query: when was the gestalt school of psychology founded

pos: Gestalt psychology sought to understand the "organization" of cognitive processes (Carlson and Heth, 2010). Our brain is capable of generating whole forms, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of global figures instead of just collections of simpler and unrelated elements (points, lines, curves, etc.). In psychology, gestaltism is often opposed to structuralism. Gestalt theory, it is proposed, allows for the deconstruction of the whole situation into its elements. The concept of gestalt was first introduced in philosophy and psychology in 1890 by Christian von Ehrenfels (a member of the School of Brentano). The idea of gestalt has its roots in theories

pos: Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues school segregation case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. David Krech (1909 – 1977) was a Russian-born American experimental and social psychologist and past president of SPSSI. Krech collaborated with social psychologist Richard Crutchfield in writing what was then a revolutionary book in social psychology. Published in 1948, Theory and Problems of Social Psychology gave social psychology for the first time a theoretical base in the psychology of perception and, most notably, in Gestalt psychology. Kurt Lewin (1890 –1947) was a German-American psychologist and past president of SPSSI. He is known as one of the modern pioneers of social,

pos: Christian von Ehrenfels Wertheimer is to be credited as the founder of the movement of "Gestalt" psychology. The concept of "Gestalt" itself was first introduced in contemporary philosophy and psychology by Ehrenfels in his famous work "Über Gestaltqualitäten" ("On the Qualities of Form", 1890). Both he and Edmund Husserl seem to have been inspired by Mach's work "Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen" ("Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations", 1886) to formulate their very similar concepts of "Gestalt" and Figural Moment respectively. His analysis of the transition of a melody to another key became famous. Ehrenfels explained that a melody consists of individual

neg: Gestalt psychology Gestalt psychology Gestalt psychology or gestaltism (; from "shape, form") is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology. Gestalt psychology is an attempt to understand the laws behind the ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world. The central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms a global whole with self-organizing tendencies. This principle maintains that when the human mind (perceptual system) forms a percept or "gestalt", the whole has a reality of its own, independent of the parts. The original famous phrase of Gestalt psychologist Kurt Koffka, "the whole

neg: Renzo Canestrari Psychology. From 1979 to his death, Canestrari was a member of the Advisory Board of the international multidisciplinary journal "Gestalt Theory". In 1991 he founded the Dipartimento della Formazione of the "University of the Republic of San Marino". Renzo Canestrari Renzo Antonio Bartolomeo Canestrari (August 19, 1924 in Piagge, Italy – January 28, 2017 in Bologna, Italy) was an Italian psychiatrist. A student of Giulio Cesare Pupilli and Cesare Musatti, he was one of the foremost pioneers in the rebirth of Italian psychology after World War II, as well as the founder of the Bologna School of Gestalt Psychology and

neg: Psychology moral values in children. A different strain of experimentalism, with more connection to physiology, emerged in South America, under the leadership of Horacio G. Piñero at the University of Buenos Aires. Russia, too, placed greater emphasis on the biological basis for psychology, beginning with Ivan Sechenov's 1873 essay, "Who Is to Develop Psychology and How?" Sechenov advanced the idea of brain reflexes and aggressively promoted a deterministic viewpoint on human behavior. Wolfgang Kohler, Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka co-founded the school of Gestalt psychology (not to be confused with the Gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls). This approach is based upon

neg: Gestalt psychology depend on the order in which they are performed—a pertinent feature for psychological processes, as an experiment performed on a conscious person may influence the outcome of a subsequent experiment by changing the state of mind of that person. Gestalt psychology Gestalt psychology or gestaltism (; from "shape, form") is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology. Gestalt psychology is an attempt to understand the laws behind the ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world. The central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms a global whole with self-organizing

neg: Gestalt psychology to only three of Perls' books from 1969 and 1972, leaving out Perls' earlier work, and Gestalt therapy in general as a psychotherapy method. There have been clinical applications of Gestalt psychology in the psychotherapeutic field long before Perls'ian Gestalt therapy, in group psychoanalysis (Foulkes), Adlerian individual psychology, by Gestalt psychologists in psychotherapy like Erwin Levy, Abraham S. Luchins, by Gestalt psychologically oriented psychoanalysts in Italy (Canestrari and others), and there have been newer developments foremost in Europe, e.g. Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy. The school of gestalt practiced a series of theoretical and methodological principles that attempted to redefine the approach

neg: Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy is a method of psychotherapy based strictly on Gestalt psychology. Its origins go back to the 1920s when Gestalt psychology founder Max Wertheimer, Kurt Lewin and their colleagues and students started to apply the holistic and systems theoretical Gestalt psychology concepts in the field of psychopathology and clinical psychology Many developments in psychotherapy in the following decades drew from these early beginnings, like e.g. group psychoanalysis (S. Foulkes), Gestalt therapy (Laura Perls, Fritz Perls, Goodman, and others), or Katathym-imaginative Psychotherapy (Hanscarl Leuner). In Europe Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy in its own right has been initiated

neg: Max Wertheimer to psychology. Wertheimer started the cognitive school of psychology. His ideas also challenged structuralism and atomism, in that he and other gestalt psychologists were more concerned about the whole rather than small structures or fragments of an object. Max Wertheimer Max Wertheimer (April 15, 1880 – October 12, 1943) was an Austro-Hungarian-born psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler. He is known for his book, "Productive Thinking", and for conceiving the phi phenomenon as part of his work in Gestalt psychology. Wertheimer became interested in psychology and studied under

neg: Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy differences between Gestalt theory in its original sense and the Perls'ian understanding of Gestalt. With her analysis however, she restricts herself explicitly to only three of Perls' books from 1969 and 1972, leaving out Perls' earlier work, and Gestalt therapy in general as a psychotherapy method. It must also be mentioned that Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy adopts techniques from Gestalt therapy as Walter points out. Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy is a method of psychotherapy based strictly on Gestalt psychology. Its origins go back to the 1920s when Gestalt psychology founder Max Wertheimer, Kurt Lewin and their colleagues and students

neg: Mary Henle to make the Gestalt theory of the Berlin school (Wertheimer, Köhler, Koffka et al.) in their authentic basic positions in the United States known to represent and defend their view falsifying interpretations: In 1961, Henle gave the anthology Documents of Gestalt Psychology out, which after 1938 published collection A Sourcebook of Gestalt Psychology (edited by Willis D. Ellis.). An updated representation of important core positions of Gestalt theory was present: The tape contained a representation of the " Gestalt theory today "by Wolfgang Köhler, the essays from Max Wertheimer about truth, theory of ethics, democracy and freedom. This sourcebook also

neg: Oswald Külpe and Henry Watt, both of whom worked on the concept of mental set; Robert Morris Ogden, who played a major role in introducing Gestalt psychology to the United States; and Kurt Koffka, one of the founders of the Gestalt school. Distinct from the view of Wundt, the Würzburg school developed an innovational, holistic view, where the focus was on studying both act and content. This research established a strong foundation for the Gestalt psychologists who were to come. This research was not the only notable contributions to psychology made by the Würzburg school. The emphasis on motivation, and the role

