query: how many prisoners in the us have life sentences

pos: Life imprisonment in the United States considered to be a practical life sentence. Over 159,000 people were serving life sentences as of 2012, with just under a third, nearly 50,000, serving life without a chance of parole. In 1993, the "Times" survey found, about 20 percent of all lifers had no chance of parole. By 2004, that had risen to 28 percent. As a result, the US is now housing by far the world's largest and most permanent population of prisoners who are guaranteed to die of old age behind bars. At the Louisiana State Penitentiary, for instance, more than 3,000 of the 5,100 prisoners are

pos: Life imprisonment in the United States considered to be a practical life sentence. Over 159,000 people were serving life sentences as of 2012, with just under a third, nearly 50,000, serving life without a chance of parole. In 1993, the "Times" survey found, about 20 percent of all lifers had no chance of parole. By 2004, that had risen to 28 percent. As a result, the US is now housing by far the world's largest and most permanent population of prisoners who are guaranteed to die of old age behind bars. At the Louisiana State Penitentiary, for instance, more than 3,000 of the 5,100 prisoners are

neg: Human rights in the United States (for all crimes) in the United States far exceed those in most other countries. The United States is currently the country with the most life sentences, most of which are life without parole (LWOP). Mandatory minimum sentences and three-strikes laws are probably the largest contributors to the country's frequency of life imprisonment. It is estimated that 35% of federal US prisoners are older than age 60, many of whom were younger than 30 at the time of sentencing. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture, Juan E. Méndez, has requested that the United States stop holding prisoners in solitary confinement

neg: Palestinian prisoners of Israel of the Oslo Accords in September 1993; most were either directly involved in the murder of Israelis and many were serving life sentences. In December 2013, Israel freed another 26 Palestinian prisoners under the peace talks brokered by US Secretary of State John Kerry. In July 2003, the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) reported that "Israel does not recognize Palestinian prisoners as having the status of prisoners of war." The prisoners are instead treated as politically motivated criminals or terrorists, and either charged with terrorist offences or violent crimes, or administratively detained without charge. It has been argued by

neg: Red Onion State Prison is a "supermax" prison, intended to incarcerate "the worst of the worst". Critics of the prison have alleged that many inmates are sent to Red Onion not because they have committed severe crimes but because they broke rules at other facilities. Some 55% of Red Onion's prisoners have sentences longer than 15 years, and 12% have life sentences. The prisoners at Red Onion are disproportionately black compared to the overall Virginia population. The creation of Red Onion and Wallens Ridge during the 1990s led to a threefold increase in the black population of Wise County, as reported by the 2000

neg: Life imprisonment in England and Wales to someone who committed their crime before the age of 21. Around 100 prisoners are believed to have been issued with whole life tariffs since the mechanism was first introduced in 1983, although some of them were convicted of their crimes before that date and some of the prisoners known to have been issued with the whole life tariff have since died in prison or had their sentences reduced on appeal. A number of prisoners who are unlikely to ever be released or have received very long sentences have declared their wish to die; for example, Ian Brady. At least

neg: Life imprisonment in England and Wales Secretary on compassionate grounds such as great age, injury, disability or ill health; which has also seen several life sentence prisoners being granted early release a considerable length of time before the date when they could first apply for parole. A whole life tariff can also be quashed on appeal by the Court of Appeal; a number of prisoners have had their sentences reduced by this method. From 1983, the Home Secretary had the right to decide how long a life sentence prisoner should serve before being considered for parole, and the trial judge was not obliged to recommend when

neg: Heinz Schubert (SS officer) the leadership of Ohlendorf, that murdered approximately 90,000 people. Until the confirmation of his death sentence he was brought to Landsberg prison for war criminals. After the outbreak of the Korean War the Wiederbewaffnung was discussed from summer 1950. This was why the US high commissioner John J. McCloy on 31 January 1951, due to the recommendations of the "Advisory Board on Clemency for War Criminals" to change 15 death sentences against Landsberg prisoners. This meant, four prisoners to life imprisonment, six prisoners to prison sentences of between ten and twenty-five years. Five death sentences should be carried out. The

neg: Three-strikes law clog jails with defendants who must be detained while waiting for these trials because the likelihood of a life sentence makes them a flight risk. Life imprisonment is also an expensive correctional option, and potentially inefficient given that many prisoners serving these sentences are elderly and therefore both costly to provide health care services to, and statistically at low risk of recidivism. Dependents of prisoners serving long sentences may also become burdensome on welfare services. Prosecutors have also sometimes evaded the three-strikes laws by processing arrests as parole violations rather than new offenses, or by bringing misdemeanor charges when a

neg: State Correctional Institution – Phoenix inmates disliked the move as they feared they would be sharing cells with other inmates, while at Graterford they had single cells. The population of Graterford was reduced, so the transfer of inmates to Phoenix would not involve as many people, and Phoenix opened with 2,633 prisoners. For the time being prisoners with life sentences who had single cells at Graterford would continue to have single cells at Phoenix. Many prisoners are two to a cell, and most cells have the dimensions by . It has inmates convicted of capital murder, many from the Philadelphia area and most of whom

neg: Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women divided between Jetson, where the administration of LCIW is temporarily located; Angola; and Elayn Hunt. As of circa the 2010s the prison has about 1,100 prisoners. 80% of the prisoners had children. 126 of the prisoners had sentences of six or fewer years, 126 had life sentences, and two had death sentences. Many prisoners were convicted of drug use and/or of prostitution, as Louisiana law treats prostitution as a sexual offense. The prison has the Program for Caring Parents and the Christmas Extravaganza, and women may also participate in some programs offered by Hunt Correctional Center. Death row Non-death row:

neg: Experimentation on prisoners by hanging and eight received prison sentences from 10 years to life. Eight professionals were acquitted. (Mitscherlich 1992) The result of these proceedings was the Nuremberg Code. It includes the following guidelines, among others, for researchers: Experimentation on prisoners Throughout history, prisoners have been frequent participants in scientific, medical and social human subject research. Some of the research involving prisoners has been exploitative and cruel. Many of the modern protections for human subjects evolved in response to the abuses in prisoner research. Research involving prisoners is still conducted today, but prisoners are now one of the most highly protected groups

neg: Red Onion State Prison Kenneth W. Stolle, who served as chairman of the Virginia State Crime Commission, has argued that rehabilitation at Red Onion is less important because so many prisoners serve life sentences, saying: "If they're getting out, obviously we have a responsibility to make sure they at least have an opportunity to be functioning members of society. Most people envisioned that Red Onion and Wallens Ridge were going to be dedicated to people with life sentences." The state announced that it would restrict the use of restraints as punishment in response to the report from Human Rights Watch. Responding to the report

