query: as air in a given level in the atmosphere is warmed it tends to rise . this is referred to as

pos: Lapse rate tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of convection. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as the other air at the same elevation. When a parcel of air expands, it pushes on the air around it, doing work (thermodynamics). Since the parcel does work but gains no heat, it loses internal energy so that its temperature decreases. The process of expanding and contracting without exchanging heat is an adiabatic process. The term "adiabatic" means that no heat transfer occurs into or out of the parcel.

pos: Altitude to transfer heat from the ground to space, the greenhouse effect of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly , and the temperature would decay exponentially with height. However, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of convection. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. Air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat. This

pos: Alpine climate air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of convection. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. Air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat. This is known as an adiabatic process, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature curve. As the pressure gets lower, the temperature decreases. The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation is known as the adiabatic

pos: Mountain exponentially with height. However, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of convection. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. Air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat. This is known as an adiabatic process, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature dependence. As the pressure gets lower, the temperature decreases. The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation

pos: Cumulus cloud cirrocumulus (high-étage). These last three genus-types are sometimes classified separately as stratocumuliform. Cumulus clouds form via atmospheric convection as air warmed by the surface begins to rise. As the air rises, the temperature drops (following the lapse rate), causing the relative humidity (RH) to rise. If convection reaches a certain level the RH reaches one hundred percent, and the "wet-adiabatic" phase begins. At this point a positive feedback ensues: since the RH is above 100%, water vapor condenses, releasing latent heat, warming the air and spurring further convection. In this phase, water vapor condenses on various nuclei present in the

pos: Cumulus mediocris cloud show a significant instability in the atmosphere likely leading to storms later in the day. These clouds occur when there is more rising air than the Cumulus humilis. Like any cumulus cloud, this cloud requires convection before developing. This occurs when pockets of air around them become warmer and begin to rise. As the air rises, it condenses forming a Cumulus humilis cloud as it continues to rise, a Cumulus mediocris. Cumulus mediocris cloud Cumulus mediocris is a low to middle level cloud with some vertical extent (Family D1) of the genus cumulus, larger in vertical development than Cumulus humilis.

pos: Urban climate a number of causes of the urban heat island: The urban heat island effect tends to be stronger in winter because the colder air above the city is less able to rise by convection to allow the hot air inside the city to escape into the atmosphere. The effect is greater at night for the same reason. Because cities are warmer, the hot air is more likely to rise and if it has a high humidity it will cause convectional rainfall – short intense bursts of rain and thunderstorms. Urban areas produce particles of dust (notably soot) and these act

pos: Lapse rate tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of convection. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as the other air at the same elevation. When a parcel of air expands, it pushes on the air around it, doing work (thermodynamics). Since the parcel does work but gains no heat, it loses internal energy so that its temperature decreases. The process of expanding and contracting without exchanging heat is an adiabatic process. The term "adiabatic" means that no heat transfer occurs into or out of the parcel.

pos: Levant (wind) regime, as described in #Strong winds across the Rock. The pennant cloud is not seen in westerly winds, although many of the same processes occur - it is just that the air is usually drier and may be warmer, as well as being less stable - so that convection from the surface is deeper and not capped near the mountaintop level. (Low cloud can sometimes be seen on the Rock, early in the morning in westerly winds, but this disappears as temperatures rise. It is also likely that the very steep eastern slope of the Rock tends to make the

pos: Thermal management (electronics) a larger temperature gradient by replacing warmed air faster than convection would. This is known as a forced air system. Placing a conductive thick metal plate, referred to as a cold plate, as a heat transfer interface between a heat source and a cold flowing fluid (or any other heat sink) may improve the cooling performance. In such arrangement, the heat source is cooled under the thick plate instead of being cooled in direct contact with the cooling fluid. It is shown that the thick plate can significantly improve the heat transfer between the heat source and the cooling fluid

pos: Heat wave common in summer (in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres) as the jet stream 'follows the sun'. On the equator side of the jet stream, in the upper layers of the atmosphere, is the high pressure area. Summertime weather patterns are generally slower to change than in winter. As a result, this upper level high pressure also moves slowly. Under high pressure, the air subsides (sinks) toward the surface, warming and drying adiabatically. This warmer sinking air creates a high level inversion that acts as a dome capping the atmosphere, inhibiting convection, thereby trapping high humidity warm air below it. Typically,

pos: Greenhouse effect core data shows that carbon dioxide has varied from values as low as 180 ppm to the pre-industrial level of 270 ppm. Paleoclimatologists consider variations in carbon dioxide concentration to be a fundamental factor influencing climate variations over this time scale. The "greenhouse effect" of the atmosphere is named by analogy to greenhouses which become warmer in sunlight. However, a greenhouse is not primarily warmed by the "greenhouse effect". "Greenhouse effect" is actually a misnomer since heating in the usual greenhouse is due to the reduction of convection, while the "greenhouse effect" works by preventing absorbed heat from leaving the

pos: Sea surface temperature normal conditions are not met. For example, cooler air temperatures at a higher altitude (e.g., at the 500 hPa level, or 5.9 km) can lead to tropical cyclogenesis at lower water temperatures, as a certain lapse rate is required to force the atmosphere to be unstable enough for convection. In a moist atmosphere, this lapse rate is 6.5 °C/km, while in an atmosphere with less than 100% relative humidity, the required lapse rate is 9.8 °C/km. At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry

pos: Greenhouse contents, which become warmer. As the structure is not open to the atmosphere, the warmed air cannot escape via convection, so the temperature inside the greenhouse rises. This differs from the earth-oriented theory known as the "greenhouse effect". Quantitative studies suggest that the effect of infrared radiative cooling is not negligibly small, and may have economic implications in a heated greenhouse. Analysis of issues of near-infrared radiation in a greenhouse with screens of a high coefficient of reflection concluded that installation of such screens reduced heat demand by about 8%, and application of dyes to transparent surfaces was suggested. Composite

