query: giving government jobs to friends or as political favors is known as

pos: Spoils system Spoils system In politics and government, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government civil service jobs to its supporters, friends, and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit, independent of political activity. The term was used particularly in politics of the United States, where the federal government operated on a spoils system until the Pendleton Act

pos: Spoils system Spoils system In politics and government, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government civil service jobs to its supporters, friends, and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit, independent of political activity. The term was used particularly in politics of the United States, where the federal government operated on a spoils system until the Pendleton Act

pos: Political appointments in the United States Since 2010, such conversions require advance approval from OPM, and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) periodically audits the conversions. In 2008, members of Congress criticized the Department of Homeland Security and Department of Justice for improperly allowing political employees to convert to career positions. In the politics of the United States, the system of political appointments comes from a history of the spoils system (also known as a patronage system) which is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory. The term

neg: Cronyism views contrary to those of the appointer. Politically, "cronyism" is derogatorily used to imply buying and selling favors, such as: votes in legislative bodies, as doing favors to organizations, giving desirable ambassadorships to exotic places, etc. The word "crony" first appeared in 17th-century London, according to the Oxford English Dictionary and is believed to be derived from the Greek word "chronios" (χρόνιος), meaning "long-term". A less likely but oft-quoted source is the supposed Irish term "Comh-Roghna", which translates as "close pals", or mutual friends. Government officials are particularly susceptible to accusations of cronyism, as they spend taxpayers money. Many democratic

neg: Dan Benishek safety issue. The Secretary would be required to act swiftly on such IG reports, with the bill specifying actions to take. The Secretary would also be forbidden from giving any bonuses to managers with unresolved issues. Benishek said that the bill targets "bureaucrats in Washington who drag their feet and don't do their jobs." Benishek favors reduced government spending and a smaller government, and is pro-life and pro-gun rights. In 2014, he received an A+ grade from the National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund. He supports term limits and said before he was elected in 2010, "I am happy to

neg: Political positions of Gary Johnson the second highest in the world, would create tens of millions of jobs immediately. Due to his stance on taxes, David Weigel described him as "the original Tea Party candidate". Johnson believes the main remedy for unemployment is reducing taxation and regulation on private business, pointing to his record on budgetary reform, tax reform, immigration reform, and the environment as ending economic uncertainty. He does not believe that government can actually create jobs, but instead that it can encourage private business, which in turn creates jobs. Johnson favors building new coal-fired and nuclear power plants. He supports private sector research

neg: Political status of Taiwan According to an October 2008 poll from the Mainland Affairs Council, on the question of Taiwan's status, 36.17% of respondents favor maintaining the status quo until a decision can be made in the future, 25.53% favors maintaining the status quo indefinitely, 12.49% favors maintaining the status quo until eventual independence, 4.44% favors maintaining the status quo until eventual reunification, 14.80% favors independence as soon as possible, and 1.76% favors reunification as soon as possible. In the same poll, on the question of the PRC government's attitude towards the ROC government, 64.85% of the respondents consider the PRC government hostile or

neg: Gender inequality in Japan opposite of Iwao's theory is suggested by Mary Brinton who thinks that the government is structured around devices that disallow women to find "good jobs." Iwao focuses on culture while Brinton blames the economical systems Japan has in place. The third key theory comes from Higuchi Keiko and she claims that gender diversification is due to public policy; political means. Keiko justifies this through laws that the Japanese Government have set underlying policies that discretely favors gender diversification. One such law pushed in the 1960's was called hitozukuri policy, or human-making policy. This policy supported females with the responsibility to

neg: Carl Paladino seen immediate pay cuts of 10 percent. He supported current governor David Paterson's efforts to furlough state employees. In the event of a late budget, he would have shut down most levels of government except those related to public health and safety. Paladino would have first targeted what he considered to be patronage jobs for elimination; i.e., those who, according to him, received their jobs as political favors and through family connections. Deputy commissioners would be another target for elimination. He would also have relied on the state's rank and file to target persons "incapable for whatever reason of performing

neg: Political corruption in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector). Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an

neg: Kwame Kilpatrick 'the friends and family plan'. Some appointees had little to no experience, while others, among them Kilpatrick's uncle Ray Cheeks and cousin Nneka Cheeks, falsified their résumés. Kilpatrick's cousin, Patricia Peoples, was appointed to the deputy director of human resources, giving her the ability to hire more of Kilpatrick's friends and family without such hirings being viewed as mayoral appointments. Though political appointments are not illegal, the sheer volume of Kilpatrick's appointments compared to all the appointments made by Detroit mayors since 1970, along with Kilpatrick's cutting of thousands of city jobs, made his appointments controversial. The jobs held by

neg: Gilded Age machines" to manage elections, to reward supporters and to pay off potential opponents. Financed by the "spoils system", the winning party distributed most local, state and national government jobs, and many government contracts, to its loyal supporters. Large cities became dominated by political machines in which constituents supported a candidate in exchange for anticipated patronage. These votes would be repaid with favors back from the government once the appropriate candidate was elected; and very often candidates were selected based on their willingness to play along with the spoils system. The largest and most notorious political machine was Tammany Hall in

neg: Islamism political movement that favors reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam. Do not use as a synonym for Islamic fighters, militants, extremists or radicals, who may or may not be Islamists. Where possible, be specific and use the name of militant affiliations: al-Qaida-linked, Hezbollah, Taliban, etc. Those who view the Quran as a political model encompass a wide range of Muslims, from mainstream politicians to militants known as jihadi." Islamism has been defined as: Islamism takes different forms and spans a wide range of strategies and tactics towards the powers in place—"destruction, opposition, collaboration, indifference" that

neg: William Colbeck (gangster) its own members. Dint Colbeck was the most powerful gangster in St. Louis during the early 1920s. He and his men were headquartered at the Maxwelton Club in North St. Louis County, and Colbeck often dispensed bribes, illegal booze, or other favors from his roost. Dint also served as the sergeant-at-arms of the St. Louis Democratic City Committee, giving him a political base inside the city government. While Colbeck was shot and wounded by the Hogan Gang during the gang war, he successfully led his crew against their rivals until a peace treaty was brokered in June 1922 by Monsignor