neg: Life imprisonment in England and Wales was freed from his life sentence in August 2000 after serving 32 years (two years after the expiry of his original 30-year minimum term) due to terminal cancer; although the Home Office never confirmed that he had been issued with a whole life tariff, his lengthy imprisonment and the fact that he was not paroled when his tariff expired (despite being well into his sixties) helped fuel media speculation that he was among the prisoners who had been issued with a whole life tariff. He died a few weeks after being freed. Many prisoners have also received minimum sentences which

neg: Compassionate release release suggested that the general public have negative attitudes towards the compassionate release of prisoners. This suggests that the community’s negative attitudes toward compassionately released prisoners could be an obstacle to those seeking an expansion of this type of resentencing, and that there is a negative attitude in communities over mingling with those convicted of crimes meriting time potentially up to life sentences. Another argument against compassionate release is fairness and concern over justice for time served; for those that were placed in prison justifiably, the question arises of how long they should be forced to serve for their crimes

neg: Life imprisonment in Ireland will normally review prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment after seven years have been served; however, the sentencing judge can extend this to a maximum of 30 years or order that the prisoner is to spend the remainder of their life in prison. Prisoners serving very long sentences, including life sentences, are normally reviewed on a number of occasions over a number of years before any substantial concessions are recommended by the Board. The final decision as to whether a life sentenced prisoner is released rests solely with the Minister, and as such, the length of time spent in custody by

neg: Life imprisonment in England and Wales of other prisoners have died in prison when serving such sentences including Moors Murderers (Ian Brady and Myra Hindley) and serial killer GP Harold Shipman who committed suicide four years into his sentence. For England and Wales, the law regarding release on licence of prisoners is laid out in chapter 2 of the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 (see in particular sections 28–30). This Act was amended and updated by the Criminal Justice Act 2003 chapters 6 and 7. For Scotland, the law is set out in the Prisoners and Criminal Proceedings (Scotland) Act 1993, as amended in relation to life

neg: Surat Singh Khalsa have completed their court sentences. Where he is seeking release of Sikh political prisoners, he has also called for unconditional release of prisoners of all religions who have completed their terms. On 11 February 2015, Surat Singh Khalsa wrote an open letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi explaining the motive of his hunger strike. In his letter, Surat Singh Khalsa summed up his demands in two points A number of Sikh Political Prisoners are languishing in jails despite having completed their sentences. Many of these prisoners are released on parole on yearly basis. These prisoners can be granted permanent parole

neg: McConnell Unit federal court, 14 prison guards at McConnell and 11 other individuals pleaded guilty to operating a smuggling ring in the prison. The individuals convicted of violating the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) act got federal prison. Others got prison and/or probation time. According to Major Brian Rodeen, as of 2001 many of the prisoners at McConnell have life sentences and most have sentences of over 45 years. Joseph T. Hallinan, author of "", wrote that "The convicts at the McConnell Unit are among the most hardened in the Texas prison system." As of 2001 the "administrative segregation" area,

neg: Parole Board for England and Wales sentence prisoners (mandatory life, discretionary life and automatic life sentence prisoners), Her Majesty's Pleasure detainees, and prisoners given indeterminate sentences for public protection (IPP). The Parole Board also considers whether prisoners are safe to release into the community once they have completed their tariff (the minimum time they must spend in prison) and also whether the Secretary of State is justified in recalling them to prison for a breach of their life licence conditions (the rules which they must observe upon release). These include discretionary conditional release (DCR) prisoners serving more than 4 years whose offence was committed before 4

neg: Scott Lomax as paedophilia, rape and murder. He is campaigning to call for an end to many of the privileges enjoyed by prisoners. He has also campaigned for Peter Sutcliffe (the Yorkshire Ripper) to be moved from Broadmoor secure hospital, to a prison. In 2009 Lomax made an appeal bid to have the sentences of Dano Sonnex and Nigel Farmer (convicted of murdering two French students in London) increased to whole life tariffs. His attempts to persuade the Attorney General to refer the case to the Court of Appeal on the grounds that the sentences were unduly lenient were unsuccessful, however. Lomax

neg: Kuldip Nayar Pakistani politician who migrated from India in 1947 also strongly advocated peace between the two neighboring countries. He had been working to free Indian prisoners in Pakistan and Pakistani prisoners in India, who have completed their sentences, but have not been set free. He had started a tradition of candle vigil since 1995 at Indo-Pak Wagah Border during midnight of 14-15 August for India-Pakistan Peace through celebration of Independence Day and remembering people of both sides. In later years of his life, he could not participate in this due to his old age but inspired many young folks to continue

neg: Mississippi State Penitentiary the black prisoners who committed crimes against other blacks, 58% had sentences of ten years or more and 38% had life sentences. Of the black prisoners who committed crimes against other blacks, 35% had committed murder, 17% had committed manslaughter, 8% had committed assault and battery, and 5% had committed rape or attempted rape. In 1937, the Parchman community had 250 residents, while the prison held 1,989 inmates. In 1971, the prison employed fewer than 75 free world employees because trusties performed many tasks at Parchman. The free world employees included administrative, medical, and support employees. Located on fertile Mississippi

neg: Life imprisonment in Sweden determinate sentence, the court takes into account the crime, the prisoner's behavior in prison, public safety and the chance of rehabilitation. However, some prisoners may never be released, being considered too dangerous. Of those who have been given set sentences under the new law, the sentences have ranged between 25 and 31 years. In 2007, the Swedish Supreme Court ruled that ten years in prison should overrule life imprisonment as the "general option" for premeditated murder. Life imprisonment in Sweden Life imprisonment is a sentence following a criminal conviction that gives the state the power to detain a person in

neg: Life imprisonment in Turkey will last for a whole life. The Law 5275 on the Execution of Sentences provides that prisoners sentenced to aggravated life imprisonment are held in rooms for one person and are allowed one hour of open air or sports per day. Under subparagraph c), prisoners serving aggravated life imprisonment may have their daily one-hour open-air exercise and sports period extended and may be allowed to engage in limited contact with prisoners accommodated in the same unit, depending on the risk factors, security requirements and the efforts and good behaviour they demonstrate in rehabilitation and educational activities. Under subparagraph d), such

neg: Alejandrina Torres of prison rules. The sentences given to the FALN members were judged by some to be "out of proportion to the nationalists' offenses", and almost 20 times greater than sentences for similar offenses by the American population at large. For many years, numerous national and international organizations criticized Torres' incarceration categorizing it as political imprisonment. Cases involving the other Puerto Rican Nationalist prisoners have also been categorized by some as cases of political prisoners, with some being more vocal than others. Besides Alejandrina Torres, two other political prisoners were housed at the Lexington, KY facility, Silvia Baraldini and Susan Rosenberg.

