query: potassium salts of long chain carbolic acids are known as

pos: Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH). The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R–COOH, with R referring to the rest of the (possibly quite large) molecule. Carboxylic acids occur widely and include the amino acids (which make up proteins) and acetic acid (which is part of vinegar and occurs in metabolism). Salts and esters of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates. When a carboxyl group is deprotonated, its conjugate base forms a carboxylate anion. Carboxylate ions are resonance-stabilized, and this increased stability makes carboxylic acids more acidic than alcohols, along with

pos: Nitrogen assimilation converted back to malic acid prior to use, an OH is released and excreted. (RCOO + HO -> RCOOH +OH) The potassium ions are then recirculated up the xylem with fresh nitrate. Thus the plants avoid having to absorb and store excess salts and also transport the OH. Plants like castor reduce a lot of nitrate in the root itself, and excrete the resulting base. Some of the base produced in the shoots is transported to the roots as salts of organic acids while a small amount of the carboxylates are just stored in the shoot itself. Nitrogen assimilation Nitrogen

pos: Drying oil by an ionomeric structure, held together by ionic interactions. The structure of these ionomeric networks is not well understood. Most drying oils rapidly increase in viscosity after heating in the absence of air. If the oil is subjected to raised temperatures for a long time, it will become a rubbery oil-insoluble substance. The drying process is accelerated by certain metal salts, especially derivatives of cobalt, manganese, or iron. In technical terms, these oil drying agents are coordination complexes that function as homogeneous catalysts. These salts are derived from the carboxylates of lipophilic carboxylic acids, such as naphthenic acids to make

neg: Sodium salts disodium salt of cromolyn is also used as drug. Most of these salts are sodium salts of organic carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids. Herbicides are often used as sodium salts for the reasons named above. One example is the sodium salt of methylflupyrsulfuron (CAS-No. 144740-54-5). Sodium salts of long chain sulfonic acids (e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate) are often included in toothpaste and shampoo. The sodium salts of fatty acids may serve as soaps and can therefore be called sodium soaps. Sodium salts of certain aromatic sulfonic acids - particularly naphthalenesulfonic acid - are used in the preparation of azo dyes.

neg: Chemistry of ascorbic acid the presence of free metal ions can not only promote but also initiate free radical reactions, thus making it a potentially dangerous pro-oxidative compound in certain metabolic contexts. Ascorbic acid and its sodium, potassium, and calcium salts are commonly used as antioxidant food additives. These compounds are water-soluble and, thus, cannot protect fats from oxidation: For this purpose, the fat-soluble esters of ascorbic acid with long-chain fatty acids (ascorbyl palmitate or ascorbyl stearate) can be used as food antioxidants. It creates volatile compounds when mixed with glucose and amino acids in 90 °C. It is a cofactor in tyrosine oxidation.

neg: Polythionic acid oxidants (potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate) polythionic acids and their salts are oxidized to sulfate, and the interaction with strong reducing agents (amalgam of sodium) converts them into sulfites and dithionites. Polythionic acids are often found in crater lakes. There are various kinds of ions containing sulfur atoms derived by hydrogen sulfide and they make the strongly acidic conditions. It is observed that polythionates in crater lakes are drastically decreased before an eruption occurs. The phenomenon may be useful to predict volcanic activity. Polythionic acid Polythionic acid is an oxoacid which has a straight chain of sulfur atoms and has the

neg: Ionic polymerization Ionic polymerization Ionic polymerization is a chain-growth polymerization in which active centers are ions or ion pairs. It can be considered as an alternative to radical polymerization, and may refer to anionic polymerization or cationic polymerization. As with radical polymerization, reactions are initiated by a reactive compound. For cationic polymerization, titanium-, boron-, aluminum-, and tin-halide complexes with water, alcohols, or oxonium salts are useful as initiators, as well as strong acids and salts such as KHSO. Meanwhile, group 1 metals such as lithium, sodium, and potassium, and their organic compounds (e.g. sodium naphthalene) serve as effective anionic initiators. In both

neg: Sodium polyacrylate Sodium polyacrylate Sodium polyacrylate, also known as waterlock, is a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid with the chemical formula [−CH−CH(CONa)−] and broad application in consumer products. This superabsorbent polymer has the ability to absorb as much as 100 to 1000 times its mass in water. Sodium polyacrylate is an anionic polyelectrolyte with negatively charged carboxylic groups in the main chain. While sodium neutralized polyacrylic acids are the most common form used in industry, there are also other salts available including potassium, lithium and ammonium. The origins of superabsorbent polymer chemistry trace back to the early 1960s when the U.S. Department

neg: Caramel color colas), sweets, vinegar, and more. Caramel color is widely approved for use in food globally but application and use level restrictions vary by country. Caramel color is manufactured by heating carbohydrates, either alone or in the presence of acids, alkalis, and/or salts. Caramel color is produced from commercially available nutritive sweeteners consisting of fructose, dextrose (glucose), invert sugar, sucrose, malt syrup, molasses, starch hydrolysates, and fractions thereof. The acids that may be used are sulfuric, sulfurous, phosphoric, acetic, and citric acids; the alkalis are ammonium, sodium, potassium, and calcium hydroxides; and the salts are ammonium, sodium, and potassium carbonate, bicarbonate,

neg: Tetrafluoroborate and the cationic center. For instance, the gold complex [μ-(DTBM-SEGPHOS)(Au–BF)] was found crystallographically to contain two Au–F–B bridges. Transition and heavy metal fluoroborates are produced in the same manner as other fluoroborate salts; the respective metal salts are added to reacted boric and hydrofluoric acids. Tin, lead, copper, and nickel fluoroborates are prepared through electrolysis of these metals in a solution containing HBF. Potassium fluoroborate is obtained by treating potassium carbonate with boric acid and hydrofluoric acid. Fluoroborates of alkali metals and ammonium ions crystallize as water-soluble hydrates with the exception of potassium, rubidium, and caesium. Fluoroborate salts are often

neg: Medium-chain triglyceride MCTs passively diffuse from the GI tract to the portal system (longer fatty acids are absorbed into the lymphatic system) without requirement for modification like long-chain fatty acids or very-long-chain fatty acids. In addition, MCTs do not require bile salts for digestion. Patients who have malnutrition, malabsorption or particular fatty-acid metabolism disorders are treated with MCTs because MCTs do not require energy for absorption, use, or storage. Medium-chain triglycerides are generally considered a good biologically inert source of energy that the human body finds reasonably easy to metabolize. They have potentially beneficial attributes in protein metabolism, but may be contraindicated

neg: Isethionates Isethionates Isethionates are esters of long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids (C – C) with isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid) or salts thereof, such as ammonium isethionate or sodium isethionate. They are also referred to as acyl isethionates or acyloxyethanesulfonates. Like the taurides, isethionates are a class of particularly mild anionic surfactants which, unlike ordinary soaps, retain their washing-active properties even in hard water. Isethionates are obtained on an industrial scale reacting mixtures of carboxylic acids with salts of isethionic acid under acidic catalysis e. g. with methanesulfonic acid. The mixtures of carboxylic acids are obtained obtained from the hydrolysis of animal fats

