query: who decides which laws are necessary and proper in the u.s. system of government

pos: Government procurement in the United States contractor. The authority to purchase is not one of the explicitly enumerated powers given to the Federal Government by Section 8 of Article One of the United States Constitution, but courts found that power implicit in the Constitutional power to make laws that are necessary and proper for executing its specifically granted powers, such as the powers to establish post offices, post roads, banks, an army, a navy, or militias. Behind any Federal Government acquisition is legislation that permits it and provided money for it. These are normally covered in authorization and appropriation legislation. Generally, this legislation does not affect

pos: McCulloch v. Maryland United States was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law was thus recognized in the court's opinion as having specifically targeted the Bank of the United States. The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allows the federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers if the laws are useful to further the express powers of Congress under the Constitution. "McCulloch" remains "the seminal case defining the scope of [American] federal legislative power and its relationship to state government authority." The case established two

pos: Necessary and Proper Clause powers, whereas this clause resolved that dispute by making the incidental powers to be expressed instead of implied. In a related case following the Civil War, the clause was employed (in combination with other enumerated powers) to give the federal government virtually complete control over currency. The clause has been paired with the Commerce Clause to provide the constitutional basis for a wide variety of federal laws. For instance, various reforms involved in the New Deal were found to be necessary and proper enactments of the objective of regulating interstate commerce. Indeed, the influence of the Necessary and Proper Clause

pos: United States v. Williams (1951) or officer" wrongfully to fail in a duty imposed on him by State law to perform or permit performance of acts necessary to registering or voting. In the course of passage through Congress several sections were added which had a larger purpose. One of them was derived from the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and was designed to "secure to all persons the equal protection of the laws." In a narrow 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court determined that 18 U. S. C. §§ 241 was instituted by the federal courts to prohibit only officers of the federal government from violating

pos: Criminal jurisdiction federal crimes, and state courts have jurisdiction to hear charges alleging violations of local state law. Under the U.S. Constitution, the power of Congress to enact criminal statutes is limited; the federal government lacks "plenary criminal jurisdiction." The powers of Congress to enact criminal laws "are not boundless." The U.S. Constitution mentions explicit authority for Congress in three areas: (1) counterfeiting, (2) piracy and felony on the high seas and offenses against the law of nations, and (3) treason. However, the "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution gives Congress "broad power to enact laws that are 'convenient or useful'

pos: Report on a National Bank and perform fiscal duties for the federal government. Secretary Hamilton regarded the bank as indispensable to producing a stable and flexible financial system. The ease with which Federalists advanced legislation to incorporate the bank impelled agrarian opposition hostile to Hamilton ’s emerging economic nationalism. Resorting to constitutional arguments, Representative James Madison challenged Congress’s broad authority to grant charters of incorporation under the “necessary and proper” clause of the US Constitution, and charging Hamilton with violating a literal or strict constructionist interpretation of the founding document. Despite Madison’s objections, the legislation to form the First Bank of the United States passed,

pos: Global warming controversy on 22 October 2009. The Sierra Club sued the U.S. government over failure to raise automobile fuel efficiency standards, and thereby decrease carbon dioxide emissions. In a lawsuit organized by activist organization Our Children's Trust, a group of plaintiffs aged 8–19 sued the U. S. Federal Government, claiming "the government has known for decades that carbon dioxide (CO) pollution has been causing catastrophic climate change and has failed to take necessary action to curtail fossil fuel emissions." On April 8, 2016, U. S. Magistrate Judge Thomas Coffin denied defendant's motion to dismiss, arguing plaintiffs have standing to sue because they

pos: Single Audit recipient's internal control system to determine if the recipient has proper safeguards that help manage federal assistance responsibly. After obtaining sufficient knowledge of that system, the auditor must perform audit procedures to verify the recipient's internal control system works properly, and the recipient's federal program operations comply with laws and regulations (e.g., the compliance audit portion of the Single Audit). As part of the Single Audit, the auditor must prepare and submit three individual reports to the recipient and to the federal government. The first report is an opinion, or a disclaimer thereof, on whether the recipient's financial statements are

neg: McCulloch v. Maryland do not need to be enumerated within the text. The case was a seminal moment in federalism: the formation of a balance between federal powers and state powers. Marshall also explained in the case that the Necessary and Proper Clause does not require all federal laws to be necessary and proper and that federal laws that are enacted directly pursuant to one of the express, enumerated powers granted by the Constitution does not need to comply with the Necessary and Proper Clause, which "purport[s] to enlarge, not to diminish the powers vested in the government. It purports to be an

neg: Unitary executive theory execute, provided that those laws are constitutional. Article I, Section 8, clause 18 of the Constitution known as the Necessary and Proper Clause grants Congress the power to "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution all Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". The Constitution also grants Congress power "To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces." The theory of the unitary executive can only be legitimate insofar as it allows Congress to wield its constitutional

neg: Necessary and Proper Clause laws for the accomplishment of objects not intrusted [sic] to the Government, it would become the painful duty of this tribunal, should a case requiring such a decision come before it, to say that such an act was not the law of the land." As Chief Justice Marshall put it, the Necessary and Proper Clause "purport[s] to enlarge, not to diminish the powers vested in the government. It purports to be an additional power, not a restriction on those already granted." Without this clause in the Constitution, there would have been a dispute about whether the express powers imply incidental

neg: United States Congress due process, and equal protection under the law. Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof." Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause, the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland, have effectively widened the

neg: Powers of the United States Congress of all citizens regardless of race, including voting rights, due process, and equal protection under the law. Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. Congress also has implied powers, which derive from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution and permit Congress "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof." Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause, the enumerated power to regulate

neg: Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist them, and even borrow laws from them, this is not only un-Islamic but also entirely unnecessary. The laws of God ("Shariah"), cover "all human affairs ... There is not a single topic in human life for which Islam has not provided instruction and established a norm." (p. 29-30, also p. 44) As a result, Islamic government will be much easier than some might think. The entire system of government and administration, together with necessary laws, lies ready for you. If the administration of the country calls for taxes, Islam has made the necessary provision; and if laws are needed, Islam

