query: who introduced the two-part system ( genus and species ) that biologists use to name organisms

pos: Binomial nomenclature species belongs, while the second part – the specific name or specific epithet – identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus "Homo" and within this genus to the species "Homo sapiens". "Tyrannosaurus rex" is probably the most widely known binomial. The "formal" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work "Species Plantarum" in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book "Pinax theatri botanici" (English, "Illustrated exposition of plants") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.

pos: Maria Sibylla Merian was seen in Amsterdam by Peter the Great. After her death, he acquired a significant number of her paintings which to this day are kept in academic collections in St. Petersburg. The universal classification system for all organisms was started by Carl Linnaeus about 30 years after Merian had published her research on Suriname. It is organised in five levels of kingdom, class, order, genus and species. After her death Merian became so renowned among biologists that number of taxa, and two genera, were named after her. Two butterflies have been named after her, the common postman butterfly "Heliconius melpomene

pos: Kingdom (biology) a common ancestor. When Carl Linnaeus introduced the rank-based system of nomenclature into biology in 1735, the highest rank was given the name "kingdom" and was followed by four other main or principal ranks: class, order, genus and species. Later two further main ranks were introduced, making the sequence kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus and species. In 1990, the rank of domain was introduced above kingdom. Prefixes can be added so "subkingdom" ("subregnum") and "infrakingdom" (also known as "infraregnum") are the two ranks immediately below kingdom. Superkingdom may be considered as an equivalent of domain or empire

pos: Gallinago (c. 5 mya) of Lee Creek Mine, USA. The large West Indian species "Gallinago kakuki" went extinct during the late Quaternary period, and despite its distribution may actually be more closely related to Old World snipe species than New World ones. Gallinago Gallinago is a genus of birds in the wader family Scolopacidae, containing 17 species. The name "Gallinago" was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 as a subdivision of the genus "Scolopax". Brisson did not use Carl Linnaeus's binomial system of nomenclature and although many of Brisson's genera had been adopted by ornithologists, his subdivision

pos: Gallinago Gallinago Gallinago is a genus of birds in the wader family Scolopacidae, containing 17 species. The name "Gallinago" was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 as a subdivision of the genus "Scolopax". Brisson did not use Carl Linnaeus's binomial system of nomenclature and although many of Brisson's genera had been adopted by ornithologists, his subdivision of genera were generally ignored. Instead, the erection of the genus "Gallinago" for the snipes was credited to the German zoologist Carl Ludwig Koch in a book published in 1816. But in 1920 it was discovered that the German naturalist Johann

pos: Rufous vanga binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his "Systema Naturae" for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the rufous vanga. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name "Lanius rufus" and cited Brisson's work. The rufous vanga is now the only species placed in the genus "Schetba" that was introduced by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1831. Two subspecies are recognised: Rufous vanga The rufous vanga ("Schetba rufa") is a species

pos: Taxonomy (biology) Taxonomy (biology) Taxonomy () is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped together into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum), class, order, family, genus and species. The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the father of taxonomy, as he developed a system

pos: Anopheles claviger that Carl Linnaeus had already used the name for the males of "Culex pipiens". After a decade James Francis Stephens renamed it "An. grisescens" in 1828. A number of scientific names was introduced after they were discovered from one region after another. Some recognised synonyms are: Italian biologists G. Del Vecchio in 1939 and G. Lupascu in 1941 were the first to notice that "An. claviger" comprised two morphologically distinct species. In 1962 M. Coluzzi revised the taxonomic status by classifying "An. claviger" as a species complex inclusive of "An. petragnani". The species could be identified only on small structural

pos: Binomial nomenclature Ephemerum Virginianum", Soon-Fading Spiderwort of Virginia". The Latin phrases are short descriptions, rather than identifying labels. The Bauhins, in particular Caspar Bauhin (1560–1624), took some important steps towards the binomial system, by pruning the Latin descriptions, in many cases to two words. The adoption by biologists of a system of strictly binomial nomenclature is due to Swedish botanist and physician Carl von Linné, more commonly known by his Latinized name Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). It was in his 1753 "Species Plantarum" that he first began consistently using a one-word "trivial name" together with a generic name in a system of binomial

neg: Saproamanita fairy rings. At least two of the species are invasive species expanding their ranges, "S. inopinata" in Europe and "S. thiersii" in North America. The name refers to the saprotrophic life style and the generic relationship to its sister genus "Amanita". In earlier studies the genus was ill defined and named "Lepidella" and later "Aspidella". Both of these names are unusable because of earlier usage by biologists for other organisms, e.g. "Aspidella" E. Billings. The most recent adoption of the name "Aspidella" was based on a molecularly and ecologically defined genus similar to the current circumscription. Currently there are two

neg: Linnaean taxonomy was used by the Scholastics to denote a species, not a genus). A strength of Linnaean taxonomy is that it can be used to organize the different kinds of living organisms, simply and practically. Every species can be given a unique (and, one hopes, stable) name, as compared with common names that are often neither unique nor consistent from place to place and language to language. This uniqueness and stability are, of course, a result of the acceptance by working systematists (biologists specializing in taxonomy), not merely of the binomial names themselves, but of the rules governing the use of

neg: Species species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. All species are given a two-part name, a "binomial". The first part of a binomial is the genus to which the species belongs. The second part is called the specific name or the specific epithet (in botanical nomenclature, also sometimes in zoological nomenclature). For example, "Boa constrictor" is one of four species of the genus "Boa". Species were seen from the time of Aristotle until the 18th century as fixed kinds that could be arranged in a hierarchy, the great chain of being. In the 19th century, biologists grasped

neg: Dendrogramma derives from the two ancient greek words (), meaning "tree", and (), meaning "drawing, mathematical figure". It alludes to the branching pattern of the digestive canals, which resemble dendrograms, "i.e.", branching diagrams frequently used by biologists to illustrate the evolutionary relationships among organisms. The specific name "enigmatica" of the type species refers to the mysterious nature of the organisms, while "discoides" — the species epithet of the second species — alludes to the disc-like shape of the animals. The specimens first collected were roughly mushroom-shaped, and with a mostly asymmetrical structure. So far no sex organs or nervous system has

