledo The Roman baths of Toledo or Roman thermae of Amador de los Ríos are ruins of Roman thermae located in the city of Toledo in Castile-La Mancha, Spain. The baths can be seen as part of the system of supplying clean water to the city (then known by the Latin name of "Toletum"). From the scale of the surviving infrastructure, they are assumed to have been a public facility. As regards chronology, the remains correspond to a period between the end of the 1st century and mid-2nd century CE. The location of the baths at Amador

neg: Roman Baths, Beirut Roman Baths, Beirut Roman Berytus (Roman Baths) are located in the middle of downtown Beirut, Lebanon between Banks Street and Capuchin Street. The remains of a Roman bath of Berytus now surrounded by government buildings were found and conserved for posterity. Roman Berytus Baths is an ancient Roman thermae or bath site inside the Roman city of Berytus. It was discovered in 1968-1969 and underwent major renovation in the mid-1990s. The archaeological ruin of one of the baths has been preserved and is occasionally used as a performance space, thus reflecting the ancient traditions of the site. One of the

neg: Roman Baths of Ankara areas during the city's cold winters. The most prominent surviving features are the brick columns which supported the floor and around which air heated in underground ovens was circulated to warm the rooms above. The remains of the columned roadway are visible to the north of the palaestra. Roman Baths of Ankara The Roman Baths of Ankara are the ruined remains of an ancient Roman bath complex in Ankara, Turkey, which were uncovered by excavations carried out in 1937-1944, and have subsequently been opened to the public as an open-air museum. The baths are located on a plateau, traditionally known

neg: Roman Baths of Ankara Roman Baths of Ankara The Roman Baths of Ankara are the ruined remains of an ancient Roman bath complex in Ankara, Turkey, which were uncovered by excavations carried out in 1937-1944, and have subsequently been opened to the public as an open-air museum. The baths are located on a plateau, traditionally known as Çankırı Kapı, which rises 2.5 meters above the west side of Çankırı Caddesi, about 400 meters from the centre of the old Ankara district of Ulus, and has been identified as a höyük (tumulus), with Roman, mixed with Byzantine and Seljuk, material at the top and Phrygian

neg: Roman baths of Toledo de los Ríos square is high above the River Tagus. In Roman times water was supplied from one of the river's tributaries and entered the city via an aqueduct about 80m above the Tajo. There was a storage system using large cisterns. There is a section below a former church, the Oratorio de San Felipe de Neri. Another section was discovered underneath a building in 1986. Some of the remains can currently be viewed underneath a shop. Roman baths of Toledo The Roman baths of Toledo or Roman thermae of Amador de los Ríos are ruins of Roman thermae located

neg: Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths The Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths, also known as the Roman Baths Museum, is located in Caerleon in the city of Newport, south-east Wales. It is run by the Welsh historic environment service - Cadw. Roman Wales was the farthest point west that the Roman Empire in Roman Britain extended to, and as a defence point the fortress at Caerleon, built in AD 75, was one of only three permanent Roman Legionary fortresses in Roman Britain. It was occupied and operational for just over 200 years. The site of the baths was excavated in the

neg: Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths 2012. Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths The Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths, also known as the Roman Baths Museum, is located in Caerleon in the city of Newport, south-east Wales. It is run by the Welsh historic environment service - Cadw. Roman Wales was the farthest point west that the Roman Empire in Roman Britain extended to, and as a defence point the fortress at Caerleon, built in AD 75, was one of only three permanent Roman Legionary fortresses in Roman Britain. It was occupied and operational for just over 200 years. The site of the baths was excavated in

neg: Roman Bath, York Roman Bath, York The Roman Bath is a public house in York, England, built above an ancient Roman bath house. The facility apparently served the military personnel of Eboracum (Roman York). It was located near Eboracum´s fortress, built to house a legion (about 5,000 men). Baths have been excavated in another part of York which are believed to have served the civilian population. The pub occupies a corner site within the walled city. York is one of 5 cities that have been designated as an 'Area of Archaeological Importance' (AAI) under Part 2 of the 1979 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological

neg: Roman Baths (Bath) Bath and North East Somerset Council to contribute towards the cost of re-developing displays and improving access to the Roman Baths, by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport/Wolfson Fund, which was established to promote improvements in Museums and Galleries in England. Bath was charged with responsibility for the hot springs in a Royal Charter of 1591 granted by Elizabeth I. This duty has now passed to Bath and North East Somerset Council, who carry out monitoring of pressure, temperature and flow rates. The thermal waters contain sodium, calcium, chloride and sulphate ions in high concentrations. The Roman Baths are

neg: Architecture of Portugal of a Roman village are those of Conimbriga, located near Coimbra. The excavations revealed city walls, baths, the forum, an aqueduct, an amphitheatre, and houses for the middle classes ("insulae"), as well as luxurious mansions ("domus") with central courtyards decorated with mosaics. Another important excavated Roman village is Miróbriga, near Santiago do Cacém, with a well preserved Roman temple, baths, a bridge and the vestiges of the only Roman hippodrome known in Portugal. In the hinterland, wealthy Romans established villae, country houses dedicated to agriculture. Many villae contained facilities likes baths and were decorated with mosaics and paintings. Important sites

neg: Moorish Baths, Gibraltar Moorish Baths, Gibraltar The Moorish Baths are located in the basement of the Gibraltar Museum in the city of Gibraltar, a British overseas territory. One of the best-preserved Moorish bath houses in Europe, the early 14th century baths bear resemblance to the Roman hypocaust system, and have four chambers with pillars. The museum, founded on 23 July 1930, is situated on Bomb House Lane, branching from the main street. It is opposite the Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned. The baths, located within the museum's basement level, can be accessed only from the interior of the museum. The baths were