neg: Inverse problem for Lagrangian mechanics Furthermore, the critical points (and hence minimizers) of "S" must satisfy the Euler–Lagrange equations for "S": where the upper indices "i" denote the components of "u" = ("u", ..., "u"). In the classical case the Euler–Lagrange equations are the second-order ordinary differential equations better known as Newton's laws of motion: The inverse problem of Lagrangian mechanics is as follows: given a system of second-order ordinary differential equations that holds for times 0 ≤ "t" ≤ "T", does there exist a Lagrangian "L" : [0, "T"] × R × R → R for which these ordinary differential equations (E) are the

neg: NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007) 2009, only the second such public ruling since the enactment of the FISA Act. Article I vests Congress with the sole authority "To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces" and "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof." The Supreme Court has used the "necessary and proper" clause to affirm broad Congressional authority to legislate as it sees fit in the domestic

neg: Compact semigroup from "X" to "S", such that for all ("u","v") in "E" we have "f"("u") = "f"("v") in "S". Such an "f" is a "solution", or "satisfying assignment", for the system "E". Two systems of equations are "equivalent" if they have the same set of satisfying assignments. A system of equations if "independent" if it is not equivalent to a proper subset of itself. A semigroup is "compact" if every independent system of equations is finite. The class of compact semigroups does not form an equational variety. However, a variety of monoids has the property that all its memberss are compact

neg: Printz v. United States be coupled with the Necessary and Proper Clause, giving Congress the power to pass whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out its previously enumerated power. The Tenth Amendment, Stevens explained, contains no additional limitations on federal power, serving merely to clarify that the Government has only those powers granted by the Constitution. Stevens extolled the benefits of cooperative federalism. Federal direction of state officials in this manner is analogous to ordering the mass inoculation of children to forestall an epidemic, or directing state officials to respond to a terrorist threat. He was very concerned with the ability of

neg: Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation public-at-large, deciding a constitutional claim based solely on taxpayer standing 'would be[,] not to decide a judicial controversy, but to assume a position of authority over the governmental acts of another and co-equal department, an authority which plainly we do not possess.'" He also cited "Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife", 504 U. S. 555, 573–574 (1992) "a plaintiff raising only a generally available grievance about government—claiming only harm to his and every citizen’s interest in proper application of the Constitution and laws, and seeking relief that no more directly and tangibly benefits him than it does the public at large—does

neg: McCulloch v. Maryland of Congress under the Constitution would be useless if only laws deemed essential to a power's execution could be passed. Marshall also noted that the Necessary and Proper Clause is listed within the powers of Congress, not its limitations. The Court held that the word "necessary" in the Necessary and Proper Clause does not refer therefore to the only way of doing something but applies to various procedures for implementing all constitutionally-established powers: "Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end,

neg: Federalist No. 33 the Union," in other words, to guard against those who would seek to evade the authority of the Union by an overly literal interpretation of the constitution. In his essay he states that "'to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the powers by that Constitution vested in the government of the United States...and the treaties made by their authority shall be the supreme law of the land, anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.'" Hamilton proceeds to clarify and explain the clause and the purpose it serves

neg: Three Laws of Robotics "Evidence" Susan Calvin points out that a robot may even act as a prosecuting attorney because in the American justice system it is the jury which decides guilt or innocence, the judge who decides the sentence, and the executioner who carries through capital punishment. Asimov's Three Laws-obeying robots (Asenion robots) can experience irreversible mental collapse if they are forced into situations where they cannot obey the First Law, or if they discover they have unknowingly violated it. The first example of this failure mode occurs in the story "Liar!", which introduced the First Law itself, and introduces failure by dilemma—in

neg: Necessary and Proper Clause Affordable Care Act cannot be upheld under the Necessary and Proper Clause. Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in his ruling that the mandate cannot "be sustained under the Necessary and Proper Clause as an integral part of the Affordable Care Act's other reforms. Each of this Court's prior cases upholding laws under that Clause involved exercises of authority derivative of, and in service to, a granted power. [...] The individual mandate, by contrast, vests Congress with the extraordinary ability to create the necessary predicate to the exercise of an enumerated power and draw within its regulatory scope those who would

neg: McCulloch v. Maryland it is a "constitution" we are expounding." Fourthly, Marshall supported his opinion textually by invoking the Necessary and Proper Clause, which permits Congress to seek an objective while it exercised its enumerated powers as long as that objective is not forbidden by the Constitution. In liberally interpreting the Necessary and Proper Clause, the Court rejected Maryland's narrow interpretation of the clause that the word "necessary" in the clause meant that Congress could pass only laws that were absolutely essential in the execution of its enumerated powers. The Court rejected that argument, on the grounds that many of the enumerated powers

neg: Principles of '98 of uniformity in the interpretation of the national laws, decides the question. Thirteen independent courts of final jurisdiction over the same causes, arising upon the same laws, is a hydra in government, from which nothing but contradiction and confusion can proceed." The Principles of '98 were not adopted by any other state. Seven state legislatures formally rejected the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, and three others expressed disapproval. Several of these states asserted that the federal judiciary, not the states, is the proper forum for interpreting the Constitution. In 1803 the "Marbury v. Madison" case established the principle of judicial review

neg: Welsh v. Wisconsin functions to eliminate it from the system." Schmerber v. California, 384 U. S. 757, 384 U. S. 770 (1966). Moreover, a suspect could cast substantial doubt on the validity of a blood or breath test by consuming additional alcohol upon arriving at his home. In light of the promptness with which the officers reached Welsh's house, therefore, I would hold that the need to prevent the imminent and ongoing destruction of evidence of a serious Page 466 U. S. 764 violation of Wisconsin's traffic laws provided an exigent circumstance justifying the warrantless in-home arrest. See also e.g., People v. Ritchie,

neg: U-Report organizations and government agencies to apply the results in practice: in programs, laws, decisions. The project has two categories of users involved in the activities: u-reporters and u-ambassadors. U-reporters - people who are interviewed and the U-ambassadors are the young people who distribute the idea of the project, organize the work with U-Reporters. David Beckham, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, supports the initiative. In September 2015, Beckham spoke with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and Anthony Lake, executive director of UNICEF, in the building of the General Assembly of the United Nations before the recently launched Youth Assembly, installed by Google, which displays

