query: when did nigeria export her first crude oil

pos: Oloibiri Oilfield then, so the gas was not considered necessary. Royal Dutch Shell laid the first crude oil pipeline in the country from the Oloibiri field to Port Harcourt on Bonny River to access export facilities. Nigeria exported its first crude oil in February 1958 from the Oloibiri oil field, initially at the rate of . The oil was being pumped from the field via the country's first pipeline, laid by Shell. The Oloibiri oilfield produced over of oil during its 20 years life cycle. Oil production finally stopped in 1978 and the field was abandoned the same year. The Oloibiri oilfield

pos: Oloibiri production of 5,000 barrels of oil per day (which would later become as much as 2,000,000), Nigeria became the 6th largest oil producer on the chart of the Organisation of petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC. Oloibiri well was the first commercial oil well in Nigeria. Oloibiri Oilfield was the first commercial oil field in Nigeria as well as West Africa. Nigeria exported its first crude oil in February 1958 from the Oloibiri oil field. Nigeria's first crude oil export came from Oloibiri field in February 1958. Nigeria's first crude oil pipeline was laid from Oloibiri oil field to Port Harcourt on

pos: Oloibiri Oilfield then, so the gas was not considered necessary. Royal Dutch Shell laid the first crude oil pipeline in the country from the Oloibiri field to Port Harcourt on Bonny River to access export facilities. Nigeria exported its first crude oil in February 1958 from the Oloibiri oil field, initially at the rate of . The oil was being pumped from the field via the country's first pipeline, laid by Shell. The Oloibiri oilfield produced over of oil during its 20 years life cycle. Oil production finally stopped in 1978 and the field was abandoned the same year. The Oloibiri oilfield

neg: Chevron Nigeria the large Okan field, at Escravos River in 1963. The field had an estimated 2 billion barrel of oil in place and up to 800 million of recoverable crude oil. Production from the oilfield began in 1965. Over the years, the company has developed a large petroleum and physical infrastructure in Nigeria that include the Escravos Tank farm, an export terminal, Escravos gas gathering project and an office complex. By 1993, the company had produced 2.55 billion barrels of crude oil in Nigeria. The major fields of the firm include, Okan, Delta South, Meren, Meji, Isan, and Abiteye. Following a

neg: Petroleum industry in Nigeria to transport the crude oil. Also because of the lack of highly productive fields, money from the jointly operated (with the federal government) companies is constantly directed towards petroleum exploration and production. Nigeria's petroleum is classified mostly as "light" and "sweet", as the oil is largely free of sulphur. Nigeria is the largest producer of sweet oil in OPEC. This sweet oil is similar in composition to petroleum extracted from the North Sea. This crude oil is known as "Bonny light". Names of other Nigerian crudes, all of which are named according to export terminal, are Qua Ibo, Escravos blend,

neg: Bonny, Rivers Bonny, Rivers Bonny (or Ubani) is an island town and a Local Government Area in Rivers State in southern Nigeria, on the Bight of Bonny. It was also the capital of the Kingdom of Bonny. Traditionally (especially between the 15th and 19th centuries) it was a major trading post of the eastern delta. Bonny Island, is a major export point for oil. The region produces a type of crude oil known as Bonny Light oil. Much of the oil extracted onshore in Rivers State is piped to Bonny for export. It has the biggest LNG Gas Plant in Nigeria with

neg: Petroleum industry in Nigeria oil production capacity of over per day, in 2011. Nigeria is an important oil supplier to the United States. For the last nine years, the United States has imported between 9-11 percent of its crude oil from Nigeria; however, United States import data for the first half of 2012 show that Nigerian crude is down to a 5 percent share of total United States crude imports. According to the International Energy Agency, in 2011, approximately 33 percent of Nigeria's crude exports were sent to the United States, making Nigeria its fourth largest foreign oil supplier. Although total crude imports into

neg: Ilaje Glass Factory. Oluwa Glass Company can produce for both export and local consumption and the production should be a veritable source of inspiration to potential investors. Allied industries to the factory can also be established. Crude oil, which is the major source of income in Nigeria, is found in Ilaje Local Government. There are oil wells and fields spread all over the Local Government Area both onshore and offshore, Oil Companies such as Shell, Chevron, Texaco Nigeria Ltd and Consolidated Oil, Express Petroleum and Gas Company, Atlas Oil Company, Allied Energy Oil Company, Cavendish Oil Company, Esso-Mobil were at a

neg: Buharism there must first exist the condition that the price of every country's export is denominated in its own currency. As such a condition did not exist, Buharism asserted that, for any country where Washington Consensus conditions do not exist clearly enough, there are alternate and superior approaches to solving the problem of its economic crisis. Therefore, instead of applying devaluation to get the then crisis-wracked economy of Nigeria back on track, Buharism rather employed a policy of curbing imports of goods deemed unnecessary, curtailing oil theft, and improving exports through a counter trade policy of bartering seized illegally bunkered crude

neg: Petroleum industry in Chad spilling over from nearby Nigeria. Petroleum industry in Chad Chad maintains sizable reserves of crude oil which, alongside agriculture, makes up the largest share of the landlocked former French colony's export revenue. Producing around 100,000 barrels of oil a day, most of Chad's crude comes from its reserves in the Doba Basin in southern Chad where oil was discovered in the early 1970s by foreign drillers. There is an estimated one billion barrels of oil in Chad, most of it being exploited by hundreds of rigs operated by Western companies such as Exxon-Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell. However, many challenges

neg: Economy of Vietnam the late 2000s, when high-tech electrical manufactures emerged to become the biggest export market (by 2014, crude oil comprised only 5% of Vietnamese exports, compared to 20% of all exports in 1996). This is in part because Vietnam crude oil peaked in 2004, when crude oil represented 22% of all export earnings. Petroleum exports are in the form of crude petroleum because Vietnam has a very limited refining capacity. Vietnam’s only operational refinery, a facility at Cat Hai near Ho Chi Minh City, has a capacity of only . Refined petroleum accounted for 10.2% of total imports in 2002. As

neg: Nembe Creek Trunk Line Nembe Creek Trunk Line Nembe Creek Trunk Line (NCTL) is a 97 kilometre, 150,000 barrels of oil per day pipeline constructed by Royal Dutch Shell plc and situated in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. "The Trunk Line is one of Nigeria's major oil transportation arteries that evacuate crude from the Niger Delta to the Atlantic coast for export." It is owned by Aiteo Group, which recently purchased it as part of the related facilities of the prolific oil bloc OML29 from Shell Petroleum Development Company, SPDC. By March 2015, the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC), a

neg: Economy of Nigeria imports a significant amount of food to sustain itself. However, efforts are being made towards making the country food sufficient again. Nigeria's proven oil reserves are estimated to be ; natural gas reserves are well over . Nigeria is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The types of crude oil exported by Nigeria are Bonny light oil, Forcados crude oil, Qua Ibo crude oil and Brass River crude oil. Poor corporate relations with indigenous communities, vandalism of oil infrastructure, severe ecological damage, and personal security problems throughout the Niger Delta oil-producing region continue to plague Nigeria's

