query: when did food stamps change to a card

pos: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program of their 1:1 value ratio with actual currency, the coupons were printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Their rectangular shape resembled a U.S. dollar bill (although about one-half the size), including intaglio printing on high-quality paper with watermarks. In the late 1990s, the Food Stamp Program was revamped, with some states phasing out actual stamps in favor of a specialized debit card system known as Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT), provided by private contractors. EBT has been implemented in all states since June 2004. Each month, SNAP benefits are directly deposited into the household's EBT card account. Households may

neg: State Printing Company name. The 162-year-old company – maintaining its activity- operates as ANY Security Printing Company PLC from 1 February 2013. The company’s short name is ANY PLC; the ticker symbol does not change. The main activity of ANY Security Printing Company is the production of security products and solutions which includes tax stamps, securities, food vouchers, stamps, paper-based documents and the security inks and solutions of the Document Security Laboratory. State Printing House produces the Hungarian card based ID documents in consortium: the personal ID card, the driving licence, the motor vehicle ownership card, and the student ID card. Besides card

neg: Ration stamp Ration stamp A ration stamp or ration card is a stamp or card issued by a government to allow the holder to obtain food or other commodities that are in short supply during wartime or in other emergency situations when rationing is in force. Ration stamps were widely used during World War II by both sides after hostilities caused interruption to the normal supply of goods. They were also used after the end of the war while the economies of the belligerents gradually returned to normal. Ration stamps were also used to help maintain the amount of food one could

neg: Inventory Information Approval System presented paper food stamps; today, the customer swipes an Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) card and selects the "food stamp" account, and the register charges only the food-stamp total to the EBT card. The remaining balance must be paid for by other means. IIAS works in much the same way, but with medical FSAs, HRAs, or HSAs instead of food stamps: (Usually, the term "FSA" is used to cover all of them; HRAs, HSAs, and non-medical FSAs are relatively rare, and HSAs can also have regular debit cards though many of them have FSA debit cards instead.) IIAS does have one

neg: Ration stamp hold at a time. This was so that one person would not have more food than the other. Rationing has been present in India since World War II. A ration card allows households to purchase highly subsidised food grain, sugar and kerosene from their local Public distribution system (PDS) shop. There are two types of ration cards: Rationing was used in the United States during World War II. Government funds provided to poverty stricken individuals by the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program are often referred to colloquially as "food stamps". The parallels between these "food stamps" and ration stamps as used

neg: Food bank to grass roots efforts, as the latter could be unreliable, did not give recipients consumer-style choice in the same way as did food stamps, and risked recipients feeling humiliated by having to turn to charity. In the early 1980s, president Reagan's administration scaled back welfare provision, leading to a rapid rise in activity from grass roots hunger relief agencies. According to a comprehensive government survey completed in 2002, over 90% of food banks were established in the US after 1981. Poppendieck says that for the first few years after the change, there was vigorous opposition from left, who argued that

neg: Ration stamp in war time rationing is limited, however, since food can be purchased in the United States on the regular market without the use of stamps. Rationing was widespread in the United Kingdom during World War II and continued long after the end of the war. It has been credited with greatly increasing public health. Fuel rationing did not end until 1950. Ration cards were used in People's Republic of Poland in two periods: April 1952—January 1953 and August 1976—July 1989. Ration stamp A ration stamp or ration card is a stamp or card issued by a government to allow the

neg: My EBT of the card) to acquire a large array of junk food (mostly potato chips and soft drinks) from various stores ("never going hungry, swiping all day"), and attempting to, but failing to also purchase marijuana and alcohol on the card as well. As an excuse for the actions, the song also states that it is okay because "it's an E.B.T., it ain't food stamps." The song was also accompanied by a music video posted on YouTube, which featured Lafleur going around to various stores to purchase junk food using an E.B.T. card, much like what is described in the song

neg: Government cheese Those who received the cheese did not lose any food stamps and were not required to trade their food stamps in for the cheese. California was the first state to take the cheese; the first delivery that they received was for of cheese. Government cheese was provided to welfare, food stamp, and Social Security recipients at no cost to them. Government cheese was colored orange. It was distributed to low-income families through the Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program. Government cheese was nominally removed in the 1990s when the dairy market stabilized. Like traditional processed American cheese, it consists of a

neg: Food policy fuel, and international food security concerns. Ensuring adequate food for families and individuals living in poverty is also a centerpiece of any nation's food policy efforts. In the United States, this aid primarily takes the form of monthly benefits that are calculated based on family income, adjusted for certain deductible living expenses and household size, and can only be used for the purchase of foods. The program known for decades as "food stamps" was revamped and renamed Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in 2008 to acknowledge the change from paper food stamps to electronic benefit transfer or EBT cards. SNAP

neg: John Blyth Barrymore not remember if he met his aunt Diana Barrymore, who was also an actress. Norman Abbott, the director of the television show "The Munsters", requested that John play the role of Eddie Munster in the show. John's mother did not allow him to take the role, and in later years John thanked his mother for not allowing him to become a child actor. Like his father, John has had a sporadic career in film and television, mainly appearing in shlock horror movies and comedies. John found himself homeless in 2012, though he was able to get a food stamps card.

neg: Alameda County Community Food Bank enough food for the weekend. The Alameda County Community Food Bank works with CARD (Collaborating Agencies Responding to Disasters) to build their organizational disaster response capacity and share emergency readiness within their network of 275 service providers. Alameda County Community Food Bank The Alameda County Community Food Bank is a non-profit organization that supplies food to 275 Alameda County, California agencies including food pantries, soup kitchens, child-care and senior centers, and after-school programs, provides an emergency food helpline, teaches nutrition and hunger education, and conducts outreach about California's food stamps program CalFresh. Located in Oakland, California, the food bank distributes

neg: Hunger in the United States President Ronald Reagan's administration scaled back welfare provision, leading to a rapid rise in activity from grass roots hunger relief agencies. Poppendieck says that for the first few years after the change, there was vigorous opposition from the political Left, who argued that the state welfare was much more suitable for meeting recipients needs. But in the decades that followed, while never achieving the reduction in hunger as did food stamps in the 1970s, food banks became an accepted part of America's response to hunger. Demand for the services of emergency hunger relief agencies increased further in the late 1990s,