neg: Roman Baths (Potsdam) been used as a bathing facility, came into being thanks purely to the romantic fantasy of the royal Italophile. The names of the rooms connote a mixture of antique villas and Roman baths. The atrium, the courtyard of a Roman house, is the reception area. The Impluvium, actually only a glorified rainwater-collection device, gives its name to the whole room in which it is located. The Viridarium (greenhouse) is actually a small garden. Additional names associated with Roman thermal baths are Apodyterium for the changing room and Caldarium. The whole nostalgic creation is on the bank of an artificial lake

neg: Steambath Steambath A steambath is a steam-filled room for the purpose of relaxation and cleansing. It has a long history, going back to Greek and Roman times. The origins of the steam bath come from the Roman bath, which began during the height of the Roman Empire. Ancient Roman baths served many community and social functions within Roman society. Many citizens in Rome used Roman public baths, regardless of socioeconomic status. These Roman baths were supplied by natural hot springs from beneath the ground. Historical parts of a spa – Roman, medieval, Georgian and Victorian have been restored in Bath, England

neg: Roman Bath, York Areas Act. Unlike The Six Bells in St Albans, which also is built above a bath house, the Roman remains may be visited. A fee is payable. Not all the site has been excavated, but the caldarium is visible. There are other examples in the UK of Roman baths serving forts, for example the infrastructure at Caerleon, also a legionary fortress, where there was a frigidarium, tepidarium and caldarium, as well as an open-air swimming pool. Roman Bath, York The Roman Bath is a public house in York, England, built above an ancient Roman bath house. The facility apparently served

neg: Ourense There are several places called pozas, with or without entrance fee, where you can have a bath outdoors. One of them is located inside the old town, relating to the ancient Roman tradition, as ruins of a Roman bath were discovered and are now open to visitors. There are more hot springs located along the river Miño: A Chavasqueira, Manantial-bouvette do Tinteiro, Burga do Muíño, Burgas de Outariz, which offer baths at different temperatures, ranging from 36 - 60 degrees Celsius. Ourense has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen "Csa"). Summers have hot daytime temperatures around , whilst winters are wet with

neg: Viroconium Cornoviorum Atcham, Wroxeter, and Upton Magna are largely built of stone taken from the buildings of Viroconium Cornoviorum. Some remains are still standing, and further buildings have been excavated. These include "the Old Work" (an archway, part of the baths' "frigidarium" and the largest free-standing Roman ruin in England) and the remains of a baths complex. These are on display to the public and, along with a small museum, are looked after by English Heritage under the name "Wroxeter Roman City". Some of the more important finds are housed in the Music Hall Museum in Shrewsbury. Most of the town still

neg: Bath, Somerset selection in 1987 as a World Heritage Site in recognition of its international cultural importance. All significant stages of the history of England are represented within the city, from the Roman Baths (including their significant Celtic presence), to Bath Abbey and the Royal Crescent, to the more recent Thermae Bath Spa. The size of the tourist industry is reflected in the almost 300 places of accommodation – including more than 80 hotels, two of which have 'five-star' ratings, over 180 bed and breakfasts – many of which are located in Georgian buildings, and two campsites located on the western edge

neg: Archaeological Park of Dion readings, plays, or musical performances in the complex. The shops and toilets were still part of the thermal baths. The so-called "thermal baths of the main street" are located east of the main street, opposite the wall with the stone armors and shields. The equipment was comparable to the large thermal baths, the area was only a lot smaller. The thermal baths on the market can be found at the north-east end of the Roman market. Mosaic flooring and a reception hall decorated with paintings are the special features of these baths. Built in the 2nd century AD, the Odeon

neg: Suburban Baths (Pompeii) house shared by men and women gives some insight into Roman culture and suggests that people would not have found this offensive. The images are as follows: - two show a generic male-female coital scene - one woman performing fellatio on a man - one man performing cunnilingus on a woman - one lesbian duo with a phallus-shaped sexual aid or dildo - one a threesome - one foursome - one naked man with deformed, huge testicles. Suburban Baths (Pompeii) The Suburban Baths are located in Pompeii, Italy. Pompeii (located in the Italian region of Campania) was destroyed on August

neg: Bathroom in their houses. Despite this they still made use of the public baths, showing the value that they had as a public institution. The strength of the Roman Empire was telling in this respect; imports from throughout the world allowed the Roman citizens to enjoy ointments, incense, combs, and mirrors. The partially reconstructed ruins can still be seen today, for example at Thermae Bath Spa in Bath, England, then part of Roman Britain. Not all ancient baths were in the style of the large pools that often come to mind when one imagines the Roman baths; the earliest surviving bathtub

neg: Terme Taurine Terme Taurine Terme Taurine, also known as the Taurine Baths, is a former Roman bathhouse complex located outside of the Italian city of Civitavecchia. The site contains ruins dating to both Republican and Imperial era Rome, with the oldest structures at Terme Taurine having been built in the first century BC. In modern era, the baths are considered an archaeological park. Terme Taurine was first established on a hill overlooking Civitavecchia during the Roman Republican era in the 86 B.C. The bathhouse was known as the Taurine Baths in reference to the nearby village of Aquae Tauri, which is no

neg: Architecture of Paris the Roman governor's palace stood where the Palais de Justice is located today. The right bank was largely undeveloped. The city grew up the Left Bank, on the slopes of Mount Saint-Geneviève. The Roman forum was on the summit of the hill, under the present Rue Soufflot, between the boulevard Saint-Michel and rue Saint-Jacques, The Roman town had three large baths near the forum, supplied with water by a 46-kilometer-long aqueduct. Vestiges of one bath, the Thermes de Cluny, can still be seen on Boulevard Saint-Michel. It was the largest of the three baths, one hundred meters by sixty-five meters,

neg: Roman Baths, Beirut Baths is used as an artistic performance and concert space. The modern site is also home to Mediterranean-style gardens that contain a variety of medicinal plants once used in bathing balms. The Roman bathhouse was a meeting place for all citizens. Roman Berytus had four major bath complexes (thermae). The bather moved from warm to hot baths, through rooms of varying temperatures. Located under the floor, the heating system (hypocaust) located under the floor allowed the air, warmed by wood fires in adjacent vaults, to circulate between pillars of terracotta disks that heated the marble floor; terracotta pipes in the