pos: Air-mass thunderstorm winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation. The moisture rapidly cools into liquid drops of water due to the cooler temperatures at high altitude, which appears as "cumulus" clouds. As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding dry air. The air tends to rise in an "updraft" through the process of convection (hence the term convective precipitation). This creates a low-pressure zone beneath the forming thunderstorm, otherwise known as a cumulonimbus cloud. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 5×10 kg of water vapor is lifted

pos: Lapse rate units of temperature divided by units of altitude, "T" is temperature, and "z" is altitude. The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between radiation and convection. Sunlight hits the ground and heats it. The ground then heats the air at the surface. If radiation were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space, the greenhouse effect of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly , and the temperature would decay exponentially with height. However, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Thus, hot air

pos: Furnace of application is when the boiler breaks down, neither heating nor domestic hot water are available. Air convection heating systems have been in use for over a century. Older systems rely on a passive air circulation system where the greater density of cooler air causes it to sink into the furnace area below, through air return registers in the floor, and the lesser density of warmed air causes it to rise in the ductwork; the two forces acting together to drive air circulation in a system termed 'gravity-fed'. The layout of these 'octopus’ furnaces and their duct systems is optimized

pos: Thunderstorm illumination, where the heating of the ground produces thermals, or where two winds converge forcing air upwards, or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation. The moisture carried upward cools into liquid drops of water due to lower temperatures at high altitude, which appear as "cumulus" clouds. As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air. The air tends to rise in an "updraft" through the process of convection (hence the term convective precipitation). This process creates a low-pressure zone within and

pos: Geophysical fluid dynamics can occur. Convection in the Earth's outer core drives the geodynamo that is the source of the Earth's magnetic field. In the ocean, convection can be "thermal" (driven by heat), "haline" (where the buoyancy is due to differences in salinity), or "thermohaline", a combination of the two. Fluid that is less dense than its surroundings tends to rise until it has the same density as its surroundings. If there is not much energy input to the system, it will tend to become stratified. On a large scale, Earth's atmosphere is divided into a series of layers. Going upwards from the

pos: Altitude to begin at above sea level. At high altitude, atmospheric pressure is lower than that at sea level. This is due to two competing physical effects: gravity, which causes the air to be as close as possible to the ground; and the heat content of the air, which causes the molecules to bounce off each other and expand. The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between radiation and convection. Sunlight in the visible spectrum hits the ground and heats it. The ground then heats the air at the surface. If radiation were the only way

pos: Lifted index considered by most as a superior measurement of instability and is preferred by many meteorologists for convection forecasting. However, LI is easier and faster to determine without using a computer, as determining CAPE requires integration from one level to another. Lifted index The lifted index (LI) is the temperature difference between the environment Te(p) and an air parcel lifted adiabatically Tp(p) at a given pressure height in the troposphere (lowest layer where most weather occurs) of the atmosphere, usually 500 hPa (mb). The temperature is measured in Celsius. When the value is positive, the atmosphere (at the respective height) is

neg: Thunderstorm beneath the forming thunderstorm. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 500 million kilograms of water vapor are lifted into the Earth's atmosphere. In the mature stage of a thunderstorm, the warmed air continues to rise until it reaches an area of warmer air and can rise no farther. Often this 'cap' is the tropopause. The air is instead forced to spread out, giving the storm a characteristic anvil shape. The resulting cloud is called "cumulonimbus incus". The water droplets coalesce into larger and heavier droplets and freeze to become ice particles. As these fall, they melt to become rain. If the

neg: Effects of global warming on oceans of glaciers and ice sheets. The currents in the world’s oceans are a result of varying temperatures associated with the changing latitudes of our planet. As the atmosphere is warmed nearest the equator, the hot air at the surface of our planet is heated, causing it to rise and draw in cooler air to take its place, creating what is known as circulation cells. This ultimately causes the air to be significantly colder near the poles than at the equator. Wind patterns associated with these circulation cells drive surface currents which push the surface water to the higher latitudes where

neg: Subsidence (atmosphere) wind. Subsidence also causes many smaller-scale weather phenomena, such as morning fog. An extreme form of subsidence is a downburst, which can result in damage similar to that produced by a tornado. A milder form of subsidence is referred to as downdraft. Subsidence (atmosphere) Subsidence, in the Earth's atmosphere, is most commonly caused by a low temperature. As the air cools, it becomes denser and moves towards the ground, as warm air becomes less dense and moves upwards. Subsiding air, when cool, is subject to adiabatic warming, which tends to cause the evaporation of any clouds that might be present.

neg: North Atlantic oscillation the darker ocean, causing it to warm up more in summer from the solar radiation (ice-albedo feedback mechanism). Secondly, the diminished ice cover can no longer prevent the heat stored in the ocean being released into the atmosphere (lid effect). As a result of the decreased sea ice cover the air is warmed more greatly than it used to be particularly in autumn and winter because during this period the ocean is warmer than the atmosphere. The warming of the air near to the ground leads to rising movements and the atmosphere becomes less stable. One of these patterns is

neg: Tropospheric propagation heating of the upper fog level and thus an inversion. This situation often arises towards night fall, continues overnight and clears with the sunrise over a period of around 4 – 5 hours. Tropospheric ducting is a type of radio propagation that tends to happen during periods of stable, anticyclonic weather. In this propagation method, when the signal encounters a rise in temperature in the atmosphere instead of the normal decrease (known as a temperature inversion), the higher refractive index of the atmosphere there will cause the signal to be bent. Tropospheric ducting affects all frequencies, and signals enhanced this

neg: Portable appliance testing used to absorb the energy and as it gets warmed gives an indication that a unit not previously examined by a tester is actually producing microwaves. After checking for leakage the door is required to be opened by whatever means is provided and the measurement device is not to record a level above the given limit. In some scenarios a known quantity of water is heated for a known period of time and the temperature rise over the period of operation is used to generate an indication of the effective power output of the magnetron. This can be helpful to

neg: Breathing inhaled at altitude than at sea level in order to breath in the same amount of oxygen in a given period. During inhalation, air is warmed and saturated with water vapor as it passes through the nose and pharynx before it enters the alveoli. The "saturated" vapor pressure of water is dependent only on temperature; at a body core temperature of 37 °C it is 6.3 kPa (47.0 mmHg), regardless of any other influences, including altitude. Consequently, at sea level, the "tracheal" air (immediately before the inhaled air enters the alveoli) consists of: water vapor ( = 6.3 kPa), nitrogen