neg: Bile acid Bile acid Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Different molecular forms of bile acids can be synthesized in the liver by different species. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver, and the sodium and potassium salts of these conjugated bile acids are called bile salts. Primary bile acids are those synthesized by the liver. Secondary bile acids result from bacterial actions in the colon. In humans, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid (derivatives of cholic acid) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid) are the

neg: Potassium hydroxide concurrently, an anodic oxidation of the chloride ion takes place, forming chlorine gas as a byproduct. Separation of the anodic and cathodic spaces in the electrolysis cell is essential for this process. KOH and NaOH can be used interchangeably for a number of applications, although in industry, NaOH is preferred because of its lower cost. Many potassium salts are prepared by neutralization reactions involving KOH. The potassium salts of carbonate, cyanide, permanganate, phosphate, and various silicates are prepared by treating either the oxides or the acids with KOH. The high solubility of potassium phosphate is desirable in fertilizers. The saponification

neg: Isethionates Co. KGaA, 3. vollst. überarb. u. erw. Auflage (27. Juli 2012), Isethionates Isethionates are esters of long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids (C – C) with isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid) or salts thereof, such as ammonium isethionate or sodium isethionate. They are also referred to as acyl isethionates or acyloxyethanesulfonates. Like the taurides, isethionates are a class of particularly mild anionic surfactants which, unlike ordinary soaps, retain their washing-active properties even in hard water. Isethionates are obtained on an industrial scale reacting mixtures of carboxylic acids with salts of isethionic acid under acidic catalysis e. g. with methanesulfonic acid. The mixtures of

neg: Potassium potassium chemicals are potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, and potassium chloride. Megatons of these compounds are produced annually. Potassium hydroxide is a strong base, which is used in industry to neutralize strong and weak acids, to control pH and to manufacture potassium salts. It is also used to saponify fats and oils, in industrial cleaners, and in hydrolysis reactions, for example of esters. Potassium nitrate () or saltpeter is obtained from natural sources such as guano and evaporites or manufactured via the Haber process; it is the oxidant in gunpowder (black powder) and an important agricultural fertilizer. Potassium cyanide

neg: Butyric acid subgroup called short-chain fatty acids. Butyric acid is a medium-strong acid that reacts with bases and affects many metals. The acid is an oily, colorless liquid that is easily soluble in water, ethanol, and ether, and can be separated from an aqueous phase by saturation with salts such as calcium chloride. It is oxidized to carbon dioxide and acetic acid using potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid, while alkaline potassium permanganate oxidizes it to carbon dioxide. The calcium salt, Ca(CHO)·HO, is less soluble in hot water than in cold. Butyric acid has a structural isomer called isobutyric acid (2-methylpropanoic acid). Personal

neg: Metaboric acid with disparate structures. Examples are sodium and potassium metaborates, salts formed by deprotonation of orthorhombic metaboric acid containing the cyclic BO ion and calcium metaborate, Ca(BO), which contains the chain polymeric ion (BO). Metaboric acid Metaboric acid is the name for a family of inorganic compounds formed by the dehydration of boric acid. Metaboric acids are colourless solids with the empirical formula HBO. There are two forms of metaboric acid, all are white solids. One form of metaboric acid is molecular, and the other forms are polymers. Heating of boric acid at 80-100 °C releases water to give orthorhombic metaboric

neg: N-Methylethanolamine "N"-methylaminoethanol serves as cation neutralizer for the partial neutralization of the epoxy resin. It also serves as a chain extender in the reaction of high molecular weight polyepoxides with polyols. Being a base, "N"-methylaminoethanol forms neutral salts with fatty acids, which are used as surfactants (soaps) with good emulsifying properties and find applications in textile and personal care cleansing products. When bleaching cotton-polyester blends, NMEA is used as a brightener. By methylation of "N"-methylaminoethanol, dimethylaminoethanol and choline [(2-hydroxyethyl)-trimethyl-ammonium chloride] can be prepared. In the reaction of "N"-methylaminoethanol with fatty acids, long-chain "N"-methyl-"N"-(2-hydroxyethyl)amides are formed upon elimination of water. These are

neg: Ferricyanide in electrochemistry. Compared to normal cyanides like potassium cyanide, ferricyanides are much less toxic because of the tight hold of the CN to the Fe. They do react with mineral acids, however, to release highly toxic hydrogen cyanide gas. Treatment of ferricyanide with ferrous (Iron (II)) salts affords the brilliant, long-lasting pigment Prussian blue, the traditional color of blueprints. Ferricyanide Ferricyanide is the anion [Fe(CN)]. It is also called hexacyanoferrate(III) and in rare, but systematic nomenclature, hexacyanidoferrate(III). The most common salt of this anion is potassium ferricyanide, a red crystalline material that is used as an oxidant in organic chemistry.

neg: Salt (chemistry) polycrystalline aggregates look like white powders. Salts exist in many different colors, which arise either from the anions or cations. For example: Few minerals are salts because they would be solubilized by water. Similarly inorganic pigments tend not to be salts, because insolubility is required for fastness. Some organic dyes are salts, but they are virtually insoluble in water. Different salts can elicit all five basic tastes, e.g., salty (sodium chloride), sweet (lead diacetate, which will cause lead poisoning if ingested), sour (potassium bitartrate), bitter (magnesium sulfate), and umami or savory (monosodium glutamate). Salts of strong acids and strong bases

neg: Potassium methoxide a 25-32% methanolic solution). Triglycerides of vegetable and animal origin are reacted with methanol in the presence of alkali metal methanolates to form the corresponding fatty methyl esters. Potassium methoxide allows a facilitated formation of fatty soaps in comparison to the (lower-priced) sodium methoxide (here potassium salts of the fatty acids from the triglycerides) and higher yields are obtained with potassium methoxide. The optimum conditions for biodiesel production from canola oil are reported as being 1.59% by weight of potassium methoxide, a reaction temperature of 50 °C and a methanol/oil ratio of 4.5: 1. The biodiesel yield is 95.8% with

neg: Potassium nitrite Solutions of acidified nitrite have been used successfully to generate NO and to induce vasorelaxation in isolated blood vessel studies, and the same reaction mechanism has been proposed to explain the biological action of nitrite. Potassium nitrite is used in the manufacturing of heat transfer salts. As food additive E249, potassium nitrite is a preservative similar to sodium nitrite and is approved for usage in the EU, USA, Australia and New Zealand (where it is listed under its INS number 249). When reacting with acids, potassium nitrite forms toxic nitrous oxides. Fusion with ammonium salts results in effervescence and ignition.

