query: who summon the joint session of parliament in india

pos: Joint Session of Indian Parliament house is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days. If the above conditions are satisfied, the President of India may summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament. Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament. There are two exception. 1. Money Bill Under the Constitution of India, money bills require approval of the Lok Sabha only. Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to Lok Sabha, which it is not required to accept. Even if Rajya Sabha doesn't pass a money bill within 14 days, it is deemed to have been passed by both

pos: Joint Session of Indian Parliament house is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days. If the above conditions are satisfied, the President of India may summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament. Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament. There are two exception. 1. Money Bill Under the Constitution of India, money bills require approval of the Lok Sabha only. Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to Lok Sabha, which it is not required to accept. Even if Rajya Sabha doesn't pass a money bill within 14 days, it is deemed to have been passed by both

pos: Parliament of India Parliament of India The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses. It is a bicameral legislature with two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and his Union Council of Ministers. Those elected or nominated

pos: Parliament of India demonetisation (note ban) initiative by Narendra Modi Government on 8 November 2016. Parliament of India The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses. It is a bicameral legislature with two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the

pos: Goods and Services Tax (India) securities. That continues to be governed by Securities Transaction Tax (STT). The GST was launched at midnight on 1 July 2017 by the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee, and the Government of India. The launch was marked by a historic midnight (30 June – 1 July) session of both the houses of parliament convened at the Central Hall of the Parliament. Though the session was attended by high-profile guests from the business and the entertainment industry including Ratan Tata, it was boycotted by the opposition due to the predicted problems that it was bound to lead for the middle and

neg: Joint Session of Indian Parliament the Houses of Parliament after expiry of the above period. Therefore, a requirement to summon a joint session can never arise in the case of money bill. 2. Constitution Amendment Bill Article 368 of Indian constitution require that constitution of India can be amended by both houses of parliament by 2/3 majority(special majority) . In case of disagreement between both houses, there is no provision to summon a joint session of parliament. Joint session of Indian parliament has been called for only 3 bills i.e. dowry prohibition act, 1960, banking service commission act, 1977 and POTA, 2002 . BILLS PASSED

neg: Joint session the President of Germany. It includes members from the Bundestag and representatives of the States of Germany. In India, if an ordinary bill has been rejected by any house of the parliament and if more than six months have elapsed, the President may summon a joint session for purpose of passing the bill. The bill is passed by a simple majority of a joint sitting. Since the lower house (Lok Sabha) has more than twice the members of the upper house (Rajya Sabha), a group commanding a majority in the lower house of the Government of India can pass such

neg: Joint Session of Indian Parliament IN JOINT SESSION: 1. Dowry Prohibition Bill , 1961 2. Banking Service Commission ( Repeal) Bill , 1978 3. Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 2002 Joint Session of Indian Parliament The Parliament of India is bicameral. Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill. However, the makers of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha. Therefore, the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President (Article

neg: Joint Session of Indian Parliament Joint Session of Indian Parliament The Parliament of India is bicameral. Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill. However, the makers of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha. Therefore, the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President (Article 108) and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence,

neg: Lawmaking procedure in India it is not mandatory that a bill shall be passed by the legislative council (if existing) per . There is no provision of conducting joint session of both Houses to pass a bill. In case of a deadlock between the two houses or in a case where more than six months lapse in the other house, the President may summon, though is not bound to, a joint session of the two houses which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the deadlock is resolved by simple majority. Until now, only three bills: the "Dowry Prohibition Act"

neg: Constitution of Italy while after the third ballot an absolute majority is sufficient. Thirty days before the end of the term of the current President of the Republic, the President of the Chamber of Deputies must summon a joint session of Parliament and the regional delegates to elect the new President of the Republic. During or in the three months preceding the dissolution of Parliament, the election must be held within the first fifteen days of the first sitting of a new Parliament. In the mean time, the powers of the incumbent President of the Republic are extended. Any citizen over fifty enjoying

neg: Joint session joint session of the two houses elects the members of the Federal Council (cabinet). In India, disputes between houses are resolved by a joint sitting but without an intervening election. In the Australian federal parliament, a joint sitting can be held, under certain conditions, to overcome a deadlock between the two houses. For a deadlock to be declared, a bill has to be rejected twice by the Senate at an interval of at least three months, after which a double dissolution election can be held. If, following the election, the new parliament is still unable to pass the bill, it

neg: Joint Session of Indian Parliament Bill; or (c) more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it, the President may, unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the House of the People, notify to the Houses by message if they are sitting or by public notification if they are not sitting, his intention to summon them to meet in a joint sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill. However, in calculating period of six months, those days are not considered when

neg: Parliament of Sierra Leone five years mentioned in subsection (1) from time to time but not beyond a period of six months at any one time. The President may at any time summon a meeting of Parliament. Notwithstanding the provision of subsection (1), at least twenty per centum of all the Members of Parliament may request a meeting of Parliament and the Speaker shall, within fourteen days after the receipt of that request, summon a meeting of Parliament. Subject to the provisions of subsection (1) and of Sections 29 and 84 of this Constitution, sittings of Parliament in any session after the commencement of

neg: Canada–India relations in June 2010 for the G20 Summit in Toronto. 2011 was dubbed the "Year of India in Canada," a joint initiative by both governments. Under this auspice, in June 2011, the Indo-Canada Chamber of Commerce co-hosted with the government of India the regional Pravasi Bhartiya Divas, a conference of the diaspora. This conference hosted over 1,000 delegates from India and Canada's governmental, business, medical, scientific, and philanthropic sectors. This event was followed up by the International Indian Film Academy Awards held in Toronto in June 2011. Two Prime Ministers of India have addressed a joint session of the Canadian Parliament:

