query: spain and portugal divide the world between them in

pos: Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Tordesillas The Treaty of Tordesillas ( , ), signed at Tordesillas on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde islands (already Portuguese) and the islands entered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Castile and León), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia (Cuba and Hispaniola). The lands to the

pos: Voyages of Christopher Columbus enslave, and trading locations and ports. The most desired trading goods were gold, silver and spices. Columbus did not reach Asia but rather found what was to the Europeans a New World, the Americas. For the Catholic monarchies of Spain and Portugal, a division of influence became necessary to avoid conflict. This was resolved by Papal intervention in 1494 when the Treaty of Tordesillas purported to divide the world between the two powers. The Portuguese were to receive everything outside of Europe east of a line that ran 270 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, thought to include the

pos: Kirishitan and spiritual benefits for both Portugal and Spain. Indeed, Pope Alexander VI's Bulls of Donation (1493) commanded the Catholic Monarchs to take such steps. Wherever Spain and Portugal attempted to expand their territories or influence, missionaries would soon follow. By the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), the two powers divided the world between them into exclusive spheres of influence, trade and colonization. Although, at the time of the demarcation, neither nation had any direct contact with Japan, that nation fell into the sphere of the Portuguese. The countries disputed the attribution of Japan. Since neither could colonize it, the exclusive right

pos: El Piñal and Portugal began extensive overseas exploration, setting in motion the Age of Discovery. Although the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 split the newly discovered lands between the two empires along a meridian west of the Cape Verde islands, with the west belonging to Spain and the east belonging to Portugal, the situation had not been clarified for the antimeridian on the opposite side of the world. The 1529 signing of the Treaty of Zaragoza theoretically resolved this issue with a line east of the Moluccas, with Spain claiming all lands east of the line and Portugal west; however, difficulties in

pos: Portugal–Spain relations of the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal's reconquest was fully achieved by 1249, while Castile finished its reconquest in 1492. Hopes to unite all Iberian medieval kingdoms vanished at the death of Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal, Prince of Asturias, Prince of Girona and Prince of Viana, in 1500. Portugal's copy of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided the New World between Portugal and Castile. During the 15th century, Portugal built increasingly large fleets of ships and began to explore the world beyond Europe, sending explorers to Africa and Asia. Castile followed suit decades later. Following the first voyage of Christopher

pos: Early modern period networks and colonies and to convert the native peoples to Christianity. Pope Alexander VI divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a north-south meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa). The division was never accepted by the rulers of England or France. (See also the Treaty of Tordesillas, which followed the papal decree.) What is now called Latin America, a designation first used in the late 19th century, was claimed by Spain and Portugal. The Western Hemisphere, the New World, was divided between the two Iberian powers by

pos: Christianity and colonialism Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits and Dominicans. In both Portugal and Spain, religion was an integral part of the state and evangelization was seen as having both secular and spiritual benefits. Wherever these powers attempted to expand their territories or influence, missionaries would soon follow. By the Treaty of Tordesillas, the two powers divided the world between them into exclusive spheres of influence, trade and colonization. The Roman Catholic world order was challenged by the Netherlands and England. Theoretically, it was repudiated by Grotius's "Mare Liberum". Portugal's and Spain's colonial policies were also challenged by the Roman Catholic Church itself. The Vatican

pos: Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute of the settlement. France insisted that Spain maintain the colony in Port Louis to prevent Britain from claiming the title to the Islands, and Spain agreed. In 1493 Pope Alexander VI issued a Papal bull, "Inter caetera", dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal. The following year, the Treaty of Tordesillas between those countries agreed that the dividing line between the two should be 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. The Falklands lie on the western (Spanish) side of this line. Spain made claims that the Falkland Islands were held under provisions in the 1713 which settled

pos: Spanish Canadians Through the Treaty of Tordesillas signed June 7, 1494 the Pope Alexander VI divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. Portugal received the eastern portion of Brazil and Spain received the rest, which included Canada.(see Treaty of Tordesillas) Later the Spanish conquistador and explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa became the first European to see and stand in the waters of the eastern shore of the Pacific Ocean. He accomplished this feat after an arduous trek through the jungles of what is now Panama. Once there Balboa with raised hands, his sword in one and a standard with the image

pos: Brazil–Spain relations Zara operate in Brazil. Brazil–Spain relations Brazil–Spain refers to the current and historical relations between Brazil and Spain. Both nations are members of the Organization of Ibero-American States. During the colonization of South America by Portugal and Spain, both nations signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 which divided the newly discovered lands outside of Europe between Portugal and Spain along meridian 370 leagues. In 1580 the Iberian Union was created and all Portuguese and Spanish possessions were ruled by the Spanish monarchy. The union lasted until 1640 after the Portuguese Restoration War. In 1834, Spain recognized the independence of

pos: Brazil–Spain relations Brazil–Spain relations Brazil–Spain refers to the current and historical relations between Brazil and Spain. Both nations are members of the Organization of Ibero-American States. During the colonization of South America by Portugal and Spain, both nations signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 which divided the newly discovered lands outside of Europe between Portugal and Spain along meridian 370 leagues. In 1580 the Iberian Union was created and all Portuguese and Spanish possessions were ruled by the Spanish monarchy. The union lasted until 1640 after the Portuguese Restoration War. In 1834, Spain recognized the independence of Brazil and both nations

pos: Pope Alexander VI World. Alexander, in the bull "Inter Caetera" on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the Treaty of Tordesillas which was ratified by Spain on 2 July 1494 and by Portugal on 5 September 1494. (This and other related bulls are known collectively as the "Bulls of Donation".) Pope Alexander VI made many alliances to secure his position. He sought help from Charles VIII of France (1483–1498), who was allied to Ludovico "Il Moro" Sforza (the Moor, so called because of his swarthy complexion), the "de facto" Duke

pos: Treaty of Tordesillas east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile. The treaty was signed by Spain, , and by Portugal, . The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on , which specified the to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas. Originals of both treaties are kept at the Archivo General de Indias in Spain and at the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo in Portugal. This treaty would be observed fairly well by Spain and Portugal, despite considerable ignorance as to the

neg: Dudum siquidem same year, and on 12 October Columbus sighted land in the West Indies which he believed to be part of India. He returned to Spain, with news of what he had found, in March 1493. Columbus's discoveries in the "annus mirabilis" created a competitive frenzy between the two principal sea-powers of the day, Portugal, and the new Spanish kingdom based on Castile and Aragon. A papal bull delivered on 4 May 1493, "Inter caetera", attempted to divide the non-Christian world beyond Europe between Portugal and Spain, from the point of view of future conquests. Among much else, it states: This

