query: which group of fungi do the mushrooms belong to

pos: Fungus research effort involving dozens of mycologists and other scientists working on fungal taxonomy. It recognizes seven phyla, two of which—the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota—are contained within a branch representing subkingdom Dikarya, the most species rich and familiar group, including all the mushrooms, most food-spoilage molds, most plant pathogenic fungi, and the beer, wine, and bread yeasts. The accompanying cladogram depicts the major fungal taxa and their relationship to opisthokont and unikont organisms, based on the work of Philippe Silar, "The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research" and Tedersoo et al. 2018. The

neg: Rhizomarasmius Rhizomarasmius Rhizomarasmius is a genus of fungi in the family Physalacriaceae, containing about five species. The genus was created in 2000 by R. H. Petersen to accommodate two species then classified in Marasmius ("M. pyrrhocephalus" and "M. undatus"), but which do not belong there due to morphological grounds, including the nature of the cystidia and the way the mushrooms are rooted on a plant substrate. This analysis was backed up in 2006 by DNA comparisons done by Wilson and Desjardin. Unlike most "Marasmius" mushrooms, members of "Rhizomarasmius" grow on the rhizomes of ferns or flowering plants, and that is the

neg: Fungus able to identify their closest teleomorphs in the Ascomycota. Because the products of meiosis are retained within the sac-like ascus, ascomycetes have been used for elucidating principles of genetics and heredity (e.g., "Neurospora crassa"). Members of the Basidiomycota, commonly known as the club fungi or basidiomycetes, produce meiospores called basidiospores on club-like stalks called basidia. Most common mushrooms belong to this group, as well as rust and smut fungi, which are major pathogens of grains. Other important basidiomycetes include the maize pathogen "Ustilago maydis", human commensal species of the genus "Malassezia", and the opportunistic human pathogen, "Cryptococcus neoformans". Because of

neg: Fungus Fungus A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesise. Growth

neg: Rhizomarasmius signification of the genus name. Instead of the Marasmiaceae this genus is placed in the Physalacriaceae, a sister clade but a separate family. Rhizomarasmius Rhizomarasmius is a genus of fungi in the family Physalacriaceae, containing about five species. The genus was created in 2000 by R. H. Petersen to accommodate two species then classified in Marasmius ("M. pyrrhocephalus" and "M. undatus"), but which do not belong there due to morphological grounds, including the nature of the cystidia and the way the mushrooms are rooted on a plant substrate. This analysis was backed up in 2006 by DNA comparisons done by

neg: Fairy ring in open areas and produce nitrogen-rich droppings. Mushrooms need more soil nitrogen than grass does. A ring can start from only a few spores from which the mycelium develops; the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms only appearing later, when sufficient mycelial mass has been generated to support them. Subsequent generations of fungi grow only outwards, because the parent generations have depleted their local nitrogen levels. Meanwhile, rabbits keep cropping the grass, but do not eat the fungi, allowing them to grow through their competition to tower, relatively, above the grass. By the time a circle of mushrooms reaches about in

neg: Fungus used extensively to produce industrial chemicals like citric, gluconic, lactic, and malic acids, and industrial enzymes, such as lipases used in biological detergents, cellulases used in making cellulosic ethanol and stonewashed jeans, and amylases, invertases, proteases and xylanases. Several species, most notably "Psilocybin mushrooms" (colloquially known as "magic mushrooms"), are ingested for their psychedelic properties, both recreationally and religiously. Fungus A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, fungi, which is

neg: Fungi of Australia "Cyttaria") which occur only on living branches of "Nothofagus" trees. Australia's native truffles (subterranean ascomycetes) form another distinct and interesting group which remains poorly known. Representatives of all three subdivisions of the Basidiomycota are found in Australia. These are the Agaricomycotina (bracket fungi, jelly fungi, mushrooms and toadstools, puffballs etc., i.e. most of the species commonly understood to be fungi), the Pucciniomycotina (rust fungi), and the Ustilaginomycotina (smut fungi). Native species are very poorly known, with most taxa undescribed. For those that have been, there are huge gaps in knowledge, especially with respect to distribution and, for the larger species,

neg: Edible mushroom Greeks, particularly the upper classes, used mushrooms for culinary purposes. Food tasters were employed by Roman emperors to ensure that mushrooms were safe to eat. Mushroom cultivation has a long history, with over twenty species commercially cultivated. Mushrooms are cultivated in at least 60 countries with China, the United States, Netherlands, France and Poland being the top five producers in 2000. A fraction of the many fungi consumed by humans are currently cultivated and sold commercially. Commercial cultivation is important ecologically, as there have been concerns of depletion of larger fungi such as chanterelles in Europe, possibly because the group

neg: Secotioid has lost ballistospory. Historically agarics and boletes (which bear their spores on a hymenium of gills or tubes respectively) were classified quite separately from the gasteroid fungi, such as puff-balls and truffles, of which the spores are formed in a large mass enclosed in an outer skin. However, in spite of this apparently very great difference in form, recent mycological research, both at microscopic and molecular level has shown that sometimes species of open mushrooms are much more closely related to particular species of gasteroid fungi than they are to each other. Fungi which do not open up to let

neg: Pleurotus (group number in Roman numerals) or sub-clade, and then 3. any older binomial names that have been found to be closely related, reproductively compatible, or synonymous, although they may no longer be taxonomically valid. This list is likely to be incomplete. Pleurotus Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, "P. ostreatus". Species of "Pleurotus" may be called oyster, abalone, or tree mushrooms, and are some of the most commonly cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. "Pleurotus" fungi have been used in mycoremediation of pollutants such as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

neg: Euprenolepis procera to eat over 30 species of mushroom, but they also ignore 50 species present in their habitat; of those that they do eat, the mushrooms often occurred near the roots of trees, indicating that mycorrhizal fungi form part of their diet. During field observations only two occurrences of them feeding on animals (a grasshopper and a snail) were recorded, compared to 266 mushrooms which were consumed. In a laboratory study, colonies thrived for over thirteen weeks, being fed on a diet consisting only of "Pleurotus" and "Agaricus" mushrooms. Combined, these observations led Witte & Maschwitz to conclude that the natural

neg: Coprophilous fungi some species (such as "Conocybe rickenii") can be found in large numbers in areas where manure has been used as a soil fertilizer, such as in gardens. Some coprophilous fungi are also known to grow from the dung of omnivores (such as "Chaetomium globisporum" from rat droppings) or even carnivores (such as "Chaetomium rajasthanense", from tiger feces). Although not all coprophilous fungi produce mushrooms, there are many that do, particularly in the genera "Coprinopsis", "Panaeolus" and "Deconica". Known species include: Coprophilous fungi Coprophilous fungi ("dung-loving" fungi) are a type of saprobic fungi that grow on animal dung. The hardy spores

neg: Panaeolus Panaeolus Panaeolus is a genus of small, black-spored, saprotrophic agarics. The word "Panaeolus" is Greek for "all variegated", alluding to the spotted gills of the mushrooms produced. These fungi are mostly dung and grassland species, some of which are quite common in Europe and North America. The gills of "Panaeolus" do not deliquesce as do the members of the related genera "Coprinellus" and "Coprinopsis". Members of "Panaeolus" can also be mistaken for "Psathyrella", however the latter genus is usually found growing on wood or lignin-enriched soils and has brittle stipes. The gills of these mushrooms are black or grey and