neg: Mac Thornberry billion from food stamps, which would have been the largest change to food policy since 1996. The House did not pass the bill. In 2012 Thornberry introduced the Smith-Mundt Modernation Act of 2012 to amend the 1948 Smith-Mundt Act prohibiting the domestic dissemination of propaganda produced for foreign audiences. In 2013 Thornberry introduced H.R. 2081, legislation to encourage production of all forms of domestic energy, including oil and gas, nuclear, and alternative energy and fuels. Thornberry has voted to open the Outer Continental Shelf to oil drilling. He has voted to bar the EPA from regulating greenhouse gases. He has

neg: Rationing in the United States government issued "red point" tokens to be given in change for red stamps, and "blue point" tokens in change for blue stamps. The red and blue tokens were about the size of dimes () and were made of thin compressed wood fiber material, because metals were in short supply. There was a black market in stamps. To prevent this, the OPA ordered vendors not to accept stamps that they themselves did not tear out of books. Buyers, however, circumvented this by saying (sometimes accurately, as the books were not well-made) that the stamps had "fallen out." In actuality, they may

neg: Electronic benefit transfer stamps were phased out in favor of a specialized debit-card system known as electronic benefit transfer (EBT) provided by private contractors. Many states merged the use of the EBT card for public-assistance welfare programs as well. The 2008 farm bill renamed the Food Stamp Program as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (as of October 2008), and replaced all references to "stamp" or "coupon" in federal law to "card" or "EBT." It is illegal for anyone to charge sales tax, surcharges or card processing fees from an EBT SNAP account, according to federal law and USDA SNAP Guidelines. New state and

neg: Provisional stamp Provisional stamp Linn's World Stamp Almanac defines a provisional stamp as "a postage stamp issued for temporary use to meet postal demands until new or regular stocks of stamps can be obtained." The issuance of provisional stamps might be occasioned by a change in name or government, by occupation of foreign territory, by a change in postal rates, by a change of currency, or by the need to provide stamps that are in short supply. An interesting example of issuing provisional stamps occurred during the Spanish–American War when supplies of stamps were low and the U.S. had occupation forces in

neg: Presentation pack Presentation pack A Presentation Pack typically contains a full set of a new stamp issue, produced for philatelists and stamp collectors. It normally comprises a folded card containing detailed notes about the stamps, a card with clear strips for holding the actual stamps, all held within a clear sleeve. The packs are usually sold at a price a little above the stamps' face value. Great Britain was one of the first countries to produce Commemorative Presentation Packs, with the first Presentation Packs being issued by the General Post Office in 1960, when the GPO was looking for a convenient way

neg: PHQ card four cards for Astronomy, issued 16 October 1990, both had the reference number PHQ129. Consequently, the number PHQ130 was unused. The first card issued was the 3p W.G. Grace stamp from the set of stamps commemorating County Cricket, issued on 16 May 1973, but not released until mid-July. Subsequent cards have been issued about two weeks prior to the release of the stamps. This enables collectors to obtain the cards before the issue of the stamps so that they can attach the relevant stamp and obtain First Day of Issue postmarks. When they were first issued, the PHQ cards were

neg: Tesco Clubcard across the world and developed a proposal which showed that a loyalty card could be very effective. The key change since the days of Green Shield Stamps was the ability to track individual customer behaviour cost-effectively using a magnetic stripe card. In 1994, Harrison attended a conference where Clive Humby from marketing firm dunnhumby was speaking. Dunnhumby was already working with clients such as Cable & Wireless and BMW, and Harrison approached them to help with the loyalty card project. Successful trials throughout 1994 led to the Tesco board asking Harrison and Humby to present to the annual Board strategy

neg: Passport stamp denote departure, or an arrow pointing right for arrival at the top left corner, and a cartoon of the mode of transport at the top right corner. Rectangular stamps for entry and oval stamps for exit make it visually easier to trace movements. The Hong Kong Immigration Department used to stamp the passports of visitors entering and leaving Hong Kong (residents using their Hong Kong Identity Card did not receive a stamp). Just prior to and after the 1997 transfer of sovereignty from the UK to the People's Republic of China, arrival and departure stamps were identical at all ports

neg: Trading stamp Trading stamp Trading stamps are small paper stamps given to customers by merchants in loyalty programs that predate the modern loyalty card. Like the similarly-issued retailer coupons, these stamps only had a minimal cash value of a few mils (thousandths of a dollar) individually, but when a customer accumulated a number of them, they could be exchanged with the trading stamp company (usually a third-party issuer of the stamps) for premiums, such as toys, personal items, housewares, furniture and appliances. The practice of retailers issuing trading stamps started in 1891 at the Schuster's Department Stor], Wisconsin. At first, the stamps

neg: Hunger in the United States hearings on the issue, and in 1969 President Richard Nixon made an emotive address to Congress where he called for government action to end hunger in the U.S. In the 1970s, U.S. federal expenditure on hunger relief grew by about 500%, with food stamps distributed free of charge to those in greatest need. According to Poppendieck, welfare was widely considered preferable to grass roots efforts, as the latter could be unreliable, did not give recipients consumer-style choice in the same way as did food stamps, and risked recipients feeling humiliated by having to turn to charity. In the early 1980s,

neg: Effect of World War I on children in the United States bond or stamp, he would record the sale and send in a post card to his local post office, which would then forward it to the bonds and stamps, he would receive an "Ace Medal". During World War I Camp Fire Girls helped to sell over one million dollars in Liberty Bonds and over $900,000 in Thrift Stamps; 55,000 girls helped to support French and Belgian orphans, and an estimated 68,000 girls earned honors by conservation of food. After the conclusion of World War I, the United States and the rest of the world changed. Those who were children during

neg: Jesse Helms strike to qualify for food stamps. Though he failed to gain reversal, his position drew the support of future Minority and Majority Leader Howard Baker of Tennessee and twelve Senate Democrats. Helms' position was upheld in 1988, when the United States Supreme Court decreed 5–3 that a law denying food stamps to strikers was constitutional unless the worker otherwise qualified for food stamps before going on strike. Justice Byron White said that the government must maintain neutrality in labor dispute and not subsidize strikers. As the Agriculture Committee chairman, Helms proposed repeal of the 1977 amendment which had deleted the

neg: Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico the United States over its effectiveness in helping poor families, and its impact on Puerto Rico's social classes and economy. Food stamps have been issued in the United States since World War II, but the program did not include Puerto Rico until the early 1970s, when U.S. Public Laws 91-671 of January 11, 1971 and 93-86 of November 1, 1974 partially extended the Food Stamp Program to U.S. territories. The Food Stamp program was later expanded to provide full coverage and benefits to Puerto Rico and other territories under Section 19 of the Food Stamp Act of 1977. By 1977,

neg: Trading stamp stamps in the United Kingdom as well but with the color changed to pink. 1965, the British co-operative movement was offering trading stamps as a new means of allocating patronage dividends to its consumer members. Trading stamp Trading stamps are small paper stamps given to customers by merchants in loyalty programs that predate the modern loyalty card. Like the similarly-issued retailer coupons, these stamps only had a minimal cash value of a few mils (thousandths of a dollar) individually, but when a customer accumulated a number of them, they could be exchanged with the trading stamp company (usually a third-party