neg: Colonial empire Colonial empire A colonial empire is a collective of territories (often called colonies), mostly overseas, settled by the population of a certain state and governed by that state. Colonial empires first emerged with a race of exploration between the then most advanced European maritime powers, Portugal and Castile (Spain), during the 15th century. The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was trade, driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the European Renaissance. Agreements were also made to divide the world up between them in 1479, 1493, and 1494. European imperialism

neg: John II of Portugal which took place in a small Spanish town named Tordesillas. A papal representative was present to act as mediator. The result of this meeting would be the famous Treaty of Tordesillas, which sought to divide all newly discovered lands in the New World between Spain and Portugal. The division of the world, however, was not the main issue that poisoned relations between the Iberian kingdoms. Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon had several daughters, but only one feeble male heir: John, Prince of Asturias. The oldest daughter, Isabella of Aragon, had been married to Afonso, Prince of

neg: History of Portugal Hispano-Roman peasants who—as D.W. Lomax claims—were disillusioned by the prominent legal, linguistic and social divide between them and the 'barbaric' and 'decadent' Visigoth royal family. The Visigothic territories included what is today Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar, and the southwestern part of France known in ancient times as Septimania. The invading Moors wanted to conquer and convert all of Europe to Islam, so they crossed the Pyrenees to use Visigothic Septimania as a base of operations. Muslims called their conquests in Iberia 'al-Andalus' and in what was to become Portugal, they mainly consisted of the old Roman province of Lusitania (the

neg: Portugal national rugby union team them into Pool 3 of Round C. All games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland. Portugal lost 85–11 to Scotland, and 21–17 to Spain. Both Scotland and Spain went through to the World Cup; Portugal went into repechage, where Portugal lost a home and away series to Uruguay. In 2002 Portugal began playing for a place in the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Pool A of Round 3 of the European qualifying tournament. They were grouped with Spain and Poland. Each nation only won one game, though on for and against Portugal finished second to Spain. Portugal were knocked out of

neg: Portugal–Spain border the border exists between Sanlucar de Guadiana in Spain and Alcoutim in Portugal; it is the first and currently only zip line over an international border. Portugal–Spain border The Portugal–Spain border is the international boundary between Portugal and Spain. Referred to as "la Raya" in Spanish and "A Raia" in Portuguese (the stripe), the current demarcation is almost identical to that defined in 1297 by the Treaty of Alcañices. It is one of the oldest borders in the world. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 miles) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The border

neg: Portugal–Spain border Portugal–Spain border The Portugal–Spain border is the international boundary between Portugal and Spain. Referred to as "la Raya" in Spanish and "A Raia" in Portuguese (the stripe), the current demarcation is almost identical to that defined in 1297 by the Treaty of Alcañices. It is one of the oldest borders in the world. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 miles) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The border is not defined for 18 km (11 miles) between the Caia river and Ribeira de Cuncos, because of the disputed status of Olivenza, which has been

neg: Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer) 1807, Duckworth and Smith were recalled to England. In October 1807, Spain and France signed a treaty to divide Portugal between them. In November 1807, Smith was appointed to command an expedition to Lisbon, either to assist the Portuguese in resisting the attack or to destroy the Portuguese fleet and blockade the harbour at Lisbon should that be unsuccessful. Smith arranged for the Portuguese fleet to sail for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, at that time a Portuguese colony. He was involved in planning an attack on the Spanish colonies in South America, in combination with the Portuguese, contrary to his

neg: Portugal national rugby union team However here they were defeated by the Netherlands 32–3 and eliminated from qualifying. Portugal again participated in the 1995 World Cup qualifying competition for European teams, starting in Round 1. They were pooled in the West Group, and defeated Belgium and Switzerland, but lost to Spain, advancing into Round 2. Here Wales defeated them, and they lost to Spain. Portugal began play in Pool 3 of Round B in the European qualifying competition for the 1999 Rugby World Cup. Portugal won all their group matches except for the one against Spain, but still finished second in the group, which took

neg: Douro east, and Tajo to the south. For , the river forms part of the national border line between Spain and Portugal, in a region of narrow canyons. It formed a historical barrier to invasions, creating a cultural/linguistic divide. In these isolated areas, in which the Aldeadávila Dam impounds the river, there are protected areas: the International Douro Natural Park (on the Portuguese side) and the Arribes del Duero Natural Park (on the Zamoran margin). The Douro fully enters Portuguese territory just after the confluence with the Águeda River; once the Douro enters Portugal, major population centres are less frequent along

neg: Blockade of Germany (1939–1945) for the Germans, Spanish merchants furnished Germany with industrial diamonds and platinum, and General Franco, still loyal to Hitler because of his support during the civil war, continued to supply Germany with war materials, among them mercury and tungsten. Spain, the world's second-largest producer of tungsten after Portugal, provided Germany with 1,100 metric tons of the ore per year between 1941 and 1943 (between them Spain and Portugal provided 90% of Germany's annual 3500 tons requirement) As a result of Allied economic measures and German defeats, by 1943 Spain adopted a more genuinely neutral policy. The Allied strategy with Spain

neg: Portugal national roller hockey team Lopes, Tó Neves and Vítor Fortunato The first decade of the 21st century has been dominated by Spain on a World and European level in international rink hockey. Portugal, after a 4th-place finish in the 2001 edition of the World Championship, was able to win the 2003 tournament, in which they were hosts, defeating Italy in the final 1-0, while Spain finished in 3rd place. In 2005, Portugal disappointed when Argentina won the event for the fourth time, defeating Spain in the final, and leaving them with 3rd place. The 2007 edition will always be remembered as the worst performance

neg: World tour of Ulysses S. Grant traveled as far as Biarritz, rested overnight and crossed the mountain divide into Spain the next day. For the remainder of October through November Grant visited Spain, Portugal and Gibraltar. To avoid confusion of Grant's diplomatic status as ex-President, he was awarded the honorary rank of Captain General of the Spanish Army. He was received at San Sebastian by Emilio Castelar, ex-President of the Spanish Republic. Grant was enthusiastic about their meeting and he personally thanked Castelar for all he had done for the United States. After their meeting, Grant concluded their conversation by saying "Believe me, sir, the name

neg: Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1981 by 12 regional juries, who each had 10 points to divide between the songs. "Het is een wonder" was the only song to receive votes from every jury and emerged the winner by a 7-point margin. On the night of the final Williams performed 11th in the running order, following Spain and preceding Ireland. At the close of voting "Het is een wonder" had received 51 points from 12 countries (the highest being 7s from Denmark, Portugal and Spain), placing the Netherlands 9th of the 20 entries. The Dutch jury awarded its 12 points to contest winners the United Kingdom.