neg: Political thought and legacy of Ruhollah Khomeini According to some scholars (Gheissari and Nasr) Khomeini never "put forward a systematic definition of the Islamic state and Islamic economics; ... never described its machinery of government, instruments of control, social function, economic processes, or guiding values and principles." In his plan for Islamic Government by Islamic Jurists he wrote: "The entire system of government and administration, together with necessary laws, lies ready for you. If the administration of the country calls for taxes, Islam has made the necessary provision; and if laws are needed, Islam has established them all. ... Everything is ready and waiting. All that remains

neg: String (computer science) that "t" = "usv". The relation "is a substring of" defines a partial order on Σ, the least element of which is the empty string. A string "s" is said to be a prefix of "t" if there exists a string "u" such that "t" = "su". If "u" is nonempty, "s" is said to be a "proper" prefix of "t". Symmetrically, a string "s" is said to be a suffix of "t" if there exists a string "u" such that "t" = "us". If "u" is nonempty, "s" is said to be a "proper" suffix of "t". Suffixes and

neg: Necessary and Proper Clause powers was constitutional. Marshall wrote: The court in "McCulloch v. Maryland" held that federal laws could be necessary without being "absolutely necessary", and noted that "The clause is placed among the powers of Congress, not among the limitations on those powers." At the same time, the court retained the power of judicial review established in "Marbury v. Madison", declaring that it had the power to strike down laws that departed from those powers: "Should Congress, in the execution of its powers, adopt measures which are prohibited by the Constitution, or should Congress, under the pretext of executing its powers, pass

neg: Tahrir al-Wasilah ungrammatical and peppered with Persian words no Arab would understand that it had to be almost entirely rewritten by a group of Lebanese Shi'ites before its eventual publication in Tehran in 1984." Another criticism is that as Khomeini's major work on Islamic law, the book's contents belie the author's later claims for the potential of government based purely on Sharia — Islamic law. Namely that: The entire system of government and administration, together with necessary laws, lies ready for you. If the administration of the country calls for taxes, Islam has made the necessary provision; and if laws are needed,

neg: Philosophy of mathematics In this view, logic is the proper foundation of mathematics, and all mathematical statements are necessary logical truths. Rudolf Carnap (1931) presents the logicist thesis in two parts: Gottlob Frege was the founder of logicism. In his seminal "Die Grundgesetze der Arithmetik" ("Basic Laws of Arithmetic") he built up arithmetic from a system of logic with a general principle of comprehension, which he called "Basic Law V" (for concepts "F" and "G", the extension of "F" equals the extension of "G" if and only if for all objects "a", "Fa" equals "Ga"), a principle that he took to be acceptable

neg: Federal government of the United States laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers". Members of the House and Senate are elected by first-past-the-post voting in every state except Louisiana and Georgia, which have runoffs. Congress has the power to remove the president, federal judges, and other federal officers from office. The House of Representatives and Senate have separate roles in this process. The House must first vote to "impeach" the official. Then, a trial is held in the Senate to decide whether the official should be removed from office. Although two presidents have been impeached by the House of

neg: 40 principles of invention to that time, as well as the registered patents. In Altshuller's opinion, every technical problem which has not yet any effective or satisfactory solution, nonetheless can be categorized in terms of its Main Technical Contradiction for the analyzed System. Therefore, it could be then analyzed using proper column and row of the Contradiction Matrix indicated, by correctly defined Main Technical Contradiction of the System, finally indicating the dedicated and suggested in process of finding the necessary solution - principles of invention. Altshuller noticed that process of evolution of any given System is nonetheless ruled by commonly existing general Laws of

neg: Augustus De Morgan superscript over and after a former. His inventory of the fundamental laws is expressed under fourteen heads, but some of them are merely definitions. The preceding list of symbols is the matter under the first of these heads. The laws proper may be reduced to the following, which, as he admits, are not all independent of one another, "but the unsymmetrical character of the exponential operation, and the want of the connecting process of formula_1 and formula_16 ... renders it necessary to state them separately": De Morgan professes to give a complete inventory of the laws which the symbols of

neg: War Powers Resolution the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen. This was partly in response to the killing of Washington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi, which the senators held in another resolution, subsequent to briefings from intelligence officials, was done on the orders of Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman. The War Powers Resolution has been controversial since it was passed. In passing the resolution, Congress specifically cites the Necessary and Proper Clause for its authority. Under the Necessary and Proper Clause, it is specifically provided that the Congress shall have the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution, not only

neg: Foreign relations of Finland Foreign relations of Finland The foreign relations of Finland are the responsibility of the president of Finland, who leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government. Implicitly the government is responsible for internal policy and decision making in the European Union. Within the government, preparative discussions are conducted in the government committee of foreign and security policy ("ulko- ja turvallisuuspoliittinen ministerivaliokunta"), which includes the Prime Minister and at least the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Defence, and at most four other ministers as necessary. The committee meets with the President as necessary. Laws concerning foreign relations are

neg: Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist simply not done what Khomeini said Islamic government by jurists would do. The goals of ending poverty, corruption, national debt, or compelling un-Islamic government to capitulate before the Islamic government's armies, have not been met. But even more modest and basic goals like downsizing the government bureaucracy, using only senior religious jurists or [marja]s for the post of faqih guardian/Supreme Leader, or implementing sharia law and protecting it from innovation, have not succeeded. While Khomeini promised, "The entire system of government and administration, together with the necessary laws, lies ready for you... Islam has established them all," (p. 137) once

neg: Forwarding plane Forwarding plane In routing, the forwarding plane, sometimes called the data plane or user plane, defines the part of the router architecture that decides what to do with packets arriving on an inbound interface. Most commonly, it refers to a table in which the router looks up the destination address of the incoming packet and retrieves the information necessary to determine the path from the receiving element, through the internal forwarding fabric of the router, and to the proper outgoing interface(s). The IP Multimedia Subsystem architecture uses the term transport plane to describe a function roughly equivalent to the routing