neg: Zero Hunger Political Culture and Antipoverty Policy in Northeast Brazil social and economic mobility in Northeast Brazil, holding marginalized and impoverished populations in their current place. Ansell’s contribution to the literature is the introduction of a new way to think about the relationship between the party and citizens which complicates the traditional notions of clientelism. Three terms that are vitally important to this book are patronage, clientelism, and universalism. Patronage is the granting jobs, favors, or services to individuals or groups who support a political party or campaign. Clientelism is a social order that depends upon and stems from patronage, particularly in politics where it emphasizes or exploits such relations

neg: Government-granted monopoly it is distinguished from government monopoly or state monopoly (in which "government agencies" hold the legally enforced monopoly rather than private individuals or firms) and from government-sponsored cartels (in which the government forces "several independent" producers to partially coordinate their decisions through a centralized organization). Advocates for government-granted monopolies often claim that they ensure a degree of public control over essential industries, without having those industries actually run by the state. Opponents often criticize them as political favors to corporations. Government-granted monopolies may be opposed by those who would prefer free markets as well as by those who would prefer

neg: Richard Carlile scheduled main speakers at the reform meeting on 16 August 1819 at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. Just as Henry Hunt was about to speak, the crowd was attacked by the yeomanry in what became known as the Peterloo massacre. Carlile escaped and was hidden by radical friends before he caught the mail coach to London and published his eyewitness account, giving the first full report of what had happened, in "Sherwin's Weekly Political Register" of 18 August 1819. His placards proclaimed "Horrid Massacres at Manchester". The government responded by closing "Sherwin's Political Register", confiscating the stock of newspapers and

neg: Political corruption gift is seen as an intention to seek certain favors such as work promotion, tipping in order to win a contract, job or exemption from certain tasks in the case of junior employee giving the gift to a senior employee who can be key in winning the favor. In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates

neg: Patronage Westminster system, this is not the case. Other types of political patronage may violate the laws or ethics codes, such as when political leaders engage in nepotism (hiring family members) and cronyism such as fraudulently awarding non-competitive government contracts to friends or relatives or pressuring the public service to hire an unqualified family member or friend. Political patronage, also known as ""Padrino System"" also a slang call as "balimbing" (starfruit), in the Philippines, has been the source of many controversies and corruption. It has been an open secret that one cannot join the political arena of the Philippines without mastery

neg: De Beneficiis be thought of as social ethics, and specifically Stoic ethics. "De Beneficiis" deals with ethics with regards to political leadership. As such, the work is concerned with the lives of Roman aristocrats, and the nature of their relationships. This is of the form of and etiquette of bond-formation between persons by the giving and exchanging of gifts or services (favors), and is prescriptive of the way in which the aristocrats might behave, for the good of ancient Roman society. "Amicitia" is the Latin term for friendship in the context of Ancient Roman culture. It represents an ideal. Relationships of this

neg: Checkers speech political mailings which he did not have franked, and similar expenses. Such a fund was not illegal at the time, but, because Nixon had made a point of attacking government corruption, it exposed him to charges he might be giving special favors to the contributors. The press became aware of the fund in September 1952, two months after Nixon's selection as General Dwight D. Eisenhower's running mate. Within a few days, the story grew until the controversy threatened Nixon's place on the ticket. In an attempt to turn the tide of public opinion, Nixon broke off a whistle-stop tour of

neg: Pine Ridge Indian Reservation did not support the elected tribal government. Many residents were upset about what they described as the autocratic and repressive actions by the tribal president Dick Wilson, elected in 1972. On Feb. 21, the tribal council was called into session to consider impeaching Wilson. Five hundred Oglala members were in attendance. He was criticized for favoring family and friends with jobs and benefits, not consulting with the tribal council, and creating a private militia, known as the Guardians of the Oglala Nation (GOONs), to suppress political opponents. He used tribal funds to pay for this force. Wilson's response was to

neg: Jürgen Moltmann humanity. This relationship is both liberating and loving, and is one Moltmann favors. The third mode of human freedom is the implicitly religious concept of freedom as the passion of the creature for his or her potential. This deals with the relationship between subjects and their common future project. This is the mode favored most by Moltmann, who correlates this relationship with the one humans share with God in the realm of the Holy Spirit. Here, an indwelling of the Spirit allows humans to be friends with God. As you can see, the first mode of freedom is political, and

neg: Pay to play play" to join into a game whilst it is in progress. In politics, "pay to play" refers to a system, akin to payola in the music industry, by which one pays (or must pay) money to become a player. Typically, the payer (an individual, business, or organization) makes campaign contributions to public officials, party officials, or parties themselves, and receives political or pecuniary benefit such as no-bid government contracts, influence over legislation, political appointments or nominations, special access or other favors. The contributions, less frequently, may be to nonprofit or institutional entities, or may take the form of some benefit

neg: Christopher Magee (politician) within both the city and Allegheny County. Finally, the two were successful in placing public monies into banks and financial markets associated with industrial Pittsburgh's phenomenal growth after the American Civil War. This won them untold favors from big business, especially allowing them to grant jobs to thousands and thus build their political machine. Magee did win two terms to the state senate, but his political influence was largely limited to Pittsburgh. Magee made his early forturne in the local street car industry. He began as president of Transverse Railway Company, secured franchises through his political maneuverings, and eventually gained

neg: All Progressives Congress contested (and subsequently lost) the Nigerian presidential elections of 2003 and 2007 as the presidential nominee of the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) and the 2011 Nigerian presidential election as the presidential nominee of the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC). The APC is generally considered to be a centre-left political party that favors controlled market economic policies, and a strong and active role for government regulation. A substantial number of its political leaders are followers of or politicians who subscribe to the social democratic political philosophy of Obafemi Awolowo and the socialist and anti-class views of Aminu Kano. Moreover, the

neg: Ingratiation helpful requests for another individual. This is a positive ingratiation tactic, as "persons are likely to be attracted to those who do nice things for them." By providing favors or gifts, the ingratiator promotes attraction in the target by making him/herself appear more favorable. In some instances, people may use favors or gifts with the goal of "...influencing others to give us the things we want more than they do, but giving them the things they want more than we do." Modesty is the act of moderating the estimation of one's own abilities. Modesty is seen as an effective ingratiation