neg: Monarchy of the United Kingdom the British Army, and the Royal Air Force), and accredits British High Commissioners and ambassadors, and receives heads of missions from foreign states. It is the prerogative of the monarch to summon and prorogue Parliament. Each parliamentary session begins with the monarch's summons. The new parliamentary session is marked by the State Opening of Parliament, during which the sovereign reads the Speech from the throne in the Chamber of the House of Lords, outlining the Government's legislative agenda. Prorogation usually occurs about one year after a session begins, and formally concludes the session. Dissolution ends a parliamentary term, and is

neg: Parliament of India of the states. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President. The number of members from a state depends on its population. The minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years. The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than

neg: Rajya Sabha influence in a joint sitting of Parliament. A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Also, because the joint session is convened by the President on advice of the government, which already has a majority in Lok Sabha, the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority. Joint sessions of Parliament are a rarity, and have been convened three times in last 71 years, for the purpose of passage of a specific legislative act, the latest time being in 2002: Unlike the Lok Sabha, a

neg: Opening of the Canadian parliament The opening of the first session of a parliament takes place over two days (the opening of a subsequent session of the same parliament requires only one day). On the first, routine business is conducted. After such is concluded, the Speaker of the Senate commands the Usher of the Black Rod (usually called simply Black Rod) to summon the members of the House of Commons to the Senate. Once assembled, the speaker addresses the congregation, stating "Honourable Members of the Senate, Members of the House of Commons: I have it in command to let you know His [or Her] Excellency

neg: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 6 these are required to be members of Parliament. Section 68 requires the Prime Minister to advise the President to summon Parliament to meet not later than 30 days following a general election. Other sessions are called by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister, but no more than 6 months are allowed to elapse between the end of one session and the beginning of another. Special sessions of Parliament may also be called by the President if at least 18 members of the House of Representatives request such a session in writing. Sections 69 and 70 set out

neg: Jail Bharo Andolan leader, who was on a fast-unto-death at the Jantar Mantar in New Delhi from April 5, 2011, told the media that people of India would take to the streets. Millions of Indians are supporting him. Hazare announced that jail bharo will be taken up on April 13, 2011. But he did not proceed with the movement as the Government Of India ordered a Joint Parliamentary Committee to draft the bill and to present it in the Parliament in its monsoon session. On the eve of August 15, suspecting he will not be allowed to go ahead with his indefinite fast

neg: Joint Session of Indian Parliament the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Chairman doesn't preside over the joint session at any mens/cost. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House. As per Article 108 of Constitution, a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations. If after a Bill has been passed by one House and submitted to the other House— (a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or (b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the

neg: 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état country's future and an internationally-supervised process for the forthcoming elections. He said an all-inclusive process to take the country to legitimacy was the only way forward. In a sitting of the House of Assembly, Sen. Monica Mutsvangwa of the ZANU–PF caucus made the motion to convene a joint session of Parliament with the full Senate for the impeachment of Mugabe, and MP James Maridadi of the MDC-T seconded the motion. The MPs then adjourned to the Harare International Conference Centre for the joint session because the Parliament building could not accommodate a joint sitting. The joint session was tasked with

neg: President of Sri Lanka right to attend Parliament once in every three months with all the privileges, immunities and powers of a Member of Parliament, other than the entitlement to vote, and shall not be liable for any breach of the privileges of Parliament or of its members. He/she has the right to address or send messages to Parliament. He/she has the power to make the Statement of Government Policy in Parliament at the commencement of each session of Parliament (Speech from the Throne), to preside at ceremonial sittings of Parliament, to summon, prorogue and dissolve Parliament. The President is the head of the

neg: Foreign relations of India place on 24 November 2009, of the administration of US President Barack Obama. Obama later visited India from 6–9 November 2010, signing numerous trade and defence agreements with India. He addressed the joint session of the Indian parliament in New Delhi, becoming only the second US President to do so, and announced that the United States would lend its support to India's bid for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council, signifying the growing strategic dimension of the relationship between the world's two largest democracies. Diplomatic relations between India and Venezuela were established on 1 October 1959. India

neg: Joint session Parliament, the first to do so was French President Albert Lebrun in March 1939. The speech from the throne upon the State Opening of Parliament is made before a joint sitting of both Houses. This occurs in the House of Lords, the upper chamber, due to the constitutional convention that the monarch never enters the House of Commons. The closing of each of parliamentary session is also marked by a speech to both Houses. The State of the Union Address of the president of the United States is traditionally made before a "joint session" of the United States Congress. Many

neg: Parliament of India shape and the dome is 29.87 m (98 feet) in diameter. It is a place of historical importance. The Indian Constitution was framed in the Central Hall. The Central Hall was originally used in the library of erstwhile Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of States. In 1946, it was converted and refurbished into Constituent Assembly Hall. At present, the Central Hall is used for holding joint sittings of both the houses of parliament and also used for address by the President in the commencement of first session after each general election. A new Parliament building may replace the existing

neg: Parliament of Sri Lanka summon, suspend, prorogue, or terminate a legislative session and to dissolve the Parliament. President can dissolve Parliament only after the lapse of 4 1/2 years or if 2/3 majority of Members of Parliament requests him. The Speaker or, in his absence the Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees or the Deputy Chairman of Committees, presides over Parliament. Parliament has the power to make laws, including laws having retrospective effect and repealing or amending any provision of the Constitution, or adding any provision to the Constitution. The first legislature established in Ceylon was the Executive Council and the Legislative Council, which

neg: India–United States relations address a joint session of the Parliament of India. In a major policy shift, Obama declared US support for India's permanent membership on the UN Security Council. Calling the India–U.S. relationship "a defining partnership of the 21st century", he also announced the removal of export control restrictions on several Indian companies, and concluded trade deals worth $10 billion, which are expected to create and/or support 50,000 jobs in the US. In December 2013, Devyani Khobragade, the Deputy Consul General of India in New York, was arrested and accused by U.S. federal prosecutors of submitting false work visa documents for her