neg: OPEC location, and other legal requirements. The OPEC Reference Basket of Crudes has been an important benchmark for oil prices since 2000. It is calculated as a weighted average of prices for petroleum blends from the OPEC member countries: Saharan Blend (Algeria), Girassol (Angola), Oriente (Ecuador), Rabi Light (Gabon), Iran Heavy (Islamic Republic of Iran), Basra Light (Iraq), Kuwait Export (Kuwait), Es Sider (Libya), Bonny Light (Nigeria), Qatar Marine (Qatar), Arab Light (Saudi Arabia), Murban (UAE), and Merey (Venezuela). North Sea Brent Crude Oil is the leading benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils, and is used to price approximately two-thirds of

neg: Western Canadian Select export crude from Alberta. In April 2013, Calgary-based Canada West Foundation warned that Alberta is "running up against a [pipeline capacity] wall around 2016, when we will have barrels of oil we can’t move." For the time being, rail shipments of crude oil have filled the gap and narrowed the price differential between Albertan and North American crudes. However, additional pipelines exporting crude from Alberta will be required to support ongoing expansion in crude production. In the United States, Democrats are concerned that Keystone XL would simply facilitate getting Alberta oil sands products to tidewater for export to China and

neg: Dangote Refinery infrastructure. With a single crude oil distillation unit, the refinery will be the largest single-train refinery in the world. At full production, the facility will be able to produce of gasoline and of diesel daily, as well as aviation fuel and plastic products. With a greater capacity than the total output of Nigeria's existing refining infrastructure, the Dangote Refinery will be able to meet the country's entire domestic fuel demand, as well as export refined products. Dangote Refinery The Dangote Refinery is an oil refinery owned by the Dangote Group that is under construction in Lekki, Nigeria. When complete, it

neg: Bonny, Rivers to end the slave trade. It collapsed in the civil war of 1869, though a remnant of it continues to exist as a part of the aristocratic structure of Nigeria. Bonny, Rivers Bonny (or Ubani) is an island town and a Local Government Area in Rivers State in southern Nigeria, on the Bight of Bonny. It was also the capital of the Kingdom of Bonny. Traditionally (especially between the 15th and 19th centuries) it was a major trading post of the eastern delta. Bonny Island, is a major export point for oil. The region produces a type of crude oil

neg: Nembe Creek Trunk Line being commissioned into use, it has been "repeatedly targeted by crude thieves, requiring that SPDC must now shut down sections of the line to allow the removal of illegal bunkering points." Nembe Creek Trunk Line Nembe Creek Trunk Line (NCTL) is a 97 kilometre, 150,000 barrels of oil per day pipeline constructed by Royal Dutch Shell plc and situated in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. "The Trunk Line is one of Nigeria's major oil transportation arteries that evacuate crude from the Niger Delta to the Atlantic coast for export." It is owned by Aiteo Group, which recently purchased it

neg: World oil market chronology from 2003 record 22 weeks, the rate of increase was slowing, and that some countries were starting to export less. With production increasing in Nigeria and Libya, even though U.S. supplies of oil and gasoline were down, Brent crude rose slightly to $44.91 after reaching its lowest point since November, and WTI reached $42.53, its lowest since August, on June 21. With U.S. inventories again continuing to increase and gasoline supplies up despite increased demand, Brent crude fell to $46.32 and WTI reached $43.86 on June 28. After eight days of gains due to an expected end in a rise in U.S.

neg: Uganda–Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline Uganda–Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline The Uganda–Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline (UKCOP) was a proposed pipeline to transport crude oil from Uganda's oil fields in the Northern and Western Regions to the Kenyan port of Lamu on the Indian Ocean. Along the way, the pipeline would have picked up more crude oil from the South Lokichar Basin and other oil fields in northwestern Kenya and delivered it to Lamu for export. South Sudan had also planned to construct a pipeline from its Unity State, linking to the UKCOP as an alternative to its only current oil export route through Port Sudan in

neg: Energy Policy and Conservation Act 1980, crude oil exports peaked at 104 million barrels, dropping to 43.8 million barrels in 2013. The exceptional export licenses were for oil from Cook Inlet, oil flowing through the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline System, oil exported to Canada, heavy oil from California, certain trades with Mexico, and some exceptions for re-exporting foreign oil. When oil is processed, e.g. distillation, it can be exported without a license. The export ban has been quoted as a reason why crude oil has cost $10 below the world price from early 2014 throughout 2015, as measured by the West Texas Intermediate benchmark. Oil producing companies

neg: Re-exportation two countries and refined the oil for export to other Western European countries, while the Soviet Union did not intend to sell oil to these capitalist countries, but this was not re-exportation because the crude oil was refined before selling. Dubai has emerged as the major re-export center for the entire Middle East region. Re-exportation Re-exportation, also called entrepot trade, may occur when one member of a free trade agreement charges lower tariffs to external nations to win trade, and then re-exports the same product to another partner in the trade agreement, but tariff-free. Re-exportation can be used to avoid

neg: Qatar Petroleum brings crude oil from offshore oil fields to Halul Island, where oil can be processed for export. Onshore, most oil is sent to Umm Said for refining or export. Qatar has three primary export terminals: Umm Said, Halul Island, and Ras Laffan. Qatar typically exports around of crude and about of refined petroleum products. Most exports go to Asia, with Japan as the single largest receiver (about of crude in 2006). In the international market, the major customers are Emirates National Oil Co. (ENOC), Glencore, Bakri Trading, Vitol, Mitsui and ITOCHU. Refining is carried out by two refineries - QP

neg: Anaku Town relatively small number work in banking, engineering, academia, consultancy, legal and health care services, and other professions. The town is annually [[flood]]ed (ula iji) for 3 to 4 months. The soil is mostly [[clay]], causing transport problems during rainy seasons. Anaku did not have any modern tarred road until early 1980s when the federal government of Nigeria commissioned the Adani – Omor - Anaku express way. Although [[Petroleum|crude oil]] was discovered in Anaku in large quantity in 1970s, it has since been put to Strategic Reserve by the Nigerian government. Being one of the major towns in this crude oil

neg: 2010 ExxonMobil oil spill 2010 ExxonMobil oil spill On May 1st, 2010, a ruptured ExxonMobil pipeline in the state of Akwa Ibom, Nigeria, spilled more than a million gallons into the delta. The spill had occurred at an Exxon platform some 20-25 miles (32-40 km) offshore which feeds the Qua Iboe oil export terminal. Exxon Mobil declared force majeure on Qua Iboe oil shipments due to the pipeline damage. The leakage in the Qua Iboe oil field discharged about 232 barrels of crude into the Atlantic Ocean contaminating the waters and coastal settlements in the predominantly fishing communities along Akwa Ibom and Cross River.