neg: Unemployment in the United States as high as 25% during the Great Depression. More recently, it reached peaks of 10.8% in November 1982 and 10.0% in October 2009. Unemployment tends to rise during recessions and fall during expansions. From 1948 to 2015, unemployment averaged about 5.8%. There is always some unemployment, with persons changing jobs and new entrants to the labor force searching for jobs. This is referred to as frictional unemployment. For this reason, the Federal Reserve targets the natural rate of unemployment or NAIRU, which was around 5% in 2015. A rate of unemployment below this level would be consistent with rising inflation

neg: Useful conversions and formulas for air dispersion modeling be obtained from this equation: Given an atmospheric pollutant concentration at an atmospheric pressure of 1 atmosphere (i.e., at sea level altitude), the concentration at other altitudes can be obtained from this equation: As an example, given a concentration of 260 mg/m³ at sea level, calculate the equivalent concentration at an altitude of 1,800 meters: "C" = 260 × 0.9877 = 208 mg/m³ at 1,800 meters altitude A normal cubic meter (Nm³ ) is the metric expression of gas volume at standard conditions and it is usually ("but not always") defined as being measured at 0 °C and 1 atmosphere

neg: Atmospheric methane the methane concentration. Methane also affects the degradation of the ozone layer, when methane is transformed into water in the stratosphere. This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect. Climate models also indicate that greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane may enhance the transport of water into the stratosphere; though this is not fully understood. In an effort to mitigate climate change, humans have started to develop alternative methods and medicines.

neg: Air mass (solar energy) the bottom 9 km, i.e. essentially all the atmospheric effects are due to the atmospheric mass in the lower half of the Troposphere. This is a useful and simple model when considering the atmospheric effects on solar intensity. The spectrum outside the atmosphere, approximated by the 5,800 K black body, is referred to as "AM0", meaning "zero atmospheres". Solar cells used for space power applications, like those on communications satellites are generally characterized using AM0. The spectrum after travelling through the atmosphere to sea level with the sun directly overhead is referred to, by definition, as "AM1". This means "one

neg: Mach number which was also unit-first, and may have influenced the use of the term Mach. In the decade preceding faster-than-sound human flight, aeronautical engineers referred to the speed of sound as "Mach's number", never "Mach 1". Mach number is useful because the fluid behaves in a similar manner at a given Mach number, regardless of other variables. As modeled in the International Standard Atmosphere, dry air at mean sea level, standard temperature of , the speed of sound is . The speed of sound is not a constant; in a gas, it increases as the absolute temperature increases, and since atmospheric

neg: Thermal the same temperature as the surrounding air. Dark earth, urban areas, and roadways are good examples of sources of thermals. Associated with a thermal is a downward flow surrounding the thermal column. The downward-moving exterior is caused by colder air being displaced at the top of the thermal. The size and strength of thermals are influenced by the properties of the lower atmosphere (the "troposphere"). Generally, when the air is cold, bubbles of warm air are formed by the ground heating the air above it and can rise like a hot air balloon. The air is then referred to as

neg: Fledder its lowness and moisture, this area was only used for pasturage. The term “Fladder” was used to denote such moorland only thinly covered with soil. Locally the area tends to be referred to as "der" Fledder ("the" Fledder). There is a round bunker from World War II located on Schellenbergstraße near the Schellenbergbrücke. The surrounding area is today the property of Karmann. In addition there was also an air-raid protection tower known as Kiebitzheide, which was eventually pulled down. An old high-rise bunker still stands on the corner of Stahlwerksweg and Bielefelder Straße; today various businesses use it for office

neg: Subsidence (atmosphere) Subsidence (atmosphere) Subsidence, in the Earth's atmosphere, is most commonly caused by a low temperature. As the air cools, it becomes denser and moves towards the ground, as warm air becomes less dense and moves upwards. Subsiding air, when cool, is subject to adiabatic warming, which tends to cause the evaporation of any clouds that might be present. Subsidence generally causes high barometric pressure as more air moves into the same space: the polar highs are areas of almost constant subsidence, as are the horse latitudes, and the areas of subsidence are the sources of much of the world's prevailing

neg: Taupo Volcano not contain much gas, rhyolite tends to just form a lava dome. However, when mixed with gas or steam, rhyolitic eruptions can be extremely violent. The magma froths to form pumice and ash, which is thrown out with great force. If the volcano creates a stable plume, high in the atmosphere, the pumice and ash is blown sideways, and eventually falls to the ground, draping the landscape like snow. If the material thrown out cools too rapidly, and becomes denser than the air, it cannot rise as high, and suddenly collapses back to the ground, forming a pyroclastic flow, hitting

neg: Tibetan Plateau land warms and cools faster than the ocean. In turn, air over the land warms faster and reaches a higher temperature than does air over the ocean. The warmer air over land tends to rise, creating an area of low pressure. The pressure anomaly then causes a steady wind to blow toward the land, which brings the moist air over the ocean surface with it. Rainfall is then increased by the presence of the moist ocean air. The rainfall is stimulated by a variety of mechanisms, such as low-level air being lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the

neg: Barometer – the glass blowers of Liège, Belgium. The weather ball barometer consists of a glass container with a sealed body, half filled with water. A narrow spout connects to the body below the water level and rises above the water level. The narrow spout is open to the atmosphere. When the air pressure is lower than it was at the time the body was sealed, the water level in the spout will rise above the water level in the body; when the air pressure is higher, the water level in the spout will drop below the water level in the

neg: Respiratory system altitude than at sea level. This is achieved by breathing deeper and faster (i.e. hyperpnea) than at sea level (see below). There is, however, a complication that increases the volume of air that needs to be inhaled per minute (respiratory minute volume) to provide the same amount of oxygen to the lungs at altitude as at sea level. During inhalation the air is warmed and saturated with water vapor during its passage through the nose passages and pharynx. Saturated water vapor pressure is dependent only on temperature. At a body core temperature of 37 °C it is 6.3 kPa (47.0