neg: Electoral college members of the federal parliament together with an equal number of people elected from the state parliaments constitute the Federal Convention, that exists for the only purpose of electing the (non-executive) head of state. Similarly, in India the members of the both houses of parliament together with weighted votes from the members of the state legislative assemblies constitute an electoral college that elects the head of state. In Italy, the (non-executive) head of state is elected by the members of both houses of Parliament in joint session, together with delegates elected by the Regional Councils to ensure the representation of

neg: Cavalier Parliament the Cavalier parliament amended the old Triennial Act so that it was now only suggested (rather than required) that the king summon a parliamentary session at least once every three years. In 1665, parliament met in Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London. The next year, in the aftermath of the Great Fire of London which ravaged the city in September 1666, parliament set up a court to settle disputes between landlords and tenants of burned buildings (Fire of London Disputes Act 1666), and passed a series of acts setting down regulations for rebuilding of the city (Rebuilding of

neg: Parliament of Pakistan for next five years on 6 September 2008. He addressed the Joint Session of the Parliament on 20 September 2008. President Asif Ali Zardari during his address to the Joint Session of the Parliament on 28 March 2009 asked the Speaker National Assembly to form a committee of both houses for the purpose of proposing amendments in the Constitution in the light of Charter of Democracy (COD). After consultation with the leadership of all political parties in the Parliament, Speaker National Assembly announced the Constitutional Reforms Committee (CRC) on 29 April 2009. After the marathon consultation in 77 meetings, CRC

neg: India–Nigeria relations In 1962, the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru made a state visit to Nigeria. In 1999, the democratically elected President of Nigeria Olusegun Obasanjo made a state visit to India and was the chief guest at India's Republic Day celebrations. In 2007, Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh became the first Indian leader to visit Nigeria in 45 years and addressed a joint session of the Parliament of Nigeria. Since the restoration of democracy in Nigeria in 1998–99, its trade with India has increased substantially – climbing from US$293.71 million in 1999–00 to $875 million in 2005–06. As of 2007,

neg: India–United States relations in the United States Congress, while between 2009–2010 more than 100,000 Indian students have attended American colleges and universities. In November 2010, President Barack Obama visited India and addressed a joint session of the Indian Parliament, where he backed India's bid for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. Between 2004 and 2014 Western "think-tanks", especially in the US and UK, failed to foresee the swing in electoral voting patterns of the growing middle-class and anticipate the scale of political change in India brought about by improvements in basic education and freedom of the press. According to Michael

neg: Men's rights movement in India has not been passed in the Lok Sabha. In November 2014, the Law Commission of India started a study and released a consultation paper on its website seeking views from the public on proposed guidelines for joint custody and shared parenting. The commission expects to complete the study by January 2015 and present the findings to the government for amendments to the law by the 2015 budget session of the Parliament. Flavia Agnes, an attorney and women's rights activist, opposed the shared parenthood law consultation paper floated by the Law Commission of India by claiming that it was being lobbied

neg: Tricameralism other houses, the Court should not be considered separately (by comparison, in Australia, Switzerland and India deadlocks between the two Houses can sometimes be resolved by a joint sitting. It is a matter of semantics whether or not such arrangements are described as "tricameral". (Taking the expression literally, Tynwald is tricameral in that there are three separate chambers (rooms) in use for the sessions.) Similarly, before 2009 the Norwegian parliament (the Storting) split itself into two separate chambers, but for certain purposes the two chambers sat in joint session. The General Synod of the Church of England is sometimes described

neg: ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly partners and the other actors of civil society in order to obtain their views on the attainment of the objectives of this Agreement. 4. The Joint Parliamentary Assembly shall adopt its rules of procedure within six months of the entry into force of this Agreement. The representatives of the 78 ACP states who, under the Cotonou Agreement, must be members of Parliament, meet their 78 European Parliament counterparts in plenary session for one week twice a year. The Joint Parliamentary Assembly (JPA) meets alternately in an ACP country and an EU country. The institution is governed by common, democratic rules.

neg: Joint session a bill even if it was previously rejected by the upper house. So far, Joint Session of Indian Parliament has been called for only three bills - the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, the Banking Service Commission Repeal Bill, 1978, and the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 - have been passed at joint sessions.// In the Irish Free State, the predecessor of the Republic of Ireland, the Governor-General's Address to both houses was made to the lower house, with Senators invited to attend. In the Philippines, Congress can convene in a joint session for the following: While the State of the

neg: Constitution of India are additions, variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament. The procedure is detailed in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a two-thirds majority of its total membership when at least two-thirds are present and vote. Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with (except for money bills), there is no provision for a joint session of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass a constitutional amendment. During a parliamentary recess, the

neg: Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee India, the NDA government promulgated the Prevention of Terrorism Act. Although a tougher anti-terrorism law than Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, POTA was criticised as compromising civil liberties and encouraging profiling of the Indian Muslim community. As the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Parliament, was controlled by opposition parties, the Vajpayee government called a historic joint session of both houses of the Indian Parliament in order to enact POTA into law. On 27 February 2002, the Sabarmati Express train was attacked at Godhra by a Muslim mob. 59 Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya were killed in the attack.

neg: High-speed rail in India Shatabdi Express, completes the journey in 7 hours. The Diamond Quadrilateral high speed network connecting the four major cities of Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai was a key plank in the BJP's election manifesto. PM Modi mentioned in his address to the joint session of Parliament on 9 June 2014 that the new Government was committing to launch the project. As of November 2016, the Indian Railways has asked Rail India Technical and Economic Service (RITES) to prepare a detailed project report within the next six months. The railways aims to implement the first stretch of the project in less

neg: President of Romania by the Prime Minister in order to take effect. An incumbent President who severely violates the Constitution may be suspended by the Parliament in joint session. If the suspension motion passes, there is a call for a referendum of impeachment within no more than 30 days from the suspension. If the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, in joint session, accuse the President of high treason, the President is suspended from powers and duties by right. The accusations are judged by the High Court of Cassation and Justice. The incumbent President is dismissed by right if found guilty of high treason.

