query: when did the second sino japanese war start

pos: Second Sino-Japanese War the Battle of Taierzhuang where dynamite and grenades were strapped on by Chinese troops who rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up. During one incident at Taierzhuang, Chinese suicide bombers destroyed four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles. Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from July 7, 1937, to September 2, 1945. It began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937 in which a dispute between Japanese and Chinese troops escalated into a battle. China fought Japan with aid from the Soviet

pos: Battle of Nanking city Japanese soldiers massacred Chinese prisoners of war, murdered civilians, and committed acts of looting and rape in an event known as the Nanking Massacre. Though Japan's military victory excited and emboldened them, the subsequent massacre tarnished their reputation in the eyes of the world. Contrary to Matsui's expectations, China did not surrender and the Second Sino-Japanese War continued for another eight years. The conflict which would become known as the Second Sino-Japanese War started on July 7, 1937, with a skirmish at Marco Polo Bridge which escalated rapidly into a full-scale war in northern China between the armies of

pos: Second Sino-Japanese War Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from July 7, 1937, to September 2, 1945. It began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937 in which a dispute between Japanese and Chinese troops escalated into a battle. China fought Japan with aid from the Soviet Union and the United States. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the war merged with other conflicts of World War II as a major sector known as the China Burma India Theater. Some scholars consider

pos: Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941) and industrial infrastructure into Sichuan. The outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War on July 7, 1937, destroyed much of the progress and promises made earlier. Hitler chose Japan as his ally against the Soviet Union, because Japan was militarily capable. In addition, the Sino-Soviet Nonaggression Pact of August 21, 1937, did not help to change Hitler's mind, despite protest from Chinese lobbying and German investors. However, Hitler did agree to have Hapro finish shipments already ordered by China, but did not allow any more orders from Nanking to be taken. There were plans of a German-mediated peace between China and

pos: Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression The Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression () or Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War Memorial Hall is a museum and memorial hall in Beijing. It is the most comprehensive museum in China about the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945. It began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937 in which a dispute between Japanese and Chinese troops escalated

neg: Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War began on 7 July 1937 with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in the Republic of China. The war, by some seen as the start of World War II, ended when the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945. By the end of July 1937, fighting had escalated into a full-scale war and both countries deployed their air forces, ground troops, and warships into combat. Japanese heavy bombers also extensively bombed Chinese factories, airfields and conducted the first major air-raids against civilian targets in the war. At

neg: Second Sino-Japanese War the start of the full-scale Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 to have been the beginning of World War II. The Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. It accounted for the majority of civilian and military casualties in the Pacific War, with between 10 and 25 million Chinese civilians and over 4 million Chinese and Japanese military personnel dying from war-related violence, famine, and other causes. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policy to expand its influence politically and militarily in order to secure access to raw material reserves, food, and

neg: Fang Yi until his death. On 17 October 1997, Fang Yi died in Beijing at the age of 81. Fang Yi married his wife Yin Sen (殷森) in 1940, when he was fighting in Anhui Province during the Sino-Japanese War. Because his parents died early, he did not know his own birthdate until he got in touch with relatives when he was 60. Fang Yi Fang Yi (; 26 February 1916 – 17 October 1997) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, diplomat, and high-ranking politician. As a military leader, he participated in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. After the

neg: Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War were courted by both Chinese and Japanese generals, but tended to fight against the Japanese, with or without the support of higher echelons of other Chinese factions. Japan attempted to reach out to ethnic minorities to rally to their side during the Second Sino-Japanese War, but only succeeded with Manchukuo and Mengjiang. During the Second Sino-Japanese war the Japanese followed what has been referred to as a "killing policy" and destroyed many mosques. According to Wan Lei, "Statistics showed that the Japanese destroyed 220 mosques and

neg: He–Umezu Agreement indignation and anti-Japanese sentiment in China. The truce lasted until 7 July 1937, with the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War. He–Umezu Agreement The (); was a secret agreement between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China concluded on 10 June 1935, 2 years prior to the outbreak of general hostilities in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Since 1931, Japan had been fabricating numerous incidents and skirmishes, and in the process, violating Chinese sovereignty. The Tanggu Truce established a demilitarized zone between Japanese-occupied territories and northern China in 1933, but conflict continued unabated via proxy armies in Inner Mongolia.

neg: Mako Guard District Japanese invasion of Taiwan in the First Sino-Japanese War. Mako was designated a third echelon naval port, or on 4 July 1901. It served as a staging point and refueling base in the Russo-Japanese War, and especially during the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Mako was upgraded to full Guard District status on 20 November 1941, and served as a staging group and supply base for the invasion of the Philippines and other naval operations in Southeast Asia after the start of the Pacific War. In 1943, the base was relocated to Takao on the Taiwanese mainland. Mako

neg: Second Sino-Japanese War "Second Sino-Japanese War" is not commonly used in Japan as the war it fought with the Qing dynasty in 1894 is called the Qing-Japanese War () rather than the First Sino-Japanese War. The origin of the Second Sino-Japanese War can be traced to the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, in which China, then under the Qing dynasty, was defeated by Japan and was forced to cede Formosa, and to recognize the full and complete independence of Korea in the Treaty of Shimonoseki; Japan had also allegedly annexed the Diaoyudao/Senkaku Islands in early 1895 as a result being the victors of

neg: Shikumen Sino-Japanese War completely disrupted the property market in Shanghai. It was common for families who could not afford the rent on a whole house to sub-let some of the rooms. They were known as "second landlords" (, "èr fángdōng") (as opposed to the head-landlord (, "dà fángdōng")). "Second landlords" often lived in the same shikumen residence with their tenants. The phenomenon blossomed after the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War: with refugees rushing into the unoccupied concessions from the Chinese zones in Hongkou and Zhabei, and further afield, there was dramatically increased demand for housing in the concessions. "Second landlords"

neg: Free China (Second Sino-Japanese War) Free China (Second Sino-Japanese War) The term Free China, in the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War, refers to those areas of China not under the control of the Imperial Japanese Army or any of its puppet governments, such as Manchukuo, the Mengjiang government in Suiyuan and Chahar, or the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in Peiping (now Beijing). The term came into more frequent use after the Battle of Nanjing, when Chiang Kai-shek evacuated the government of the Republic of China to Chungking (now Chongqing). In the final days of the Battle of Nanking, the Republic of

neg: Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II American pamphlets telling of the offer and stated that uninformed soldiers might start an uprising if this fell into their hands. The Cabinet agreed that the proclamation had to come from the emperor himself, although in concession to his position it was decided to make it a recording rather than a live broadcast. The Kyūjō Incident, attempting to prevent the broadcast, failed. Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II Propaganda in imperial Japan, in the period just before and during World War II, was designed to assist the ruling government of Japan during that time.