neg: Binomial nomenclature be changed as well. This may happen because the specific name is already used in the new genus, or to agree in gender with the new genus. Some biologists have argued for the combination of the genus name and specific epithet into a single unambiguous name, or for the use of uninomials (as used in nomenclature of ranks above species). Because binomials are unique only within a kingdom, it is possible for two or more species to share the same binomial if they occur in different kingdoms. At least five instances of such binomial duplication occur. Nomenclature (including binomial nomenclature)

neg: Genus in binomial nomenclature, the system of naming organisms. The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the Nomenclature Codes, giving each species a single unique name which is Latin in form and, by contrast with a common name, is language-independent. Except for viruses, the standard format for a species name comprises a generic name (which indicates the genus to which the species belongs) followed by a specific epithet. For example, the gray wolf's binomial name is with "Canis" (Lat. "dog") being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and "lupus" (Lat. "wolf") being the

neg: Laughing dove the nominate population) was introduced to Perth in 1889 and has become established around Western Australia. Birds that land on ships may be introduced to new regions. This species was described by Linnaeus who placed it in the genus "Columba" along with other pigeons. It was later placed in the genus "Streptopelia" but studies of molecular phylogeny indicated that this and the spotted dove stood out from the remainder of the "Streptopelia" species leading to the use of an older genus name that has been used for the species by Carl Sundevall. Unfortunately Sundevall used the name "Stigmatopelia senegalensis" and

neg: Genus Genus A genus (, genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. The composition of a genus is determined by a taxonomist. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a

neg: Bradyrhizobium Bradyrhizobium Bradyrhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria, many of which fix nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation is an important part of the nitrogen cycle. Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen (N); they must use nitrogen compounds such as nitrates. "Bradyrhizobium" species are Gram-negative bacilli (rod-shaped) with a single subpolar or polar flagellum. They are common soil-dwelling micro-organisms that can form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plant species where they fix nitrogen in exchange for carbohydrates from the plant. Like other rhizobia, many members of this genus have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into forms readily available for other organisms to use.

neg: Thermus aquaticus RNA polymerase, used in the process of transcription. Most molecular biologists probably became aware of "T. aquaticus" in the late 1970s or early 1980s because of the isolation of useful restriction endonucleases from this organism. Use of the term "Taq" to refer to "Thermus aquaticus" arose at this time from the convention of giving restriction enzymes short names, such as Sal and Hin, derived from the genus and species of the source organisms. DNA polymerase was first isolated from "T. aquaticus" in 1976. The first advantage found for this thermostable (temperature optimum 80°C) DNA polymerase was that it could be

neg: Cunninghamia Cunninghamia Cunninghamia is a genus of one or two living species of evergreen coniferous trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae. They are native to China, northern Vietnam and Laos, and perhaps also Cambodia. They may reach in height. In vernacular use, it is most often known as "Cunninghamia", but is also sometimes called "China-fir" (though it is not a fir). The genus name "Cunninghamia" honours Dr. James Cunningham, a British doctor who introduced this species into cultivation in 1702 and botanist Allan Cunningham. The genus is traditionally said to contain two similar species, "Cunninghamia lanceolata" and "C. konishii", often referred

neg: Acacia sensu lato Orchard pushing for the retypification of the genus with an Australian species instead of the original African type species, an exception to traditional rules of priority that required ratification by the International Botanical Congress. That decision has been controversial, and debate continued, with some taxonomists (and many other biologists) deciding to continue to use the traditional "Acacia sensu lato" circumscription of the genus, in defiance of decisions by an International Botanical Congress. However, a second International Botanical Congress has now confirmed the decision to apply the name "Acacia" to the mostly Australian plants, which some had been calling "Racosperma", and

neg: Chemical biology minimally perturbed living system is closer to being realized. The advances in modern sequencing technologies in the late 1990s allowed scientists to investigate DNA of communities of organisms in their natural environments, so-called "eDNA", without culturing individual species in the lab. This metagenomic approach enabled scientists to study a wide selection of organisms that were previously not characterized due in part to an incompetent growth condition. These sources of eDNA include, but are not limited to, soils, ocean, subsurface, hot springs, hydrothermal vents, polar ice caps, hypersaline habitats, and extreme pH environments. Of the many applications of metagenomics, chemical biologists

neg: Eucomis leaf-like bracts that crown the inflorescence of the species in this genus. The name was first used by Daniel Solander, who decided that Linnaeus's "Fritillaria regia" should be placed in a separate genus. However, Solander died before publishing the name, and was not mentioned by L'Héritier in his 1789 publication. Initially, three species were placed in "Eucomis": "E. regia", "E. nana" and "E. punctata". (The last two are now synonyms of "E. regia" and "E. comosa" respectively.) "Eucomis" is placed in the subfamily Scilloideae of the family Asparagaceae by those who use the APG system of plant classification, and in

neg: Devil's coach horse beetle can survive a second winter, some by hibernating in burrows and not emerging until March, while others remain active. Devil's coach horse beetle The Devil's coach-horse beetle ("Ocypus olens") is a species of beetle belonging to the large family of the rove beetles (Staphylinidae). It was originally included in the genus "Staphylinus" in 1764, and some authors and biologists still use this classification. The Latin species name "olens", meaning "smelling", refers to the two white stinking glands on the abdomen. This beetle has been associated with the Devil since the Middle Ages. Hence its common name, which has been used

neg: Devil's coach horse beetle Devil's coach horse beetle The Devil's coach-horse beetle ("Ocypus olens") is a species of beetle belonging to the large family of the rove beetles (Staphylinidae). It was originally included in the genus "Staphylinus" in 1764, and some authors and biologists still use this classification. The Latin species name "olens", meaning "smelling", refers to the two white stinking glands on the abdomen. This beetle has been associated with the Devil since the Middle Ages. Hence its common name, which has been used at least since 1840. Other names include Devil's footman, Devil's coachman and Devil's steed. It is sometimes also known

neg: Binomial nomenclature Binomial nomenclature Binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system") also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen, name or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name – the "generic name" – identifies the genus to which the

neg: S. niger are many other possibilities, for example the following genus names that start with "S" have a species name with the epithet "niger". Vascular plants: Beetles: Spiders: Other organisms: S. niger S. niger is an abbreviation of a species name. In binomial nomenclature, the name of a species is always the name of the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the species name (also called the species epithet). In "S. niger", the genus name has been abbreviated to "S." and the species has been spelled out in full. In a document that uses this abbreviation, it should always be