neg: Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline Taq Taq and Tawke oil fields. On 23 May 2014, the Kurdistan Regional Government announced that the first oil transported via the new pipeline was loaded into a tanker at Ceyhan. Iraq is considering building a new Kirkuk–Ceyhan pipeline to bypass attack-prone areas and double the export capacity. Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline The Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline, also known as the Iraq–Turkey Crude Oil Pipeline, is a long pipeline that runs from Kirkuk in Iraq to Ceyhan in Turkey. It is Iraq's largest crude oil export line. The pipeline consists two pipes with diameters of and and designed capacity of respectively. Usable

neg: India–Nigeria relations India–Nigeria relations The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Federal Republic of Nigeria have considerably expanded in recent years with both nations building strategic and commercial ties. Oil-rich Nigeria stated recently that India has replaced the United States as its largest crude importer 20–25 percent of India's domestic oil demand. India, however, now purchases some 30% of Nigeria's daily crude production which currently hovers around 2.5 million barrels. With bilateral oil trade valued at US$10 billion, Indian oil companies are also involved in oil drilling operations in Nigeria and have plans to set up refineries there. Both

neg: Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline, also Lokichar–Lamu Crude Oil Pipeline, is a proposed crude-oil pipeline in Kenya. The pipeline will originate in the oil-rich South Lokichar Basin, near the town of Lokichar, in northwest Kenya to end at Port Lamu, on the Indian Ocean. The route will remain as originally planned in the Uganda–Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline, in August 2015. The route, was proposed by Toyota Tsusho, the consultant selected by the two governments of that now-abandoned project. Kenya has confirmed crude oil deposits of at least 750 million barrels. Originally Kenya partnered with Uganda to export

neg: Shell Nigeria days before the start of a trial in New York that was expected to reveal extensive details of Shell's and MOSOP's activities in the Niger Delta. Individuals from villages surrounding oil production facilities occasionally drill holes into Shell Oil pipelines for the purposes of capturing oil and transporting it illegally out of Nigeria for monetary gain. This process, known as "oil bunkering", is estimated to cost Nigeria as much as 400,000 barrels of crude oil per day. Typically, when the oil theft operation is finished, the pipeline is left open, which results in an oil spill. Amnesty International and Friends

neg: Liquefied natural gas export LNG in 2016. In 1964, the UK and France made the first LNG trade, buying gas from Algeria, witnessing a new era of energy. Today, only 19 countries export LNG. Compared with the crude oil market, in 2013 the natural gas market was about 72 percent of the crude oil market (measured on a heat equivalent basis), of which LNG forms a small but rapidly growing part. Much of this growth is driven by the need for clean fuel and some substitution effect due to the high price of oil (primarily in the heating and electricity generation sectors). Japan,

neg: Uganda–Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline competing pipeline, the Uganda–Tanzania Crude Oil Pipeline. With these new developments, Kenya is expected to go alone in building its own pipeline from Lochichar to Port Lamu. Uganda–Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline The Uganda–Kenya Crude Oil Pipeline (UKCOP) was a proposed pipeline to transport crude oil from Uganda's oil fields in the Northern and Western Regions to the Kenyan port of Lamu on the Indian Ocean. Along the way, the pipeline would have picked up more crude oil from the South Lokichar Basin and other oil fields in northwestern Kenya and delivered it to Lamu for export. South Sudan had also

neg: Transport in Nigeria kilometers for refined products. Various pipeline projects are planned to expand the domestic distribution of natural gas and to export natural gas to Benin, Ghana, Togo through the West African Gas Pipeline, and, potentially, even to Algeria (where Mediterranean export terminals are located) by proposed Trans-Saharan gas pipeline. Energy pipelines are subject to sabotage by militant groups or siphoning by thieves. crude oil 2,042 km; petroleum products 3,000 km; natural gas 500 km The Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) is responsible for managing Nigeria's ports, some of which have fallen behind international standards in terms of the quality of facilities and

neg: Petroleum industry in Iraq the lack of an outlet for significant increases in crude oil production. Both Iraqi refining and export infrastructure are currently bottlenecks and need to be upgraded to process much more crude oil. Iraqi oil exports are currently running at near full capacity in the south, while export capacity in the north has been restricted by sabotage, and would need to be expanded in any case to export significantly higher volumes. Production increases of the scale planned will also require substantial increases in natural gas and/or water injection to maintain oil reservoir pressure and boost oil production. Iraq has associated gas

neg: Petroleum industry in Nigeria shortages. There is also an export gas pipeline, known as the West African Gas Pipeline, in the works but has encountered numerous setbacks. The pipeline would allow for transportation of natural gas to Benin, Ghana, Togo, and Cote d'Ivoire. The majority of Nigeria's natural gas is flared off and it is estimated that Nigeria loses 18.2 million US$ daily from the loss of the flared gas. Nigeria's total petroleum refining capacity is per day, however, only per day was allotted during the 1990s. Subsequently, crude oil production for refineries was reduced further to as little as per day during the

neg: Benchmark (crude oil) Benchmark (crude oil) A benchmark crude or marker crude is a crude oil that serves as a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil. There are three primary benchmarks, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent Blend, and Dubai Crude. Other well-known blends include the OPEC Reference Basket used by OPEC, Tapis Crude which is traded in Singapore, Bonny Light used in Nigeria, Urals oil used in Russia and Mexico's Isthmus. Energy Intelligence Group publishes a handbook which identified 195 major crude streams or blends in its 2011 edition. Benchmarks are used because there are many different varieties and grades

neg: Port Harcourt wealthiest states in Nigeria in terms of gross domestic product and foreign exchange revenue from the oil industry, crude oil being its principal export earner. Microapartment architecture is quite common in certain parts of Port Harcourt. The Point Block of Rivers State Secretariat is an icon of the city. An 18-story building, it is the tallest building in the South East and South South geopolitical zones combined. Like every other city in the country's south, religion in Port Harcourt is predominantly Christianity. Roman Catholics make up a significant portion of the Christian population. There are scores of churches, parishes and

neg: Petroleum industry in Nigeria Petroleum industry in Nigeria Nigeria is the largest oil and gas producer in Africa. Crude oil from the delta basin comes in two types: light, and comparatively heavy – the lighter around 36 gravity and the heavier, 20–25 gravity. Both types are paraffinic and low in sulfur. The history of oil exploration in Nigeria dates back to 1907 when Nigerian Bitumen Corporation conducted exploratory work in the country, at the onset of World War I the firm's operation were stopped. Thereafter, licenses were given to D'Arcy Exploration Company and Whitehall Petroleum but neither company found oil of commercial value and

neg: Shell Nigeria strongly relied on agricultural exports to other countries to support its economy. Many Nigerians thought the developers were looking for palm oil. In July 2013, Shell Nigeria awarded Kaztec engineering Limited a $84.5 million exploration and production contract for the Trans-Niger oil pipeline. On March 25, 2014, Shell Nigeria declared a force majeure on crude oil exports from its Forcados crude oil depot which stopped operations due to a leak in its underwater pipeline, a clause freeing the company from contractual obligations as a circumstance beyond its control happened. While it struggled repairing the pipeline, Royal Dutch Shell announced a

