query: who led an anti british movement in kitoor

pos: Kittur Chennamma Kittur Chennamma Kittur Chennamma (23 October 177821 February 1829) was the Rani of Kittur, a former princely state in Karnataka. She led an armed rebellion against the British East India Company in 1824 in defiance of the doctrine of lapse in an attempt to maintain Indian control over the region, but was defeated and died imprisoned. One of the first female rulers to rebel against British rule, she has become a folk hero in Karnataka and symbol of the independence movement in India. Kittur Chennamma was born on 23 October 1778, in Kakati, a small village in the present Belagavi

neg: Pakistan India. An intellectual movement to counter the Hindu renaissance was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, who helped found the All-India Muslim League in 1901 and envisioned, as well as advocated for, the two-nation theory. In contrast to the Indian National Congress's anti-British efforts, the Muslim League was a pro-British movement whose political program inherited the British values that would shape Pakistan's future civil society. In events during World War I, British Intelligence foiled an anti-English conspiracy involving the nexus of Congress and the German Empire. The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian Congress engaged millions of protesters

neg: Akali movement set up to judge the disputes, and all the Akali prisoners were released. By this time, an estimated 30,000 people had been arrested by the British Government; over 400 had been killed and another 2,000 had been injured during the movement. The movement fueled the anti-British Government feeling among the Sikhs. It also led to an anti-Hindu sentiment among a section of Sikhs, who identified the pro-Udasi mahants such as Narain Das and their supporters with the Hindu community. Akali movement The Akali movement , also called the Gurdwara Reform Movement, was a campaign to bring reform in the gurdwaras

neg: Anti-war movement Anti-war movement An anti-war movement (also "antiwar") is a social movement, usually in opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict, unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. The term can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts. Many activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements. Anti-war activists work through protest and other grassroots means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict. Substantial opposition to British war intervention in America led the British House

neg: History of Israel from their families and roots. Sepharadi and Mizrahi Jews, who had been a minority, became a much more significant factor in the Jewish world. Those Jews who survived in central Europe, were displaced persons (refugees); an Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, established to examine the Palestine issue, surveyed their ambitions and found that over 95% wanted to migrate to Palestine. In the Zionist movement the moderate Pro-British (and British citizen) Weizmann, whose son died flying in the RAF, was undermined by Britain's anti-Zionist policies. Leadership of the movement passed to the Jewish Agency in Palestine, now led by the anti-British Socialist-Zionist

neg: Crown Colony of Sarawak from the anti-cession movement for fear of being associated with the plotting to kill the governor of Sarawak. The people of Sarawak were also afraid to lend support to the anti-cession movement for fear of backlash from the British colonial government. This led to the end of anti-cession movement in February 1951. Although the anti-cession movement ended as a failure, Malaysian historians regarded this incident as a starting point of nationalism among the natives in Sarawak. This incident also sent the British a message that the local people of Sarawak should not be taken lightly. The British had described the

neg: Anti-cession movement of Sarawak Movement formed a secret organisation called Rukun 13 (The 13 Pillars). This organisation aimed to eradicate all European and Malay officers who were in favour of British rule in Sarawak. Rukun 13 members Rosli Dhobi and Awang Ramli Amit Mohd Deli, together with non-members Morshidi Sidek and Bujang Suntong, assassinated Sir Duncan Stewart, the second Governor of Sarawak, when he arrived in Sibu on 3 December 1949. He died in Singapore General Hospital a week later. This incident led the British authorities to try to crush the anti-cession movement once and for all, by any means possible. All Rukun 13

neg: Anti-establishment Anti-establishment An anti-establishment view or belief is one which stands in opposition to the conventional social, political, and economic principles of a society. The term was first used in the modern sense in 1958, by the British magazine "New Statesman" to refer to its political and social agenda. Antiestablishmentarianism (or anti-establishmentarianism) is an expression for such a political philosophy. The Pirate Party of Iceland has a movement of anti-establishment. The Five Star Movement (M5S) and the League are considered anti-establishment parties. The M5S led by Luigi Di Maio won the most votes in the 2018 Italian general election and formed

neg: Animal welfare and rights in India front of the Writers' Building. While the anti-vivisection movement grew in Britain, it failed to take hold in India. British officials and (British-led) SPCAs both opposed the introduction of the British Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876 - which established regulations on animal experimentation - to the Indian colony. The Cow Protection movement arose in the late 1800s in northern India. While the SPCAs were led by colonists and associated with Christianity, Cow Protection was a movement of native Hindus. Cow protectionists opposed the slaughter of cattle and provided sanctuaries for cows. However, cow protection was largely an expression of

neg: Mahasthabir Nikaya two. The distinction served only to maintain an organizational front, not a doctrinal opposition. Mahasthabir Nikaya The Mahasthabir Nikaya is a Bengali order of Buddhist monks. They were anti-reformists who attempted to stifle the movement led by Saramitra Mahasthabir ("Saramedha Mahasthavira" in Pali), which led to the formation of the Sangharaj Nikaya in 1864. The anti-reformation movement came into being in order to counter-act that which was led by Saramitra Mahasthabir. This movement became known as the Mahasthabir Nikaya and was led by Radha Charan Mahasthabir, the Bengali monk who first invited Saramitra Mahasthabir to Bangladesh. However, the Mahasthabir did

neg: Friends Meetinghouse (Uxbridge, Massachusetts) home for fiery abolitionist, Abby Kelley Foster. She was an ultra-abolitionist who led Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone into the abolition movement. She was later disowned in 1841, by the Uxbridge Meeting for radical abolition speeches to mixed gender audiences. At least one other Nationally known anti-slavery champion belonged to the Uxbridge meeting. Effingham Capron was an ardent anti-slavery advocate who led the movement at Uxbridge (450 local members) and served as Vice President of the State and National anti-slavery societies. Effingham brought key leaders to speak in Uxbridge in the 1830s and was widely known for his anti-slavery

neg: Types of socialism Piero Gobetti, Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, and R. H. Tawney. Liberal socialism has been particularly prominent in British and Italian politics. Liberal socialist Carlo Rosselli founded the liberal socialist-led anti-fascist resistance movement "Giustizia e Libertà" that later became an active combatant against the Fascist regime in Italy during World War II, and included Ferruccio Parri – who later became Prime Minister of Italy, and Sandro Pertini – who later became President of Italy who were among "Giustizia e Libertà's" leaders. Ethical socialism is a variant of liberal socialism developed by British socialists. It became an important ideology within the Labour Party

neg: Anti-jock movement cited articles giving recognition to the existence of an anti-jock cyber movement is a 2002 article published by Brian Wilson (an assistant professor of Cultural Studies and Sociology, University of British Columbia) in the "Sociology of Sport Journal", titled "The 'Anti-Jock' Movement: Reconsidering Youth Resistance, Masculinity and Sport Culture in the Age of the Internet". In the course of the article, Wilson described the movement as follows: The anti-jock movement is group of self-described "marginalized youth" who, through the production and consumption of anti-jock Websites, express dissatisfaction with and anger toward institutions that uncritically adulate hyper-masculine/high-contact sport culture and the