neg: Type 4 15 cm howitzer subjected to any considerable jolting. Type 4 15 cm Howitzer was considered somewhat obsolescent for frontline combat service from the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, but as insufficient quantities of the Type 96 15 cm howitzer were produced, it remained in service on many fronts during the Pacific War. Against the Chinese, the Type 4 was used with some success due to the fact the Chinese were desperately lacking in heavy artillery in the early part of the war. However, whenever the Japanese did face Chinese heavy artillery typically armed with German 15 cm sFH 18 heavy artillery guns,

neg: Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–36) Second Sino-Japanese War, China fell into civil war between the Chiang Kai Shek's Kuomintang and Mao Zedong's Communist forces. With the victory of Communists, Inner Mongolia returned to centralised Chinese rule and many collaborators were punished. Topographic Maps Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–36) The Inner Mongolian Campaign in the period from 1933 to 1936 were part of the ongoing invasion of northern China by the Empire of Japan prior to the official start of hostilities in the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1931, the invasion of Manchuria secured the creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo and in 1933, Operation Nekka

neg: Second Sino-Japanese War start of the Second Sino-Japanese War. By 1940 the United States had become China's main diplomatic, financial and military supporter. Prior to the war, Germany and China were in close economic and military cooperation, with Germany helping China modernize its industry and military in exchange for raw materials. More than half of German arms exports during its rearmament period were to China. Germany sent military advisers such as Alexander von Falkenhausen to China to help the KMT government reform its armed forces. Some divisions began training to German standards and were to form the core of modernized forces in the

neg: Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War Hohhot after 1954) in Inner Mongolia to drop leaflets which contained the text of Japanese Emperor Hirohito's surrender decree. He was shot down by Japanese anti-aircraft gun fire, and became the last casualty of the Chinese Air Force in the eight-year-long war. On 2 September 1945, hostilities with Japan ended officially with the signing of the instrument of surrender aboard the USS Missouri (BB-63) in Tokyo Bay. Chinese-American Composite Wing (CACW) Some of the aircraft types used in the Second Sino-Japanese War: Chinese and American Air Units Japanese Air Units Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese

neg: Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941) continued for a time following the rise in Germany of the Nazis. However, intense cooperation lasted only until the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. The German cooperation nevertheless had a profound effect on Chinese modernisation and the capability of the Chinese to resist the Japanese in the war. The earliest Sino-German trading occurred overland through Siberia, and was subject to transit taxes by the Russian government. In order to make trading more profitable, Prussia decided to take the sea route and the first German merchant ships arrived in China, then under the Qing dynasty, as part of

neg: Nantou (historic town) at that time ceased to be a county. Most inhabitants in the town were displaced to other counties to the north. Many buildings in the city and the city walls were destroyed to build a boundary wall 50 "li" inland. The second was during the Japanese occupation in the Second Sino-Japanese War when the Japanese built fortifications on the walls. The third and most recent was after Shenzhen was designated a Special Economic Zone in 1980, when surrounding areas start to be rapidly developed. At this time, large numbers of migrants settled in Nantou. A number of historic buildings, including

neg: Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War MP 18) and rifles that were in short supply within the Chinese army prior to the end of World War II. Among officers, the German Parabellum (Luger) 9×19mm semi-automatic pistol was often the weapon of choice. Throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War, particularly in the early years, the NRA also extensively used captured Japanese weapons and equipment as their own were in short supply. Some élite units also used Lend-Lease US equipment as the war progressed. Generally speaking, the regular provincial army divisions did not possess any artillery. However, some Central Army divisions were equipped with 37 mm PaK 35/36 anti-tank

neg: Second Sino-Japanese War claim that a total of 447,000 Japanese soldiers died in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Of the 1,130,000 Imperial Japanese Army soldiers who died during World War II, 39 percent died in China. Then in "War Without Mercy", John W. Dower claim that a total of 396,000 Japanese soldiers died in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Of this number, the Imperial Japanese Army lost 388,605 soldiers and the Imperial Japanese Navy lost 8,000 soldiers. Another 54,000 soldiers also died after the war had ended, mostly from illness and starvation. Of the 1,740,955 Japanese soldiers who died during World

neg: Yu Dafu to Japan. After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese war, he returned to China and worked as a writer of anti-Japanese propaganda in Hangzhou. From 1938 to 1942, he worked as a literary editor for the newspaper "Sin Chew Jit Poh" in Singapore. In 1942 when the Imperial Japanese Army invaded Singapore, he was forced to flee to Sumatra. Known under a different identity, he settled there among other overseas Chinese and began a brewery business with the help of the locals. Later he was forced to help the Japanese military police as an interpreter when it was discovered that

neg: Order of battle of the Battle of Xuzhou Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China. Pg. 221-230 Map 9-1 [2] Maps and discussion posted on Axis History forum 2nd Sino Japanese War. http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=94112&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=30 [3] 抗日战争时期的侵华日军序列沿革 (Order of battle of the Japanese army that invaded China during the Sino Japanese War) [4] Sino-Japanese Air War 1937-45 http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese.htm Chinese Order of battle[1] 5th War Area - Li Tsung-jen Notes: 1st Air Route Command (ARC) [5] 3rd Air Route Command [5] Notes 1st ARC was responsible for supporting the 3rd and 5th War Zones in Anhwei, Chekiang, Fukien, Kiangsi and Kiangsu Provinces. The 3rd ARC had

neg: Kuomintang Islamic insurgency Sino-Japanese War under the command of General Ma Biao and was wounded in action at the Battle of Huaiyang where the Japanese were defeated. Ma Bufang, Ma Hushan, and the other leaders who led the revolt were all former National Revolutionary Army soldiers and Kuomintang members. Many of the Chinese Muslim insurgents were veterans of the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang, Sino-Tibetan War, the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ili Rebellion, and the Chinese Civil War. The Muslim insurgents were all Hui people, Salar people, or Dongxiang people. When Ma Bufang fled after the Ningxia Campaign, he took over $50,000 in military funds