neg: Saharan Air Layer presence of small particles in air tends to suppress winds. The SAL has also been observed to suppress the development and intensifying of tropical cyclones, which may be related directly to these factors. The SAL is a subject of ongoing study and research. Saharan Air Layer The Saharan Air Layer (SAL) is an extremely hot, dry and sometimes dust-laden layer of the atmosphere that often overlies the cooler, more-humid surface air of the Atlantic Ocean. In the Sahara Desert region of North Africa, where it originates, it is the prevalent atmosphere, extending from the surface upwards several kilometers. As it

neg: Dew point evaporate depends on how much moisture is in the air and how much moisture the air can hold. If the air is already saturated with moisture, perspiration will not evaporate. The body's thermoregulation will produce perspiration in an effort to keep the body at its normal temperature even when the rate it is producing sweat exceeds the evaporation rate, so one can become coated with sweat on humid days even without generating additional body heat (such as by exercising). As the air surrounding one's body is warmed by body heat, it will rise and be replaced with other air. If

neg: Norwegian Current is warmer as the tributary sources (Baltic sea, Norwegian fjords, rivers) are warmed up. Although there is much variability in the current’s velocities, ranging from as little as 20 cm/s to 100 cm/s at its maximum it is characterized by a velocity of 30 cm/s. A mechanism of exchange of energy between the atmosphere and the surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean, Norwegian Coastal Current, is very important to the climate of Norway. In the winter time, there is a release of heat from the ocean to the overlying air masses. These air masses generally flow in the direction of

neg: Attitude control sense the position or orientation of fields, objects or other phenomena outside the spacecraft. A "horizon sensor" is an optical instrument that detects light from the 'limb' of Earth's atmosphere, i.e., at the horizon. Thermal infrared sensing is often used, which senses the comparative warmth of the atmosphere, compared to the much colder cosmic background. This sensor provides orientation with respect to Earth about two orthogonal axes. It tends to be less precise than sensors based on stellar observation. Sometimes referred to as an Earth sensor. Similar to the way that a terrestrial gyrocompass uses a pendulum to sense local

neg: Air mass (astronomy) constant, formula_30 is the sea-level temperature, formula_31 is the molecular mass of air, and formula_32 is the acceleration due to gravity. Although this is the same as the pressure scale height of an isothermal atmosphere, the implication is slightly different. In an isothermal atmosphere, 37% of the atmosphere is above the pressure scale height; in a homogeneous atmosphere, there is no atmosphere above the atmospheric height. Taking formula_30 = 288.15 K, formula_31 = 28.9644×1.6605×10 kg, and formula_32 = 9.80665 m/s gives formula_36 ≈ 8435 m. Using Earth’s mean radius of 6371 km, the sea-level air mass at the horizon is

neg: Mars suit out of the atmosphere, then sublimated back into the atmosphere when it's warmer, causing a global 2 millibar (0.029 psi) rise and fall in pressure. Carbon dioxide snow precipitating out the atmosphere is another environmental consideration. At 150 thousand feet of altitude (28 miles or 45 km) on Earth, the atmospheric pressure starts to be equivalent to the surface of Mars. However, the major component of Mars air, CO gas, is denser than Earth air for a given pressure. To prevent hypoxia, getting too little oxygen, humans breathe Earth-style air within a certain range of pressures, and beyond that need

neg: The Great Global Warming Swindle of the `climate wars' because all nuance tends to be lost, and the distinction between what we know firmly, as scientists, and what we suspect is happening, is so difficult to maintain in the presence of rhetorical excess." He further cautiously states that "The science of climate change remains incomplete. Some elements are so firmly based on well-understood principles, or for which the observational record is so clear, that most scientists would agree that they are almost surely true (adding CO2 to the atmosphere is dangerous; sea level will continue to rise, ...). Other elements remain more uncertain, but we

neg: Berg wind as Föhn winds are rain shadow winds that result from air moving over a mountain range, resulting in precipitation on the windward side. This releases latent heat into the atmosphere which is then warmed still further as the air descends on the leeward side (e.g., the Chinook or the original Föhn). Berg winds do not originate in precipitation, but in the mostly dry, often arid central plateau of Southern Africa. On the other hand, katabatic winds are technically drainage winds, that carry high density, usually cold air from a high elevation down a slope under the force of gravity. These

neg: Lapse rate in the air begins to condense. Above that altitude, the adiabatic lapse rate decreases to the moist adiabatic lapse rate as the air continues to rise. Condensation is also commonly followed by precipitation on the top and windward sides of the mountain. As the air descends on the leeward side, it is warmed by adiabatic compression at the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Thus, the foehn wind at a certain altitude is warmer than the corresponding altitude on the windward side of the mountain range. In addition, because the air has lost much of its original water vapor content, the descending

neg: Air mass (astronomy) Air mass (astronomy) In astronomy, air mass (airmass, or AM) is the path length for light rays from a celestial source to pass through the atmosphere. As it penetrates the atmosphere, light rays are attenuated by scattering and absorption; the thicker atmosphere through which it passes, the greater the attenuation. Consequently, celestial bodies when nearer the horizon appear less bright than when nearer the zenith. This attenuation, known as atmospheric extinction, is described quantitatively by the Beer–Lambert law. "Air mass" normally indicates "relative air mass", the path length relative to that at the zenith at sea level so, by definition,

neg: Coriolis force a low-pressure area forms in the atmosphere, air tends to flow in towards it, but is deflected perpendicular to its velocity by the Coriolis force. A system of equilibrium can then establish itself creating circular movement, or a cyclonic flow. Because the Rossby number is low, the force balance is largely between the pressure-gradient force acting towards the low-pressure area and the Coriolis force acting away from the center of the low pressure. Instead of flowing down the gradient, large scale motions in the atmosphere and ocean tend to occur perpendicular to the pressure gradient. This is known as geostrophic