neg: Kurt Koffka psychology. He is known today as the chief spokesperson of Gestalt psychology. In 1913, Koffka began editing a series of publications entitled "Beiträge zur Psychologie der Gestalt" ("Contributions to the Psychology of the Gestalt"). American psychologists were exposed to Gestalt psychology in 1922 in his article entitled: "Perception: An Introduction to the Gestalt-Theorie", which appeared in the Psychological Bulletin. One of Koffka’s major contributions was "The Growth of the Mind" in 1921. Koffka wanted to provide some sort of evidence supporting Gestalt psychology to the field of developmental psychology. This book was later translated into English in 1928. Fourteen years

neg: Gestalt psychology he/she reaches the "aha!" moment, using what is already known. Understanding in this case happens intentionally by reproductive thinking. Another gestalt psychologist, Perkins, believes insight deals with three processes: Views going against the gestalt psychology are: Gestalt psychology should not be confused with the gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls, which is only peripherally linked to gestalt psychology. A strictly gestalt psychology-based therapeutic method is Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy, developed by the German gestalt psychologist and psychotherapist Hans-Jürgen Walter and his colleagues in Germany, Austria (Gerhard Stemberger and colleagues) and Switzerland. Other countries, especially Italy, have seen similar developments. Fuzzy-trace theory, a

neg: Learning theory (education) theories grew out of Gestalt psychology. Gestalt psychology was developed in Germany in the early 1900s by Wolfgang Kohler and was brought to America in the 1920s. The German word "Gestalt" is roughly equivalent to the English "configuration" or "organization" and emphasizes the whole of human experience. Over the years, the Gestalt psychologists provided demonstrations and described principles to explain the way we organize our sensations into perceptions. Matt Wertheimer, one of the founding fathers of Gestalt Theory, observed that sometimes we interpret motion when there is no motion at all. For example: a powered sign used at a convenience

neg: Laura Perls Laura Perls Laura Perls (née "Lore Posner"; August 15, 1905 in Pforzheim – July 13, 1990 in Pforzheim) was a noted German-born psychologist and psychotherapist who helped establish the Gestalt school of psychotherapy. She became interested in psychology when she was 16 (Fadiman & Frager, 2002). Like many before and after her, her interest began after reading Freud's 1899 "The Interpretation of Dreams" (Fadiman & Frager, 2002). In 1930 she married Friedrich (Frederick) Perls. They had met while working at the Frankfurt Psychological Institute. At Frankfurt University Lore Posner had earned a doctorate in Gestalt Psychology. In 1933 the Perls

neg: Gestalt psychology psychoanalyst and before she began developing Gestalt therapy together with Fritz Perls. The extent to which Gestalt psychology influenced Gestalt therapy is disputed, however. In any case it is not identical with Gestalt psychology. On the one hand, Laura Perls preferred not to use the term "Gestalt" to name the emerging new therapy, because she thought that the gestalt psychologists would object to it; on the other hand Fritz and Laura Perls clearly adopted some of Goldstein's work. Thus, though recognizing the historical connection and the influence, most gestalt psychologists emphasize that gestalt therapy is not a form of gestalt

neg: History of psychology Robert Ogden, Koffka introduced the Gestalt point of view to an American audience in 1922 by way of a paper in "Psychological Bulletin". It contains criticisms of then-current explanations of a number of problems of perception, and the alternatives offered by the Gestalt school. Koffka moved to the United States in 1924, eventually settling at Smith College in 1927. In 1935 Koffka published his "Principles of Gestalt Psychology". This textbook laid out the "Gestalt" vision of the scientific enterprise as a whole. Science, he said, is not the simple accumulation of facts. What makes research scientific is the incorporation of

neg: Gestalt therapy was an anachronism. Because Gestalt therapists disdained the positivism underlying what they perceived to be the concern of research, they largely ignored the need to use research to further develop Gestalt theory and Gestalt therapy practice (with a few exceptions like Les Greenberg, see the interview: "Validating Gestalt"). However, the new century has seen a sea of change in attitudes toward research and Gestalt practice. Gestalt therapy is not identical with Gestalt psychology but Gestalt psychology influenced the development of Gestalt therapy to a large extent. Gestalt therapy focuses on process (what is actually happening) over content (what is being

neg: Max Wertheimer prevents real understanding of the problems. He believes that this blind obedience forestalls a person from uncovering the solution. Max Wertheimer's ideas of productive thinking are of continuing relevance in modern ideas of schemas, plans, and knowledge structures today. Gestalt, in the closest English definition of the term, is translated potentially as configuration, form, holistic, structure, and pattern. According to Gestalt psychology, perception is a whole. In this sense, perception can shape vision and the other senses. Wertheimer's work on gestalt psychology with his colleagues at The New School was seen as an opposition and alternative to the behavioral approach

neg: Gestalt psychology psychology. Mary Henle noted in her presidential address to Division 24 at the meeting of the American Psychological Association (1975): "What Perls has done has been to take a few terms from Gestalt psychology, stretch their meaning beyond recognition, mix them with notions—often unclear and often incompatible—from the depth psychologies, existentialism, and common sense, and he has called the whole mixture gestalt therapy. His work has no substantive relation to scientific Gestalt psychology. To use his own language, Fritz Perls has done 'his thing'; whatever it is, it is "not" Gestalt psychology" With her analysis however, she restricts herself explicitly

neg: Joseph Zinker also published numerous articles in journals (about psychotherapy, arts, the phenomenology of love...) and has served on the editorial board of different journals. "Creative Process in Gestalt Therapy" was judged "Book of the year" by the magazine "Psychology Today" in 1977. It is now a classic and a best-seller. It has been translated into several languages. Joseph Zinker Joseph Chaim Zinker is a therapist who has contributed to the growth and development of Gestalt theory and also Gestalt methodology. He co-founded the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland. Joseph Zinker was born in Central Europe (Łuck) in 1934 in a Jewish family.

neg: Laura Perls Goodman, they had established The New York Institute for Gestalt Therapy (Fadiman & Frager, 2002). When Frederick Perls started travelling more often to the Esalen Institute in California in the early 1960s, Laura stayed on in New York to continue running the original institute. Laura Perls died in 1990, one month before her 85th birthday. Laura Perls Laura Perls (née "Lore Posner"; August 15, 1905 in Pforzheim – July 13, 1990 in Pforzheim) was a noted German-born psychologist and psychotherapist who helped establish the Gestalt school of psychotherapy. She became interested in psychology when she was 16 (Fadiman & Frager,

neg: Hans-Jürgen Walter Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy. Walter held a teaching position for Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy at the University of Vienna and at several psychotherapy institutes in Germany and Austria. He is honorary chairman of the International Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications and one of the editors of the international multidisciplinary journal "Gestalt Theory". Many years of intensive pursuit of theoretical and practical evaluation of several psychotherapeutical approaches preceded Walter's formation and development of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy. Before him, other well-known representatives of Gestalt psychology of the Berlin school, especially in the U.S.A. (for example Erwin Levy, Abraham S. Luchins, Erika Oppenheimer-Fromm,