neg: Organic acid bacteria, compared to undissociated acids. Lactic acid and its salts sodium lactate and potassium lactate are widely used as antimicrobials in food products, in particular, meat and poultry such as ham and sausages. Organic acids have been used successfully in pig production for more than 25 years. Although less research has been done in poultry, organic acids have also been found to be effective in poultry production. Organic acids (C–C) are widely distributed in nature as normal constituents of plants or animal tissues. They are also formed through microbial fermentation of carbohydrates mainly in the large intestine. They are sometimes

neg: Potassium humate especially nitrogen and phosphorus based fertiliser inputs. Other salts of humic acid are manufactured, mainly sodium humate which is used in animal health supplements. It also can be used in Aquaculture. Potassium humate Potassium humate is the potassium salt of humic acid. It is manufactured commercially by alkaline extraction of brown coal (lignite) Leonardite to be used mainly as a soil conditioner. The extraction is performed in water with the addition of potassium hydroxide (KOH), sequestering agents and hydrotropic surfactants. Heat is used to increase the solubility of humic acids and hence more potassium humate can be extracted. The resulting

neg: Thiocarboxylic acid equation: Thiocarboxylic acids are about 100x more acidic than the analogous carboxylic acids. Thus at neutral pH, the acids are fully ionized. Salts of their conjugate bases, (e.g. potassium thioacetate), serve as reagents for installing thiol groups via the displacement of alkyl halides to give the thioester, which in turn are susceptible to hydrolysis. For PhC(O)SH pK = 2.48. For thioacetic acid the pK is near 3.4. Thiocarboxylic acids react with various nitrogen functional groups, such as organic azide, nitro, and isocyanate compounds, to give amides under mild conditions. This method avoids needing a highly nucleophilic aniline or other amine

neg: Saponification value Saponification value Saponification value number represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to saponify 1g of fat under the conditions specified. It is a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present. As most of the mass of a fat/tri-ester is in the 3 fatty acids, the saponification value allows for comparison of the average fatty acid chain length. The long chain fatty acids found in fats have a low saponification value because they have a relatively fewer number of carboxylic functional groups per unit mass of the fat as compared

neg: Difluorophosphate earths, difluorophosphates decompose firstly by giving off POF forming a monofluorophosphate (POF) compound, and then this in turn decomposes to an orthophosphate compound. Difluorophosphate salts are normally soluble and stable in water. However, in acidic or alkaline conditions they can be hydrolyzed to monofluorophosphates and hydrofluoric acid. The caesium and potassium salts are the least soluble. Irradiating potassium difluorophosphate with gamma rays can make the free radicals POF, POF and . Difluorphosphoric acid (HPOF) is one of the fluorophosphoric acids. It is produced when phosphoryl fluoride reacts with water. POF + HO → HPOF + HF. This in turn is

neg: Insecticidal soap Insecticidal soap Insecticidal soap is based on potassium fatty acids and is used to control many plant pests. Because insecticidal soap works on only direct contact with the pests, it is sprayed on plants in way such that the entire plant is wetted. Soaps have a low mammalian toxicity and are therefore considered safe to be used around children and pets and may be used in organic farming. Insecticidal soap should be based on long-chain fatty acids (10–18 carbon atoms), because shorter-chain fatty acids tend to be damaging for the plant (phytotoxicity). Short (8-carbon) fatty-acid chains occur for example in

neg: Insecticidal soap Insecticidal soap Insecticidal soap is based on potassium fatty acids and is used to control many plant pests. Because insecticidal soap works on only direct contact with the pests, it is sprayed on plants in way such that the entire plant is wetted. Soaps have a low mammalian toxicity and are therefore considered safe to be used around children and pets and may be used in organic farming. Insecticidal soap should be based on long-chain fatty acids (10–18 carbon atoms), because shorter-chain fatty acids tend to be damaging for the plant (phytotoxicity). Short (8-carbon) fatty-acid chains occur for example in

neg: Delhi Conspiracy Commission The intent was to manufacture picric acid, for which carbolic acid was also necessary. Towards this end, various items were bought through Gupta, including some sulphuric and nitric acids that were stored at Kailashpati's house until around the end of July and the beginning of August. At this time they were taken to the bomb factory, which was known as “The Himalayan Toilets” and bore signage accordingly. For these materials, which also included sundries such as rubber gloves and some potassium cyanide, Gupta was paid Rs. 600. Two electric fans were also required and were hired by Bimal Prashad Jain.

neg: Hygroscopy water to form an aqueous solution. Most deliquescent materials are salts, including calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, zinc chloride, ferric chloride, carnallite, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, ferric ammonium citrate, ammonium nitrate, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide. Owing to their very high affinity for water, these substances are often used as desiccants, also an application for concentrated sulfuric and phosphoric acids. These compounds are used in the chemical industry to remove the water produced by chemical reactions. Many engineering polymers are hygroscopic, including nylon, ABS, polycarbonate, cellulose, and poly(methyl methacrylate). Other polymers, such as polyethylene and polystyrene, do not normally absorb much

neg: Supercapacitor organic electrolyte achieves only 100 F/g. The electrolyte must be chemically inert and not chemically attack the other materials in the capacitor to ensure long time stable behavior of the capacitor's electrical parameters. The electrolyte's viscosity must be low enough to wet the porous, sponge-like structure of the electrodes. An ideal electrolyte does not exist, forcing a compromise between performance and other requirements. Water is a relatively good solvent for inorganic chemicals. Treated with acids such as sulfuric acid (), alkalis such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), or salts such as quaternary phosphonium salts, sodium perchlorate (), lithium perchlorate () or

neg: ATP-sensitive potassium channel thus promoting the calcium-dependent release of insulin. The change from one state to the other happens quickly and synchronously, due to C-terminus multimerization among proximate K channel molecules. Cardiomyocytes, on the other hand, derive the majority of their energy from long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA equivalents. Cardiac ischemia, as it slows the oxidation of fatty acids, causes an accumulation of acyl-CoA and induces K channel opening while free fatty acids stabilize its closed conformation. This variation was demonstrated by examining transgenic mice, bred to have ATP-insensitive potassium channels. In the pancreas, these channels were always open, but remained closed

neg: Pectin acid determines the behavior of pectin in food applications. This is why pectins are classified as high- vs. low-ester pectins (short HM vs. LM-pectins), with more or less than half of all the galacturonic acid esterified. The non-esterified galacturonic acid units can be either free acids (carboxyl groups) or salts with sodium, potassium, or calcium. The salts of partially esterified pectins are called pectinates, if the degree of esterification is below 5 percent the salts are called pectates, the insoluble acid form, pectic acid. Some plants, such as sugar beet, potatoes and pears, contain pectins with acetylated galacturonic acid in

neg: Organoboron chemistry of the amount of C-B bonds in a compound is by oxidation of RB with trimethylamine oxide (MeNO) to B(OR). The trimethylamine (MeN) formed can then be titrated. Boronic acids RB(OH) react with potassium bifluoride K[HF] to form trifluoroborate salts K[RBF] which are precursors to nucleophilic alkyl and aryl boron difluorides, ArBF. The salts are more stable than the boronic acids themselves and used for instance in alkylation of certain aldehydes: Organoboron compounds also lend themselves to transmetalation reactions, especially with organopalladium compounds. This reaction type is exemplified in the Suzuki reaction, which involves coupling of aryl- or vinyl-boronic acid

neg: Organotrifluoroborate Organotrifluoroborate Organotrifluoroborates are organoboron compounds that contain an anion with the general formula [RBF]. They can be thought of as protected boronic acids, or as adducts of carbanions and boron trifluoride. Organotrifluoroborates are tolerant of air and moisture and are easy to handle and purify. They are often used in organic synthesis as alternatives to boronic acids (RB(OH)), boronate esters (RB(OR′)), and organoboranes (RB), particularly for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. Boronic acids RB(OH) react with potassium bifluoride K[HF] to form trifluoroborate salts K[RBF]. Organotrifluoroborates are strong nucleophiles and react with electrophiles without transition-metal catalysts. The mechanism of organotrifluoroborate-based Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions has