neg: Indian Institute of Information Technology Una Indian Institute of Information Technology Una Indian Institute of Information Technology Una (IIIT, Una) is one of the Indian Institutes of Information Technology located at Una, Himachal Pradesh. The academic session of IIIT Una started from its temporary campus at National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur from year 2014. IIIT Una is a joint venture of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, the Govt. of Himachal Pradesh, with Industries in Public-Private Partnership model. On 18 March 2013, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India introduced a bill in the Parliament to establish 20 new Indian Institute of

neg: Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 was defeated in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house) by a 113-98 vote, but was passed in a joint session (425 Ayes and 296 Nos), as the Lok Sabha (lower house) has more seats. It was only the third time that a bill was passed by a joint session of both houses of Parliament. The Act defined what constituted a "terrorist act" and who a "terrorist" was, and granted special powers to the investigating authorities described under the Act. In order to ensure that discretionary powers granted to the investigating agencies were not misused and human rights violations were not

neg: Constitution of Italy President of the Council of ministers. The President is not responsible for the actions performed in the exercise of his duties, except for high treason and violation of the Constitution, for which the President can be impeached by the Parliament in joint session, with an absolute majority of its members. Before taking office, the President must take an oath of allegiance to the Republic and pledge to uphold the Constitution before the Parliament in joint session. The Government of the Republic is composed of the President of the Council of ministers and the other Ministers. The President of the Republic

neg: Croatian–Hungarian Settlement Sabor. Although many Croats who sought full autonomy for the South Slavs of the empire objected to that arrangement, that questionable session of Sabor confirmed the subordination of Croatia to Hungary by accepting the "Nagodba" on 24 September 1868. An agreement was reached between the Parliament of Hungary on the one hand and the Parliament of Croatia on the other hand, with regard to composing by a joint enactment the constitutional questions at issue between them. After the settlement was confirmed, enforced and sanctioned by His Imperial and Apostolic Royal Majesty, it was thereby incorporated as a joint fundamental law

neg: Speech from the throne the Government is given by or on behalf of the King before a joint session of the two Houses of the States General that is held every year on the third Tuesday in September or on such earlier date as may be prescribed by Act of Parliament." The monarch travels from Noordeinde Palace by Golden Coach to the Ridderzaal (Hall of Knights) in the Binnenhof of The Hague to read the speech before a joint session of the States General. Following the speech, the president of the joint session calls out ‘Long live the King!’ after which the monarch is

neg: Government of Sri Lanka members, elected for a six-year term, 196 members elected in multi-seat constituencies and 29 by proportional representation. The President may summon, suspend, or end a legislative session and dissolve Parliament any time after it has served for one year. Parliament reserves the power to make all laws. The primary modification is that the party that receives the largest number of valid votes in each constituency gains a unique "bonus seat" ("see" Hickman, 1999). Since its independence in 1948, Sri Lanka has remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets and applies

neg: Politics of Sri Lanka 1999). The president may summon, suspend, or end a legislative session and dissolve Parliament any time after it has served for one year. Parliament reserves the power to make all laws. Since its independence in 1948, Sri Lanka has remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. In August 2005, the Supreme Court ruled that Presidential Elections would be held in November 2005, resolving a long-running dispute on the length of President Kumaratunga's term. Mahinda Rajapaksa was nominated the SLFP candidate and former Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe UNP candidate. The Election was held on November 17, 2005, and Mahinda Rajapaksa

neg: Palace of Versailles Napoleon Bonaparte gave an address before the French Second Republic. Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, President François Hollande gave a speech before a rare joint session of parliament at the Palace of Versailles. This was the third time since 1848 that a French president addressed a joint session of the French Parliament at Versailles. The president of the National Assembly has an official apartment at the Palace of Versailles. One of the most baffling aspects to the study of Versailles is the cost – how much Louis XIV and his successors spent on Versailles. Owing to the nature of

neg: Joint session guests. There is no procedure in Canada for both chambers of the Parliament to sit in a true joint session. Various government agencies and non-governmental organizations may also meet jointly to handle problems which each of the involved parties has a stake in. The Congress of France is an assembly of both houses of the French Parliament, convened at the Palace of Versailles, which can approve certain amendments to the constitution by a three-fifth majority of all members. Since 2008, the Congress may also be convened to hear an address from the President of the Republic. The Federal Convention elects

neg: S. R. Bommai v. Union of India in the state assembly. He, therefore, recommended to the President that he should exercise power under Article 356(1). However, on the next day seven out of the nineteen legislators who had allegedly written the said letters to the Governor sent letters to him complaining that their signatures were obtained on the earlier letters by misrepresentation and affirmed their support to the Ministry. The Chief Minister and his Law Minister met the Governor the same day and informed him about the decision to summon the Assembly, even by bringing forward the scheduled session, to prove the confidence of assembly in his

neg: Joint address (Canada) D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, addressed senators, Members of Parliament, and the general public outside the houses of parliament. The following persons have addressed a joint session of parliament: In the dark days of World War II, Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of The United Kingdom, stopped in Ottawa after meetings with the United States Government in Washington DC. Churchill spoke to a Joint Meeting of Canada’s Parliamentarians in the House of Commons on December 30, 1941. Churchill delivered an "electrifying address that stirs the passions and strengthens the resolve of a nation at war." The most iconic phrase

neg: English feudal barony below), many of those who held "per baroniam" became holders of relatively small fiefdoms. Eventually the king refused to summon such minor nobles to parliament by personal writ, sending instead a general writ of summons to the sheriff of each shire, who was to summon only representatives of these so-called lesser barons. The greater barons, who retained sufficient power to insist upon it, continued to receive personal summonses. The king came to realise, from the complacency of the lesser barons with this new procedure, that in practice it was not tenure "per baroniam" which determined attendance at parliament, but receipt