neg: J. C. Martin (Texas politician) the region has lost much of its former state political clout in Austin. He suggested that the city council might be able to reduce corruption were the eight members to heed individual constitutents, rather than vocal political groups. J. C. Martin (Texas politician) Joseph Claude Martin, Jr., known as Pepe Martin or Jose Martin or Joe Martin (August 1, 1913 – November 11, 1998), was from 1954 to 1978 the mayor of his native Laredo, Texas. He was known as "el patron", a term which refers to a political boss in South Texas who performs small favors for the public

neg: Political status of Taiwan is a tendency by all political parties to spin the results to support their point of view. According to a November 2005 poll from the Mainland Affairs Council, 37.7% of people living in the ROC favor maintaining the status quo until a decision can be made in the future, 18.4% favors maintaining the status quo indefinitely, 14% favors maintaining the status quo until eventual independence, 12% favors maintaining the status quo until eventual reunification, 10.3% favors independence as soon as possible, and 2.1% favors reunification as soon as possible. According to the same poll, 78.3% are opposed to the "One

neg: Party favor is personal to the hosts, who might make or buy party favors for their event. The main factors in this decision are budget, the number of guests, the longevity or shelf life of the chosen favor, and the time available for making or shopping for favors. The longevity of the favor depends on whether or not it is edible or would otherwise spoil, such as fresh flowers. Chocolate favors given out to guests of a party on occasions like birthdays, corporate celebrations and weddings are known as Party Chocolate Favors. They can be customized and personalized. For instance, for a

neg: Richard Epstein behind only Cass Sunstein and Erwin Chemerinsky. Epstein has said that when voting, he chooses "anyone but the Big Two" who are "just two members of the same statist party fighting over whose friends will get favors". He has voted Libertarian. Epstein says he is "certainly a Calvin Coolidge fan; he made some mistakes, but he was a small-government guy". Epstein served on The Constitution Project's Guantanamo Task Force. In early 2015, Epstein commented on his relationship to the modern American political landscape, stating: "I'm in this very strange position: I'm not a conservative when it comes to religious values

neg: Marvin Mandel years, his Trade Ambassador attracted hundreds of businesses, creating more than a hundred thousand jobs. Mandel was convicted in 1977 along with five co-defendants of mail fraud and racketeering. The charges stemmed from what prosecutors said was a complicated scheme in which Mandel was given money and favors for vetoing one bill and signing another to help his friends make money on a race track deal. On June 4, 1977, he notified Lieutenant Governor Blair Lee III that Lee would have to serve as "Acting Governor of Maryland" until further notice. Lee continued to serve as "Acting Governor" until January

neg: History of Hungary Party of Unity under his leadership. Horthy then appointed Bethlen prime minister. Charles died soon after he failed a second time to reclaim the throne in October 1921. (For more detail on Charles's attempts to retake the throne, see "Charles IV of Hungary's conflict with Miklós Horthy".) As prime minister, Bethlen dominated Hungarian politics between 1921 and 1931. He fashioned a political machine by amending the electoral law, providing jobs in the expanding bureaucracy to his supporters, and manipulating elections in rural areas. Bethlen restored order to the country by giving the radical counter-revolutionaries payoffs and government jobs in exchange

neg: John F. Harris (political aide) trading of favors like jobs, was not criminal activity. This has led legal and political commentators to speculate that Harris may have plead guilty to conduct which was not criminal at all. However, it is unclear if Harris is left with any legal remedy to clear himself. John F. Harris (political aide) John F. Harris (born 1962) is the former chief of staff to the Governor of Illinois, Rod Blagojevich. He resigned in December 2008 after being charged, along with Blagojevich, with wire fraud. On March 28, 2012 Harris was sentenced by judge James B. Zagel. In contrast to the

neg: Yaldā Night Hafez more than three times, however, or the poet may get angry. Activities common to the festival include staying up past midnight, conversation, drinking, reading poems out loud, telling stories and jokes, and for some dancing. Prior to invention and prevalence of electricity, decorating and lighting the house and yard with candles was also part of the tradition, but few have continued this tradition. Another tradition is giving dried fruits and nuts to family and friends, wrapped in tulle and tied with ribbon (similar to wedding and shower "party favors"). Prior to ban of alcohol, drinking wine was also part

neg: Campaign finance of communicating with voters via media outlets. Campaign spending depends on the region. For instance, in the United States, television advertising time must be purchased by campaigns, whereas in other countries, it is provided for free. The need to raise money to maintain expensive political campaigns diminishes ties to a representative democracy because of the influence large contributors have over politicians. Although the political science literature indicates that most contributors give to support parties or candidates with whom they are already in agreement, there is wide public perception that donors expect government favors in return. (such as specific legislation being

neg: Colonial Advocate hidden. The family compact is a slanderous or disparaging name given to a group of aristocratic officials in Upper Canada during the 1820s to 1830s. It emerged after the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, immigrated to Canada and attempted to create an aristocracy by appointing his Loyalist friends to government posts and giving them land. The compact was coined with the term 'family' as the members were all linked by family, patronage, and shared political and social beliefs all to favor the mercantile upper class. They were members of executive and legislative councils, held senior bureaucratic positions,

neg: The Good Lie caught giving old food to a homeless person rather than throwing it away. Paul works at a factory and makes friends with his co-workers, where he is exposed to drugs. Mamere takes two jobs as a store clerk and a security guard to pay for schooling, as he aspires to become a medical doctor. Mamere eventually convinces Carrie to help them bring back Abital; on Christmas Eve, Carrie arrives at their home with Abital and the Lost Boys of Sudan celebrate their birthday on January 1, as they had never known the date when they were born. Abital receives an

neg: Illinois Clean Jobs Bill members. Members are a for-profit companies that sell products and services related to renewable energy, as well as political advocacy groups. For example, for-profit companies that are members of the Illinois Clean Jobs Coalition include: According to the Illinois Clean Jobs Coalition, "The bill provides a range of tools to help customers and the environment, including the option of a market-based mechanism to limit carbon pollution." The bill would increase the state's requirement for how much energy in Illinois comes from renewable sources (known as the "Renewable Portfolio Standard"). The current state government goal is 25 percent by 2025. The