neg: Anti-war movement public but have participated or led anti-war campaigns despite it is different to their main areas of expertise. They went out of their professional comfort zone to warn against or fight against wars. Here is a list of people who outside this field have authority and used their influence and intellectual rigor favour of in the cause of enlightening against the warmongers. Anti-war movement An anti-war movement (also "antiwar") is a social movement, usually in opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict, unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. The term can also refer

neg: Sarawak United Peoples' Party Britain in 1946, thus making it an official British Crown Colony – to the dismay of many locals. This eventually gave rise to local anti-cession and anti-imperialist movements which further sparked local political awareness. The triggering event was Sarawak's new Constitution of 1959 which fell short of expectations for many who hoped to see significant progress to self-governance. The need for an organised political front to champion Sarawakian interests finally led to the formation of SUPP on 4 June 1959, with Ong Kee Hui as its founding president. With a "Sarawak for Sarawakians" ideology – SUPP's movement gained widespread support,

neg: Indian independence movement by noting that, The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them, and as such their other political activities(even if objectionable) can be overlooked. Further, the British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organised during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress, The RSS head (sarsanghchalak) during that time, M.S. Golwalkar later openly admitted to the fact that the RSS did not participate in the Quit India Movement. However, such an attitude during the Indian independence movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with

neg: History of Tamil Nadu not focused on the Indian independence movement, rather on the local issues such as affirmative action for socially backward groups. The other main movement was the anti-religious, anti-Brahimin reformist movement led by E.V. Ramasami Naicker. Further steps towards eventual self-rule were taken in 1935 when the British Government passed the All-India Federation Act of 1935. Fresh local elections were held and in Tamil Nadu the Congress party captured power defeating the Justice party. In 1938, Ramasami Naicker with C. N. Annadurai launched an agitation against the Congress ministry's decision to introduce the teaching of Hindi in schools. The trauma of

neg: Mahasthabir Nikaya Mahasthabir Nikaya The Mahasthabir Nikaya is a Bengali order of Buddhist monks. They were anti-reformists who attempted to stifle the movement led by Saramitra Mahasthabir ("Saramedha Mahasthavira" in Pali), which led to the formation of the Sangharaj Nikaya in 1864. The anti-reformation movement came into being in order to counter-act that which was led by Saramitra Mahasthabir. This movement became known as the Mahasthabir Nikaya and was led by Radha Charan Mahasthabir, the Bengali monk who first invited Saramitra Mahasthabir to Bangladesh. However, the Mahasthabir did not oppose the Sangharaj on doctrinal grounds - they did not advocate the practices

neg: Anti-Apartheid Movement Anti-Apartheid Movement The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM), originally known as the Boycott Movement, was a British organisation that was at the centre of the international movement opposing the South African apartheid system and supporting South Africa's non-White population who were persecuted by the policies of apartheid. The AAM changed its name to in 1994, when South Africa achieved majority rule through free and fair elections, in which all races could vote. In response to an appeal by Albert Luthuli, the Boycott Movement was founded in London on 26 June 1959 at a meeting of South African exiles and their supporters. Members

neg: Anti-Japanese resistance movement in Malaya during World War II also for occasionally wasting time attacking the Kuomintang instead of the Japanese. As there was a lack of mass support from their own people, they had less people to carry out the actions together. This led to defeat easily as there was no one to fight for the organisations and carry out anti-Japanese resistance movement. From these two situations, we can see that the movements were unsuccessful. The MPAJA was unable to remove Japanese troops from the region. Anti-Japanese resistance movement in Malaya during World War II There were several Anti-Japanese groups in British Malaya during the Japanese Occupation. During

neg: Anti-Masonry had disbanded everywhere except Pennsylvania. In the United Kingdom, anti-Masonic sentiment grew following the publication of Martin Short's 1989 book, "Inside the Brotherhood (Further Secrets of the Freemasons)". The allegations made by Short led several members of the British Government to propose laws requiring Freemasons who join the police or judiciary to declare their membership publicly to the government amid accusations of Freemasons performing acts of mutual advancement and favour-swapping. This movement was initially led by Jack Straw, Home Secretary from 1997 until 2001. In 1999, the Welsh Assembly became the only body in the United Kingdom to place a

neg: Suez Crisis the government were important secondary factors. According to some historians, the majority of British people were on Eden's side. On 10 and 11 November an opinion poll found 53% supported the war, with 32% opposed. The majority of Conservative constituency associations passed resolutions of support to "Sir Anthony". Gilbert Murray was among Oxford scholars who signed a statement supporting Eden; such an act by the famous advocate of internationalism amazed both sides. He explained that, if not stopped, he believed Nasserism would become a Soviet-led worldwide anti-western movement. British historian Barry Turner wrote that The conflict exposed the division within

neg: Misandry who critiqued anti-male bias in the early women's movement never gained mainstream media attention and that "our theoretical work critiquing the demonization of men as the enemy did not change the perspective of women who were anti-male." hooks has theorized previously that this demonization led to an unnecessary rift between the men's movement and the women's movement. Although hooks doesn't name individual separatist theorists, Mary Daly's utopian vision of a world in which men and heterosexual women have been eliminated is an extreme example of this tendency. Daly argued that sexual equality between men and women was not possible and

neg: Wilhelm Hasenclever In it, Hasenclever addressed the racist-antisemitic position of Adolf Stoecker, who had founded the Christian Social Party ("Christlich-soziale Partei") to promote an anti-Semitic agenda politically. However, by criticizing this "movement", which tried to attract and subvert the social democrat voters (with limited success), Hasenclever touched upon the anti-Semitic "ressentiments" in the worker's movement and showed understanding for their anti-capitalist and anti-intellectual motivations. So, he showed his own latent antisemitical bias, which led to criticism by other leading party members, who saw it as a threat to the official party line of emancipation and assimilation of Jews. Wilhelm Hasenclever Wilhelm Hasenclever

neg: Binod Bihari Chowdhury Binod Bihari Chowdhury Binod Bihari Chowdhury (; 10 January 1911 – 10 April 2013) was a Bangladeshi social worker and an anti-colonial revolutionary. He was influential in the Indian independence movement and a veteran member of the civil society of Bangladesh. He is mostly known for his participation in the Chittagong Armoury Raid, an armed resistance movement led by Surya Sen to uproot the British colonial rule from the British India in 1930. Born in 1911, in Chittagong, Binod Bihari was the last surviving revolutionary from the Chittagong armoury raid and was active in many significant events in the history