neg: Treaty of Madrid (1801) ended the War of the Second Coalition in March 1802. The Treaty of Amiens re-opened Portuguese ports to Britain and moved the border with French Guiana back to the Araguari River, as previously agreed. The 1796-1808 Anglo-Spanish War was also suspended and there was a pause until Britain and France recommenced hostilities in 1803. Spain declared war on Britain in December 1804; Portugal remained neutral until Spain and France signed the 1807 Treaty of Fontainebleau dividing Portugal between them. The Treaties of Badajoz and Madrid contained clauses making them void if any of the terms were breached; Portugal declared Fontainebleau

neg: Early impact of Mesoamerican goods in Iberian society necessity for those whose livelihoods depended on such trade. The trade underground trade between Spain and Portugal was heightened by the African slave trade and became well established as mutually beneficial crops (such as maize, grains, squash, and beans were traded between the nations). Venice, Genoa, and Florence (among other Old World nations) depended on Iberians for New world goods in the early 16th century. If not for the incorporation of American "miracle foods", Europe may have not pulled out of its 16th-century cycles of hunger and starvation. The dependence on Spain and Portugal for New World goods perpetuated their

neg: Guaraní War slavers who sought to capture the Guaraní to sell them in Brazil. The Guaraní were levied to fight for Spain in several colonial conflicts with the Portuguese. The Treaty of Madrid was signed in 1750 to end an ongoing colonial border conflict between Spain and Portugal. The treaty ceded the outpost of Colonia del Sacramento to Spain and set the border between the two colonial empires as the Uruguay River. This new border ceded significant land to Portugal, including seven Jesuit Reductions. The Guaraní living in the seven mission settlements refused to move out of the lands that were ceded

neg: Foreign relations of Spain to find solutions for the issue of illegal immigration to the Canary Islands. In the Middle East, Spain is known as a broker between powers. In its relations with the Arab world, Spain frequently supports Arab positions on Middle East issues. The Arab countries are a priority interest for Spain because of oil and gas imports and because several Arab nations have substantial investments in Spain. Spain has been successful in managing its relations with its three immediate European neighbours, France, Andorra, and Portugal. The accession of Spain and Portugal to the EU in 1986 has helped ease some of

neg: Foundation of Abdulaziz Saud Al-Babtain's Prize for Poetic Creativity decided to hold it in Cordoba, Spain between the 4th and 8 October 2004. This was the first time the foundation held a meeting outside the Arab world and it was aimed at clarifying the true civilization, intellectual and cultural Arab and Muslim image after some opposing parties portrayed a distorted image of them in the wake of the September 2001 attacks. Choosing Cordoba as a host stemmed from the long historical relations between the Arabs and Spain and Portugal (the Iberian Peninsula). All the meeting's activities were carried out under the auspices of his Majesty King Juan Carlos and

neg: Portugal–Spain football rivalry FIFA World Cup after defeating Portugal 5-1 in first leg. In UEFA Euro 1984 group stage Portugal and Spain were paired together, both sides qualified to the next round as Portugal drew Spain 1-1. António Sousa gave Portugal in 52nd minute, after 21 minutes Santillana equalised for Spain at 73rd minute. Portugal and Spain faced off in group stage of UEFA Euro 2004 hosted by Portugal. Portugal won the game 1-0 as half time substitute Nuno Gomes scored a goal from 20 yards, giving Portugal their first ever victory against Spain in a major tournament, this was also Portugal first

neg: Espinho, Portugal Tour, between the 28th and 30 July. Beach Soccer The city hosted the 2015 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup, between the 9th and 19 July. Surf Surf event Espinho Surf Destination is an annual event held in Espinho, organized by the World Surf League. Golf The oldest golf club in Portugal and Spain, Oporto Golf Club, is also located in Espinho. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 5 civil parishes ("freguesias"): Espinho, Portugal Espinho () is a city and a municipality located in the Aveiro District, Portugal. It is located in both the Greater Porto and the Metropolitan Area of

neg: Iberian-gauge railways Iberian-gauge railways Iberian-gauge railways (, ) is the name given to the railways using track gauge of , most extensively used by the railways of Spain and Portugal. This is the second-widest gauge in regular use anywhere in the world. As finally established in 1955, the Iberian gauge is a compromise between the similar, but slightly different, gauges adopted as respective national standards in Spain and Portugal in the mid-19th century. The main railway networks of Spain were initially constructed to a gauge of six Castilian feet. Those of Portugal were instead built to a and later railways to a

neg: Portugal–Spain relations Portugal–Spain relations Portugal–Spain relations describes relations between the governments of the Portuguese Republic and the Kingdom of Spain. The two states make up the vast majority of the Iberian Peninsula and as such, the relationship between the two is sometimes known as Iberian relations. In recent years, both countries have enjoyed a much friendlier relationship. Together, the two countries are full-time members of the European Union, Eurozone, Schengen Area and NATO. Portugal and Spain had been rival sea powers as early as the 14th century. Portugal was more naturally-inclined to venture out on sea expeditions than Spain, for it is

neg: Spain during World War I and the divide as a whole. Spain during World War I Spain remained neutral throughout World War I between 28 July 1914 and 11 November 1918, and despite domestic economic difficulties, it was considered "one of the most important neutral countries in Europe by 1915". Spain had enjoyed neutrality during the political difficulties of pre-war Europe, and continued its neutrality after the war until the Spanish Civil War began in 1936. While there was no direct military involvement in the war, German forces were interned in Spanish Guinea in late 1915. The Spanish prime minister, Eduardo Dato, a Conservative, declared

neg: Treaty of Alcáçovas outlining the principle that European powers are empowered to divide the rest of the world into "spheres of influence" and colonise the territories located within such spheres, and that any indigenous peoples living there need not be asked for consent. This remained a generally accepted principle in the ideology and practice of European powers up to the 20th century decolonization. The Treaty of Alcáçovas could be regarded as the ancestor of many later international treaties and instruments based on the same basic principle. These include the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, which further codified the positions of Spain and Portugal in

neg: Bülent Yıldırım (referee) by the UEFA as referee at high-level matches. During the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying round, he served in the matches Ukraine gainst Sweden and Italy against Ireland. At the semifinal match of the same event, he was the linesman at the match Spain-Portugal. He refereed at 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. Yıldırım was named to serve as a referee in the Group F match between Portugal and Luxembourg at the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification round. He oversaw about sixty matches at FIFA and UEFA level in addition to thirty national competitions among them three for Turkish national team matches. Bülent