neg: Bagnaccio Bagnaccio Bagnaccio is the name of ancient thermal baths that are still in use 8 km northwest of Viterbo, in the Lazio region of Italy. Viterbo is also known as 'La città termale' aka the Thermal City because of the many natural hot thermal springs that dot the nearby countryside. The Bagnaccio baths are located directly on what was the ancient via Cassia on the road to Montefiascone while the via Cassia now runs about 1 km east of the baths. The site was and is still marked by the ancient Roman ruins of Bacucco, a small baths complex on

neg: England there was a development of basilicas, baths, amphitheaters, triumphal arches, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, Roman forts, stockades and aqueducts. It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best-known example is Hadrian's Wall stretching right across northern England. Another well-preserved example is the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset. Early Medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of Hiberno–Saxon monasticism, to Early Christian basilica and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and

neg: Heidenheim an der Brenz where it placed its Carriage and Chaise Museum. The Museum in the Roman Baths exhibits finds dating back to Roman time. The Art Museum, located in a former Jugendstil bath, organizes traveling exhibits. It also displays in permanent exhibit the world's largest and most complete collection of Picasso posters. Located on top of Hellenstein Mountain and overlooking the city, the most important building and landmark of Heidenheim is Hellenstein Castle. Notable structures in the inner city are: Protestant Michaels' Church (former parish seat of the city), the "Elmar-Doch-House", the Crown Inn and Pub, the Lower Gate, Villa Waldemaier, the burgher

neg: Frigidarium laconicum/sudatorium, and the frigidarium. The Baths of Trajan were located 800 meters from the sea. These baths contained a double apse and were "paved with a remarkable mosaic representing the Triumph of Bacchus and the Dionysiac cycle." The mosaic is now at the Bardo National Museum in Tunis. Frigidarium A frigidarium is a large cold pool at the Roman baths. When entering the bath house, one would go through the apodyterium, where they would store their clothes. After the caldarium and the tepidarium, which were used to open the pores of the skin, the frigidarium would be reached. The cold

neg: Grand Pump Room, Bath Grand Pump Room, Bath The Grand Pump Room is a historic building in the Abbey Church Yard, Bath, Somerset, England. It is adjacent to the Roman Baths and serves refreshments including water from the baths' hot springs. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building since 1950. Along with the Lower Assembly Rooms, it formed a complex where social activity was centred, and where visitors to the city gathered. The present building replaced an earlier one on the same site, designed by John Harvey at the request of Beau Nash, Bath's master of ceremonies, in 1706, before the

neg: Roman ruins of Cerro da Vila The ruins are located in a semi-rural area; the archaeological station is situated 1500 metres west of the parish seat in Quarteira. These are the ruins of Roman villa constituted by two residences (the principal along the harbour), baths, necropolis, dams and fish salting stations. Of the two residences and baths, the only remnants are compartmentalized walls, including the impluvium, atrium and tablinum. There exists friezes of marble and fragments painted stucco that decorated the walls, as well as the remains of poly-chromatic mosaic pavements. Two rectangular tanks serve the fish salting "buildings". The necropole, which includes the remains of

neg: Miróbriga "tepidarium" (warm baths) and "caldarium" (hot baths) and a communal latrine. The halls are warmed by a hypocaustsystem that heated the floors of baths, which was located in the south part of the buildings. It was a subterranean system formed by pillars and arches, with tile, that allowed the circulation of warm air to produce heated environments, supported by kilns. To the east of the baths is a small, single-arch bridge, that provided access along the west-east access that leads to the ""forum"", an Imperial temple (to worship the Roman Emperors) and a temple dedicated to Venus. Between these two

neg: Roman ruins of Villa Cardillio and the craters, may have represented the cultivation of wheat and vineyard. There also exist vestiges of a ""frigidarium"" (cold baths), ""caldarium"" (hot baths) and respective ""hypocaustum"", as well as a pool, to the west of the""peristylum"". These "thermal" zones are actually over older deposits, of which two tanks still remain. To the north of the""ostium"" is a tank encircled by columns on three sides, which may have represented the atrium of an older building. Roman ruins of Villa Cardillio The Roman ruins of Villa Cardillio () is an archaeological site located in central Portugal. Situated in the rural civil

neg: Barbara Baths in 1610. Only the foundations and the subterranean service tunnels have survived, but the technical details of the sewer systems, the furnaces, the pools, and the heating system can be studied better than in the other two baths of Trier. Barbara Baths The Barbara Baths (German: Barbarathermen) are a large Roman bath complex in Trier, Germany. It is the largest Roman bath north of the Alps. It is designated as part of the Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier UNESCO World Heritage Site. For preservation, the baths are closed to visitors as of

neg: Barbara Baths Barbara Baths The Barbara Baths (German: Barbarathermen) are a large Roman bath complex in Trier, Germany. It is the largest Roman bath north of the Alps. It is designated as part of the Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier UNESCO World Heritage Site. For preservation, the baths are closed to visitors as of 2014. The Barbara Baths were built in the second century. The extensive ruins were used as a castle in the Middle Ages, then torn down and recycled as building material until the remains were used for constructing a Jesuit College

neg: Moorish Baths, Gibraltar that traverses Line Wall Road and has its source in wells south of the town. The conduit enters the garden from the road and continues under the rooms, ending in a cistern that has been dug beneath an interior patio. Moorish Baths, Gibraltar The Moorish Baths are located in the basement of the Gibraltar Museum in the city of Gibraltar, a British overseas territory. One of the best-preserved Moorish bath houses in Europe, the early 14th century baths bear resemblance to the Roman hypocaust system, and have four chambers with pillars. The museum, founded on 23 July 1930, is situated