neg: History of Myanmar as 'National Day'. There were further strikes and anti-tax protests in the later 1920s led by the "Wunthanu athin"s. Prominent among the political activists were Buddhist monks ("pongyi"), such as U Ottama and U Seinda in the Arakan who subsequently led an armed rebellion against the British and later the nationalist government after independence, and U Wisara, the first martyr of the movement to die after a protracted hunger strike in prison. (One of the main thoroughfares in Yangon is named after U Wisara.) In December 1930, a local tax protest by Saya San in Tharrawaddy quickly grew into first

neg: Slavery 1804 was the last to act. None of the Southern or border states abolished slavery before the American Civil War. Sons of Africa was a late 18th-century British group that campaigned to end slavery. Its members were Africans in London, freed slaves who included Ottobah Cugoano, Olaudah Equiano and other leading members of London's black community. It was closely connected to the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, a non-denominational group founded in 1787, whose members included Thomas Clarkson. British Member of Parliament William Wilberforce led the anti-slavery movement in the United Kingdom, although the groundwork was an

neg: Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) the Vietnam War and racial tensions. Nevertheless, British youth readily identified with their American counterparts' desire to cast off the older generation's social mores. Music was a powerful force. British groups and stars such as The Beatles, Rolling Stones, The Who, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd and many others gained huge followings in the UK and around the world, leading young people to question convention in everything from clothing to the class system. The anti-war movement in Britain was fueled by the counterculture. It collaborated with American counterparts, moving from an emphasis on nuclear war with Russia, to support for insurgents

neg: John Scoble John Scoble John Scoble (January 16, 1799 – December 1877) was a British abolitionist and political figure in Canada West. Scoble was born in Kingsbridge, England in 1799 and was educated in Devon and London. He was part of the anti-slavery movement in England and was involved in the protests against the apprenticeship system which replaced slavery in the West Indies. He helped form the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and served as secretary from 1842 to 1852. He also helped revitalize the anti-slavery movement in France, corresponding with people such as François-André Isambert who took an active role in

neg: Mokhtaruddin Lasso Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya and envisaged a socialist platform for the party. During the declaration day of PKMM policies, 30 November 1945, he revealed 8 resolutions which were considered influenced by the Communist Party of Malaya by the British colonists. Furthermore, PKMM's anti-UMNO and anti-British movement and activities were worried by the British. Due to this, the British refused Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya's registration under the Malayan's establishment law. Later, Mokhtaruddin, along with few other anti-British leaders were imprisoned. Mokhtaruddin Lasso Mokhtaruddin Lasso (1915–1951) was an Indonesian independent guerrilla, a former anti-Japanese rebel during World War II who later became one

neg: Zionism values of the Palestinian Arab national movement and was opposed to the anti-Zionist movement. He met routinely with Zionist officials and had a part in every pro-Zionist Arab organization from the beginning of the British Mandate, publicly rejecting Mohammad Amin al-Husayni's use of Islam to attack Zionism. Some Indian Muslims have also expressed opposition to Islamic anti-Zionism. In August 2007, a delegation of the All India Organization of Imams and mosques led by its president Maulana Jamil Ilyas visited Israel. The meeting led to a joint statement expressing "peace and goodwill from Indian Muslims", developing dialogue between Indian Muslims and

neg: Zhu Dehai of the ethnical supremacy of Han Chinese and their chauvinism among the minority intellectuals by earlier 1957. However, in April 1957, Mao abruptly stopped the movement, criticizing the liberal intellectuals. Instead, he instigated the Anti-Rightest Movement (Simplified Chinese: 反右运动) that purged the intellectuals who took part in the criticism against the regime. Along with liberal intellectuals, minority intellectuals who raised issues of ethnic inequality were also targeted by the Anti-Rightist Movement. In Yanbian province, the Chinese Communist Party Yanbian Committee led by Zhu held several meetings in response to the Anti-Rightest Movement. This meeting embraced Scholars, Artists, and leading figures

neg: History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom and BSP parties came to influence the shop steward movement, which became particularly prominent in what became known as Red Clydeside. Socialists such as John Maclean led strikes and demonstrations for better working conditions and a forty-hour working week. This activity took place against the background of the First World War. The Labour Party, like almost all the Socialist International, enthusiastically supported their country's leadership in the war, as did the leadership of the British Socialist Party. This split the BSP, and a new anti-war leadership emerging. The shop steward movement worried many right-wingers, who believed that socialists were fomenting

neg: British Israelism Theodor Herzl in his advocacy of Zionism. Still, below the surface there had existed an anti-semitic strain such as in the scientific racialism that led Wilson to deny the 'racial purity' of modern Jews, leading to the view more broadly within the movement that modern Jews were 'un-Semitic impostors'. Some American adherents of British Israelism would adopt a racialized, strongly anti-Semitic theology that became known as Christian Identity, which has at its core the belief that non-Caucasian people have no souls and therefore cannot be saved. Emerging in the 1920s, Christian Identity began teaching that the Jews are not descended

neg: Quit India Movement public support of the war effort. The poorly run American operation annoyed both the British and the Indians. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) had kept aloof from the Congress-led anti-British Indian independence movement since its founding by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925. In 1942, under M.S. Golwalkar, it refused to join in the Quit India Movement. The Bombay government appreciated the RSS position by noting that, "the Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law, and in particular, has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942".". The British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organized

neg: Anti-nuclear movement in Australia factor and poor management of waste at an early uranium mine, Rum Jungle, led it to become a significant pollution problem in the 1970s. The Australian anti-nuclear movement also acquired initial impetus from notable individuals who publicly voiced nuclear concerns, such as nuclear scientists Richard Temple and Rob Robotham, and poets Dorothy Green and Judith Wright. In 1975, Moss Cass, Minister for the Environment and Conservation, led parliamentarians and ALP branch members in expressing concerns about the effects of uranium mining. A key concern was the adverse effect that uranium mining would have on the northern Aboriginal people. Cass said:

neg: Anglophobia support in Ireland, and over 20,000 supporters demonstrated in Dublin in 1899 where Irish nationalism, anti-English, and pro-Boer attitudes were one and the same. There was a pro-Boer movement in England as well, but the English pro-Boer movement was not based on anti-English sentiments. These opposing views and animosity led the English and Irish pro-Boer groups to maintain a distance from one another. Despite this however scathes of Irishmen joined various Irish Regiments of the British Army during this time, more so than pro-Boer commandos. The W. B. Yeats play "The Countess Cathleen", written in 1892, has anti-English overtones comparing

neg: Bengali Muslims the Muslim population in the eastern subcontinent and corresponds to modern-day Bangladesh. The region fell to the control of the British Empire in 1757. British-ruled Bengal was a hotbed of anti-colonial rebellion. In the early 19th century, Titumir led a peasant uprising against colonial rule. Haji Shariatullah led the Faraizi movement, advocating Islamic revivalism. The Faraizis sought to create a caliphate and cleanse the region's Muslim society of what they deemed "un-Islamic practices". They were successful in galvanizing the Bengali peasantry against colonial authorities. However, the movement suffered crackdowns after the Mutiny of 1857 and lost impetus after the death

neg: May Fourth Movement which emphasized the role of enlightened intellectuals, not revolution. In its broader sense, the May Fourth Movement led to the establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into the Communist party and gain the organizational strength that would solidify the success of the Communist Revolution. Although the Movement was highly influential, many of the intellectuals at the time opposed the anti-traditional message and many political figures ignored it. Chiang Kai-shek, as a nationalist and Confucianist was against the iconoclasm of the May Fourth Movement. As an anti-imperialist, he was skeptical of western ideas and literature.