neg: Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Linguistics branching into morphology and semantics. All natural languages are of relevance to this study. The center has been exploring a methodology which can be referred to as "Selective Global Comparison," an approach in which a relatively small number of unrelated languages are examined in depth in order to determine the nature of the variation which distinguishes them. This methodology is distinct from usual work in linguistic typology, which tends to compare many languages at a relatively superficial level of description, and from microcomparative studies, which tend to compare closely related languages at a level of great detail. At any given

neg: MAVEN be lowered to 4,000 to 4,500 kilometers altitude, where it can serve as a relay while continuing its science mission. Data from the MAVEN orbiter published in 2015 confirmed that the solar wind is responsible for stripping away the atmosphere of Mars over the years, as the shielding effect of the global magnetic field was lost as the planet's internal dynamo cooled. Mars loses water into its thin atmosphere by evaporation. There, solar radiation can split the water molecules into their components, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen, as the lightest element, then tends to rise far up to the highest

neg: Freezing level Freezing level The freezing level, or 0 °C (zero-degree) isotherm, represents the altitude in which the temperature is at 0 °C (the freezing point of water) in a free atmosphere (i.e. allowing reflection of the sun by snow, etc.). Any given measure is valid for only a short period of time, often less than a day. Above the freezing altitude, the temperature of the air is below freezing. Below it, the temperature is above freezing. The profile of this frontier, and its variations, are studied in meteorology, and are used for a variety of forecasts and predictions. Whilst not given

neg: Greenhouse effect cycle as well as the seasonal cycle and weather disturbances. Solar heating only applies during daytime. During the night, the atmosphere cools somewhat, but not greatly, because its emissivity is low. Diurnal temperature changes decrease with height in the atmosphere. Within the region where radiative effects are important, the description given by the idealized greenhouse model becomes realistic. Earth's surface, warmed to a temperature around 255 K, radiates long-wavelength, infrared heat in the range of 4–100 μm. At these wavelengths, greenhouse gases that were largely transparent to incoming solar radiation are more absorbent. Each layer of atmosphere with greenhouses gases

neg: Regenerative heat exchanger power generating plants. The thermal design of this regenerator is the same as of other types of regenerators. We use our nose and throat as a regenerative heat exchanger when we breathe. The cooler air coming in is warmed, so that it reaches the lungs as warm air. On the way back out, this warmed air deposits much of its heat back onto the sides of the nasal passages, so that these passages are then ready to warm the next batch of air coming in. Some animals, including humans, have curled sheets of bone inside the nose called nasal turbinates

neg: Climate of Scotland year. Vigorous Atlantic depressions, also known as European windstorms, are a common feature in the autumn and winter in Scotland. The strongest wind gust recorded in Scotland was officially on 20 March 1986 in Cairngorms, but an unofficial wind speed of was recorded in the same location on 19 December 2008. Climate of Scotland The climate of Scotland is temperate and oceanic (Köppen climate classification "Cfb"), and tends to be very changeable, but not normally extreme. It is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, and given its northerly latitude it is warmer than areas on similar latitudes, for

neg: Convective instability difference between the adiabatic lapse rate of an air mass and the ambient lapse rate in the atmosphere. If the adiabatic lapse rate is "lower" than the ambient lapse rate, an air mass displaced upward cools "less" rapidly than the air in which it is moving. Hence, such an air mass becomes "warmer" relative to the atmosphere. As warmer air is less dense, such an air mass would tend to continue to rise. Conversely, if the adiabatic lapse rate is "higher" than the ambient lapse rate, an air mass displaced upward cools "more" rapidly than the air in which it

neg: Inerting (gas) of liquid is drawn from a tank, a similar volume of air will enter the tank's headspace, potentially creating an ignitable atmosphere. The inerting systems use an inert gas generator to supply inert make-up gas instead of air. This procedure is often referred to as "inerting". Technically, the procedure ensures that the atmosphere in the tank's headspace remains unignitable. The gas mixture in the headspace is not "inert" per se, it's just unignitable. Because of its content of flammable vapors, it will burn if mixed with air. Only if enough inert gas is supplied as part of a "purge-out-of-service" procedure,

neg: Chewa language For example, immediately before a pause in the middle of a sentence the speaker's voice tends to rise up; this rise is referred to as a boundary tone. Other intonational tones are sometimes heard, for example a rising or falling tone at the end of a yes-no question. Chewa nouns are divided for convenience into a number of classes, which are referred to by the Malawians themselves by names such as "Mu-A-", but by Bantu specialists by numbers such as "1/2", corresponding to the classes in other Bantu languages. Conventionally, they are grouped into pairs of singular and plural. However,

neg: Solar tracker for example in an area where cloud cover on average builds up during the day, there can be particular benefits in collecting morning sun. The distance that sunlight has to travel through the atmosphere increases as the sun approaches the horizon, as the sunlight has to travel diagonally through the atmosphere. As the path length through the atmosphere increases, the solar intensity reaching the collector decreases. This increasing path length is referred to as the air mass (AM) or air mass coefficient, where AM0 is at the top of the atmosphere, AM1 refers to the direct vertical path down to

neg: Pulmonary contusion is of critical importance. Treatment aims to prevent respiratory failure and to ensure adequate blood oxygenation. Supplemental oxygen can be given and it may be warmed and humidified. When the contusion does not respond to other treatments, extracorporeal membranous oxygenation may be used, pumping blood from the body into a machine that oxygenates it and removes carbon dioxide prior to pumping it back in. Positive pressure ventilation, in which air is forced into the lungs, is needed when oxygenation is significantly impaired. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP), may be

neg: Methane the gas to use as energy. The state of California has been particularly active in this area. Paleoclimatology research published in "Current Biology" suggests that flatulence from dinosaurs may have warmed the Earth. In 2010, methane levels in the Arctic were measured at 1850 nmol/mol. This level is over twice as high as at any time in the last 400,000 years. Historic methane concentrations in the world's atmosphere have ranged between 300 and 400 nmol/mol during glacial periods commonly known as ice ages, and between 600 and 700 nmol/mol during the warm interglacial periods. The Earth's oceans are a potential