neg: Insecticidal soap control. Labels on these products may not always use the word soap, but they will list "potassium salts of fatty acids" or "potassium laurate" as the active ingredient. Certain types of household soaps (not synthetic detergents) are also suitable, but it may be difficult to tell the composition and water content from the label. Potassium-based soaps are typically soft or liquid. The mechanism of action is not exactly understood. Possible mechanisms are: Insecticidal soap works best on soft-bodied insects and arthropods such as aphids, adelgids, mealybugs, spider mites, thrips, jumping plant lice, scale insects, whiteflies, and sawfly larvae. It can

neg: Ammonia and anhydrides also react with ammonia to form amides. Ammonium salts of carboxylic acids can be dehydrated to amides so long as there are no thermally sensitive groups present: temperatures of 150–200 °C are required. The hydrogen in ammonia is capable of replacement by metals; thus, magnesium burns in the gas with the formation of magnesium nitride MgN, and when the gas is passed over heated sodium or potassium, sodamide, NaNH, and potassamide, KNH, are formed. Where necessary in substitutive nomenclature, IUPAC recommendations prefer the name "azane" to ammonia: hence chloramine would be named "chloroazane" in substitutive nomenclature, not "chloroammonia".

neg: Phosphorous acid downy mildew. Anti-microbial products containing salts of phosphorous acid are marketed in Australia as 'Yates Anti-Rot'; and in the United States of America, for example, aluminum salts of the monoethyl ester of phosphorous acid (known generically as 'Fosetyl-Al') are sold under the trade name 'Aliette' and potassium salts of phosphorous acid (known generically as potassium phosphite) are sold under the trade name ProPhyt. Phosphorous acid and its salts, unlike phosphoric acid, are somewhat toxic and should be handled carefully. The IUPAC (mostly organic) name is phosphonic acid. This nomenclature is commonly reserved for substituted derivatives, that is, organic group bonded

neg: Algaculture being developed, including ones to extract specific types of oils, such as those with a high production of long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids. Specific algal strains can be acquired from algal culture collections, with over 500 culture collections registered with the World Federation for Culture Collections. Several species of algae are raised for food. For centuries seaweed has been used as fertilizer. It is also an excellent source of potassium for manufacture of potash and potassium nitrate. Also some of microalgae can be used like this. Both microalgae and macroalgae are used to make agar. With concern over global warming,

neg: Potassium hydroxide both inorganic and organic materials. Aqueous KOH saponifies esters: When R is a long chain, the product is called a potassium soap. This reaction is manifested by the "greasy" feel that KOH gives when touched — fats on the skin are rapidly converted to soap and glycerol. Molten KOH is used to displace halides and other leaving groups. The reaction is especially useful for aromatic reagents to give the corresponding phenols. Complementary to its reactivity toward acids, KOH attacks oxides. Thus, SiO is attacked by KOH to give soluble potassium silicates. KOH reacts with carbon dioxide to give bicarbonate: Historically,

neg: BDS-1 BDS-1 Blood-depressing substance-1 (BDS-1), also known as kappa-actitoxin-Avd4a, is a polypeptide found in the venom of the snakelocks anemone "Anemonia sulcata". BDS-1 is a neurotoxin that modulates voltage-dependent potassium channels, in particular Kv3-family channels, as well as certain sodium channels. This polypeptide belongs to the sea anemone type 3 toxin peptide family. BDS-1 brings about a decrease in blood pressure by blocking Kv3 potassium channels. Thus, this protein is named after its antihypertensive function. BDS-1 is a toxin secreted by the nematocyst of "Anemonia sulcata" (Mediterranean snakelocks sea anemone). BDS-1 is a 43 amino acids long polypeptide chain, which consists

neg: Saponification the nature of the alkali used in their production, soaps have distinct properties. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) gives "hard soap"; hard soaps can also be used in water containing Mg, Cl, and Ca salts. By contrast, potassium soaps, (derived using KOH) are soft soap. The fatty acid source also affects the soap's melting point. Most early hard soaps were manufactured using animal fats and KOH extracted from wood ash; these were broadly solid. However, the majority of modern soaps are manufactured from polyunsaturated triglycerides such as vegetable oils. As in the triglycerides they are formed from the salts of these acids

neg: Potassium tetrachloroplatinate Potassium tetrachloroplatinate Potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) is the chemical compound with the formula KPtCl. This reddish orange salt is an important reagent for the preparation of other coordination complexes of platinum. It consists of potassium cations and the square planar dianion PtCl. Related salts are also known including NaPtCl, which is brown-colored and soluble in alcohols, and quaternary ammonium salts, which are soluble in a broader range of organic solvents. Potassium tetrachloroplatinate is prepared by reduction of the corresponding hexachloroplatinate salt with hydrazine. KPtCl is one of the salts that is most easily obtained from platinum ores. The complex is appreciably soluble

neg: Astringent Mild astringents relieve such minor skin irritations as those resulting from superficial cuts; allergies; insect bites; and fungal infections, such as athlete's foot. Some common astringents are alum, acacia, sage, yarrow, witch hazel, bayberry, distilled vinegar, very cold water, and rubbing alcohol. Astringent preparations include silver nitrate, potassium permanganate, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, Burow's solution, tincture of benzoin, and such vegetable substances as tannic and gallic acids. Balaustines are the red rose-like flowers of the pomegranate, which are very bitter to the taste. In medicine, their dried form has been used as an astringent. Some metal salts and acids have

neg: N-Methyltaurine N-Methyltaurine "N"-Methyltaurine (2-methylaminoethanesulfonic acid) is an aminosulfonic acid which is present as a zwitterion in the crystalline state and in polar solvents (just like amino acids). In contrast to the widespread taurine, "N"-methyltaurine has been found in nature only in red algae, where it is formed by methylation of taurine. It is suitable for esterification (actually amide formation) with long-chain carboxylic acids to taurides (acylaminoethansulfonaten) because of its high polarity and the relatively good solubility of its alkaline earth metal salts, which are also used as mild anionic surfactants. The synthesis of "N"-methyltaurine was reported as early as 1878, with

neg: N-Methyltaurine as a hair restorer is still pending. N-Methyltaurine "N"-Methyltaurine (2-methylaminoethanesulfonic acid) is an aminosulfonic acid which is present as a zwitterion in the crystalline state and in polar solvents (just like amino acids). In contrast to the widespread taurine, "N"-methyltaurine has been found in nature only in red algae, where it is formed by methylation of taurine. It is suitable for esterification (actually amide formation) with long-chain carboxylic acids to taurides (acylaminoethansulfonaten) because of its high polarity and the relatively good solubility of its alkaline earth metal salts, which are also used as mild anionic surfactants. The synthesis of "N"-methyltaurine