neg: Kandla–Bhatinda Oil Pipeline Now it is a crude oil pipeline from Kandla to Panipat and subsequently it is a product pipeline up to Bhatinda. Due to increasing demand for petroleum products in the North-West region of the country in the late 1990s, the pipeline capacity was scheduled to be increased to 8.8 MMT by May 2000. Kandla–Bhatinda Oil Pipeline Kandla–Bhatinda Oil Pipeline (KBPL) was started in 1993 and it was commissioned in 1996. It is the largest oil pipeline of India. However, the first engineering firm to work on the project, Škoda Export, did not complete the job and fresh bids had to

neg: Energy in Vietnam decline gradually. Vietnam’s anthracite coal reserves are estimated at 3.7 billion tons. Coal production was almost 19 million tons in 2003, compared with 9.6 million tons in 1999. Vietnam’s potential natural gas reserves are 1.3 trillion cubic meters. In 2002 Vietnam brought ashore 2.26 billion cubic meters of natural gas. Hydroelectric power is another source of energy. In 2004 Vietnam began to build a nuclear power plant with Russian assistance. Crude oil was Vietnam’s leading export until the late 2000s, when high-tech electrical manufactures emerged to become the biggest export market (by 2014, crude oil comprised only 5% of Vietnamese

neg: Puerto Miranda maximum sailing draft for navigating the main lake channel is 11.53 metres. Puerto Miranda Puerto Miranda is an oil port situated on the east side of Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela opposite the city of Maracaibo and is operated by the Venezuelan State Oil Company (PDVSA PETROLEO, S.A.) It is the largest crude oil export port in South America. Shell, together with the Esso and Gulf subsidiaries Creole and Mene Grande, decided to construct a deepwater port inside Lake Maracaibo from which to export their crude oils, together with a tank farm to store crude oils that were later sent to

neg: Puerto Miranda Puerto Miranda Puerto Miranda is an oil port situated on the east side of Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela opposite the city of Maracaibo and is operated by the Venezuelan State Oil Company (PDVSA PETROLEO, S.A.) It is the largest crude oil export port in South America. Shell, together with the Esso and Gulf subsidiaries Creole and Mene Grande, decided to construct a deepwater port inside Lake Maracaibo from which to export their crude oils, together with a tank farm to store crude oils that were later sent to the refineries in Amuay and Cardon on the Paraguaná peninsula. Construction of

neg: Uganda–Tanzania Crude Oil Pipeline , of which (21 percent) will be in Uganda and (79 percent) will be in Tanzania. The pipeline will measure in diameter and will be insulated and heated. There will be above-ground facilities, including a marine storage terminal with export facilities near port Tanga. The total cost of construction is budgeted at US$3.55 billion. Uganda–Tanzania Crude Oil Pipeline The Uganda–Tanzania Crude Oil Pipeline (UTCOP), also known as the East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP), is under dvelopment and intended to transport crude oil from Uganda's oil fields to the Port of Tanga, Tanzania on the Indian Ocean. The oil pipeline

neg: Africa Finance Corporation By July 2009, it was reported by Reuters that AFC had US$180 million invested in oil and gas, telecoms, transport and airline projects – mainly in Nigeria. In September 2011, the corporation partnered with the African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) and Banque Internationale pour l' Afrique Occidentale - Côte d'Ivoire (BIAO-CI) in a US$320 million trade finance facility to finance the importation, processing and refining of crude oil by Societe Ivoirienne de Raffinage (SIR). In June 2013, AFC announced its support for privatisation of the Nigerian power sector, providing a US$215 million debt financing facility for the acquisition of the Ughelli

neg: Al Başrah Oil Terminal Al Başrah Oil Terminal Al Başrah Oil Terminal, commonly referred to as ABOT, is a strategically critical Iraqi offshore, deep sea crude oil marine loading terminal that lies approximately southeast of the Al-Faw Peninsula in the Persian Gulf. Along with its sister terminal, the Khawr al ‘Amīyah Oil Terminal (ميناء خور العمية, alt. Khor al-Amaya Oil Terminal, KAAOT), the terminals provide the principal point of export for more than eighty percent of Iraq's gross domestic product , and all of the oil from the southern Başrah refinery. Crude oil produced for export from the southern Iraqi oilfields is carried through

neg: Petroleum industry in Nigeria efforts by the federal government for infrastructure development. Indicted corrupt leaders are also cheered by the Niger Delta people. Petroleum industry in Nigeria Nigeria is the largest oil and gas producer in Africa. Crude oil from the delta basin comes in two types: light, and comparatively heavy – the lighter around 36 gravity and the heavier, 20–25 gravity. Both types are paraffinic and low in sulfur. The history of oil exploration in Nigeria dates back to 1907 when Nigerian Bitumen Corporation conducted exploratory work in the country, at the onset of World War I the firm's operation were stopped. Thereafter,

neg: Oil tanker Oil tanker An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil or its products. There are two basic types of oil tankers: crude tankers and product tankers. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries. For example, moving crude oil from oil wells in Nigeria to the refineries on the coast of the United States. Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming markets. For example, moving gasoline from refineries in Europe to

neg: Irving Oil Refinery for Alberta's call to export landlocked oil sands crude oil bitumen. Getting Alberta crude oil to tidewater, such as the Canaport facility, would provide access to overseas markets using oil tankers whereby the oil would presumably command a higher price using the international Brent Crude index than it currently does in the western United States using the West Texas Intermediate index. Premier Redford described the Irving Oil refinery as an "anchor ... with the possibility of also exporting some of that crude by tanker." In October 2017, Irving Oil’s joint venture partner, TransCanada, announced it will be terminating the Energy

neg: India–Nigeria relations crude oil supplier to India — India imports 400,000 barrels per day from Nigeria valued at US$10 billion annually. Additionally, major Indian oil companies regularly issue tender of Nigerian crude oil. About 50,000 Nigerians live in India, while about 35,000 Indians reside in Nigeria. Despite economic ties via the Commonwealth connection there are also ethnic tensions between two. As such in 2013, a killing in Goa, accused on an Indian, led to protests and a "law and order" problem there. Such xenophobic incitation were encouraged by politicians. Goa's Art and Culture Minister Dayanand Mandrekar called Nigerians a "cancer" and said

neg: Barauni Refinery was initially designed to process low sulphur crude oil (sweet crude) of Assam. After establishment of other refineries in the Northeast, Assam crude is unavailable for Barauni . Hence, sweet crude is being sourced from African, South East Asian and Middle East countries like Nigeria, Iraq and Malaysia. The refinery receives crude oil by pipeline from Paradip on the east coast via Haldia. With various revamps and expansion projects at Barauni Refinery, capability for processing high-sulphur crude has been added — high-sulphur crude oil (sour crude) is cheaper than low-sulphur crudes — thereby increasing not only the capacity but also