neg: Planter class slavery overseas. British banks continued to finance the commodities and shipping industries in the colonies they had earlier established which still relied upon slavery, despite the legal developments in Great Britain. In 1783, an anti-slavery movement began among the British population, and that same year a group of Quakers founded the first British abolitionist organization. William Wilberforce led the cause of abolition through the parliamentary campaign. His efforts finally abolished the slave trade in the British Empire with the Slave Trade Act 1807. He continued to campaign for the abolition of slavery in the British Empire, which he lived to

neg: Amazing Grace (2006 film) Amazing Grace (2006 film) Amazing Grace is a 2006 British-American biographical drama film directed by Michael Apted, about the campaign against the slave trade in the British Empire, led by William Wilberforce, who was responsible for steering anti-slave trade legislation through the British parliament. The title is a reference to the hymn "Amazing Grace". The film also recounts the experiences of John Newton as a crewman on a slave ship and subsequent religious conversion, which inspired his writing of the poem later used in the hymn. Newton is portrayed as a major influence on Wilberforce and the abolition movement. The

neg: Berlin movement leaders. The journalist and author Otto Glagau led a journal, "Der Kulturkämpfer," [The Culture Warrior] that propagated these ideas. The Lutheran theologian and politician, Adolf Stoecker, led the Christian Social Party. He was the only elected representative of the party in the Reichstag. The movement lost strength after the CSP's losses in the 1887 elections. Additionally, the Chancellor Otto von Bismarck distanced himself from the party. The significance of the movement laid in its being the first anti-Semitic movement in modern Germany. Berlin movement The Berlin movement was an anti-Semitic intellectual and political movement in the German Empire in the

neg: Vin americanii! Vin americanii! Vin americanii! ("The Americans are coming!") was a slogan used in Romania in the 1940s and 1950s, encapsulating the hope that an American-led invasion of Eastern Europe would topple the Soviet-backed, Communist-dominated government installed in early 1945. This notion helped sustain an anti-communist resistance movement and emboldened the civilians who aided it. The great expectation of the resistance groups that had withdrawn into the mountains was that a new world war would break out between the British and the Americans on one side, and the Soviets on the other. Under this scenario, the Soviet troops then occupying Romania

neg: Socialism in Hong Kong Kong strike between 1925 and 26 was another peak of the labour movement in Hong Kong. It was triggered by the killing of a worker Gu Zhenghong, who was a Communist Party member in a Japanese-owned mills in February 1925. The Communists launched an anti-imperialist demonstration in the Shanghai International Settlement on 30 May, which is now referred as May 30 Movement. A Sikh policeman under British command opened fire on a crowd of Chinese demonstrators, killing nine and injured many more. The incident fuelled even more anti-British sentiments across China. The Kuomintang funded and the Communists organised strike on

neg: History of the Kuomintang Bai led an anti-foreign wave in Guangxi, attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for non-natives. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents. The three goals of his movement were anti-foreign, anti-imperialism, and anti-religion. Bai led the anti-religious movement, against superstition. Huang Shaoxiong, also a Kuomintang member of the New Guangxi Clique, supported Bai's campaign, and Huang was not a Muslim, the anti religious campaign was agreed upon by all Guangxi Kuomintang members. As a Kuomintang member, Bai and the other Guangxi clique members allowed

neg: 62 Group 62 Group The 62 Group was a militant broad-based coalition of anti-fascists in London. Based on the earlier 43 Group, it was set up in 1962 largely in response to the resurgence of fascism in Britain at the time, and particularly the creation of Colin Jordan's Nationalist Socialist Movement. It used violence against the remnants of Oswald Mosley's Union Movement, the original British National Party, and the emerging National Front, as well as the NSM. The Group was led by Harry Bidney, a Soho night club manager and managed day-to-day by hardman enforcer, Paul Nathan who was known for his

neg: Gongalegoda Banda Gongalegoda Menik Rala. He was seen at the Dalada Maligawa just before the 1848 Rebellion broke out. Gongalegoda Banda led the protest march regarding unjustifiable taxes which was held on 6 July 1848 near the Kandy Kachchery. The rebellion was the first major uprising against the British since the Uva Rebellion in 1818. The anti-colonial movement on the island in 1848 was led by leaders such as Gongalegoda Banda, Puran Appu, Dingi Rala who were supported by many of the local people. On 26 July 1848, the leaders and the supporters entered the historic Dambulla Vihara and there Gongalegoda Banda

neg: Anti-Western sentiment in China affairs, rather than for religious reasons, the same reason other non Muslim Chinese hated foreigners. Promotion and wealth were other motives among Chinese Muslim military officers for anti foreignism. Some members of the Kuomintang party were anti-Western. Kuomintang Muslim General Bai Chongxi led a wave of anti foreignism in Guangxi, attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for foreigners. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents. Americans, French, and British were attacked. The three goals of his movement were anti-foreignism, anti-imperialism, and anti-religion. As a

neg: Anti-pornography movement in the United States of internet pornography, has de-mystified sex, thus satisfying the sexually curious. Anti-pornography movement in the United States An anti-pornography movement in the United States has existed since before the 1969 Supreme Court decision of "Stanley v. Georgia", which held that people could view whatever they wished in the privacy of their own homes, by establishing an implied "right to privacy" in U.S. law. This led President Lyndon B. Johnson, with the backing of Congress, to appoint a commission to study pornography. The anti-pornography movement seeks to maintain or restore restrictions and to increase or create restrictions on the production, sale

neg: Anti-pornography movement in the United States Anti-pornography movement in the United States An anti-pornography movement in the United States has existed since before the 1969 Supreme Court decision of "Stanley v. Georgia", which held that people could view whatever they wished in the privacy of their own homes, by establishing an implied "right to privacy" in U.S. law. This led President Lyndon B. Johnson, with the backing of Congress, to appoint a commission to study pornography. The anti-pornography movement seeks to maintain or restore restrictions and to increase or create restrictions on the production, sale or dissemination of pornography. Jesuit priest Father Morton A. Hill (1917-1985)

neg: Jawaharlal Nehru the movement and rose to become secretary of Besant's Home Rule League. In June 1917 Besant was arrested and interned by the British government. The Congress and various other Indian organisations threatened to launch protests if she were not set free. The British government was subsequently forced to release Besant and make significant concessions after a period of intense protest. The first big national involvement of Nehru came at the onset of the Non-Cooperation movement in 1920. He led the movement in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). Nehru was arrested on charges of anti-governmental activities in 1921, and was