neg: Parliament House (India) Parliament House (India) The Sansad Bhavan (Parliament Building) is the house of the Parliament of India, which contains the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha located in New Delhi. Originally called the "House of Parliament", it was designed by the British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker in 1912-1913; they also designed New Delhi. Construction of Parliament House began in 1921 and it was completed in 1927. The opening ceremony of the Parliament House, which then housed the Central Legislative Assembly, was performed on 18 January 1927 by His Excellency Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India. The third session of Central

neg: Performance Management Division Performance Management Division The Performance Management Division, Cabinet Secretariat was set up by the Government of India in January 2009. The Division was established with a view to assess the effectiveness of Government Departments in their mandated functions. Reporting to the Cabinet Secretary, Dr Prajapati Trivedi was made the first secretary, Performance Management with a mandate to roll out the PMES. In the year 2013 (fourth year of implementation) the system extends to 80 Departments/Ministries with around 800 responsibility centres (autonomous organizations / subordinate offices/ attached offices). In the Joint Session of Parliament held on 4 June 2009, the then

neg: Parliament of England was not a significant turning point in the history of parliamentary democracy. Subsequently, very little is known about how representatives were selected because, at this time, being sent to parliament was not a prestigious undertaking. But Montfort's decision to summon knights of the shires and burgesses to his parliament did mark the irreversible emergence of the landed gentry as a force in politics. From then on, monarchs could not ignore them, which explains Henry's decision to summon the Commons to several of his post-1265 parliaments. Even though many peers who had supported the Provisions of Oxford remained active in English

neg: Joint session states refer to an analogous event as a "joint convention". Such assemblies are typically held in the chamber of the lower house as the larger body. State constitutions of U.S. states may require joint conventions for other purposes; for example Tennessee's requires such to elect the secretary of state, the state treasurer, and the comptroller of the treasury. The first foreign dignitary to address a joint session of Congress was Ambassador André de La Boulaye of France who addressed a joint session on May 20, 1934. Joint session A joint session or joint convention is, most broadly, when two normally

neg: Casual vacancies in the Australian Parliament event that the state parliament is not in session, the governor of the state (acting on the advice of the state's executive council) may appoint the replacement, but such an appointment lapses if it is not confirmed by a joint sitting within 14 days after the beginning of the next session of the state parliament. Prior to 29 July 1977, it was an established convention, but not a constitutional requirement, that the state parliament choose (or the governor appoint) a replacement from the same political party as their predecessor. It had also been the practice for the relevant party to

neg: Joint session seats in that state, whereas from 51% to 56% of the vote yields only an equality of three seats to each major party or group. The Federal Assembly is a formal joint session of the two houses of the bicameral Austrian Parliament, to swear the elected President of Austria into office. The Chamber of Representatives and the Senate convene as United Chambers (; ; ) to swear the King into office, as stipulated by article 91 of the Constitution. The Canadian government procedure is called a joint address, with the members of the House of Commons attending the Senate as

neg: India–Philippines relations Commission on Bilateral Co-operation aims to further strengthen and develop the co-operation in the field of trade, economic, scientific, technological and other fields of co-operation. The meeting of the Joint Commission will be co-chaired by the two countries’ Ministers for Foreign Affairs who will meet once every two years. The inaugural session of the Joint Commission was held on 15 March 2011, co-chaired by Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert F. Del Rosario, and was held in New Delhi. During the meeting both sides agreed to move forward on co-operative initiatives in various fronts (trade, agriculture, defence). During the 2018 ASEAN–India Commemorative

neg: Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway scheme won the day. The GNR was obliged by the Act to give the GER the running powers it desired; the two companies were to return to Parliament in the next session with a joint scheme. Thus were the origins of the Joint Line created. The two companies did return to parliament, and on 3 July 1879 the Parliamentary Bill authorising the Joint Line was passed. The GNR lines from Black Carr Junction (south of Doncaster) to Lincoln, and Spalding to March, and the GER lines from Huntingdon to St Ives, and from Needingworth Junction (near St Ives) to March,

neg: Ken Coates possibility of such a joint meeting, as a practical way of exploring Gorbachev’s call for a ‘common European home’ and supporting his democratic reforms. Eduard Shevardnadze, the Soviet foreign minister, visited the European Parliament, and said he would be willing to be present at a joint meeting. Coates visited Zagladin in Moscow, who offered a four-point programme of stages for realisation of the Joint Special Session, as it came to be known. [Reference European Labour Forum number 1, Summer 1990 pages 3–4, number 3, winter 1990-91, pages 20–22] Coates pioneered a number of initiatives to help focus the institutions of

neg: Central London Railway today), most of which was for the eastern loop with its costly wayleaves. The CLR bill was one of more than a dozen tube railway bills submitted to Parliament for the 1901 session, To review the bills on an equal basis, Parliament established a joint committee under Lord Windsor, but by the time the committee had produced its report, the parliamentary session was almost over and the promoters of the bills were asked to resubmit them for the following 1902 session. Among the committee's recommendations were the withdrawal of the CLR's City loop, and that a quick, tube route from

neg: Public Accounts Committee (India) party BJP's demand to setup a joint parliamentary committee in addition to the PAC's inquiry into the 2G spectrum allocation case led to a complete freeze between the government and opposition in the winter session of parliament of 2010. The then PM Manmohan Singh stated that he was willing to appear before the committee. This brought the committee to the forefront of the public's attention. Some of the probes since then are listed below : The Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) laid out in its report a seething inquest of the case, showing how then telecom minister A Raja and

neg: Bharatiya Janata Party of convening a joint session of the Parliament, where the numerical superior Lok Sabha allowed the bill to pass. The act was subsequently used to prosecute hundreds of people accused of terrorism. However, it was criticised by opposition parties and scholars for being an infringement upon civil liberties, and the National Human Rights Commission of India stated that it had been used to target Muslims. It was later repealed by the Congress-led UPA government in 2004. The historical stance of the BJP towards Foreign policy, like the Jana Sangh, was based on an aggressive Hindu nationalism combined with economic protectionism.