neg: Saltwater soap salts, excess fat or alkali, water, and liberated glycerol (glycerin). Saltwater soaps use potassium salts as found naturally in plant ashes (hence the element name "potassium" as derived from the term "potash", for the ashes left in a pot after burning wood or other plant materials), instead of the sodium salts found in commercial lye. Potassium is a alkali metal similar to sodium but more active. Similarly to sodium, potassium also can react with long fatty acid tails to make soap molecules. Potassium soaps dissolve and make salt water soap work better than sodium in salt waters such as in

neg: Quaternary ammonium cation chemists usually refer to it simply as quaternization. The reaction can be used to produce a compound with unequal alkyl chain lengths; for example when making cationic surfactants one of the alkyl groups on the amine is typically longer than the others. A typical synthesis is for benzalkonium chloride from a long-chain alkyldimethylamine and benzyl chloride: Quaternary ammonium cations are unreactive toward even strong electrophiles, oxidants, and acids. They also are stable toward most nucleophiles. The latter is indicated by the stability of the hydroxide salts such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. Because of their resilience, many unusual anions

neg: Copper from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide. Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with ethylenediamine and other amines dissolve cellulose. Amino acids form very stable chelate complexes with copper(II). Many wet-chemical tests for copper ions exist, one involving potassium ferrocyanide, which gives a brown precipitate with copper(II) salts. Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have many uses in chemistry. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with Grignard reagents, terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents; in particular, the last reaction described produces a Gilman reagent. These

neg: Potassium nitrite Reactions with reducing agents can result in fires and explosions. Potassium nitrite is stored with other oxidizing agents but separated from flammables, combustibles, reducing agents, acids, cyanides, ammonium compounds, amides, and other nitrogenous salts in a cool, dry, well ventilated location. Potassium nitrite Potassium nitrite (distinct from potassium nitrate) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is an ionic salt of potassium ions K and nitrite ions NO, which forms a white or slightly yellow, hygroscopic crystalline powder that is soluble in water. It is a strong oxidizer and may accelerate the combustion of other materials. Like

neg: Potassium silicate Potassium silicate Potassium silicate is the name for a family of inorganic compounds. The most common potassium silicate has the formula KSiO, samples of which contain varying amounts of water. These are white solids or colorless solutions. Potassium silicate can be synthesized in the laboratory by treating silica with potassium hydroxide, according to this idealized equation: These solutions are highly alkaline. Addition of acids causes the reformation of silica. KSiO adopts a chain or cyclic structures with interlinked SiO monomers. Each Si is tetrahedral. Impregnation of wood with a potassium silicate solution is an easy and low cost way for

neg: Gold is due to its relative chemical inertness, and resistance to being corroded or transformed into soluble salts (gold compounds) by any known chemical process which would be encountered in the human body. Soluble compounds (gold salts) such as gold chloride are toxic to the liver and kidneys. Common cyanide salts of gold such as potassium gold cyanide, used in gold electroplating, are toxic by virtue of both their cyanide and gold content. There are rare cases of lethal gold poisoning from potassium gold cyanide. Gold toxicity can be ameliorated with chelation therapy with an agent such as dimercaprol. Gold metal

neg: Organic acid found in their sodium, potassium, or calcium salts, or even stronger double salts. Organic acids added to feeds should be protected to avoid their dissociation in the crop and in the intestine (high pH segments) and reach far into the gastrointestinal tract, where the bulk of the bacteria population is located. From the use of organic acids in poultry and pigs, one can expect an improvement in performance similar to or better than that of antibiotic growth promoters, without the public health concern, a preventive effect on the intestinal problems like necrotic enteritis in chickens and "Escherichia coli" infection in

neg: Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase chain fatty acids from entering the peroxisome. Human genes encoding long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase enzymes (also known as acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain, or ACSL) include: Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase The long chain fatty acyl-CoA ligase (or synthetase) is an enzyme of the ligase family that activates the breakdown of complex fatty acids. Long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes the formation of fatty acyl-CoA by a two-step process proceeding through an adenylated intermediate. The enzyme catalyzes the following reaction: It is present in all organisms from bacteria to humans. It catalyzes the pre-step reaction for β-oxidation of fatty acids or can be incorporated in phospholipids. Long

neg: Butyrate Butyrate Butyrate or butanoate is the traditional name for the conjugate base of butyric acid (also known as butanoic acid). The formula of the butyrate ion is . The name is used as part of the name of esters and salts of butyric acid As a short chain fatty acid, butyric acid is fully ionized near neutral pH. In nature, the cation associated with butyrate is unknown or unimportant to the metabolizing enzymes. Butyrates are important as food for cells lining the mammalian colon (colonocytes). Without butyrates for energy, colon cells undergo autophagy (self digestion) and die. Short-chain fatty acids

neg: Nickel(II) oxide alloys which he called invar and elinvar. About 4000 tons of chemical grade are produced annually. Black is the precursor to nickel salts, which arise by treatment with mineral acids. is a versatile hydrogenation catalyst. Heating nickel oxide with either hydrogen, carbon, or carbon monoxide reduces it to metallic nickel. It combines with the oxides of sodium and potassium at high temperatures (>700 °C) to form the corresponding nickelate. Nickel oxide reacts with chromium(III) oxide in a basic moist environment to form nickel chromate: Long-term inhalation of NiO is damaging to the lungs, causing lesions and in some cases cancer.

neg: Phenyl alkanoic acids Phenyl alkanoic acids Short chain ω-phenylalkanoic acids have long been known to occur in natural products. Phenylacetic, 3-phenylpropanoic and 3-phenylpropenoic (cinnamic) acids are found in propolis, mammalian exocrine secretions or plant fragrances. During a systematic study of the lipids from seeds of the plant Araceae, the presence of 13-phenyltridecanoic acid as a major component (5-16% of total fatty acids)was discovered. Other similar compounds but with 11 and 15 carbon chain lengths and saturated or unsaturated were shown to be also present but in lower amounts. At the same time, the even carbon chain ω-phenylalkanoic acids of C10 up to C16

neg: Benzoic acid mentioned for carboxylic acids are also possible for benzoic acid. Benzoic acid Benzoic acid , CHO (or CHCOOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and a simple aromatic carboxylic acid. The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only known source. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. Salts of benzoic acid are used as food preservatives and benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances. The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as

neg: Short-chain fatty acid colon health because it is the primary energy source for colonic cells. Short-chain fatty acid Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), also referred to as volatile fatty acids (VFAs), are fatty acids with less than six carbon atoms. Free SCFAs can cross the blood-brain barrier via monocarboxylate transporters. Short-chain fatty acids are produced when dietary fiber is fermented in the colon. Short-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed through the portal vein during lipid digestion, while long-chain fatty acids are packed into chylomicrons and enter lymphatic capillaries, and enter the blood first at the subclavian vein. Short-chain fatty acids

neg: Short-chain fatty acid Short-chain fatty acid Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), also referred to as volatile fatty acids (VFAs), are fatty acids with less than six carbon atoms. Free SCFAs can cross the blood-brain barrier via monocarboxylate transporters. Short-chain fatty acids are produced when dietary fiber is fermented in the colon. Short-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed through the portal vein during lipid digestion, while long-chain fatty acids are packed into chylomicrons and enter lymphatic capillaries, and enter the blood first at the subclavian vein. Short-chain fatty acids have diverse physiological roles in body functions. Butyrate is particularly important for