neg: Parole sentence) prisoners. Sexual offenders have a seventh condition. Additional conditions of a specific licence may be suggested by prison governors and set by the Probation Service. Since 2014 many of the probation and license monitoring functions have been carried out by private-sector "community rehabilitation companies" (CRCs). Penologist Zebulon Brockway introduced parole when he became superintendent of Elmira Reformatory in Elmira, New York. To manage prison populations and rehabilitate those incarcerated, he instituted a two-part strategy that consisted of indeterminate sentences and parole releases. In the United States, courts may specify in a sentence how much time must be served before

neg: Human rights in Western Sahara sentenced to prison sentences; many more had previously been detained. Most of these prisoners were later released by royal decree in the spring of 2006, but some have since again been rearrested. According to the US State Department's 2006 report on Morocco ""The law generally provides for freedom of speech and of the press. The government generally respected these rights in practice, as long as Islam, the monarchy, and territorial integrity (the inclusion of the Western Sahara) were not criticized. Throughout the year several publications tested the boundaries of press freedom."" The US State Department's 2005 report on Morocco's attitude

neg: New Zealand Parole Board 1542 offenders were granted parole which is 31% of all offenders seen by the Board. The number of parolees being managed in the community has doubled from about 800 in 1999 to 1600 in 2010. In the last ten years there has been a 50% increase in the number of long-term sentences imposed each year. Despite the increase, only about 7% of prisoners appearing before the board are on an indeterminate sentence of life or preventive detention. In 2009, 440 murderers were serving life sentences in New Zealand prisons and another 241 prisoners were on indefinite sentences - meaning they

neg: Berga, Thuringia escape by bicycle, fearing the consequences of being captured in possession of the remaining Berga prisoners and having to answer for his war crimes. Still, he was captured days after the prisoners were liberated by American forces, and he was sentenced to death, because he had killed a US POW, Pvt Morton Goldstein (Battery C/590th Field Artillery/106 US Division) on March 14, 1945. However, because of the American political climate and the shifting priorities of the American War Department towards defending Western Europe against the Soviets in the lead-up to the Cold War, many German war criminals' sentences were commuted

neg: Murder of Mark Kilroy in Mexico can receive for capital murder is 50 years. Since Mexico's judicial system does not have parole, it allows for prisoners to file motions at an appeal court to reduce their sentences after several years. If this condition is denied or granted, inmates can then push for a writ of "amparo". On 27 March 1998, a Mexican federal court reduced the sentences of Elio, Serna Valdez, and Martínez Salinas by 17 years, lowering their sentences from 67 total years to 50. Since the death penalty and life sentences are not part of Mexico's judicial system, reductions for charges that

neg: Life imprisonment in England and Wales for adults, and starting points vary in different legal cases. Starting points may either be increased or decreased depending on aggravating and/or mitigating factors respectively. The guidelines are in Schedule 21 of the Act. However, the law still states that life sentence prisoners (and prisoners issued with fixed-term prison sentences) who have been convicted of crimes committed before the Criminal Justice Act 2003 came into force (18 December 2003) are sentenced according to guidelines which existed when the crime was committed. Whole-life orders cannot be given to offenders under the age of 21. The whole life order (formerly a whole

neg: Brandenburg-Görden Prison a social therapy wing with 80 men and a prison hospital with 32 beds. There are another 36 beds in the transport wing for prisoners who are being moved from one location to another. The JVA Brandenburg is a men's prison and is supported by a total staff of 439, of whom 145 are women. Prisoners there have sentences from temporary detention to life, the most severe sentence in Germany. Life sentence does not, however, mean one is to spend the rest of one's life in prison, rather that it is for an undetermined, but long time with a minimum

neg: State Correctional Institution – Greene at the time, including central air conditioning. The prison had cable television installed at the time of its opening. , SCI Greene had 157 death row prisoners, about 75% of the prisoners under Pennsylvania state death sentences. As of the late 1990s, many of the prisoners came from urban areas and almost 70% were black, while whites made up over 90% of the prison guards. Life imprisonment: Other imprisonment: Death row: State Correctional Institution – Greene SCI Greene is a maximum security prison, classified as a Supermax, located in Franklin Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania, near Waynesburg, off Interstate 79 and

neg: This Blinding Absence of Light The plot focuses on how prisoners who were kept in the extremely harsh conditions of Tazmamart survived, through religious devotion, imagination and communication. The prisoners spent their sentences in cells that are described as being only five foot in height and ten foot long. The prisoners in the novel are not actively tortured, but are fed poorly and live without light. Maureen Freely reviewed the book for "The Guardian", and wrote that "it defies any expectations you might have built up from [knowing about Tazmamart]. It refuses the well-meaning but tired and ultimately dehumanising conventions of human rights horror journalism;

neg: Yekatit 12 the prisoners would receive only the bare minimum of food and water. As Sbacchi notes, "Poor facilities, including latrines, the humid climate, malaria, stomach infections, and venereal disease took many lives, especially among those compelled to work on the irrigation canal or on the banana and sugar-cane plantations." Between ten percent and half of the prisoners died at Danan. Conditions at Nokra were even worse than at Danan, according to Sbacchi. The detainees sent there joined 500 prisoners serving life sentences for serious political crimes, increasing the total number incarcerated to 1,500. These inmates suffered from lack of fresh water,

neg: HM Prison Norwich opportunities at the jail for inmates. In November 2004 the Prison Reform Trust criticised levels of overcrowding at Norwich Prison. The trust stated that nearly half of all single cells at the jail here holding two prisoners, and inmates were spending too much time locked up in their cells. At around this time Norwich became the only prison in England and Wales to have a unit exclusively for elderly male prisoners (mainly serving life sentences). This has meant that a number of high-profile elderly prisoners have been held at HMP Norwich in recent years. The site is divided into various

neg: Patricia Krenwinkel life in prison after the California Supreme Court's "People v. Anderson" decision invalidated all death sentences imposed in California prior to 1972. At the beginning of her new life in prison, Krenwinkel remained loyal to Manson and the Family, but in time began to break away from them. In distancing herself from Manson, she has maintained a perfect prison record, and received a Bachelor's degree in Human Services from the University of La Verne. She is active with prison programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous and along with these involvements, she has also taught illiterate prisoners how to