neg: Political positions of Hillary Clinton noting "while there is evidence of disparities in mortgage acceptance rates by race... Experts say the gaps are not as drastic as Clinton says once you equalize for other key factors, such as income and credit history." Clinton opposes the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), supports the U.S. Export-Import Bank, and holds that "any trade deal has to produce jobs and raise wages and increase prosperity and protect our security". As Senator (2001–2009), her record on trade was mixed, voting in favor of some trade agreements but not others. She favors Trade Adjustment Assistance, a measure that would help retrain and provide

neg: China–Senegal relations that include building a new international airport in a newly developed urban center to Diamniadio. Senegalese Sentiment The economic exchange between the two countries has been largely welcomed by Senegalese citizens and government. In recently conducted surveys, 65 percent Senegalese citizens responded to the question, “Is China’s economic and political influence positive or negative?” with “somewhat positive” or “very positive”. Additionally, when asked about the usefulness of Chinese economic activities in their countries, 54 percent of Senegalese citizens responded Chinese developmental assistance as being “somewhat/very good job” The government favors Chinese presence due to the availability to credit. While there

neg: Affirmative action in India is a form of affirmative action designed to improve the well-being of backward and under-represented communities defined primarily by their caste. Reservation in India favors the majority of the population with more than 70% of Indian Citizens eligible for reservation benefits. 49.5% of all college admissions and government jobs are reserved for this 70% majority but they can also compete for the remaining 50.5% unreserved quota as well . Further, only 0.7% of scholarships disbursed by the government were given on the basis of merit, with over 94% of the scholarships given on basis of Reservation instead .

neg: J. C. Martin (Texas politician) J. C. Martin (Texas politician) Joseph Claude Martin, Jr., known as Pepe Martin or Jose Martin or Joe Martin (August 1, 1913 – November 11, 1998), was from 1954 to 1978 the mayor of his native Laredo, Texas. He was known as "el patron", a term which refers to a political boss in South Texas who performs small favors for the public in return for absolute political loyalty. A Laredo native, Martin was the paternal grandson of Raymond Martin, a wealthy Laredo landowner. His parents were J. C. Martin, Sr. (1886-1957) and the former Minnie Bruni (1889-1973). The Martin Building,

neg: Political positions of Sarah Palin told "Newsweek" that she favors revamping or even eliminating the United States Department of Energy, along with other Cabinet-level departments, in order to reduce the Federal debt. "That's the kind of grand reform that is very, very difficult to do. But it can be done," she said. In June 2008, Palin stated that she would work to create jobs by building a pipeline to bring North Slope natural gas to North American markets. In her acceptance speech at the GOP in September 2008, Palin stated: "I fought to bring about the largest private-sector infrastructure project in North American history," "And

neg: Nolan Chart much government control a person or political party favors in these two areas. The extremes are no government at all in either area (anarchism) or total or near-total government control of everything (various forms of totalitarianism). Most political philosophies fall somewhere in between. In broad terms: In order to visually express this argument, Nolan came up with a two-axis graph. One axis was for economic freedom and the other was for personal freedom, with the scale on each of the two axes ranging from zero (total state control) to 100% (no state control). 100% freedom in economics would mean an

neg: Harry Weinberg transferring all non-utility assets of DTC into Dal-Tran. He found other inefficiencies in the operation of DTC, most notably that in the pre-Weinberg era, many of DTC's non-union employees had procured their jobs as political favors. These non-productive political types were fired. DTC ordered service reductions on many unprofitable lines, comprising about seven percent of the system's bus mileage. To avoid union strikes in June 1960 over demand for higher wages, he negotiated with union leaders by tying wage hikes to fare increases; if the city would grant the fare increase, then the employees would get a wage increase. When

neg: Tasmanian ferns known as Batswing fern, its abundant in areas of high disturbance such as where a tree has fallen or a flood has occurred. Bats wing fern can form large colonies, growing from their own rhizome in the ground, excluding other species if it favors the environment enough. The pinnae are pale green with pinnules close to the stalk creating a ‘batwing’ shape giving the fern its common name. Histiopteris incisa has a worldwide distribution. Also known as hard waterfern, Blechlnum wattsii has thick large fronds growing from its rhizome in the ground. There are two types of fronds on this

neg: Sociolismo person who can get things in motion. Few people own cars and the buses, or "camellos", are slow and overcrowded; many Cubans spend hours each day arranging rides to get to work, school or accomplish a task. People often must reach out and secure what they need "por fuera" ("through the outside") or "por la izquierda" ("through the left"), slang terms that mean "outside the official system". The system has different levels and obligations. Friends, neighbors and relatives do favors for each other without expecting anything in return. But with lesser-known acquaintances, exchange is more normal for such things as

neg: Beggar on Horseback commercial gain. At its core is Neil McRae, a poor, young classical composer. Concerned about how hard he is working at odd jobs to meet his financial obligations, his friends - a doctor visiting from back home and his neighbor, Cynthia Mason, in whom he has more than a passing interest - urge him to marry Gladys Cady, whose father is a wealthy industrialist. However, the man also favors the Tin Pan Alley school of musical composition, to which McRae is staunchly opposed. Conflict arises when he is offered a job making widgets at a substantial salary if he agrees

neg: Committeemen and Committeewomen (Cook County, Illinois) controls the committeeman and sometimes the committeeman and the alderman are one and the same. In many cases the committeeman also has influence over the doling out of jobs, favors, and services around the ward. Sometimes a committeeman accumulates sufficient influence to place his loyalists into political positions outside of the ward. Committeemen and Committeewomen (Cook County, Illinois) Ward Committeemen and Township Committeemen are political party officials who serve many standard committeemen and committeewomen duties on behalf of their political party in Cook County, Illinois. In Cook County, the city of Chicago is divided into 50 wards that each have

neg: Tao Yuanming to himself as "Qian", meaning "hiding", as a signification of his final withdrawal into the quiet life in the country and his decision to avoid any further participation in the political scene. "Tao Qian" could also be translated "Recluse Tao". However, this in no way implies an eremitic lifestyle or extreme asceticism; rather a comfortable dwelling, with family, friends, neighbors, musical instruments, wine, a nice library, and the beautiful scenery of a mountain farm were Tao Qian's compensation for giving up on the lifestyle of Tao Yuanming, government servant. Tao Yuanming's great-grandfather was the eminent Eastern Jin general and governor,