neg: Potassium tetrachloroplatinate is a semiconducting coordination polymer consisting of chains of alternating [PtCl] and [Pt(NH)] centres. Potassium tetrachloroplatinate Potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) is the chemical compound with the formula KPtCl. This reddish orange salt is an important reagent for the preparation of other coordination complexes of platinum. It consists of potassium cations and the square planar dianion PtCl. Related salts are also known including NaPtCl, which is brown-colored and soluble in alcohols, and quaternary ammonium salts, which are soluble in a broader range of organic solvents. Potassium tetrachloroplatinate is prepared by reduction of the corresponding hexachloroplatinate salt with hydrazine. KPtCl is one of the

neg: Amine and acid anhydrides react with primary and secondary amines to form amides (the "Schotten–Baumann reaction"). Similarly, with sulfonyl chlorides, one obtains sulfonamides. This transformation, known as the Hinsberg reaction, is a chemical test for the presence of amines. Because amines are basic, they neutralize acids to form the corresponding ammonium salts RNH. When formed from carboxylic acids and primary and secondary amines, these salts thermally dehydrate to form the corresponding amides. Amines react with nitrous acid to give diazonium salts. The alkyl diazonium salts are of little synthetic importance because they are too unstable. The most important members are derivatives

neg: Sodium sulfate of sulfate in solution is indicated by the easy formation of insoluble sulfates when these solutions are treated with Ba or Pb salts: Sodium sulfate displays a moderate tendency to form double salts. The only alums formed with common trivalent metals are NaAl(SO) (unstable above 39 °C) and NaCr(SO), in contrast to potassium sulfate and ammonium sulfate which form many stable alums. Double salts with some other alkali metal sulfates are known, including NaSO·3KSO which occurs naturally as the mineral glaserite. Formation of glaserite by reaction of sodium sulfate with potassium chloride has been used as the basis of a

neg: Green used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate. Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose, magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate. Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more

neg: Omega hydroxy acid therefore represents the inactivation of, their respective precursors. Omega hydroxy acid Omega hydroxy acids (also known as ω-hydroxy acids) are a class of naturally occurring straight-chain aliphatic organic acids "n" carbon atoms long with a carboxyl group at position 1 and a hydroxyl at terminal position "n" where "n" > 3. The C16 and C18 omega hydroxy acids 16-hydroxy palmitic acid and 18-hydroxy stearic acid are key monomers of cutin in the plant cuticle. The polymer cutin is formed by inter-esterification of omega hydroxy acids and derivatives of them that are substituted in mid-chain, such as 10,16-dihydroxy palmitic acid. Only

neg: Omega hydroxy acid Omega hydroxy acid Omega hydroxy acids (also known as ω-hydroxy acids) are a class of naturally occurring straight-chain aliphatic organic acids "n" carbon atoms long with a carboxyl group at position 1 and a hydroxyl at terminal position "n" where "n" > 3. The C16 and C18 omega hydroxy acids 16-hydroxy palmitic acid and 18-hydroxy stearic acid are key monomers of cutin in the plant cuticle. The polymer cutin is formed by inter-esterification of omega hydroxy acids and derivatives of them that are substituted in mid-chain, such as 10,16-dihydroxy palmitic acid. Only the epidermal cells of plants synthesize cutin. Omega

neg: Lactylate partially neutralized. For these applications, calcium salts are not typically used, since the resulting lactylates will not be as readily water dispersible as the sodium analog. Lactylated esters of fatty acids (LEFAs) manufactured using medium-chain fatty acids (e.g. capric or lauric acids) are microbicides. A recent study indicated that the LEFA sodium lauroyl lactylate might be an effective antimicrobial against the gram-positive bacterium "Clostridium perfringens". This bacterium affects the digestive system of poultry, reducing the growth rate of the chickens thereby requiring more time to reach maturity. Antibiotics are often added to poultry feed to help prevent infection and maintain

neg: Suzuki reaction that are frequently used because they are less prone to protodeboronation compared to aryl boronic acids. They are easy to synthesize and can be easily purified. Aryltrifluoroborate salts can be formed from boronic acids by the treatment with potassium hydrogen fluoride which can then be used in the Suzuki coupling reaction. Suzuki coupling reaction is different than other coupling reactions regarding the fact that this reaction can be run in biphasic(aqueous and organic), only in aqueous environments or without solvent. This increased the scope of coupling reaction. Variety of water-soluble bases, catalyst systems, and reagents can be used without the

neg: Saponification painting's surface, a deformation often described as "blooming" or "efflorescence", and may also contribute to the increased transparency of certain paint layers within an oil painting over time. Saponification does not occur in all oil paintings and many details are unresolved. At present, retouching is the only known restoration method. Saponification Saponification is a process that involves conversion of fat or oil into soap and alcohol by the action of heat in the presence of aqueous alkali (e.g. NaOH). Soaps are salts of fatty acids whereas fatty acids are saturated monocarboxylic acids that have long carbon chains (at least 10)

neg: Polythionic acid diethyl ether solution by the following three general ways: More complex polythionates, with the number of sulfur atoms being 23, form by reacting thiosulfate with SCl and SCl. Polythionic acids with a small number of sulfur atoms in the chain ("n" = 3, 4, 5, 6) are the most stable. Polythionic acids are stable only in aqueous solutions, and are rapidly destroyed at higher concentrations with the release of sulfur, sulfur dioxide and - sometimes - sulfuric acid. Acid salts of polythionic acids do not exist. Polythionate ions are significantly more stable than the corresponding acids. Under the action of

neg: Lauric acid ratio found in 2003 that the net effects of lauric acid on coronary artery disease outcomes remained uncertain. A 2016 review of coconut oil (which is nearly half lauric acid) was similarly inconclusive about the effects on cardiovascular disease risk. Lauric acid Lauric acid or systematically, dodecanoic acid, is a saturated fatty acid with a 12-carbon atom chain, thus having many properties of medium-chain fatty acids, is a bright white, powdery solid with a faint odor of bay oil or soap. The salts and esters of lauric acid are known as laurates. Lauric acid, as a component of triglycerides, comprises

neg: Lauric acid Lauric acid Lauric acid or systematically, dodecanoic acid, is a saturated fatty acid with a 12-carbon atom chain, thus having many properties of medium-chain fatty acids, is a bright white, powdery solid with a faint odor of bay oil or soap. The salts and esters of lauric acid are known as laurates. Lauric acid, as a component of triglycerides, comprises about half of the fatty-acid content in coconut milk, coconut oil, laurel oil, and palm kernel oil (not to be confused with palm oil), Otherwise, it is relatively uncommon. It is also found in human breast milk (6.2% of total

neg: FirePro Systems inhibiting the chemical chain reactions in the flame on a molecular level. On activation the compound is transformed into a condensed aerosol consisting mainly of (KCO), () (vapor), N2 and CO2. The gas-type properties of the aerosol facilitate its even distribution in the protected volume as well as its flow into the natural convection currents of combustion. The solid particles of potassium salts, which are of a few microns in size, are suspended in an inert gas that displays a high surface to reaction mass ratio. When the aerosol reacts with the flame, Potassium radicals (K*) are formed mainly from