neg: S. nigra are many other possibilities, for example, the following genus names that start with "S" have a species name with the epithet "nigra". Vascular plants: Beetles: Other organisms: S. nigra S. nigra is an abbreviation of a species name. In binomial nomenclature the name of a species is always the name of the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the species name (also called the species epithet). In "S. nigra" the genus name has been abbreviated to "S." and the species has been spelled out in full. In a document that uses this abbreviation it should always be clear

neg: Reproduction reproduction is a major puzzle for biologists. The two-fold cost of sexual reproduction is that only 50% of organisms reproduce and organisms only pass on 50% of their genes. Sexual reproduction typically requires the sexual interaction of two specialized organisms, called gametes, which contain half the number of chromosomes of normal cells and are created by meiosis, with typically a male fertilizing a female of the same species to create a fertilized zygote. This produces offspring organisms whose genetic characteristics are derived from those of the two parental organisms. Asexual reproduction is a process by which organisms create genetically similar

neg: Methanobrevibacter Methanobrevibacter In taxonomy, Methanobrevibacter is a genus of the Methanobacteriaceae. The species within "Methanobrevibacter" are strictly anaerobic archaea that produce methane, for the most part through the reduction of carbon dioxide via hydrogen. Most species live in the intestines of larger organisms, such as termites and are responsible for the large quantities of greenhouse gases that they produce. "Mbr. smithii", found in the human intestine, may play a role in obesity. The name "Methanobrevibacter" has Latin and Greek roots. "Methanum" is Latin for methane, "brevi" is Latin for short, and "bacter" is Greek for bar. Professional publications use the abbreviations

neg: Bannana (spider) sea level. Specimens have been collected by pitfall trapping and by manually sorting through litter. The genus name "Bannana" is derived from the last few letters of the word "Xishuangbanna". The specific name "crassispina" is derived from Latin "crassus" ("thick") and "spinus" ("bristle"), referring to two thick bristles on the tibiae of male pedipalps, while the specific name "parvula", from Latin "parvus" ("small"), refers to the smaller size of this species. Both species, as well as the genus, were named in 2015 by Chinese biologists Yanfeng Tong and Shuqiang Li. "Bannana" spiders are in the family Oonopidae, a large family

neg: Peltops at forest openings and edges, tree falls, river edges, and other disturbed areas including human modified openings like roads and gardens. In undisturbed virgin forest they may use massive trees emerging from and above the canopy. Peltops Peltops is a genus of birds in the family Artamidae. It contains two species that are endemic to the island of New Guinea. The species have also had the common name of shieldbill. The genus "Peltops" was introduced by the German zoologist Johann Georg Wagler in 1829. The type species is the lowland peltops. The name is from the Greek "pelte" meaning small

neg: Binomial nomenclature abbreviation and the date omitted. The International Plant Names Index maintains an approved list of botanical author abbreviations. Historically, abbreviations were used in zoology too. When the original name is changed, e.g. the species is moved to a different genus, both codes use parentheses around the original authority; the "ICNafp" also requires the person who made the change to be given. In the "ICNafp", the original name is then called the basionym. Some examples: Binomial nomenclature, as described here, is a system for naming species. Implicitly it includes a system for naming genera, since the first part of the name

neg: Adaptation how biologists speak of function and purpose, as this carries implications of evolutionary history – that a feature evolved by natural selection for a specific reason – and potentially of supernatural intervention – that features and organisms exist because of a deity's conscious intentions. In his biology, Aristotle introduced teleology to describe the adaptedness of organisms, but without accepting the supernatural intention built into Plato's thinking, which Aristotle rejected. Modern biologists continue to face the same difficulty. On the one hand, adaptation is obviously purposeful: natural selection chooses what works and eliminates what does not. On the other hand, biologists

neg: Spriggina and may have played a role in initiating the Cambrian transition. The genus was named after Reg Sprigg who discovered the fossils of the Ediacara Hills—part of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia—and was a proponent of their recognition as multicellular organisms. "Spriggina floundersi" is at present the only generally accepted species in this genus. The specific name ""floundersi"" refers to amateur South Australian fossil hunter Ben Flounders. "Spriggina ovata" has now been moved into its own genus, "Marywadea". Spriggina Spriggina is a genus of early bilaterian animals whose relationship to living animals is unclear. Fossils of "Spriggina" are known

neg: Chaetosomatida Channel. As of 2008, according to ITIS, the genus "Tristicochaeta" is regarded as a junior synonym of the genus "Drepanonema" , in which it is joined by some of the species of the above mentioned genus "Chaetosoma", with one species of "Chaetosoma" now located in the genus "Prochaetosoma". Both of the above mentioned genera are part of the family Draconematidae, but the genus "Rhabdogaster" had two species now located in different genera of the family Epsilonematidae. Both Draconematidae and Epsilonematidae are part of the order Desmodorida. Chaetosomatida Chaetosomatida is a small group of minute, free-living, aquatic organisms which are usually

neg: Arbuscular mycorrhiza all microbial organisms are capable of importing water into their cells, the use of HO stable isotope probing is a very exciting new method that can shed light on questions microbial ecologists and biologists have struggled with answering for years, in particular, what are the active microbial organisms in my system? The HO, or heavy water method will target all organisms that are actively growing, and induce little influence on growth itself. This would be especially true with most greenhouse experiments with arbuscular mycorrhizas because plants must be watered anyway, and water does not directly select for organisms with specific

neg: Binomial nomenclature the Younger, an English botanist and gardener. A bird in the parrot family was named "Psittacus alexandri", meaning "Alexander's parrot", after Alexander the Great whose armies introduced eastern parakeets to Greece. Linnaeus's trivial names were much easier to remember and use than the parallel polynomial names and eventually replaced them. The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily from its economy, its widespread use, and the uniqueness and stability of names it generally favors: Binomial nomenclature for species has the effect that when a species is moved from one genus to another, sometimes the specific name or epithet must