neg: Andrew David Irvine of which, if true, would be necessarily true, but none of which are necessarily the correct system of necessary truths. As Irvine puts it, "just as being "physically possible" means nothing more than being consistent with the laws of physics, being "logically possible" means nothing more than being consistent with the laws of logic. However, this leaves open the question of which logic and which consistency relation are to be adopted. S7 gives us the language to discuss the possible denial of necessary truths. S7 gives us the language to assert not only that some propositions really are necessary; it

neg: Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth the laws were discriminatory against the states and they interfered with the proper business of State Governments. The principal argument from the plaintiffs was that the changes to the "Broadcasting Act" contravened an implied right to freedom of participation and communication in political processes. They argued that this right to free political speech arose from the system of representative government which is provided by the Constitution, or alternatively, it arose from the "common citizenship of the Australian people." Sir Maurice Byers QC, who acted for the plaintiffs, paraphrasing former Justice Isaac Isaacs argued that the principle that governments are responsible

neg: Proper equilibrium Proper equilibrium Proper equilibrium is a refinement of Nash Equilibrium due to Roger B. Myerson. Proper equilibrium further refines Reinhard Selten's notion of a trembling hand perfect equilibrium by assuming that more costly trembles are made with significantly smaller probability than less costly ones. Given a normal form game and a parameter formula_1, a totally mixed strategy profile formula_2 is defined to be formula_3-proper if, whenever a player has two pure strategies s and s' such that the expected payoff of playing s is smaller than the expected payoff of playing s' (that is <math> u(s,\sigma_{-i})), then the probability assigned

neg: Quebec Resolutions have all powers necessary or proper for performing the obligations of the Federated Provinces, as part of the British Empire, to Foreign Countries arising under Treaties between Great Britain and such Countries. 31. The General Parliament may also, from time to time, establish additional Courts, and the General Government may appoint Judges and Officers thereof, when the same shall appear necessary or for the public advantage, in order to the due execution of the laws of Parliament. 32. All Courts, Judges and Officers of the several Provinces shall aid, assist and obey the General Government in the exercises of its

neg: S v Acheson as to whether to grant an adjournment or not. The word "necessary" in the section means "reasonably necessary" in the particular circumstances of the case, and "expedient," in the context, refers to what is advantageous or judicious or proper or suitable to the case. When an adjournment is sought in order to call witnesses who are not available in court, the court would, ordinarily, wish to satisfy itself as to The fact that these two basic requirements are met does not mean that the court must necessarily exercise its discretion in favour of an adjournment. Other circumstances which would bear

neg: Steiner system is called a Steiner quadruple system. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an S(3,4,"n") is that "n" formula_1 2 or 4 (mod 6). The abbreviation SQS("n") is often used for these systems. Up to isomorphism, SQS(8) and SQS(10) are unique, there are 4 SQS(14)s and 1,054,163 SQS(16)s. An S(4,5,"n") is called a "Steiner quintuple system". A necessary condition for the existence of such a system is that "n" formula_1 3 or 5 (mod 6) which comes from considerations that apply to all the classical Steiner systems. An additional necessary condition is that "n" formula_3 4 (mod 5),

neg: Berlin U-Bahn Berlin are not checked before entering tram, U-Bahn or S-Bahn stations. They are however checked by the bus drivers upon entering. On the tram, S-Bahn and U-Bahn, a proof-of-payment system is used: there are random spot checks inside by plainclothes fare inspectors who have the right to demand to see each passenger's ticket. Passengers found without a ticket or an expired/invalid ticket are fined €60 per incident. The passenger may be required to pay on the spot, and is required on the spot to give a valid address to which the relevant fine notice can be mailed (it does not

neg: Category of sets Grothendieck universes. (This is necessarily a proper class, but each Grothendieck universe is a set because it is an element of some larger Grothendieck universe.) However, one does not work directly with the "category of all sets". Instead, theorems are expressed in terms of the category Set whose objects are the elements of a sufficiently large Grothendieck universe "U", and are then shown not to depend on the particular choice of "U". As a foundation for category theory, this approach is well matched to a system like Tarski–Grothendieck set theory in which one cannot reason directly about proper classes; its

neg: Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth decided that a right to freedom of political communication was essential to the system of representative government provided for in the Constitution. The court expressed the view that the reason why Australia does not have a bill of rights is because the framers of the Constitution believed that since Australia had a system of representative government, which gave all voters an equal share in political power, laws to protect rights were simply not necessary. To undermine the system of representative government was contrary to this trust which the people gave to the Parliaments, and was not permitted by the Constitution.

neg: Artillery observer indirect fire weapon system, the guns are rarely in line-of-sight of their target, often located miles away. The observer serves as the eyes of the guns, by sending target locations and if necessary corrections to the fall of shot, usually by radio. In the US System the observer sends a request for fire, usually to his battalion or battery Fire Direction Center (FDC). The FDC then decides how much fire to permit and may request additional fire from a higher artillery headquarters. FDC(s) convert the observer's target information into firing data for the battery's weapons. In the British system the

neg: The System (2014 film) Khoosat) is a normal government officer who does not consider taking bribes to be a sin. Haider gets hooked by the local SHO (Shafqat Cheema) in a mob firing case. Ultimately after getting away with this case, Haider´s life takes a drastic change. Haider now sees the bigger and bitter picture of the current system, and how it affects everybody. He decides to do something about this system, and in the process, his education, family, friends and love are at stake. Four songs on the soundtrack were produced in India. The music director was Shailesh Suvarna, with poetry from Bollywood’s

neg: Welsh v. Wisconsin 387 U. S. 294, 387 U. S. 298-299 (1967) (same); Schmerber v. California, 384 U. S. 757, 384 U. S. 770-771 (1966) (destruction of evidence); Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U. S. 499, 436 U. S. 509 (1978) (ongoing fire), and has actually applied only the "hot pursuit" doctrine to arrests in the home, see Santana, supra. Our hesitation in finding exigent circumstances, especially when warrantless arrests in the home are at issue, is particularly appropriate when the underlying offense for which there is probable cause to arrest is relatively minor. Before agents of the government may invade the sanctity of