neg: Italian Parliament the Government. Under , "each chamber can undertake inquests into matters of public interest. For this purpose, they should appoint a committee formed so that it conforms to the proportions of the various parliamentary groups." In order to fulfill its function as the ordinary organ through which popular sovereignty is exercised, Parliament can employ the same investigative and coercive instruments as the judiciary in these inquests. The Parliament meets and votes in joint session () for a set of functions explicitly established by the Constitution. Article 55.2 specifies that these functions are entrenched and cannot be altered. Joint sessions take

neg: Switzerland Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, depending on the population of each canton. Members of both houses serve for 4 years and only serve as members of parliament part-time (so-called "Milizsystem" or citizen legislature). When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly. Through referendums, citizens may challenge any law

neg: D.B. Singh D.B. Singh D.B. "Dinesh Bahadur" Singh is a career India civil servant who formerly served as Secretary of Rajya Sabha and Rajya Sabha Secretariat, Parliament of India, i.e. the Upper House in the Indian Parliament (similar to the House of Lords but different as most Rajya Sabha members are elected by people's representatives, unlike most of the members of the House of Lords who have peerages bestowed upon them). He was appointed as Advisor in Rajya Sabha in 2014 and previously served as Additional Secretary and Joint Secretary in Rajya Sabha. He is a 1981 batch Central Secretariat Service officer.

neg: Bob Heffron in the council. This was passed with the support of seven Labor councillors crossing the floor (including Cyril Cahill, Anne Press and Donald Cochrane), who were all subsequently expelled from the party and formed the Independent Labor Group. On 6 April 1960, Heffron attempted to send the bill back to the council, which returned it to the assembly on the same grounds as before. As a result of the deadlock, Heffron requested the Governor to order a joint session of parliament on 20 April, a session which lasted two hours and was boycotted by the opposition. On 12 May the

neg: Senate of Kazakhstan of the Republic for at least 3 years. Powers of a member of the Parliament commence from the moment of his/her registration as a member of the Parliament by the Central Election Commission of the Republic. At the first session of Parliament at joint session of its Chambers MPs take oath to the people of Kazakhstan: "I do solemnly swear to truly serve the people of Kazakhstan, to strengthen integrity and independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to abide strictly by its Constitution and laws, to carry out honestly the high duties of an MP assigned to me». Administration of

neg: 2015–16 Arunachal Pradesh political crisis Governor of Arunachal Pradesh. The fifth session of legislative assembly concluded on 21 October 2015. The Governor ordered to summon the sixth session on 14 January 2016. During the same month, ruling party INC's MLAs demanded resolution to remove Deputy Speaker who had rebelled. In response, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) MLAs demanded resolution to remove the Speaker. On 9 December 2015, the Governor ordered to advance the sixth session from 14 January 2016 to 16 December 2015. On 15 December 2015, the Speaker issued notice disqualifying 14 of 21 INC MLAs who had rebelled against the party but the same

neg: Parliament of India them and submits a report. On 13 December 2001, Indian Parliament was attacked by an Islamic terrorist group. The perpetrators were Lashkar-e-Taiba (Let) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) terrorists. The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists, six Delhi Police personnel, two Parliament Security Services personnel, and a gardener, which totalled 14 fatalities. The incident led to increased tensions between India and Pakistan, resulting in the India–Pakistan standoff. On 16 November 2016, the winter session of Indian Parliament had started and during the sittings in both Upper and Lower Houses of Parliament, observed strong opposition, and uproar by political parties, on

neg: All India Muhammadan Educational Conference political session of the conference took place. It was chaired by Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk. In this session a motion to form an All India Muslim League (AIML) was proceeded. Initially a party styled as "All India Muslim Confederacy" was discussed. But, in the process the name "All India Muslim League", proposed by Nawab Khawaja Sir Salimullah Bahadur and seconded by Hakim Ajmal Khan, was resolved in the meeting. All delegates were registered as members of the proposed party led by Janab Muhsin-ul-mulk and Janab Wakar-ul-mulk was Joint Conveners. AIML was first Muslim political party in the history of India. From the

neg: Royal assent Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned." During the 1960s, the ceremony of assenting by commission was discontinued and is now only employed once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session. In 1960, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod arrived to summon the House of Commons during a heated debate and several members protested against the disruption by refusing to attend the ceremony. The debacle was repeated in 1965; this time, when the Speaker left the chair to go

neg: Indian company law report on 14th August 2018. The Ministry has also felt the needs to make it happen such recommendations effective at the earliest. In India, the amendment to be placed before the houses of the parliament into session to make it a part of the Law. However, the parliament not into session and such amendments become an act of urgency get its ways through an "ordinance" Companies can be incorporated through the rules of the Indian Companies Act 2013. Whereby the new SPICe form helps the companies to get incorporated in one day. However, one day company registration in India is

neg: Subramanian Swamy Parliament. He was elected Member of Parliament 5 times between 1974 and 1999. He has twice represented the city of Mumbai North East during 1977 and 1980, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in the Parliament. During the period of the Emergency, he fled to the United States, seeking haven with an Indian businessman in Michigan who had become the spokesperson of the opposition in the United States. In 1976, when the Emergency was still in force and an arrest warrant had been issued in his name, Swamy came to Parliament to attend the session and managed to escape India after

neg: Equatorial Guinea–India relations Telecom Sachin Pilot visited Equatorial Guinea as the Prime Minister's Special Envoy and officially invited President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo to attend the second India Africa Summit. President Mbasogo, who was serving as the Chairman of the African Union at the time, and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh co-chaired the Summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Joint Secretary (West Africa) in the MEA Rajinder Bhagat headed an Indian delegation to the 19th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of the African Union in Malabo. India attended the Summit, which was chaired by Equatorial Guinea, as an observer. India also sent a