neg: Harry Helson philosophy and psychology. Helson worked as a reporter for the college’s newspaper and played the violin to fund his schooling. After earning an undergraduate degree at Bowdoin College, Helson attended Harvard University, planning a doctorate in philosophy, but changed his concentration to psychology by his second year after being introduced to Gestalt psychology. Helson wrote his dissertation on a critical review of Gestalt psychology, and received his Ph.D. in 1924. Helson’s doctoral dissertation from his time at Harvard University was published in the American Journal of Psychology in 1925 and 1926 and served as an introduction of Gestalt psychology in

neg: Alexius Meinong and Chair of Philosophy at the University of Graz, where he founded the Graz psychological institute (in 1894) and the Graz School of experimental psychology. Meinong supervised the promotions of Christian von Ehrenfels (founder of "Gestalt" psychology) and Adalbert Meingast, as well as the habilitation of Alois Höfler and Anton Oelzelt-Newin. Meinong wrote two early essays on David Hume, the first dealing with his theory of abstraction, the second with his theory of relations, and was relatively strongly influenced by British empiricism. He is most noted, however, for his Theory of Objects ("Über Gegenstandstheorie", 1904), which grew out of his

neg: Mary Henle 1986 anthology "1879 And All That. Essays in the Theory and History of Psychology". This anthology contains some of her most incisive essays on key issues of Gestalt theory, the concepts, assumptions and terms used in psychology to scrutinize more carefully on their intellectual historical background and its actual meaning. In the field of psychotherapy theory one of her papers dealt in depth with the late work of Fritz Perls, founder of Gestalt therapy, "Gestalt Psychology and Gestalt Therapy" (1975). Henle critizises in this essay (article version of a lecture before the American Psychological Association) the incorrect equating of Gestalt

neg: Gestalt psychology lack of quantitative research supporting Gestalt ideas. This is not necessarily a fair criticism as highlighted by a recent collection of quantitative research on Gestalt perception. Other important criticisms concern the lack of definition and support for the many physiological assumptions made by gestaltists and lack of theoretical coherence in modern Gestalt psychology. In some scholarly communities, such as cognitive psychology and computational neuroscience, gestalt theories of perception are criticized for being "descriptive" rather than "explanatory" in nature. For this reason, they are viewed by some as redundant or uninformative. For example, Bruce, Green & Georgeson conclude the following regarding

neg: Isomorphism (Gestalt psychology) Isomorphism (Gestalt psychology) The term isomorphism literally means sameness (iso) of form (morphism). In Gestalt psychology, Isomorphism is the idea that perception and the underlying physiological representation are similar because of related Gestalt qualities. Isomorphism refers to a correspondence between a stimulus array and the brain state created by that stimulus, and is based on the idea that the objective brain processes underlying and correlated with particular phenomenological experiences functionally have the same form and structure as those subjective experiences. Isomorphism can also be described as the similarity in the gestalt patterning of a stimulus and the activity in the

neg: Renzo Canestrari Bologna. One of his main interests was perception under the Gestalt theoretical point of view and its impact on mental health. Well ahead of his time, he spoke out on the need to include psychology in the medical school curriculum. Among Canestrari's students were several of Italy's most influential Gestalt psychologists of the following decades, e.g. Anna Arfelli Galli, Giuseppe Galli, Mario Fame, Paolo Bonaiuto, Alberto Ranzi, Pietro Tampieri, Giuliana Giovanelli, Giancarlo Trombini, Vincenzo Faenza, Augusto Palmonari and Gabriella Bartoli. These researchers, experts in a variety of fields of science and research, became known as the Bologna School of Gestalt

neg: Gestalt (Mac OS) Gestalt would invoke every time somebody queried the selector, it was possible for the value returned to vary dynamically from call to call, to reflect information about the current state of the subsystem. The Macintosh Programmer's Workshop also provided a tool named Gestalt which allowed the developer to test for various features using the command line. Gestalt is a school of psychology that attempts to describe the whole of mental activity by analyzing its parts, and is often associated with the phrase "The whole is different than (or "more than") the sum of its parts". In the German language, this

neg: Gestalt psychology dual process model of memory and reasoning, was also derived from Gestalt psychology. Fuzzy-trace theory posits that we encode information into two separate traces: verbatim and gist. Information stored in verbatim is exact memory for detail (the individual parts of a pattern, for example) while information stored in gist is semantic and conceptual (what we perceive the pattern to be). The effects seen in Gestalt psychology can be attributed to the way we encode information as gist. The gestalt laws are used in user interface design. The laws of similarity and proximity can, for example, be used as guides for

neg: Carina Benninga Sporter, which she co-founded. Carina Benninga focuses on the development of talents. Building on her experience as a hockey coach, Benninga specialized in coaching and career development of executives and professionals. Driven by an ongoing interest in psychology, human behavior and interaction, she got certificates and diplomas on Positive Psychology, Gestalt Therapy, Transformational Presence by Alan Seale, Systemic Coaching, Mindfulness, Hoffman Institute, NLP Master, Intuitive Development, Zijnsoriëntatie, Clowning, the Almaaz / Ridhwan School and The Work of Byron Katie. In 1994, Carina Benninga started her own agency for coaching and consulting. In the period 1998 - 2015 she joined Van

neg: Giuseppe Galli for General Psychology, a position which he held until his retirement in 2009. Galli's main research interests were the phenomenology of the ego, personality psychology and the psychology of social virtues, as well as hermeneutics and intersemiotics (transferring the meaning from one sign system to another, e.g. from the picture into a text) In a large number of his contributions he devoted himself to applying Gestalt psychology in the field of psychotherapy, being viewed as an authoritative representative of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy. From 1979, Galli was on the advisory board of the international multidisciplinary journal "Gestalt Theory" (De Gruyter). In

neg: Gerhard Stemberger Gerhard Stemberger Gerhard Stemberger (born June 29, 1947 in Innsbruck, Austria) is a sociologist and Gestalt psychologist in Vienna, Austria, and one of the main representatives of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy. After a career in sociological and psychological working time research, Stemberger turned to clinical psychology and psychotherapy. He has published extensively in the fields of clinical applications of Gestalt psychology, key concepts of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy, ethics in psychotherapy, and history of Gestalt theory. He is co-editor (executive editor 2000-2012) of the international multidisciplinary journal "Gestalt Theory" (de Gruyter) and of the journal "Phänomenal - Zeitschrift für Gestalttheoretische Psychotherapie" (Krammer).