neg: Oil production plant or used as fuel for the installation's power generators. Onshore terminals generally have fired heaters followed by separators and coalescers to stabilise the crude and remove any produced water not separated offshore. Onshore separators tend to operate at a lower pressure than the offshore separators and so more gas is evolved. The associated gas is generally compressed, dew-pointed and exported via a dedicated pipeline. If gas export is uneconomical then it may be flared. Onshore terminals frequently have large crude oil storage tanks to allow offshore production to continue if the export route becomes unavailable. Export to the oil refinery

neg: Oil sands have better economics than mining projects. Also, 80% of Canada's oil sands reserves are well-suited to in-situ extraction, versus 20% for mining methods. An additional assumption is that there would be sufficient pipeline infrastructure to deliver increased Canadian oil production to export markets. If this were a limiting factor, there could be impacts on Canadian crude oil prices, constraining future production growth. Another assumption is that US markets will continue to absorb increased Canadian exports. Rapid growth of tight oil production in the US, Canada's primary oil export market, has greatly reduced US reliance on imported crude. The potential for

neg: Petroleum industry in Nigeria to the Akata find, the company had spent around 6 million pounds in exploratory activities in the country. Shell-BP in the pursuit of commercially available petroleum found oil in Oloibiri, Nigeria in 1956. Other important oil wells discovered during the period were Afam and Bomu in Ogoni territory. Production of crude oil began in 1957 and in 1960, a total of 847,000 tonnes of crude oil was exported. Towards the end of the 1950s, non-British firms were granted license to explore for oil: Mobil in 1955, Tenneco in 1960, Gulf Oil and later Chevron in 1961, Agip in 1962, and

neg: Sinopec Sinopec China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (中国石油化工股份有限公司), or Sinopec (), is a Chinese oil and gas enterprise based in Beijing, China. It is listed in Hong Kong and also trades in Shanghai and New York. Sinopec Limited's parent, Sinopec Group, is the world's largest oil refining, gas and petrochemical conglomerate, headquartered in Chaoyang District, Beijing. Sinopec's business includes oil and gas exploration, refining, and marketing; production and sales of petrochemicals, chemical fibers, chemical fertilizers, and other chemical products; storage and pipeline transportation of crude oil and natural gas; import, export and import/export agency business of crude oil, natural gas, refined

neg: Energy in Vietnam exports, compared to 20% of all exports in 1996). This is because Vietnamese crude oil is estimated to have peaked in 2004, when crude oil represented 22 percent of all export earnings. Petroleum exports are in the form of crude petroleum because Vietnam has a very limited refining capacity. Vietnam’s only operational refinery, a facility at Cát Lái near Ho Chi Minh City, has a capacity of only . Several consortia have abandoned commitments to finance a facility at Dung Quat in central Vietnam. Refined petroleum accounted for 10.2 percent of total imports in 2002. [Vietnam Energy Portal]: http://vietnamep.com Energy

neg: Petroleum industry in Iran of crude oil totaled , or about 62.5 percent of the country's crude oil production. The direction of crude oil exports changed after the Revolution because of the U.S. trade embargo on Iran and the marketing strategy of the NIOC. Initially, Iran's post-revolutionary crude oil export policy was based on foreign currency requirements and the need for long-term preservation of the natural resource. In addition, the government expanded oil trade with other developing countries. While the shares of Europe, Japan, and the United States declined from an average of 87 percent of oil exports before the Revolution to 52 percent

neg: Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor Sudan. Crude oil terminal tank farms will therefore be built at Lokichar and Lamu to manage the logistics of pumping crude oil through the pipeline as well as into the loading into ships for export. As a result, the governments of South Sudan and Kenya are preparing for the admission of the Uganda Crude Oil Pipeline component into the LAPSSET Corridor Crude Oil Pipeline Project. As a way forward, the tripartite Heads of State Infrastructure Summit held in Uganda on 20 February 2014, agreed to allow Kenya to proceed with the Expression of interest for the development of the crude

neg: Dukhan Field and Jaleha. Stabilized crude is transported by pipeline to the Mesaieed port. Dukhan Field Dukhan Field is a large petroleum-producing field extending over an area of approximately 80 km in Dukhan, Qatar. The first well was drilled in 1939/1940 and the first export of petroleum from Dukhan went out in 1949. The field produces up to of crude oil per day. The onshore Dukhan field, located along the west coast of the peninsula, is the country’s largest producing oil field. It contains four reservoirs: Khatiyah, Fahahil and Jaleha/Diyab, three are oil reservoirs, and one contains non-associated gas. Oil and gas

neg: Oil sands Canada's oil sands produced more and more oil, while in the US, domestic production and imports from other countries declined. However, this relationship is becoming strained due to physical, economic and political influences. Export pipeline capacity is approaching its limits; Canadian oil is selling at a discount to world market prices; and US demand for crude oil and product imports has declined because of US economic problems. For the benefit of oil marketers, in 2004 Western Canadian producers created a new benchmark crude oil called Western Canadian Select, (WCS), a bitumen-derived heavy crude oil blend that is similar in its

neg: Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor working environment and a place to nurture Kenya’s future generations. Since conclusion of the LAPSSET study, oil discoveries have been made in the Turkana area in Kenya with current recoverable crude oil reserves estimated at 600 Million Barrels. Most recently, Uganda completed commercialization studies of their crude oil production at Lake Albert with plans to build medium scale refinery at Lake Albert basin to refine at most 60,000brl/d while balance of the crude oil will be pumped for export through the LAPSSET Corridor Pipeline. With these developments, the original plan and design for the crude oil pipeline has to be

neg: Ogba people a dialect of the Ogba language, consisting of the Egi and Igburu Sections. They both speak one dialect with little difference with each other, having a combine population of about 500,000 people. It is located in the central Orashi-Sombreiro plains of Rivers State, Nigeria. It is one of the major producers of the CRUDE OIL that fuels Nigeria’s economic development in recent decades. According to current oil company records, no local government in Nigeria produces as much crude oil and gas as the Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni (ONELGA) local government (Ellah 1995). As a result of the oil industry, Ali-Ogba(Ogba Kingdom) has undergone

neg: National Energy Program that consumers in eastern Canada would enjoy lower prices, and to control prices and quantities of crude oil and products in the export market. Synthetic crude oil (upgraded petroleum from oil sands) was exempted from this policy and sold at the world price. The federal government levied a tax on all oil refined in Canada to pay for the difference between the prices of synthetic and conventional crude oil. The Canadian federal budget of October 1980 reflected the concern that Canada could "become increasingly dependent on insecure foreign supplies and, therefore, unnecessarily subject to the vagaries of the world oil

neg: Economy of Nigeria (NGN). As of mid-June 2006, the exchange rate was about US$1=NGN128.4. In recent years, Nigeria has expanded its trade relations with other developing countries such as India. Nigeria is the largest African crude oil supplier to India — it annually exports to India valued at US$10 billion annually. India is the largest purchaser of Nigeria's oil which fulfills 20% to 25% of India's domestic oil demand. Indian oil companies are also involved in oil drilling operations in Nigeria and have plans to set up refineries there. The trade volume between Nigeria and the United Kingdom rose by 35% from USD6.3