neg: Leptocephalus (genus) "wastebasket taxon", but this practice is no longer used. Examples of marine congrid larvae, found in the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea that were named this way are listed below. Only two species ("L. bellottii" and "L. ophichthoides") in two different families are currently treated as having any validity though that of "L. bellottii" is strongly in doubt. There are 16 different families of leptocephalus organisms that include over 70 different species. They will be broken down according to the species that they contain. If the species has a common name or English name, it will be given

neg: GIS and aquatic science to the difficulty in obtaining spatial data on habitats or organisms in underwater environments. With the advancement of radio telemetry, hydroacoustic telemetry and side-scan sonar biologists have been able to track fish species and create databases that can be incorporated into a GIS program to create a geographical representation. Using radio and hydroacoustic telemetry, biologists are able to locate fish and acquire relatable data for those sites, this data may include substrate samples, temperature, and conductivity. Side-scan sonar allows biologists to map out a river bottom to gain a representation of possible habitats that are used. These two sets of

neg: Mesoplodont whale Mesoplodont whale Mesoplodont whales are fifteen species of toothed whale in the genus Mesoplodon, making it the largest genus in the cetacean order. Two species were described as recently as 1991 (pygmy beaked whale) and 2002 (Perrin's beaked whale), and marine biologists predict the discovery of more species in the future. They are the most poorly known group of large mammals. The generic name "mesoplodon" comes from the Greek "meso"- (middle) - "hopla" (arms) - "odon" (teeth), and may be translated as 'armed with a tooth in the centre of the jaw'. Mesoplodont beaked whales are small whales, (pygmy beaked

neg: Type (biology) of specimens. The type of a genus or subgenus is a species. The type of a suprageneric taxon (e.g., family, etc.) is a genus. Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types. A "name-bearing type" is a specimen or image that "provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined." Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens (when available) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description, nonetheless, under the formal rules for naming species (the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature), a single type must

neg: Modularity twigs) may be assembled without strict limits on their number or placement. Many plants and sessile benthic invertebrates demonstrate this type of modularity (by contrast, many other organisms have a determinate structure that is predefined in embryogenesis). The term has also been used in a broader sense in biology to refer to the reuse of homologous structures across individuals and species. Even within this latter category, there may be differences in how a module is perceived. For instance, evolutionary biologists may focus on the module as a morphological component (subunit) of a whole organism, while developmental biologists may use the

neg: Gaga (plant) were reclassified, having previously been assigned to the genus "Cheilanthes", based on their outward appearance. Biologists at Duke University explained that they listed the ferns with the name "Gaga", due to the singer's active support of equality and individual expression. The decision received widespread attention from the science community and the media. In September 2012, scientists at Chulalongkorn University had given Lady Gaga's name to a species of newly identified parasitic wasp, "Aleiodes gaga". A month later, researchers at Duke University in North Carolina discovered two new species of fern in Central and South America, Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. They

neg: Soundscape ecology and the habitats that organisms are dependent upon. However, soundscape ecology encourages biologists to consider natural soundscapes as resources worthy of conservation efforts. Soundscapes that come from relatively untrammeled habitats have value for wildlife as demonstrated by the numerous negative effects of anthropogenic noise on various species. Organisms that use acoustic cues generated by their prey may be particularly impacted by human-altered soundscapes. In this situation, the (unintentional) senders of the acoustic signals will have no incentive to compensate for masking imposed by anthropogenic sound. In addition, natural soundscapes can have benefits for human wellbeing and may help generate a

neg: Difflugia has a single terminal opening (the pseudostome). The shape of the shell ranges from spherical to elongated, sometimes with ornamentation such as horns or a collar,<ref name="http://doc.rero.ch/record/28809?ln=fr"></ref> sometimes both, as in "Difflugia corona". "Difflugia" use pseudopods to move around and capture their prey as do other amoeboid protists. Most species of Difflugia are heterotrophs, feeding on organic matter or various prey organisms. Some species however contain endo-symbiotic algae and are therefore mixotrophic, i.e. combining autotrophy and heterotrophy. Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the genus "Difflugia" is not monophyletic. The definition of the genus is problematic and future research will most

neg: Biological rules Biological rules A biological rule or biological law is a generalized law, principle, or rule of thumb formulated to describe patterns observed in living organisms. Biological rules and laws are often developed as succinct, broadly applicable ways to explain complex phenomena or salient observations about the ecology and biogeographical distributions of plant and animal species around the world, though they have been proposed for or extended to all types of organisms. Many of these regularities of ecology and biogeography are named after the biologists who first described them. From the birth of their science, biologists have sought to explain apparent

neg: Wallagonia difference from "W. leerii" seems to be a slightly different coloration, biologists are doubtful that they are distinct species at all, instead probably being local subspecies of "W. leerii". However, until further research has been performed, they are regarded as valid species. Wallagonia Wallagonia is a recently established genus of Silurid catfishes, containing 3 distinct species, all of whom are native to Southeast Asia: For the longest time, these species were included in the genus Wallago, only in 2014 the separate genus Wallagonia was finally established based on osteological features that clearly separate the two. While "W. leerii" is spread

neg: Race (human categorization) groups can be clades. Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of "population" can provide a basis for a new conception of race. To do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time". Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall

neg: Symbiosis Symbiosis Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις "living together", from σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The organisms, each termed a symbiont, may be of the same or of different species. In 1879, Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms". The term was subject to a century-long debate about whether it should specifically denote mutualism, as in lichens; biologists have now abandoned that restriction. Symbiosis can be obligatory, which means that one or both of the

neg: Pedodiversity soil classes at particular level in a taxonomic system. Abundance is defined as the distribution of the number of soil individuals. Just as biologists and ecologists talk about biodiversity, geologists on geodiversity, soil scientists can talk about pedodiversity. Pedodiversity has some overlap with biodiversity as soil contains organisms. Pedodiversity is a measure of soil variation, and pedodiversity is a function of soil formation. Pedodiversity can be thought as a way to preserve, or even reconstruct, the soil cover. Just as biologists argue that organisms need to be maintained, soil scientists can argue that preserving soil will maintain organisms as well

neg: Biology sapiens". "Homo" is the genus, and "sapiens" the species. When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalize the first letter in the genus and put all of the species in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term may be italicized or underlined. The dominant classification system is called the Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. How organisms are named is governed by international agreements such as the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB). The classification