neg: Ancient City of Damascus (2.8-mile) thick walls, pierced by the seven historical gates, the eighth gate was added later by Muslims. These are, clockwise from the north-east side: The presence of public baths (ḥammāms) in Damascus started during the Umayyad era, while some historians date them back to the Roman era. The Damascene baths were mentioned by a number of Damascus historians, such as Ibn 'Asakir (1106–1175 AD) in his famous book "The History of Damascus". In his book, Ibn 'Asakir named 77 of baths working at that time within the city. The historian Ibn Shaddad counted 114 baths located in Damascus in 1250

neg: Ancient Roman bathing decorated the interior and exterior. The Romans also developed baths in their colonies, taking advantage of the natural hot springs occurring in Europe to construct baths at Aix and Vichy in France, Bath and Buxton in England, Aachen and Wiesbaden in Germany, Baden, Austria, and Aquincum, Hungary, among other locations. These baths became centers for recreational and social activities in Roman communities. Libraries, lecture halls, gymnasiums, and formal gardens became part of some bath complexes. In addition, the Romans used the hot thermal waters to relieve their suffering from rheumatism, arthritis, and overindulgence in food and drink. Thus the Romans

neg: Għajn Tuffieħa Roman Baths Għajn Tuffieħa Roman Baths The Għajn Tuffieħa Roman Baths were discovered in 1929 during government works to cap a fresh water spring in the area. This spring, or a similar one, might explain why the baths, which needed a constant flow of large amounts of water, were built in Għajn Tuffieħa. The site, one of the many excavated under the supervision of Sir Themistocles Zammit, comprises a number of rooms. These represent the full repertoire seen in other Roman baths, including the Tepidarium, Frigidarium and Caldarium. There is also a latrine and a corridor connecting small rooms which are usually

neg: Lymington Open Air Sea Water Baths Lymington Open Air Sea Water Baths The Lymington Open Air Sea Water Baths (or "historic Roman Seawater Baths") is a lifeguarded open air lido in Lymington, Hampshire, England. Built in 1833, it is the oldest lido in the United Kingdom, and at 110 metres long by 50 metres wide it is also one of the largest in area. The baths reopened in 2010 following a campaign by local people who also completed the baths' refurbishment. The pool uses filtered and chlorinated seawater. Owned and managed by Lymington and Pennington Town Council, the opening season is normally from May to September.

neg: Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths late 1970s, and a curator was appointed in 1980 when the site was opened to the public. The Roman Baths Museum lies inside what remains of the fortress of Isca Augusta close to the National Roman Legion Museum. The baths museum has a covered walkway over part of the remains of the military bath house. There was a frigidarium, tepidarium and caldarium, as well as an open-air swimming pool. The baths museum is administered by Cadw, as are the remains of Isca Augusta within a short walk of the baths museum: There were over 40,000 visitors to the Baths in

neg: Quirinal Palace of Roman baths was built here, as the statues of the twins Castor and Pollux taming the horses decorating the fountain in the square testify. The Quirinal, being the highest hill in Rome, was very sought after and became a popular spot for the Roman patricians, who built their luxurious villas. An example of those are the remains of a villa in the Quirinal gardens, where a mosaic, part of the old floor has been found. The palace, located on the "Via del Quirinale" and facing onto the "Piazza del Quirinale", was built in 1583 by Pope Gregory XIII as

neg: Anglet no ruins of villas or baths, etc.). At that time, the regional Roman capital was "Aquae Augustae" (Dax) and the people living in the geographical area between Dax and Oiartzun (which included the commune of Anglet) called themselves Tarbelli. Furthermore, there is evidence that outside these walls, there were many potters who worked for the Roman cohort. The history of Anglet actually appears from the Middle Ages where it was discovered that the core of the oldest settlement is located in a rural area called "Berindos" which is Brindos (mentioned in 1083). There are some remains of a mill, dating

neg: Miróbriga Miróbriga Miróbriga ("Mirobriga Celticorum") is an ancient Roman town located near the village and civil parish of Santiago do Cacém, in the municipality of the same name in the south-west of Portugal. Archeology revealed that the town occupied the site of an ancient Iron Age settlement that existed since the 9th century B.C. With the Roman colonization a commercial area developed around the Forum. The baths, among the best preserved in Portugal, consist of two adjoining buildings, possibly for male and female use respectively. The residential areas are still little known. Relatively close to the baths, there is a bridge

neg: Mehadia The Hercules baths also are of Roman vintage known in that period as Thermae Herculis or Ponies Herculis. Subsequent to the fall of the Roman Empire, the place was deserted till it was restored in recent times (after 1735) and the springs are most visited (June to September are the best months for visiting the baths). The Roman road from the Danube to Dacia was close to this village. Recent archaeological excavations have further substantiated the Roman period rule in the region. Many inscriptions dedicated to Hercules which testify the Hadrian reign of the Romans are seen at the baths.

neg: Moorish Baths, Gibraltar Roman design. Vestibules are part of the main hall which, when in use, were screened to provide privacy to the bathers. Each of the four chambers has natural lighting provided by star-shaped openings in the roof. The room with the heated water, located at the northern part of the baths, has a large arched entry. The plunge bath is located at the southern end. Also noted are underground ducts which convey hot air from the boiler chamber. Excavations in the museum's garden uncovered a water conduit from the Spanish period. The conduit is thought to be connected to an aqueduct

neg: Hamamni Persian Baths Hamamni Persian Baths The Hamamni Persian Baths are an historical building of Stone Town, Zanzibar. The name Hamamni is also used to refer to the neighbourhood where the building is located. The Baths were built between 1870 and 1888 for sultan Barghash bin Said for use as public baths, and maintained this function until 1920. They are referred to as "Persian" because their construction was commissioned to Shirazi architects. The word "Hamamni" means "the place of the baths". The building had a complex structure with several rooms, including hot and cold baths, toilets, shaving areas, and a restaurant. Hot water

neg: Terme Taurine off, and the baths fell into disuse. In 1770 the Papal States began to excavate parts of the site and built an Italian-style garden nearby, which can still be seen. Terme Taurine Terme Taurine, also known as the Taurine Baths, is a former Roman bathhouse complex located outside of the Italian city of Civitavecchia. The site contains ruins dating to both Republican and Imperial era Rome, with the oldest structures at Terme Taurine having been built in the first century BC. In modern era, the baths are considered an archaeological park. Terme Taurine was first established on a hill overlooking