neg: Peroxisome synthesis in animals. Other known peroxisomal functions include the glyoxylate cycle in germinating seeds ("glyoxysomes"), photorespiration in leaves, glycolysis in trypanosomes ("glycosomes"), and methanol and/or amine oxidation and assimilation in some yeasts. Peroxisomes were identified as organelles by the Belgian cytologist Christian de Duve in 1967 after they had been first described by a Swedish doctoral student, J. Rhodin in 1954. A major function of the peroxisome is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta oxidation. In animal cells, the long fatty acids are converted to medium chain fatty acids, which are subsequently shuttled to mitochondria where

neg: Sardines as food energy. Also, sardines are high in the major minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and some trace minerals such as iron and selenium. Sardines are also a natural source of marine omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies suggest the regular consumption of omega-3 fatty acids reduces the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease and can even boost brain function. These fatty acids may also help lower blood sugar levels a small amount. They are also a good source of vitamin D, calcium, and protein. Because they are low in the food chain, sardines are very

neg: Hydraulic fracturing in the United States and agricultural use. Two types of water are produced after the injection of the fracturing fluid; the "flow-back" fluid which returns right after the fracking fluid is injected, and the "produced water" which returns to the surface over the lifespan of the well. Both by-products contain gas and oil as well as heavy metals, organic matter, salts, radioactive materials and other chemicals. The treatment of produced water is very critical since it contains "hazardous organic and inorganic constituents". Some organic detected compounds are polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aliphatic hydrocarbons and long chain fatty acids. The chemical compounds related to HF are

neg: Saponification value to short chain fatty acids. If more moles of base are required to saponify N grams of fat then there are more moles of the fat and the chain lengths are relatively small, given the following relation: Number of moles = mass of oil / average molecular mass The calculated molar mass is not applicable to fats and oils containing high amounts of unsaponifiable material, free fatty acids (>0.1%), or mono- and diacylglycerols (>0.1%). Handmade soap makers who aim for bar soap use NaOH (sodium hydroxide, lye). Because saponification values are listed in KOH (potassium hydroxide) the value must be

neg: Potassium hexafluorophosphate tetrafluoroborates. Potassium hexafluorophosphate Potassium hexafluorophosphate is the chemical compound with the formula KPF. This colourless salt consists of potassium cations and hexafluorophosphate anions. It is prepared by the reaction: This exothermic reaction is conducted in liquid hydrogen fluoride. The salt is stable in hot alkaline aqueous solution, from which it can be recrystallized. The sodium and ammonium salts are more soluble in water whereas the rubidium and caesium salts are less so. KPF is a common laboratory source of the hexafluorophosphate anion, a non-coordinating anion that confers lipophilicity to its salts. These salts are often less soluble than the closely

neg: Potassium hexafluorophosphate Potassium hexafluorophosphate Potassium hexafluorophosphate is the chemical compound with the formula KPF. This colourless salt consists of potassium cations and hexafluorophosphate anions. It is prepared by the reaction: This exothermic reaction is conducted in liquid hydrogen fluoride. The salt is stable in hot alkaline aqueous solution, from which it can be recrystallized. The sodium and ammonium salts are more soluble in water whereas the rubidium and caesium salts are less so. KPF is a common laboratory source of the hexafluorophosphate anion, a non-coordinating anion that confers lipophilicity to its salts. These salts are often less soluble than the closely related

neg: Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency a risk for complications such as life-threatening heart and breathing problems, coma, and sudden unexpected death. Episodes of LCHAD deficiency can be triggered by periods of fasting or by illnesses such as viral infections. Mutations in the "HADHA" gene lead to inadequate levels of an enzyme called long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is part of a protein complex known as mitochondrial trifunctional protein. Long-chain fatty acids from food and body fat cannot be metabolized and processed without sufficient levels of this enzyme. As a result, these fatty acids are not converted to energy, which can lead to characteristic features

neg: Chemical process of decomposition salts of fatty acids. When the body is located near soil, the sodium and potassium ions can be replaced by calcium and magnesium ions to form soaps of saturated fatty acids, which can also contribute to the formation of adipocere. The fatty acids resulting from hydrolysis can undergo one of two routes of degradation, depending on the availability of oxygen. It is possible, however, for both routes to take place at the same time in different areas of the body. Anaerobic bacteria dominate within a body following death, which promote the anaerobic degradation of fatty acids by hydrogenation. The process

neg: Medium-chain triglyceride Medium-chain triglyceride Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are triglycerides with two or three fatty acids having an aliphatic tail of 6–12 carbon atoms, i.e., medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). Rich food sources for commercial extraction of MCTs include palm kernel oil and coconut oil. With regard to MCFAs, apart from the above listed straight chain (unbranched chain) fatty acids, side chain (branched chain) fatty acids also exist. Molecular weight analysis of milk from different species showed that while milk fats from all studied species were "primarily" composed of long-chain fatty acid (16 and 18 carbons long), approximately 10–20% of the fatty acids in

neg: Grape therapy Grape therapy Grape therapy, also known as ampelotherapy, is a form of naturopathic alternative medicine that involves heavy consumption of grapes, including seeds, and parts of the vine, including leaves. Although there is some limited evidence of positive benefits from the use of grape therapy for health purposes, extreme claims, such as its ability to cure cancer, have been widely derided as “quackery”. Grapes have been associated with health for many centuries. They contain organic acids (tartaric, malic, citric, tannic), B group vitamins, vitamins P, PP, and C, calcium, carotene, magnesium salts, phosphorus and potassium, as well as trace elements

neg: Ethenone of chemical compounds. Ethenone reacts with methanal in the presence of catalysts such as Lewis acids (AlCl, ZnCl oder BF) to give β-propiolactone. The technically most significant use of ethenone is the synthesis of sorbic acid by reaction with 2-butenal (crotonaldehyde) in toluene at about 50 °C in the presence of zinc salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. This produces a polyester of 3-hydroxy-4-hexenoic acid, which is thermally or hydrolytically depolymerized to sorbic acid. Ethenone is very reactive, tending to react with nucleophiles to form an acetyl group. For example, it reacts with water to form acetic acid; with acetic acid

neg: Potash commonly known as table salt. Over time, as the surface of the earth changed, these deposits were covered by thousands of feet of earth. Most potash mines today are deep shaft mines as much as 4,400 feet (1,400 m) underground. Others are mined as strip mines, having been laid down in horizontal layers as sedimentary rock. In above-ground processing plants, the KCl is separated from the mixture to produce a high-analysis potassium fertilizer. Other potassium salts can be separated by various procedures, resulting in potassium sulfate and potassium-magnesium sulfate. Today some of the world's largest known potash deposits are spread

neg: Lithium soap Lithium soap Lithium soap, often loosely referred to as "lithium grease" or "white lithium", is a soap that is a lithium derivative. Lithium soaps are primarily used as components of certain lubricant greases. Soaps are salts of fatty acids. In the domestic setting, sodium-based and potassium-based soaps are commonly used as natural cleaning surfactants. The most useful of the non-detergent soaps are those based on lithium, as they are free of corrosive properties. For lubrication, and as form-release agents, soaps derived from lithium are used due to their higher melting points. The main components of lithium soaps are lithium stearate