neg: Climate change mitigation are adding CO to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation). This is analogous to a flow of water into a bathtub. So long as the tap runs water (analogous to the emission of carbon dioxide) into the tub faster than water escapes through the plughole (the natural removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere), then the level of water in the tub (analogous to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere) will continue to rise. According to some studies, stabilizing atmospheric CO concentrations would require anthropogenic

neg: Inversion (meteorology) violent thunderstorms. Temperature inversion can notoriously result in freezing rain in cold climates. Usually, within the lower atmosphere (the troposphere) the air near the surface of the Earth is warmer than the air above it, largely because the atmosphere is heated from below as solar radiation warms the Earth's surface, which in turn then warms the layer of the atmosphere directly above it, e.g., by thermals (convective heat transfer). Given the right conditions, the normal vertical temperature gradient is inverted such that the air is colder near the surface of the Earth. This can occur when, for example, a warmer,

neg: Boyle's law air moves from high to low pressure. Related phenomena: Other gas laws: Boyle's law Boyle's law, sometimes referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law, or Mariotte's law (especially in France), is an experimental gas law that describes how the pressure of a gas tends to increase as the volume of the container decreases. A modern statement of Boyle's law is The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system. Mathematically, Boyle's law can be stated as or

neg: Turbine map a choking condition. This is because the ram rise in the air intake factors-up the nozzle pressure ratio. At static (e.g. SLS) conditions there is no ram rise, so the nozzle tends to operate unchoked (LHS of plot). The low pressure turbine 'sees' the variation in flow capacity of the primary nozzle. A falling nozzle flow capacity tends to reduce the LP turbine pressure ratio (and deltaH/T). As the left hand map shows, initially the reduction in LP turbine deltaH/T has little effect upon the entry flow of the unit. Eventually, however, the LP turbine unchokes, causing the flow capacity

neg: Steam devil by evaporation. The warmed air begins to rise, and as it does so is cooled adiabatically by the falling pressure causing the water vapour content to condense out into fog streamers. For steam devils to form the air above the body of water must be very cold, and a fairly brisk (over 25 mph) wind of dry air needs to be blowing across the surface of the water. The temperature difference between the water and the air needs to be quite marked; the steam devils in figure 1 were forming with an air temperature of -21°C (-6°F) and a water

neg: Cohomology of homology as a method of constructing algebraic invariants of topological spaces, the range of applications of homology and cohomology theories has spread throughout geometry and algebra. The terminology tends to hide the fact that cohomology, a contravariant theory, is more natural than homology in many applications. At a basic level, this has to do with functions and pullbacks in geometric situations: given spaces "X" and "Y", and some kind of function "F" on "Y", for any mapping , composition with "f" gives rise to a function on "X". The most important cohomology theories have a product, the cup product,

neg: Barometer the bottom of an ocean of elementary air, which is known by incontestable experiments to have weight". Inspired by Torricelli, Otto von Guericke on 5 December 1660 found that air pressure was unusually low and predicted a storm, which occurred the next day. The mercury barometer's design gives rise to the expression of atmospheric pressure in inches or millimeters of mercury (mmHg). A torr was originally defined as 1 mmHg. The pressure is quoted as the level of the mercury's height in the vertical column. Typically, atmospheric pressure is measured between and of Hg. One atmosphere (1 atm) is equivalent

neg: Freezing level area. It varies under two conditions: These conditions imply that the 0 °C isotherm varies globally. Freezing level The freezing level, or 0 °C (zero-degree) isotherm, represents the altitude in which the temperature is at 0 °C (the freezing point of water) in a free atmosphere (i.e. allowing reflection of the sun by snow, etc.). Any given measure is valid for only a short period of time, often less than a day. Above the freezing altitude, the temperature of the air is below freezing. Below it, the temperature is above freezing. The profile of this frontier, and its variations, are

neg: Underfloor air distribution suitable climates and reduced life cycle costs. "Displacement Ventilation" systems (DV) work on similar principals as UFAD systems. DV systems deliver cool air into the conditioned space at or near the floor level and return air at the ceiling level. This works by utilizing the natural buoyancy of warm air and the thermal plumes generated by heat sources as cooler air is delivered from lower elevations. While similar, UFAD tends to encourage more mixing within the occupied zone and provide local air supply, which enables it to increase air motion in the space and prevent the sensation of stagnant air

neg: Emissions Reduction Market System Emissions Reduction Market System The Emissions Reduction Market System (ERMS) is a regulatory plan designed to curb emissions of volatile organic material (VOM) in Illinois. The ERMS operates under the principles of a cap and trade market system. The ERMS applies only to stationary sources that produce over 10 tons of VOMs during a given compliance period. The compliance period lasts from the beginning of May to the end of September each year as this is the time period in which the air quality tends to be the lowest. The region managed by ERMS, referred to as a nonattainment area

neg: Atmosphere of Earth average sea level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and weather. If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level, it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of . It actually decreases exponentially with altitude, dropping by half every or by a factor of 1/e every , the average scale height of the atmosphere below . However, the atmosphere is

neg: Environmentalism lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution. The emergence of great factories and the concomitant immense growth in coal consumption gave rise to an unprecedented level of air pollution in industrial centers; after 1900 the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. The first large-scale, modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain's Alkali Acts, passed in 1863, to regulate the deleterious air pollution (gaseous hydrochloric acid) given off by the Leblanc process, used to produce soda ash. An Alkali inspector

neg: Effects of global warming on oceans ocean, one of which was the heat content of the oceans over the past several hundred years. The earth system model incorporated the atmosphere, land surface processes, and other earth components to make it more realistic and similar to observations. Results of their model simulation showed that since 1500, the ocean heat content of the upper 500 m has increased. The connection between sea level rise and ocean thermal expansion follows from Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) put simply states that the volume of a given mass is proportional to its temperature. This contribution to sea

neg: Air mass (astronomy) AM, so that AM1 indicates an air mass of 1, AM2 indicates an air mass of 2, and so on. The region above Earth's atmosphere, where there is no atmospheric attenuation of solar radiation, is considered to have "air mass zero" (AM0). Tables of air mass have been published by numerous authors, including Bemporad (1904), Allen (1976), and Kasten and Young (1989). The angle of a celestial body with the zenith is the "zenith angle" (in astronomy, commonly referred to as the "zenith distance"). A body’s angular position can also be given in terms of "altitude", the angle above the