neg: Josiah Willard Gibbs "p", and temperature "T". He also introduced the concept of the chemical potential formula_1 of a given chemical species, defined to be the rate of the increase in "U" associated with the increase in the number "N" of molecules of that species (at constant entropy and volume). Thus, it was Gibbs who first combined the first and second laws of thermodynamics by expressing the infinitesimal change in the internal energy, d"U", of a closed system in the form: formula_2 where "T" is the absolute temperature, "p" is the pressure, d"S" is an infinitesimal change in entropy and d"V" is an

neg: MNS antigen system MNS antigen system The MNS antigen system is a human blood group system based upon two genes (glycophorin A and glycophorin B) on chromosome 4. There are currently 46 antigens in the system, but the five most important are called M, N, S, s, and U. The system can be thought of as two separate groups: the M and N antigens are at one location on the ECM and S, s, and U are on a closely related location. The two groups are very closely located together on chromosome 4 and are inherited as a haplotype. The MN blood group

neg: George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax a fresh constitution to the New England colonies, he urged with great warmth "that there could be no doubt whatever but that the same laws which are in force in England should also be established in a country inhabited by Englishmen and that an absolute government is neither so happy nor so safe as that which is tempered by laws and which sets bounds to the authority of the prince," and declared that he could not "live under a king who should have it in his power to take, whenever he thought proper, the money he has in his pocket."

neg: Enumerated powers (United States) courts to determine what means are "necessary and proper" in executing one of its enumerated powers. It is often known as the "elastic clause" because of the great amount of leeway in interpretation it allows; depending on the interpretation, it can be "stretched" to expand the powers of Congress, or allowed to "contract", limiting Congress. In practical usage, the clause has been paired with the Commerce Clause in particular to provide the constitutional basis for a wide variety of federal laws. The defining example of the Necessary and Proper Clause in U.S. history was "McCulloch v. Maryland" in 1819. The

neg: Alpha Fornacis the List of IAU-approved Star Names. Alpha Fornacis has a high proper motion and the system displays an excess of infrared emission, which may indicate the presence of circumstellar material such as a debris disk. The space velocity components of this star are (U, V, W) = (–35, +20, +30) km/s. Approximately 350,000 years ago, Alpha Fornacis experienced a close encounter with the A-type main-sequence star Nu Horologii. The two came within an estimated of each other, and both stars have debris disks. Alpha Fornacis A has a stellar classification of F8IV, where the luminosity class IV indicates this is

neg: Fuhanken sanchisei In July and August 1869 during the abolition of the han system, the government issued to the remaining Han, asking them to voluntarily return their domains, and later were ordered to by the Court, on threat of military action. The Daimyo who agreed to this were appointed as , who had to follow the laws and instructions of the central government. Many territories that became the first prefectures were territories confiscated from domains in the Boshin War, especially domains part of the "Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei" alliance. Areas in Kanto did not initially receive a proper prefecture name and suffix, even

neg: 26 Draconis hydrogen or helium. The third component, GJ 685, is a red dwarf spectral classification of M1V. As of 1970, this star is separated by 737.9 arc seconds from the AB pair and they share a common proper motion. The space velocity components of 26 Draconis are U = +36.5, V = −4.3 and W = −21.8 km/s. This system is on an orbit through the Milky Way galaxy that has an eccentricity of 0.14, taking it as close as and as far as from the galactic core. The inclination of this orbit carries the star system as much as above

neg: The Allegory of Good and Bad Government proper Virtues necessary for a proper and just ruler. The virtues of Good Government are represented by six crowned, stately female figures: Peace, Fortitude, and Prudence on the left, Magnanimity, Temperance, and Justice on the right. On the far left of the fresco the figure of Justice is repeated as she is balancing the scales held by Wisdom. The figures are naturalistic, and supposedly the female figures represented the ideal of female beauty in Siena. At the feet of the ruler are two playing children. They could be the sons of Remus, Ascius and Senius, who, according to Roman legend,

neg: Universe (mathematics) is a set inside which all the usual operations of set theory can be performed. This version of a universe is defined to be any set for which the following axioms hold: The advantage of a Grothendieck universe is that it is actually a "set", and never a proper class. The disadvantage is that if one tries hard enough, one can leave a Grothendieck universe. The most common use of a Grothendieck universe "U" is to take "U" as a replacement for the category of all sets. One says that a set "S" is U-small if "S" ∈"U", and U-large

neg: MNS antigen system as a C-terminal cytosolic domain (GPB, 8 amino acids in length; GPA, 36 amino acids in length). MNS antigen system The MNS antigen system is a human blood group system based upon two genes (glycophorin A and glycophorin B) on chromosome 4. There are currently 46 antigens in the system, but the five most important are called M, N, S, s, and U. The system can be thought of as two separate groups: the M and N antigens are at one location on the ECM and S, s, and U are on a closely related location. The two groups are

neg: Search engine privacy data to hand over to the government. The specific employees who must be available to be confronted under the Confrontation Clause are the producer who decides what data is relevant and provides the government with what they've asked for, the Google analyst who certifies the proper collection and transmission of data, and the custodian who keeps records. The data these employees of Google curate for trial use is then thought of as testimonial statement. The overall effectiveness of the Confrontation Clause on search engine privacy is that it places a check on how the government can use big data and

neg: Randy Barnett the amendment would prevent Congress from using conditional funding to induce the states to enact any law if it would "restrict the liberties of its citizens." The Constitution grants to the president the Treaty Clause power "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur." The Constitution also grants to the Congress the power "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in

neg: Congressional oversight guard; regulate interstate and foreign commerce; establish post offices and post roads; advise and consent on treaties and presidential nominations (Senate); and impeach (House) and try (Senate) the President, Vice President, and civil officers for treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Reinforcing these powers is Congress’s broad authority “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof”. The authority to oversee derives from these constitutional powers. Congress could

neg: Separation of powers in the United Kingdom decisions, and are required to take principles such as fairness and transparency into account in return. The courts provide only one method of dispute resolution, albeit one that is important where the government is one party and independence is necessary. The picture of which decision-making processes should be assigned to which body is complicated. There remain problems with the scope of role of the Home Secretary in the penal system and judicial decisions with regard to sentencing. Nolan LJ, in "M v Home Office", noted that: The proper constitutional relationship of the executive with the courts is that the courts