neg: Portugal–Spain 2018 FIFA World Cup bid on the assumption that FIFA allows twelve venues for the tournament, nine venues would be allocated to Spain and the remaining three would go to Portugal. The following are the 21 venues that were submitted to FIFA on 14 May 2010 as part of the FPF–RFEF's bid to host the 2018/2022 FIFA World Cup: The following is a list of stadiums that were considered at one time as part of the FPF–RFEF's bid to host the 2018/2022 FIFA World Cup, but did not make the final cut: Portugal–Spain 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Spain and Portugal 2018 was an official

neg: Peter Faber gradually gained the confidence of the clergy and recruited many young men to the Jesuits, among them Peter Canisius. After spending some months at Leuven in 1543, where he implanted the seeds of numerous vocations among the young, he returned to Cologne. Between 1544 and 1546, Faber continued his work in Portugal and Spain. Through his influence while at the royal court of Lisbon, Faber was instrumental in establishing the Society of Jesus in Portugal. There and in Spain, he was a fervent and effective preacher. He was called to preach in the principal cities of Spain, where he aroused

neg: Falangism the Falange supported the unification of Gibraltar and Portugal into Spain. During its early years of existence, the Falange produced maps of Spain that included Portugal as a province of Spain. The Carlists stated that a Carlist Spain would retake Gibraltar and Portugal. After the civil war, some radical members of the Falange called for a reunification with Portugal and annexation of former Spanish territories in the French Pyrenees. During World War II, Franco in a communiqué with Germany on 26 May 1942 declared that Portugal should be made a part of Spain. Some of the Falangists in Spain had

neg: Colonial empire Asian: Other colonial empires: Controversial empires: European: Asian: Other informal empires: Colonial empire A colonial empire is a collective of territories (often called colonies), mostly overseas, settled by the population of a certain state and governed by that state. Colonial empires first emerged with a race of exploration between the then most advanced European maritime powers, Portugal and Castile (Spain), during the 15th century. The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was trade, driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the European Renaissance. Agreements were also made to divide the

neg: Treaty of Zaragoza islands ensued. In 1524, both kingdoms organised the "Junta de Badajoz-Elvas" to resolve the dispute. Each crown appointed three astronomers and cartographers, three pilots and three mathematicians, who formed a committee to establish the exact location of the antimeridian of Tordesillas, and the intention was to divide the whole world into two equal hemispheres. The Portuguese delegation sent by King João III included António de Azevedo Coutinho, Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, Lopo Homem, a cartographer and cosmographer, and Simão Fernandes. The plenipotentiary from Portugal was Mercurio Gâtine, and those from Spain were Count Mercurio Gâtine, Garcia de Loaysa, Bishop of

neg: Portugal–Spain football rivalry 18th century, wars were very often between the major kingdoms and Portugal and Spain always found themselves on the opposite sides. The Portuguese, courtesy of their long-standing alliance, aligned themselves with Great Britain, while Spain, through the Bourbon Family Compact, allied themselves to France. In 1762, during the Seven Years' War, Spain launched an unsuccessful invasion of Portugal. In 1777, there was a conflict between the two states over the borders of their possessions in South America. During Napoleonic Era, in 1807, the king of Spain and his French allies invaded Portugal, using a route that crossed through Spanish territory.

neg: Portugal national roller hockey team matched, but ended with an 8-2 Spain win. Portugal was also unfortunate at the 2011 Rink Hockey World Championship, once again finishing in 3rd place, being eliminated by Argentina in the semi-final by 4-3 and defeating Mozambique by 9-2 for the Bronze medal. Spain would defeat Argentina to win their 15th World Championship, tying Portugal for most ever world titles. In the 2013 Roller Hockey World Championship, held in Angola, Portugal once again finished in the 3rd place, after a 1-0 loss to Argentina in the semi-finals. Spain would win their 16th title by winning Argentina 4-3 in the final,

neg: Portuguese Empire earthquake, which together with a subsequent tsunami killed between 40,000–60,000 people out of a population of 275,000. This sharply checked Portuguese colonial ambitions in the late 18th century. According to economic historians, Portugal's colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth, 1500–1800. Leonor Costa et al. conclude: Unlike Spain, Portugal did not divide its colonial territory in America. The captaincies created there functioned under a centralized administration in Salvador, which reported directly to the Crown in Lisbon. The 18th century was marked by increasing centralization of royal power throughout the Portuguese empire. The Jesuits, who protected the

neg: Piracy in the Atlantic World the "Atlantic Triangle". This common area of oceangoing commerce between Seville & Cadiz, the Azores Islands, and the northwest coast of Africa, encompassing Madeira and the Canary Islands was haunted by both European, as well as the Berber Coast pirates of North Africa throughout the sixteenth century. As consistent trade increased between Spain and Portugal and the East and West Indies, respectively, so did piracy. What Spain and Portugal would call piracy was often sponsored by, even if only at times marginally, monarchs such as Elizabeth I and Edward VI of England. Most popular in this era of privateers was

neg: Portugal–Spain relations 2017 at Spanish consulates, organised by Movimiento Ibérico Antinuclear, which coincided with a meeting between Portuguese and Spanish delegates in Madrid, which ended in deadlock and Portugal to complain to the EU that Spain ignored the potential cross-border impact with no studies being carried out, which is against European Union rules. Spanish secretary of State for the EU Jorge Toledo Albiñana has said work will start regardless of Portugal's complaints and uranium bars that will remain radioactive for the next 300 years will be stored on-site. Portugal–Spain relations Portugal–Spain relations describes relations between the governments of the Portuguese Republic and

neg: Alhambra Decree negotiations to marry the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Caught between his desire for an alliance with Spain and his economic reliance on the Jews, Manuel I declared the Jewish community in Portugal (perhaps then some 10% of that country's population) Christians by royal decree unless they left the country. In return, he promised the Inquisition would not come to Portugal for 40 years. He then seized the Jews who tried to leave and had them forcibly baptized, after separating them from their children. It was years before the Jews who fled to Portugal were allowed to emigrate. When the

neg: Portugal national roller hockey team surpassing Portugal in the number of titles, while Portugal would easily defeat Chile by 10-3 to claim a disappointing 3rd place. In 2016, Portugal won the European Championship with a 6-2 victory against Italy in the finals. In 2017, Portugal lost the World Championship finals to Spain, by losing in the penaltys 2-1, after drawing 3-3 in regular time. Portugal national roller hockey team The Portugal national roller hockey team is one of the most successful roller hockey teams of the world, along with Spain, Italy and Argentina. Portugal has been a dominant power in the sport, holding the second