neg: Suburban Baths (Pompeii) aspect of the social and cultural workings of Roman life in Pompeii. The entrance to the Baths is through a long corridor that leads into the dressing room. Excavation of the Baths revealed only one set of dressing rooms and has led to speculation by archaeologists that both men and women shared this facility. This dressing room (known as the "apodyterium") is where archaeologists discovered erotic wall paintings in the 1980s. The dressing room then led to the "tepidarium" (lukewarm room), followed by the "calidarium" (hot room). The erotic wall paintings in the Suburban Baths are the only set of

neg: Conímbriga the Wall, and the Baths of the Aqueduct. The network of stone heating ducts under the (now-missing) floors are the most distinct structures in the Roman baths. The amphitheatre, dating from the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, takes advantage of a natural depression that surrounded the city to the north. The first was identified in 1993 by Virgílio H. Correia, and excavations began in 2012-2013. Part of the amphitheatre was located below local homes in Condeixa-a-Nova, consisting of three entranceways to the Roman structure. The 5000-capacity monument was , and underground, with some rural homes built using part of the

neg: Roman Empire people who lived in the "insulae". Similar facilities were constructed in cities throughout the Empire, and some of the best-preserved Roman structures are in Spain, southern France, and northern Africa. The public baths served hygienic, social and cultural functions. Bathing was the focus of daily socializing in the late afternoon before dinner. Roman baths were distinguished by a series of rooms that offered communal bathing in three temperatures, with varying amenities that might include an exercise and weight-training room, sauna, exfoliation spa (where oils were massaged into the skin and scraped from the body with a strigil), ball court, or

neg: Milk bath Milk bath A milk bath is a bath taken in milk instead of water. Often other scents such as honey, rose, lavender and essential oils are added. Milk baths use lactic acid, an alpha hydroxy acid, to dissolve the proteins which hold together dead skin cells. There are legends that Cleopatra bathed in donkey milk daily for her complexion. These legends have not been confirmed and some historians believe that Roman Empress Poppaea set this bathing fashion after Cleopatra's death. Queens Catherine Parr and later Elizabeth I of England used milk baths to make their skin appear more youthful and

neg: Architecture of the United Kingdom a development of basilicas, baths, amphitheatres, triumphal arches, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, Roman forts, stockades and aqueducts. It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best known example is Hadrian's Wall stretching right across northern England. Another well-preserved example is the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset. Early Medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of Hiberno–Saxon monasticism, to Early Christian basilica and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular

neg: St Andrew's Church, Wroxeter The sandstone churchyard gate piers were made in the 19th century re-using Roman masonry. The square bases came from farm buildings, the shafts of the columns from the Roman baths, and the capitals from an unknown source. They have a pair of cast iron gates, and are listed Grade II. St Andrew's Church, Wroxeter St Andrew's Church is a redundant Church of England parish church in the village of Wroxeter, Shropshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. Both

neg: Baths of Agrippa frequenting the private bath houses. A trip to the Baths of Agrippa, along with other private baths, was meant to be a pleasurable experience. According to Lucian, commenting on a trip to the Baths of Hippias, they were “brightly lit throughout, adorned with marbles from Phrygia and Numidia, and inscribed with citations from Pindar”. There appears one inscription that mentions a museum which was attached to a bathing complex where art was put on display and where discussions and lectures could be organized. Indeed, the baths of Rome have been recognized as social hubs within the Roman world, where members

neg: Spa architecture However, since the early 19th century there have been many parallels of architectonic expression between inland spas and coastal resort spas. There were spas even in classical antiquity. They owed their emergence to the healing properties of hot springs which were already known at that time. In the centre of Roman spas there were thermae or Roman baths, that were generally less symmetrical than the great imperial baths in their towns, such as the Baths of Diocletian and Caracalla, because they had to conform to the topography of the terrain in which the thermal springs were located. The most important

neg: Apodyterium Apodyterium In ancient Rome, the apodyterium (from "undressing room") was the primary entry in the public baths, composed of a large changing room with cubicles or shelves where citizens could store clothing and other belongings while bathing. Privately owned slaves, or one hired at the baths, called a capsarius, would look after belongings while citizens enjoyed the pleasures of the baths. A contemporary Roman schoolbook quotes a wealthy young Roman schoolboy who entered the baths, leaving his slave behind in the apodyterium: "Do not fall asleep, on account of the thieves." ("ne addormias propter fures, "CGL 3.651.10) If you were

neg: South West England at Ilchester. Salt was produced on the Somerset Levels near Highbridge and quarrying took place near Bath, named after the Roman baths. Excavations carried out before the flooding of Chew Valley Lake also uncovered Roman remains, indicating agricultural and industrial activity from the second half of the 1st century until the 3rd century AD. The finds included a moderately large villa at Chew Park, where wooden writing tablets (the first in the UK) with ink writing were found. There is also evidence from the Pagans Hill Roman Temple at Chew Stoke. In October 2001 the West Bagborough Hoard of 4th-century

neg: Roman Road, London Roman Road, and the Ethical Hall, 78 Libra Road, also hosted debates. Bow Baths on Roman Road was opened in 1892 to bring relief to the majority of local residents who relied on the tin bath, Victoria Park lake or the Canal Water for a bath or a swim. In 1896, the baths were used 176,000 times by a grateful public, and there are reports of queues outside every Saturday in 1921. It offered First or Second Class cold, warm and 'spray' baths, as well as vapour baths. It had a wash house and a swimming pool which had events