neg: Bohr–Einstein debates a particle could introduce new effects of interference which influence essentially the predictions about the results which will be registered at the end." Further along, Bohr attempts to resolve this ambiguity concerning which parts of the system should be considered macroscopic and which not: Bohr's argument about the impossibility of using the apparatus proposed by Einstein to violate the principle of indeterminacy depends crucially on the fact that a macroscopic system (the screen "S") obeys quantum laws. On the other hand, Bohr consistently held that, in order to illustrate the microscopic aspects of reality, it is necessary to set off

neg: Youla–Kucera parametrization system (SISO) system. Further, let Ω be a set of stable and proper functions of "s". Then, the set of all proper stabilizing controllers for the plant formula_1 can be defined as formula_3, where formula_4 is an arbitrary proper and stable function of "s". It can be said, that formula_4 parametrizes all stabilizing controllers for the plant formula_1. Consider a general plant with a transfer function formula_1. Further, the transfer function can be factorized as formula_8, where M(s), N(s) are stable and proper functions of "s". Now, solve the Bézout's identity of the form formula_9, where the variables to be

neg: Government of Barbados is the legal system through which punishments are handed out to individuals who break the law. The Judiciary also settles disputes. The Functions of The judiciary: °To Enforce Laws °To interpret Laws °To conduct court hearings °To hear court appeals The local court system of Barbados is made up of: Transparency International ranked Barbados as 17th place (of 179) in the world on its Corruption Perceptions Index in 2010, with only one nation scoring better in the Americas. () Government of Barbados The Government of Barbados (GoB), is symbolically headed by the monarch, Queen Elizabeth II as Head of State.

neg: SaarLorLux away from the shared border. Together, they have a population of about 2.338 million people on 23,547 km. Lorraine is part of the centralised administrative system of France. Therefore, many of the decisions necessary for cooperation in the SaarLorLux region have to be cleared through the central government in Paris. The current "région" of Lorraine is larger than the historical duchy of Lorraine which gradually came under French sovereignty between 1737 and 1766. The modern "région" includes provinces and areas that were historically separate from the duchy of Lorraine proper. These are: Lorraine borders the French regions of Franche-Comté, Alsace,

neg: ABCE1 since only mammals have the RNAse L system. It has been suggested that RLI in lower eukaryotes functions by inhibiting RNAses involved in ribosomal biosynthesis, thereby regulating the process. The mitochondria’s energetic and metabolic functions have been established to be non-essential for yeast cell viability. The only function that has been implicated in being necessary for survival is the biosynthesis of Fe/S clusters. RLI is the only known essential cytoplasmic Fe/S protein that is absolutely dependent on the mitochondrial Fe/S synthesis and export system for proper maturation. Rli1p is therefore a novel link between the mitochondria and ribosome function and

neg: Physician gag law other states besides Florida have introduced similar laws, and although Florida's is the most restrictive in the country, similar (albeit watered-down) laws have been enacted in Minnesota, Missouri and Montana. A 2012 "sounding board" article in "The New England Journal of Medicine" criticized Florida's gag law for the same reason Cooke issued an injunction against it, which is that, as Cooke said, “The State, through this law, inserts itself in the doctor–patient relationship, prohibiting and burdening speech necessary to the proper practice of preventive medicine, thereby preventing patients from receiving truthful, non-misleading information." Medical organizations that are opposed to these

neg: Berlin S-Bahn a total route length of . The S-Bahn carried 395 million passengers in 2012. It is integrated with the mostly underground U-Bahn to form the backbone of Berlin's rapid transport system. Unlike the U-Bahn, the S-Bahn crosses Berlin city limits into the surrounding state of Brandenburg, e.g. to Potsdam. Although the S- and U-Bahn are part of a unified fare system, they have different operators. The S-Bahn is operated by "S-Bahn Berlin GmbH", a subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn, whereas the U-Bahn is run by Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG), the main public transit company for the city of Berlin. The S-Bahn routes

neg: Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen the New York state law, it conflicted with the general maritime law, reserved to federal jurisdiction under article 3, § 2 of the Constitution. This article extends the judicial power of the United States "to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction", and confers upon Congress the power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States or in any department or officer thereof." Congress was authorized to confer jurisdiction over maritime disputes, and the work of

neg: Powers of the United States Congress about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history. Congress also has the power to establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights, fix standards of weights and measures, establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, and "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof." Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union.

neg: United States Congress weights and measures, establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court, and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof." Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union. One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch. Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power. Some critics have charged that Congress has in

neg: Shoalwater, Western Australia F Grade and junior teams in U/17's, U/15's, U/14's. U/13's, U/12's, U/11's and U/10's. They play at Stan Twight Reserve on Hennessy Way, Rockingham and are a feeder club to the Rockingham-Mandurah District Cricket Club who play in the WACA District competition and to the Peel Representative sides that compete in several Country weeks that are played throughout the season against other country representative sides. Shoalwater, Western Australia Shoalwater is an outer southern suburb of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, located within the City of Rockingham. Shoalwater is located within the Shoalwater Islands Marine Park which includes Shoalwater

neg: Peskin–Takeuchi parameter leaving three left over which are measurable. This is because we are not able to determine which contribution comes from the Standard Model proper and which contribution comes from physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) when measuring these three parameters. To us, the low energy processes could have equally well come from a pure Standard Model with redefined values of e, G and M. These remaining three are the Peskin–Takeuchi parameters "S, T" and "U", and are defined as: formula_9 formula_10 formula_11 where s and c are the sine and cosine of the weak mixing angle, respectively. The definitions are

neg: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution or militia. They also establish all laws necessary and proper for carrying out other powers. In addition to this Congress makes laws for naturalization. Implied powers are used to keep the regulation of taxes, the draft, immigration, protection of those with disabilities, minimum wage, and outlaw discrimination. Congress’s inherent powers are used to control national borders, deal with foreign affairs, acquire new territories, defend the state from revolution, and decide the exclusion or establishment of aliens. Concurrent powers makes it so that both federal and state governments can create laws, deal with environmental protection, maintain national parks and prisons, and