neg: Economy of Portugal of the Portuguese tended to trust the EU institutions while 24% tended not to trust them. On the other hand, in November 2012, only 34% tended to trust them, while 59% tended not to trust them (even so, less extreme than Greece or Spain, where 81% and 72% tended not to trust them, respectively). Partly as a result of this disappointed attitude concerning the EU, Portugal has started to close ties with Africa, Brazil as well as with other Latin American countries, China, USA, Switzerland and other parts of the world, which has been reflected both in the investments, in

neg: Portugal national basketball team Latvia by, at least, sixteen points; alternatively, a victory would suffice provided Croatia defeated the World champions, Spain, in their last match. Portugal won by only ten points, but since Croatia grabbed a surprising one-point victory, with a three-pointer in the last three seconds, Portugal qualified for the first time ever to the second round. Portugal began this round playing against Russia, that had won all games in its preliminary group; the Portuguese were defeated by 65–78. Israel was the next opponent and, like in the qualification, Portugal once again defeated them, by 94–85, putting up their best performance in

neg: Portugal–Spain relations triumphant. Both states remained neutral in World War II, though Spain was more predisposed to Nazi Germany. Portugal also maintained a friendly relationship with Nazi Germany, supplying it with many key resources such as tungsten. Yet in virtue of the 14th century alliance Portugal had with England, it was also supplying Britain with all sorts of produce and whilst the Germans had to pay immediately, Britain had an open account for most of the war. World War II came to a close in 1945, with the Allies victorious, the two states of Portugal and Spain became increasingly isolated with their

neg: Portugal–Spain football rivalry victories for Spain, 12 draws and 6 victories for Portugal. The rivalry between two countries goes back to 1581, when the king Henry of Portugal died with no heir and it triggered a succession crisis. Where the main claimants to the throne were Philip II of Spain and Anthony, Prior of Crato. Philip II of Spain was made king, and he united both Crown of Portugal and Spanish Crown to form Iberian Union. It lasted only 60 years until 1640, when the Portuguese Restoration War was initiated against Spain, and Portugal regained its independence under the Braganza dynasty. In the

neg: Spanish and Portuguese Jews rather than conversion, many of them crossing the border to Portugal. In Portugal, however, the Jews were again issued with a similar decree just a few years later in 1497, giving them the choice of exile or conversion. Unlike in Spain, however, in actual practice Portugal mostly prevented them from leaving, thus they necessarily stayed as ostensible converts to Christianity whether they wished to or not, after the Portuguese King reasoned that by their failure to leave they accepted Christianity by default. For this reason, crypto-Judaism was far more prevalent in Portugal than in Spain, even though many of these

neg: Spanish Company governors within the area of trade in order to: ""administer unto (members) full speedy and expedite justice in all and every their causes, plaints and contentions amongst them in the dominions of Spain and Portugal, and to pacify, decide and determine all and all manner of questions discords and strifes amongst them in any of the realms of Spain and Portugal, moved or to be moved, for the better government of the merchants in Spain and Portugal..."" The armorials of the Company were: "Azure in base a sea, with a dolphin's head appearing in the water all proper, on the

neg: English Tangier them that the treaty between England and Portugal was welcomed by France. At the time, France had no significant Mediterranean or East Indies naval presence, and English possession of Tangier and Bombay posed no apparent threat. In 1656, Louis or Mazarin had proposed the cession of Tangier to France, but no agreement had been reached and the peace with Spain probably precluded any further similar proposal. In 1659, Cromwell's England was allied to France by the Treaty of Paris, was allied to Portugal, was at war with Spain, and was not a party to the Treaty of the Pyrenees. King

neg: Portugal–Spain football rivalry Portugal–Spain football rivalry The Portugal–Spain football rivalry (also known as The Iberian War or The Iberian Derby) is one of the oldest football rivalries at a national level. It began on 18 December 1921, when Portugal lost 3-1 to Spain at Madrid in their first ever international friendly game. Portugal lost their first matches, with their first draw (2–2) only coming in 1926. Portugal's first win came much later (4–1) in 1947. Both belong to the strongest football nations of the world, and have met a total of 36 times (of which 8 matches were competitive) which resulted in 18

neg: Portugal–Spain football rivalry begin=b2 /><section end=b2 /> Portugal–Spain football rivalry The Portugal–Spain football rivalry (also known as The Iberian War or The Iberian Derby) is one of the oldest football rivalries at a national level. It began on 18 December 1921, when Portugal lost 3-1 to Spain at Madrid in their first ever international friendly game. Portugal lost their first matches, with their first draw (2–2) only coming in 1926. Portugal's first win came much later (4–1) in 1947. Both belong to the strongest football nations of the world, and have met a total of 36 times (of which 8 matches were competitive)

neg: Bulls of Donation them as a private arrangement between Spain and Portugal. Bulls of Donation The Bulls of Donation, also called the Alexandrine Bulls, are three papal bulls of Pope Alexander VI delivered in 1493 which purported to grant overseas territories to Portugal and the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. The Pope issued edicts dated . The third superseded the first two. A final edict, "Dudum siquidem" of , supplemented the "Inter caetera". "Dudum siquidem" of 26 September 1493 addressed to the Catholic Monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon which supplemented the bull "Inter caetera" and purported to grant to

neg: Guadiana prefix "guad" (such as the rivers Guadalquivir, Guadalete, Guadalajara or Guadarrama). The Guadiana flows east to west through Spain and south through Portugal, then forms the Spanish-Portuguese border; it flows into the Gulf of Cádiz, part of the Atlantic Ocean, between Vila Real de Santo António (Portugal) and Ayamonte (Spain). It is long, of which are within Spanish territory, within Portugal, while are shared between the two nations. About 82 percent, , of its basin is in Spain, while about 17 percent, is in Portugal. The exact source of the river in Castilla-La Mancha is disputed, but it is generally

neg: Portugal II of Spain claimed the throne and was accepted as Philip I of Portugal. Portugal did not lose its formal independence, briefly forming a union of kingdoms. At this time Spain was a geographic territory. The joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of an independent foreign policy and led to its involvement in the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands. War led to a deterioration of the relations with Portugal's oldest ally, England, and the loss of Hormuz, a strategic trading post located between Iran and Oman. From 1595 to 1663 the Dutch-Portuguese War primarily involved the