neg: Scale height can then be incorporated with the equation for "H" given above to give: which will not change unless the temperature does. Integrating the above and assuming where "P" is the pressure at height "z" = 0 (pressure at sea level) the pressure at height "z" can be written as: This translates as the pressure decreasing exponentially with height. In Earth's atmosphere, the pressure at sea level "P" averages about 1.01×10 Pa, the mean molecular mass of dry air is 28.964 u and hence 28.964 × 1.660×10 = 4.808×10 kg, and "g" = 9.81 m/s². As a function of temperature the

neg: Virga rapidly warm the surface temperature. This fairly rare phenomenon, a heat burst, also tends to be of exceedingly dry air. Virgae also have a role in seeding storm cells. This is because small particles from one cloud are blown into neighboring supersaturated air and act as nucleation particles for the next thunderhead cloud to begin forming. The word is derived from the Latin "virga," meaning "twig" or "branch". Sulfuric acid rain in the atmosphere of Venus evaporates before reaching the ground due to the high heat near the surface. Similarly, virgae happen on gas giant planets such as Jupiter. In

neg: ATEX directive The ATEX as an EU directive finds its US equivalent under the HAZLOC standard. This standard given by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration defines and classifies hazardous locations such as explosive atmospheres. In DSEAR, an explosive atmosphere is defined as a mixture of dangerous substances with air, under atmospheric conditions, in the form of gases, vapours, mist or dust in which, after ignition has occurred, combustion spreads to the entire unburned mixture. Atmospheric conditions are commonly referred to as ambient temperatures and pressures. That is to say temperatures of −20 °C to 40 °C and pressures of 0.8 to

neg: Dynamic insulation Dynamic insulation Dynamic insulation is a form of insulation where cool outside air flowing through the thermal insulation in the envelope of a building will pick up heat from the insulation fibres. Buildings can be designed to exploit this to reduce the transmission heat loss (U-value) and to provide pre-warmed, draft free air to interior spaces. This is known as dynamic insulation since the U-value is no longer constant for a given wall or roof construction but varies with the speed of the air flowing through the insulation (climate adaptive building shell). Dynamic insulation is different from breathing walls. The

neg: Overshooting top Overshooting top An overshooting top (or penetrating top) is a dome-like protrusion shooting out of the top of the anvil of a thunderstorm. When an overshooting top is present for 10 minutes or longer, it's a strong indication the storm is severe. When a thunderstorm forms, clouds build vertically into the atmosphere until the storm's updraft (warm rising air) has reached an equilibrium level (EL); the point where the surrounding air is about the same temperature or even warmer. This point of equilibrium is often marked by the tropopause. Rather than continuing to rise into the stratosphere, the vertical cloud

neg: Convective inhibition it, which causes the air parcel to accelerate downward. The layer of air dominated by CIN is warmer and more stable than the layers above or below it. The situation in which convective inhibition is measured is when layers of warmer air are above a particular region of air. The effect of having warm air above a cooler air parcel is to prevent the cooler air parcel from rising into the atmosphere. This creates a stable region of air. Convective inhibition indicates the amount of energy that will be required to force the cooler packet of air to rise. This

neg: Atmosphere of Earth takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller-driven aircraft. Within the five principal layers above, that are largely determined by temperature, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties: The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth's surface is or , depending on the reference. The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as . This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres (atm). Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×10 kg (1.135×10 lb), about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the

neg: Brandleite Tunnel track radius is . The tunnel was originally equipped with seven sets of warning bells. Corrosion due to the damp atmosphere required frequent repainting of metal parts. In order to allow drainage, the tunnel rises from both ends towards the middle at an inclination of 1% on its eastern side and 0.2% on the western end. Smoke from steam locomotives therefore tends to accumulate in the tunnel, so that it was referred to as the "forecourt to hell" by railwaymen. Therefore, Deutsche Reichsbahn used its locomotives of class 44 that were converted to coal-dust firing on this line because this

neg: Coastal flood (from the sea towards the land) can cause the water to 'pile up' against the coast; this is known as wind setup. Low atmospheric pressure is associated with storm systems and this tends to increase the surface sea level; this is barometric setup. Finally increased wave breaking height results in a higher water level in the surf zone, which is wave setup. These three processes interact to create waves that can overtop natural and engineered coastal protection structures thus penetrating seawater further inland than normal. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimate global mean sea-level rise from 1990 to

neg: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere carbonate minerals, the increased concentration of bicarbonate and decreased or unchanged concentration of carbonate ion will give rise to a higher concentration of un-ionized carbonic acid and dissolved . This, along with higher temperatures, would mean a higher equilibrium concentration of in the air. While absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. There are four ways human activity, especially fossil fuel burning, is known to have caused the rapid increase in atmospheric over the last few centuries.

neg: Age of Conan: Rise of the Godslayer Age of Conan: Rise of the Godslayer Age of Conan: Rise of the Godslayer is the first expansion set for the MMORPG "". It was announced on August 18, 2009 on by Funcom. The expansion is set in the mythical land of Khitai and features a new eastern theme. It was released on May 11, 2010. The expansion adds the mysterious eastern lands of Khitai to the game, a new zone for characters of levels 20-40 and four new high-level zones for level 80 characters, as well as new original music by Knut Avenstroup Haugen to convey the Asiatic atmosphere

neg: Dine's compensation Dine's compensation In meteorology, Dines' compensation states that net mass convergence into a given column of air must be balanced by a net mass divergence from the same column of air. The implication is that rising air in the atmosphere must be balanced by equal sinking or subsiding air. Dines' compensation applies especially in mesoscale circulations (i.e. supercells) and in macroscale and mesoscale tropical circulations. For instance, it is not uncommon to see anti-cyclonic cirrus outflow from a hurricane in visible satellite imagery. Dines' compensation applies differently in the mid-latitudes, as upper-level highs are not necessarily associated with surface lows.