neg: Vertex separator property is most useful for applications in computer science, such as the planar separator theorem. Let "S" be an "(a,b)"-separator, that is, a vertex subset that separates two nonadjacent vertices "a" and "b". Then "S" is a "minimal (a,b)-separator" if no proper subset of "S" separates "a" and "b". More generally, "S" is called a "minimal separator" if it is a minimal separator for some pair "(a,b)" of nonadjacent vertices and no proper subset of "S" is a minimal "(u,v)"-separator for any pair of vertices "(u,v)." The following is a well-known result characterizing the minimal separators: Lemma. A vertex separator

neg: Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission constitution and laws,” and that the lawmaking power in Arizona “plainly includes the power to enact laws through initiative”. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Justices Anthony Kennedy, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan joined. The Court affirmed the District Court's ruling, holding that "[r]edistricting is a legislative function to be performed in accordance with the State’s prescriptions for lawmaking, which may include the referendum, "Ohio ex rel. Davis v. Hildebrant," 241 U. S. 565, 567, and the Governor’s veto, "Smiley v. Holm", 285 U. S. 355, 369. While exercise of the initiative

neg: Italo Jose Dejter in view of Petrie's exotic S-actions on CP, (apart from the trivial S-actions on CP). Let G be a compact Lie group, let Y be a smooth G-manifold and let F a G-fibre map between G-vector bundles of the same dimension over Y which on each G-fibre is proper and has degree one. Petrie also asked: What are necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a smooth G-map properly G-homotopic to F and transverse to the zero-section? Dejter provided both types of conditions, which do not close to a necessary and sufficient condition due to a counterexample. The main

neg: Synchronous frame a synchronously comoving system of reference, it is still necessary that the matter move without rotation. In the comoving system the contravariant components of the velocity are "u" = 1, "u" = 0. If the reference system is also synchronous, the covariant components must satisfy "u" = 1, "u" = 0, so that its four-dimensional curl must vanish: But this tensor equation must then also be valid in any other reference frame. Thus, in a synchronous but not comoving system the condition curl v = 0 for the three-dimensional velocity v is additionally needed. For other equations of state a

neg: Magyarization 20,717 teachers, attended by 1,559,636 pupils. In about 61% of these schools the language used was exclusively Magyar" Approximately 600 Romanian villages were depleted of proper schooling due to the laws. As of 1917, 2,975 primary schools in Romania were closed as a result. The effect of Magyarization on the education system in Hungary was very significant, as can be seen from the official statistics submitted by the Hungarian government to the Paris Peace Conference (formally, all the Jewish people of the kingdom were considered as Hungarians, who had higher ratio in tertiary education than Christians): The census system of

neg: Ministry of Justice (Finland) Ministry of Justice (Finland) The Ministry of Justice (, ) is one of the 12 ministries which comprise the Finnish Government. Headed by the Minister of Justice, it is responsible for maintaining the legal safeguards necessary for the successful operation of democracy and fundamental rights of the inhabitants of Finland. The ministry's budget for 2018 is €940,743,000. It has 261 direct employees. The drafting of the most central laws, the functioning of the judicial system, and the enforcement of sentences belong to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice. Sentences are enforced by the Criminal Sanctions Agency (, ), which

neg: Connick v. Thompson official government policy for §1983 purposes, but the failure to train must amount to “deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with whom the [untrained employees] come into contact.” Canton v. Harris, 489 U. S. 378, 388. Deliberate indifference in this context requires proof that city policymakers disregarded the “known or obvious consequence” that a particular omission in their training program would cause city employees to violate citizens’ constitutional rights. Board of Comm’rs of Bryan Cty. v. Brown, 520 U. S. 397, 410." "(b) A pattern of similar constitutional violations by untrained employees is “ordinarily necessary” to demonstrate deliberate indifference.

neg: Objectivism (Ayn Rand) this its primary justification. Rather, it is the only moral social system. Objectivism maintains that only societies seeking to establish freedom (or free nations) have a right to self-determination. Objectivism views government as "the means of placing the retaliatory use of physical force under objective control—i.e., under objectively defined laws;" thus, government is both legitimate and critically important in order to protect individual rights. Rand opposed anarchism because she saw putting police and courts on the market as an inherent miscarriage of justice. Objectivism holds that the proper functions of a government are ""the police", to protect men from criminals—"the

neg: Berlin U-Bahn has cooled off; many people feel that Berlin's needs are adequately met by the present U- and S-Bahn. As of 2007, the only proposals receiving serious consideration aim to facilitate travel around the existing system, such as moving Warschauer Straße's U-Bahn station closer to its S-Bahn station. There are several long-term plans for the U-Bahn that have no estimated time of completion, most of which involve closing short gaps between stations, enabling them to connect to other lines. This would depend on demand, and new developments in the vicinity. New construction of U-Bahn lines is frequently the subject of political

neg: Digital supply chain played back without the proper license which is often acquired via purchase of content or subscription. This reduces the possibility of media being pirated. Ingest is the stage in which the compressed file and metadata are put into the digital asset management system. It is not necessary for the metadata and the compressed media file to be ingested into the system at the same time, however, there will be a point in the process in which both have been ingested into the system and the metadata can reference the media file. When media files are ingested they are hosted and

neg: Iberia Airlines Flight 933 TO PREVENT SHORT OR LONG LANDINGS, AND EMPHASIZES THE NEED TO BE CONSTANTLY AWARE OF THE AIRCRAFT\'S RATE OF DESCENT, ATTITUDE AND THRUST DURING APPROACHES USING AUTOPILOT/AUTOTHROTTLE SYSTEMS. A-74-81: MODIFY INITIAL AND RECURRENT PILOT TRAINING PROGRAMS AND TESTS TO INCLUDE A DEMONSTRATION OF THE APPLICANT\'S KNOWLEDGE OF WIND SHEAR AND ITS EFFECT ON AN AIRCRAFT\'S FLIGHT PROFILE, AND OF PROPER PILOTING TECHNIQUES NECESSARY TO COUNTER SUCH EFFECTS. A-74-82: EXPEDITE THE DEVELOPMENT, TESTING AND OPERATIONAL USE OF THE ACOUSTIC DOPPLER WIND MEASURING SYSTEM. A-74-83: DEVELOP AN INTERIM SYSTEM WHEREBY WIND SHEAR INFORMATION DEVELOPED FROM METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS OR PILOT REPORTS WILL BE