neg: Oil reserves in Nigeria Oil reserves in Nigeria Although Libya has more reserves, there were of proven oil reserves in Nigeria as of 2011, ranking the country as the largest oil producer in Africa and the 11th largest in the world, averaging in 2006. At current rates this would be 45 years of supply if no new oil was found. Pipeline vandalism, kidnappings, and militant takeover of oil facilities have reduced production, which could be increased to in the absence of such problems. The Nigerian government hopes to increase oil production capacity to by 2010. Nigeria is the world’s eighth largest exporter of crude

neg: Al Başrah Oil Terminal day of export capacity via of onshore pipelines from the Al-Zubair pumping station to the FAO storage facility where eight new crude oil storage tanks, each with a capacity of , were brought online with another eight tanks close to operational; these 16 storage tanks represent 25% of the 64 tanks planned for in the ICOEEP. The crude oil then flows offshore through the new twin 48" pipelines to the new 600 MT subsea valve manifold for distribution to two single point mooring systems. Phase 1 completion will increase overall exports by 1.8 MMBOPD when both SPMs and all sixteen

neg: National Energy Program the extension of the inter-provincial oil pipeline to Montreal (completed in 1976), froze prices of domestic crude and certain oil products, and sought to control export prices. The federal government announced this change in policy so that supply problems in the United States would not automatically raise prices for Canadian consumers." After the first OPEC price shock in 1973 the federal government "formally broke the link between domestic prices and international prices. The objective of 'made-in-Canada' prices for crude oil was to protect Canadians across the country from the whims of the world oil market and to provide producers with

neg: Canaport in the Telegraph-Journal arguing against re-opening the deal. Irving Oil has announced plans to build a new $300-million terminal at Canaport to export the oil from the proposed Energy East pipeline. Canaport Canaport is a Canadian marine crude oil receiving terminal located on the north shore of the Bay of Fundy at Mispec Point, approximately southeast of the city of Saint John, New Brunswick. Commissioned in 1970, Canaport was the first deep-water crude terminal in the Western Hemisphere able to receive supertankers. Canaport was built by Irving Oil, which has continuously owned and operated the facility throughout its existence. The

neg: Petroleum industry in Nigeria still held the most influence over the Nigerian oil industry at the time the war broke out. The United States declared neutrality, with US Secretary of State Dean Rusk stating that "America is not in a position to take action as Nigeria is an area under British influence," but nevertheless provided military assistance to the Nigeria government. On top of scores of deaths, the war had a largely negative impact on the oil industry. Strife caused production of crude to drop significantly, particularly in Biafra. Total crude output decreased from in 1966 at the start of the war, to only

neg: Economy of Nigeria oil sector. Efforts are underway to reverse these troubles. A new entity, the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), has been created to help catalyze economic and social development in the region. The U.S. remains Nigeria's largest buyer of crude oil, accounting for 40% of the country's total oil exports; Nigeria provides about 10% of overall U.S. oil imports and ranks as the fifth-largest source for U.S. imported oil. The United Kingdom is Nigeria's largest trading partner followed by the United States. Although the trade balance overwhelmingly favors Nigeria, thanks to oil exports, a large portion of U.S. exports to Nigeria

neg: Femi Gbajabiamila then federal government who he accused of operating an illegal excess crude oil account and spending tax payers’ money without appropriation. Gbajabiamila's struggle did not go in vain as the present administration has adopted a Treasury Single Account policy which has returned a semblance of accountability to government spending. In 2011, Gbajabiamila was nominated for a high ranking National Award, Officer of the Federal Republic, (OFR). He surprised many Nigerians and received several acclaims when he turned down the award on the grounds that he did not deserve it and that the awards system in Nigeria was no longer achieving

neg: Oil sands is simply exported and then immediately re-imported, it is not subject to the US ban on exports of crude oil. Once it is back in the US, refineries separate the diluent and re-export it to Canada, which again bypasses US crude oil export laws since it is now a refinery product. To aid in this process, Kinder Morgan Energy Partners is reversing its Cochin Pipeline, which used to carry propane from Edmonton to Chicago, to transport of condensate from Chicago to Edmonton by mid-2014; and Enbridge is considering the expansion of its Southern Lights pipeline, which currently ships of diluent

neg: Sirri Island a $0.5 billion (USD) NGL Gas factory and a development contract to develop and increase production of the Iranian Nosrat oil field which is projected to increase crude oil production capacity from . Another project plans for the renovation of the crude oil export facilities and construction of two large crude oil storage tanks, each with capacity, on the island is also planned. Sirri Island has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification "BWh"). In the summer, Sirri Island sees some of the highest average dew points of any place in the world, averaging above in July and August. As

neg: Grangemouth Refinery to produce single cell protein for poultry and cattle feed. BP’s operations at Grangemouth grew over the next twenty years to meet the growing demands for both petrochemicals and fuels. In 1975 the discovery of North Sea Oil brought the commissioning of the Kinneil Crude Oil Stabilisation terminal, which connected directly into the INEOS Forties pipeline system; this plant serves to stabilise Forties Crude oil for either export to third parties or feeding into the refinery, and allowed the processing of North Sea oil as part of the refinery crude 'slate' of feedstocks. In 2004 BP decided to divest its

neg: United States energy independence the United States was the world's third-largest producer of crude oil, after Saudi Arabia and Russia. and second largest exporter of refined products, after Russia. As of March 2015, 85% of crude oil imports came from (in decreasing volume): Canada, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Venezuela, and Colombia. Greater energy self-sufficiency, it was claimed, would prevent major supply disruptions like the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis from recurring. Proponents argue that the potential for political unrest in major oil suppliers, such as Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Nigeria, is abundant, and often causes great fluctuations in crude oil prices (especially

neg: Africa–China economic relations Leone (diamond), and Sudan (petroleum and gold). Minerals and mineral fuels accounted for more than 50% of the export earnings of Mali (gold), Mauritania (iron ore), Mozambique (aluminum), Namibia (diamond, uranium, gold, and zinc), and Zambia (copper and cobalt). Ongoing mining projects of more than $1 billion are taking place in South Africa (platinum, gold), Guinea (bauxite, aluminum), Madagascar (nickel), Mozambique (coal), Congo and Zambia (cobalt, copper), Nigeria and Sudan (crude petroleum), and Senegal (iron). Africa produced about 10.7 Mbpd of oil in 2005, 12% of the 84 Mbpd produced worldwide. Around one half of that is produced in north

neg: Trafigura named in the Iraq Oil-for-Food Scandal in connection with a Liberian-registered turbine tanker, "Essex", that had UN approval to load Iraqi crude at Iraq’s main export terminal at Mina al-Bakr. The tanker was chartered by Trafigura Beheer BV. According to her captain, Theofanis Chiladakis, the Essex was 'topped off' at least twice, with a total of 272,000 barrels of crude, after UN monitors had signed off the cargo. This was on 13 May and 27 August 2001. Elf Aquitaine employees had first talked about this scheme in February 1998. The 2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump was a health crisis