neg: Positive interdependence social psychology's social interdependence theory, positive interdependence theory is the foundation of modern collaborative and cooperative practice in business, science, and education. Kurt Koffka, one of the founders of the gestalt school of psychology, proposed that interdependence was essential for a group to become a dynamic whole and recognized that interdependence will vary from one individual to another within the group. As part of his early work in social and organizational psychology, his student Kurt Lewin theorized that the essence of the group gestalt depends on interdependence among members, and further, it is created by sharing a common goal. His

neg: Gestalt therapy influences upon the lives of its founders during the times in which they lived, including: the new physics, Eastern religion, existential phenomenology, Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, experimental theatre, as well as systems theory and field theory. Gestalt therapy rose from its beginnings in the middle of the 20th century to rapid and widespread popularity during the decade of the 1960s and early 1970s. During the '70s and '80s Gestalt therapy training centers spread globally; but they were, for the most part, not aligned with formal academic settings. As the cognitive revolution eclipsed Gestalt theory in psychology, many came to believe Gestalt

neg: Isomorphism (Gestalt psychology) correlated with electric fields in the brain whose spatial pattern mirrors the spatial structure in the perceived world. Isomorphism (Gestalt psychology) The term isomorphism literally means sameness (iso) of form (morphism). In Gestalt psychology, Isomorphism is the idea that perception and the underlying physiological representation are similar because of related Gestalt qualities. Isomorphism refers to a correspondence between a stimulus array and the brain state created by that stimulus, and is based on the idea that the objective brain processes underlying and correlated with particular phenomenological experiences functionally have the same form and structure as those subjective experiences. Isomorphism can

neg: Educational psychology field of educational psychology involves the study of memory, conceptual processes, and individual differences (via cognitive psychology) in conceptualizing new strategies for learning processes in humans. Educational psychology has been built upon theories of operant conditioning, functionalism, structuralism, constructivism, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, and information processing. Educational psychology has seen rapid growth and development as a profession in the last twenty years. School psychology began with the concept of intelligence testing leading to provisions for special education students, who could not follow the regular classroom curriculum in the early part of the 20th century. However, "school psychology" itself has built

neg: Abraham S. Luchins he became an honorary member of the international "Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications (GTA)" - "Gesellschaft für Gestalttheorie und ihre Anwendungen (GTA)". Abraham S. Luchins Abraham S. Luchins (March 8, 1914 – December 27, 2005) was one of the most important American Gestalt Psychologists and a pioneer of group psychotherapy. He was born in Brooklyn, New York and died in Albany. Luchins was a student and staff member of Max Wertheimer, the main originator of Gestalt Psychology. After Max Wertheimer fled to the USA and started lecturing at the New School for Social Research, Luchins worked as his

neg: Solomon Asch of their culture. His master's thesis was a statistical analysis of the test scores of 200 children under the supervision of Woodworth. Asch received his master's degree in 1930. His doctoral dissertation examined whether all learning curves have the same form; H.E. Garrett assigned the topic to him. He received his PhD in 1932. Asch was exposed to Gestalt psychology through Gardner Murphy, then a young faculty member at Columbia. He became much more interested in Gestalt psychology after meeting and working closely with his adviser at Columbia, Max Wertheimer, one of the founders of Gestalt psychology. Asch later became

neg: Gestalt psychology the background. These laws took several forms, such as the grouping of similar, or proximate, objects together, within this global process. Although gestalt has been criticized for being merely descriptive, it has formed the basis of much further research into the perception of patterns and objects (Carlson et al. 2000), and of research into behavior, thinking, problem solving and psychopathology. The founders of Gestalt therapy, Fritz and Laura Perls, had worked with Kurt Goldstein, a neurologist who had applied principles of Gestalt psychology to the functioning of the organism. Laura Perls had been a Gestalt psychologist before she became a

neg: Gerhard Stemberger Giuseppe Galli ("Der Mensch als Mit-Mensch"). The third appeared in 2018, a collection of works of the German Gestalt psychologist, sports psychologist and lucid dreams researcher Paul Tholey ("Gestalttheorie von Sport, Klartraum und Bewusstsein"). Gerhard Stemberger Gerhard Stemberger (born June 29, 1947 in Innsbruck, Austria) is a sociologist and Gestalt psychologist in Vienna, Austria, and one of the main representatives of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy. After a career in sociological and psychological working time research, Stemberger turned to clinical psychology and psychotherapy. He has published extensively in the fields of clinical applications of Gestalt psychology, key concepts of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy,

neg: Karl Bühler Psychology. He died in Los Angeles. Karl Bühler Karl Ludwig Bühler (27 May 1879 – 24 October 1963) was a German psychologist and linguist. In psychology he is known for his work in gestalt psychology, and he was one of the founders of the Würzburg School of psychology. In linguistics he is known for his organon model of communication and his treatment of deixis as a linguistic phenomenon. He was the dissertation advisor of Karl Popper. Bühler was born in Meckesheim. In 1899 he started medical school at the University of Freiburg, where he received his doctorate in 1903. He

neg: Edgar Rubin theories became influential within Gestalt psychology, yet Rubin is typically not included among the early influentials. Nor did he consider himself a Gestalt psychologist, being "sceptical of their attempts to construct wide-ranging theories". Nevertheless, his terminology was retained and featured in Kurt Koffka's "Principles of Gestalt Psychology". In 1922, Rubin became Professor of Psychology at the University of Copenhagen, a position he held until his death in 1951. Edgar Rubin Edgar John Rubin (September 6, 1886 - May 3, 1951) was a Danish psychologist/phenomenologist, remembered for his work on figure-ground perception as seen in such optical illusions like the Rubin

neg: Vladimir Bekhterev would later become the basis of Reflexology, Gestalt Psychology, and especially behaviorism, an area which would later revolutionize the field of psychology and the manner in which the science of psychology is conducted. The rise of Soviet sociolinguistics from the ashes of völkerpsychologie. Journal of the History of the behavioral Sciences. Without Bekhterev’s beliefs about how to best conduct research, it is possible that these important approaches to psychology may have never been established. Bekhterev founded the Psychoneurological Institute at the St. Petersburg State Medical Academy; however, he was forced to resign in 1913 as a professor at the Military

neg: Gestalt psychology is "something else" than the sum of its parts" is often incorrectly translated as "The whole is "greater" than the sum of its parts", and thus used when explaining gestalt theory, and further incorrectly applied to systems theory. Koffka did not like the translation. He firmly corrected students who replaced "other" with "greater". "This is not a principle of addition" he said. The whole has an independent existence. In the study of perception, Gestalt psychologists stipulate that perceptions are the products of complex interactions among various stimuli. Contrary to the behaviorist approach to focusing on stimulus and response, gestalt psychologists

neg: Wolfgang Metzger Wolfgang Metzger Wolfgang Metzger (born July 22, 1899 in Heidelberg, Germany; died December 20, 1979 in Bebenhausen, Germany) is considered one of the main representatives of Gestalt psychology (Gestalt theory) in Germany. Metzger's most widely acclaimed work is "Psychologie: Die Entwicklung ihrer Grundannahmen seit der Einführung des Experiments" (Psychology: The development of basic principles since the introduction of the experimental method). It portrays systematically the foundations of psychology, including the different kinds of psychological reality, the problems associated with reference systems, order, and much more. Pivotal in its discussions is the cumulative knowledge, at that time, of the entire Gestalt

neg: Bender-Gestalt Test child clinical psychology. It is important to note that when the test-taker has a mental age is less than 9, brain damage, a nonverbal learning disability, or an emotional problem, an error can occur in the results of the test. Bender-Gestalt Test The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test (abbreviated as Bender-Gestalt test) is a psychological test used by mental health practitioners that assesses visual-motor functioning, developmental disorders, and neurological impairments in children ages 3 and older and adults. The test consists of nine index cards picturing different geometric designs. The cards are presented individually and test subjects are asked to