neg: Mushroom poisoning therapy almost immediately after ingestion of amanitin-containing mushrooms have a mortality rate of only 10%, whereas those admitted 60 or more hours after ingestion have a 50–90% mortality rate. Of the most lethal mushrooms, three—the death cap ("A. phalloides"), destroying angels ("A. virosa" and "A. bisporigera"), and the fool's mushroom ("A. verna")—belong to the genus "Amanita", and two more—the deadly webcap ("C. rubellus"), and the fool's webcap ("C. orellanus")—are from the genus "Cortinarius". Several species of Galerina, Lepiota, and Conocybe also contain lethal amounts of amatoxins. Deadly species are listed in the List of deadly fungi. The following species may

neg: Secotium it to be reclassified. Secotium Secotium is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae. The members of this genus are closely related to ordinary "Agaricus" mushrooms, but do not open out in the usual way; this has given rise to the term "secotioid" for such mushrooms in general. They are thought to form an evolutionary link between agarics and gasteroid fungi (whose spores are enclosed in a pouch-like structure). "Secotium" is a widespread genus, with species that are predominantly found in warm and arid regions. The secotioid species "Agaricus deserticola" used to be named "Secotium texense" before its strong

neg: Secotium Secotium Secotium is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae. The members of this genus are closely related to ordinary "Agaricus" mushrooms, but do not open out in the usual way; this has given rise to the term "secotioid" for such mushrooms in general. They are thought to form an evolutionary link between agarics and gasteroid fungi (whose spores are enclosed in a pouch-like structure). "Secotium" is a widespread genus, with species that are predominantly found in warm and arid regions. The secotioid species "Agaricus deserticola" used to be named "Secotium texense" before its strong connection to "Agaricus" caused

neg: Trichoderma viride fungi, the cell walls of which are mainly composed of chitin. It parasitizes the mycelia and fruiting bodies of other fungi, including cultivated mushrooms, and it has been called the "green mould disease of mushrooms". The affected mushrooms are distorted and unattractive in appearance and the crop is reduced. The fungicidal activity makes "T. viride" useful as a biological control against plant pathogenic fungi. It has been shown to provide protection against such pathogens as "Rhizoctonia", "Pythium" and even "Armillaria". It is found naturally in soil and is effective as a seed dressing in the control of seed and soil-borne

neg: Fungus (see below), which are produced by very closely related "Aspergilli". Quorn, a meat substitute, is made from "Fusarium venenatum". Edible mushrooms include commercially raised and wild-harvested fungi. "Agaricus bisporus", sold as button mushrooms when small or Portobello mushrooms when larger, is the most widely cultivated species in the West, used in salads, soups, and many other dishes. Many Asian fungi are commercially grown and have increased in popularity in the West. They are often available fresh in grocery stores and markets, including straw mushrooms ("Volvariella volvacea"), oyster mushrooms ("Pleurotus ostreatus"), shiitakes ("Lentinula edodes"), and enokitake ("Flammulina" spp.). Many other mushroom

neg: Psilocybin mushroom in India. However, enforcement of this prohibition is complicated by the fact that while the compound itself is banned, mushrooms containing the substance are not. Psilocybin mushroom A psilocybin mushroom is one of a polyphyletic group of fungi that contain any of various psychedelic compounds, including psilocybin, psilocin, and baeocystin. Common, colloquial terms for psilocybin mushrooms include psychedelic mushrooms, magic mushrooms, shrooms, and mush. Biological genera containing psilocybin mushrooms include "Copelandia", "Gymnopilus", "Inocybe", "Mycena", "Panaeolus"," Pholiotina", "Pluteus", and "Psilocybe". Psilocybin mushrooms may have been used in ancient religious rites and ceremonies. They are depicted in Stone Age rock art in

neg: Fungus which grows on bolete mushrooms. Fungi can become the target of infection by mycoviruses. Many fungi produce biologically active compounds, several of which are toxic to animals or plants and are therefore called mycotoxins. Of particular relevance to humans are mycotoxins produced by molds causing food spoilage, and poisonous mushrooms (see above). Particularly infamous are the lethal amatoxins in some "Amanita" mushrooms, and ergot alkaloids, which have a long history of causing serious epidemics of ergotism (St Anthony's Fire) in people consuming rye or related cereals contaminated with sclerotia of the ergot fungus, "Claviceps purpurea". Other notable mycotoxins include the

neg: Gloiocephala cornelii", "G. menieri" and "G. pseudocaricis". Gloiocephala Gloiocephala is a genus of fungi in the family Physalacriaceae. The genus is widespread, though mainly known from tropical and sub-tropical areas, and contains about 30 species. The mushrooms of this group are very small and grow on stems and leaves of monocotyledonous plants, such as sedges, usually in wet places. In most species their fruiting bodies do not develop into a typical mushroom form - the gills are often reduced to vein-like structures or completely missing, and the stipe may be asymmetrical, short or absent. There are five species which grow in

neg: Gloiocephala Gloiocephala Gloiocephala is a genus of fungi in the family Physalacriaceae. The genus is widespread, though mainly known from tropical and sub-tropical areas, and contains about 30 species. The mushrooms of this group are very small and grow on stems and leaves of monocotyledonous plants, such as sedges, usually in wet places. In most species their fruiting bodies do not develop into a typical mushroom form - the gills are often reduced to vein-like structures or completely missing, and the stipe may be asymmetrical, short or absent. There are five species which grow in Europe: "G. caricis", "G. cerkesii", "G.

neg: Polypore Polypore Polypores are a group of fungi that form fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside (see Delimitation for exceptions). They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polypores are closely related to each other. Polypores are also called bracket fungi, and their woody fruiting bodies are called conks. Most polypores inhabit tree trunks or branches consuming the wood, but some soil-inhabiting species form mycorrhiza with trees. Polypores and their relatives corticioid fungi are the most important agents of wood decay. Thus, they play a very significant role in nutrient

neg: Mushroom of synthetic dyes, mushrooms were the source of many textile dyes. Some fungi, types of polypores loosely called mushrooms, have been used as fire starters (known as tinder fungi). Mushrooms and other fungi play a role in the development of new biological remediation techniques (e.g., using mycorrhizae to spur plant growth) and filtration technologies (e.g. using fungi to lower bacterial levels in contaminated water). Mushroom A mushroom, or toadstool, is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button

neg: Tricholoma magnivelare Tricholoma magnivelare Tricholoma magnivelare is a gilled mushroom found east of the Rocky Mountains in North America growing in coniferous woodland. These ectomycorrhizal fungi are typically edible species that exist in a symbiotic relationship with various species of pine, commonly jack pine. They belong to the genus "Tricholoma", which includes the closely related East Asian songi or matsutake as well as the Western Matsutake ("T. murrillianum") and Meso-American Matsutake ("T. mesoamericanum"). "T. magnivelare" is also known as the ponderosa mushroom, pine mushroom, American matsutake. Until recently, "Tricholoma magnivelare" was the name used to describe all matustake mushrooms found growing in