neg: World oil market chronology from 2003 February 27 to $102.40, with Brent crude reaching $108.61. On March 24, due to the dispute over Crimea, problems in Libya, and the Houston Ship Channel collision, Benchmark crude rose above $100 and Brent crude rose to $107.41. Economic problems in China kept prices from going even higher. Later in the week, good economic news from the United States, lower oil supplies in Oklahoma and a force majeure by Shell Nigeria pushed prices slightly higher, to $102.12 for Benchmark crude and $108.29 for Brent. On April 7, Benchmark crude fell below $101 and Brent crude fell to $105.64 with news

neg: Eastern Region, Nigeria of the produce to the ports for export. Most of the profits from the sales of export produce is transferred to the Eastern Nigeria Development Corporation. The development corporation was involved in producing quality palm oil kernels for the export markets through erection of pioneer oil mills and the development of other export crops such as cocoa, cashew nuts, rubber and coconut. Rice cultivation was also encouraged in Abakaliki and Ogoja. Community development was one of the initiatives of the NCNC led Eastern regional government in the 1950s and the phrase was also popular among community residents of villages and

neg: Oil and gas industry in India (41.84%) related uses. India is highly dependent on import of crude oil. Net imports of crude oil rose from 121.67 MTs during 2007-08 to 213.93 MTs during 2016-17. Although more than 70% of its crude oil requirements and part of the petroleum product requirement is met from imports, India has developed sufficient processing capacity over the years to produce different petroleum products. As result, India is now a net exporter of petroleum products. The export of petroleum products increased from 40.75 MT in 2007-08 to 65.51 MT during 2016-17. The import of petroleum products increased from 22.46 MT in 2007-08

neg: ORLEN Lietuva in the summer of 1999 and took on board a shipment of YUKOS crude oil. The Terminal can export up to 14 million tons of crude oil a year but can also function as an import terminal. During the construction of the facility, an environmental monitoring program was introduced that includes tests of sea and ground waters. With the start of the terminal operations, an expanded environmental monitoring program was launched. This included a computer-based leak detection system. The complex of the Būtingė Terminal consists of a crude oil pipeline that connects the facility with the Mažeikiai Refinery inland, onshore

neg: Urals oil was made. Urals oil Urals oil is a reference oil brand used as a basis for pricing of the Russian export oil mixture. It is a mix of heavy sour oil of Urals and the Volga region with light oil of Western Siberia. Other reference oils are Brent, West Texas Intermediate and Dubai. Urals brand oil is supplied through the Baku-Novorossiysk pipeline system and the Druzhba pipeline. Urals oil futures trade on Russian Trading System stock exchange. There was also an effort to trade it on NYMEX under the name of REBCO (Russian Export Blend Crude Oil); however, not a

neg: Urals oil Urals oil Urals oil is a reference oil brand used as a basis for pricing of the Russian export oil mixture. It is a mix of heavy sour oil of Urals and the Volga region with light oil of Western Siberia. Other reference oils are Brent, West Texas Intermediate and Dubai. Urals brand oil is supplied through the Baku-Novorossiysk pipeline system and the Druzhba pipeline. Urals oil futures trade on Russian Trading System stock exchange. There was also an effort to trade it on NYMEX under the name of REBCO (Russian Export Blend Crude Oil); however, not a single trade

neg: North Oil Company (Qatar) comprise 45% of Qatar's Oil production. North Oil Company (Qatar) —North Oil Company (NOC) is a crude oil and natural gas company based in Qatar. The creation of the North Oil Company has been announced in June 2016 by Qatar Petroleum as a joint venture with Total S.A. to develop and operate the Al Shaheen oil field for 25 years. Operations along with production, sale and export of crude oil started on July 14, 2017. Al-Shaheen, The oil field, situated off the north-east coast of Qatar, is one of the largest and most complex of its kind in the world.

neg: Western Canadian Select Repsol (REP.MC) obtained the licence from the U.S. Department of Commerce to export 600,000 barrels of WCS from the United States. The WCS was shipped via Freeport, Texas in the Gulf Coast (USGC) to the port of Bilbao on the Suezmax oil tanker, the Aleksey Kosygin. It is considered to be "the first re-export of Canadian crude from the USGC to a non-US port." as the "US government tightly controls any crude exports, including of non-US grades." The Brussels-based European Union's European Environment Agency (EEA) monitored the trade. WCS, with its API of 20.6 and sulphur content of 3.37%, has

neg: Energy in Equatorial Guinea total installed generating capacity in 2014 was an estimated 200 MW; electricity production in 2014 was estimated at 98 Mio. kWh. Electricity is provided by the national electricity company SEGESA. Since 1995, when significant off shore oil discoveries were made in the Gulf of Guinea, oil has become Equatorial Guinea's most important export. , according to World Oil, Equatorial Guinea's proven oil reserves were put at . In 2005, oil production was estimated at , of which crude oil accounted for over 90%. Domestic oil demand and net oil exports in 2004 were estimated at and , respectively. The national

neg: Electricity sector in Ghana crude oil per day, and an expected crude oil production revenue of US$ 30 billion a year; as with Angola, also a crude oil producer, has an expected 2 million barrels of crude oil production per day and receives an expected $33.7 billion a year in crude oil revenues. Tremendous inflow of economic capital from fossil fuel into the Ghanaian economy began from the first quarter of 2011 when Ghana started producing crude oil and natural gas in commercial quantities and the Ghana crude oil industry accounted for 6% of the Ghanaian economic revenue for 2011. Oil and Gas exploration

neg: Friends of the Earth oil refinery on 6,180 acres of swampland in Nigeria. This would make it the world's largest refinery. By 2022, the refinery would process 650,000 barrels of crude oil daily. Nigeria is already Africa's largest oil producer, though the refineries present are of low quality, and so most of the oil used within the country is imported. Because the refinery would be built so far from the Niger Delta, where most Nigerian oil is extracted, two undersea pipelines will be used to carry petroleum the 240 miles to the Lagos-based refinery. Pipelines the already exist in Nigeria are under scrutiny, and

neg: Energy in Nigeria 2009 Nigeria was not among the top ten crude oil producers, but it was the fifth oil exporter (102 Mt). Oando is Nigeria’s largest oil company, headquartered in Lagos. Oando is Nigeria's largest non-government owned company in the energy industry. It is listed on the Nigerian and Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Oil and gas contributors include Nigerian National Petroleum Company NNPC, Chevron Corporation, CNOOC, CNPC, Conoco, Eni, Exxon Mobil Corporation, GEPetrol, Petrobras, Shell, Statoil and Total Ogoni people live historically in the Niger Delta in the south eastern region of Nigeria. Ogoniland oil facilities are operated mainly by the Shell Petroleum