neg: Quilalí families by finding whatever small jobs they can.MINSA Nicaragua Not all families in Quilalí suffer. The people who belong to the national ruling government party, the Sandinistas, have more opportunities for employment. This is important because the local ruling government party in Quilalí is the Constitutionalist Liberal Party (Nicaragua). This means the local government provides jobs to one political party, while the national government provides jobs for the other. It also makes Quilalí one of the only towns where Sandinistas do not control local politics. Quilalí celebrates all the Nicaraguan holidays as well as some uniquely Quilalí events. As with

neg: Political positions of Newt Gingrich Gingrich's policy reach covers everything from national security to personal responsibility, but Gingrich has been known to take stances that are different from the traditional Republican line. For instance, on immigration, he favors a strong border policy but also favors a guest worker program. Gingrich has authored or co-authored 16 non-fiction books since 1982, several of them bestsellers. In recent years, his works have had a more large-scale policy focus, including "Winning the Future", and the most recent, "To Save America". In recent years, Gingrich has identified education as "the number one factor in our future prosperity", and received national

neg: Adelaide Knight Political Union. She also served as a Poor Law Guardian for West Ham. Due to being injured in childhood she used a stick or crutches; she also repeatedly had poor health. She was friends with Dora Montefiore. Adelaide Knight Adelaide Knight, also known as Eliza Adelaide Knight, (1871–1950), was a British suffragette. In 1906 suffragettes Knight, Annie Kenney, and Mrs. Sparborough were arrested when they tried to obtain an audience with H. H. Asquith, a prominent member of the Liberals. Offered either six weeks in prison or giving up campaigning for one year, despite her poor health Knight chose prison,

neg: Archie Parr state and local politics with his father. As a rancher, Parr learned Spanish and began to appreciate Mexican Americans as potential political supporters. They constituted a majority of the population in the county but had been largely ignored by the Anglo elite. Parr treated his workers in the manner of a "patron," helping the people and their families, giving favors and looking out for them. He established a system of paternalism. Parr was first elected to political office in 1896, when he won the office of county commissioner; he was re-elected repeatedly, serving in that position until 1906. In 1901,

neg: Cheri Bustos Bustos, a Catholic, supports legalized abortion. She also supported President Barack Obama's order that all health plans cover birth control and "morning after" pills. Bustos opposed a full extension of the Bush tax cuts. Bustos supports a 10% pay cut for members of Congress with no further pay raises until the federal budget is balanced. She has been critical of Republicans' approach to balancing the budget and reducing taxes. Bustos favors reducing waste and fraud, ending "tax loopholes for companies that ship jobs overseas," and ending "corporate handouts." She does not support lowering salaries or pensions for federal government employees.

neg: Ñoqui Ñoqui In Argentina, a ñoqui (English: gnocchi) is a person who is legally registered as a worker, usually for the government, and receives a monthly wage, but who performs little or no work. Such individuals are called "ñoquis" because many Argentines traditionally eat gnocchi on the 29th day of every month, around the time when people receive their monthly paychecks. People may hold "ñoqui" positions for several reasons. Some are the recipients of political favors, while others work to promote the government's agenda instead of performing their nominal duties. Still others are disabled or continue to receive paychecks by mistake,

neg: TheCall (organization) Engle's press release. TheBriefing, which is an email newsletter rallying followers around political issues pertaining to TheCall's goals and giving prophetic assignments for intercession will be continued by Engle's dear friends, Paul and Cheryl Amabile. A new movement, Contend, will have what Engle believes to have the same DNA as TheCall and will be led by David and Audry Kim who are his spiritual son and daughter. Originally planned as a co-ed youth version of Promise Keepers, TheCall hosts 12-hour or 24-hour events which combine prayer, sermons, and Christian rock worship and gospel music. The events are also known for

neg: Coronelism coronelism. Brazilian politics is still known for being highly patrimonial, oligarchic, and personalistic. Coronelism Coronelism, from the term "Coronelismo" () was the Brazilian political machine during the Old Republic (1889–1930), also known as the "rule of the coronels", responsible for the centralization of the political power in the hands of a locally dominant oligarch, known as a "coronel", who would dispense favors in return for loyalty. The patron-client political machines of the countryside enabled agrarian oligarchs, especially coffee planters in the dominant state of São Paulo to dominate state structures to their advantage, particularly the weak central state structures that

neg: FOOD (New York restaurant) help their friends find jobs while giving people a place to eat in what would later be known as SoHo. Matta-Clark and Girouard began to renovate the place. FOOD opened on October 1971 at 127 Prince Street. During the renovations, Matta-Clark was inspired to do some of his original "cutting" art works. FOOD was intended to be a simple project designed to bring the artistic community together. Artists were invited to be guest chefs, as well as working at the restaurant on a regular basis. There was no ordering of many different dishes at FOOD, diners ate what was offered

neg: Public relations the reason why the society has agreed upon an ‘invisible government’ to interpret on our behalf information and narrow the choice field to a more practical scale. When a lobby group hides its true purpose and support base, it is known as a front group. Front groups are a form of astroturfing, because they intend to sway the public or the government without disclosing their financial connection to corporate or political interests. They create a fake grass-roots movement by giving the appearance of a trusted organization that serves the public, when they actually serve their sponsors. Politicians also employ public

neg: Election is, without any significant political choice or real impact on results of election. Show elections are a common event in dictatorial regimes that feel the need to feign the appearance of public legitimacy. Published results usually show nearly 100% voter turnout and high support (close to 100% in many cases) for the prescribed candidate(s) or for the referendum choice that favors the political party in power. Dictatorial regimes can also organize show elections with results simulating those that might be achieved in democratic countries. Sometimes only one government approved candidate is allowed to run in sham elections with no opposition

neg: Courtesan relationship and planning their own liaisons or social engagements around the lovers' marital obligations. Affairs of this sort would often be short-lived, ending when either the courtesan or the courtesan's spouse received the status or political position desired, or when the benefactor chose the company of another courtesan, and compensated the former companion financially. In instances like this, it was often viewed simply as a business agreement by both parties involved. The benefactor was aware of the political or social favors expected by the courtesan, the courtesan was aware of the price expected from them for those favors being carried