neg: Psilocybin mushroom Psilocybin mushroom A psilocybin mushroom is one of a polyphyletic group of fungi that contain any of various psychedelic compounds, including psilocybin, psilocin, and baeocystin. Common, colloquial terms for psilocybin mushrooms include psychedelic mushrooms, magic mushrooms, shrooms, and mush. Biological genera containing psilocybin mushrooms include "Copelandia", "Gymnopilus", "Inocybe", "Mycena", "Panaeolus"," Pholiotina", "Pluteus", and "Psilocybe". Psilocybin mushrooms may have been used in ancient religious rites and ceremonies. They are depicted in Stone Age rock art in Europe and Africa, but most famously represented in the Pre-Columbian sculptures and glyphs seen throughout Central and South America. Prehistoric rock art near Villar del

neg: Amanita subpallidorosea Amanita subpallidorosea Amanita subpallidorosea is a mushroom of the large genus "Amanita", which occurs under oaks in southern China and Taiwan. It is closely related to the destroying angel mushrooms "A. virosa" and "A. ocreata". Two people died in 2014 after eating mushrooms picked near Zunyi in Guizhou province in southwestern China; investigations led to the description of "Amanita subpallidorosea" in 2015. Molecular analysis found it to be closely related to the destroying angel species "A. virosa" and "A. ocreata". The mushrooms all belong to a clade within the section "Phalloideae", a large group of highly toxic mushrooms responsible for

neg: Hypomyces hyalinus Hypomyces hyalinus Hypomyces hyalinus is a species of parasitic fungi that attacks fungi of the genus "Amanita". The earliest recording of this parasite was in 1822 in Salem, North Carolina, but microscopic descriptions of "H.hyalinus" do not appear in the literature until 1886. "H.hyalinus" is a host-specific pathogen which exclusively attacks species of the genus "Amanita", which is famous for containing some of the most toxic mushrooms in the world. "H. hyalinus" specifically attaches to the basidiocarp on the sporocarp (fruiting body) of the fungus. The parasitic effects of "H. hyalinus" thoroughly disfigures its host and in the absence of

neg: Fungi of Australia known, but is likely to be about 13,000. The CSIRO has published three volumes providing a bibliography of all Australian fungal species described. Volume 2A was published in 1997, and Volume 2B was published in 2003. Unlike the Flora of Australia series they are bibliographic lists and do not contain species descriptions. The total number of fungi which actually occur in Australia, including those not yet discovered, has been estimated at around 250,000 fungal species, including about 5,000 mushrooms, of which roughly 5% have been described. Knowledge of distribution, substrata and habitats is poor for most species, with the exception

neg: Truffle genera of similar underground fungi. The genera "Terfezia" and "Tirmania" of the family "Terfeziaceae" are known as the "desert truffles" of Africa and the Middle East. The basidiomycete "Hart's truffle" is a name for "Elaphomycetaceae". "Pisolithus tinctorius", which was historically eaten in parts of Germany, is sometimes called "Bohemian truffle". "Rhizopogon" spp. are ectomycorrhizal members of the Basidiomycota and the order Boletales, a group of fungi that typically form mushrooms. Like their ascomycete counterparts, these fungi are capable of creating truffle-like fruiting bodies. "Rhizopogon" spp. are ecologically important in coniferous forests where they associate with various pines, firs, and Douglas-fir.

neg: Fungus commonly known as sac fungi or ascomycetes, constitute the largest taxonomic group within the Eumycota. These fungi form meiotic spores called ascospores, which are enclosed in a special sac-like structure called an ascus. This phylum includes morels, a few mushrooms and truffles, unicellular yeasts (e.g., of the genera "Saccharomyces", "Kluyveromyces", "Pichia", and "Candida"), and many filamentous fungi living as saprotrophs, parasites, and mutualistic symbionts (e.g. lichens). Prominent and important genera of filamentous ascomycetes include "Aspergillus", "Penicillium", "Fusarium", and "Claviceps". Many ascomycete species have only been observed undergoing asexual reproduction (called anamorphic species), but analysis of molecular data has often been

neg: Clavariadelphus truncatus for cooking. The authors of "North American mushrooms: a field guide to edible and inedible fungi" said that the mushroom has a pleasant odor. "A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America" says that the mushroom is one of the best to eat and has a sweet flavor that is especially appealing to some people. David Arora, the author of "Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi", said that the mushroom can be sauteed and served for dessert. The mushroom contains clavaric acid, which has been shown to reduce the rate of tumor development when given to mice. Clavaric

neg: Sporocarp (fungi) in the identification and taxonomy of fungi. Fruitbodies are termed "epigeous" if they grow on the ground, like those of ordinary mushrooms, while others which grow underground are "hypogeous". Epigeous sporocarps that are visible to the naked eye, especially fruitbodies of a more or less agaricoid morphology, are often referred to as mushrooms, while hypogeous fungi are usually called truffles or false truffles. During their evolution truffles lost the ability to disperse their spores by air currents, and propagate instead by animal consumption and subsequent dispersal of their spores. In amateur mushroom hunting, and to a large degree in academic

neg: Silvia Blumenfeld and forest pathology. She is an expert in the biotechnology of mushrooms, wood rotting fungi, and culture collections of mushrooms. She has managed projects in genetic selection and strain improvement of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Blumenfeld has worked 20 years in the formulation of mushroom inoculants and industrial production of mushroom inoculants and mushroom biotechnology. 1995 – Argentine National 'José Antonio Balseiro' Prize, as Director of Group of work for the results of technological transfer and extension work with the productive sector in the field of edible mushrooms, granted by the Ministry of Education and the Forum of the Science

neg: Fungiculture Fungiculture Fungiculture is the process of producing food, medicine, and other products by the cultivation of mushrooms and other fungi. A "mushroom farm" is in the business of growing fungi. The word is also commonly used to refer to the practice of cultivating fungi by leafcutter ants, termites, ambrosia beetles, and marsh periwinkles. Mushrooms are not plants, and require different conditions for optimal growth. Plants develop through photosynthesis, a process that converts atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, especially cellulose. While sunlight provides an energy source for plants, mushrooms derive all of their energy and growth materials from their growth medium,

neg: Heart rot year, and extensive development in the wood tissue is needed before mushrooms or conks are produced. Heart rot fungi have both a huge economic and environmental impact. The fungi only target the nonliving wood tissue of the heartwood and do not affect the living sapwood. Initially, infected heartwood is discolored but not structurally compromised. As the fungi grow they decay more wood and the tissue becomes increasingly soft and weak. The tree can still grow around the decayed heartwood because the live wood tissue is not affected. The growth around decayed areas of heartwood creates structural weaknesses in the tree.