neg: Midia oil terminal Midia oil terminal Midia Oil Terminal () is an oil import-export terminal located offshore the Port of Midia in Constanța County, Romania. It is one of the biggest oil terminals in the Black Sea that serves as a local hub for crude oil deliveries to the Romanian market. The terminal which started operations in 2008 belongs to the Rompetrol oil company which is owned by Kazakhstans national oil company KazMunayGas. The overall capacity of the import-export terminal is approximately of oil but used capacity is around . Tanker loading capacity is suitable for Suezmax tankers up to . The terminal

neg: North Oil Company (Qatar) North Oil Company (Qatar) —North Oil Company (NOC) is a crude oil and natural gas company based in Qatar. The creation of the North Oil Company has been announced in June 2016 by Qatar Petroleum as a joint venture with Total S.A. to develop and operate the Al Shaheen oil field for 25 years. Operations along with production, sale and export of crude oil started on July 14, 2017. Al-Shaheen, The oil field, situated off the north-east coast of Qatar, is one of the largest and most complex of its kind in the world. Its 100 million barrels per annum

neg: Greece–Nigeria relations Greece–Nigeria relations Greece–Nigeria relations include diplomatic and economic relations between Greece and Nigeria. Nigeria has an embassy in Athens. Greece established a diplomatic mission in Nigeria in 1970, and today has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate in Lagos. Trade between the two countries is imbalanced, with imports from Greece to Nigeria exceeding exports. Greek-owned tankers have an important role in shipping Nigerian oil and natural gas, its main exports. Recently a Greek tanker was involved a dispute over crude oil smuggling. Greek-controlled companies have invested US$5 billion in the Nigerian economy. There is a small Greek business community

neg: SOCAR SOCAR became the owner of a network of more than 160 filling stations operating under the brand name "Esso" across the country. The first SOCAR premium fueling station in Switzerland after the rebranding was opened in September 2012 in Zurich. All the operations in Switzerland are managed and led by SOCAR Energy Switzerland. SOCAR Trading, headquartered in Geneva, markets SOCAR crude oil export volumes from Ceyhan, trades third party crude and oil products and assists SOCAR with international investments in logistics, downstream and sales. Alongside its field of activity in marketing and sales, SOCAR Trading assists SOCAR in expanding SOCAR’s

neg: Energy in Norway earth. Norway's abundant energy resources represent a significant source of national revenue. Crude oil and natural gas accounted for 40% of the country's total export value in 2015. As a share of GDP, the export of oil and natural gas is approximately 17%. As a means to ensure security and mitigate against the “Dutch disease” characterized by fluctuations in the price of oil, the Norwegian government funnels a portion of this export revenue into a pension fund, the Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG). The Norwegian government receives these funds from their market shares within oil industries, such as their two-thirds

neg: Aframax are optimal for short- to medium-haul crude oil transportation. Aframax class tankers are largely used in the basins of the Black Sea, the North Sea, the Caribbean Sea, the South and East China Seas, and the Mediterranean. Non–OPEC exporting countries may require the use of this type of vessel because the harbors and canals through which these countries export their oil are too small to accommodate the larger Suezmax or the larger still very large crude carriers and ultra-large crude carriers. Aframax An Aframax ship is an oil tanker smaller than 120,000 metric tonnes and with a breadth around 42-44

neg: History of Palembang in 1931. By 1938, the production of crude oil in the Netherlands East Indies totalled 7,398,000 metric tons, and the shares of the BPM reached seventy two percent, while the NKPM (StandardVacuum)’s share was twenty eight percent. Whereas the most prolific area in crude oil production was East Kalimantan until the late 1930s, since then Palembang and Jambi took over the position. All crude oil production in the NEI was processed at seven refineries at this time, especially at three large export refineries: the NKPM plant at Sungai Gerong, the BPM refineries at Plaju, and the one in Balikpapan. Thus

neg: Libya–United States relations crude oil into the United States and expanded the controls on U.S.-origin goods intended for export to Libya. Licenses were required for all transactions, except food and medicine. In March 1984, U.S. export controls were expanded to prohibit future exports to the Ras Lanuf petrochemical complex. In April 1985, all Export-Import Bank financing was prohibited. United States adopted additional economic sanctions against Libya in January 1986, including a total ban on direct import and export trade, commercial contracts, and travel-related activities. In addition, Libyan Government assets in the United States were frozen. When Libyan complicity was reported in the 1986

neg: World oil market chronology from 2003 lower production worldwide and problems in oil fields, oil rose for the third straight week, with Brent crude rising 4.5 percent for the week to $45.11 and West Texas Intermediate up more than 8 percent at $43.73. On April 26, U.S. inventories were down after analysts had expected a supply increase, and the dollar was weak. U.S. crude was up 3 percent to $44.04 while Brent crude was up to $45.74. The fire in Canada, attacks in Nigeria, and economic problems and the Zika virus in Venezuela led to supply problems and the highest prices in seven months on May

neg: World oil market chronology from 2003 expectation of increased U.S. crude oil stocks, however they quickly rose to a peak of $92.22 on October 26, 2007. On January 2, 2008, U.S. light crude surpassed $100 per barrel before falling to $99.69 due to tensions on New Years Day in Nigeria, and on suspicion that U.S. crude stocks will have dropped for the seventh consecutive week. A BBC report from the following day stated a single trader bid up the price; Stephen Schork, a former floor trader on the New York Mercantile Exchange and the editor of an oil market newsletter, said one floor trader bought ,

neg: Badejo Field with the VIEC technology from Hamworthy. The process system was delivered by Expro. It consists of two separator stages and the electrostatic coalescer. Using high processing temperature the process system is designed to output crude oil with an export specification of 1% BS&W. Badejo Field Badejo Field is an offshore oil field in Brazil. It is a mature oil field located in the southwest part of the Campos Basin off the coast. Above of it is laying partly the Membro Siri (sometimes referred just as Siri) extra heavy crude oil field with and 12.8° API gravity. Oil was discovered in

neg: Keystone Pipeline the Cornell ILR Global Labor Institute refers to some studies (e.g. a 2011 study by Danielle Droitsch of Pembina Institute) according to which "a good portion of the oil that will gush down the KXL will probably end up being finally consumed beyond the territorial United States". It also states that the project will increase the heavy crude oil price in the Midwestern United States by diverting oil sands oil from the Midwest refineries to the Gulf Coast and export markets. The US Gulf Coast has a large concentration of refineries designed to process very heavy crude oil. At present,

neg: Petroleum industry in Nigeria Brass River, Forcados, and Pennington Anfan. As recently as 2010, Nigeria provided about 10% of overall U.S. oil imports and ranked as the fifth-largest source for oil imports in the U.S. However, Nigeria ceased exports to the US in July 2014 because of the impact of shale production in America; India is now the largest consumer of Nigerian oil. There are six petroleum exportation terminals in the country. Shell owns two, while Mobil, Chevron, Texaco, and Agip own one each. Shell also owns the Forcados Terminal, which is capable of storing of crude oil in conjunction with the nearby Bonny