neg: Palerontobia Palerontobia Palerontobia is a monotypic genus of tiger moths in the "Erebidae" family. The genus includes only one species, Palerontobia kozlovi, which is found in north-eastern Tibet (China, Qinghai). The scientific name consists of two parts, "Pale," is a part of the genus name "Palearctia", and "rontobia," is a part of the genus name "Orontobia". The species is named after Pyotr Kozlov, a disciple of Nikolay Przhevalsky, who first collected the Holotype in 1900. Has similar external characteristics as the species "O. dalailama" de Freina: head covered in long shaggy hairs; palpi porrect, short, with long hairs; eyes small and

neg: Two-empire system Two-empire system The two-empire system (two-superkingdom system) was the top-level biological classification system in general use before the establishment of the three-domain system. It classified life into Prokaryota and Eukaryota. When the three-domain system was introduced, some biologists preferred the two-superkingdom system, claiming that the three-domain system overemphasized the division between Archaea and Bacteria. However, given the current state of knowledge and the rapid progress in biological scientific advancement, especially due to genetic analyses, that view has all but vanished. Some prominent scientists, such as Thomas Cavalier-Smith, still hold to the two-empire system. The late Ernst Mayr, one of the

neg: Palerontobia oval, without hairs, on a hairless Sclerite. Palerontobia Palerontobia is a monotypic genus of tiger moths in the "Erebidae" family. The genus includes only one species, Palerontobia kozlovi, which is found in north-eastern Tibet (China, Qinghai). The scientific name consists of two parts, "Pale," is a part of the genus name "Palearctia", and "rontobia," is a part of the genus name "Orontobia". The species is named after Pyotr Kozlov, a disciple of Nikolay Przhevalsky, who first collected the Holotype in 1900. Has similar external characteristics as the species "O. dalailama" de Freina: head covered in long shaggy hairs; palpi porrect,

neg: Theora mesopotamica "Potamocorbula abbreviata"), an Indian species. The species epithet "mesopotamica" refers to the species having been found in the Mesopotamian region. In 1957, F. E. Eames and G. D. Wilkins, biologists working for British Petroleum, described a new species with the name "Abra cadabra". Eames later told S. Peter Dance that he chose the name because, as a species known from subfossils, it "had been dead for a long time, and could be described as a cadaver," and as a pun on the familiar magical incantation "abracadabra". In 1995, "Abra cadabra" was moved to the genus "Theora" by P. G. Oliver.

neg: Peltops Peltops Peltops is a genus of birds in the family Artamidae. It contains two species that are endemic to the island of New Guinea. The species have also had the common name of shieldbill. The genus "Peltops" was introduced by the German zoologist Johann Georg Wagler in 1829. The type species is the lowland peltops. The name is from the Greek "pelte" meaning small shield and "ops" meaning face. The genus was once placed with the monarch flycatchers, but molecular and morphometric studies place it closer to the butcherbirds, possibly as a sister taxon to this group. The genus is

neg: Candidatus the description. Newly proposed culturable bacteria must be deposited in at least two publicly accessible culture collections in different countries. According to the "Ad Hoc Committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology", microbiologists are encouraged to use the "Candidatus" concept for well characterised but as-yet uncultured organisms. The names included in this category are usually written as: "Candidatus" (in italics), the subsequent name(s) in Roman type (with an initial capital letter for the genus name) and the entire name in quotation marks. For example, ""Candidatus" Phytoplasma", ""Candidatus" Phytoplasma allocasuarinae". Candidatus In prokaryote nomenclature, Candidatus (Latin for candidate

neg: Dalmatian barbelgudgeon Dalmatian barbelgudgeon The Dalmatian barbelgudgeon ("Aulopyge huegelii") is a European ray-finned fish species in the family Cyprinidae. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Aulopyge. The genus name is derived from the ancient Greek "aulós" (αὐλός, "flute") + "pygé" (πῦγή, "behind, rump"), and thus means approximately "fluted tail-stem". The specific name honours the Austrian naturalist and diplomat Charles von Hügel. Though the genus was established in 1841, the species was only mentioned but not described at that time; that happened the following year, and in 1843, the frequently-seen misspelling "huegeli" was introduced. Many fish databases use 1843 as

neg: Neurogenetics mating, aggression, foraging, social behavior and sleep patterns. This conservation of behavior across species has led biologists to hypothesize that these traits could possibly have similar, if not the same, genetic causes and pathways. Studies conducted on the genomes of a plethora of organisms have revealed that many organisms have homologous genes, meaning that some genetic material has been conserved between species. If these organisms shared a common evolutionary ancestor, then this might imply that aspects of behavior can be inherited from previous generations, lending support to the genetic causes – as opposed to the environmental causes – of behavior.

neg: Snow goose use of electronic callers, unplugged shotguns, extended shooting hours, and no bag limits. Two years after the Light Goose Conservation Order was introduced it was federally mandated in 1999. Snow goose The snow goose ("Anser caerulescens"), consisting of both a white phase and blue phase (blue goose), is a North American species of goose commonly collectively referred to as "light geese". Its name derives from the typically white plumage. Many taxonomic authorities placed this species and the other "white geese" in the genus "Chen". Most authorities now follow the traditional treatment of placing these species in the "gray goose" genus

neg: Punctuated gradualism tumida" lineage, while remaining in relative stasis over a considerable part of its total duration underwent periodic, relatively rapid, morphologic change that did not lead to lineage branching. Based on these findings, Malmgren and colleagues introduced a new mode of evolution and proposed to call it "punctuated gradualism." There is strong evidence supporting both gradual evolution of a species over time and rapid events of species evolution separated by periods of little evolutionary change. Organisms have a great propensity to adapt and evolve depending on the circumstances. Studies use evidence to predict how organisms evolved in the past and apply

neg: Genetics and the Origin of Species theory of evolution. Many biologists fell into two camps: the geneticists, who mostly worked in the laboratory; and naturalists, who studied natural populations in the field and museums, and put much of their effort into taxonomy. Each contributed concepts that were essential to the understanding of evolution. Naturalists introduced the biological species concept, the definition of species as a community that is reproductively isolated and occupies a distinctive ecological niche. They also recognized that species are "polytypic", having variations in time and space; and that behavior and change of function can give rise to evolutionary change. The two groups used