neg: Know Your Mushrooms Mushroom Festival in Colorado, collect and consume mushrooms of every variety, particularly the aesthetic unappealing . Mushroom fans and fungi experts explore and investigate during the four-day festival. Gary Lincoff and mycologist Larry Evans lead a wild mushroom hunt.Day One: Displays of local mushrooms and cooking demonstrations. Day Two: Discussion and lecture. Day three: Health effects of fungi and cultural roles. Discussion include mushroom's potential, for example, possible anti-cancer properties or mythological significance in shamanistic cultures. Day Four: A parade. Quizzes and short animations present controversial fungi, such as magic mushroom and fly agaric, the documentary provides an in-depth introduction

neg: Clonal colony Clonal colony A clonal colony or genet is a group of genetically identical individuals, such as plants, fungi, or bacteria, that have grown in a given location, all originating vegetatively, not sexually, from a single ancestor. In plants, an individual in such a population is referred to as a ramet. In fungi, "individuals" typically refers to the visible fruiting bodies or mushrooms that develop from a common mycelium which, although spread over a large area, is otherwise hidden in the soil. Clonal colonies are common in many plant species. Although many plants reproduce sexually through the production of seed, reproduction

neg: Amanitaceae ones. More than half the cases of mushroom poisoning stem from members of this family. The most toxic members of this group have names that warn of the poisonous nature, but others, of varying degrees of toxicity, do not. Amanitaceae The Amanitaceae is a family of mushroom-forming fungi. The family, also commonly called the amanita family, is in order Agaricales, the gilled mushrooms. The family consists primarily of the large genus "Amanita", but also includes the smaller genera "Amarrendia", "Catatrama", "Limacella", "Limacellopsis", "Myxoderma", "Saproamanita" and "Torrendia". Both "Amarrendia" and "Torrendia" and considered to be synonymous with "Amanita" but appear quite

neg: Clonal colony root system, sharing roots, water and mineral nutrients. A few non-vining, woody plants that form clonal colonies are: Clonal colony A clonal colony or genet is a group of genetically identical individuals, such as plants, fungi, or bacteria, that have grown in a given location, all originating vegetatively, not sexually, from a single ancestor. In plants, an individual in such a population is referred to as a ramet. In fungi, "individuals" typically refers to the visible fruiting bodies or mushrooms that develop from a common mycelium which, although spread over a large area, is otherwise hidden in the soil. Clonal

neg: Mushroom ketchup in its preparation. Some versions used vinegar as an ingredient. The final product had a dark color that was derived from the mushroom spores that transferred from the mushrooms to the solution. The version in "The English Art of Cookery" calls for dried mushrooms to be used for the ketchup's preparation. This version also uses red wine in the ketchup's preparation, and uses a cooking reduction, in which one-third of the product is reduced, after which the final product is bottled. The book "British Edible Fungi", published in 1891, states that for optimal results, "mixed fungi should not be used,

neg: Entomopathogenic fungus of wall-less protoplasts (depending on the fungus involved). After some time the insect is usually killed (sometimes by fungal toxins) and new propagules (spores) are formed in or on the insect if environmental conditions are again right. High humidity is usually required for sporulation. The entomopathogenic fungi include taxa from several of the main fungal groups and do not form a monophyletic group. Many common and/or important entomopathogenic fungi are in the order Hypocreales of the Ascomycota: the asexual (anamorph) phases "Beauveria", "Isaria" (was "Paecilomyces"), "Hirsutella", "Metarhizium", "Nomuraea" and the sexual (teleomorph) state "Cordyceps"; others ("Entomophthora", "Zoophthora", "Pandora", "Entomophaga") belong

neg: Rust (fungus) Rust (fungus) Rusts are plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi of the order Pucciniales (previously also known as Uredinales). An estimated 168 rust genera and approximately 7,000 species, more than half of which belong to the genus "Puccinia", are currently accepted. Rust fungi are highly specialized plant pathogens with several unique features. Taken as a group, rust fungi are diverse and affect many kinds of plants. However, each species has a very narrow range of hosts and cannot be transmitted to non-host plants. In addition, most rust fungi cannot be grown easily in pure culture. A single species of rust

neg: Fungivore mycorrhizal fungi, they may benefit, because the fungi gain nutrition from the plant and in turn the fungi will secrete more sugars. The third group, that enter into living fungal cells are called endocellular biotrophs. Some of these are transmitted vertically whereas others are able to actively invade and subvert fungal cells. The molecular interactions involved in these interactions are mostly unknown. Many endocellular biotrophs, for example some "Burkholderia" species, belong to the β-proteobacteria which also contains species which live inside the cells of mammals and amoeba. Some of them, for example "Candidatus" Glomeribacter gigasporarum, which colonises the spores of

neg: Mushroom poisoning they intend to collect as well as with any similar-looking toxic species. In addition, edibility of mushrooms may depend on methods of preparation for cooking. The edibility or toxicity of some species varies with geographic location. Many folk traditions concern the defining features of poisonous mushrooms. However, there are no general identifiers for poisonous mushrooms, so such traditions are unreliable. Guidelines to identify particular mushrooms exist, and will serve only if one knows which mushrooms are toxic. Examples of erroneous folklore "rules" include: New species of fungi are continuing to be discovered, with an estimated number of 800 new species

neg: Margit Babos in the fungi occurring in floating bogs. In collaboration with Gábor Bohus, they contributed significantly to the clarification of the taxonomy of "Agaricus" mushrooms in Europe. In this genus belong one of the most widely produced mushroom, "Agaricus bisporus", the button mushroom. They also performed extensive experiments on establishing cultivation protocols for additional "Agaricus" species, such as "Agaricus macrosporus" and "A. macrosporoides". She has also investigated "Diptera" (flies) living in mushroom fruit bodies and determined the specificity and distribution of "Diptera" species in various fungal species. Margit Babos published 115 research papers and popular articles between 1958 and 2004. Her

neg: Russulaceae the order Agaricales, but microscopical studies of spore and fruitbody flesh features raised the possibility that they were more closely related with certain "lower fungi" presenting nongilled, crust-like fruitbodies. The use of molecular phylogenetics confirmed that these morphologically diverse fungi form a distinct lineage, first termed the "russuloid clade" and today classified as order Russulales in the class Agaricomycetes. The family's sister group within the order appears to be the crust-like Gloeocystidiellaceae. A 2008 molecular phylogenetic study clarified the relationships among the mushroom-forming species of the family. The authors demonstrated the existence of four distinct lineages of gilled mushrooms, which

neg: Pier Andrea Saccardo over 140 papers on the Deuteromycota (imperfect mushrooms) and the Pyrenomycetes. He was most famous for his "Sylloge", which was a comprehensive list of all of the names that had been used for mushrooms. "Sylloge" is still the only work of this kind that was both comprehensive for the botanical kingdom Fungi and reasonably modern. Saccardo also developed a system for classifying the imperfect fungi by spore color and form, which became the primary system used prior to classification by DNA analysis. <div class="notice metadata" id="spoiler" style="border-top:2px solid #ddd; border-bottom:2px solid #ddd;"> Indispensable in the history of mycology is his

neg: Edible mushroom Edible mushroom Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies of several species of macrofungi (fungi which bear fruiting structures that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye). They can appear either below ground (hypogeous) or above ground (epigeous) where they may be picked by hand. Edibility may be defined by criteria that include absence of poisonous effects on humans and desirable taste and aroma. Edible mushrooms are consumed for their nutritional value and occasionally for their supposed medicinal value. Mushrooms consumed by those practicing folk medicine are known as medicinal mushrooms. While psychedelic mushrooms are