neg: Altimeter pressure, in inches of mercury in Canada and the United States, and hectopascals (previously millibars) elsewhere, is displayed in the small "Kollsman window," on the face of the aircraft altimeter. This is necessary, since sea level reference atmospheric pressure at a given location varies over time with temperature and the movement of pressure systems in the atmosphere. In aviation terminology, the regional or local air pressure at mean sea level (MSL) is called the QNH or "altimeter setting", and the pressure that will calibrate the altimeter to show the height above ground at a given airfield is called the QFE

neg: Convective instability is moving. Hence, such an airmass becomes "cooler" relative to the atmosphere. As cooler air is more dense, the rise of such an airmass would tend to be resisted. When air rises, moist air cools at a lower rate than dry air. That is, for the same vertical movement, a parcel of moist air will be warmer than a parcel of dry air. This is because of the condensation of water vapor in the air parcel due to expansion cooling. As water vapor condenses, latent heat is released into the air parcel. Moist air has more water vapor than dry

neg: Dine's compensation Jet streaks and other upper level features, however, can contribute or support lower level convergence/divergence. Dine's compensation In meteorology, Dines' compensation states that net mass convergence into a given column of air must be balanced by a net mass divergence from the same column of air. The implication is that rising air in the atmosphere must be balanced by equal sinking or subsiding air. Dines' compensation applies especially in mesoscale circulations (i.e. supercells) and in macroscale and mesoscale tropical circulations. For instance, it is not uncommon to see anti-cyclonic cirrus outflow from a hurricane in visible satellite imagery. Dines' compensation

neg: Synoptic scale meteorology to warmed) which helps prevent clouds from forming. On weather maps, these areas show converging winds (isotachs), also known as confluence, or converging height lines near or above the level of non-divergence, which is near the 500 hPa pressure surface about midway up through the troposphere. High-pressure systems are alternatively referred to as anticyclones. On weather maps, high-pressure centers are associated with the letter H in English, or A in Spanish, because alta is the Spanish word for high, within the isobar with the highest pressure value. On constant pressure upper level charts, it is located within the highest height

neg: Papagayo Jet created between the equator and 35th parallels north via atmospheric circulation. Air near the equator is warmed by the sun. This heated air is more buoyant than colder air so it rises and is then pushed poleward by more air rising from below. Once the air reaches northern latitudes it begins to cool and as a result it falls back towards to the Earth’s surface. As the air is falling it exerts more pressure downward on the surface, creating a high-pressure systems. This cold, high-pressure air mass then travels equatorward. Air masses repeatedly move in this loop, but it should

neg: High Altitude Venus Operational Concept Earth gravity), an atmosphere that provides a level of protection from solar and interstellar radiation, and a much greater proximity compared to Mars. Whereas all ground missions measured their operational time in minutes or hours, the Soviet Vega missions found success in launching small balloons, that operated until their batteries were exhausted (days). At altitude, the atmosphere of Venus is and (the equivalent pressure to about on Earth). However, due to the large amount of , density for a given pressure is greater than in Earth's atmosphere, therefore breathable air acts as a buoyant gas at altitude. Concurrently, the gravity

neg: Joseph Galien as did Noah's Ark, and be capable of transporting an army with its artillery and provisions for a year. The air being lighter at the summit of a mountain than at the level of the sea, by filling this vessel with the mountain air, it must displace, being on the ground, a mass of air of greater weight than that with which it was filledplus the weight of the craft and its cargo. This vessel would have to float in the atmospheric level of the "hail belt", as the atmosphere there is a thousand times lighter than water, while in

neg: Reggie Perrin had large tufts of mammoth hair stuck to it: the cheap sets, the laboured direction, the glaringly unatmospheric lighting, the once-daring surrealistic touches, even the concept itself." Caitlin Moran of "The Times" was more positive, saying "I actually like this new one. It gently warmed me. It warmed me as "As Time Goes By" warms me" and praising Clunes' interpretation: "I engage with the escalating depression and insanity of Clunes's Perrin more than I did with Rossiter's..." Reggie Perrin Reggie Perrin is a modern update of the 1970s BBC sitcom "The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin", which starred Leonard

neg: Climate of Scotland Climate of Scotland The climate of Scotland is temperate and oceanic (Köppen climate classification "Cfb"), and tends to be very changeable, but not normally extreme. It is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, and given its northerly latitude it is warmer than areas on similar latitudes, for example Labrador in Canada—where the sea freezes over in winter or Fort McMurray, Canada—where is not uncommon during winter. Even though most of the country has a temperate climate, the Northern islands and Highlands experience a type of weather close to the climate of the Faroe Islands or Southern Norway. Scottish

neg: Great Lakes Storm of 1913 Canada; warm, moist air moves north/northeast from the Gulf of Mexico, along the lee of the central Rocky Mountains. The collision of these masses forms large storm systems in the middle of the North American continent, including the Great Lakes. When the cold air from these storms moves over the lakes, it is warmed by the waters below and picks up a spin. As the cyclonic system continues over the lakes, its power is intensified by the jet stream above and the warm waters below. The result is commonly referred to as a "November gale" or "November witch." Such a

neg: Rise: The Vieneo Province Rise: The Vieneo Province Rise: The Vieneo Province (abbreviated to Rise) is "free-to-play" Internet-based virtual world. Through a free downloadable client program, users interact with each other through motional vehicles and avatars, providing an advanced level of a social network service combined with general aspects of a metaverse. While "Rise" is sometimes referred to as a game, in general it does not have points, scores, winners or losers, levels, an end-strategy, or most of the other characteristics of a typical game. Players, often called "citizens", can visit this virtual world almost as if it were a real place. They explore,

neg: Airbreathing jet engine also be little change in mass flow. Consequently, nozzle gross thrust initially only increases marginally with flight speed. However, being an air breathing engine (unlike a conventional rocket) there is a penalty for taking on-board air from the atmosphere. This is known as ram drag. Although the penalty is zero at static conditions, it rapidly increases with flight speed causing the net thrust to be eroded. As flight speed builds up after take-off, the ram rise in the intake starts to have a significant effect upon nozzle pressure/temperature and intake airflow, causing nozzle gross thrust to climb more rapidly. This