neg: Guadiana International Bridge to the "Autopista del Quinto Centenario" A-49 Motorway (Spain), and is part of the European route E01. In the 1960s Portugal and Spain conducted studies to determine if a bridge in the area was possible. These began in 1963 and ended in 1985 with the signing of an agreement between the two countries. Guadiana International Bridge The Guadiana International Bridge (; ) is a bridge that crosses the Guadiana River connecting southern Spain (town of Ayamonte) and Portugal (town of Castro Marim). It is the southernmost land crossing on the Portugal–Spain border. It is not split evenly between the two

neg: Economic history of Portugal quality of life by the Economist Intelligence Unit's (EIU) Quality-of-life Survey placed Portugal 19th in the world for 2005, ahead of other economically and technologically advanced countries such as France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and South Korea, but nine places behind its only neighbour, Spain. The Global Competitiveness Report for 2005, published by the World Economic Forum, placed Portugal 22nd, ahead of countries and territories such as Spain, Ireland, France, Belgium, and Hong Kong. On the Technology index, Portugal ranked 20th, on the Public Institutions Index, Portugal ranked 15th best, and on the Macroeconomic Index, Portugal was placed 37th. The

neg: 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids of the fundamental objectives of his term was to bring a World Cup to Spain. While he did not mention whether Spain would present a joint bid with Portugal, he did not rule it out when asked about it. On 23 December 2008, Angel Villar restated "We need to present a strong, consistent and winning bid for the 2018 World Cup." He further confessed "Personally, I think it should be with Portugal." Subsequently, in the aftermath of a RFEF meeting board, Spain and Portugal announced their intention to bid together. Spanish sports newspaper "Marca" advanced some details about the potential

neg: Rugby Europe International Championships relegated between the levels. Following the exclusion of France from the Five Nations Tournament in 1931, they join with Italy, Romania, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Netherlands, and Catalonia to create the International Amateur Rugby Federation (FIRA, now Rugby Europe) as an alternative to the International Rugby Football Board (now World Rugby). Three tournaments are held from 1936-1938, with France winning all three. Following the Second World War, France is readmitted into the Five Nations Championship, but they also compete in the only two tournaments organised by FIRA, the Rugby Union European Cup, held in 1952 and 1954, winning them both.

neg: Portugal during World War II (the future King Juan Carlos of Spain), Margarita and Alfonso. Calouste Gulbenkian, the Armenian oil magnate known as "Mr. Five Percent", also chose Portugal as a place to settle. In an operation organised by Caritas Portugal from 1947 to 1952, 5,500 Austrian children, most of them orphans, were transported by train from Vienna to Lisbon and then placed in the foster care of Portuguese families. Portugal survived the horrors of war not only physically intact but significantly wealthier. To commemorate the fact that it was spared the destruction of the war, in 1959 the "Cristo Rei" monument was built in

neg: Latin Bloc (proposed alliance) During World War II the proposal was discussed between Mussolini, Spain's "Caudillo" Francisco Franco, and Vichy France's head of state Philippe Petain. However the alliance failed to materialize. The planned bloc would have united Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and Vatican City together as a bloc alliance based upon unity of the Latin culture European states that would be within the Axis powers that was designed to balance the power between them and Germany in the Axis by combining together. The main effort was to create a "Rome-Madrid axis", Franco took a major role in promoting the proposal, and Franco with

neg: Portugal–Spain 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Portugal–Spain 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Spain and Portugal 2018 was an official joint Iberian bid for the right to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The International Federation of Football Association (FIFA) invited its member associations to bid for either the 2018 or the 2022 final tournaments, or both. The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) and the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) submitted together a bid for both editions, but with the focus on winning the privilege to host the 2018 finals. Due to the withdrawal of all non-European bids for the 2018 edition, the Spanish-Portuguese bid, and that of

neg: Exclusive economic zone of Portugal Exclusive economic zone of Portugal Portugal has 5th the largest exclusive economic zone (EEZ) within Europe, 4th largest of the EU and the 20th largest EEZ in the world, at 1,727,408 km. Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over additional 2.15 million square kilometers of the neighboring continental shelf in May 2009., resulting in a marine territory of more than 3,877,408 km. Spain disputes the EEZ's southern border, maintaining that it should be drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands. Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands, a small archipelago north of the Canaries, hence claiming an

neg: Padel (sport) Tour (PPT) was the professional padel circuit which was created in 2005 as a result of the agreement between a group of organizers of matches of padel and Association of Professional Players of Pádel (AJPP) and the Spanish Feminine Association of Pádel (AFEP). Nowadays, the most important padel circuit is World Padel Tour (WPT), which started in Spain though it has already reached international expansion. In 2014 WPT has traveled to Portugal, Argentina and Dubai. The sport's popularity along the Costa del Sol in southern Spain and the Algarve in southern Portugal has exposed it to a large number of

neg: Holy See–Spain relations in the New World. Its first ambassador, Gonzalo de Beteta, was appointed in 1480. This established the World´s oldest permanent diplomatic mission in History. The mission resulted in important projects of cooperation between the 2 countries. These include Vatican support for the Granada War, the partition of the New World between Spain and Portugal via the “"Bula Inter Caetera"” in 1493 ("see Treaty of Tordesillas"), and the creation of the Holy League which led to the key Victory for Christiandom at the battle of Lepanto For most of the reign of Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503), the Church had its own

neg: Horseball 2008. The teams that played in the championship were Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Portugal, Spain. This was won by France, Spain got Silver, and Portugal Bronze. The second edition was held in 2012 in Montpellier and the team competing were, Algeria, Argentina, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain. The results were France with Gold, Spain got Silver, and Portugal Bronze. The club level competition organized by the International Horseball Federation is the FIHB Chambions League. This is competed between the top club from the four highest ranked European nations. This competition began in 2007

neg: Portuguese Empire income. When King Philip II of Spain (Philip I of Portugal) inherited the Portuguese crown in 1580 there began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal known to subsequent historiography as the Iberian Union. The realms continued to have separate administrations. As the King of Spain was also King of Portugal, Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain: the Dutch Republic, England, and France. With its smaller population, Portugal found itself unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts, and the empire began a long and gradual decline. Eventually, Brazil

neg: Portugal–Spain border disputed between the two countries for two hundred years. A microstate existed previously on the border called Couto Misto. Districts on the Portuguese side of the border from North to South: Provinces on the Spanish side of the border from North to South: Portugal and Spain signed the Schengen Agreement in June 1991 which came into effect on 26 March 1995, making Portugal and Spain part of the Schengen area and thus the border then became an Open border. Portugal has since reintroduced border checks several times along the border with Spain, during the UEFA Euro 2004 championships, during the

neg: Portugal national rugby union team Wolves". Portugal have experienced modest success in recent years. They have qualified to the 2007 World Cup in France and although they lost all their matches they managed to score one try in all their games and led the score against Romania until the late minutes. Portugal were the surprise winners of the 2003–04 European Nations Cup, but though they could only finish third in the following event. Portugal played its first ever rugby international in April 1935 against Spain, losing by a single point, 6–5. They played Spain again the following year with Spain winning 16–9. Portugal had more

neg: The Time in Between (TV series) the half-lit world of espionage and political conspiracy rife with love, intrigue, and betrayal. The series was filmed in various locations in Spain, Morocco and Portugal. María Dueñas' original novel is set in Madrid, Tangier, Tétouan and Lisbon. Most of scenes in the series were filmed in these cities. Some of the scenes were filmed in Guadalajara and Toledo in Spain, and Estoril and Cascais in Portugal. The budget was estimated in over 500,000 euros per episode. Music score was composed by César Benito. The soundtrack album reached #2 on Spain’s iTunes Store Albums, and #1 on the Soundtracks category.