neg: Wilbert Rideau 1972, following the US Supreme Court ruling in "Furman v. Georgia", finding the current state laws unconstitutional in how they applied the death penalty, the court ordered states to void the death sentences of persons on death row. They ordered their sentences to be amended to the next most severe level, generally life imprisonment. Some 587 men and 26 women were moved off death rows across the country. Rideau's sentence was amended by Louisiana to life in prison. He was moved from death row in Louisiana State Penitentiary to the general prison population. After another appeal, based on the exclusion

neg: HM Prison Gartree holding 400 inmates aged over 50, with 17 aged over 60 and three in their 70s. The scheme which was backed by Age Concern was designed to work with older prisoners to promote access to their rights and discuss services within the prison. Gartree Prison currently has Category B status, and many of its inmates are long-term prisoners serving life sentences. Most prisoners are employed in prison workshops or in the prison gardens, however there is a small learning department which provides education including offending behaviour programmes. 2013 X Factor winner Sam Bailey is a former Prison Officer at the

neg: Life imprisonment in Russia declined however, a new application can be filed 3 years later. As life imprisonment was introduced in Russia in 1992 (as a pardon at death penalty replacement), if no changes in law are made, the first prisoners will become eligible for parole in 2017. As of September 1, 2012 there were 1805 prisoners serving life sentences in Russia. According to the Criminal Code of Russia, as of April 5, 2014, the crimes punishable with life imprisonment are: Life sentence prisoners are taken separately from other prisoners in cells typically of two inmates each, unless he is deemed dangerous to others.

neg: Prisons in Albania of 22 prisons, 1 prison hospital and 1 juvenile institute which have a shared capacity to house 6,284 inmates. Prisons in Albania Like in other countries, prisoners in Albania are separated into remanded prisoners (in pre-trial detention) and convicted prisoners (whose sentences are being executed). The basic three types of prisons are closed, semi-open, and open prisons. A difference is made between ordinary closed prisons and high security prisons. Many prisons have separate blocks (wings) for women and children (juveniles), while others keep women and children together. Prisoners themselves are allowed to elect a council of reeducation, which is used

neg: Potosi Correctional Center Potosi Correctional Center Potosi Correctional Center (PCC) is a Missouri Department of Corrections prison located in unincorporated Washington County, Missouri, near Mineral Point. The facility currently houses 800 capital punishment, maximum security and high-risk male inmates. The facility, which opened in 1989, is a maximum security prison. In 1989 it had about 200 prisoners. Shortly after the prison's opening, the majority of the non-death row prisoners at Potosi were serving long sentences, such as life imprisonment without parole, or sentences with a 50-year minimum before parole eligibility. A small number had shorter sentences. In April 1989 the state transferred its

neg: Chongori concentration camp criminals, but often sentenced there for desperate offences such as stealing food. They are guarded by around 300 prison guards with machine guns. From 2006 on the number of prisoners increased significantly, as many defectors deported from China were arrested in Chongori camp. Theoretically, prisoners should be released after reeducation through labor and serving their sentence, but since the prison sentences are very long and the conditions are very harsh, many do not survive their prison sentences. A former prisoner estimates, that during his eight months of detention, around 800 prisoners died from hard labor and sub-subsistence level food rations.

neg: Shelton Abbey Prison in dormitories (catering for up to 100). There are a few prisoners serving life sentences and some of these have single room accommodation. During the period 2001 and 2009 the daily average number of prisoners held at Shelton Abbey has varied between 27 and 94. An additional accommodation wing, Avoca House, was opened in May 2009. This separate wing increased the capacity of the prison to 110. No sex offenders or Immigration Warrant prisoners were held in custody at the prison during 2009. Participation in courses organised by and through the Education Unit is double the rate of that in

neg: Life imprisonment in the United States serving life with a chance of parole, and most of the remaining 2,100 are serving sentences so long that they cannot be completed in a typical lifetime. About 150 inmates have died there in the last five years. An article for "QZ" reported that 35% of all the world's prison lifers are in the US. Under the federal criminal code, however, with respect to offenses committed after December 1, 1987, parole has been abolished for all sentences handed down by the federal system, including life sentences. A life sentence from a federal court will therefore result in imprisonment for the

neg: Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 2009.) The Criminal Justice Act 2003 introduced mandatory sentencing for violent and sexual offenders, which significantly reduced judicial discretion in sentencing defendants who judges considered were a danger to the public. The increase in life sentences and "extended sentences" which resulted, contributed to a major crisis of prison overcrowding, in which the prison population of England and Wales reached unprecedented levels. Sections 13 to 17 restored a proportion of judicial discretion and imposed stricter criteria for the imposition of such sentences. Section 25 provided for the automatic early release of prisoners serving extended (as opposed to life) sentences, instead of

neg: Canadian Forces Military Police service detainees, service prisoners and service convicts; to adjust detainees and prisoners to service discipline, and prepare them to resume an effective role in the CF; to return prisoners to civilian life, where appropriate, with improved attitude and motivation; and to provide subject matter expertise and guidance in support of Canadian Forces disciplinary programs and deployed prisoner of war/detainee operations. Inmates at the CFSPDB serve sentences that range from 15–90 days of detention, to sentences of imprisonment up to two years less a day. Inmates serving a sentence of 14 days detention, or less, may serve their sentence at a

neg: Prisons in Turkey Prisons in Turkey There are basically three types of prison in Turkey: closed, semi-open, and open. A further distinction is made between ordinary closed prisons and high-security prisons. Many prisons have separate blocks (or wings) for women and some also for children (juveniles), but there are also some prisons which are exclusively for women or children. Prisoners in Turkey are divided, as in many other countries, into remand prisoners (those being held in pre-trial detention) and convicted prisoners (whose sentences are being executed). In the Ottoman Empire prisons were called dungeons ("zindan"). In Turkey these were mostly dark and damp

neg: HM Prison The Verne its first inmates on 1 February 1949 with the arrival of an advance party of 20 prisoners. Since becoming established the interior of the prison has been substantially rebuilt by prison labour, and the modern prison, a Category C prison for adult males, gained a considerable training programme for its prisoners who were serving either medium and long term sentences, including life sentences. On 4 September 2013, the Ministry of Justice announced the decision to convert the prison into an immigration removal centre for 600 detainees awaiting deportation. The prison closed in November 2013, with all prisoners being transferred to