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Pakistan own printing press. In 1961, the government decided to introduce decimal coinage into the country. This necessitated the surcharging of stamps to reflect this change. Six stamps were chosen from various issues as follows: The printing of these stamps was divided between two printers: Pakistan Security Printing Corporation (PSPC) and Time Press, Karachi. The former printed the 2 paisa, 3 paisa and 13 paisa (SG 126) stamps while the later did the 1 paisa, 7 paisa and 13 paisa (SG 127) stamps. In the printing the Times Press used as many as 34 plates; 17 for 1 paisa (ordinary and

neg: Postage stamps of Ireland glued into a folded card cover. Until 1988, when the Dublin Millennium booklet containing commemorative stamps was issued, all booklets contained only definitive stamps. Since then, An Post has issued both commemorative and definitive booklets, with three times as many commemorative booklets issued. In 1990 An Post issued the first booklet mixing definitive and commemorative stamps in one booklet and also on a single pane. Many booklet stamps can be identified by one non-perforated edge, though a few are perforated on all edges. On booklets up to 1977, the printing plate construction enabled both upright and inverted watermarks in equal

neg: Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in British Columbia into allegations of sexual abuse, human trafficking, and forced marriages by the FLDS resulted in no charges, but did result in legislative change. Church leaders have encouraged their flock to take advantage of government assistance in the form of welfare and the WIC (woman-infant-child) programs. Since the government recognizes only one woman as the legal wife of a man, the rest of his wives are considered single mothers and are eligible to receive government assistance. The more wives and children one has, the more welfare checks and food stamps one can receive. By 2003, for example, more

neg: Second Harvest North Florida for the distribution and provide volunteers. The sponsor may be one of SHNF's hunger relief agencies or a group such as a school, civic center or church. A SHNF truck loaded with 8,400 pounds of food is unloaded and will accommodate 237 family groups. The Federal Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides an average of $134.29 worth of food for 47.5 million people per month in the United States as of April, 2013. It provides low-income households with an Electronic Benefit Transfer card that can be used like cash at most grocery stores. This is the replacement for food stamps

neg: Digital stamp digital stamp seeks to duplicate or replace this and enable a paperless exchange of information that still manages to have a verifiable comment and review. Digital stamp A digital stamp in crafting, stamping, card making and scrapbooking is a digital image printed onto paper from the user's printer. Digital stamps come in a variety of formats, including PNG, JPG, and TIFF. Digital stamps offer many advantages over traditional rubber stamps because of their ability to be flipped, resized, rotated and easily stored. In addition, digital stamps can be printed on a variety of papers and cardstocks, and when properly heat

neg: Digital stamp Digital stamp A digital stamp in crafting, stamping, card making and scrapbooking is a digital image printed onto paper from the user's printer. Digital stamps come in a variety of formats, including PNG, JPG, and TIFF. Digital stamps offer many advantages over traditional rubber stamps because of their ability to be flipped, resized, rotated and easily stored. In addition, digital stamps can be printed on a variety of papers and cardstocks, and when properly heat sealed can be used with a variety of coloring mediums including colored pencil, copic markers, even watercolors. There are many digital stamping companies today. A

neg: 1869 Pictorial Issue their product. All during the 1870s and 80s these designs remained; and while some were reengraved and a few new denominations were added, the Post Office did not dare to change the general appearance of U.S. stamps until 1890. Pictorial designs did not appear on stamps for ordinary mail until 1893: and those issues were carefully promoted as a special series in honor of that year's Columbian Exposition—one that would soon disappear, leaving national heroes as the sole subjects for definitives. It was not until the series of 1922–25 that the Post Office again placed pictures on definitive stamps—confining them,

neg: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program vehicle limit they use in a TANF assistance program, if it would be result in a lower attribution of resources for the household. In the late 1990s, the Food Stamp Program was revamped, with some states phasing out actual stamps in favor of a specialized debit card system known as Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT), provided by private contractors. Many states merged the use of the EBT card for public welfare programs as well, such as cash assistance. The move was designed to save the government money by not printing the coupons, make benefits available immediately instead of requiring the recipient

neg: Political positions of Paul Ryan food stamps, Social Security disability insurance, Supplemental security income, and cash welfare (TANF). In 1999, Ryan voted in favor of the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which repealed some of the financial regulation of banking from the 1933 Glass–Steagall Act. He sponsored a 2008 bill that would repeal the requirement that the Federal Reserve System work to reduce unemployment. Ryan voted against the Credit CARD Act of 2009 which expanded consumer credit card protection plans. He opposed the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which strengthened financial regulation, characterizing it as "class warfare". Ryan "played a central role in nearly all"

neg: Public distribution system issue of coupons, vouchers, electronic card transfer etc. they can purchase commodities at any shop or outlet. The state government would then pay back the grocery shops for the stamps said the finance minister in his budget. But the United Progressive alliance, which came to power in 2004, decided on a common minimum programme (CMP) and on the agenda was food and nutrition security. Under that the government had plans to strengthen the food security program DS. However, finance minister Arun Jaitley in his budget speech went contrary to the idea proposed in the CMP and proposed the idea of

neg: United States Postal Service system were initially limited to hold a balance of $500, but this was raised to $1,000 in 1916 and to $2,500 in 1918. The initial minimum deposit was $1. In order to save smaller amounts for deposit, customers could purchase a 10-cent postal savings card and 10-cent postal savings stamps to fill it. The card could be used to open or add to an account when its value, together with any attached stamps, amounted to one or more dollars, or it could be redeemed for cash. At its peak in 1947, the system held almost $3.4 billion in deposits, with