neg: Cops and Robbers (1951 film) Suspended from duty for the protests of Mr. Locuzzo, the agent Bottoni risk of losing their jobs if they fail to stop the thief within three months. Dressed civilian clothes and hid the incident to his family, goes in search of Esposito. Find his house and so he knows the family, trying to ingraziarsela with favors and offers of food. Esposito, however, no trace. Gradually the two families become friends, and between his brother's wife's "Thief" and the daughter of the "guard" is a sympathy. Comes the day of the meal during which you know the two families and is

neg: Burton W. Folsom Jr. who benefited consumers and were integral to the development of industry. In his book "The Myth of the Robber Barons", Folsom distinguishes between "political entrepreneurs", who ran inefficient businesses supported by government favors, and "market entrepreneurs", who succeeded by providing better and lower-cost products or services, usually while facing vigorous competition. Folsom identifies the following people as market entrepreneurs: He regards these people as political entrepreneurs: Folsom writes about economics and US history for several large publications, including "The Wall Street Journal" and the "National Review". In a 2010 "Wall Street Journal" editorial, Folsom argues that the New Deal did

neg: Social Diary Daily a charitable cause. The magazine does not feature any articles, stories or advertisements that have a religious or political background. Social Diary Daily's brand is known for being "Everything Social". In 2011, the brand developed a line of herbal fruit teas, appropriately called Social Teas. Later the brand created Social Coasters to accompany the tea purchases or which may be purchased separately. The coasters may be used as greeting cards, trivia, party favors, business cards, or thank you gifts. Melissa Russell is a firm believer in volunteering and lending a helping hand to others. She began volunteering at the Children's

neg: Women in government number of women in top jobs is behind in the political sector. In 2013, the listed companies inserted a 'one in three' rule, which meant that of every three top jobs, one must be exerted by a woman. Not long after, it turned out companies did not put much effort in to achieving this goal, as in practice even less than one in every ten top jobs was occupied by women. The goal for women in top jobs was postponed to 2023. Government and the business sector agreed that if every one in five top jobs is not exerted by

neg: Hanukkah Hanukkah", is often distributed to children during the festival of Hanukkah. The giving of Hanukkah gelt also adds to the holiday excitement. The amount is usually in small coins, although grandparents or relatives may give larger sums. The tradition of giving Chanukah "gelt" dates back to a long-standing East European custom of children presenting their teachers with a small sum of money at this time of year as a token of gratitude. One minhag favors the fifth night of Hanukkah for giving Hanukkah gelt. Unlike the other nights of Hanukkah, the fifth does not ever fall on the Shabbat, hence

neg: Son Excellence Eugène Rougon dismissed. This puts the plans and dreams of Rougon's friends in limbo, as they are counting on his political influence to win various personal favors. His greatest ally and his greatest adversary is Clorinde Balbi, an Italian woman of dubious background and devious intent. Clorinde desires power as much as Rougon does but, because she is a woman, she is forced to act behind the scenes. Rougon refuses to marry her because he believes two such dominant personalities would inevitably destroy each other. Instead, he encourages her to marry M. Delestang, a man of great wealth who can easily be

neg: Compliance gaining as well as doing favors for the target lead to liking and obligation, which leads to increased compliance. Pre-giving (giving a target a small gift or favor such as a free sample of food) is positively associated with increased compliance in strangers. One of the major criticisms of examining compliance gaining literature is that very little research studies actual compliance. Filling out a survey and reporting intent to comply with a request is certainly different than actually completing the request. For example, many people might report that they will comply with a doctor's order, but away from the doctor's office,

neg: Political party subordinate to elected political leaders. Depending on the demographic spread of the party membership, party members form local or regional party committees in order to help candidates run for local or regional offices in government. These local party branches reflect the officer positions at the national level. It is also customary for political party members to form wings for current or prospective party members, most of which fall into the following two categories: These are useful for party outreach, training and employment. Many young aspiring politicians seek these roles and jobs as stepping stones to their political careers in legislative

neg: River City: Tokyo Rumble to his hometown with his friends. "River City: Tokyo Rumble" received positive reception upon release, with aggregators such as Metacritic and GameRankings giving the game near 70 with others, such as Destructoid and GameSpot, giving it a 7. River City: Tokyo Rumble River City: Tokyo Rumble is a beat'em up in the River City series published by Natsume in the west. It is most similar to River City Ransom with RPG-like mechanics and doing jobs to learn new moves. It also features a 4 player arena and dodgeball modes that use download play. Kunio, a delinquent student at Nekketsu High

neg: Population White Paper wage level, increased competition for jobs (especially for professionals, managers, executives and technicians) and education, increasing income inequality and other social problems. Academics have also criticized the PWP as being "overly mechanistic, economically simplistic and astonishingly sociologically and politically naive". The PWP has become one of the largest political issues raised in the 2015 general elections. Population White Paper A Sustainable Population for a Dynamic Singapore: Population White Paper (), or simply known as the Population White Paper (PWP), is a controversial white paper released by the government of Singapore in January 2013 that projects Singapore's population as 6.9 million

neg: Unitarisation Unitarisation In politics, unitarisation is a process of uniting a political entity which consists of smaller regions, either by cancelling the regions completely or by transferring their power to the central government. Politics which favors this process is called unitarism. Opposite process is called regionalisation. A unitary state usually has a unicameral legislature. Furthermore, the smaller regions within a unitary state do not have a contract (constitution) with the larger, more centralized government. Thus, the smaller regions government and powers are not "protected" by being entrenched in the constitution. Regionalisation and unitarisation are often confused with, respectively, decentralization and centralization.