neg: Sclerocarpus pyogenes, C. albicans" and "C. thrusei; N. gonorrhea" was most inhibited. Results obtained justify the ethno-medicinal use of this plant in treatment of gonorrhea and other venereal diseases caused by the test micro organisms. see "Aldama (plant) Madia Micractis" Sclerocarpus Sclerocarpus is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower tribe within the daisy family. Bonebract is a common name for plants in this genus. It includes annuals and procumbent perennials which occur primarily in Mexico and Central America, with one species extending as far north as the state of Texas in the United States and another species widely distributed

neg: Paleobotany within which the ovules were originally borne. A complication can arise if, in this case, there was an already named fossil-genus for these cupules. If palaeobotanists were confident that the type of the ovule fossil-genus and of the cupule fossil-genus could be included in the same genus, then the two names would compete as to being the correct one for the newly emended genus. Morphotaxa were introduced to try to overcome the issue of competing names that represented different plant parts and/or preservation states. What would you do if the species-name of a pollen-organ was pre-dated by the species name

neg: Gopher although this may be much higher in some species. The young are born blind and helpless, and are weaned around 40 days old. "Geomys" and "Thomomys" species are classed as "prohibited new organisms" under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing them from being imported into the country. Much debate exists among taxonomists about which races of pocket gophers should be recognized as full species, and the following list cannot be regarded as definitive. Some sources also list a genus "Hypogeomys", with one species, but this genus name is normally used for the Malagasy giant rat, which

neg: Chinese mystery snail Oriental mystery snails is confusing and there are many scientific names in use. There has also been debate regarding whether or not "Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata" and "Cipangopaludina japonica" in North America are synonymous and simply different phenotypes of the same species. For example USGS database considers the two as separate species. Smith (2000) argues that "Cipangopaludina" is a subgenus of "Bellamya"; however, because most North American literature does not use the genus "Bellamya" to refer to these introduced snails, Oriental mystery snails discussed here are referred to by the name "Cipangopaludina". Literature cited in the USGS database regarding the Chinese

neg: Botany nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and administered by the International Botanical Congress. Kingdom Plantae belongs to Domain Eukarya and is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is: Kingdom; Phylum (or Division); Class; Order; Family; Genus (plural "genera"); Species. The scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus, resulting in a single worldwide name for each organism. For example, the tiger lily is "Lilium columbianum". "Lilium" is the genus, and "columbianum" the specific epithet. The combination is

neg: Nekton as one or the other. For this reason, some biologists choose not to use this term. The term was first proposed and used by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1891 in his article "Plankton-Studien" where he contrasted it with plankton, the aggregate of passively floating, drifting, or somewhat motile organisms present in a body of water, primarily tiny algae and bacteria, small eggs and larvae of marine organisms, and protozoa and other minute consumers. Today it is sometimes considered an obsolete term because it often does not allow for the meaningful quantifiable distinction between these two groups. Some biologists

neg: African pompano and thus making "Gallus virescens" the type species, despite it being a junior synonym. A number of biologists also renamed the species completely, with "Alectis crinitus" and "Carangoides ajax" applied to the species. All names except "Alectis ciliaris" are now considered defunct under the ICZN nomenclature rules. The original genus name of "Zeus" has now also been applied to an ascomycete fungi. The African pompano is not a true pompano of the genus "Trachinotus", but is more closely allied with the fish commonly called jacks and trevallies. The various common names used for the species generally reflect the juvenile filamentous

neg: Binomial nomenclature system by which species are named. Taxonomists are also concerned with classification, including its principles, procedures and rules. A complete binomial name is always treated grammatically as if it were a phrase in the Latin language (hence the common use of the term "Latin name" for a binomial name). However, the two parts of a binomial name can each be derived from a number of sources, of which Latin is only one. These include: The first part of the name, which identifies the genus, must be a word which can be treated as a Latin singular noun in the nominative

neg: Pseudogaltonia only species known at that time as "Hyacinthus pechuelii", which Engler transferred to "Pseudogaltonia pechuelii". However, the species had already been described with the name "Galtonia clavata" in 1884, giving the epithet ""clavata"" priority over ""pechuelii."" A second species of "Pseudogaltonia", "P. liliiflora", was named in 2009. The genus is placed in the tribe Ornithogaleae (or the subfamily Ornithogaloideae by those who use the family Hyacinthaceae). Within this tribe, molecular phylogenetic studies place it as most closely related to the genus "Dipcadi". , the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognized the following two species: Pseudogaltonia Pseudogaltonia is a genus

neg: Type species placed in the genus "Monacha". That genus is currently placed within the family Hygromiidae. The type genus for that family is the genus "Hygromia". The concept of the type species in zoology was introduced by Pierre André Latreille. The "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" states that the original name (binomen) of the type species should always be cited. It gives an example in Article 67.1. "Astacus marinus" was later designated as the type species of the genus "Homarus", thus giving it the name "Homarus marinus" . However, the type species of "Homarus" should always be cited using its original name,

neg: Mutationism Willis proposed that species were formed by large mutations, not gradual evolution by natural selection, and that evolution was driven by orthogenesis, which he called "differentiation", rather than by natural selection. In his 1940 book "The Material Basis of Evolution", the German geneticist Richard Goldschmidt argued for single-step speciation by macromutation, describing the organisms thus produced as "hopeful monsters". Goldschmidt's thesis was universally rejected and widely ridiculed by biologists, who favoured the neo-Darwinian explanations of Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane and Sewall Wright. However, interest in Goldschmidt's ideas has reawakened in the field of evolutionary developmental biology. Contemporary biologists accept

neg: Calayan rail utters loud, harsh calls. Its habitat seems to be restricted to forests on coralline limestone areas on Calayan and extends to a total of less than 100 km². Biologists estimate that there may be 200 pairs on the island. The Calayan rail's genus, "Gallirallus", includes many species of Southwest Pacific islands, of which the most familiar in the English-speaking world is the weka of New Zealand. Its species name was derived from the name of the island. The Calayan rail, inhabits Calayan Island in the Philippines. Due to its recent discovery, little further information on this species is available at