neg: American Equal Rights Association before the American Civil War, aided by the introduction of women to social activism through the abolitionist movement. The American Anti-Slavery Society, led by William Lloyd Garrison, was particularly encouraging to those who championed women's rights. The planning committee for the first National Women's Rights Convention in October 1850 was formed by people who were attending a convention of the Anti-Slavery Society earlier that year. The women's movement was loosely structured during this period, with legislative campaigns and speaking tours organized by a small group of women acting on personal initiative. An informal coordinating committee organized national women's rights conventions,

neg: Brown Animal Sanatory Institution the target of the anti-vivisection movement in England. Among the researchers who worked at the institute was a Viennese scientist, Emanuel Edward Klein, sometimes considered the father of British bacteriology. The research he and his colleagues conducted at the Institution were published as in 1873 as the "Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory" along with John Burdon-Sanderson, Michael Foster, and Thomas Lauder Brunton. Their experiments included vivisection of animals, and following widespread protests, led to an enquiry in 1875, the Royal Commission on Vivisection for Scientific Purposes, chaired by Lord Cardwell and which resulted in the establishment of the Cruelty to

neg: Anti-Nazi League claimed were not just racist but fascist, such as the National Front, an organisation led by John Tyndall who had a long history of involvement with openly fascist and Nazi groups. The ANL also campaigned against the British Movement which was a more openly Hitlerite grouping. The ANL was linked to Rock Against Racism in the 1970s, which ran two giant carnivals in 1978 involving bands such as The Clash, Stiff Little Fingers, Steel Pulse, Misty in Roots, X-Ray Spex and Tom Robinson, attended by 80,000 and then 100,000 supporters. Alongside the broad "marches and music festival" focus of the

neg: Nuclear energy in Jordan pursue an internationally-approved path to obtaining nuclear energy. In October 2013 the Russian VVER-1000 design was selected in a competitive tender for Jordan's first twin reactor nuclear power station. As recently as April, 2014, King Abdullah II met with Russian President Vladimir Putin to discuss a possible Jordanian-Russian nuclear cooperation. As the Jordanian government moves closer to the development of nuclear power plants, the local anti-nuclear movement has picked up steam. The movement is led by Basel Burgan, an environmentalist and activist who heads the National Campaign, an anti-nuclear energy non-profit. The National Campaign stresses the idea that the nuclear

neg: Battle of Cable Street 80th anniversary, a march took place from Altab Ali Park to Cable Street. The march was attended by some of those who were originally involved. The event is frequently cited by the contemporary Antifa movement. Battle of Cable Street The Battle of Cable Street was an event that took place in Cable Street and Whitechapel in the East End of London, on Sunday 4 October 1936. It was a clash between the Metropolitan Police, sent to protect a march by members of the British Union of Fascists led by Oswald Mosley, and various anti-fascist demonstrators, including local anarchist, communist, Jewish

neg: Akitoye deposed Akitoye who allied himself with the anti-slavery cause in order to get British support, the Anglican missionaries in Badagry who were in contact with Akitoye, and Egba and European traders who wanted freer movement of goods ratcheted up British intervention in Lagos. Akitoye's anti-slavery position appears born of self-interest considering his connection with the well known slave trader Domingo Martinez who backed Akitoye's unsuccessful attack on Lagos in 1846. On December 26, 1851, in what is now known as the Bombardment of Lagos or Reduction of Lagos, "HMS Bloodhound", "HMS Teazer",and a flotilla of boats mounted an attack on

neg: Anti-cession movement of Sarawak members were arrested in March 1950. The four assassins were sentenced to death while the remaining members sentenced to jail. After the end of the anti-cession movement, Sarawak remained under British Government rule until self-government was established on 22 July 1963, after which it co-founded the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963. Anti-cession movement of Sarawak The anti-cession movement of Sarawak () was a movement in Sarawak to fight against the British attempt to govern Sarawak as a crown colony rather than a protectorate ruled by the White Rajahs. The movement lasted from 1 July 1946 until March 1950.

neg: Freddie de Guingand led by the Anti-Apartheid Movement. In 1973 he was interviewed on the British TV documentary series "The World at War". De Guingand died on 29 June 1979 in Cannes, Alpes-Maritimes, France, at the age of 79. Freddie de Guingand Major-General Sir Francis Wilfred de Guingand, KBE, CB, DSO (28 February 1900 – 29 June 1979), better known as Freddie de Guingand, was a British Army officer who served with Montgomery from El Alamein to the surrender of the Wehrmacht in the West. He served as Montgomery's staff officer for a period of over two and a half years. He played

neg: Uma Bhatt the "Anti Liquor Movement in Uttarakhand": a campaign involving women who felt strongly about the negative effects of the alcohol business on family budgets and women's safety. Women from this popular campaign were encouraged in the 1990s to support the movement to separate from Uttar Pradesh, which in 2000 led to an independent Uttarakhand. Bhatt has said they were betrayed by male politicians who made promises about several issues of great concern to women but who then backtracked. She also criticised the way men expected the women who had contributed to the independence movement to go back to a less

neg: The Sanatorium of the deported at Ikaria and Italians and the occupiers left Greece. (The Germans held out another year at the Greek islands). The Greeks who had fought against the occupying forces were organized in the resistance movement ELAS, who was a Communist-led, but where a wide spectrum of Greeks from different political colors were represented. There was an other resistance movement, EDES, also that was a nationalist resistance movement. The British and the Russians supported the resistance movement. There were also Greeks who supported the occupiers the so-called collaborators. Partisans from the resistance movement had liberated most of Greece when the British occupied the major

neg: Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan The anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan, "Nevada Semipalatinsk", was formed in 1989 and was one of the first major anti-nuclear movements in the former Soviet Union. It was led by author Olzhas Suleimenov and attracted thousands of people to its protests and campaigns which eventually led to the closure of the nuclear test site at Semipalatinsk in north-east Kazakhstan in 1991. The movement was named "Nevada Semipalatinsk" in order to show solidarity with similar movements in the United States aiming to close the Nevada Test Site. The Soviet Union conducted 456 nuclear weapons tests at the Semipalatinsk

neg: Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan physical protection of nuclear weapons. The main outcome of the conference was the adoption of The Astana Vision Declaration “From а Radioactive Haze to a Nuclear-Weapon-Free World.” Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan The anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan, "Nevada Semipalatinsk", was formed in 1989 and was one of the first major anti-nuclear movements in the former Soviet Union. It was led by author Olzhas Suleimenov and attracted thousands of people to its protests and campaigns which eventually led to the closure of the nuclear test site at Semipalatinsk in north-east Kazakhstan in 1991. The movement was named "Nevada Semipalatinsk" in order to