neg: The Co-operative Group sector enterprises. Historically, members' sales would be recorded in ledgers in society's stores and at the end of the collection period a proportional payment would be made to the member. As the societies grew, and the number of members increased, the method of using ledgers became cumbersome. As a solution, some societies, including Co-operative Retail Services, issued stamps to members for qualifying transactions. Members collected stamps on a savings card and, when the card was complete, would use it as payment for goods or deposit into their share account. By the late 20th century the group's predecessors and then the

neg: Jesse Helms they did not constitute a subsidy but insurance. Helms offered an amendment that would have denied food stamps to strikers when the Senate approved increasing federal contributions to food stamp and school lunch programs in May 1974. In 1973, the United States Congress passed the Helms Amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act. It states that, "no foreign assistance funds may be used to pay for the performance of abortion as a method of family planning or to motivate or coerce any person to practice abortions." In January 1973, along with Democrats James Abourezk and Floyd Haskell, Helms was one of

neg: Hunger in the United States agencies, social service programs (e.g., food stamps), increasing their susceptibility to food insecurity. Food insecurity among undocumented communities can in some cases be traced to environmental injustices. Researchers argue that climate change increases food insecurity due to drought or floods and that the discourse must address issues on food security and on the food systems of the U.S. Another example may be large populations of undocumented communities along the Central Valley of California. Towns located across the Central Valley of CA exhibit some of the highest rates of air, water and pesticide pollution in the state. As of 2012, the

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of Cuba envelopes that were overprinted "CUBA." and "1c. (or 2c.) DE PESO.". By the late summer of 1899, the U.S. had furnished Cuba with its own Columbus design to replace the overprints. Likewise the first (and only) postal cards of the U.S. administration were a 1¢ U.S. Jefferson card overprinted with "CUBA.-1c. de Peso." and a 2¢ U.S. Liberty card overprinted with "CUBA.-2c. de Peso.". U.S. rule of Cuba ended on May 20, 1902 when Cuba became an independent Republic. The Cuban government of the República de Cuba issued stamps from its inception in 1902 until Fidel Castro assumed control on

neg: Definitive postage stamps of Ireland half of the front cover devoted to advertising, and until 1963 booklets also had serial numbers on the front cover: two numbers indicated the year of issue and serial number (in that order on the early issues but with the order reversed for later issues), until 1963 when the serial numbers ceased. Since 1983, most booklets are no longer stitched; the stamp pane, or panes, are glued into a folded card cover. Until 1988, when the Dublin Millennium booklet containing commemorative stamps was issued, all booklets contained only definitive stamps. Since then, An Post has issued both commemorative and definitive

neg: Eric Gioia Far too many New Yorkers make impossible choices among health care for their children, paying their rent or putting food on the table on a daily basis." Gioia introduced legislation to make access to food stamps easier, including putting applications online, and successfully pushed retailer Costco to accept food stamps at two of its New York locations. This has led many to consider Eric Gioia to be a hero in the communities he services. In a major victory for hunger advocates, Costco recently announced that after successfully accepting food stamps in New York City, it will begin accepting food stamps

neg: Craig T. Nelson guest appearance on "" as a "nemesis" of Gary Sinise's Taylor. His most recent films include 2009's "The Proposal" as Ryan Reynolds' skeptical father and 2010's "The Company Men" as a greedy CEO. From 2010 to 2015, he starred in the television show "Parenthood" as Ezekiel "Zeek" Braverman, the family patriarch. Nelson stated in an interview with Glenn Beck that he had been on welfare and collected food stamps. "I've been on food stamps and welfare, did anybody help me out? No. No." Nelson has three children from his previous marriage to Robin McCarthy. His second wife Doria Cook-Nelson is

neg: Presentation pack Go Packs were introduced in 2009 and have proved popular with collectors. Originally, these packs did not carry premium pricing as they consisted only of self-adhesive stamps on a simple carrier and information card. Royal Mail continues to issue these packs throughout the year, focussing on a specific theme. "Reproduction Packs" - These packs are produced to commemorate special British stamps. The first was issued in 2000 to celebrate the Penny Black. Significant attention to detail goes into the production of these packs, a source of admiration to collectors. For example, the Postal Union Congress London 1929 Reproduction Pack contained

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Continental in 1879 and took over the contract, printing similar designs on softer papers and with some color changes. Major redesigning, however, came only in 1890, when the American Bank Note Company issued a new series in which stamp-size was reduced by about 10% (the so-called "Small Bank Notes"). In 1873, the Post Office began producing a pre-stamped post card. One side was printed with a Liberty-head one-cent stamp design, along with the words "United States Postal Card" and three blank lines provided for the mailing address. Six years later, it introduced a series of seven Postage Due stamps in

neg: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program orange stamps equal to their normal food expenditures; for every $1 of orange stamps purchased, 50 cents' worth of blue stamps were received. Orange stamps could be used to buy any food; blue stamps could be used only to buy food determined by the department to be surplus. Over the course of nearly four years, the first FSP reached approximately 20 million people in nearly half of the counties in the United States at a total cost of $262 million. At its peak, the program assisted an estimated four million people. The first recipient was Mabel McFiggin of Rochester, New

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of the Philippines a carabao. The Japanese Occupation also marked the issuance of the first Philippine semi-postal stamps. Semi-postal stamps are those issued for the dual purpose of paying postage and raising some revenue for other activities of the government, mostly charitable ones. Ironically enough these stamps were prepared by the Commonwealth Government, but due to the sudden outbreak of the war were not released as planned. The original object of these stamps was to raise revenues for National Defense, but when the Japanese released them on November 12, 1942, their theme was changed to Food Production to suit the needs of the

neg: Blue Chip Stamps postage stamps) into books. The books could then be taken to a redemption center and redeemed for merchandise, such as lawn furniture, dining tables, table ware, and many other items. The redemption centers did not maintain a full inventory of items, but would order from a catalog on behalf of the customer. The loyalty program was funded through the overall pricing of goods in the participating retailers. With the recession of 1980, cost cutting caused the program to lose popularity, and the growth of credit card transactions competed for retail margins. As computerization developed, less-cumbersome loyalty programs were developed. These