neg: 2007 Rugby World Cup – Europe qualification European Nations Cup (rugby union)" "Romania, Georgia, and Portugal qualified for Round 5. Russia, Czech Republic, and Ukraine qualified for Round 4." "Spain and Russia qualified for Round 5." Spain won 79–29 on aggregate Russia won 62–28 on aggregate "Italy qualified for World Cup as "Europe 1". Portugal entered Round 6." "Romania qualified for World Cup as "Europe 2". Georgia entered Round 6." "Georgia qualified for World Cup as "Europe 3". Portugal entered repechage as "Europe 4"." Georgia won 28–14 on aggregate 2007 Rugby World Cup – Europe qualification 2007 Rugby World Cup – European qualification was a European Nations

neg: Enlargement of NATO founding in 1949 to include twenty-nine members. Twelve countries were part of the founding of NATO: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The early years of the Cold War saw a stark divide between Capitalist states, backed by United States, and Communist satellite states of the Soviet Union. This divide eased inclusion of Portugal under Salazar in NATO and encouraged the anti-Communist governments of Greece and Turkey to join NATO in 1952. Greece would suspend its membership in 1974, over the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, but rejoined in

neg: Bight of Biafra trade emanating from the Bight of Biafra. Between 1525 and 1859, Britain dominated the slave trade from the Bight of Biafra accounting for over two-thirds of slaves exported to the New World. However, in 1807, Great Britain made illegal the international trade in slaves, and the Royal Navy was deployed to forcibly prevent slavers from the United States, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland, West Africa and Arabia from plying their trade. Earlier, in 1777, Portugal transferred control of Fernando Poo and Annobon to Spanish suzerainty thus introducing Spain into the early colonial history of the Bight of Biafra. On 30 June

neg: Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental 1808, to embark on the invasion of the Banda Oriental can be divided into general and circumstantial. Among the first is located in the main place, the former Portuguese aspiration to bring the frontiers of Brazil to the coast of Rio de la Plata (), arguing that it matched the Tordesillas line by which Spain and Portugal had divided the world in 1494. For that reason, the region of the Rio de la Plata was a border area between Spain and Portugal, and as such, a highly conflictive area and theater of bloody battles over the centuries, even after the

neg: Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) the invading armies were expelled and chased to the border, and even within Spain itself, as would happen in Codicera, where several Spanish soldiers were imprisoned: "Portugal had not accepted the invitation to join France and Spain in this alliance and the latter powers... invaded Portugal. England sent a fleet promptly to Lisbon with 8,000 soldiers who helped drive the invaders back and followed them into Spain herself...The blows she had received were staggering..." At the end of the war, La Lippe was invited by the Portuguese prime minister Pombal to stay in Portugal, in order to reorganize and modernize

neg: African admixture in Europe in Spain (2.9% average), and without parallel in the rest of Europe. In both countries, frequencies vary widely between regions, but with increased frequencies observed for Madeira (insular Portugal), southern Portugal, Córdoba (southern Spain), Huelva (southern Spain), Canary Islands (insular Spain), Extremadura (western Spain) and Leon (western Spain). In the Autonomous regions of Portugal (i.e. Madeira and the Azores), L haplogroups constituted about 13% of the lineages in Madeira, significantly more than in the Azores. In the Canary Islands, frequencies have been reported at 6.6%. Regarding Iberia, current debates are concerned with whether these lineages are associated with prehistoric migrations,

neg: Treaty of Lisbon (1668) Treaty of Lisbon (1668) The Treaty of Lisbon of 1668 was a peace treaty between Portugal and Spain, concluded at Lisbon on 13 February 1668, through the mediation of England, in which Spain recognized the sovereignty of Portugal's new ruling dynasty, the House of Braganza. The regent of Spain, queen Mariana of Austria, second wife of the late King Philip IV, acting in the name of her young son Carlos II, oversaw the negotiation on behalf of Spain. The prince-regent of Portugal, Pedro, future king Peter II of Portugal, in the name of his incapacitated brother, Afonso VI, represented Portugal.

neg: Tagus Tagus The Tagus (; , ; , ) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. It is long, in Spain, along the border between Portugal and Spain and in Portugal, where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon. It drains an area of (the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro). The Tagus is highly utilized for most of its course. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to places of central Spain and Portugal, while dozens of hydroelectric stations create power. Between dams it follows a very constricted course, but after Almourol it enters a

neg: Aldeadávila Dam Aldeadávila Dam Aldeadávila Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam on the Douro River (also known as the Duero River) on the border between Spain and Portugal. The Douro River forms the international boundary between Portugal and Spain. The nearest Spanish town is Aldeadávila de la Ribera in the Province of Salamanca, about to the east. The nearest Portuguese town is Fornos in Bragança District, about to the southwest. The Portuguese side of the river around the dam site lies within the International Douro Natural Park. In 1864, Portugal and Spain signed the "Treaty of Limits" (ratified in 1866), which established

neg: Working equitation Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. The team from Portugal won the team event, and the individual competition was won by Fabio Lombardo of Brazil on Brilho do Rimo with 100 points. In the second Working Equitation World Championship in Lisbon from 26 to 29 October 2006, there were teams from France, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. The Portuguese team won the team event for the second time in a row and David Duarte Oliveira of Portugal won the individual event with his horse Mulato. The third World Championship was held five years later, from 26–30 October