neg: Altheia Jones-LeCointe not see anti-sexism as an intrinsic part of revolutionary praxis." She is considered by academics and her contemporaries to be the leader of the British Black Panther Movement. The British Black Panthers' official photographer Neil Kenlock recalls, "Althea (sic) never called herself the leader, but she led us." In an interview with "Jacobin", Jones-LeCointe says: "I don't know how I've suddenly become 'a leader,'" she recalls "we didn't recognize those categories . . . we believed in collective leadership." Jones-LeCointe was one of the nine protesters arrested and tried in what has since been described as "Britain's most influential black

neg: Documentary Film Movement Documentary Film Movement The Documentary Film Movement is the group of British filmmakers, led by John Grierson, who were influential in British film culture in the 1930s and 1940s. The founding principles of the movement were based on Grierson's views of documentary film. He wished to use film to educate citizens in an understanding of democratic society. The movement began at the Film Unit of the Empire Marketing Board in 1930. The unit was headed by John Grierson, who appointed apprentices such as Basil Wright, Arthur Elton, Edgar Anstey, Stuart Legg, Paul Rotha and Harry Watt. These filmmakers were mostly

neg: Anti-Italianism women and even taken British citizenship. This anti-Italian feeling led to a night of nationwide riots against the Italian communities in June 1940. The Italians were now seen as a national security threat linked to the feared British fascism movement, and Winston Churchill instructed "collar the lot!". Thousands of Italian men between the ages of 17 and 60 were arrested after his speech. They were transported to camps across the country. During World War II, the United States and Great Britain treated Italian alien nationals in their countries as potential enemies. Hundreds of Italian citizens, suspected by ethnicity of potential

neg: Vietnam War democracy America claimed to support. John F. Kennedy, while Senator, opposed involvement in Vietnam. Nonetheless, it is possible to specify certain groups who led the anti-war movement at its peak in the late 1960s and the reasons why. Many young people protested because they were the ones being drafted, while others were against the war because the anti-war movement grew increasingly popular among the counterculture. Some advocates within the peace movement advocated a unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam. Opposition to the Vietnam War tended to unite groups opposed to U.S. anti-communism and imperialism, and for those involved with

neg: Anti-British sentiment At the turn of the 20th century, the Celtic Revival movement associated the search for a cultural and national identity with increasing anti-colonial and anti-English sentiment. A feeling of anti-English sentiment intensified within Irish nationalism during the Boer War leading to xenophobia underlined by Anglophobia. In 2011, tensions and anti-English or anti-British feelings flared in relation to the proposed visit of Elizabeth II, the first British monarch to visit Ireland in 101 years. An anti-Queen demonstration was held at the GPO Dublin by a group of Irish Republicans on 26 February 2011, and a mock trial and decapitation of an

neg: May Thirtieth Movement led to reforms in the governance of the International Settlement's Shanghai Municipal Council and the beginning of the removal of the Unequal Treaties. Transferred to Beijing were the Muslim Chengda College and Imam (Ahong) Ma Songting due to the May Thirtieth events. In the 1990s, the May Thirtieth Movement Monument was installed at People's Park. May Thirtieth Movement The May Thirtieth Movement () was a major labor and anti-imperialist movement during the middle-period of the Republic of China era. It began when the British Shanghai Municipal Police opened fire on Chinese protesters in Shanghai's International Settlement on May 30, 1925

neg: Suez Crisis in increasingly violent hostility towards Britain and British troops in Egypt, which the Egyptian authorities did little to curb. On 25 January 1952, British forces attempted to disarm a troublesome auxiliary police force barracks in Ismailia, resulting in the deaths of 41 Egyptians. This in turn led to anti-Western riots in Cairo resulting in heavy damage to property and the deaths of several foreigners, including 11 British citizens. This proved to be a catalyst for the removal of the Egyptian monarchy. On 23 July 1952 a military coup by the Egyptian nationalist 'Free Officers Movement'—led by Muhammad Neguib and future

neg: Anti-Slavery Reporter the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (later the Anti-Slavery Society and now known as Anti-Slavery International.) It ceased publication in 1830. Anti-Slavery Reporter The Anti-Slavery Reporter was founded in London in 1825 by Zachary Macaulay (1768–1838), a Scottish philanthropist who devoted most of his life to the anti-slavery movement. At the age of 16 he was sent to Jamaica, where he eventually became a plantation manager, but his unhappiness with the treatment of slaves brought about his return to England in 1792. He then obtained an appointment to the council of the new African colony of Sierra Leone, founded by

neg: Kosoko in Lagos from the now deposed Akitoye who allied himself with the anti-slavery cause in order to get British support, the Anglican missionaries in Badagry who were in contact with Akitoye, and Egba and European traders who wanted freer movement of goods ratcheted up British intervention in Lagos. Akitoye's anti-slavery position appears born of self-interest considering his connection with the well known slave trader Domingo Martinez who backed Akitoyes's unsuccessful attack on Lagos in 1846. In November 1851 a British party met with Oba Kosoko to present a proposal of British friendly relations along with giving up the Trans Atlantic

neg: Abolitionism in the United States and Collins were proponents of immediate abolition. Abby Kelley Foster became an "ultra abolitionist" and a follower of William Lloyd Garrison. She led Susan B. Anthony as well as Elizabeth Cady Stanton into the anti-slavery cause. After 1840, "abolition" usually referred to positions similar to Garrison's. It was largely an ideological movement led by about 3,000 people, including free blacks and free people of color, many of whom, such as Frederick Douglass in New England, and Robert Purvis and James Forten in Philadelphia, played prominent leadership roles. Douglass became legally free during a two-year stay in England, as British supporters

neg: Protestant Coalition fundamentalist, also led an anti-abortion campaign, the UK Life League. In May 2011 he and Golding had launched a new far-right, nationalist movement in Britain, Britain First, to protect "British and Christian morality" and campaign against Islam, immigration and abortion. Britain First registered as a political party in November 2011. Golding had flown into Belfast in December 2012 to help co-ordinate the protests over the flags issue. The website and logo of the Protestant Coalition closely resemble those of Britain First, although neither site explicitly mentions an organisational link. Britain First was founded by Dowson and is led by Golding.