neg: Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense for numerous generations, as in the ant-acacia mutualism. Endophytic fungi tend to live with the plant over its entire life.Taxonomically, most of the endophytic fungi belong to the phylum Ascomycota and its associated anamorphs,in various abiotic stresses such as dehydration, temperature, pH, heavy metals they Participate in plant protection . The fungal endophytes are a diverse group of organisms forming associations almost ubiquitously throughout the plant kingdom.antimicrobial compounds produced by plant endophytic fungi.endophytic Fungi are isolated from woody plants were highly active against Phytophthora infestans in tomato plants.useful resources for natural products which have wide range of application in medicine,

neg: Dermocybe Dermocybe The fungi of the Dermocybe group, commonly known as skin-heads, form a group within the huge genus "Cortinarius". They are generally considered to be a subgenus though some authorities consider them to form a genus in their own right. They can be distinguished from other "Cortinarius" species by: An example with a vivid green colour is "Dermocybe austroveneta". Another example is "D. semisanguinea" (pictured), which from above is an ordinary brown colour, but which shows a striking blood-red sheen when the underside of the cap is viewed. Lethal webcaps one of world's most poisonous mushrooms belongs to the group.

neg: Noah Miller Glatfelter His primary correspondents were Curtis Gates Lloyd and Charles Horton Peck, and he met George F. Atkinson in 1903 at the St. Louis World's Fair. His collection of edible and poisonous mushrooms was part of the display of the Missouri Botanical Garden at the Fair. He passed on local accounts of mushroom poisonings to Peck. He compiled a list of over 500 species of St. Louis area mushrooms, which was published in 1906. His list of fungi was used as one of the sources for a checklist published by the Englemann Botanical Club in 1911. There remain seven fungi named

neg: Fungivore is likely they also eat species of Agaricales and Pezizales but these have not been found in their droppings since they disintegrate when they are eaten. Emus ("Dromaius novaehollandiae") will eat immature "Lycoperdon" and "Bovista" fungi if presented to them as will brush turkeys ("Alectura lathami") if offered "Mycena", suggesting that species of Megapodiidae may feed opportunistically on mushrooms. Mycoparasitism occurs when any fungus feeds on other fungi, a form of parasitism, our knowledge of it in natural environments is very limited. "Collybia" grow on dead mushrooms. The fungal genus, "Trichoderma" produces enzymes such as chitinases which degrade the cell

neg: Russulaceae Russulaceae The Russulaceae are a diverse family of fungi in the order Russulales, with roughly 1,900 known species and a worldwide distribution. They comprise the brittlegills and the milk-caps, well-known mushroom-forming fungi that include some edible species. These gilled mushrooms are characterised by the brittle flesh of their fruitbodies. In addition to these typical agaricoid forms, the family contains species with fruitbodies that are laterally stiped (pleurotoid), closed (secotioid or gasteroid), or crust-like (corticioid). Molecular phylogenetics has demonstrated close affinities between species with very different fruitbody types and has discovered new, distinct lineages. An important group of root-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi

neg: Ethnomycology Ethnomycology Ethnomycology is the study of the historical uses and sociological impact of fungi and can be considered a subfield of ethnobotany or ethnobiology. Although in theory the term includes fungi used for such purposes as tinder, medicine (medicinal mushrooms) and food (including yeast), it is often used in the context of the study of psychoactive mushrooms such as psilocybin mushrooms, the "Amanita muscaria" mushroom, and the ergot fungus. American banker Robert Gordon Wasson pioneered interest in this field of study in the late 1950s, when he and his wife became the first Westerners on record allowed to participate in

neg: Mycoforestry to "use mycorrhizal spore inoculum when replanting forest lands" For this process it is best to match native trees with native mycorrhizal fungi. This method keeps and will promote the functioning of the native ecosystem, and native biodiversity. It is assumed in a functioning forest ecosystem an underground mycelial network persists even if no fruiting bodies are visible. A period of disappearance of mushrooms from an area should not cause alarm. In order to trigger the formation of fruiting bodies, many fungal species require specific environmental conditions. Most species of fungi do not fruit year round. Mycoforestry is an emergent

neg: North American Mycological Association Since 1961, NAMA has sponsored an annual foray, at which members meet to collect and identify mushrooms and other fungi. Each year the foray takes place in a different location in North America. NAMA tracks North American mushroom poisoning cases (of humans and animals), and maintains a registry for submission of new cases. NAMA also provides a guide to mushroom poisoning symptoms. North American Mycological Association The North American Mycological Association (NAMA), is a non-profit organization of amateurs and professionals who are interested in fungi, including mushrooms, morels, truffles, molds, and related organisms. NAMA aims "to promote, pursue, and advance

neg: Polypore use today are "Ganoderma lucidum coll." (reishi or lingzhi), "Trametes versicolor" (turkey tail) and "Ganoderma applanatum" (Japanese Kufuki-saru-no-koshikake). Beyond their traditional use in herbal medicine, contemporary research has suggested many applications of polypores for the treatment of illnesses related to the immune system and cancer recovery. Several species have been studied for their ability to produce compounds with anti-pathogenic activity. Polypore Polypores are a group of fungi that form fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside (see Delimitation for exceptions). They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polypores are

neg: Mycology one of the most important biological control agents as an alternative to chemical based products for effective crop diseases management. Field meetings to find interesting species of fungi are known as 'forays', after the first such meeting organized by the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club in 1868 and entitled "A foray among the funguses"["sic"]. Some fungi can cause disease in humans and other animals - The study of pathogenic fungi that infect animals is referred to as medical mycology. It is presumed that humans started collecting mushrooms as food in prehistoric times. Mushrooms were first written about in the works of

neg: Stipe (mycology) Stipe (mycology) In mycology, a stipe () is the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal tissue. In many instances, however, the fertile hymenium extends down the stipe some distance. Fungi that have stipes are said to be stipitate. The evolutionary benefit of a stipe is generally considered to be in mediating spore dispersal. An elevated mushroom will more easily release its spores into wind currents or onto passing animals. Nevertheless, many mushrooms do not have stipes, including cup fungi,

neg: Zhi (excrescences) (502–587) illustrated text called "Zhong Shenzhi" (種神芝, "On the Planting and Cultivation of Magic Mushrooms"). "The pictures of mushrooms, in particular, must have been an extremely early landmark in the history of mycology, which was a late-developing science in the West. The title of [this book] shows that fungi of some kind were being regularly cultivated – hardly as food, with that special designation, more probably medicinal, conceivably hallucinogenic." (Needham and Lu 1986: 261). Zhi (excrescences) The Chinese term zhī (芝) commonly means "fungi; mushroom", best exemplified by the medicinal Lingzhi mushroom, but in Daoism it referred to a class

neg: N-Methylserotonin N-Methylserotonin "N"-Methylserotonin is a tryptamine alkaloid. Chemically, it is a derivative of serotonin in which a methyl group resides at its alkyl amine. It is also called "N"-methylserotonin ("N"-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine) to distinguish it from tryptamine-derived compounds in which a methyl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the indole group. "N"-Methylserotonin is found in plants, animals, and fungi. These include the plants, "Actaea racemosa" (black cohosh) and "Zanthoxylum piperitum", the Green and Golden Bell Frog, "Litoria aurea", and "Amanita" mushrooms. The compound binds to several serotonin receptors, including the 5-HT and 5-HT receptors, with high affinity (IC ≤ 2 nM)