neg: Order of battle for Guangdong Operation of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed., 1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China. [2] 抗日战争时期的侵华日军序列沿革 (Order of battle of the Japanese army that invaded China during the Sino Japanese War) [3] Sino-Japanese Air War 1937-45 http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese.htm [4] Madej, W. Victor Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937-1945 [2 vols] Allentown, PA: 1981 [5] http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/index.htm [6] http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=94112&start=15 [7] http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/p_index.htm Imperial Japanese Navy: People Index [8] http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=880384#880384 [9] From: "Samouraï sur porte-avions" Japanese shipboard groups 1922-1944 580 pages (Lela Presse, www.avions-bateaux.com) March 1938 Order of battle for Guangdong Operation Below

neg: Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression serving the fortress and the museum is called the Garden of sculptures of Sino-Japanese War. It is accessible by bus No. 624, 693, 983 from Wukesong Station and bus No. 301, 309, 339, 661, 662, 715 from Liuliqiao Station. Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression The Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression () or Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War Memorial Hall is a museum and memorial hall in Beijing. It is the most comprehensive museum in China about the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought

neg: Gao Lingwei in October 1924, the armies of the warlord Feng Yuxiang overthrew President Cao Kun, and Gao Lingwei fled to Tianjin, and from there to Shanghai. In 1926, Gao Lingwei returned from Shanghai to Tianjin, where he lived at the Japanese concession. He came into contact there with Duan Qirui, Wang Yitang and Zhang Yanqing, the future foreign minister of Manchukuo) and was active in promoting Sino-Japanese relations. He began cooperating with the Japanese secret services from 1930. In 1935, Gao Lingwei was made a member of the Hebei-Chahar Political Council. After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, he joined

neg: History of Sino-Russian relations in 1934 were dealt a crushing blow when the KMT brought an end to the Chinese Soviet Republic, beginning the CPC's Long March to Shaanxi. In 1931, the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria and created the puppet state of Manchukuo (1932), which signalled the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1937, a month after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Soviet Union established a non-aggression pact with the Republic of China. During the World War II-period, the two countries suffered more losses than any other country, with China (in the Second Sino-Japanese war) losing over 35 million and the

neg: Salt in Chinese history 1914, had built a modern chemical and salt works, with seven production plants at Tianjin. The company eventually manipulated its political networks so that by 1936 it had challenged the monopoly of the salt gabelle in order to take advantage of its more efficient technology but still did not gain a major share of the market. Some salt merchants, such as the Sichuan merchant Zeng Junchen, in the face of rising salt taxes and government monopoly, used their capital and official connections to enter the opium trade. At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japanese troops quickly

neg: World War II Africa and Asia. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and create a common identity. The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland; the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September

neg: Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War Tou Hui of Turkistan, and then Chinese Muslims. The Japanese were trying to spread the false claim that Chinese Muslims were one race, in order to propagate the claim that they should be separated from China into an "independent political organization". The Chinese Kuomintang also sought the Khampas' help in defending Sichuan from Japan, since the temporary capital was located there. A Khampa member of the Mongolian Tibetan Academy was Han Jiaxiang. Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War were courted by both Chinese and Japanese generals, but tended to fight against the

neg: Second Sino-Japanese War the withdrawal of Chinese troops began in March 1946. The Chinese were not entirely devoting all their resources to the Japanese, because they were fighting several other wars at the same time. Rebellion occurred in the Xinjiang province in 1937 when a pro-Soviet Hui general Ma Zhanshan invaded the province accompanied by Soviet troops. The invasion was resisted by another Hui general Ma Hushan of the KMT 36th Division. General Ma Hushan was expecting help from Nanjing, as he exchanged messages with Chiang regarding the Soviet attack. But, both the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Xinjiang War erupted simultaneously leaving

neg: Free China (Second Sino-Japanese War) regime in Chongqing and take ultimate control of mainland China; however, they were forced to surrender before this plan had succeeded. The term "Free area of the Republic of China" was later reused by the Nationalist government after their retreat to Taiwan to contrast their territory with that of the People's Republic of China. Free China (Second Sino-Japanese War) The term Free China, in the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War, refers to those areas of China not under the control of the Imperial Japanese Army or any of its puppet governments, such as Manchukuo, the Mengjiang government in Suiyuan

neg: Eighth Route Army Eighth Route Army The Eighth Route Army (), officially known as the 18th Army Group of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China, was a group army under the command of the Chinese Communist Party, nominally within the structure of the Chinese military headed by the Chinese Nationalist Party during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Eighth Route Army was created from the Chinese Red Army on September 22, 1937, when the Chinese Communists Chinese Nationalists formed the Second United Front against Japan at the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, as World War II is known in China.

neg: Ethnic issues in Japan Japanese military-political doctrines in the Showa period, after a long build-up starting in the Meiji period when only a few "samurai" die-hards did not accept foreigners in Japan. For an exception, see Jewish settlement in the Japanese Empire. Racism was omnipresent in the press during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Greater East Asia War and the media's descriptions of the superiority of the Yamato people was unwaveringly consistent. The first major anti-foreigner publicity campaign, called "Bōchō" (Guard Against Espionage), was launched in 1940 alongside the proclamation of the "Tōa shin Shitsujō" (New Order in East Asia) and its first

neg: He Yingqin Xi'an to fight against Zhang's army. Soong went to Xi'an in person for peace talks and succeeded in rescuing Chiang. When Chiang came back, he distrusted He again. Nonetheless, He kept his position as minister but with little real power. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, He Yingqin was appointed as chief of staff and worked with Chiang for drafting military plans. In 1944, when his title of Minister of War was taken over by Chiang's favorite, Chen Cheng, He was appointed as General Commander of the Chinese Military Area,

neg: Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between 1937 and 1945, involving the military forces of the China and Japan. With Chiang Kai-shek as the highest commander, the NRA is recognized as the unified armed force of China during the war. Throughout its lifespan, it employed approximately 4,300,000 regulars, in 370 Standard Divisions (), 46 New Divisions (), 12 Cavalry Divisions (), eight New Cavalry Divisions (), 66 Temporary Divisions (), and 13 Reserve Divisions (), for a grand total of 515 divisions. However, many divisions were formed from two or more other divisions, and