neg: Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom the Prime Minister's building, where they cheered Antonescu. After the Legionnaires' fall the trend reversed, and those who had joined them fled. The press stopped supporting the Legionnaires, but remained anti-Semitic and nationalistic. Some of the Legionnaires' leaders, including Horia Sima, fled to Germany. Around 9,000 members of the Legionnaires' movement were sentenced to prison. The Legionnaires who led the anti-Semitic movement in Romania had fallen and never regained power. However, the movement continued even without them, although it was set back for a while, as the atrocities of the Bucharest pogrom gradually became known to the Romanian public. A

neg: Origins of the Cold War swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress. In September, 1947 the Central Committee secretary Andrei Zhdanov declared that the Truman Doctrine "intended for accordance of the American help to all reactionary regimes, that actively oppose to democratic people, bears an undisguised aggressive character." In Greece, during a civil war involving the communist-led partisan movement ELAS-EAM, British Special Forces terminated arms supplies to the ELA-ELAM, pro-monarchist armed forces were strengthened. On the political front, Americans, with British encouragement, attempted to dismantle ELAS-EAM socialist structures in the countryside, and an anti-communist swing gradually

neg: Nakano School Burma, India, and Okinawa campaigns. F Kikan, I Kikan and Minami Kikan were heavily staffed with Nakano graduates. F- Kikan and I Kikan were directed against British India, and was instrumental in forming the Indian National Army and supporting the Azad Hind movement in Japanese-occupied Malaya and Singapore. It also worked with Indonesian nationalists seeking the independence of the Netherlands East Indies Its efforts to promote anti-British and anti-Dutch movements lasted past the end of the war, and played a role in the independence of India and Indonesia. Minami Kikan supplied and led the Burmese National Army to engage in

neg: Watani Party Watani Party The Watani Party ("National Party", , "al-Ḥizb al-Waṭanī") was a nationalist political party in Egypt. Founded as political movement in 1895, the Watani was led by Mustafa Kamil Pasha, a Francophile journalist from Alexandria. The Watany platform was composed mainly by the city bourgeoisie, monarchy's sympathizers and also by the Khedive Abbas II, a noted anglophobe. The party also published a newspaper from 1900, "al-Liwa" ("The Flag"), with clear anti-British views. In the same year, Abdul Hamid II nominated Mustafa Kamil as pasha for his support to the Ottoman Empire. Its anti-British positions increased after the Denshawai Incident

neg: Noah Shakespeare Noah Shakespeare Noah Shakespeare (January 26, 1839 – May 13, 1921) was a Canadian politician from British Columbia noted for his involvement in the anti-Chinese movement. Shakespeare was born in Staffordshire, England, arriving in Victoria, British Columbia in 1863. Shakespeare was involved in the photography business, running a gallery and acting as an agent for others. He made an early run for office as an independent candidate in the second British Columbia election in 1875, coming fourth in a two-member district. Shakespeare was a leader in the anti-Chinese movement in the city. He became president of the Workingmen’s Protective Association

neg: Ceylon in World War II carrier, the effect on the Ceylonese population was far greater as it had heard of the Nanjing Massacres and of the act of brutality of the Japanese in occupied countries. The civilian population began a panicked fleeing of Colombo and of Ceylon by boat to India following the raid. There was resistance to the British. This was done completely by the Trotskyist Lanka Sama Samaja Party, which supported the independence movement and led the anti-war movement, made it clear that it did not side with either the Axis powers or the Allies and considered the war an internationalist one. The

neg: Saint Louis University School of Medicine in 1839. Several affiliated doctors of national importance include William Beaumont, whose pioneering studies of the human digestive system opened a new world of research, and Daniel Brainerd, who later founded Rush Medical College (then part of the University of Chicago). Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital and Saint Louis University Hospital are the two main affiliated teaching hospitals of the school. The Know-Nothing movement, an anti-immigrant and subsequently anti Catholic movement that surged through the United States in the 1840s and 1850s eventually led to the separation of the University's Medical Department from the University in 1854. As a result, the

neg: Chris de Broglio Chris de Broglio Chris de Broglio (May 14, 1930 – July 12, 2014) was a Mauritian-born South African weightlifter and anti-Apartheid activist. De Broglio, who advocated for an end to racism in sports, played a key role within the movement to expel South Africa from the Olympics in 1970, during the height of country's Apartheid era. He joined with Dennis Brutus to co-found the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (San-Roc). According to Nelson Mandela, the expulsion of South Africa in the 1970s revitalized the anti-Apartheid movement at the time and ultimately led to the end of Apartheid twenty years later.

neg: Anarchism and religion under the brute-force government". A British Orthodox rabbi, Yankev-Meyer Zalkind, was an anarcho-communist and very active anti-militarist. Rabbi Zalkind was a close friend of Rudolf Rocker, a prolific Yiddish writer and a prominent Torah scholar. He argued, that the ethics of the Talmud, if properly understood, is closely related to anarchism. One contemporary movement in Judaism with anarchist tendencies is Jewish Renewal. The movement is trans-denominational, including Orthodox, non-Orthodox, Judeo-Buddhists and Judeo-Pagans, and focusing on feminism, environmentalism and pacifism. Neopaganism, with its focus on the sanctity of nature and equality, along with its often decentralized nature, has led to a

neg: 3rd Tipperary Brigade Irish Volunteers, the Gaelic League and Cumann na mBan.The response to these measures was a significant upswing in anti British sentiment, emphasized by the overwhelming victory by Sinn Féin in the 1918 General Election and the anti-conscription rallies. While some in the nationalist movement were satisfied with political victories there was an element that argued that the only way Ireland would ever obtain freedom was through a military confrontation with the British and particularly those who served British interests in Ireland. By 1917 in South Tipperary, the volunteers were being formed into companies with regular drilling and instructions on the

neg: Anti-pornography movement in the United Kingdom after the United States and the rest of Europe. Filmed material still has to be certified by the British Board of Film Classification in order to be legally supplied. This makes the UK's media one of the most regulated liberal democracies. Distribution of pornography, including written material, is also restricted by the Obscene Publications Acts. Anti-pornography movement in the United Kingdom The anti-pornography movement in the United Kingdom is a social movement that seeks to reduce the availability of pornography in the country. It is an umbrella term applied to various groups and individuals. The movement originates from two distinct

neg: Quit India Movement during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress, "speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed". The RSS head (sarsanghchalak) during that time, M.S. Golwalkar later stated that the RSS did not support the Quit India Movement. Such a non-committal attitude during the Indian freedom movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger, both by the general Indian public, as well as certain members of the organization itself. In Golwalkar’s words,“In 1942 also, there was a strong sentiment in the

neg: Ayaz Latif Palijo degree in environment and development from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Palijo also received a postgraduate degree in rural development from Sindh University and Wye College, United Kingdom. Palijo received a LEAD (leadership in educational administrate doctorate) in the seventh cohort. Palijo is a constitutional lawyer in the Sindh High Court. He led the movement that culminated in the restoration of the Chief Justice, Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry. Palijo is the president of Awami Tahreek of Pakistan (Peoples Movement of pakistan) and central convener and founder of the Sindh Progressive Anti-Nationalist Alliance (SPANA). He said, Palijo is

neg: Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines The anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines aimed to stop the construction of nuclear power facilities and terminate the presence of American military bases, which were believed to house nuclear weapons on Philippine soil. Anti-nuclear demonstrations were led by groups such as the "Nuclear-Free Philippines Coalition" and "No Nukes Philippines". A focal point for protests in the late 1970s and 1980s was the proposed Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, which was built but never operated. The project was criticized for being a potential threat to public health, especially since the plant was located in an earthquake zone.