neg: Gestalt psychology of "" (in the German language, "pithiness"), which says that we tend to order our experience in a manner that is regular, orderly, symmetrical, and simple. Gestalt psychologists attempt to discover refinements of the law of "prägnanz", and this involves writing down laws that, hypothetically, allow us to predict the interpretation of sensation, what are often called "gestalt laws". A major aspect of Gestalt psychology is that it implies that the mind understands external stimuli as whole rather than the sum of their parts. The wholes are structured and organized using grouping laws. The various laws are called "laws" or

neg: George Stout contains numerous references to Franz Brentano, Kazimierz Twardowski, Carl Stumpf, Christian von Ehrenfels, and Alexius Meinong. The term "analytic psychology" is a translation of Brentano's term "descriptive psychology" (cf. also "Analytic psychology (Dilthey)"). Stout was appointed to a new lectureship in Comparative Psychology at the University of Aberdeen in 1896, before becoming reader in mental philosophy at the University of Oxford (1898–1902), where he published his "Manual of Psychology" in 1899. This work formulated many principles later developed experimentally by the Gestalt school of psychology. Leaving Oxford, from 1903 to 1936, Stout served as professor of logic and metaphysics at

neg: Karl Bühler Karl Bühler Karl Ludwig Bühler (27 May 1879 – 24 October 1963) was a German psychologist and linguist. In psychology he is known for his work in gestalt psychology, and he was one of the founders of the Würzburg School of psychology. In linguistics he is known for his organon model of communication and his treatment of deixis as a linguistic phenomenon. He was the dissertation advisor of Karl Popper. Bühler was born in Meckesheim. In 1899 he started medical school at the University of Freiburg, where he received his doctorate in 1903. He continued working as an assistant, and

neg: Buddhism and psychology Price (who developed Gestalt Practice by including Buddhist meditation). According to Crocker, an important Buddhist element of Gestalt is that a “person is simply allowing what-is in the present moment to reveal itself to him and out of that receptivity is responding with ‘no-mind’”. More recently, Claudio Naranjo has written about the practice of Gestalt and Tibetan Buddhism. Both existential and humanistic models of human psychology stress the importance of personal responsibility and freedom of choice, ideas which are central to Buddhist ethics and psychology. Humanistic psychology's focus on developing the ‘fully functioning person’ (Carl Rogers) and self actualization (Maslow)

neg: Gestalt Practice Gestalt Practice Gestalt Practice is a contemporary form of personal exploration and integration developed by Dick Price at the Esalen Institute. The objective of the practice is to become more fully aware of the process of living within a unified field of body, mind, relationship, earth and spirit. "Gestalt" is a German word that denotes form, shape or configuration, and connotes wholeness. Practice is an ongoing program or process of development. Gestalt Practice is an ongoing process of integrating human awareness across a broad spectrum of consciousness. Initially, Gestalt was used as a psychological term in Gestalt psychology. Then Fritz

neg: Wolfgang Köhler theory (from the German word for "shape" or "form"), aspects of which are indebted to the earlier work of Stumpf (Köhler's teacher) and Christian von Ehrenfels (whose lectures at the University of Prague Wertheimer had attended). In an introduction to the book, "The Task of Gestalt Psychology," Carroll Pratt emphasizes Köhler's irritation at misinterpretation of his famous quote, "The whole is different from the sum of its parts". Though perhaps a simple error made in translation, many lectures in textbooks of modern-day psychology refer to Gestalt theory by saying "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts". When

neg: Steve Andreas Steve Andreas Steve Andreas (born John O. Stevens; 1935 – September 7, 2018) was an American psychotherapist and author specializing in Neuro-linguistic programming. Steve Andreas is the son of Barry Stevens, a writer and gestalt therapist. He founded Real People Press, a publisher of works on psychology and personal change in 1967, in order to publish a book by Carl Rogers and Barry Stevens entitled "Person to Person". Andreas got a BA in chemistry from Caltech in 1957, then worked as a chemist at Shell. Afterwards he went to graduate school at Brandeis University under Abraham Maslow and received an

neg: Structuralism (psychology) conscious experience. This also received criticism from the Gestalt school of psychology, which argues that the mind cannot be broken down into individual elements. Besides theoretical attacks, structuralism was criticized for excluding and ignoring important developments happening outside of structuralism. For instance, structuralism did not concern itself with the study of animal behavior, and personality. Titchener himself was criticized for not using his psychology to help answer practical problems. Instead, Titchener was interested in seeking pure knowledge that to him was more important than commonplace issues. One alternative theory to structuralism, to which Titchener took offense, was functionalism (functional psychology).

neg: Joseph Zinker in Russian Literature, Psychology, Philosophy and Art at Queens College and New York University. Then he earned a Master of Science and a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland (in 1963). His doctoral dissertation, "Rosa Lee: Motivation and the Crisis of Dying" (1966) became his first publication. In the 1960s, he trained with Fritz Perls, a German-born who was one of the founders of Gestalt therapy, and other psychiatrists and psychotherapists. He became a Gestalt therapist and was a co-founder of the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland. At this institute, he was during a long time

neg: Zeigarnik effect Zeigarnik effect In psychology, the Zeigarnik effect states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks. In Gestalt psychology, the Zeigarnik effect has been used to demonstrate the general presence of Gestalt phenomena: not just appearing as perceptual effects, but also present in cognition. Psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik first studied the phenomenon after her professor, Gestalt psychologist Kurt Lewin, noticed that a waiter had better recollections of still unpaid orders. However, after the completion of the task – after everyone had paid – he was unable to remember any more details of the orders. Zeigarnik, then, designed a

neg: Steve Andreas MA degree in psychology in 1961. After working as an analytical chemist for the U.S. Bureau of Mines for a year, he got a junior college teaching credential, and taught psychology and social science at Diablo Valley College in Pleasant Hill CA from 1962 to 1970. He was introduced to Gestalt therapy in 1967 by Fritz Perls, and edited his books, "Gestalt Therapy Verbatim" and "In and Out the Garbage Pail". He wrote "Awareness", a book of exercises based on Gestalt Therapy in 1971. In 1971 he retired from teaching to focus on running Real People Press and setting up

neg: Renzo Canestrari Renzo Canestrari Renzo Antonio Bartolomeo Canestrari (August 19, 1924 in Piagge, Italy – January 28, 2017 in Bologna, Italy) was an Italian psychiatrist. A student of Giulio Cesare Pupilli and Cesare Musatti, he was one of the foremost pioneers in the rebirth of Italian psychology after World War II, as well as the founder of the Bologna School of Gestalt Psychology and the guiding force behind it for 40 years. In 1957 he became professor of general psychology at the University of Salerno, then - from 1960 on - the first full professor of clinical psychology at the University of