neg: Japanese migration to Thailand receive consular protection as Japanese nationals. After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the Chinese merchant community engaged in a surprisingly violent boycott of Japanese goods. As relations between Japan and the United Kingdom deteriorated, Japanese expatriates in Singapore and other British territories resettled in Siam to avoid potential internment. The 1941 Japanese invasion and occupation of Thailand brought many more Japanese to the country. After the war ended, the British military authorities repatriated them all to Japan, including the civilians, unless they could prove that they had been long-term residents of the country. Repatriation efforts were

neg: Shōjirō Iida of the 4th Imperial Guards Regiment from 1934 to 1935. He was subsequently Chief of Staff of the IJA 4th Division from 1935 to 1937. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Iida became Chief of Staff of the Japanese First Army in China in 1938. Iida was promoted to lieutenant general in August 1939. He was assigned to command the Taiwan Army of Japan from 1938 to 1939. In 1939, he returned to the Imperial Guard as its commander, and held the post until 1941. With the start of the Pacific War, Iida was transferred south to take

neg: Historical negationism sources, while other more restrained critics note that "his arguments are unconvincing". Anscombe noted that Malcolm, like Serbian and Yugoslav historians who have ignored his conclusions sideline and are unwilling to consider indigenous evidence such as that from the Ottoman archive when composing national history. The history textbook controversy centers upon the secondary school history textbook "Atarashii Rekishi Kyōkasho" ("New History Textbook") said to minimise the nature of Japanese militarism in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), in annexing Korea in 1910, in the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), and in the Pacific Theater of World War II (1941–45). The conservative Japanese

neg: Japanese gunboat Saga Imperial Germany as part of Japanese’ contribution to the Allied cause under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. Subsequently, she was transferred to the Japanese Second Fleet and assigned to patrols in the South China Sea. In September 1924, "Saga" was reassigned to the Japanese First Fleet. Commander Chūichi Nagumo served as captain from 20 March 1926 to 15 October 1926. She was reassigned to the Japanese Third Fleet from June 1931, joining the 11th Sentai in October 1937 after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the start of hostilities in the Second Sino-Japanese War. From 15 December 1938 to 20 October 1939,

neg: Square division major tactical formation, with the division now acting more like a corps headquarters, controlling several relatively autonomous brigades and parceling out support units based on the tactical situation. Imperial Japanese Army divisions were organized as square divisions prior to 1938 when they began to form triangular divisions during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Chinese National Revolutionary Army divisions were organized as square divisions prior to mid-1938 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Square division A square division is a designation given to the way military divisions are organized. In a square organization, the division's main body is composed of four regimental

neg: Masaomi Yasuoka of Staff of the IJA 5th Division in 1932. In 1935, Yasuoka was promoted to major general and given command of the IJA 30th Infantry Brigade. After having served two years (1936 and 1937) as Commandant of the Armored Warfare School, Yasuoka was promoted to lieutenant general and was made commander of the IJA 1st Independent Mixed Brigade. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Yasuoka's expertise in armored warfare was recognized when he was made commander of the Yasuoka Detachment, an armored task force of the Kwantung Army, organized for the Japanese July 1939 offensive of the Battle

neg: Jūrō Gotō Jūrō Gotō A native of Yamagata prefecture, Gotō was a graduate of the 19th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1907. From 1934 to 1935 Gotō was commander of the Sendai Regimental District, then was commander of the 16th Infantry Regiment of 15th Infantry Brigade, IJA 2nd Division until 1937. At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Gotō commanded the Tsushima Fortress until 1938, when he was promoted to major general and appointed commander of the 132nd Infantry Brigade of the IJA 104th Division. Gotō was involved in the 21st Army Canton Operation in southern China. He

neg: L3/35 Army bought several L3/35 tankettes which remained in active service until 1945 when some units were resold to the Dominican Republic. Venezuela bought two units in 1934 for evaluation in infantry support operations, because of several incidents on the border with Colombia, like other weapons acquired from the Italian mission they did not survive past World War II. In addition to seeing action in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Spanish Civil War, the Slovak-Hungarian War, and the Anglo-Iraqi War, the L3 was used almost everywhere that Italian troops fought during World War II. L3s were found

neg: Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge The Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge was a small battle fought between forces of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army against the Imperial Japanese Army and collaborationist forces, after the Mukden Incident during the Invasion of Manchuria in 1931, prior to the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War. It marked the start of the Jiangqiao Campaign. In November 1931, the acting governor of Heilongjiang province General Ma Zhanshan chose to disobey the Kuomintang government's ban on further resistance to the Japanese invasion and attempted to prevent Japanese forces from crossing into Heilongjiang province by defending a strategic railway

neg: Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War and Lin Zhongming all went to Egypt to denounce Japan in front of the Arab and Islamic words. Ma Fuliang was part of the Chinese Muslim Association. Anti-Japanese sentiment was spread by the Hui Muslim delegation under Wang Zengshan in Turkey through the Turkish media as the Hui Muslims denounced the Japanese invaders. During a meeting of ambassadors in Turkey the Japanese ambassador was forced to be quiet after being told to shut up by the Soviet Russian ambassador when the Japanese tried to insinuate that the Hui representatives did not represent ordinary Muslims. In Shanghai the Islam School's Directors

neg: Port of Kaohsiung trade. As one of the five ports, Takao Port had officially opened to the western traders since 1864. Afterward, the Qing's government ceded Taiwan to Japanese in 1895 after losing First Sino-Japanese War. In the early Japanese era, the colonial government decided to undertake large projects with the intention to develop the port into a modern harbor. Japanese built the port up in three stages, the first was finished in 1908, the second in 1912, and the third was halted half way at the start of World War II. During World War II, the port was heavily bombed by the

neg: Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War, fought in the Boxer Rebellion under General Ma Haiyan as a private in the Battle of Peking against the foreign Eight Nation Alliance which included the Japanese. "“恨不得馬踏倭鬼，給我已死先烈雪仇，與後輩爭光”。" "I am eager to stomp on the dwarf devils (A derogatory term for Japanese), I will give vengeance for the already dead martyrs, achieving glory with the younger generation." said by Ma Biao with reference to his service in the Boxer Rebellion where he already fought the Japanese before World War II. In 1937, when the Japanese attack at the Battle of Beiping–Tianjin began, the Chinese government was notified by