neg: Indian National Congress Indian National Congress The Indian National Congress (INC, often called the Congress Party or simply Congress) is a broadly based political party in India. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement. Congress led India to independence from Great Britain, and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire. Congress is a secular party whose socialdemocratic platform is generally considered to

neg: LGBT culture intra-group differences, has naturally led to a movement and culture focused on the needs of white, middle-class gay cisgender men, which alienates anyone who does not fit that description. Some gay male commentators who are in monogamous relationships argue that mainstream gay culture's disdain of monogamy and its promotion of promiscuity has harmed efforts to legalize same-sex marriage. Yuvraj Joshi argues that efforts to legalize same-sex marriage have emphasized the sameness of gay people to heterosexuals, while privatizing their queer differences. British journalist Mark Simpson's 1996 book, "Anti-Gay", describes forms of intolerance by the mainstream gay community towards subgroups. "The

neg: Anti-nuclear movement in Russia Anti-nuclear movement in Russia The anti-nuclear movement in Russia is a social movement against nuclear technologies, largely stemming from the results of the Chernobyl incident in 1986. During the most active phase of the anti-nuclear movement, from 1988 to 1992, construction of over 100 nuclear projects were prevented on the territory of the Soviet Union. Also, the economic troubles of the 1990s led to a reduction in the number of construction projects. This deprived the anti-nuclear movement of its raison d’être. At the same time, it too was affected by financial difficulties, in particular the lack of donations, which continues

neg: Anti-nuclear movement in Russia it was already difficult enough to prove that radiation was the only cause of the increase of these diseases. Anti-nuclear movement in Russia The anti-nuclear movement in Russia is a social movement against nuclear technologies, largely stemming from the results of the Chernobyl incident in 1986. During the most active phase of the anti-nuclear movement, from 1988 to 1992, construction of over 100 nuclear projects were prevented on the territory of the Soviet Union. Also, the economic troubles of the 1990s led to a reduction in the number of construction projects. This deprived the anti-nuclear movement of its raison d’être.

neg: Kamba people Kilungu. Ngei and Kali were imprisoned by the colonial government for their anti-colonial protests. Syotune wa Kathukye led a peaceful protest to recover cattle confiscated by the British colonial government during one of their raiding expeditions on the local populations. Muindi Mbingu was arrested for leading another protest march to recover stolen land and cattle around the Mua Hills in Masaku district, which the British settlers eventually appropriated for themselves. JD Kali, along with Paul Ngei, joined the Mau Mau movement to recover Kenya for the Kenyan people. This movement took place between 1952-1960. He was imprisoned in Kapenguria during

neg: Salagama Nikaya" and was soon granted recognition by the colonial British government. The Amarapura Nikaya was of pivotal importance in the revival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka in the 19th century. The Salagamas, who became overwhelmingly Buddhist, were in the vanguard of this movement. The traditional Salagama areas around Balapitiya, Kosgoda, Ratgama, Hikkaduwa and Boossa were centres of the pan-Sinhalese populist movement of Anagarika Dharmapala(who was not from the Salagama community). The key issues around which this movement emerged were anti-casteism and anti-colonialism. The same areas were in the vanguard of the independence struggle and became hotbeds of the Lanka Sama

neg: Anti-communism 1930s and they founded the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1936 as an anti-communist alliance. In Asia, the Empire of Japan and the Kuomintang (the Chinese Nationalist Party) were the leading anti-communist forces in this period. After World War II, fascism ceased to be a major political movement due to the defeat of the Axis powers. The victorious Allies were an international coalition led primarily by the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, but after the war this alliance quickly broke down into two opposing camps: a Communist one led by the Soviet Union and a capitalist one led

neg: Anti-lynching movement Anti-lynching movement The anti-lynching movement was a civil rights movement in the United States that aimed to eradicate the practice of lynching. Lynching was used as a tool to repress African Americans. The anti-lynching movement reached its height between the 1890s and 1930s. The movement was composed mainly of African Americans who tried to persuade politicians to put an end to the practice, but after the failure of this strategy, they pushed for anti-lynching legislation. African-American women helped in the formation of the movement and a large part of the movement was composed of women's organizations. The first anti-lynching movement

neg: Dalit Buddhist movement was the fourteenth child in an impoverished Maharashtra Dalit family, who studied abroad, returned to India in the 1920s and joined the political movement. His focus was social and political rights of the Dalits. During 1931–32, the Mahatma Gandhi led Indian independence movement held discussions with the British government over the Round Table Conferences. They sought constitutional reforms as a preparation to the end of colonial British rule, and begin the self-rule by Indians. The British side sought reforms that would keep the Indian subcontinent as a colony. The British negotiators proposed constitutional reforms on a British Dominion model that

neg: Joseph Sturge More significantly, in 1839, one year after abolition in the British dominions, Sturge led a small group who founded the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society to put an end to slavery worldwide. It continues today as Anti-Slavery International. The Society's first major activity was to organise the World's Anti-Slavery Convention. It was held at the Freemasons' Hall, London, from 12 June 1840. Others were held in 1843 (Brussels) and 1849 (Paris). It attracted delegates from Europe, North America, and Caribbean countries, as well as the British dominions of Australia and Ireland. No delegates from Africa attended; it included African-Caribbean delegates

neg: Andreas-Hofer-Bund exposed to the anti-partisan activities of the occupying German authorities. In the fall of 1943 the Bund had between 30 and 40 members. Egarter and his closest collaborators, however, still managed to come into contact with the Austrian Patria resistance movement and with the British and American intelligence services. Andreas-Hofer-Bund The Andreas-Hofer-Bund was an anti-Nazi organization founded in Alto Adige, Italy in 1939. The movement was guided by Hans Egarter, of Villabassa, the diocesan secretary of the Catholic Youth, to defend the Dableiber, those ethnic Germans who wished to remain in Tyrol, rather than take the "option" to emigrate to

neg: Jack Parsons (rocket engineer) but he remained unconvinced and refused to join the American Communist Party. Malina asserted that this was because Parsons was a "political romantic", whose attitude was more anti-authoritarian than anti-capitalist. Parsons later became critical of the Marxist–Leninist government of the Soviet Union led by Joseph Stalin, sarcastically commenting that During the era of McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare in the early 1950s, Parsons was questioned regarding his former links to the communist movement, by which time he denied any connection to it, instead describing himself as "an individualist" who was both anti-communist and anti-fascist. In reaction to the McCarthyite

neg: Jim Cairns opposition to Australia's role in Vietnam was led by the Communist Party and the trade unions. After 1968, however, non-communist opposition grew, and Cairns came to see the anti-war movement as a moral crusade. During the election year of 1969, Cairns was assaulted by a group of men who broke into his home, also seriously injuring his wife. In May 1970, Cairns, as chair of the Vietnam Moratorium Campaign, led an estimated 100,000 people in a "sit-down" demonstration in the streets of Melbourne. This was the largest protest in Australia until it was overtaken by the anti-Iraq war protests in