neg: Mushroom Polyporales, but "Neolentinus" is in the Gloeophyllales, and the little pin-mushroom genus, "Rickenella", along with similar genera, are in the Hymenochaetales. Within the main body of mushrooms, in the Agaricales, are common fungi like the common fairy-ring mushroom, shiitake, enoki, oyster mushrooms, fly agarics and other Amanitas, magic mushrooms like species of "Psilocybe", paddy straw mushrooms, shaggy manes, etc. An atypical mushroom is the lobster mushroom, which is a deformed, cooked-lobster-colored parasitized fruitbody of a "Russula" or "Lactarius", colored and deformed by the mycoparasitic Ascomycete "Hypomyces lactifluorum". Other mushrooms are not gilled, so the term "mushroom" is loosely used, and

neg: Fungus are mainly immobile, and have similarities in general morphology and growth habitat. Like plants, fungi often grow in soil and, in the case of mushrooms, form conspicuous fruit bodies, which sometimes resemble plants such as mosses. The fungi are now considered a separate kingdom, distinct from both plants and animals, from which they appear to have diverged around one billion years ago (around the start of the Neoproterozoic Era). Some morphological, biochemical, and genetic features are shared with other organisms, while others are unique to the fungi, clearly separating them from the other kingdoms: Shared features: Unique features: Most fungi

neg: Leucoagaricus Leucoagaricus Leucoagaricus is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae. The genus contains approximately 90 species. This group of mushrooms was first defined as a subgenus of "Leucocoprinus" by Marcel Locquin in 1945, and it was then elevated to the status of genus by Rolf Singer in the journal "Sydowia" in 1948. The group was characterized as belonging to family Agaricaceae with white, dirty cream or pink spores which are generally small (up to 10 µm) but much bigger in one species, with a germ pore, with a pseudo-amyloid multilayered membrane, simple or ornamented, which is metachromatic in cresyl

neg: Leucoagaricus blue. The hyphae in the sporocarp are without clamp connections. There is always a ring which is initially fixed (but later may be movable). The type species is "Leucoagaricus barssii" (Zeller) Vellinga, which was formerly called "L. macrorhizus". Leucoagaricus Leucoagaricus is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae. The genus contains approximately 90 species. This group of mushrooms was first defined as a subgenus of "Leucocoprinus" by Marcel Locquin in 1945, and it was then elevated to the status of genus by Rolf Singer in the journal "Sydowia" in 1948. The group was characterized as belonging to family Agaricaceae

neg: Largest fungal fruit bodies Largest fungal fruit bodies The largest mushrooms and conks are the largest known individual fruit bodies. These are known as "sporocarps", or, more specifically, "basidiocarps" and "ascocarps" for the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota respectively. These fruit bodies have a wide variety of morphologies, ranging from the typical mushroom shape, to brackets (conks), puffballs, cup fungi, stinkhorns, crusts and corals. Many species of fungi, including yeasts, moulds and the fungal component of lichens, do not form fruit bodies in this sense, but can form visible presences such as cankers. Individual fruit bodies need not be individual biological organisms, and extremely large single

neg: Pleurotus Pleurotus Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, "P. ostreatus". Species of "Pleurotus" may be called oyster, abalone, or tree mushrooms, and are some of the most commonly cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. "Pleurotus" fungi have been used in mycoremediation of pollutants such as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. "Pleurotus" means "side ear", from Greek πλευρή ("pleurē"), "side" + ὠτός ("ōtos"), genitive of οὖς ("ous"), "ear". The caps may be laterally attached (with no stem). If there is a stem, it is normally eccentric and the gills are decurrent along

neg: Boletaceae Boletaceae The Boletaceae are a family of mushrooms, primarily characterized by developing their spores in small pores on the underside of the mushroom, instead of gills, as are found in agarics. Nearly as widely distributed as agarics, they include the Cep or King Bolete ("Boletus edulis"), highly sought by mushroom hunters. As a whole, the typical members of the family are commonly known as boletes. Boletes are a "relatively" safe group of mushrooms for human consumption, as none are known to be deadly to adults, and they are some of the most highly sought fungi for mushroom hunting. They are

neg: Holomycota which comprise ~98% of the described fungal species. Because of this rich diversity, Dikarya includes highly morphologically distinct groups, from hyphae or unicellular yeasts (such as the model organism "Saccharomyces cerevisiae") to the complex multicellular fungi popularly known as mushrooms. Contrary to animals and land plants with complex multicellularity, the inferred phylogenetic relationships indicate that fungi acquired and lost multicellularity multiple times along Ascomycota and Basidiomycota evolution. The phylogenetic tree depicts the fungi and their close relationship to other organisms, based on the work of Philippe Silar and "The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic

neg: Basidiocarp Basidiocarp In fungi, a basidiocarp, basidiome or basidioma (plural: basidiomata) is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne. Basidiocarps are characteristic of the hymenomycetes; rusts and smuts do not produce such structures. As with other sporocarps, epigeous (above-ground) basidiocarps that are visible to the naked eye (especially those with a more or less agaricoid morphology) are commonly referred to as mushrooms, while hypogeous (underground) basidiocarps are usually called false truffles. All basidiocarps serve as the structure on which the hymenium is produced. Basidia are found on the surface of the hymenium, and

neg: Psilocybe semilanceata They are legal in Jamaica and Brazil and decriminalised in Portugal. The Riksdag added "Psilocybe semilanceata" to under "Swedish schedule I" (""substances, plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use"") as of October 1, 1997, published by Medical Products Agency (MPA) in regulation "LVFS 1997:15" listed as Psilocybe semilanceata (toppslätskivling). Psilocybe semilanceata Psilocybe semilanceata, commonly known as the liberty cap, is a psilocybin or "magic" mushroom that contains the psychoactive compounds psilocybin which the body breaks down to psilocin, and the alkaloid baeocystin. It is both one of the most widely distributed psilocybin mushrooms in nature, and

neg: MycoWorks MycoWorks MycoWorks is a San Francisco-based startup which produces sustainable products and apparels from fungi. The company was founded in 2013 and produces weatherproof materials using fungi found in the roots of mushrooms used in footwear, batteries, and automobiles. MycoWorks produces its products through a process which involves taking fungi obtained from tissues of mycelia and storing them in a jar. In three to seven days, the mixture expands and forms into clumps of material, which is then used to create products like handbags, purses, etc. According to co-founder Phil Ross, production of this material is similar to making ravioli

neg: Cantharellus species ("[[Omphalotus olivascens]]") are very poisonous, though not lethal. They have true gills (unlike chanterelles) which are thinner, have distinct crowns, and generally do not reach up to the edge. Additionally, the Jack-O-Lantern mushroom is [[bioluminescent]] and grows on wood - possibly buried - whereas "Cantherellus" species grow on the ground. Species in the genera "[[Craterellus]]", "[[Gomphus (fungus)|Gomphus]]", and "[[Polyozellus]]" may also have a somewhat chanterelle-like appearance. [[Category:Cantharellus| ]] [[Category:Agaricomycetes genera]] [[Category:Edible fungi]] [[Category:Mushroom types]] Cantharellus Cantharellus is a genus of popular edible mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, "Cantharellus cibarius".