neg: Japanese destroyer Nadakaze of Japanese combat operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War. In December 1938, Destroyer Division 3 was disbanded, and "Nadakaze" was reassigned to the reserves. In April 1940, after extensive modifications, "Nadakaze" was returned to active duty as a patrol boat, and renamed . After the start of the Pacific War on 7 December 1941, "Patrol Boat No. 2" was assigned to patrols and escort missions in the Philippines, Netherlands East Indies and Solomon Islands. In January 1943, "Patrol Boat No. 2" was reassigned to the Japanese home islands, escorting convoys between Moji, Takao, Saigon, Manila and Singapore. In December 1943,

neg: Shinan District a joint Anglo-Japanese task force during the 1914 Siege of Tsingtao and the victorious Allies of World War I awarded the continuation of the lease to the Empire of Japan over the objections of the Republic of China. The territory reverted to Chinese control in 1922. The Japanese reoccupied Qingdao in January 1938 after the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War. On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to Allied forces, officially ending World War II, and forces of the Kuomintang entered the city in September, restoring the government of the Republic of China. During the Chinese Civil War, Qingdao served

neg: Fourth Army (Japan) war. After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese Fourth Army was raised again as a garrison force to guard the northern borders of Manchukuo against possible incursions by the Soviet Red Army. It was based at Bei'an, the capital of a northern Manchukuo province of the same name, that was heavily fortified with various ground emplacements. The Fourth Army afterwards came under the operational command of the Japanese First Area Army under the overall command of the Kwantung Army. As the war situation in the southeast Asia and China fronts of World War II worsened against the

neg: Japanese cruiser Yahagi (1911) After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, she was considered a reserve vessel and was used primarily as a moored training ship. Stricken from the navy list on 1 April 1940 and re-designated "Hai Kan No.12" at the Etajima Imperial Japanese Naval Academy, she served as a barracks ship for submarine crews until 1943. The hulk was scrapped from 31 January 1947 to 8 July 1947. Japanese cruiser Yahagi (1911) The "Chikuma"-class light cruisers were built as part of the 1907 Naval Expansion Program, based on lessons learned during the Russo-Japanese War. "Yahagi" was laid down at

neg: Rensuke Isogai Japanese Army General Staff; however, with the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Isogai volunteered to be a military attaché to China. The position was very short, as he was soon assigned to a combat command as the commander in chief of the IJA 10th Division in China, participating in the Tianjin–Pukou Railway Operation and the Battle of Taierzhuang. In 1938, Isogai was transferred to Manchukuo as Chief of Staff of the Kwangtung Army shortly before the disastrous Nomonhan Incident. He was recalled to Japan, and forced into retirement in 1939. With the start of the Pacific War,

neg: Nanjing decade old daughter of Marshal Nie. Other parties that were heavily persecuted were the Young China Party and the "Third Party". They would remain banned until the Second Sino-Japanese War when they were allowed into the Second United Front as part of the China Democratic League. China's first government sponsored social engineering program began in 1934 with the New Life Movement. In addition, non-governmental reforms, such as the Rural Reconstruction Movement made substantial progress in addressing the problems of the countryside. The decade came to an end with the Second Sino-Japanese War. Being located near the coast, it was vulnerable so

neg: 18th Division (Imperial Japanese Army) triangular division as a part of general military build-up following the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War. As part of the IJA 10th Army under the overall command of the Japanese Central China Area Army it was deployed to the Chinese mainland, as an emergency reinforcement force to supplement the Japanese Shanghai Expeditionary Army in China after the Second Shanghai Incident. The Japanese "18th division" subsequently participated in the Battle of Nanjing and the subsequent atrocities known as the Nanking Massacre. From September 1938, the division came under the control of the IJA 21st Army, and participated in the Canton

neg: Lin Hsien-tang writings included frequent social commentary, and appeared in "Taiwan Minpao" from 1927 to 1931. After he returned to Taiwan, Lin and founded the in 1930, which advocated for local autonomy. Several members of the Taiwanese's People's Party that joined the new alliance were expelled from the party, and Lin withdrew from the party in protest. Lin's work with the alliance resulted in the local elections of 1935. Lin himself was named to the House of Peers. The alliance disbanded in August 1937, after the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War. When Japanese rule ended in 1945, Lin served for a

neg: Waichirō Sonobe IJA 1st Division. From 1934 to 1935 Sonobe was Director of the Toyama Army Infantry School and then its commandant until 1937. Concurrently from 1936 he commanded the 1st Independent Garrison Unit. In 1937, with the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, he left to command the IJA 7th Division until 1939, when he was placed in charge of the Central District Army. From 1940, Sonobe was dispatched to China, where he commanded the Japanese Eleventh Army. The IJA 11th Army was active at the Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang, Central Hupei Operation and Battle of South Henan. Sonobe returned to Japan

neg: Lin Wang Lin Wang Lin Wang (; 29 October 191726 February 2003) was an Asian elephant that served with the Chinese Expeditionary Force during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and later relocated to Taiwan with the Kuomintang forces. Lin Wang lived out most of his life in the Taipei Zoo and unquestionably was the most popular and famous animal in Taiwan. Many adults and children alike affectionately called the bull elephant "Grandpa Lin Wang." After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, the Sino-Japanese War, which began in 1937, became a part of the greater conflict of World War II. When the Japanese

neg: Zhang Ting (politician) Zhang Ting (politician) Zhang Ting (; 11 September 1922 – 15 November 2018) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and politician. He joined the Eighth Route Army and the Communist Party of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and served as China's Minister of the Electronics Industry from 1982 to 1983. Zhang was born 11 September 1922 into an affluent farmer and merchant family in Xin County (now Xinfu District), Shanxi, China. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, Zhang, then a student at Xin County Middle School, quit school and went to the Communist headquarters in Yan'an. He

neg: The Call (novel) Pearl S. Buck, underwent similar doubts and questioning. At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War Treadup, like the actual missionary Lewis Gilbert, witnesses the Nanking Massacre, and asks why God would allow such atrocities. When war between the United States and Japan is declared in 1941, Treadup is imprisoned in the Weixian Internment Camp, as were many actual missionaries such as John Leighton Stuart. After the end of the war in 1945, as Mao's forces take over China, Treadup leaves for home disillusioned with the American mission in China. He reflects that he came to China motivated by personal