neg: Capital punishment in Germany formally amended in 1951 to conform to the abolition. Previous death sentences were replaced by life imprisonment. As the constitution requires that prisoners have a chance of regaining freedom with other means than extralegal pardon only, prisoners are checked for release on parole after 15 years for regular intervals. Since the introduction of this provision, courts may in extreme cases declare "special gravity of guilt" which is meant and popularized as life without parole. Although article 21.1 of the constitution of the German state of Hesse provides capital punishment for high crimes, this provision is inoperative due to the federal

neg: Life imprisonment in the Netherlands Life imprisonment in the Netherlands Since the abolition of the death penalty in the Netherlands in 1870, life imprisonment has almost always meant imprisonment until death; unlike in other countries in Europe, there is no possibility of parole for anyone sentenced to life imprisonment. Though the prisoner can appeal for pardon, it must be granted by royal decree; since the 1970s, only two such pardons have been successful, both prisoners being terminally ill. Since 1945, 41 criminals (excluding war criminals) have been sentenced to life imprisonment. There has been a noticeable increase of life imprisonment sentences being given in the

neg: Kaechon concentration camp surrounded by a 4 m (13 feet) high wall with barbed wire on top. The prisoners, around 4000 men and 2000 women (in 1992), are political prisoners mixed with common criminals. Theoretically prisoners should be released after reeducation through labor and serving their sentence. But as the prison sentences are very long and the conditions are extremely harsh, many do not survive their prison sentences. Ji Hae-nam estimates that during her sentence of two years around 20% of the prisoners died. The main purpose of Kaechon camp is to punish people for less-serious crimes, whereas political crimes (e. g. criticism

neg: Brandenburg-Görden Prison a Nazi concentration camp from August 1933 till February 1934. It later became the site of the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre, part of the Nazis' 'euthanasia' program known later as Action T4, where from February to October 1940, some 10,000 disabled, mentally retarded or mentally ill people were gassed. Upon the Nazi "Machtergreifung", the new prison in Görden became an instrument of political repression and terror. It was a Zuchthaus for inmates with lengthy or life sentences at hard labor, as well as prisoners who had been sentenced to death. Initially, there weren't many political prisoners at the new prison, but

neg: Life imprisonment in England and Wales two such inmates have died by suicide in prison, Harold Shipman and Daniel Gonzalez, and there have been attempted suicides by such prisoners, including Ian Huntley. A number have since died in prison as a result of ill health, including Brady's accomplice Myra Hindley and the "Black Panther" serial murderer and armed robber Donald Neilson. Whole life sentences have also been criticised in some quarters for giving offenders no incentive to behave well and co-operate with prison staff, or make any serious attempt at rehabilitation. This was highlighted by the case of Robert Mawdsley, jailed for life for a single

neg: Prisons in Albania Prisons in Albania Like in other countries, prisoners in Albania are separated into remanded prisoners (in pre-trial detention) and convicted prisoners (whose sentences are being executed). The basic three types of prisons are closed, semi-open, and open prisons. A difference is made between ordinary closed prisons and high security prisons. Many prisons have separate blocks (wings) for women and children (juveniles), while others keep women and children together. Prisoners themselves are allowed to elect a council of reeducation, which is used to enforce laws. Prisons in Albania are managed by the General Directorate of Prisons. Presently there are a total

neg: Mississippi Department of Corrections MDOC contracted prisoners to local and county governments, in essence paying a subsidy to the jurisdictions to manage the prisoners. The prisoners, often classified as trusties, would get reductions in their sentences in exchange for doing work. On April 30, 2015 MDOC stated that it would end this program and save $3.2 million per year. Many jurisdictions have complained they will be unable to replace the labor of the prisoners. In 2014, media reported that Commissioner Chris Epps had said that the department housed each prisoner at a cost of about $42.12 per day, one of the lowest costs in

neg: Race and the War on Drugs of all prisoners in 2008, even though African Americans and Hispanics make up approximately one quarter of the US population The majority of prisoners are arrested for drug related crime, and in at least 15 states, 3/4 of them are black or Latino people. A 2012 report by the United States Sentencing Commission found that drug sentences for black men were 13.1 percent longer than drug sentences for white men between 2007 and 2009. Professor Cathy Schnieder of International Service at American University notes that in 1989, African Americans, representing 12-15 percent of all drug use in the United States,

neg: Human rights in China while being subjected to ideological reform; a significant percentage of these inmates were incarcerated for being counterrevolutionaries and political dissidents. The conditions in Xingkaihu were so poor that many inmates eventually passed away due to malnutrition and disease. More recently, since spring of 2008, the Chinese government has detained 831 Tibetans as political prisoners; of these 831 prisoners, 12 are serving life sentences and 9 were sentenced to death. Nobel Laureate Liu Xiabo was also imprisoned in 2009 after advocating for democratic reforms and an increase in freedom of speech in Charter 08. He died in prison at the age

neg: Life imprisonment in England and Wales until they had spent at least 15 years in custody. Only the Home Secretary can grant a release to a prisoner sentenced to a whole life tariff or whole life order, on compassionate grounds including great age or ill health. Only four prisoners known or believed to have been issued with a whole life tariff have so far been released from their sentences. Three of them were IRA members who were freed under the Good Friday Agreement in 1999, having spent more than 20 years in prison for terrorist offences including murder. The other was gang member Reggie Kray, who

neg: Dick Celeste positions to African Americans and women—he hired more women to cabinet positions than all previous governors combined. Celeste also allowed state employee unions to negotiate wages and benefits, rather than just working conditions. At the end of his last term he commuted several Ohio prisoners death sentences to life terms. Among them was Debra Brown's along with the sentences of most alleged battered women serving sentences at Marysville state prison for murdering their alleged aggressors. He also commuted Donald Lee Maurer to life in prison. Maurer had been convicted of raping and killing his 8 year old Massillon neighbor Dawn

neg: Harare Central Prison designed with a capacity of 1,470, as of 2013, it houses 1,622 inmates, and often holds up to 2,000. This overpopulation means that many cells meant to hold one inmate now hold three. Though it is a medium-security prison, there is a maximum-security section for prisoners serving life sentences. The prison houses both men and women, some together with their children. The workshop is used for rehabilitating prisoners. There, they are instructed in various fields such as auto mechanics, welding, molding, carpentry, television and radio repair, panel beating, and bookbinding. Most of the equipment and machinery in the workshop is

neg: Andersonville Raiders being given a fair trial as promised. Estimates of how many Raiders were arrested vary from source to source, but the number is likely to be somewhere between 75 (according to what Ransom believed) and 150 (as estimated by McElroy). After the Raiders' arrests, as promised by Captain Wirz, the offenders were put on trial for their crimes against their fellow prisoners. The court was set up much like a typical court, including a judge and jury of the offenders' peers. Of those who were convicted by the court, many were given relatively light sentences, such as "setting in the