neg: MycoWorks from scratch, and the final product is more resilient than cement. MycoWorks MycoWorks is a San Francisco-based startup which produces sustainable products and apparels from fungi. The company was founded in 2013 and produces weatherproof materials using fungi found in the roots of mushrooms used in footwear, batteries, and automobiles. MycoWorks produces its products through a process which involves taking fungi obtained from tissues of mycelia and storing them in a jar. In three to seven days, the mixture expands and forms into clumps of material, which is then used to create products like handbags, purses, etc. According to co-founder

neg: Spawn (biology) (milt) to fertilize the eggs. Most fish reproduce by spawning, as do most other aquatic animals, including crustaceans such as crabs and shrimps, molluscs such as oysters and squid, echinoderms such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers, amphibians such as frogs and newts, aquatic insects such as mayflies and mosquitoes and corals, which are actually small aquatic animals—not plants. Fungi, such as mushrooms, are also said to "spawn" a white, fibrous matter that forms the matrix from which they grow. There are many variations in the way spawning occurs, depending on sexual differences in anatomy, how the sexes relate to

neg: Stereopsidales Stereopsidales The Stereopsidales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. It was first described in 2014 to contain the genera "Stereopsis", which was until then classified in the order Polyporales, and "Clavulicium", which was until then classified in the order Cantharellales. Molecular phylogenetics analysis showed these two genera to belong together in their own order. This order might belong in the subclass Phallomycetidae, but this relationship was poorly supported. The Stereopsidales contain corticoid fungi ("Clavulicium" and "Stereopsis") and stalked, funnel shaped fungi ("Stereopsis"). They are united by features of their spores, which have refractive contents, and become angular

neg: Fungi of Australia largest dimension. The range of habitats they occupy is the same as for the fungi as a whole. Most of Australia's lichen-forming fungi belong in this group. With a few exceptions, the ascomycetes of Australia are very poorly known, and many remain undiscovered. Partly because of their importance in forestry, species associated with "Eucalyptus" trees have received considerable attention and, with hundreds known to be associated with some of the more studied tree species, it is clear that these fungi form a huge, complex and important component of Australia's forests. Charismatic species include the "golf-fall fungi" (species of the genus

neg: Polypore only polypores but also other fruiting body types such as crust fungi, hydnoid fungi and agaricoid mushrooms. The term polypore describing a morphological group should not be confused with the taxonomic groups Polyporales or Polyporaceae of the modern literature. Currently polypores are divided into about 170 genera. That number is bound to rise significantly through better understanding of evolutionary relationships between species and through mapping of uncovered diversity in the tropics. All in all classification of polypores is in flux. Most polypores have a poroid hymenium, but not all species. A few, for instance "Elmerina holophaea" and "Lenzites betulina", form

neg: Polypore gills like agarics but are still considered polypores, since in all other respects they are similar to closely related polypores, forming tough fruiting bodies on the wood. A couple of species where the tubes have not fused together in a honey-comb manner are variably classified as polypores or not (e.g. "Porotheleum fimbriatum"). There's no clear distinction between polypores and hydnoid fungi - some polypores with irregularly poroid lower surface have been considered both polypores and hydnoid fungi (e.g. "Echinodontium tinctorium", "Irpex lacteus"). Bolete mushrooms are a separate morphological group not included in polypores even though they have tubes. Fleshy fruiting

neg: Wood-decay fungus ostreatus") preferentially decays lignin instead of polysaccharides. This is different from some other white-rot fungi, e.g., "Phanerochaete chrysosporium", which shows no selectivity to lignocellulose. Honey mushroom ("Armillaria spp.") is a white-rot fungus notorious for attacking living trees. "Pleurotus ostreatus" and other oyster mushrooms are commonly cultivated white-rot fungi, but "P. ostreatus" is not parasitic and will not grow on a living tree, unless it is already dying from other causes. Other white-rot fungi include the turkey tail, artist's conk, and tinder fungus. White-rot fungi are grown all over the world as a source of food – for example the shiitake

neg: Termitomyces Termitomyces Termitomyces is a genus of basidiomycete fungi belonging to the family Lyophyllaceae. There are about 30 species in the genus. They are the food source for a subfamily of termites, the Macrotermitinae, who enjoy an obligate symbiosis with the genus similar to that between "Atta" ants and "Attamyces" mushrooms. Despite this relationship, spore transfer is still accomplished mainly by shedding from mushrooms, which protrude from the termite mounds. These mushrooms are edible for most people, and the larger species are a popular wild food where they occur. They include the largest edible mushroom in the world, "Termitomyces titanicus" of

neg: Termitomyces "Termitomyces" symbionts in South Africa Aanenet DK al BMC Evol Biol. 2007; 7: 115. Termitomyces Termitomyces is a genus of basidiomycete fungi belonging to the family Lyophyllaceae. There are about 30 species in the genus. They are the food source for a subfamily of termites, the Macrotermitinae, who enjoy an obligate symbiosis with the genus similar to that between "Atta" ants and "Attamyces" mushrooms. Despite this relationship, spore transfer is still accomplished mainly by shedding from mushrooms, which protrude from the termite mounds. These mushrooms are edible for most people, and the larger species are a popular wild food where

neg: The Private Life of Plants it makes use of almost no computer animation. The series also discusses fungi, although as it is pointed out, these do not belong to the kingdom of plants. The mechanisms of evolution are taught transparently by showing the advantages of various types of plant behaviour in action. The adaptations are often complex, as it becomes clear that the environment to which plants must adapt comprises not just soil, water and weather, but also other plants, fungi, insects and other animals, and even humans. The series shows that co-operative strategies are often much more effective than predatory ones, as these often

neg: Duck and cover food utilizing the edible inner bark of trees once a part of Scandinavian history during the Little Ice Age and the expansion of leaf protein concentrate and larger scale wood digesting fungiculture for fungal protein, with the most common of which being shittake mushrooms and honey fungi, as they do not need sunlight or soil to grow. More advanced techniques mentioned, that are not presently economical also include variations of wood or cellulosic biofuel production, which typically already creates edible sugars/xylitol from inedible cellulose, as an intermediate product before the final step of alcohol generation. Some historians and filmmakers, exemplified

neg: Cantharellaceae Cantharellaceae The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics (gilled mushrooms) but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores (spore-bearing undersurfaces). Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle ("Cantharellus cibarius"), the Pacific golden chanterelle ("Cantharellus formosus"), the horn of plenty ("Craterellus cornucopioides"), and the trumpet chanterelle ("Craterellus tubaeformis"), are not only edible, but are collected and marketed internationally on a commercial scale. The