neg: Ionic polymerization addition of a new monomer species. A few important uses of anionic polymerization include the following: Ionic polymerization Ionic polymerization is a chain-growth polymerization in which active centers are ions or ion pairs. It can be considered as an alternative to radical polymerization, and may refer to anionic polymerization or cationic polymerization. As with radical polymerization, reactions are initiated by a reactive compound. For cationic polymerization, titanium-, boron-, aluminum-, and tin-halide complexes with water, alcohols, or oxonium salts are useful as initiators, as well as strong acids and salts such as KHSO. Meanwhile, group 1 metals such as lithium, sodium,

neg: Azidotetrazolate Azidotetrazolate Azidotetrazolate CN is a highly explosive series of salts and an anion. The ion is made by removing a proton from 5-azido-1H-tetrazole. The molecular structure contains a five membered ring with four nitrogen atoms, and a side azido chain connected to the carbon atom. Several salts exist, but they are unstable and spontaneously explode. Rubidium azidotetrazolate was so unstable that it explodes while crystallizing. The potassium and caesium salt also spontaneously explode when dry. Azidotetrazolates are under investigation for use as bullet propellant, rocket propellants and high explosives. The nitrogen base compounds have the advantage of being "green explosives",

neg: Umami (glutamic acid) imparts little umami taste, whereas the salts of glutamic acid, known as glutamates, give the characteristic umami taste due to their ionized state. GMP and IMP amplify the taste intensity of glutamate. Adding salt to the free acids also enhances the umami taste. Monosodium L-aspartate has an umami taste about four times less intense than MSG whereas ibotenic acid and tricholomic acid (likely as their salts or with salt) are claimed to be many times more intense. Glutamate has a long history in cooking. Fermented fish sauces (garum), which are rich in glutamate, were used widely in ancient

neg: Sulfuric acid to displace weaker acids from their salts. Reaction with sodium acetate, for example, displaces acetic acid, , and forms sodium bisulfate: Similarly, reacting sulfuric acid with potassium nitrate can be used to produce nitric acid and a precipitate of potassium bisulfate. When combined with nitric acid, sulfuric acid acts both as an acid and a dehydrating agent, forming the nitronium ion , which is important in nitration reactions involving electrophilic aromatic substitution. This type of reaction, where protonation occurs on an oxygen atom, is important in many organic chemistry reactions, such as Fischer esterification and dehydration of alcohols. When allowed

neg: Potassium 1000 g of ammonia at 0 °C. Depending on the concentration, the ammonia solutions are blue to yellow, and their electrical conductivity is similar to that of liquid metals. In a pure solution, potassium slowly reacts with ammonia to form , but this reaction is accelerated by minute amounts of transition metal salts. Because it can reduce the salts to the metal, potassium is often used as the reductant in the preparation of finely divided metals from their salts by the Rieke method. For example, the preparation of magnesium by this method employs potassium as the reductant: The only common

neg: Bestoxin the venom’s toxicity, since they constitute at least 30% of the peptides in the venom of this scorpion. Although the birtoxin-like polypeptides, including bestoxin, are 58 amino acids long and have only three disulfide bridges, they resemble long chain neurotoxins, which typically have a length of 60–70 amino acids and four disulfide bridges. Bestoxin, as most of the known scorpion toxins, has α-helixes that are lined up with basic amino acid residues. Furthermore, bestoxin has localized positively and negatively charged surfaces, a unique property of the birtoxin polypeptide family. Based on its resemblance to long chain β-neurotoxins, bestoxin most likely

neg: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry molecule it is. For example, the ending "ane" denotes a single bonded carbon chain, as in "hexane" (). Another example of IUPAC organic nomenclature is cyclohexanol: Basic IUPAC inorganic nomenclature has two main parts: the cation and the anion. The cation is the name for the positively charged ion and the anion is the name for the negatively charged ion. An example of IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is potassium chlorate (KClO): IUPAC also has a system for giving codes to identify amino acids and nucleotide bases. IUPAC needed a coding system that represented long sequences of amino acids. This

neg: Sodium lactate not be restricted by those with lactose intolerance. In general, lactates such as sodium, calcium, and potassium lactate are salts derived from the neutralization of lactic acid and most commercially used lactic acids are fermented from dairy-free products such as cornstarch, potatoes, or molasses. Sugar or tapioca additionally may be used. In some rare instances, some lactic acid is fermented from dairy products such as whey and lactose. Whey is made of up 6.5% solids of which 4.8% is solid lactose. Waste whey is infrequently used to produce lactic acid when the whey itself is produced as waste during the

neg: Long-chain-alcohol oxidase which have nonfunctional beta oxidation pathways. They can thus produce relatively pure saturated and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids in high yield, which is not possible using chemical synthesis. The dicarboxylic acids are used to produce fragrances, polyamides, polyesters, adhesives, and antibiotics. Long-chain-alcohol oxidase Long-chain alcohol oxidase is one of two enzyme classes that oxidize long-chain or fatty alcohols to aldehydes. It has been found in certain "Candida" yeast, where it participates in omega oxidation of fatty acids to produce acyl-CoA for energy or industrial use, as well as in other fungi, plants, and bacteria. This enzyme belongs to the family of

neg: Radical theory and Robert Bunsen investigated the radical cacodyl (reaction of cacodyl chloride with zinc) around 1841, now also known as a dimer species (CH)As—As(CH). Edward Frankland and Hermann Kolbe contributed to the radical theory by investigating the ethyl and the methyl radicals. Frankland first reported diethylzinc in 1848. Frankland and Kolbe together investigated the reaction of ethyl cyanide and zinc in 1849 reporting the isolation of not the ethyl radical but the methyl radical (CH) which in fact was ethane. Kolbe also investigated the electrolysis of potassium salts of some fatty acids. Acetic acid was regarded as the combination of the

neg: Valeric acid Valeric acid Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula . Like other low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids, it has a very unpleasant odor. It is found naturally in the perennial flowering plant valerian ("Valeriana officinalis"), from which it gets its name. Its primary use is in the synthesis of its esters. Salts and esters of valeric acid are known as valerates or pentanoates. Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics. Ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used as food additives because of their fruity

neg: Halogenation halogenation: In the Hunsdiecker reaction, from carboxylic acids are converted to the chain-shortened halide. The carboxylic acid is first converted to its silver salt, which is then oxidized with halogen: The Sandmeyer reaction is used to give aryl halides from diazonium salts, which are obtained from anilines. In the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation, carboxylic acids are alpha-halogenated. In oxychlorination, the combination of hydrogen chloride and oxygen serves as the equivalent of chlorine, as illustrated by this route to dichloroethane: The facility of halogenation is influenced by the halogen. Fluorine and chlorine are more electrophilic and are more aggressive halogenating agents. Bromine is

neg: Fumaric acid Fumaric acid Fumaric acid or "trans"-butenedioic acid is the chemical compound with the formula HOCCH=CHCOH. Fumaric acid has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food acidulant since 1946. Its E number is E297. It is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. It is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. In fumaric acid the carboxylic acid groups are "trans" ("E") and in maleic acid they are "cis" ("Z"). The salts and esters are known as fumarates. Fumarate can also