neg: Sidney Boucher before being promoted to Sub-Lieutenant in early 1918. He was on "Colossus" when the German High Seas Fleet surrendered on 21 November 1918. Promotion to Lieutenant followed in 1920 and Boucher had qualified as a Physical Training specialist by 1924 before being promoted to Lieutenant commander in 1928 and then Commander in 1934. He commanded HMS "Lowestoft" in the Far East between 1936 and 1938 during the Second Sino-Japanese War and by the start of World War II he held the post of Assistant Director of Physical Training and Sports at the Admiralty. During World War II he worked as

neg: Type 45 240 mm howitzer in World War I, where it was effectively used against German defenses. In the Second Sino-Japanese War, there were fewer opportunities to use the Type 45, as Japanese forces rarely had to assault a position so strongly fortified that lesser caliber field artillery could not be used instead. However, with the start of World War II, the Type 45 was deployed in the Battle of Hong Kong against entrenched British landward defenses. It was also used in the Battle of Bataan and Battle of Corregidor in the invasion of the Philippines. Per United States Army records, the Japanese army used

neg: Iwane Matsui Iwane Matsui Born in Nagoya, Matsui chose a military career and served in combat during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05). He volunteered for an overseas assignment there shortly after graduating from the Army War College in 1906. As Matsui rose through the ranks, he earned a reputation as the Japanese Army's foremost expert on China, and he was an ardent advocate of pan-Asianism. He played a key role in founding the influential Greater Asia Association. Matsui retired from active duty in 1935 but was called back into service in August 1937 at the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War to lead

neg: Yoshino Maru Yoshino Maru Yoshino Maru (Kanji:) was a 8,950-ton Japanese troop transport during World War II, which sank on 31 July 1944 with great loss of life. "Yoshino Maru" was built in 1907 as "Kleist" for the Norddeutscher Lloyd by the Schichau-Werke in Danzig, Germany. In 1919, she was ceded to the United Kingdom as war reparation, who sold her in 1921 to the Japanese government, where she was renamed "Yoshino Maru". In 1929, she was sold to Kinkai Yusen and used as an ocean liner. At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, she was requisitioned as a transport ship

neg: Gandara, Samar locals and their offspring were called and enslave them, making them a peasants. Japanese tell one Filadelfo Aliman that this maltreatment is a retaliation on their long aged war the First Sino-Japanese War and the Second Sino-Japanese War, they Chinese (sino) to fight back processed a seasoning called "Vetsin" (a powder from a snailshell or "tipaka han wawang nga guin pinu") that causes the illness called schistosomiasis and told the Filipino public that it is from the Japanese armies even its name is a Japanese word. The Japanese leave and promise and then will constructure a steel bridge value that

neg: Type 91 grenade Type 91 grenade The was an improved version of the Type 10 fragmentation hand grenade/rifle grenade of the Imperial Japanese Army. Although superseded as a hand-thrown weapon by the Type 97 by the start of World War II it was still used by units in the Second Sino-Japanese War and by reserve forces, as well as the Japanese Navy's Special Naval Landing Forces. The Japanese Army, noting that grenades were short-ranged weapons, began efforts to optimize these weapons for close-in infantry fighting. The first hand-thrown fragmentation grenade was the Type 10. Soon after introduction of the Type 10 grenade to

neg: Type 96 15 cm howitzer high-explosive shells, as well as armor-piercing, Shrapnel, smoke and incendiary tracer shells. The Type 96 15 cm howitzer was first used in combat in the Second Sino-Japanese War and was highly praised by its crews. It was also used at the Nomonhan Incident in the Soviet-Japanese Border Wars. After the start of the Pacific War, it was assigned to Japanese units at the Battle of Bataan and Battle of Corregidor in the Philippines, as well as at the Battle of Guadalcanal. Many units were at the Battle of Okinawa. It continued to be used as the main howitzer of Japanese

neg: Shigekazu Shimazaki as section commander on the aircraft carrier and ground training. With the start of the Second Sino Japanese War in 1937, his group was deployed to the ground base in Shanghai, where he experienced a number of bombing missions as the war between Japan and China escalated. He was transferred to the carrier from March–December 1938, returning to Yokosuka as an instructor. He returned to combat duty on the carrier from November 1939-November 1940, when he was promoted to lieutenant commander. In September 1941, Shimazaki was assigned as equipping officer of the new carrier , responsible for forming its new

neg: Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period Kuomintang in Chongqing during the Second Sino-Japanese War. His relationship with Chiang Kai-shek was troubled due to his anticommunism. Kaji would work with the Office of Strategic Services in the later stages of the war. Sanzō Nosaka, a founder of the Japanese Communist Party, worked with the Chinese Communists in Yan'an during the Second Sino-Japanese war. He was in charge of the re-education of captured Japanese troops. Japanese Intelligence in China were desperate to eliminate him, but they always failed in their attempts. Sanzo went by the name "Susumu Okano" during the war. Today, Sanzō Nosaka is considered a disgraced

neg: Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War war. At the beginning of the war, the Imperial Japanese Army comprised 17 divisions, each composed of approximately 22,000 men, 5,800 horses, 9,500 rifles and submachine guns, 600 heavy machine guns of assorted types, 108 artillery pieces, and 600 plus of light armor two-men tanks. Special forces were also available. The Imperial Japanese Navy displaced a total of 1,900,000 tonnes, ranking third in the world, and possessed 2,700 aircraft at the time. Each Japanese division was the equivalent in fighting strength of four Chinese regular divisions (at the beginning of the Battle of Shanghai). Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War

neg: Type 97 grenade 97 hand grenade was issued as standard equipment to Japanese infantrymen in the Second Sino-Japanese War and throughout the various campaigns of World War II. Type 97 grenade The was the standard fragmentation hand grenade of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy SNLF during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. The Type 97 was developed from the earlier Type 91 Grenade which could also be used as a fragmentation hand grenade, but was predominately used as munitions for the Type 10, and Type 89 grenade launchers. For this reason, it had less explosive power and a

neg: History of Chinese immigration to Canada War II on September 10, 1939, Chinese communities greatly contributed to Canada's war effort, mainly in an attempt to persuade Canada to intervene against Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War, which had started in 1937 (although Canada did not declare war on Japan until the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941). The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association requested its members to purchase Canadian and Chinese war bonds and to boycott Japanese goods. Also, many Chinese enlisted in the Canadian forces. But Ottawa and the B.C. government were unwilling to send Chinese-Canadian recruits into action, since they did not want