neg: Kosraean language According to Ethnologue, there are about 8,000 speakers in Micronesia, and in population total about 9,000. The people are recognized by the government, as Kosraean is the official language of Kosrae. Kosraean is classified as, Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Central-Eastern Oceanic, Remote Oceanic, Micronesian, Micronesian Proper, Kusaiean. Kosraean has 11 plain consonants that are p, t, k, m, n, ng, l, r, s, and sr (Kinnaman). Kosraean has the vowels .I, e, ac, ah, ih, uc, uh, a, u, o, oh, and oa (Kinnaman). See Jackson 1983:329-330 for explanation of apparent exceptions.<br> The main word order in

neg: Zero-point energy the traditional conservation laws in classical and quantum electrodynamics (QED) only display linear U(1) symmetry (in particular, by the extended Noether theorem, conservation laws such as the laws of thermodynamics need not always apply to dissipative systems, which are expressed in gauges of higher symmetry). The second law of thermodynamics states that in a closed linear system entropy flow can only be positive (or exactly zero at the end of a cycle). However, negative entropy (i.e. increased order, structure or self-organisation) can spontaneously appear in an open nonlinear thermodynamic system that is far from equilibrium, so long as this emergent

neg: Antimatroid instance, in a shelling antimatroid, the convex sets are intersections of "U" with convex subsets of the Euclidean space into which "U" is embedded. Complementarily to the properties of set systems that define antimatroids, the set system defining a convex geometry should be closed under intersections, and for any set "S" in "G" that is not equal to "U" there must be an element "x" not in "S" that can be added to "S" to form another set in "G". A convex geometry can also be defined in terms of a closure operator τ that maps any subset of "U"

neg: Constitution of Monaco laws. Judicial power is invested in the Prince, who delegates judicial procedures to the various courts, which dispense justice in his name. The independence of the judges is guaranteed by the constitution. The Supreme Court of Monaco is composed of five chief members and two assistant judges named by the Prince on the basis of nominations by the National Council and other government bodies. The Supreme Court is the highest court for judicial appeals and also interprets the constitution when necessary. Monaco's legal system, closely related to that of France, is patterned after the Napoleonic Code. Constitution of Monaco The

neg: John Elferink the Department of Justice and Attorney General since self-government, putting the structures in place that were necessary to form the basis of the future course of the justice system in the Northern Territory. Elferink also introduced "No Body No Parole" laws in the NT, which prevents a convicted murderer from receiving parole when that murderer refused to identify the location of the body to authorities. An example of this in the Northern Territory was Bradley John Murdoch, who had been convicted of the murder of Peter Falconio but never revealed the location of the body. Elferink also introduced controversial 'paperless

neg: Japan–Korea Agreement of April 1905 Imperial Government of Korea, shall, by virtue of the present Agreement, be transferred to the control of the Imperial Japanese Government. The authorities of the two countries acting together shall make an inventory of the land, buildings and all other requisites mentioned in the preceding paragraph which shall serve as evidence in the future. When it is deemed necessary by the Japanese Government to extend the communication system in Korea, they may appropriate land and buildings belonging to the State or to private persons, the former without compensation and the latter with proper indemnification. In respect of the control of

neg: Science and Technology Information Center (Ethiopia) it is imperative to develop and establish a national science and technology information system to fill the gaps and bring expected results, including the acceleration of technology transfer. Establishing and strengthen such a system will create a capacity that accelerates technology transfer through identifying, gathering, organizing, analyzing, disseminating and proper utilization of science and technology information. It is with this in mind that the government of Ethiopia established STIC under the direction of Abiy Ahmed Ali. Science and technology (S&T) indicators are defined as a series of data designed to answer questions about S&T system, its internal structure, its relation

neg: Constitutional Convention (United States) the broad power "to make all Laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof." Another revision of Wilson's draft also placed eight specific limits on the states, such as barring them from independently entering into treaties and from printing their own money, providing a certain degree of balance to the limits on the national government intended by Rutledge's list of enumerated powers. In addition, Wilson's draft modified the language of the Supremacy

neg: Welsh v. Wisconsin continuing slaughter upon our Nation's highways, a good percentage of which is due to drivers who are drunk or semi-incapacitated because of alcohol or drug ingestion. I have spoken in these Reports to this point before. Perez v. Campbell, 402 U. S. 637, 402 U. S. 657, and 402 U. S. 672 (1971) (opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part); Tate v. Short, 401 U. S. 395, 401 U. S. 401 (1971) (concurring opinion). See also South Dakota v. Neville, 459 U. S. 553, 459 U. S. 555-559 (1983). And it is amazing to me that one of our

neg: The Laws of Our Fathers regarding the current trial and the other taking the reader through the 1960s. Many of the minor characters in "The Laws of Our Fathers" also appear in Turow's other novels, which are all set in fictional, Midwestern Kindle County. The Laws of Our Fathers The Laws of Our Fathers, published in 1996, is Scott Turow's fourth and longest novel, at 832 pages. When last seen in Turow's "The Burden of Proof", Sonia Klonsky was a prosecutor with the U. S. Attorney's office in Kindle County with a failing marriage, an infant daughter, and a single mastectomy. She becomes one of

neg: Police officer Officers can also break road rules to perform their duties. The word "police" comes from the Greek "politeia" meaning government, which came to mean its civil administration. Police officers are those empowered by government to enforce the laws it creates. In The Federalist Papers (#51), James Madison wrote ""If men were pure, no government would be necessary.""These words apply to those who serve government, including police. The more general term for the function is law enforcement officer or peace officer. A sheriff is typically the top police officer of a county, with that word coming from the person enforcing law