neg: Ceratophaga vastella that the larvae do not confine themselves to keratin, but will also venture into the bony part of the horn. Ceratophaga vastella Ceratophaga vastella, or the horn moth, belongs to the clothes moth family Tineidae and is noted for its larva's ability to feed on keratin from the horns and hooves of dead ungulates, and occasionally on dried fruit or mushrooms. Keratin, a protein which makes up skin, hair, nails and feathers, is extremely resistant to proteolysis by the enzymes from specialised micro-organisms such as fungi and bacteria. "Ceratophaga vastella" is widespread in the Afrotropic ecozone. Thus far there are

neg: C. V. Subramanian C. V. Subramanian Chirayathumadom Venkatachalier Subramanian (1924–2016), popularly known as CVS, was an Indian mycologist, taxonomist and plant pathologist, known for his work on the classification of Fungi imperfecti, a group of fungi classified separately due to lack of specific taxonomic characteristics. He authored one monograph, "Hyphomycetes: An Account of Indian Species, Except Cercosporae" and three books, "Hyphomycetes, taxonomy and biology", "Moulds, Mushrooms and Men" and "Soil microfungi of Israel", besides several articles published in peer reviewed journals. He was a recipient of many honours including the Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, the Janaki

neg: Stereopsis (fungus) Stereopsis (fungus) Stereopsis is the sole genus of fungi in the family Stereopsidaceae. The genus was formerly placed in the family Meruliaceae in the order Polyporales but was found to belong in its own order along with the genus "Clavulicium". "Stereopsis" was circumscribed by English mycologist Derek Reid in 1965. It contains species that form funnel-shaped basidiocarps as well as the corticioid species "Stereopsis globosa" which was formerly considered a species of "Clavulicium". The species "Stereopsis humphreyi" and "Stereopsis vitellina" were found to belong in the Agaricales and Atheliales respectively in a molecular phylogenetics study, and because of this do

neg: Russulaceae showed antitumor activity. Russulaceae The Russulaceae are a diverse family of fungi in the order Russulales, with roughly 1,900 known species and a worldwide distribution. They comprise the brittlegills and the milk-caps, well-known mushroom-forming fungi that include some edible species. These gilled mushrooms are characterised by the brittle flesh of their fruitbodies. In addition to these typical agaricoid forms, the family contains species with fruitbodies that are laterally stiped (pleurotoid), closed (secotioid or gasteroid), or crust-like (corticioid). Molecular phylogenetics has demonstrated close affinities between species with very different fruitbody types and has discovered new, distinct lineages. An important group of

neg: Duxelles porcini mushrooms will have a much stronger flavor than those made with white or brown mushrooms. Duxelles is said to have been created by the 17th-century French chef François Pierre La Varenne (1615–1678) and to have been named after his employer, Nicolas Chalon du Blé, marquis d'Uxelles, maréchal de France. Many classical cookbooks define duxelles as dehydrated fungi, used as stuffings and pastry fillings. According to Auguste Escoffier, the mushrooms were dehydrated in order to enhance flavor and minimize water content. When fresh mushrooms are cooked, they let off enormous amounts of vapor in relation to their size. Fresh mushrooms

neg: Macrocybe growing on elephant dung in Kerala state in India, and "M. crassa" has been cultivated on horse manure in Thailand. Some species have tasty mushrooms, which are eaten in the tropics. An undescribed species is eaten by the Patamona people in Guyana. Although edible, some species do contain traces of cyanide that require cooking to eliminate. Seven species are recognised, with "M. titans" designated the type species. Macrocybe Macrocybe is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae. The genus contains seven species, widely distributed in tropical regions worldwide. The genus was established in 1998 by mycologists David Pegler and

neg: Yunnan sudden death syndrome which was unintentionally gathered and consumed during wild mushroom harvests in the region. Previously the syndrome was thought to be caused by Keshan disease, caused by the Coxsackie virus. The mushroom, "Trogia venenata", is also known as 'Little White'. It has been determined that families collecting fungi to sell have been eating these Little White mushrooms as they have no commercial value. Three amino acids present in the mushrooms have been shown to be toxic. The mushrooms have also been shown to contain very high quantities of barium, and it may be that some of the deaths are simply from

neg: Human interactions with fungi Human interactions with fungi Human interactions with fungi include both beneficial uses, whether practical or symbolic, and harmful interactions such as when fungi damage crops, timber, or food. Yeasts have been used since ancient times to leaven bread and to ferment beer and wine. More recently, mould fungi have been exploited to create a wide range of industrial products, including enzymes and drugs. Medicines based on fungi include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, statins and many anti-cancer drugs. The yeast species "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" is an important model organism in cell biology. The fruiting bodies of some larger fungi are collected as edible mushrooms,

neg: Cantharellaceae be worth over £1bn (US$1.5bn) per year. Cantharellaceae The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics (gilled mushrooms) but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores (spore-bearing undersurfaces). Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle ("Cantharellus cibarius"), the Pacific golden chanterelle ("Cantharellus formosus"), the horn of plenty ("Craterellus cornucopioides"), and the trumpet chanterelle ("Craterellus tubaeformis"), are not only edible, but are collected and

neg: Pezizaceae Pezizaceae The Pezizaceae (commonly referred to as cup fungi) are a family of fungi in the Ascomycota which produce mushrooms that tends to grow in the shape of a "cup". Spores are formed on the inner surface of the fruit body (mushroom). The cup shape typically serves to focus raindrops into splashing spores out of the cup. Additionally, the curvature enables wind currents to blow the spores out in a different manner than in most agarics and boletes. Cup fungi grow in peculiar shapes, frequently resembling cups or saucers. For example, the orange peel fungus ("Aleuria aurantia") resembles a discarded

neg: Psathyrella complete list see" List of "Psathyrella" species Psathyrella Psathyrella is a large genus of about 400 species, and is similar to the genera "Coprinellus", "Coprinopsis", "Coprinus" and "Panaeolus", usually with a thin cap and white or yellowish white hollow stem. The caps do not self digest as do those of "Coprinellus" and "Coprinopsis". Some also have brown spores rather than black. These fungi are often drab-colored, difficult to identify, and inedible, and so they are sometimes considered uninteresting. However they are quite common and can occur at times when there are few other mushrooms to be seen. The first report

neg: Psathyrella Psathyrella Psathyrella is a large genus of about 400 species, and is similar to the genera "Coprinellus", "Coprinopsis", "Coprinus" and "Panaeolus", usually with a thin cap and white or yellowish white hollow stem. The caps do not self digest as do those of "Coprinellus" and "Coprinopsis". Some also have brown spores rather than black. These fungi are often drab-colored, difficult to identify, and inedible, and so they are sometimes considered uninteresting. However they are quite common and can occur at times when there are few other mushrooms to be seen. The first report of a gilled mushroom fruiting underwater is

neg: Hypomyces hyalinus poisonous species of"Amanita", further research could prove useful in manipulating "Amanita" fungi. Although "H. hyalinus" does not currently have a large impact economically or socially, further research could make this parasite more important to society due to its relation to species of "Amanita", which comprises both toxic and edible mushrooms. Further research could also reveal the ecological roles of "H. hyalinus" in population, environmental, and evolutionary biology. Hypomyces hyalinus Hypomyces hyalinus is a species of parasitic fungi that attacks fungi of the genus "Amanita". The earliest recording of this parasite was in 1822 in Salem, North Carolina, but microscopic descriptions