neg: PHQ card intended to be just an occasional picture postcard for sale to the public at Post Offices and Philatelic Counters. However, right from the first card issued, some enterprising Stamp Dealers realised that there was a potential new Stamp collecting area, and stamps were fixed either to the face of the card, or the back, and postmarks for various cricket matches played between July and September 1973 were obtained. In August 1973 a second card was issued for one of the stamps in the set to mark the 400th anniversary of the birth of Inigo Jones, architect and designer. Over the

neg: Chunghwa Post Ma Ying-jeou publicly stated that he did not wish his inauguration commemoration stamps to be marked "Taiwan Post", because the name change was "illegal". The postal service marked the inauguration stamps with Chinese characters for the "Republic of China", as well as "Republic of China (Taiwan)" in English. On 1 August 2008, the company resolved to reverse the name change and restored the name "Chunghwa Post". The Board of Directors, as well as resolving to restore the name of the corporation, also resolved to re-hire the chief executive dismissed in 2007, and to withdraw defamation proceedings against him. Chunghwa Post

neg: Food stamp challenge Food stamp challenge A food stamp or SNAP challenge is a trend in the United States popularized by politicians, religious groups, community activists and food pantries, in which a family of means chooses to purchase food using only the monetary equivalent of what a family that size would receive in the US federal government Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), colloquially called food stamps. In 2015, this amounted to US$194.00 per person per month, or $6.37 per day. CNN reporter Sean Callebs did an experiment where he spent the month of February 2009 eating only as much food as what a

neg: Basic income Kansas which removes any requirements for welfare. According to the research - With no welfare work requirement or time limit, just one in five able-bodied adults on food stamps worked. Nearly 93 percent of them were in poverty, most in severe poverty.Since implementing work requirements and time limits, the number of able-bodied adults on food stamps has dropped by 75 percent.Nearly 60 percent of those leaving food stamps found employment within 12 months and their incomes rose by an average of 127 percent per year. That higher income more than offset the food stamps they lost, increasing economic activity and

neg: Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Co–Cz) when both were under Spanish colonial rule. Cuba, though still a colony, had its own stamps 1873–99. In 1899, colonial rule was ended and the island was under USA administration 1899–1902, but continued to issue its own stamps. Cuba became independent in 1902. Joint issues when both islands were under Spanish colonial rule. Issued for the islands Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten (which are now stamp issuers themselves) as well as Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius (stamp issuer is the Netherlands as "Caribbean Netherlands"). After the name change in 1948, stamps have been inscribed Netherlands Antilles. Since 1948, stamps have been

neg: Food desert This is one of the biggest road blocks when understanding food deserts. Based on the European or American understanding of food deserts the fact that there is access to supermarkets by definition would mean that Cape Town does not suffer from food deserts. Not only does Africa suffer from food deserts, but there is a direct link between climate change and the rapid growth of food deserts . While supermarkets are expanding to areas that once did not have supermarkets there is still a disparity when it comes to physical access. In the city of Cape Town asset-related urban food

neg: Sun Yat-sen stamps change the value (surcharge), or the use, (e.g. postage due) or both. The Japanese occupation of large parts of China during the war resulted in a great number of overprints and surcharges, mostly for use within a limited region. A number of these stamps received further overprints when the territory was recaptured from the Japanese. The Nationalists also produced overprints limiting the use of some stamps to particular provinces. This was to prevent trafficking in stamps during times of currency disruptions. As the Communists liberated various parts of the country they too overprinted available stamps including the Sun Yat-sen issues

neg: Card game close to that of the king, it was very easy to confuse them, especially after suits and rankings were moved to the corners of the card in order to enable people to fan them in one hand and still see all the values. (The earliest known deck to place suits and rankings in the corner of the card is from 1693, but these cards did not become common until after 1864 when Hart reintroduced them along with the knave-to-jack change.) However, books of card games published in the third quarter of the 19th century evidently still referred to the "knave",

neg: Food stamp challenge the Expected Family Contribution. Food stamp challenge A food stamp or SNAP challenge is a trend in the United States popularized by politicians, religious groups, community activists and food pantries, in which a family of means chooses to purchase food using only the monetary equivalent of what a family that size would receive in the US federal government Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), colloquially called food stamps. In 2015, this amounted to US$194.00 per person per month, or $6.37 per day. CNN reporter Sean Callebs did an experiment where he spent the month of February 2009 eating only as much

neg: Revenue stamps of Libya Marchio)" revenues were overprinted Tripolitania. When it was under British occupation in 1946, Stamp Duty "(Marca da Bollo)" stamps of the Italian Colonies and Bill of Exchange "(Tassa di Bollo per Cambiali)" stamps of Italian East Africa were overprinted B.M.A. "(British Military Administration)" for use in Tripolitania. In 1950 revenues of the Italian Colonies overprinted B.Adm.T. "(British Administration Tripolitania)" replaced these, reflecting the change from military to civil administration. These were replaced a year later with stamps overprinted simply Tripolitania, some with a new value in Military Authority Lire (MAL). Later that year Cyrenaican postage stamps were overprinted for Tripolitania

neg: Joseph S. Clark's and Robert F. Kennedy's tour of the Mississippi Delta change the regulations if your people are convinced there really are people in Mississippi who have no income?" Freeman agreed, and was eventually persuaded by incoming evidence to open up access to food stamps. Returning to New York on April 12, Kennedy exclaimed to the wife of one of his aides, "You don't know what I saw! I have done nothing in my life! Everything I have done was a waste! Everything I have done was worthless!" When asked about the Poverty Subcommittee's findings, Clark said that more resources needed to be allocated to the War on Poverty. He also

neg: Center for Community Change attempts to create resident-based groups to work on local issues of concern. The organization sponsors internships and training programs in several areas, including community organizing, service learning, union organizing, electoral engagement, and youth/student organizing. The organization provides resources for grassroots groups including campaign strategy, funding and social media strategy. In 2004, through the collaboration with immigrant groups, Community Change organized the Fair Immigration Reform Movement that "empowered immigrants to speak out." Community Change has helped to create government programs like the Community Reinvestment Act and the food stamps program. The organization seeks to create workplace environments that value family, to

neg: Postage stamps of Ireland on the basis it could cause "constitutional and political repercussions" and that "the change could be unwelcome." Since 1922, nine Irish definitive stamp series have been released. Besides different designs, there were changes involving the watermark and eventually doing away with watermarked paper, changes in currency were also reflected on the stamps: decimalisation in 1971, and Euro changeover in 2002. The first twelve stamps, the low values up to 1 shilling, were issued during 1922–1923, while the three high values, 2/6, 5/- and 10/-, did not appear until 8 September 1937. Designs included: "Sword of Light", "Map of Ireland", "Celtic

neg: Esther Houser science from the University of Texas. Houser became involved with Oklahoma federal social work when she was hired to help with the implementation of food stamps, a brand new program at the time. Houser worked for a year in food stamps and moved her way through several programs in the following years. She eventually noted to the supervisor of the Social Services Division in Oklahoma County DHS office that the state was lacking a program that dealt specifically with elders. After three years in Oklahoma County, Houser moved to Austin, Texas to work on her master's degree. In 1977 after