neg: Mary Henle (APA) Division of the History of Psychology (1971-1972), presidency of the APA's division Philosophical Psychology (1974-1795), and as the president of the Eastern Psychological Association (1981-1982). Mary Henle Mary Henle (July 14, 1913 in Cleveland, Ohio ; † November 17, 2007 in Haverford, Pennsylvania) was an American psychologist who's known most notably for her contributions to Gestalt Psychology and for her involvement in the American Psychological Association. Henle also taught at the New School of Social Research in New York; she was involved in the writing of eight book publications and also helped develop the first psychology laboratory manual in

neg: Gestalt therapy considered an experienced clinician. Gestalt therapy was influenced by psychoanalysis: it was part of a continuum moving from the early work of Freud, to the later Freudian ego analysis, to Wilhelm Reich and his character analysis and notion of character armor, with attention to nonverbal behavior; this was consonant with Laura Perls's background in dance and movement therapy. To this was added the insights of academic Gestalt psychology, including "perception", "Gestalt formation", and the tendency of organisms to "complete an incomplete Gestalt" and to form "wholes" in experience. Central to Fritz and Laura Perls's modifications of psychoanalysis was the concept

neg: Field theory (psychology) Field theory (psychology) Field theory is a psychological theory (more precisely: Topological and vector psychology) which examines patterns of interaction between the individual and the total field, or environment. The concept first made its appearance in psychology with roots to the holistic perspective of Gestalt theories. It was developed by Kurt Lewin, a Gestalt psychologist, in the 1940s. Lewin's field theory can be expressed by a formula: B = f(p,e), meaning that behavior (B) is a function of the person (p) and their environment (e). Early philosophers believed the body to have a rational, inner nature that helped guide our

neg: Edwin C. Nevis Edwin C. Nevis Edwin C. Nevis (May 20, 1926, Brooklyn, New York – May 20, 2011, Wellfleet, Massachusetts) was a gestalt therapist who identified Maslow's hierarchy of needs as culturally relative and formulated a hierarchy of needs for Chinese culture and a mode of classifying hierarchies of needs in different cultures. He co-founded the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland and founded the Gestalt International Study Center, and was a faculty member in management at the MIT Sloan School of Management. Nevis was born in Brooklyn on May 20, 1926. He earned an undergraduate degree from City College of New York, a

neg: Shelia Guberman - 2017: , "Gestalt Theory Rearranged: Back to Wertheimer", in "Frontiers in Psychology", https://www.frontiersin.org - 2015: "On Gestalt Theory Principles", "Gestalt Theory, 37"(1), 25 - 44. - 2012 (with Vadim V. Maximov and Alex Pashintsev): "Gestalt and Image Understanding", "Gestalt Theory, 34"(2), 143 - 166. - 2013: Critical review of Desolneux, Moisan & Morel (2008): From Gestalt Theory to Image Analysis. In: "Gestalt Theory 35"(2), 183-206. - 2008: What is «self-organization»? A journey of a small child. 7th Congress of the UES Systems Science European Union Lisbon, Dec. 17-19, 2008. - 2004: “Reflections on Ludwig Bertalanffy’s “General System Theory: Foundations,

neg: Robert Morris Ogden first and principal proponent of Gestalt psychology in America." Similarly, in his review of Ogden's 1926 "Psychology and education", D. T. Howard, a professor of psychology at Northwestern University, called Ogden's use of Gestalt psychology "a pioneer work." As Dean, he invited German-born psychologists Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Lewin to teach at Cornell. Ogden served as the sixth president of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology in 1913. He served as the Secretary-Treasurer of the American Psychological Association from 1913 to 1916, and on its Council from 1918 to 1920. He also served as the chairman of

neg: Mary Henle psychology and Gestalt therapy (mainly in the US) (see links). Henle's essay was criticized by some representatives of Gestalt therapy with the argument that Henle unilaterally refers only to Perls' three recent books and ignores the rest of Gestalt therapy literature, and thereby creates a distorting image of Gestalt theraopy. Henle had their choice, however, already justified in their paper so that Perls himself had explained his earlier works in retrospect. In addition, she was not to pass judgment on the psychotherapeutic treatment method, but getting to grips with some meta-theoretical statements of Perls and their relation to Gestalt theory.

neg: Abraham S. Luchins Abraham S. Luchins Abraham S. Luchins (March 8, 1914 – December 27, 2005) was one of the most important American Gestalt Psychologists and a pioneer of group psychotherapy. He was born in Brooklyn, New York and died in Albany. Luchins was a student and staff member of Max Wertheimer, the main originator of Gestalt Psychology. After Max Wertheimer fled to the USA and started lecturing at the New School for Social Research, Luchins worked as his assistant and became one of his closest collaborators from 1936 till 1942. He is well known for his research on the role of a

neg: Max Wertheimer Max Wertheimer Max Wertheimer (April 15, 1880 – October 12, 1943) was an Austro-Hungarian-born psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler. He is known for his book, "Productive Thinking", and for conceiving the phi phenomenon as part of his work in Gestalt psychology. Wertheimer became interested in psychology and studied under Carl Stumpf at the University of Berlin. Wertheimer then went on to obtain his PhD in 1904 under Oswald Külpe, at the University of Würzburg and then began his intellectual career teaching at the Frankfurt University. For a

neg: Ralph Hefferline Ralph Hefferline Ralph Franklin Hefferline (15 February 1910 in Muncie, Indiana – 16 March 1974) was a psychology professor at Columbia University. Hefferline became a patient of Fritz Perls around 1946. He joined a small training group led by Perls in 1948 in New York, and went on to contribute a chapter to the book which defined Gestalt Therapy, "Gestalt Therapy, Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality", co-authored by Perls, Paul Goodman and Hefferline, published in 1951. He was the third and junior author and provided the section containing practical exercises. He went on to join the Behaviourist school

neg: History of psychology had been a student of Austrian philosopher, Christian von Ehrenfels (1859–1932), who claimed that in addition to the sensory elements of a perceived object, there is an extra element which, though in some sense derived from the organization of the standard sensory elements, is also to be regarded as being an element in its own right. He called this extra element "Gestalt-qualität" or "form-quality." For instance, when one hears a melody, one hears the notes plus something in addition to them which binds them together into a tune – the "Gestalt-qualität". It is the presence of this "Gestalt-qualität" which, according

neg: Gestalt psychology gestalt theory's influence on the study of visual perception: Gestalt psychologists find it is important to think of problems as a whole. Max Wertheimer considered thinking to happen in two ways: productive and reproductive. Productive thinking is solving a problem with insight. This is a quick insightful unplanned response to situations and environmental interaction. Reproductive thinking is solving a problem with previous experiences and what is already known. (1945/1959). This is a very common thinking. For example, when a person is given several segments of information, he/she deliberately examines the relationships among its parts, analyzes their purpose, concept, and totality,

neg: Gestalt therapy movement toward personal growth and the human potential movement in California fed into, and was itself influenced by, Gestalt therapy. In this process Gestalt therapy somehow became a "coherent Gestalt", which is the Gestalt psychology term for a perceptual unit that holds together and forms a unified whole. Fritz Perls trained as a neurologist at major medical institutions and as a Freudian psychoanalyst in Berlin and Vienna, the most important international centers of the discipline in his day. He worked as a training analyst for several years with the official recognition of the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA), and must be