neg: Life imprisonment in England and Wales prisoners remain imprisoned under the former legislation. When Parliament was considering abolition of the death penalty, there were many MPs who were against the reform, and the deal offered was that former capital offences would always inevitably merit a mandatory life sentence. Accordingly, life imprisonment replaced the death penalty as punishment for murderers, firstly for those whose sentences were commuted and later for those whose crimes were not "aggravated" within the meaning of the Homicide Act 1957. To begin with, it was fairly common for those sentenced to life to be released in around ten to fifteen years. As time

neg: Sentence Review Commission meant that a prisoner who was sentenced to five or more years in prison would serve only one third of their sentence. Prisoners sentenced to life would serve terms compatible with a prisoner not sentenced to paramilitary crimes, minus one-third. This decision to release prisoners without serving their full sentences provoked moral outrage. Many people, especially unionists were aggrieved at this part of the Agreement, although it was seen as necessary to appease the paramilitary organisations, namely the Provisional IRA, Ulster Volunteer Force and the Ulster Defence Association. To be eligible for early release, the prisoner had to be affiliated

neg: Military prison correctional custody units (CCU) and pre-trial confinement facilities Tier II prisoners are transferred to one of the Navy’s two consolidated brigs with sentences of up to 10 years. Lastly, female prisoners serve their time apart from men at a facility called NAVCONBRIG Miramar to better facilitate the rehabilitative process; while military prisoners with sentences over 10 years or who are sentenced to death are held at the U.S. disciplinary barracks. Military prisons are a little different from typical American prisons because American prisons are characterized by the type of security they have. These different levels of security have to do

neg: Reproductive justice a high incidence of serious health concerns, including HIV, Hepatitis C, and reproductive diseases. The rate of HIV is higher among women prisoners than men prisoners and can be as much as one hundred times higher among prisoners than in the general population, depending on the prison group. The trend towards longer and heavier sentences have also led to greater health concerns as many prisons offer little accessibility to adequate medical care. Also, prisons are increasingly being built on rural land, isolated from major resources for medical care. Two major areas of concern for reproductive justice in prisons lies in

neg: Incarceration in the United States the percentage of elderly prisoners relative to the overall prison population to continue to rise. Ronald Aday, a professor of aging studies at Middle Tennessee State University and author of "Aging Prisoners: Crisis in American Corrections", concurs. One out of six prisoners in California is serving a life sentence. Aday predicts that by 2020 16% percent of those serving life sentences will be elderly. State governments pay all of their inmates' housing costs which significantly increase as prisoners age. Inmates are unable to apply for Medicare and Medicaid. Most Departments of Correction report spending more than 10 percent of the

neg: History of Rwanda who had killed or stolen but did not organize massacres. Prisoners, dressed in pink, stand trial before members of their community. Judges accord sentences, which vary widely, from returning to prison, to paying back the cost of goods stolen, to working in the fields of families of victims. "Gacaca" officially concluded in June 2012. For many, "gacaca" has been a vehicle for closure, and prisoners' testimonies have helped many families locate victims. "Gacaca" takes place once a week in the morning in every village across Rwanda, and is compulsory. Ethnicity has been formally outlawed in Rwanda, in the effort to

neg: Human Writes Human Writes Human Writes is a long established, non-profit organization founded for the purpose of befriending prisoners on Death Row in the USA. Whilst they are against the death penalty, the organisation does not campaign as such, its main remit being the befriending, and in many ways 'humanising' of inmates through letter writing: Receiving letters can make a huge difference to [prisoners'] quality of life; prisoners speak of us as their sunshine or their window on the world. Above all, they value being able to have a normal conversation with someone and the feeling that someone cares. Human Writes website

neg: Blood Road many charges were dropped. Four received life sentences with forced labor, two received 20 years in prison, and the others received sentences of between 6½ and 17 years in prison. There were different perspectives on how the sentencing should be viewed. Parelius says that the sentences took into account both the defendant's personality and his actions themselves. Two fundamental perspectives can be applied when sentencing; one perspective emerged in an appeal declaration in a murder case from the Botn camp, where the defender contended: "The prison camp was an extermination camp where killings and deaths, so to say, were part

neg: Capital punishment in Kenya Capital punishment in Kenya Capital punishment has been practiced in Kenya since before independence and is still provided for under Kenyan law. No executions have been carried out in Kenya since 1987, when Hezekiah Ochuka and Pancras Oteyo Okumu were hanged for treason. In 2009, Kenya commuted all death sentences to life imprisonment, impacting over 4000 death row inmates. The move was made to compel these prisoners to work, something condemned men are exempted. Despite the lack of executions, death sentences are still passed in Kenya. In July 2013, Ali Babitu Kololo was sentenced to death for his role in

neg: Geraldine Pindell Trotter a call to action, saying, "how many of us are now willing to do for our own what that man did for us?How many of us are willing to stand out against the broadcloth mob, to stand by what is right in spite of the criticism of the many?" Pindell Trotter further implored African Americans "who have had the advantages of education, who have seen life in its broadest light, to be willing to sacrifice and to care for our race." Geraldine Pindell Trotter died October 8, 1918 due to influenza. Pindell Trotter was only forty-six at the time of

neg: Habeas corpus in the United States majority of these were from state prisoners, not from those held in federal prisons. There are about 60 habeas corpus cases filed in the U.S. Supreme Court's original jurisdiction each year. The U.S. Courts of Appeal do not have original jurisdiction over habeas corpus petitions. In 1992, less than 1% of federal habeas corpus petitions involved death penalty sentences, although 21% involved life sentences. At that time about 23% had been convicted of homicide, about 39% had been convicted of other serious violent crimes, about 27% had been convicted of serious non-violent crimes, and about 12% were convicted of other

neg: Human rights in Japan capital offenses from 15 to 29 years. In February 2003, the government ratified the Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons, allowing foreign prisoners to petition to serve their sentences in their home country. The government added the stipulation that prisoners must serve at least one third of their sentence in Japan before petitions will be considered. As of June 2007, 10 American prisoners have been transferred to the United States to complete their sentences. Women and juveniles were housed separately from men; however, male prison guards sometimes guarded female prisoners. During the year, a male prison warden was charged

neg: Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans the inmates continued to endure these conditions, there were a total of six public defenders who were managing the cases of all of New Orleans prisoners. Many of the incarcerated served longer sentences due to the public defender’s lack of manpower. The prisoners were later sent off to different prisons around the state of Louisiana while the city was still underwater. After the flood waters receded, many of the inmates of Orleans Parish Prison served longer sentences due to the lack of government in New Orleans. The Criminal Justice System was out of order in the city for months and