neg: President of India lawmaking, which have established and challenged some conventions concerning Presidential intervention. In 1979, Prime Minister Charan Singh, did not enjoy a parliamentary majority. He responded to this by simply not advising the president to summon parliament. Since then, Presidents have been more diligent in directing incoming Prime Ministers to convene parliament and prove their majority within reasonable deadlines (2 to 3 weeks). In the interim period, the Prime Ministers are generally restrained from making policy decisions. Since the 1990s, Parliamentary elections have generally not resulted in a single party or group of parties having a distinct majority, until the 2014

neg: 1961 New South Wales referendum bill should have originated in the council. This was passed with the support of seven Labor councillors crossing the floor (including Cyril Cahill, Anne Press and Donald Cochrane), who were all subsequently expelled from the party. On 6 April 1960, Heffron attempted to send the bill back to the council, which returned it to the assembly on the same grounds as before. As a result of the deadlock, Heffron requested the Governor to order a joint session of parliament on 20 April, a session which lasted two hours and was boycotted by the opposition. On 12 May the Assembly resolved

neg: Scottish Parliamentary Standards Commissioner Act 2002 Scottish Parliamentary Standards Commissioner Act 2002 The Scottish Parliamentary Standards Commissioner Act 2002 is legislation that introduced arrangements for complaints against any Member of the Scottish Parliament to be investigated independently. It established the Scottish Parliamentary Standards Commissioner, who was given powers to summon witnesses and compel evidence. Parliament's Standards Committee published a bill to establish its own Standards Commissioner. The bill was introduced to Parliament on 4 February 2002. The bill set out that the commissioner would have the statutory power to summon witnesses and to compel the production of evidence. The legislation was passed on 27 June 2002.

neg: India–Slovakia relations Republic have been established in 1993. Under the trade agreement signed with Slovakia in 1993, a Joint Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation (ISJEC) was set up in May 1994. The 9th session of INJEC has been held in Bratislava in April 2017. So far nine meetings have been held. The 9th Session of INJEC was held in Bratislava on 21 April 2017. India–Slovakia relations India–Slovakia relations refers to the bilateral ties between India and Slovakia. Both countries established relations in 1921 with a Czechoslovak consulate in Bombay. Modern relations began in 1993 after the dissolution of the Czechoslovak state.

neg: Parliament of Trees of Decay, "The Red" who stand for animal savagery and is heralded by the Parliament of Limbs, "The White" who stand for the power of the atmosphere which is heralded by a still unnamed Parliament. The members of this Parliament Enclave only meet when the Earth is in perilous danger such as Darkseid's invasion of Earth 2 to summon their avatars who embody the spirits to enact their will. The Green is a mystical realm inhabited by the minds of all members of the Parliament of Trees, and it is a phenomenon that connects all forms of botanical life on

neg: Monarchy of Belgium from 1815, was the name for the King of the Netherlands. Therefore, the Belgian separatists (i.e. the founders of Belgium) chose "Rex Belgarum". Belgium is the only current European monarchy that does not apply the tradition of the new monarch automatically ascending the throne upon the death or abdication of the previous monarch. According to Article 91 of the Belgian constitution, the monarch accedes to the throne only upon taking a constitutional oath before a joint session of the two Houses of Parliament. The joint session has to be held within ten days of the death of the deceased or

neg: Belgian Federal Parliament chambers of the Federal Parliament meet in joint session. The United Chambers are convened only on certain occasions enumerated in the Belgian Constitution: the King must take the constitutional oath before the United Chambers, in accordance with article 91 of the Constitution, and the United Chambers must provide for the regency in the event that the successor to the Crown is a minor or the King is unable to reign, in accordance with articles 92 and 93 of the Constitution. The last session of the United Chambers took place on 21 July 2013, when King Philippe of Belgium took the

neg: Eduard Hellvig Service; the following month, a joint session of Parliament confirmed him to the post on a 498-15 vote. A vice president of the PNL at the time, he subsequently resigned from the party, as required, and also from the European Parliament. He and his wife Andreea ("née" Dumitraș) have a daughter. Eduard Hellvig Eduard Raul Hellvig (born October 27, 1974) is a Romanian political scientist, journalist and politician who has served as director of the Romanian Intelligence Service (SRI) since 2015. A former member of the National Liberal Party (PNL) and previously of the Conservative Party (PC), he represented Bihor

neg: Speech from the throne speech but the speech does not focus or direct government policy. In Japan, the Emperor makes only a short speech of greeting during the Diet opening ceremony; he does not refer to any government policies, instead allowing the prime minister to address political matters, as is the current case with Sweden. In Thailand, the monarch makes a speech at a joint session in the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall, advising the National Assembly in their work. Malaysia also has the same practice, with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong making such an address to the Parliament of Malaysia in joint session during its

neg: Baltic Assembly following to the 2nd Joint Meeting of the Nordic Council and the Baltic Assembly, the first Extraordinary Session of the Baltic Assembly took place. The second Extraordinary Session of the Baltic Assembly was held on 27-29 April 2005 in Pärnu, Estonia, following to the 5th Joint Meeting of the Baltic Assembly and the Nordic Council. The following are the standing committees: Each member of the BA participates in at least one committee. The 20 members of the BA from each country are chosen so that their political make-up reflects the proportions within their home parliament. The members may then form

neg: 1998 Czech presidential election of origin. If no candidate wins in the third round, another ballot has to be considered in a subsequent joint session of parliament. The process continues under the same rules until a candidate prevails. Václav Havel received 130 votes in the first round and was the only candidate who qualified for the second round, as he gained the most votes in both chambers of parliament. There he receive 146 votes of 279 and won by seven votes but by only one vote in Chamber of Deputies which draw a controversy to the election as Miroslav Sládek couldn't vote in the