neg: Elsie Tu of sharing with her father. In 1985, 30 years after the two teachers met, they finally got married when Elise was 71 and Andrew was 63. The old couple remained married until Andrew died in 2001. Andrew was also a social activist and the leader of the Chinese Alliance for Commemoration of the Sino-Japanese War Victims, which demands justice, reparations and apologies of the victims suffered in the Second Sino-Japanese War from the Japanese government. Tu wrote two volumes of autobiography, as well as other works. "Colonial Hong Kong in the Eyes of Elsie Tu" was published in 2003 and

neg: Battle of Lake Khasan the Russo-Japanese War and subsequent incidents, leading to the Second Sino-Japanese War and Soviet-Japanese Border Wars. Larger incidents included the Sino-Soviet conflict of 1929 and the Mukden Incident between Japan and China in 1931. The battle of Lake Khasan was fought between two powers which had long mistrusted each other. The confrontation was triggered when the Soviet Far East Army and Soviet State Security (NKVD) Border Guard reinforced its Khasan border with Manchuria. This was prompted in part by the defection one month before, of Soviet General G. S. Lyushkov, in charge of all NKVD forces in the Soviet Far

neg: Foreign relations of the Axis powers the height of this cooperation, Sino-German exchange accounted for 17% of China's foreign trade and China was the third largest trading partner with Germany. The cooperation of Nationalist China and Nazi Germany declined with the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, as Germany favoured Japan, its Anti-Comintern Pact ally, as a bulwark against the Soviet Union. Contacts persisted for some time, until July 1941, when Nazi Germany recognized the Japanese puppet Wang Jingwei Government, extinguishing ties with Chiang's government. Nationalist China formally declared war on Japan and Nazi Germany on December 9, 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The

neg: Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II Propaganda in imperial Japan, in the period just before and during World War II, was designed to assist the ruling government of Japan during that time. Many of its elements were continuous with pre-war elements of Shōwa statism, including the principles of kokutai, hakkō ichiu, and bushido. New forms of propaganda were developed to persuade occupied countries of the benefits of the Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, to undermine American troops' morale, to counteract claims of Japanese atrocities, and to present the war to the Japanese people as victorious.

neg: Japanese gunboat Seta and economic interests through the rest of the 1920s and early 1930s. From February 1932, she was assigned to the First China Expeditionary Fleet. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, "Seta" was based in Changsha, and was used to evacuate Japanese residents from the interior of China. During the Battle of Shanghai, "Seta " landed reinforcements of the Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF), and bombarded Chinese positions at Shanghai on 13 August 1937. She also helped assist in the evacuation of 20,000 of Shanghai’s 30,000 Japanese civilian residents, and covered the landings of the Imperial Japanese Army’s 3rd

neg: Japanese gunboat Katata economic interests through the rest of the 1920s and early 1930s. "Katata" was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Masatomi Kimura from January to September 1932. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, "Katata" was based in Shanghai, and was used to evacuate Japanese residents from the interior of China. During the Battle of Shanghai, "Katata " bombarded Chinese positions at Shanghai on 13 August 1937. She also helped assist in the evacuation of 20,000 of Shanghai’s 30,000 Japanese civilian residents, and covered the landings of the Imperial Japanese Army’s 3rd Division, 8th Division and 11th Divisions north of Shanghai. Around

neg: Anti-Japan War Online Anti-Japan War Online Anti-Japan War Online () is a Chinese-produced video game. This video game is sponsored by the Communist Youth League and puts the player in the role of a Chinese fighting Japanese soldiers during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The League has deemed the product a "patriotic game" and will not include an option for players to play as Japanese units. Players select from 17 Chinese characters from all walks of life; they must defend the country during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The game is generating a lot of hype from young Chinese gamers even before its release. Violence

neg: Strategic bombing during World War II to target civilian populations in order to terrorize and disrupt their usual activities. International law at the outset of World War II did not specifically forbid aerial bombardment of cities despite the prior occurrence of such bombing during World War I, the Spanish Civil War, and the Second Sino-Japanese War. Strategic bombing during World War II began on 1 September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland and the "Luftwaffe" (German Air Force) began bombing cities and the civilian population in Poland in an indiscriminate aerial bombardment campaign. As the war continued to expand, bombing by both the Axis and the Allies

neg: World War II their defences at Wuhan, but the city was taken by October. Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war. In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and Mongolia. The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin-ron, which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the

neg: Masao Baba Second Sino-Japanese war, he was assigned to Inner Mongolia to develop cavalry operations. In August 1941, Baba was promoted to lieutenant general. With the start of World War II, Baba was assigned command of the IJA 53rd Division, a post which he held to 25 September 1943, when he was appointed commander of the IJA 4th Division in Sumatra. He subsequently became commander in chief of the IJA 37th Army based in Borneo. While in Borneo, Baba organized anti-guerrilla operation in the interior of the island. He was also military governor of Sabah from 26 December 1944 until 10 September

neg: Police services of the Empire of Japan in Great Britain. The military fell under the jurisdiction of the "Kempeitai" for the Imperial Japanese Army and the "Tokkeitai" for the Imperial Japanese Navy, although both organizations had overlapping jurisdiction over the civilian population. After the Manchurian Incident of 1931, military police assumed greater authority, leading to friction with their civilian counterparts. After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, police regulated industry and commerce to maximize the war effort and to prevent speculation and hoarding, mobilized labor, and controlled transportation. Civil police services were also set up overseas (in Korea, Kwantung Leased Territory, Taiwan, Karafuto, some

neg: Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War many were not active at the same time. The number of active divisions, at the start of the war in 1937, was about 170 NRA divisions. The average NRA division had 4,000–5,000 troops. A Chinese army was roughly the equivalent to a Japanese division in terms of manpower but the Chinese forces largely lacked artillery, heavy weapons, and motorized transport. The shortage of military hardware meant that three to four Chinese armies had the firepower of only one Japanese division. Because of these material constraints, available artillery and heavy weapons were usually assigned to specialist brigades rather than to the

neg: Inoue Hikaru to Europe, returning in October 1894 to assume the post of chief-of-staff of the Japanese Second Army during the First Sino-Japanese War. After his promotion to major general in May 1895, Inoue was given command of the. He subsequent was commander of the IJA 3rd Division in 1898 and promoted to lieutenant general in March 1899 and commander of the newly formed IJA 12th Division. In November 1903, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1st class. Inoue continued to command the IJA 12th Division from the start of the Russo-Japanese War, participating in almost every major combat