neg: Visual communication the stage for what would make him one of the most intellectual people to have ever explored visual communication. His work includes important novels on the dehumanizing aspects of scientific progress, most famously "Brave New World" and "The Art of Seeing". He described "seeing" as being the sum of sensing, selecting, and perceiving. One of his most famous quotes is "The more you see, the more you know." Max Wertheimer is said to be the father of Gestalt psychology. Gestalt means "form" or "shape" in German, and the study of Gestalt psychology show emphasis in simplicity, as its properties group

neg: Field theory (psychology) could possibly affect life later on, due to the change in field. This is a good example of how broad field theory can span, as a person's preconciousness may be altered due to field changes that occurred before any major development. Field theory is a rather obscure aspect of Gestalt theory, a doctrine that includes many important methods and discoveries. It is a crucial building block to the foundation of Gestalt psychologists' concepts and applications. There is some confusion as to the basics of field theory, causing misconceptions of how it should be used in Gestalt therapy. Field theory (psychology)

neg: Richard Bandler around San Francisco. Bandler obtained a BA degree in philosophy and psychology from the University of California, Santa Cruz, in 1973, and an MA degree in psychology from Lone Mountain College in San Francisco in 1975. Bandler helped Robert Spitzer edit "The Gestalt Approach" (1973) based on a manuscript by gestalt therapist Fritz Perls (who had died in 1970). He also assisted with checking transcripts for "Eye Witness to Therapy" (1973). According to Spitzer, "[Bandler] came out of it talking and acting like Fritz Perls." While a student at University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) Bandler also led a Gestalt

neg: Wolfgang Metzger of which he was honorary chairman. Wolfgang Metzger Wolfgang Metzger (born July 22, 1899 in Heidelberg, Germany; died December 20, 1979 in Bebenhausen, Germany) is considered one of the main representatives of Gestalt psychology (Gestalt theory) in Germany. Metzger's most widely acclaimed work is "Psychologie: Die Entwicklung ihrer Grundannahmen seit der Einführung des Experiments" (Psychology: The development of basic principles since the introduction of the experimental method). It portrays systematically the foundations of psychology, including the different kinds of psychological reality, the problems associated with reference systems, order, and much more. Pivotal in its discussions is the cumulative knowledge, at

neg: Integrative body psychotherapy miscarriages and abortions. Jack Lee Rosenberg, the founder of integrative body psychotherapy (IBP), began his professional career as a dentist in 1958. He was teaching, doing research, and studying at the University of California Dental School when he became the Director of Counseling at the University of the Pacific, School of Dentistry. In 1971, Rosenberg received his doctorate in clinical psychology and began practicing psychotherapy. In 1963, Rosenberg began traveling to the Esalen Institute, in Big Sur, California, where he studied with the leaders of the Human Potential Movement: Fritz Perls (Gestalt therapy), Abraham Maslow, Alexander Lowen, Will Shuts, John

neg: Wolfgang Metzger later through Oliver Brachfeld who was in Münster from 1960 to 1965. Together with Brachfeld he founded in 1964 the German "Alfred Adler Society" which became in 1970 the "German Society for Individual Psychology". Metzger was president of the 16th International Congress for Psychology in 1960 in Bonn. From 1962 until 1964, he was president of the "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie". He was also highly committed to activities associated with his membership in the "Association de Psychologie de la Langue Française". Metzger's legacy is carried forth in the "Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications" (GTA), an international multidisciplinary organization,

neg: Solomon Asch Solomon Asch Solomon Eliot Asch (September 14, 1907 – February 20, 1996) was a Polish gestalt psychologist and pioneer in social psychology in the United States. He created seminal pieces of work in impression formation, prestige suggestion, conformity, and many other topics in social psychology. His work follows a common theme of Gestalt psychology that the whole is not only greater than the sum of its parts, but the nature of the whole fundamentally alters the parts. Asch stated: "Most social acts have to be understood in their setting, and lose meaning if isolated. No error in thinking about social

neg: Charis Tsevis Design course at the Scuola Politecnica di Design, a school with a long and strong relationship with Gestalt psychology. Charis Tsevis acknowledges that he has found in Gestalt the solid ground on which he could base his artwork. Returning in Athens after Milan Charis Tsevis works initially for “Ta Nea Ton Grafikon Techno” (Graphic Art News) a monthly publication that had a big influence on the Greek design scene. He left the magazine in 1997 and found his own studio serving Greek clients especially books publishers and media houses. Charis Tsevis was also dedicating a good part of his life

neg: Naïve realism (psychology) psychology." Lee Ross and fellow psychologist Andrew Ward have outlined three interrelated assumptions, or "tenets," that make up naïve realism. They argue that these assumptions are supported by a long line of thinking in social psychology, along with several empirical studies. According to their model, people: Naïve realism follows from a subjectivist tradition in modern social psychology, which traces its roots back to one of the field's founders, a German-American psychologist named Kurt Lewin. Lewin's ideas were strongly informed by Gestalt psychology, a 20th-century school of thought which focused on examining psychological phenomena in context, as parts of a whole.

neg: Psychology of art aesthetic education of children prepares the child for a life in a complex democracy. Dewey himself played a seminal role in setting up the program of the Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia, which became famous for its attempt to integrate art into the classroom experience. The growth of art psychology between 1950 and 1970 also coincided with the expansion of art history and museum programs. The popularity of Gestalt psychology in the 1950s added further weight to the discipline. The seminal work was "Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality" (1951), that was co-authored by Fritz Perls, Paul Goodman,

neg: Holism in science by later perceptual psychologists. Gestalt psychology had influence on Fritz Perls' gestalt therapy, although some old-line gestaltists opposed the association with counter-cultural and New Age trends later associated with gestalt therapy. Gestalt theory was also influential on phenomenology. Aron Gurwitsch wrote on the role of the field of consciousness in gestalt theory in relation to phenomenology. Maurice Merleau-Ponty made much use of holistic psychologists such as work of Kurt Goldstein in his "Phenomenology of Perception." Alfred Adler believed that the individual (an integrated whole expressed through a self-consistent unity of thinking, feeling, and action, moving toward an unconscious, fictional final

neg: Holism without credit) by later perceptual psychologists. Gestalt psychology had influence on Fritz Perls' gestalt therapy, although some old-line gestaltists opposed the association with counter-cultural and New Age trends later associated with gestalt therapy. Gestalt theory was also influential on phenomenology. Aron Gurwitsch wrote on the role of the field of consciousness in gestalt theory in relation to phenomenology. Maurice Merleau-Ponty made much use of holistic psychologists such as work of Kurt Goldstein in his "Phenomenology of Perception". Alfred Adler believed that the individual (an integrated whole expressed through a self-consistent unity of thinking, feeling, and action, moving toward an unconscious,