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of the Far Eastern Republic impressed stamp applied to show that postage had been pre-paid. Similar to the stamps the overprint consisted of the Russian initials 'DBP' meaning Far Eastern Republic (Dalne-Vostochnaya Respublika), and was placed horizontally on the imprinted stamp. Four different postal cards were used. Postal cards of 3 kopeks (1909), 4 kopeks (Romanov card of 1913) 5 kopeks brown (Kerensky card of 1917) and 5 kopeks reply card (Kerensky card of 1917) were overprinted. Tsarist wrappers of 1890 and 1891, the 1 kopek orange and 2 kopek green were used. Four different wrappers can be distinguished although some catalogues subdivide each 2

neg: PHQ card date a full set of cards has been issued for every commemorative set, and for some of the definitive issues. All subsequent issues of British Commemorative Stamps had a set of PHQ Cards issued. Like the stamps they depict, because of the printing processes involved, errors and differences will occur in the printings. Some of the notable differences and errors are listed here. Occasionally the post office issues Stamp Cards of stamps that are not listed as PHQ. This also includes copies of Definitive Issues. PHQ card PHQ cards are postcards issued by the British Post Office depicting the designs

neg: Presentation pack for the Queen's Silver Jubilee in 1977 and Scottish Wildlife Trust for the 1981 British Butterflies stamps. A more recent Private Pack was produced by the National Assembly of Wales in 2006, for distribution to its members. The pack contained a 2006 Celebrating Wales Miniature Sheet and a specially designed information card detailing the history of the Assembly. Presentation pack A Presentation Pack typically contains a full set of a new stamp issue, produced for philatelists and stamp collectors. It normally comprises a folded card containing detailed notes about the stamps, a card with clear strips for holding the actual

neg: PHQ card PHQ card PHQ cards are postcards issued by the British Post Office depicting the designs of their commemorative stamps. They are generally available to buy in main post offices about two weeks prior to the release of each new set of stamps. The 'PHQ' stands for Postal Headquarters. All items published by the Post Office are given a number which is prefixed by letters. The first card issued, on 16 May 1973, was numbered PHQ1, and the numbering sequence has continued to the present day. There are however two gaps in the sequence, and two duplications. The number PHQ24 was

neg: Blonde (Frank Ocean album) aforementioned "Memrise", although the track did not make the final track listing. On July 2, 2016, Ocean hinted at a possible third album with an image on his website pointing to a July release date. The image shows a library card labeled "Boys Don't Cry" with numerous stamps, implying various due dates. The dates begin with July 2, 2015, and conclude with July 2016, and November 13, 2016. Ocean's brother, Ryan Breaux, further suggested this release with an Instagram caption of the same library card photo reading "BOYS DON'T CRY #JULY2016". On August 1, 2016, a live video hosted by

neg: Passport stamp card is collected. Passport stamp A passport stamp is an inked impression in a passport typically made by rubber stamp upon entering or exiting a country. Passport stamps may occasionally take the form of sticker stamps, such as entry stamps from Japan. Depending on nationality, a visitor may not receive a stamp (unless specifically requested), such as an EU or EFTA citizen travelling to an EU/EFTA country, Albania or Macedonia. Most countries issue exit stamps in addition to entry stamps. A few countries issue only entry stamps, including Australia, Canada, United States, New Zealand, Ireland, the United Kingdom, South Korea

neg: Fernande Keufgens to a German munitions factory. Keufgens refused, however, to serve the Nazi army; she boarded the train to the factory, and jumped off before it arrived at the work camp to join the Belgian Resistance. After jumping off the train, Keufgens walked to her uncle's home. He was working with the Army of Liberation at the time. Despite initially protesting, Keufgens's uncle agreed to her resistance work, giving her a false ID card and counterfeit food stamps. Keufgens became a courier for the Army of Liberation. Keufgens had numerous run-ins with the Nazis throughout the war. On one such instance,

neg: Lyng v. Castillo Lyng v. Castillo Lyng v. Castillo, 477 U.S. 635 (1986), reversed a lower court's decision that the change in the statutory definition of a household violated the appellee's due process rights. The program rules for food stamps were changed in 1981 and 1982 which changed the definitions of households. The US Supreme Court ruled that the District Court erred in using heightened scrutiny to analyze the validity of the household definition. Earlier, the Supreme Court ruled in "Department of Agriculture v. Moreno" (1973) that a provision of the Food Stamp Act of 1971 was unconstitutional because a household, if an

neg: National Park Passport Stamps in effect when the program was established. In addition to the cancellation stamps, each year the National Parks Passport Program releases a set of ten full-color collector stamps featuring a photo and description of one park per region. Passport holders can affix these adhesive stamps to their Passport book in a designated space below which they can stamp the corresponding cancellation. The Park units featured on the stamp sets change each year. The stamp sets, dating back to their inception in 1986, are still readily available at most park unit gift shops for under $10, or on the internet through

neg: Revenue stamps of Nigeria Revenue stamps of Nigeria Few revenue stamps of Nigeria and its predecessor states have been issued, since most of the time dual-purpose postage and revenue stamps were used for fiscal purposes. The first revenue-only stamps were consular stamps of the Niger Coast Protectorate and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate, which were created by overprinting postage stamps in 1898 and 1902 respectively. The Northern Nigeria Protectorate did not issue any specific revenue stamps, but a £25 stamp of 1904 could not be used for postal purposes due to its extremely high face value. When these protectorates were merged into the Colony and

neg: Non-visa travel restrictions stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt. To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead that reads: "Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence

neg: Rationing in the United States The kind and amount of rationed commodities were not specified on most of the stamps and were not defined until later when local newspapers published, for example, that beginning on a specified date, one airplane stamp was required (in addition to cash) to buy one pair of shoes and one stamp number 30 from ration book four was required to buy of sugar. The commodity amounts changed from time to time depending on availability. Red stamps were used to ration meat and butter, and blue stamps were used to ration processed foods. To enable making change for ration stamps, the

neg: Sainsbury's Tesco's clubcard initiative as 'an electronic version of Green Shield Stamps'; the company was soon forced to backtrack, introducing its own Reward Card eighteen months later. For much of the 20th century, Sainsbury's had been the market leader in the supermarket sector in the United Kingdom, but in 1995, it lost its place as the country's largest retailer of groceries to Tesco. Some new ventures were successful, notably the launch of a retail bank, Sainsbury's Bank, in partnership with Bank of Scotland. In addition to Shaw's, Sainsbury's bought a minority stake in another supermarket group, Giant Food, based in Washington,

neg: Public image of George W. Bush with regards to health care in a time when it is increasingly unaffordable. Another example is Bush's effort to cut food stamps for the poor. In 2005, Bush called for "billions of dollars in cuts that will touch people on food stamps and farmers on price supports, children under Medicaid and adults in public housing." While passed by the Republican Congress, initially the "White House proposed the restriction". Bush received criticism for publicly using phrases like "bring it on" and "wanted dead or alive," both regarding terrorists. Sen. Frank Lautenberg, D-N.J., called Bush's language "irresponsible and inciteful". "I am shaking

neg: John Demjanjuk in March 1942 at which time his seal was destroyed. The three identity cards supplied by the KGB that the experts had used to compare their paper and ink with Demjanjuk's card to prove its authenticity were also disputed. Among other contentions such as graphic inconsistencies, the cards, all dated 1942, carried Waffen SS stamps despite their not taking control of the Trawniki camp until 1943. Two bore the signature of Corporal Teufel when he was at that time a sergeant while the other card which had been issued earlier in the year when Teufel was still a corporal, had

neg: Desire Projects basically removed from the rest of the city of New Orleans not only in geography but in culture as well. About 61% of the families in Desire lived on less than $3,000 a year. People who got food-stamps would be targeted and threatened. The day people received their welfare was also the day the food market would make prices higher. The results of this report by Tucker were an eleven pointed plan weeks before the shootout given to the mayor in attempts to change some conditions in Desire for the better. This film "Desire" documents a five-year collaborative effect between

neg: Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements USCIS's Burlington Financial Center, and methods of payment include credit card and check. For a customer agency to sign up to use SAVE, the agency must agree to SAVE's Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) (sometimes also called a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)) or Computer Matching Agreement (CMA). This covers a range of topics: Specific USCIS guidance on (3) is included below. For applicants for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP; colloquially called "food stamps"): For applicants for other programs: The use of SAVE is governed by a number of federal and state rules, with some rules requiring the use of SAVE

neg: Mauritius "Post Office" stamps had arrived in Mauritius in 1838 as a stowaway, thrown off a commercial vessel bound for Sydney. He was not a watch-maker, although he may have turned his hand to watch repairs; not half-blind; and certainly not old; he was born in 1816 and was therefore 31 years old when he engraved the stamps in 1847. In addition, several rubber stamps used in Mauritius on letters prior to these stamps also used the words "Post Office", as did the first two stamps issued by the United States in July 1847. The Mauritius "Post Office" stamps were unknown to the philatelic

neg: Yum cha for leftovers as well as minimizing waste food or ingredients. A few restaurants use both approaches to serving, making use of push-trolleys during peak hours and switching to on-demand ordering in less busier periods. The cost of a meal was traditionally calculated by the number and size of dishes left on the patron's table at the end. In modern "yum cha" restaurants, dim sum servers sometimes mark orders by stamping a card on the table. Servers in some restaurants use different stamps so that sales statistics for each server can be recorded. It is customary to pour tea for others

neg: Southern strategy campaign statements as "seemingly race neutral", but explained how whites interpret this in a racial manner, citing a Democratic National Committee funded study conducted by Communications Research Group. Though Reagan did not overtly mention the race of the welfare recipient, the unstated impression in whites' minds were black people and Reagan's rhetoric resonated with Southern white perceptions of black people. Aistrup argued that one example of Reagan field-testing coded language in the South was a reference to an unscrupulous man using food stamps as a "strapping young buck". When informed of the offensive connotations of the term, Reagan defended his

neg: Noah Hoover Mennonite groups. They are rather intentionalist minded than ultra traditional. The Noah Hoover Mennonites have a complicated history because they did not just separate from one other Old Order Mennonites group but emerged from a series of splits and mergers of different Old Order groups. The events that led to the Noah Hoover Mennonites as an independent group of Old Order Mennonites started in 1944 when a group around bishop Phares O. Stauffer left the main body of the Stauffer Mennonites in Snyder County, Pennsylvania, because they strongly opposed the use of food ration stamps during World War II. Traditional Mennonites

neg: KG-13 at Stonehouse were equipped that way and about 20% at Tract C. At the 7th Radio Research in South East Asia, about 30% of the KG13's had the card cutter style card readers. 13's equipped with the card cutters were operated on very high priority circuits with short cycles to change key material. Some were on 6 hour and others on 12 hour cycles". Typical key change cycles were once every 24 hours. The KG-13 did have a major difference in that in its latter years, it was equipped with a Card Reader Insert Board or CRIB. The KG-13 employed

neg: Lawrence Sheriff School lower school, blue for Sixth Form, and red for staff members). Display of the cards is mandatory for Sixth Form and Staff, though Lower School are required only to be able to present the card when requested. These cards are linked to the canteen section of the school and are used to buy food, and are scanned when a student wants to print something using the school printers. In the future, it will be used to access secure areas of the school, and possibly be used for registration purposes. In 2018 the cards were redesigned. Another notable change is the

neg: Susan Monica six days, Monica was sentenced to 50 years in prison for her crimes in April 2015. Susan Monica, who owned a farm in rural Wimer, Oregon, employed 59-year-old Stephen Dellecino as a handyman on the property. Dellecino disappeared some time in 2012 under mysterious circumstances. The following year, Robert Haney, a 56-year-old handyman, also disappeared in September 2013. Authorities arrived at Monica's residence on January 10, 2014, after it was discovered she had been using Haney's food stamps card, and confronted her with fraud charges. Upon searching her residence, they discovered evidence of human remains, which prompted a full search