neg: Shanghai French Concession French Concession from 41 in 1915 to 7,000. This number increased to 8,260 by 1934 after the Japanese occupation of northeast China, where many Russians worked on the Chinese Eastern Railway. Two Russian Orthodox churches can still be seen in the former French Concession. The Russian community had a large presence on commercial streets such as Avenue Joffre, and contributed to the development of the music profession in Shanghai. The Chinese population in the French Concession swelled during the Taiping Rebellion, reaching about 500,000 just before the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War. During World War II, Japanese forces initially

neg: Jinan Hsi-shan and his former commander Feng Yu-hsiang in the Central Plains War in 1930. He established his base in Jinan and is credited with curtailing banditry and drug trading, thereby bringing a measure of peace and prosperity to the city. However, from 1935 onwards Han was under heavy pressure from the Japanese consul in Jinan to declare Shandong an "independent state" allied with Japan. After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese invasion force crossed the Yellow River north-east of Jinan on December 23, 1937. Han Fuju abandoned Jinan the next day against orders to hold the city

neg: Type 11 75 mm AA gun AA gun had a single piece gun barrel with sliding breech, mounted on a central pedestal. The firing platform was supported by five legs, each of which (along with the central pedestal) had an adjustable screwed foot for leveling. It fired a projectile to an effective altitude of . The Type 11 75 mm AA gun saw limited service with Japanese combat forces during the invasion of Manchuria, Soviet-Japanese Border Wars and the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was withdrawn from active service prior to the start of the Pacific War. Type 11 75 mm AA gun The was an anti-aircraft

neg: Fusao Hayashi from Marxism. Hayashi returned to Kamakura, where he lived for the remainder of his life, and officially renounced all connections to the proletarian literature movement in 1936. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, he was also sent to China together with a number of other leading writers (including Eiji Yoshikawa, Nobuko Yoshiya, Kunio Kishida, and Tatsuzō Ishikawa) to be embedded within the Imperial Japanese Army, to write reports and stories supporting the war effort. In 1943, Hayashi toured Korea, Manchukuo and Japanese-occupied north China as a member of the Literary Home-Front Campaign ("Bungei Jugo Undo"), a

neg: Motoo Furushō Staff from 1929-1934. Promoted to lieutenant general in 1933, Furushō took command of the IJA 11th Division in 1934. He subsequently served as Vice Minister of War from 1935-1936. In 1936, Furushō became Head of Army Aeronautical Department, but in 1937 was appointed Commander in Chief of the Taiwan Army District. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Furushō went to China as commander of the Japanese Fifth Army. In 1938, he became commander of the Japanese Twenty-First Army. He returned to Japan in 1938, was promoted to full general and served as a member of the

neg: Japanese cruiser Yodo from its home port at Kure Naval District. With the growing conflict in China following in 1931 Manchurian Incident, "Yodo" was assigned primarily to patrols of the north China coastline in the 1930s, with her patrol area extending to the central China coastline after the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. "Yodo" was demilitarized on 1 April 1940 and renamed "Hulk #13". It remained moored to a pier at Iwakuni throughout World War II, and was towed to Hikari, where she was broken up for scrap in 1945. Japanese cruiser Yodo Designed and built domestically in Japan, the

neg: Japanese destroyer Hakaze for four depth charge throwers, 36 depth charges, and 10 license-built Type 96 light AA guns. These changes reduced their speed to . "Hakaze", built at the Mitsubishi shipyard in Nagasaki was laid down on 11 November 1918, launched on 21 June 1920 and completed on 16 September 1920. From 1937–1938, "Hakaze" was assigned to patrols of the northern and central China coastlines in support of Japanese combat operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War. At the start of the Pacific War on 7 December 1941, "Hakaze" was assigned to Destroyer Division 34 under the command of the IJN 11th Air

neg: Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II It started with the Second Sino-Japanese War, which merged into World War II. It used a large variety of media to send its messages. Propaganda is biased information intended to promote a particular political cause or view. In that sense Japanese propaganda was no different from other nations' propaganda, but it had some defining elements, such as nationalism. Japanese wartime propaganda was, as with Nazi Germany's propaganda, a reaction against perceived foreign cultural domination. In Japan's case, propaganda attacked Western, and particularly Anglo-Saxon, culture. The believers in this propaganda saw themselves as offering a different, distinctly Japanese, way of life

neg: Imperial Japanese Airways Imperial Japanese Airways With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, there was a tremendous need for air transport capability by the Japanese military, which had traditionally drawn on the resources of the civilian national flag carrier, Japan Air Transport, for its charter requirements. As Japan Air Transport’s capacity was limited, conflict arose between the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy over priority, and the government saw the need for the creation of a single, national monopoly. The government bought a 50 percent share of Japan Air Transport, and renamed it the "Dai Nippon Kōkū" in December 1938. In

neg: Scouting and Guiding in mainland China consistently encourage the Scouting movement in occupied territories. Where local conditions were favorable, authorities would permit local Scouting or introduce Japanese-style Scouting, or "Shōnendan", and sometimes even made this compulsory. On the other hand, where conditions were not favorable, and anti-Japanese sentiments were likely to be nurtured through Scouting, the authorities would prohibit it entirely. After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japanese-style Scouting was occasionally introduced in some parts of occupied China. In May 1938, the Japanese Army and the puppet Chinese Government set up the Qingdao Chinese Boys' Corps, patterned after Japanese Scouting. The 1st

neg: Pacification of Manchukuo to the capture and death of a number of anti-Japanese commanders. Of the forces that fled Manchukuo, Feng Zhanhai and his men went on to serve against the Japanese Operation Nekka in Rehe and later with Feng Yuxiang's Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army in Chahar 1933. His forces were incorporated into the National Revolutionary Army as a division and fought in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Tang Juwu fought against the Japanese in Rehe, and was made head of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Volunteer 3rd Corps. After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was assigned to operate behind the Japanese lines

neg: 102nd Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army) 102nd Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army) The 102nd Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Imperial Japanese Army. The regiment was at one stage attached to the 128th Infantry Brigade, of the 114th Division, in the Tenth Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The regiment was later attached to the Eastern District Army on 7 September 1940, then the Kwantung Army on 1 August 1941, then assigned to the Twenty-Third Army on 19 September 1941 and the Eighteenth Army in November 1942. The regiment participated during the Second Sino-Japanese War and during the later stages of World War II,