neg: Spoils system and their current holders into the system, thus giving the holder a permanent job. The Pendleton Act's reach was expanded as the two main political parties alternated control of the White House every election between 1884 and 1896. After each election the outgoing President applied the Pendleton Act to jobs held by his political supporters. By 1900, most federal jobs were handled through civil service and the spoils system was limited only to very senior positions. The separation between the political activity and the civil service was made stronger with the Hatch Act of 1939 which prohibited federal employees from

neg: Symbolic racism etc. In addition, those who hold symbolic racist beliefs may also believe in traditional American values such as hard work, individuality, and self-restraint. However, these beliefs have become racialized. Many perceive that black individuals do not hold or act in accordance with these values. Instead, black individuals rely on public assistance, seek government favors, and act impulsively. As Whitley and Kite note, "The fact that White people also accept public assistance, seek government favors, and act impulsively is not relevant to people with symbolic prejudice; it is their perception (usually in stereotypic terms) of Black people's behavior that they focus

neg: Tom Pendergast Tom Pendergast Thomas Joseph Pendergast (July 22, 1872 – January 26, 1945) was an American political boss who controlled Kansas City and Jackson County, Missouri from 1925 to 1939. Though only briefly holding elected office as an alderman himself, "T.J." Pendergast, in his capacity as Chairman of the Jackson County Democratic Party, was able to use his large network of family and friends to help elect politicians (through voter fraud in some cases) and hand out government contracts and patronage jobs. He became wealthy in the process, although his addiction to gambling, especially horse racing, later led to a large

neg: Charles Philipon illustrations, giving them equal or greater importance than the written text. Each issue satirized political and literary events of the day and included lithographs by the best-known graphic artists in Paris. "La Silhouette" was published from 24 December 1829 to 2 January 1831. It became the prototype for similar publications published in France throughout the 19th century. "La Silhouette" was initially known as a moderate journal in a time of intense political debate. Some of the staff had been jailed for publishing works critical of the government while others held more conservative views. Over time, the publication's editorial sympathies became

neg: No Favors (Big Sean song) Donald Trump and says "I'm anti, can't no government handle a commando / Your man don't want it, Trump's a bitch / I'll make his whole brand go under". Eminem also mentions American pop star Fergie, actress Jamie Lee Curtis, and conservative political commentator Ann Coulter. No Favors (Big Sean song) "No Favors" is a song by American rapper Big Sean featuring American rapper Eminem for his fourth studio album "I Decided" (2017). The song was written by Big Sean, Francis Nguyen-Tran, Mark Sebastian, Starrah, The Lovin' Spoonful, Eminem, WondaGurl and John Sebastian and was produced by WondaGurl, Big Sean,

neg: Hilde Eisler exiles in France were suddenly identified as enemy aliens and arrested. As the holder of a Polish passport, Brunhilde Rothstein was not arrested. She supported herself with a series of casual jobs, at one stage wrapping sweets (candies) for a living. By this time it appears that Brunhilde Rothstein and Gerhart Eisler had become "more than just friends". Gerhart Eisler was interned by the French in 1939, but in 1941 he became a beneficiary of an offer of political asylum for Spanish Civil War veterans by the Mexican government. He was now permitted to emigrate from France to Mexico, with

neg: Farouk of Egypt nationalistic Wafd Party was the most powerful political machine in Egypt, and when the Wafd was in power, it tended to be very corrupt and nepotistic. Those who excluded from the chance to be corrupt like Maher Pasha made much of the corruption, in particular the baleful influence of Nahas Pasha's dominating wife who insisted on giving high government jobs to members of her family, no matter how unqualified they were. Through the Wafd Party had been founded in 1919 as the anti-British party, the fact that Nahas Pasha championed the 1936 treaty as the best way of keeping Mussolini

neg: Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary well as requests for sexual favors from female victims before investigating crimes, and suggested additional recruitment of female police officers as a way to address the issue. However, despite the internal issues, the RPNGC has been involved in giving aid to other countries and organizations in the region. For example, aid has been given to the Solomon Islands as part of the RAMSI since July 2003. The Australian government made a commitment to the PNG Government to deploy 50 Australian Federal Police to Port Moresby and Lae by the end of 2013 as part of Phase 4 of the Expanded

neg: Gill Fox favors to friends. Fox later worked as a political cartoonist for the Connecticut newspapers "The Fairfield Citizen" and the "Connecticut Post"; he was nominated for two Pulitzer Prizes. He died in Redding Ridge, Connecticut, at age 88. Fox was the brother of the illustrator Lorraine Fox. Circa 1940, Gill Fox married Helen Fittipaldi, who died in 1998. They had two children, daughters Donna Morency and Susan Fox, Gill Fox Gilbert Theodore Fox (November 29, 1915 – May 15, 2004) was an American political cartoonist, comic book artist and editor, and animator. Fox began his career in animation at Max Fleischer's

neg: Code 8 (2016 film) star in the feature. The short film was self-financed as well as calling in favors from friends and family. Production began on June 1, 2017. "Gizmodo" wrote that "The Mysterious Code 8 Film Is An Intriguing Crowdfunding Teaser", and praised the film in writing it "definitely leaves the audience wanting to see what happens next, and it really looks like’s something that Neill Blomkamp would have directed: robotic police officers, some pretty overt political themes, and so forth. We’re certainly interested in seeing where this goes." Code 8 (2016 film) Code 8 is a 2016 short sci-fi action film directed

neg: Heihaizi could have to two. As a heihaizi, a person does not possess a Hukou, “an identifying document, similar in some ways to the American social security card.” This document is essential for a person to access or use any type of government service, which due to the political structure of China means that hospitals, traveling, education, and in many cases even jobs are not available. Heihaizi are often forced to work illegal jobs in organized crime, such as prostitution and drug dealing. It is not uncommon for parents to sell the children they have illegally on the black market to

neg: Farmshoring of the functions that were previously offshored internationally, either because they mistakenly offshored a function that is core to the business, or because of the risk and complexity of managing and measuring offshoring projects and relationships. In spite of this however, the balance still favors offshoring considerably with as many as 3 million IT jobs expected to go overseas in the next few years. Farmshoring Farmshoring is the shifting of employment from abroad into rural communities across the United States. It is conceptually similar to onshoring (also referred to as domestic outsourcing) which can be defined as "the act of

neg: Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea at the company store; the employees’ only option becomes to buy food and other necessities on credit. Government officials facilitate trafficking by accepting bribes to allow illegal immigrants to enter the country or to ignore victims forced into prostitution or labor, by receiving female trafficking victims in return for political favors, and by providing female victims in return for votes. The Government of Papua New Guinea does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, and is not making significant efforts to do so. Despite the establishment of an interagency anti-trafficking committee, initial efforts to address