neg: Joint address (Canada) again. Mere months after being released from 27 years prison, South Africa’s Nelson Mandela visited Canada in June 1990. He became only the fourth non head of state or head of government to address a Joint Session of the Parliament of Canada. Mandela thanked Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the Government of Canada for its strong opposition to the apartheid regime in South Africa, and pleaded to keep the sanctions in place to pressure the South African government towards reform. In 1998, Mandela returned to address the Canadian Parliament as the first democratically elected President of the Republic of South

neg: Italian Parliament place in the building of the Chamber of Deputies at Palazzo Montecitorio and are presided over by the President of the Chamber of Deputies "ex officio". In this way, the drafters of the Constitution intended to establish an equilibrium with the power of the President of the Senate to exercise the functions of the President of the Republic when the latter is indisposed. Joint sessions take place for the following matters explicitly established by the Constitution: There is debate among legal scholars about whether the Parliament in joint session can make its own standing orders. Most scholars think it can,

neg: Senate of the Ottoman Empire Senate usually convened after the Chamber of Deputies. In extraordinary conditions, at the sultan's request, or after a written appeal signed by the majority of the Chamber of Deputies, the entire parliament could convene earlier in a joint session of the Senate and the Chamber and extend the session. On December 17, 1908, the Senate reconvened for the first time in over 30 years, several of its members changing over time until its end at the end of World War I in 1920, when the Allied occupation of Constantinople forced the "de jure" closure of the parliament on March 16,

neg: Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway in the area that would rise in value when the railway opened. The CCE&HR's two bills were submitted to Parliament at the same time as a large number of other bills for underground railways in the capital. As it had done in 1892, Parliament established a joint committee under Lord Windsor to review the bills. By the time the committee had produced its report, the parliamentary session was almost over and the promoters of the bills were asked to resubmit them for the following 1902 session. Bills No. 1 and No. 2 were resubmitted in November 1901 together with a

neg: 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état replacing him with Mnangagwa, and issued a deadline of 20 November for Mugabe to resign the presidency or face impeachment. Mugabe did not resign, so on 21 November a joint session of Parliament and Senate met for his impeachment. After the session convened, Mugabe sent a letter to Zimbabwe's Parliament resigning the presidency. Second Vice-President Phelekezela Mphoko became the Acting President. Mnangagwa was sworn in as President on 24 November 2017. In the first week of October 2017, tensions between Vice-President Emmerson Mnangagwa and Grace Mugabe, two leading figures to replace the 93-year-old Robert Mugabe as President of Zimbabwe, were

neg: Jagdish Tytler channels in India, and stated that he was never contacted by Central Bureau of Investigation. India's main opposition party Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) demanded an explanation from the minister in charge of CBI in Indian Parliament. However, Minister of State for Personnel Suresh Pachouri, who is in charge of department of CBI, and was present in the parliament session refused to make a statement. On 18 December 2007, "Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate" of Delhi court Mr. Sanjeev Jain, who had earlier dismissed the case after CBI submitted a misleading report in his court; ordered India's Central Bureau of Investigation to

neg: Joint session of the United States Congress (1976 and 1994) as did Nelson Mandela of South Africa (1990 and 1994). The first foreign dignitary to address a joint session of Congress was Ambassador André de La Boulaye of France who addressed a joint session on May 20, 1934 to memorialize the centennial anniversary of the death of Marquis de Lafayette. The first non-dignitary to address a joint meeting of Congress was Polish Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa in 1989. Nelson Mandela, then Deputy President of the African National Congress addressed a joint meeting in 1990. Twice have joint meetings been attended by dignitaries from two countries: On September

neg: ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly from the ACP State concerned shall be subject to the prior approval of the Joint Parliamentary Assembly. 2. The role of the Joint Parliamentary Assembly, as a consultative body, shall be to: 3. The Joint Parliamentary Assembly shall meet twice a year in plenary session, alternately in the European Union and in an ACP State. With a view to strengthening regional integration and fostering cooperation between national parliaments, meetings between EU and ACP members of parliament may be arranged at regional or subregional level. The Joint Parliamentary Assembly shall organise regular contacts with representatives of the ACP-EU economic and social

neg: Austria-Hungary 63), in all joint Croatian and Hungarian affairs symbols of both Croatia and Hungary respectively had to be used. For instance, whenever the joint Hungarian-Croatian Parliament held its session in Budapest, both the Croatian and Hungarian flags were hoisted on the parliament building in Budapest. In Vienna, in front of Schönbrunn Palace, the black and yellow flag was flown for Cisleithania, while both Croatian and Hungarian flags were flown for Transleithania. Hungary proper used a red-white-green tricolor defaced with the Hungarian coat of arms, sometimes used to represent the entirety of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown. The double-headed eagle

neg: Joint session may be considered by a joint sitting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, and must achieve an absolute majority of the total number of members and senators in order to pass. The only example of this occurring was the Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974 under the Whitlam Labor government, at which six deadlocked bills were passed. Because the House has twice as many members as the Senate, the former has an advantage in a joint sitting. However, the voting system used for the Senate before 1949, which might be called "multiple at-large voting", often led

neg: Act of Parliament Bills C-1 and S-1 are pro forma bills, and are introduced at the beginning of each session in order to assert the right of each Chamber to manage its own affairs. They are introduced and read a first time, and then are dropped from the Order Paper. In the Parliament of India, every bill passes through following stages before it becomes "an Act of Parliament of India": In the Irish Parliament, the Oireachtas, bills pass through the following stages: Bills may be initiated in either the Dáil or the Seanad, and must pass both houses. In New Zealand, the bill

neg: Joint address (Canada) be nearing an end, but I know that Canada — and the world — will benefit from your [Trudeau’s] leadership for years to come." The President also quoted the Prime Minister’s late father, and former Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Trudeau: "A country is not something you build as the pharaohs built the pyramids… a country is something that is built every day out of certain basic shared values." This was President Obama’s second state visit to Canada, but the first time addressing a Joint Session of the Parliament of Canada. Joint address (Canada) A joint address is a special