neg: Portugal–Spain border NATO 2010 Lisbon summit and during Pope Francis's visit to Fátima in May 2017. Portugal's maritime borders, also known as the Exclusive economic zone of Portugal is currently disputed by Spain in the Savage Islands area, between Madeira and the Canary Islands. The main crossing point between Portugal and Spain is Vilar Formoso - Fuentes de Oñoro. Other important crossings are Caminha and Bragança to Galicia, Portalegre and Elvas to Badajoz, and Castro Marim and Vila Real de Santo António to Ayamonte. Bridges across the border include the Guadiana International Bridge and the Lower Guadiana International bridge. A zipline across

neg: Portugal during World War II Almada, overlooking Lisbon. Despite the authoritarian character of the regime Portugal did not experience the same levels of international isolation as Spain did following World War II. Unlike Spain, Portugal under Salazar was accepted into the Marshall Plan (1947–1948) in return for the aid it gave to the Allies during the final stages of the war. Furthermore, also unlike Spain, it was one of the 12 founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in 1949, a reflection of Portugal's role as an ally against communism during the Cold War in spite of its status as the only non-democratic

neg: History of Spain It was also one of the largest empires in world history. In the 16th century, Spain and Portugal were in the vanguard of European global exploration and colonial expansion. The two kingdoms on the conquest and Iberian Peninsula competed with each other in opening of trade routes across the oceans. Spanish imperial conquest and colonization began with the Canary Islands in 1312 and 1402. which began the Castilian conquest of the Canary Islands, completed in 1495. In the 15th and 16th centuries, trade flourished across the Atlantic between Spain and the Americas and across the Pacific between East Asia and

neg: Spanish Empire In 1580, when Philip II of Spain succeeded to the throne of Portugal (as Philip I), he established the Council of Portugal, which oversaw Portugal and its empire and "preserv[ed] its own laws, institutions, and monetary system, and united only in sharing a common sovereign." The Iberian Union remained in place until in 1640, when Portugal overthrew Hapsburg rule and reestablished independence under the House of Braganza. Under Philip, Spain, rather than the Hapsburg empire, was identified as the most powerful nation in the world, easily eclipsing France and England. Furthermore, despite attacks from other European states, Spain retained its

neg: The Third of May 1808 unable to control his energetic wife, Maria Luisa of Parma. Napoleon took advantage of the weak king by suggesting the two nations conquer and divide Portugal, with France and Spain each taking a third of the spoils, and the final third going to the Spanish Prime Minister Manuel de Godoy, along with the title "Prince of the Algarve". Godoy was seduced, and accepted the French offer. He failed, however, to grasp Napoleon's true intentions, and was unaware that his new ally and co-sovereign, the former king's son Ferdinand VII of Spain, was using the invasion merely as a ploy to

neg: Guaraní people accompanied by their priests, defended the Spanish colony. In 1732, there were 30 Guaraní missions with 141,252 converted Guaranís. Two years later a smallpox epidemic killed approximately 30,000 of them. In 1765, a second outbreak killed approximately 12,000 more, and then spread westward through the tribes of the Chaco. In 1750, a treaty between Spain and Portugal (the Treaty of Madrid) transferred to Portugal the territory of the seven missions on the Uruguay, and the Guaranís were ordered to leave. They refused to leave, being familiar with the Portuguese as slave-hunters. Seven years of guerrilla warfare killed thousands of them

neg: Borders of Spain Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make the border with Morocco, which is 19 km long. The borders of Ceuta and Melilla, are "de facto", because between them and Morocco there is no man's land. The only real border would be the 27 meters long one in the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera. The Spain–Gibraltar border is 1.2 km long and connects the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar and the Spanish municipality of La Línea de la Concepción. Borders of Spain Spain has 1953 kilometers of borders, with 5 different countries. The Spain-Portugal border, commonly known as "La Raya",

neg: History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean building in Ponce to hold religious services. Many Central and Eastern European Jews came after World War II. Suriname has the oldest Jewish community in the Americas. During the Inquisition in Portugal and Spain around 1500, many Jews fled to the Netherlands and the Dutch colonies to escape social discrimination and inquisitorial persecution, sometimes including torture and condemnation to the stake. Those who were converted to the Catholic faith were called New Christians, conversos, and, less often, "Marranos". The stadtholder of the King of Portugal gave those who wanted to depart some time to let them settle, and supplied them

neg: Portuguese Restoration War Portuguese Restoration War The Portuguese Restoration War (; ) was the name given by nineteenth-century Romantic historians to the war between Portugal and Spain that began with the Portuguese revolution of 1640 and ended with the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668. The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare, much of it occasioned by Spanish and Portuguese entanglements with non-Iberian powers. Spain was involved in the Thirty Years' War until 1648 and the Franco–Spanish War until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the Dutch–Portuguese

neg: Chronicle of Muntaner Peter the Great an alliance between them, the king of Portugal and the king of Mallorca, Muntaner added: ".".. And, assuredly, he spoke the truth; if these four Kings of Spain whom he named, who are of one flesh and blood, held together, little need they fear all the other powers of the world.".." "(."..si aquests quatre reys que ell nomenava d'Espanya, qui són una carn e una sang, se teguessen ensemps, poch duptare tot laltre poder del món.""). Regarding the Catalan Company of the East, Ramon Muntaner began to write his chronicle in 1325, that is, 17 years after

neg: World Index of Moral Freedom affected, among other relevant factors, by country size. In Portugal and, to a lesser extent, in Spain, many mainstream media and a number of other online media reported on the World Index of Moral Freedom 2016. All in all, just over ninety media carried the story. Generally speaking, reception was positive in Portugal and both positive and negative in Spain. The following are some of the main media carrying the story: World Index of Moral Freedom 2016 (WIMF) 2016, published by the Foundation for the Advancement of Liberty, Madrid, Spain, on April 2, 2016. World Index of Moral Freedom 2018

neg: Latin Bloc (proposed alliance) Latin Bloc (proposed alliance) The Latin Bloc (Italian: "Blocco Latino", French: "Bloc Latin", Spanish: "Bloque Latino", Portuguese: "Bloco Latino") was a proposal for an alliance made the 1920s to the 1940s that began with Italy's "Duce" Benito Mussolini proposing such a bloc in 1927 between Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, that would be an alliance based upon common Latin civilization and culture. The proposal was publicly discussed between the governments of Italy, Spain, and France, during World War II. In the 1930s, French Prime Minister Pierre Laval alongside French conservatives expressed support for a Latin Bloc with Italy and Spain.

neg: World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The list does not include the "Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean", a biosphere reserve shared between Morocco and Spain, which has been classified as part of the Arab States region. "See also: " See also Portugal and Spain. See also Romania and Ukraine. World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America Under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Reserve Programme, there are 302 biosphere reserves recognized as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America (as of April 2016). These are distributed across 36 countries in the