neg: Roman ruins of Casais Velhos investigators António de Castelo Branco and Octávio Reinaldo da Veiga Ferreira), whom excavated the conduit supplying the baths, as well as a reservoir and bath. The site is located in an rural environment, situated on a hill overlooking the dunes of Guincho, in the midst of pine forests that stretch for north of the village of Areia. The Roman "villa" comprises structures of that includes an upper-class "domus" with vestibule; a bath complex with three semi-circular baths, consisting of a "frigidarium" (cold baths), a warm room and transitional "praefurnium" (used for heating the air that circulated under the floor); and

neg: Baths of Caracalla contained at least 252 columns, 16 of which had a height of over 12 meters. Water was carried to the baths by the then newly constructed "acqua nova Antoniniana" from the major "acqua Marcia". The exact path of the aqueduct supplying the baths is not known as only a few segments have been discovered. The aqueduct connected to the southern side of the baths where it filled 18 cisterns. These in turn were connected by lead pipes with the baths proper. The baths followed the "great Imperial baths" blueprint for Roman baths. They were more a leisure centre than just

neg: Suburban Baths (Pompeii) such art found in a public Roman bath house. Explicit sex scenes (such as group sex and oral sex) are depicted in these paintings that cannot be easily found in collections of erotic Roman art. The paintings are located in the "apodyterium" and each scene is located above a numbered box. These boxes are thought to have functioned as lockers in which bathers put their clothes. It is speculated that the paintings possibly served as way for the bathers to remember the location of their box (in lieu with the numbering). The presence of these paintings in a public bath

neg: Salamis, Cyprus Roman period was situated at the northernmost part of the city, where a gymnasium, theatre, amphitheatre, stadium and public baths have been revealed. There are baths, public latrines (for 44 users), various little bits of mosaic, a harbour wall, a Hellenistic and Roman agora and a temple of Zeus that had the right to grant asylum. Byzantine remains include the basilica of Bishop Epiphanos (AD 367–403). It served as the metropolitan church of Salamis. St. Epiphanios is buried at the southern apse. The church contains a baptistry heated by hypocausts. The church was destroyed in the 7th century and replaced

neg: Hot tub In 737 A.D., Japan's first onsen opened near Izumo, Shimane, and centuries later the first ryokan (inns) were built, offering food, accommodations, and soaking tubs called ofuro. In ancient Rome there were three types of baths: baths at home (balnea), private baths (balnea privata), and public baths (balnea publica). The practice of bathing was so engrained that the Roman legions, during their long occupations in foreign lands, built their own baths at mineral and thermal springs in the newly conquered lands. Examples are found all over Europe. After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 and the rise of

neg: Archaeological Museum of Cherchell the Roman theater, Roman baths, and Civile Basilica are found on the outskirts of Cherchell. Archaeological Museum of Cherchell The Archaeological Museum of Cherchell is an archaeological museum located in the center of the seaport town of Cherchell in Tipaza Province, Algeria. The Cherchell Museum houses what are widely considered to be some of the best examples of Roman and Greek antiquities on the African continent. Cherchell was called Caesarea of Mauretania during the Roman empire, and was the rich capital of Roman Mauretania Caesariensis. Many artifacts from these various periods of Cherchell's former history have been uncovered by archaeologists,

neg: Germia Germia Germia was a city in the late Roman province of Galatia Secunda in Central Anatolia. From the time of Justinian I (527–565), who went there to take the baths, Germia became known as Myriangeloi (Myriads of Angels) because of its celebrated shrine of Michael the Archangel and the Holy Angels. The ruins of the Byzantine shrine are located in the village of Gümüşkonak, formerly known as Yörme, 8 km south of Günyüzü in Eskişehir Province, Turkey, as are the remains of the baths and of an inn that Justinian built. In the 6th century, the geographer Hierocles mentioned Germia

neg: Tubusuctu Tubusuctu Tubusuctu also known as Colonia Iulia Augusta Legionis VII, was a Roman colony founded by Augustus for military veterans and known for its olive oil. The town is located at 36.667565, 4.8462225 near El Ksour, Algeria and flourished from 330 BC - AD 640. The town lies in a valley on the left bank of the Soummam, occupying an eminence and the plain running along it on S and E, where there are still vestiges of ramparts. The ruins have suffered from the cultivation of the region. To the S of the eminence are important baths, 50 m square

neg: Roman Thermae (Varna) Roman Thermae (Varna) The Roman Thermae (, "Rimski termi") are a complex of Ancient Roman baths ("thermae") in the Black Sea port city of Varna in northeastern Bulgaria. The Roman Thermae are situated in the southeastern part of the modern city, which under the Roman Empire was known as "Odessus". The baths were constructed in the late 2nd century AD and rank as the fourth-largest preserved Roman thermae in Europe and the largest in the Balkans. Ancient Varna, first a Thracian settlement and then an Ancient Greek colony, became part of the Roman Empire in 15 AD and was assigned

neg: Roman Baths, Beirut Berytus Baths were discovered in 1968, then underwent major renovation in the mid-1990s. The Roman bathhouse was a meeting place for all citizens. Roman Berytus had four major bath complexes (thermae) and the first was created in the early first century under Augustus. An intricate network of lead or clay pipes and channels distributed the water from the Cisterns external to the Baths to the various pools of the Roman Baths. In the second century was probably visited by the emperor Hadrian. The terrible Berytus earthquake -that happed in 551 AD- destroyed all the baths. Today, the Roman Berytus Baths

neg: Agnano offices and barracks. The ruins of ancient thermal baths originally from the Greek period are visible although the existing structures date mainly from the Roman period of the 1st-2nd century AD. Magnificent mosaics and sculptures were discovered here. The remains are located in the grounds of the modern spa. They included an apodyterium, frigidarium, and several warm rooms (tepidaria, calidaria and laconica). The baths were probably part of a station beside the road from Neapolis and Puteoli and were fed by the Aqua Augusta (Serino aqueduct), which passed along the rim of the crater just above, as well as the