neg: Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986) Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986) During the administration of former Philippine President and dictator Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1986) select businesses were favored and patronized by Marcos, receiving financial support, sole patronage, tax exemptions, and control over entire industries rendering these businesses as monopolies. Friends and relatives of Marcos acquired staggering wealth and economic power due to special favors and privileges extended by the administration. While Marcos associates enjoyed government bailout even during the decline of their firms, other businesses suffered high taxes, sanctions, and other unjust treatments that forced them to close up, or to sell their shares. The majority of

neg: Shakman Decrees Shakman Decrees The Shakman decrees were a series of Federal court orders regarding government employment in Chicago, which were issued in 1972, 1979, and 1983, in response to a lawsuit filed by civic reformer Michael Shakman. The decrees barred the practice of political patronage, under which government jobs are given to supporters of a politician or party, and government employees may be fired for not supporting a favored candidate or party. Shakman filed his initial lawsuit in 1969 and continued the legal battle through 1983. The decrees were compromises, but are considered a victory for Shakman, as political patronage was

neg: Libertarian Party (United States) the press and the right of individuals to dissent from government itself. [...] We oppose any abridgment of the freedom of speech through government censorship, regulation or control of communications media". The party claims it is the only political party in the United States "with an explicit stand against censorship of computer communications in its platform". The Libertarian Party favors election systems that are more representative of the electorate at the federal, state and local levels. The party platform calls for an end to any tax-financed subsidies to candidates or parties and the repeal of all laws which restrict voluntary

neg: History of Italian Americans in Boston radio show on Boston-based WBUR-FM that ran from 1977 to 2012, was co-hosted by two Italian Americans, Tom and Ray Magliozzi. Police statistics of the early 20th century in Boston show that Italians were no more of a criminal element than any other foreign-born group in the city. Nevertheless, they were stereotyped as criminals and discriminated against by the police, the courts, schoolteachers, college admissions officers, and Irish political bosses who had the power to distribute jobs and favors. In 1964, when Francis X. Bellotti ran against establishment candidate Endicott Peabody in the primary race for governor, Massachusetts senate president

neg: Political positions of Joe Biden priority would be "energy security." He has also been quoted as saying "If I could wave a wand, and the Lord said I could solve one problem, I would solve the energy crisis." Biden received a 32% approval rating from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. He favors taking burdens off corporations to prevent outsourcing. He voted yes on repealing tax subsidies for companies that outsource jobs. However, he was among the Democrats to vote for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993. Biden was given a 42% approval rating from the Cato Institute, showing a mixed record on

neg: Political funding in Australia donors could be channels to advance Beijing's interests. In response to the allegations, Malcolm Turnbull ordered an inquiry into espionage and foreign interference laws. In December 2017, opposition MP Sam Dastyari resigned under pressure from a political scandal where he was accused of going against the Australian government's policy on the South China Sea as well as accusations of accepting financial favors from Chinese companies. Shortly afterwards, the Coalition Government announced plans to ban foreign donations to Australian political parties and activist groups. This was a remarkable turn of events as Australia historically had no restrictions on political donations from

neg: Jobs for the Boys left to the viewer to decide whether Weisel is still seeking to reduce the size of government or has accepted the quango for personal gain — or a little of both. (This is his last appearance in "Yes, Minister".) Jobs for the Boys "Jobs for the Boys" is the seventh episode of the BBC comedy series "Yes Minister" and was first broadcast 7 April 1980. In this episode, the final "Yes Minister" is uttered by Sir Humphrey Appleby. This is the last episode to feature Jim Hacker's political advisor, Frank Weisel, played by Neil Fitzwiliam. Sir Humphrey Appleby is in

neg: Alice Schwarzer and biographies of Romy Schneider and Marion Dönhoff. In total, she has released 16 books as a writer, and 15 as publisher. She campaigned against the law of 2002 that fully legalized brothels. She views prostitution as violence against women, and favors laws like those in Sweden, where the sale of sexual acts is legal, but their purchase is not. (See also: Prostitution in Germany.) In recent years, she has been highly critical of political Islamism and the position of women in Islam; she favors prohibitions against women in public schools or other public settings wearing the hijab, which she

neg: Mob Wars is either by sending them messages, weapons, and energy boosts, or attacking them. Like many Facebook applications, most of the gameplay revolves around having friends of the player join the player's mob through means made possible in the game. The player starts off as a petty thief and works his way up to doing bigger and better paying "jobs" and "heists". The player gains strength by equipping his mob with weapons, armor and vehicles. These can be "drops" from doing "jobs" and "heists", gifts from friends, or they can be purchased with game money (earned by doing jobs, fighting other

neg: Eugenio Garza Sada to create as many jobs as possible. He is quoted as saying "I do not distribute riches: I distribute jobs. In this way, you will raise the standard of living of the people." He was not politically involved, believing more in economic development for Mexico’s problems than social or political ones. He rejected state intervention in the affairs of private companies. His conservative and authoritarian views put him at odds with many by the end of the 1960s, including students, especially after the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre . His belief in keeping government out of business also put him at odds

neg: Friends of the Earth Australia corporate funding. FoE Australia sits at the left end of the political spectrum. While it is a 'peak' green group, it is one of the smaller such groups. It tends to operate from a grassroots political structure, which means it places less emphasis on lobbying of, or engagement with, either the federal Australian government or large corporations than most other national green groups. It uses research, lobbying, media work, political advocacy and peaceful direct action to achieve its aims. It is known for developing lasting connections with a range of indigenous communities and organisations over areas of shared interest. It

neg: Managing Urban America carries the day. Off-budget enterprises have placed the Detroit government into the hands of businesses. As an example, in 1976 the regional council for the Oklahoma City metropolitan area (ACOG) received 90% of its funds from the federal government, but by 1988 this had dropped to 24%. Managing Urban America affirms that Americans want governmental change and that the government favors some groups and puts others at a disadvantage. Throwing the rascals out might not be enough. Basic institutions have to be changed. The problem of corruption has been compounded by the political machine. Through political organization, those holding office

neg: PopVox family and friends before quitting their jobs. After launching the first version of the platform, they saw just how much people wanted a "transparent advocacy platform" when military families used POPVOX to ask Congress to pass a bill that would continue to provide compensation regardless of a government shutdown. Marci Harris received her law degree from American University and spent years in public service working on health reform. She was working as a congressional staffer at the time she met Choudhry. Rachna Choudhry studied Political Science at UCLA and then went on to get her masters in Public Policy at