neg: Life imprisonment in Russia Union. The president can pardon prisoners by reducing the minimum to and/or granting parole after 17 years. Life imprisonment in Russia Life imprisonment in Russia was introduced on December 17, 1992, by the law 4123-I. Courts could not sentence criminals to life imprisonment at that time. Only those who had been sentenced to death penalty could have their sentences commuted to life imprisonment. When the new Criminal Code of Russia was adopted in 1996, life imprisonment became a separate punishment. Article 57 part 2 of the Criminal Code of Russia forbids women, men that were below the age of 18

neg: Incarceration of women “we rarely know how many of the black prisoners are women, and how many of the women are Black”. Rape in female prisons has been commonplace for a long period of time in both the US and the UK. In England and Wales, a report showed that female prisoners are being coerced into sex with staff members in return for various favours, such as alcohol and cigarettes. Rape may even be more common than reports show, given that it is difficult to know the full truth about what goes on behind the walls of a prison, along with the fact

neg: Compassionate release there was a specific purpose for the early release. The Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 s10 provides that the Secretary of State may at any time release a prisoner if they are satisfied that exceptional circumstances exist which justify the prisoner’s release on compassionate grounds. Compassionate release will be considered where the prisoner is terminally ill, bedridden or severely incapacitated. Where terminal illness is the case, no specific timescale is strictly followed, however a life expectancy of three months or less is suggested. Prisoners serving determinate sentences are also eligible for compassionate release based on tragic family circumstances. Prisoners serving indeterminate

neg: Jon Burge agreement was reached with one convicted victim. Aaron Patterson rejected the plea deal. On January 11, 2003, having lost confidence in the state's death penalty system, outgoing Republican Governor George Ryan commuted the death sentences of 167 prisoners on Illinois' death row. He granted clemency by converting their death sentences to sentences of life without parole in most cases, while reducing some sentences. In addition, Ryan had already pardoned four death row inmates: Madison Hobley, Aaron Patterson, Leroy Orange and Stanley Howard, who were among the ten who claimed they were coerced into confessing by Burge and his officers and

neg: Penal system of Panama main camp and in several small camps scattered about the island, but there is no indication that pretrial detainees are segregated from prisoners serving sentences. In the main camp, there are some facilities for rehabilitation training and a small school; however, many of the inmates have little or no access to those facilities because they live some distance from the main camp. Work is required of all prisoners, including those awaiting trial or awaiting sentencing. Labor is unremunerated for the majority of prisoners, most of whom are engaged in farming and animal husbandry in areas cleared of jungle growth. Some

neg: Petrashevsky Circle going to overtake him immediately, was terrible". An aide-de-camp arrived carrying the Tsar's pardon and the commuted sentences. Swords were broken over the heads of the prisoners, signifying exclusion from civilian life henceforth. They were placed in shackles, and preparations began for their transport to Siberia. After serving four to six years of imprisonment and hard labour, the prisoners' sentences were commuted to exile and service in the army. The members of the circle exiled to Siberia and the Kazakh steppe influenced the nascent Kazakh intelligentsia. One of the most notable interlocutors of Dostoevsky during his time of exile was

neg: Criminal sentencing in the United States of sentencing, and even what acts are crimes: Some prisoners are given life sentences. In some states, a life sentence means life, without the possibility of parole. In other states, people with life sentences are eligible for parole. In some cases, the death penalty may be applicable; however, since the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Ring v. Arizona, a recommendation of the trial jury is required to impose a sentence of death. The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines prescribe a reduction of sentence time for most defendants who accept responsibility and plead guilty; further discounts are available to some defendants through fact

neg: Recidivism it is difficult for the individual to fit back in with ‘normal’ life. They have to reestablish ties with their family, return to high-risk places and secure formal identification; they often have a poor work history and now have a criminal record to deal with. Many prisoners report being anxious about their release; they are excited about how their life will be different “this time” which does not always end up being the case. At the most direct and personal level, those who have the greatest stake in recidivism are: the formerly incarcerated person; their family (especially children); the victim

neg: Parole Parole Board of Canada. Parole is an option for most prisoners. However, parole is not guaranteed, particularly for prisoners serving life or indeterminate sentences. In cases of first-degree murder, one can apply for parole after 25 years if convicted of a single murder. However, if convicted of multiple murder (either first or second-degree), the sentencing judge has the option to make parole ineligibility periods consecutive - thereby extending parole ineligibility beyond 25 years and, in rare cases, beyond a normal life-span. In China, prisoners are often granted medical parole or compassionate release, which releases them on the grounds that they

neg: Imprisonment for public protection crime committed and an indeterminate period which commences after the expiration of the tariff and lasts until the Parole Board judges the prisoner no longer poses a risk to the public and is fit to be released. The equivalent for under-18s was called detention for public protection, introduced by s. 226 of the 2003 Act. The sentences came into effect on 4 April 2005. Although there is no limit to how long prisoners can be detained under IPPs, and some may never be released, they may be released on review; an IPP sentence is not a sentence of life imprisonment

neg: Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 he may also be required (by regulations made under the Act) to notify, before he leaves, the date he intends to leave, where he intends to go, his movements outside the UK, and any information about his return. Breaching a violent offender order (whether it is a final or interim order), or failing to make a required notification on time, is an offence punishable with imprisonment for 5 years. Section 26 brought forward the release date of prisoners serving sentences greater than 4 years imposed before 4 April 2005. It did not apply to prisoners serving life sentences or serving

neg: Clonmel occasions such a sentence was handed down in Ireland. When delivering the guilty verdict, the foreman of the Grand Jury, R.M. Southcote Mansergh, great grandfather of the academic Nicholas Mansergh stated: We earnestly recommend the prisoner to the merciful consideration of the Government, being unanimously of opinion that for many reasons his life should be spared. The sentences of O'Brien and other members of the Irish Confederation were eventually commuted to transportation for life to Van Diemen's Land. A conspiracy to rescue the prisoners on 8 November led by John O'Leary and Philip Gray was betrayed, and resulted in the

neg: Innocence Project New Orleans Innocence Project New Orleans Innocence Project New Orleans (IPNO) is a nonprofit legal organization that represents innocent prisoners serving life sentences in Louisiana and south Mississippi. It is the first organization in the Innocence Network to be established in the Deep South. Based in the Bywater neighborhood of New Orleans, it is staffed by students, volunteers, and attorneys. Innocence Project New Orleans states that its mission is to "free innocent prisoners, expose injustice and prevent future wrongful convictions." Its chapter devotes resources to freeing citizens whose socioeconomic background have placed them on the wrong side of the justice system. It