neg: Bathroom water drained away through a hole in the floor, down chutes or pottery pipes in the walls, into the municipal drainage system. Even the fastidious Egyptians rarely had special bathrooms. The Roman attitudes towards bathing are well documented; they built large thermal baths ("thermae"), marking not only an important social development, but also providing a public source of relaxation and rejuvenation. Here was a place where people could meet to discuss the matters of the day and enjoy entertainment. During this period there was a distinction between private and public baths, with many wealthy families having their own thermal baths

neg: Roman Baths, Strand Lane its refurbishment are still uncertain. A recent project sponsored by the Cultural Institute at King’s has indicated some interesting ways in which digital resources could be used to explore the Bath’s history and make it accessible to virtual visitors, but lacks further funding. Roman Baths, Strand Lane The Strand Lane Baths, at 5 Strand Lane, London WC2R 2NA, have been reputed since the 1830s to be a Roman survival. They are in fact the remaining portion of a cistern built in 1612 to feed a fountain in the gardens of the old Somerset House, then a royal place. After a

neg: Newport, Wales Roman Baths Museum. Newport Central Library is located within Newport Museum. In July each year an Arts festival is held in Caerleon and Roman Military re-enactment in the amphitheatre, the largest restored amphitheatre in Britain. The remains of the Roman baths, barracks and fortress walls of Isca Augusta can be seen at Caerleon. Caerleon also has literary associations to the legend of King Arthur through Geoffrey of Monmouth and later Arthur Machen (who was born in Caerleon) and Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote his Idylls of the King in Caerleon. The Newport Festival runs throughout the summer months with a large

neg: Ankara on the ancient acropolis of Ancyra was enlarged in the 2nd century and converted into a church in the 5th century. It is located in the Ulus quarter of the city. It was subsequently publicized by the Austrian ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq in the 16th century. The Roman Baths of Ankara have all the typical features of a classical Roman bath complex: a "frigidarium" (cold room), a "tepidarium" (warm room) and a "caldarium" (hot room). The baths were built during the reign of the Roman emperor Caracalla in the early 3rd century to honor Asclepios, the God of Medicine.

neg: Ebora Liberalitas Julia cities in Hispania in the "Historia Naturalis" of Pliny the Elder to the year 77 A.D. See Roman Temple of Évora Part of the Roman thermal baths is located in the basement of today's town hall. They are located about 100 meters west of Forum Square and about 10 meters below its level. Today, about 250 m² of the original building complex are covered. The preserved floor plans of the premises suggest a north/south orientation of the building. Among other things preserved is the laconicum . This round room with a diameter of 9 m has four semicircular apse extensions

neg: Greek Baths in ancient Olympia Greek Baths in ancient Olympia The Greek Baths in ancient Olympia are the earliest baths in the sanctuary and they are situated on the west side, outside the sacred enclosure of the Altis, near the bank of the river Kladeos. They were constructed during the 5th century B.C. and continued to develop throughout their use. In the 2nd century A.D. they were used as the foundation for the construction of the Kladeos Baths. They are called Greek Baths in order to distinguish them from the baths of the Roman period at the same area. The initial simple building with the

neg: Roman technology for their baths. The Romans worked almost all the coalfields of England that outcropped on the surface, by the end of the 2nd century (Smith 1997; 323). But there is no evidence that this exploitation was on any scale. After c. 200 AD the commercial heart of the Empire was in Africa and the East where the climate severely limited timber growth. There was no large coalfield on the edge of the Mediterranean. Nevertheless, in Roman Egypt all the essential components of the much later steam engine were first assembled by the Greek Mathematician and Engineer Hero: However, the aeolipile

neg: Billingsgate Roman House and Baths Billingsgate Roman House and Baths Billingsgate Roman House and Baths is an archaeological site in Londinium (Roman London). The best preserved parts of the house are a bath with hypocausts. The ruins were discovered in 1848 while the Coal Exchange was built on the site. The remains were preserved and were visible in the cellar of the building. In 1967 to 1970, the Coal Exchange was replaced by another building and the Lower Thames Street was enlarged. Further excavations were made at the site and the remains were incorporated into the cellar of the new building, but were not open

neg: Roman Baths, Strand Lane Roman Baths, Strand Lane The Strand Lane Baths, at 5 Strand Lane, London WC2R 2NA, have been reputed since the 1830s to be a Roman survival. They are in fact the remaining portion of a cistern built in 1612 to feed a fountain in the gardens of the old Somerset House, then a royal place. After a long period of neglect and decay, following the demolition of the fountain, they were brought back into use in the 1770s as a public cold plunge bath, attached to No 33 Surrey Street. The idea that they were Roman probably began some fifty

neg: Baths of Caracalla Hercules". Today the Baths of Caracalla are a tourist attraction. Construction of the baths was probably initiated by emperor Septimius Severus and completed during the reign of his son, Caracalla. They were inaugurated in AD 216. The baths were located in the southern area of the city, Regio XII, where members of the Severan family commissioned other construction works: the "via nova" leading to the baths and the Septizodium on nearby Palatine Hill. For work to have been mostly completed in the time of Caracalla, workers would have had to install over of material every day for six years in

neg: Aix-les-Bains and town centre. The life of Aix-les-Bains is located largely on its heights where its downtown, the economic heart, and its thermal baths (the National Baths of Chevalley and the Baths of Marlioz) are located. Indeed, the history of the town has made it a spa town. Aix was organized around this activity, which was initiated by the Romans. The lower part of the town, located on the shores of the lake, was abandoned because of the risk of flooding. The land was cultivated and there were fish farms. The economic activity is mainly on the upper part, and the

neg: Segedunum Segedunum Segedunum was a Roman fort at modern-day Wallsend, Tyne and Wear, England, UK. The fort lay at the eastern end of Hadrian's Wall (in Wallsend) near the banks of the River Tyne, forming the easternmost portion of the wall. It was in use as a garrison for approximately 300 years, from around 122 AD, almost up to 400AD. Today, Segedunum is the most thoroughly excavated fort along Hadrian's Wall, and is operated as Segedunum Roman Fort, Baths and Museum. Five places named Segedunum are known to have existed in the Roman empire, one each in Britain and Germany and