neg: Peptostreptococcus from various infections at different sites of the human body. This contributes to the difficulty of isolating "Peptostreptococcus" organisms. "Peptostreptococcus" species that are found in clinical infections were once part of the genus formerly known as "Peptococcus". "Peptostreptococcus" is the only genus among anaerobic gram-positive cocci that is encountered in clinical infections. As such, "Peptostreptococcus" species are viewed as being clinically significant anaerobic cocci. Other similar clinically significant anaerobic cocci include "Veillonella" species (gram-negative cocci), and microaerophilic streptococci (aerotolerant). Anaerobic gram-positive cocci include various clinically significant species of the genus "Peptostreptococcus". Some clinically significant "Peptostreptococcus" species are, Gaffkya anaerobia, which

neg: Lipophosphoglycan Lipophosphoglycan Lipophosphoglycan (sometimes abbreviated to LPG) is a class of molecules found on the surface of some eukaryotes, in particular protozoa. A lipophosphoglycan is made up of two parts; a lipid part and a polysaccharide (also called glycan) part. The two are linked by a phosphodiester bond, hence the name lipo-phospho-glycan. A notable group of organisms which have an extensive lipophosphoglycan coat are the "Leishmania species", a group of single-celled protozoan parasite which cause Leishmaniasis in many mammals, including humans. The lipophosphoglycan coat in these organisms has an important role in modulating the host's immune system response to the parasite.

neg: Benthamiella was first described in 1883 by Carlo Luigi Spegazzini. The name commemorates George Bentham, whose great work (with Joseph Dalton Hooker), "Genera Plantarum", setting out the "Bentham & Hooker system", was completed in that year. Two species, "Benthamiella azorella" and "Benthamiella spegazziniana", were at one time placed in a separate genus "Saccardophytum", on the basis of two rather than five exserted stamens (i.e. stamens appearing outside the flower tube). They are now considered to be part of "Benthamiella". , The Plant List accepts the following species: The genus is found only in Patagonia, split between Argentina and Chile, with the

neg: Botany the name of the species. When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalise the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term is ordinarily italicised (or underlined when italics are not available). The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of "Pereskia" are trees or bushes with prominent leaves. They do not obviously resemble a

neg: Erythropsidinium warm waters near the transition from the Kuroshio Current to slope waters near south Japan, where prey for these heterotrophic organisms is relatively abundant. The organism was not recorded in the colder waters of the Oyashio Current, sampled near Hokkaido. In this study, the species was most commonly found above the deep chlorophyll maximum, where prey would be expected to be at highest density; this observation may indicate that "Erythropsidium" species favor greater illumination, perhaps to make best use of the light-sensitive ocelloid. The genus was originally described under the name "Erythropsis" by Richard Hertwig in 1885 based on samples

neg: Kinship practice" (p. 112). Independently from anthropology, biologists studying organisms' social behaviours and relationships have been interested to understand under what conditions significant social behaviors can evolve to become a typical feature of a species (see inclusive fitness theory). Because complex social relationships and cohesive social groups are common not only to humans, but also to most primates, biologists maintain that these biological theories of sociality should in principle be generally applicable. The more challenging question arises as to how such ideas can be applied to the human species whilst fully taking account of the extensive ethnographic evidence that has emerged

neg: New England Seamounts one known coral species in the entire chain. Marine biologists caught and classified over 203 species of fish and 214 species of invertebrates on the Bear Seamount in various exploratory studies since 2000. This range of diversity suggests that other seamounts may harbour more unknown macro-organisms. In fact, during one survey, a species of cutthroat eel believed to be found only near Australia was identified. Corals, echinoderms, and crustaceans make up a large portion of the creatures found on the seamount. These organisms act as indicator species, identifying potential problems in the ecosystem. The New England Seamounts include: New England

neg: Environmental science they might investigate the interaction between two populations of different organisms through some symbiotic or competitive relationship. For example, an interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system which is being impacted by one or more stressors might include several related environmental science fields. In an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial development could impact certain species by water and air pollution, biologists would describe the flora and fauna, chemists would analyze the transport of water pollutants to the marsh, physicists would calculate air pollution emissions and geologists would assist in understanding the marsh soils and bay muds. Environmental chemistry is the

neg: Vibrio suite of genes (multilocus sequence analysis). O. F. Müller (1773, 1786) described eight species of the genus "Vibrio" (included in Infusoria), three of which were spirilliforms. Some of the other species are today assigned to eukaryote taxa, e.g., to the euglenoid "Peranema" or to the diatom "Bacillaria". However, "Vibrio" Müller, 1773 became regarded as the name of a zoological genus, and the name of the bacterial genus became "Vibrio" Pacini, 1854. Filippo Pacini isolated micro-organisms he called "vibrions" from cholera patients in 1854, because of their motility. Several species of "Vibrio" are pathogens. Most disease-causing strains are associated with gastroenteritis,

neg: Serinus suggested splitting the genus into two monophyletic groups, a proposal that was accepted by the International Ornithologists' Union. The genus "Serinus" was restricted to the European serin and seven other species while a larger clade from Africa and Arabia was assigned to the resurrected genus "Crithagra". The genus contains eight species: Serinus Serinus is a genus of small birds in the finch family Fringillidae found in Europe and Africa. The birds usually have some yellow in their plumage. The genus was introduced in 1816 by the German naturalist Carl Ludwig Koch. The genus name is New Latin for "canary-yellow". A

neg: Polyphyly to regard the group as a valid genus while acknowledging its polyphyly. The term "polyphyly", or "polyphyletic", derives from the two ancient greek words (), meaning "many, a lot of", and (), meaning "genus, species", and refers to the fact that a polyphyletic group includes organisms (e.g., genera, species) arising from "multiple" ancestral sources. Conversely, the term "monophyly", or "monophyletic", builds on the ancient greek prefix (), meaning "alone, only, unique", and refers to the fact that a monophyletic group includes organisms consisting of all the descendants of a "unique" common ancestor. By comparison, the term "paraphyly", or "paraphyletic", uses

neg: Leaf warbler family Phylloscopidae with a single genus, "Phylloscopus". The genus contains 77 species: Leaf warbler Leaf warblers are small insectivorous passerine birds belonging to the genus Phylloscopus. The genus was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1826. The name "Phylloscopus" is from Ancient Greek "phullon", "leaf", and "skopos", "seeker" (from "skopeo", "to watch"). Leaf warblers were formerly included in the Old World warbler family but are now considered to belong to the family Phylloscopidae, introduced in 2006. The genus is closely related to "Seicercus" and some species have been moved between the two genera in earlier classification attempts. Leaf