neg: Potosi Correctional Center Potosi until being moved to Bonne Terre shortly before their scheduled execution. Since November 20, 2013, 20 executions have been carried out. Potosi Correctional Center Potosi Correctional Center (PCC) is a Missouri Department of Corrections prison located in unincorporated Washington County, Missouri, near Mineral Point. The facility currently houses 800 capital punishment, maximum security and high-risk male inmates. The facility, which opened in 1989, is a maximum security prison. In 1989 it had about 200 prisoners. Shortly after the prison's opening, the majority of the non-death row prisoners at Potosi were serving long sentences, such as life imprisonment without parole,

neg: Black Dolphin Prison most serious criminals in Russia, including child molestors, murderers, terrorists, cannibals, serial killers and so-called "maniacs". Prisoners at Black Dolphin are all serving sentences of imprisonment for life. The prison began accepting these inmates on 1 November 2000. Inmates are kept isolated and housed in cells that have a set of three steel doors. For 90 minutes a day, they are transported to a large cage for exercise; during this time, cells are searched for contraband or illegal items. Prisoners at Black Dolphin are kept under 24-hour supervision; they are not permitted to rest or sit on their bunks from

neg: Life imprisonment in Russia from being sentenced to life imprisonment. If the offender was below the age of 18 at the time of the offense, the maximum sentence is 10 years' imprisonment. Since 2002 changes have been made in Criminal Code of Russia. Multiple crimes with the same subject and direct object (simply - one article of Criminal Code) are counted as one crime for the sentence (counts separately for each offender), with these exceptions: Thus, multiple life sentences are concurrent. Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment are held in maximum security prisons (e.g. VK-240/2 White Swan (prison) in Solikamsk). After 25 years or 30

neg: Human rights in the United States of cannabis. Marijuana legalization and decriminalization is seen as a step of progress in decreasing the prison population. Other non-violent offenses which carry extremely long prison sentences in the United States include fraud and other acts of corruption, offenses relating to child pornography, and contempt of court. The number of foreign nationals in US prisons has skyrocketed in recent decades. The US Justice Department rarely approves of foreign prisoners' extradition to their home countries, and most are deported after serving their sentences instead of before their trials. This is seen as a huge contributor to prison overcrowding, especially in California,

neg: HM Prison Wolds males (including prisoners serving second stage life sentences). Accommodation at the prison consists of six units of single and double cells (some single cells have been doubled up to accommodate extra prisoners). The regime at the prison includes education (full-time, evening classes and residential college), workshops, gardens and a works department. Other facilities at the prison include a gym and multi-faith chaplaincy. HM Prison Wolds HM Prison Wolds is a Category C men's prison, located south-west of Everthorpe, (near Brough) in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The prison is operated by Her Majesty's Prison Service, and is situated next

neg: Human rights in Pakistan under general Zia-ul-Haq punishment is also being inflicted on political prisoners for committing acts which often appear to be no more than exercise of the right of freedom of speech and expression guaranteed in the constitution. The first public hanging took place in March, after death sentences were passed by a military court on three civilians convicted for murder. At least 16 prisoners have so far been sentenced to floggings for political activities." According to "The Economist" magazine: "Relatives, many of them teenagers, have in some cases been held temporarily as hostages until a wanted person was found. Bhutto's Attorney General, Yahya Bakhtiar

neg: Prisoner of war large numbers of Axis soldiers surrendered, the US created the designation of Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEF) so as not to treat prisoners as POWs. A lot of these soldiers were kept in open fields in makeshift camps in the Rhine valley ("Rheinwiesenlager"). Controversy has arisen about how Eisenhower managed these prisoners (see "Other Losses"). After the surrender of Germany in May 1945, the POW status of the German prisoners was in many cases maintained, and they were for several years used as forced labour in countries such as the UK and France. Many died when forced to clear minefields in

neg: Colin Ireland because he was unemployed at the time, and he needed funds to travel to and from London when hunting for victims. When his case came to the Old Bailey on 20 December 1993, Ireland admitted all charges and was given life sentences for each. The judge, Mr Justice Sachs, said he was "exceptionally frightening and dangerous", adding: "To take one human life is an outrage; to take five is carnage." On 22 December 2006, Ireland was one of 35 life sentence prisoners whose names appeared on the Home Office's list of prisoners who had been issued with whole life tariffs

neg: Fremantle Prison Union. Convicts were initially of good character as potential future colonists, but less desirable convicts were eventually sent. As a locally-run prison, Fremantle's population was generally short-sentenced white prisoners in the 1890s, with very few Aboriginal prisoners. By the late 20th century, most prisoners were serving longer sentences, a higher proportion of them were violent, and Aboriginal people were over-represented. Prison life at Fremantle was extremely regulated. Meals were an important part of the day, eaten in the cells throughout the operational life of the prison. Convict or prisoner labour was used on public infrastructure works until around 1911; subsequently,

neg: Miami Correctional Facility various medical problems that are consequences of meth abuse. The fourth stage of the program prepares participants for re-entry into the outside world. After inmates are released, the program will continue to monitor participants' progress as they readjust to life outside of confinement. CLIFF deducts 6 months from prisoners' sentences upon successful completion. Miami Correctional Facility The Miami Correctional Facility is a state prison located near Bunker Hill, Indiana, on the site of the Grissom Joint Air Reserve Base at West 850 South and US-31, about 11 miles north of Kokomo, Indiana. It was established in 1998 and houses high-,

neg: Bigert & Bergström sampled archival material from all sorts of occasions in which people have come together in a moment of silence to honour and mourn the victims of natural disasters and other tragedies, or to take a stand against terrorism and other acts of violence. The film reflects on how this worldwide ritual is one of the few activities in which all people, regardless of religion, ideology or cultural background, can come together in fellowship. This film looks at the tradition of serving condemned prisoners one last meal, a wish that has been granted as long as death sentences have been implemented.

neg: Carmen Valentín Pérez of proportion to the nationalists' offenses." Statistics showed their sentences were almost 20 times greater than sentences for similar offenses by the American population at large. For many years, numerous national and international organizations criticized Carmen Valentin's incarceration categorizing it as political imprisonment. Carmen Valentín Pérez was finally released from prison on September 10, 1999, after President Bill Clinton extended her clemency. Clinton cited Rev. Desmond Tutu and former President Jimmy Carter as having been influential on his decision to grant Valentin the clemency offer. Cases involving the release of other Puerto Rican Nationalist prisoners have also been categorized as