neg: Spa bath is revealed at ruins and in archaeological excavations in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The Romans also developed baths in their colonies, taking advantage of the natural hot springs occurring in Europe to construct baths at Aix and Vichy in France, Bath and Buxton in England, Aachen and Wiesbaden in Germany, Baden, Austria, and Aquincum in Hungary, among other locations. These baths became centers for recreational and social activities in Roman communities. Libraries, lecture halls, gymnasiums, and formal gardens became part of some bath complexes. In addition, the Romans used the hot thermal waters to relieve their suffering

neg: Bothwellhaugh Roman Fort bath house. Hundreds of artifacts were taken from the excavations on the site to the Hunterian Museum at Glasgow University. These include a Roman drain cover slab, a hunt cup, and tile with a paw print. Pottery from the site has established an Antonine occupation but how the site relates to the Antonine Wall remains unclear. The full catalog of the finds is available along with many sketches. The distance from the thermae (baths) to the fort suggests there are other, as yet undiscovered structures. Bothwellhaugh Roman Fort Bothwellhaugh Roman Fort is the site of a Roman fort, now located

neg: Roman Thermae of Maximinus the entrance to the thermae, is the apodyterium (dressing spaces), with natatio (cold pools), before entering the palaestra (gymnasium) or frigidarium (cold baths) followed by tepidarium (warm baths) and caldarium (hot chambers), which were heated by the hypocaust (underground structures formed by arches or pillars, which allowed the circulation of hot air) from the praefurnium (furnace). The site has not yet been total excavated, resulting in a number of archaeological and temporal questions. Roman Thermae of Maximinus The Roman Thermae of Maximinus (), are the archaeological ruins of a monumental building and public baths, whose construction was integrated into the

neg: Moulsham The present Moulsham Street follows the line of the main thoroughfare through the Roman town southwards to London. Long after the fort had gone, the Romans maintained an official presence in Moulsham, in the form of a grand mansion (located in the vicinity of what is now Roman Road), which served as a post office, civic centre and hotel. Roman occupation of Moulsham centred on the area defined by what are now Moulsham Street/Hall Street/Hamlet Road and Mildmay Road. The town was defended by substantial banks and ditches and contained public baths and a temple. The Roman town was abandoned

neg: Aventicum The Baths (known as "Thermen von En Perruet" or Baths at the Forum) were located directly east of the Forum of Aventicum. They were built during the expansion to a colony, sometime after 77 AD. They were financed by a wealthy romanized Helvetii family known as the Camilli. Aventicum Aventicum was the largest town and capital of Roman Switzerland (Helvetia or Civitas Helvetiorum). Its remains are beside the modern town of Avenches. The city was probably created "ex nihilo" in the early 1st century AD, as the capital of the recently conquered territory of the Helvetii, across the road that

neg: Rusazus a necropolis and the ruins of baths, temples, and Roman-era embankments. The Roman town had a Christian bishopric (). It was revived in the 20th century as a Roman Catholic titular see. Rusazus Rusazus was a Phoenician, Carthaginian, and Roman town located near Cape Corbelin, Algeria. Its ruins are near the town of Azeffoun. () was the Phoenician and Punic name of Cape Corbelin and meant "Cape of the Strong One" or "Cape of the Fort". It was hellenized as "Rhousazoûs" () and latinized variously as Rusazus, Rusazu, Rusazis, Ruseius, and Rusadum. As to which "Strong One" might have been

neg: Ancient Roman bathing a steam, and finally into the "frigidarium" (cold room) with its tank of cold water. The caldarium, heated by a brazier underneath the hollow floor, contained cold-water basins which the bather could use for cooling. After taking this series of sweat and/or immersion baths, the bather returned to the cooler tepidarium for a massage with oils and final scraping with metal implements called strigils. Some baths also contained a "laconium" (a dry, resting room) where the bather completed the process by resting and sweating. The layout of Roman baths contained other architectural features of note. Because wealthy Romans brought slaves

neg: Baths of Nero (Pisa) and 17th centuries by command of Cosimo III, excavated in 1881 by Clemente Lupi, fenced off in 1938 (after the demolition of some neighbouring houses) and finally fully restored in 1947. A covering dome was installed but this was worn out by the weather by 2007, when it was replaced. Baths of Nero (Pisa) The Baths of Nero (Italian - "Bagni di Nerone") are an archaeological site near the Porta a Lucca in Pisa, then the Roman city of Colonia Pisana. Now below street level, they are the only Roman remains still standing in the city and form a thermae

neg: Baths of Nero (Pisa) Baths of Nero (Pisa) The Baths of Nero (Italian - "Bagni di Nerone") are an archaeological site near the Porta a Lucca in Pisa, then the Roman city of Colonia Pisana. Now below street level, they are the only Roman remains still standing in the city and form a thermae complex. They were given the misnomer 'of Nero' in the medieval period, when they were believed to have been part of a palace - the earliest level actually dates to the final decades of the 1st century, during the reign of Domitian, as suggested by the use of the "opus

neg: Aquae Flaviae mining region from which gold is extracted. It is also located in a strategic place between the Roman cities of Bracara and Asturica, as well as the mining districts of Três Minas and Jales, located southwest of the civitates. Little is known of the urban fabric although there are some important points: an aqueduct supplied water from a reservoir and dam in Abobeleira, there was a theatre/amphitheatre, vestiges of a necropolis and sections of a wall. With respect to the thermal activity, the lack of archaeological excavations means that little is known as of the alleged ancient Roman baths. Modern

neg: Bath, Somerset place being given to The Shambles in York. Milsom Street was also awarded "Britain's Best Fashion Street" in the 11,000-strong vote. There are many Roman archaeological sites throughout the central area of the city. The baths themselves are about below the present city street level. Around the hot springs, Roman foundations, pillar bases, and baths can still be seen, however all the stonework above the level of the baths is from more recent periods. Bath Abbey was a Norman church built on earlier foundations. The present building dates from the early 16th century and shows a late Perpendicular style with