neg: Cardellina a lineage that gave rise to two branches - one leading to the red-faced and another that diverged to the red and pink-headed warblers. The following five species are currently recognized: Cardellina Cardellina is a genus of passerine birds in the New World warbler family Parulidae. The genus name "Cardellina" is a diminutive of the Italian dialect word "Cardella" for the European goldfinch. The genus was introduced by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1850. The type species was subsequently designated as the red-faced warbler. The genus originally contained one species, the red-faced warbler. A comprehensive study of the

neg: Irreversible process events has particular explanatory value in complex systems (such as living organisms, or ecosystems). According to the biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, living organisms are characterized by autopoiesis, which enables their continued existence. More primitive forms of self-organizing systems have been described by the physicist and chemist Ilya Prigogine. In the context of complex systems, events which lead to the end of certain self-organising processes, like death, extinction of a species or the collapse of a meteorological system can be considered as irreversible. Even if a clone with the same organizational principle (e.g. identical DNA-structure) could be developed, this

neg: Taxonomic rank genus, and the genus name is part of the species name. The species name is also called a binomial, that is, a two-term name. For example, the zoological name for the human species is "Homo sapiens". This is usually italicized in print and underlined when italics are not available. In this case, "Homo" is the generic name and it is capitalized; "sapiens" indicates the species and it is not capitalized. There are definitions of the following taxonomic ranks in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: superfamily, family, subfamily, tribe, subtribe, genus, subgenus, species, subspecies. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

neg: Voromonas flagella and passes along the flagellate pocket into the rostrum. While feeding on prey organisms the rostrum is inserted into the body of the prey and the cytoplasm is sucked out. Known prey organisms include bodonids, chrysomonads, percolomonads. Known non prey organisms include naked amoebas, ciliates, cryptomonads and colorless euglenoids. Voromonas Voromonas is a genus of predatory alveolates. The genus and species were described by Mylnikov in 2000. It was originally described as "Colpodella pontica" but was renamed by Cavalier-Smith and Chao in 2004. There is one species known in this genus. A DNA based analysis suggests that this species

neg: Species sp.) This commonly occurs when authors are confident that some individuals belong to a particular genus but are not sure to which exact species they belong, as is common in paleontology. Authors may also use "spp." as a short way of saying that something applies to many species within a genus, but not to all. If scientists mean that something applies to all species within a genus, they use the genus name without the specific name or epithet. The names of genera and species are usually printed in italics. Abbreviations such as "sp." should not be italicised. When a species

neg: Stutzia species is "Stutzia dioica". "Stutzia" species were often included in genus "Atriplex". The genus name "Stutzia" was given in honour to the botanist Howard C. Stutz, who had resurrected "Endolepis" in 1993. "Stutzia" belongs to the tribe Atripliceae in the Chenopodioideae subfamily of the family Amaranthaceae. The genus comprises two species: Stutzia Stutzia is a plant genus in the subfamily Chenopodioideae of the Amaranthaceae family. It was described in 2010, replacing the illegitimate name "Endolepis". It comprises two species, that can also be found included in the genus "Atriplex". "Stutzia" species occur in western North America. The species of "Stutzia"

neg: Gaspard Bauhin classifying them. The classification system was not particularly innovative, using traditional groups such as "trees", "shrubs", and "herbs", and using other characteristics such as utilization, for instance grouping spices into the "Aromata". He did correctly group grasses, legumes, and several others. His most important contribution is in the description of genera and species. He introduced many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus, and remain in use. For species he carefully pruned the descriptions down to as few words as possible; in many cases a single word sufficed as description, thus giving the appearance of a two-part name.

neg: Blackstart crevice where it lays its 3–4 eggs. It feeds on insects, taken mainly on the ground. The blackstart is a confident species, unafraid of man. The first formal description of the blackstart was by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1824 under the binomial name "Saxicola melanura". The blackstart was included as the type species in the genus "Cercomela" introduced by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1856. Molecular phylogenetic studies published in 2010 and 2012 found that the genus "Cercomela" was polyphyletic with five species, including the blackstart, phylogenetically nested within the genus "Oenanthe". As part of a reorganization of

neg: Bostockia porosa larvae. Bostockia porosa Bostockia porosa is a species of fish in the family Percichthyidae, the temperate perches. It is known by the common name nightfish. It is endemic to Australia, where it occurs in lakes, ponds, swamps, rivers and streams. It prefers areas with rocks, vegetation or debris to use as cover and is active during the night. This species grows to a length of SL though most are only about . This species is the only known member of the monotypic genus Bostockia. The nightfish is a carnivore, with a diet of varied aquatic organisms such as ostracods and

neg: Bostockia porosa Bostockia porosa Bostockia porosa is a species of fish in the family Percichthyidae, the temperate perches. It is known by the common name nightfish. It is endemic to Australia, where it occurs in lakes, ponds, swamps, rivers and streams. It prefers areas with rocks, vegetation or debris to use as cover and is active during the night. This species grows to a length of SL though most are only about . This species is the only known member of the monotypic genus Bostockia. The nightfish is a carnivore, with a diet of varied aquatic organisms such as ostracods and fly

neg: Hydra (genus) Hydra (genus) Hydra is a genus of small, fresh-water organisms of the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa. They are native to the temperate and tropical regions. Biologists are especially interested in "Hydra" because of their regenerative ability — they do not appear to die of old age, or indeed to age at all. "Hydra" has a tubular, radially symmetric body up to long when extended, secured by a simple adhesive foot called the basal disc. Gland cells in the basal disc secrete a sticky fluid that accounts for its adhesive properties. At the free end of the body is a

neg: History of biology task than molecular biologists had expected; developments between 1977 and 1980 showed that, due to the phenomena of split genes and splicing, higher organisms had a much more complex system of gene expression than the bacteria models of earlier studies. The first such race, for synthesizing human insulin, was won by Genentech. This marked the beginning of the biotech boom (and with it, the era of gene patents), with an unprecedented level of overlap between biology, industry, and law. By the 1980s, protein sequencing had already transformed methods of scientific classification of organisms (especially cladistics) but biologists soon began to