neg: Kurt Lewin been involved with schools of behavioral psychology before changing directions in research and undertaking work with psychologists of the Gestalt school of psychology, including Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Kohler. He also joined the Psychological Institute of the University of Berlin where he lectured and gave seminars on both philosophy and psychology. He served as a professor at the University of Berlin from 1926 to 1932, during which time he conducted experiments about tension states, needs, motivation, and learning. In 1933, Lewin had tried to negotiate a teaching position as the chair of psychology as well as the creation of a

neg: Friedrich Schumann (psychologist) Psychology in Frankfurt on the Main. Led by Schumann, the experimental psychological laboratory in Frankfurt made an important contribution to the formation of the Frankfurt and Berlin School of Gestalt psychology (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Goldstein, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka). Friedrich Schumann (psychologist) Friedrich Schumann (1863–1940) was a German psychologist. Friedrich Schumann habilitated in 1892 with Georg Elias Müller in Göttingen. From 1894 to 1905, he was assistant to Carl Stumpf in Berlin. In 1904, he was a founding member of the "Society for Experimental Psychology" in Giessen (renamed "German Psychological Society" in 1929). From 1905 to 1910, he was professor

neg: Eric Trist interested in Psychology, Gestalt psychology, and Psychoanalysis, and went on to read psychology under Frederic Bartlett. At that time (1932/3) Trist has said he was very interested in articles by Kurt Lewin. When Kurt Lewin (who was Jewish) left Germany as Adolf Hitler came to power, he travelled to Palestine via the USA, stopping off in England, where Trist briefly met him and showed him around Cambridge. Trist graduated in Psychology in 1933, with a distinction, and went to Yale University in the USA and again met Lewin, who was at Cornell University and then Iowa. He visited B. F.

neg: Janie Rhyne the university, she learned for herself painting, psychology, homesteading, canning, and people, all of which provided a period of foundation for becoming a therapist. In 1956, Rhyne received a Master of Arts from FSU in art and cultural anthropology. From 1965 to 1967, she trained at the San Francisco Gestalt institution as a gestalt therapist with Fritz Perls, who was the founder of Gestalt therapy. The training with Perls was most influential for her career, and convinced her that she was a Gestalt therapist who used art and led to her interest in art as therapy. In 1973, she published

neg: Gestalt psychology by David Hume, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Immanuel Kant, David Hartley, and Ernst Mach. Max Wertheimer's unique contribution was to insist that the "gestalt" is perceptually primary, defining the parts it was composed from, rather than being a secondary quality that emerges from those parts, as von Ehrenfels's earlier "Gestalt-Qualität" had been. Both von Ehrenfels and Edmund Husserl seem to have been inspired by Mach's work "Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen" (Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations, 1886), in formulating their very similar concepts of "gestalt" and "figural moment", respectively. On the philosophical foundations of these ideas see Foundations of

neg: Gestalt qualities be a unitary presentation, which is uncharacteristically associated with the presentations of the related complex of tones. All of the above properties of perception – the constant figure, the background – in gestalt is in a relationship with each other and represents a new property. This is the gestalt form quality. The integrity of the perception and its order are achieved through the following principles of Gestalt psychology: By pointing out that Gestalt qualities are subject to abstraction Ehrenfels provided, at the same time and apparently without realizing it, the "counterweight to the individualistic tendencies" of which he speaks in

neg: Gestalt qualities time. This discovery later led to the famous Gestalt effect discovered by Max Wertheimer. A formed Gestalt always is entire, complete structures with clearly defined contours. Quality “trans – positivity” manifested in the fast that the image of the whole remains even if all parts change in its material. But Ehrenfels did more than baptize the new movement. With great discernment he immediately alluded to many of the questions that the Gestalt problem raises in the minds of thoughtful theorists even today. Beginning with a few remarks about the history of Gestalt psychology—because not all chapters of this history are

neg: Quantum cognition oscillations and how these periods change with frequency of measurement. Quantum theory and an appropriate model have been developed by Elio Conte to account for interference effects obtained with measurements of ambiguous figures. There are apparent similarities between Gestalt perception and quantum theory. In an article discussing the application of Gestalt to chemistry, Anton Amann writes: "Quantum mechanics does "not" explain Gestalt perception, of course, but in quantum mechanics and Gestalt psychology there exist almost isomorphic conceptions and problems: Amann comments: "The structural similarities between Gestalt perception and quantum mechanics are on a level of a parable, but even parables

neg: Akiyoshi Kitaoka Akiyoshi Kitaoka In 1984, he received a BSc from the Department of Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan, where he studied animal psychology (burrowing behavior in rats) and (at the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience) neuronal activity of the inferotemporal cortex in macaque monkeys. After his 1991 PhD from the Institute of Psychology, University of Tsukuba, he specialized in visual perception and visual illusions of geometrical shape, brightness, color, in motion illusions and other visual phenomena like Gestalt completion and perceptual transparency, based on a modern conception of Gestalt Psychology. He became renowned through his "Rotating Snakes" peripheral drift illusion

neg: Fritz Perls Fritz Perls Friedrich (Frederick) Salomon Perls (July 8, 1893 – March 14, 1970), better known as Fritz Perls, was a noted German-born psychiatrist and psychotherapist. Perls coined the term 'Gestalt therapy' to identify the form of psychotherapy that he developed with his wife, Laura Perls, in the 1940s and 1950s. Perls became associated with the Esalen Institute in 1964, and he lived there until 1969. His approach to psychotherapy is related to, but not identical to, Gestalt psychology, and it is different from Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy. The core of the Gestalt Therapy process is enhanced awareness of sensation, perception, bodily

neg: Neural binding which has its roots in the ancient philosophical study of the same problems. Today, there is a close interplay between neuroscience and psychology, which is especially relevant to neural binding. Gestalt psychology is a field that has been intertwined with neural binding due to its advances in conceptualizing how the brain views objects, reacts to stimuli, and then reacts on a global level. Since Gestalt Psychology has become so involved, “grouping” has become an important part of understanding neural binding. The scientists that supported this theory were solely focused on the idea that mechanisms in the brain operated preattentively. "Grouping"

neg: Kurt Koffka Kurt Koffka Kurt Koffka (March 18, 1886 – November 22, 1941) was a German psychologist. He was born and educated in Berlin. Along with Max Wertheimer and his close associates Wolfgang Kohler they established Gestalt psychology. Koffka’s interests were wide-ranging, and they included: perception, hearing impairments in brain-damaged patients, interpretation, learning, and the extension of Gestalt theory to developmental psychology. Kurt Koffka was born on March 18, 1886 in Berlin. His father Emil Koffka was a lawyer and his younger brother Friedrich became a judge. His mother Luis Levy was of Jewish descent but listed herself as Protestant. In 1909,

neg: Rudolf Arnheim the psychology department, most of the psychology concerned Gestalt Psychology. The Psychological Institute of Berlin University was located on two floors of the Imperial Palace, so Arnheim worked in makeshift laboratories decorated with paintings of angels and other artwork. This institute was more of a workshop because everyone was doing experiments and using each other rather than sitting in lectures. For Arnheim's dissertation, Max Wertheimer asked him to study human facial expressions and handwriting and how they corresponded. He looked at the extent to which people perceive an expression when they look at a face and what they perceive from