neg: October 2013 mini-continuing resolutions for in this joint resolution, that were conducted in FY2013, and for which appropriations, funds, or other authority were made available by such Act under the heading "Department of Agriculture--Domestic Food Programs--Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)." Republicans argued in favor of the bill, with Rep. Robert Aderholf saying that "the WIC bill is the answer to Democratic complaints that the shutdown is threatening the nutrition of 8.7 million women, infants and children." Democrats argued that this bill did not go far enough because it failed to also fund food stamps. Although 22 Democrats did vote

neg: History of the United States (1918–1945) high levels of patriotism made it acceptable as people helped each other through the maze of rules. To get a classification and a book of rationing stamps, one had to appear before a local rationing board. Each person in a household received a ration book, including babies and children. When purchasing gasoline, a driver had to present a gas card along with a ration book and cash. Ration stamps were valid only for a set period to forestall hoarding. All forms of automobile racing were banned, including the Indianapolis 500. Sightseeing driving was banned, too. People had more money than

neg: Dueling Network a slash in deck construction.) Players were paired up by hosting matches or singles in the Duel Room. A player's rating did not change based on the outcome of unrated singles or matches. A leader board for this section did not exist. Traditional (Unrated) followed the TCG Traditional card list while maintaining the same additions as the advanced unrated section. All of the Forbidden cards were Limited. A leader board for this section did not exist. Unlimited (Unrated) allowed the player to have three of each card in their deck, regardless of the Forbidden/Limited card list. A leader board for

neg: Private overprint compelled her to move this stamping away from the stamps. There have been several American examples of postal cards being overprinted with a private overprint revaluation shortly after a rate change, including the Post Office Department's authorization of a special Pitney-Bowes Tickometer surcharge to be used to revalue postal cards in the possession of General Electric when the postcard rate went up to 3 cents in August 1958. The USPS also authorised overprinting of the 10¢ Tractor Trailer and 5¢ Canoe Transportation coil stamps. Private overprint In philately, private overprints or commercial overprints are overprints applied to postage stamps, postal

neg: United States v. Weitzenhoff The defendants relied on "Liparota v. United States" in their defense, case involving the fraudulent use of food stamps. There the U.S. Supreme Court had interpreted the word "knowingly" in the statute as implying actual knowledge of the legal violation. The Ninth Circuit distinguished "Liparota" on the grounds that it did not pertain to acts that cause public endagerment, and therefore criminal liability needed to be used more sparingly. The Ninth Circuit found more applicable the case "United States v. International Minerals & Chem. Corp.", in which the Supreme Court had held that when one handles wastes and dangerous materials,

neg: Halfpenny Yellow were the first Malta stamps to have a gutter in between the panes of the stamps in the sheet. Prior to this, the stamps had wing margins. In November 1879 the perforation was once again reverted to 14 and all subsequent printings used the same perforation. The last major change came in 1882, when paper watermarked Crown CA began to be used. These last printings are the cheapest versions of the stamp, and are catalogued at just €18 to €30 unused. A complete sheet of the final printing is also known to exist. In July 1883, it was proposed that

neg: Catherine Templeton food stamps, suggesting that the state should strictly limit the kinds of foods that could be purchased using food stamps. Templeton framed the proposal as an anti-obesity measure. The trial balloon received "plenty of feedback, both positive and negative"; the South Carolina Beverage Association objected to proposals to bar use of food stamps for sugary beverages. Templeton was director of DHEC during the Ebola virus cases in the United States in 2014. As director, Templeton tested Ebola emergency response protocols at Charleston hospitals. Templeton's employment as director of DHEC ended effective January 12, 2015. After her termination as director of

neg: Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day! three with those of other saved players. The player is also awarded stamps for each day he or she completes the puzzles. When enough is accumulated, the game unlocks certain features such as more puzzles in Training mode, Hard versions of these puzzles, and the ability to customize his or her own stamps. While the player is navigating the menus outside of the puzzles, Professor Kawashima appears to prompt and encourage the user. "Brain Age" allows up to four players to save profiles on one DS game card, and these players can interact with each other in several different ways.

neg: Magnetic stripe card were created by the airlines industry (IATA). Track 2 standards were created by the banking industry (ABA). Track 3 standards were created by the thrift-savings industry. Magstripes following these specifications can typically be read by most point-of-sale hardware, which are simply general-purpose computers that can be programmed to perform specific tasks. Examples of cards adhering to these standards include ATM cards, bank cards (credit and debit cards including Visa and MasterCard), gift cards, loyalty cards, driver's licenses, telephone cards, membership cards, electronic benefit transfer cards (e.g. food stamps), and nearly any application in which value or secure information is "not"

neg: Employment Policies Institute launched a campaign, Defeat The Debt, focusing on the national debt. The Employment Policies Institute argues that increases to the minimum wage also increase unemployment among groups of workers like teens and less-educated and unskilled workers. Economists have varied views on the impact of minimum wage laws. It weighed in when David Card and Alan Krueger concluded that a 1992 minimum wage hike in New Jersey did not decrease employment in the state. Card and Krueger surveyed fast food employers in New Jersey before and after an April 1992 increase in the state minimum wage (from $4.25 to $5.05 per

neg: Places in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Galactic Civil Service." The philosophers who had previously managed the galaxy were relegated to licking stamps. In , the aforementioned Vogon migration has not happened. Brantisvogan is a planet where Zaphod Beeblebox holds a bank account (in ), and where getting the Civil Service to acknowledge a change-of-address card is listed by the guide as "Recreational Impossibilities" (in ). The Brantisvogan Megalycee (Unidate 911VCK168) (in ) teaches the "Middle School Life The Universe and Everything" syllabus, where the Computeach imparts details of the sad tale of the "Shoe Event Horizon". Lintilla was cloned for a Brantisvogan escort agency (). Ford

neg: Food desert makes it easier for fast food companies to identify these target neighborhoods. This practice increases the concentration of fast food restaurants in minority neighborhoods. The likelihood of being food insecure for Latinos is 22.4%, for African Americans 26.1% and for whites, 10.5%. People who are food insecure often will find themselves having to cut back more at the end of the month when their money or food stamps run out. Month to month, there are other special occasions that may warrant higher spending on food such as birthdays, holidays, or other special treats. Because people who are food insecure are