query: how many consonants are in the hawaiian language

pos: Hawaiian language of 2000 changed the names of several national parks in Hawaii, observing the Hawaiian spelling. However, the language is still classified as critically endangered by UNESCO. A creole language spoken in Hawaii is Hawaiian Pidgin (or Hawaii Creole English, HCE). It should not be mistaken for the Hawaiian language nor for a dialect of English. The Hawaiian alphabet has 13 letters: five vowels (each with a long pronunciation and a short one) and eight consonants, one of which is the glottal stop called okina. The Hawaiian language takes its name from the largest island in the Hawaiian state, Hawaii ("

pos: Hawaiian language of 2000 changed the names of several national parks in Hawaii, observing the Hawaiian spelling. However, the language is still classified as critically endangered by UNESCO. A creole language spoken in Hawaii is Hawaiian Pidgin (or Hawaii Creole English, HCE). It should not be mistaken for the Hawaiian language nor for a dialect of English. The Hawaiian alphabet has 13 letters: five vowels (each with a long pronunciation and a short one) and eight consonants, one of which is the glottal stop called okina. The Hawaiian language takes its name from the largest island in the Hawaiian state, Hawaii ("

pos: Proto-Austronesian language attempted to reduce the number of phonemes, but in a different way: As Proto-Austronesian transitioned to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian, the phonemic inventories were continually reduced by merging formerly distinct sounds into one sound. Three mergers were observed in the Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian transition, while nine were observed for the Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Polynesian transition. Thus, Proto-Austronesian has the most elaborate sound system, while Proto-Polynesian has the fewest phonemes. For instance, the Hawaiian language is famous for having only eight consonants, while Māori has only ten consonants. This is a sharp reduction from the 25 consonants of the Proto-Austronesian language that

pos: Hawaiian phonology The vowel quality of stressed short was noted as . Palatalization of consonants in Hawaiian is demonstrated by the well known pronunciation of (mood adverb) as . Hawaiian phonology The phonological system of the Hawaiian language is based on documentation from those who developed the Hawaiian alphabet during the 1820s as well as scholarly research conducted by lexicographers and linguists from 1949 to present. Hawaiian has only eight consonant phonemes: . There is allophonic variation of with , with , and with . The – variation is highly unusual among the world's languages. Hawaiian has either 5 or 25 vowel

pos: Afitti language Nasals that precede consonants are always syllabic – there are no nasal-consonant sequences or prenasalized segments. Liquids that follow fricatives or consonants are preceded by a schwa for most speakers, but in many cases are realized (exceptionally) as consonant clusters. There are no tautosyllabic consonants that follow liquids or fricatives and nasals do not follow other consonants. Words usually contain one, two or three syllables, but verbs may contain as many as eight or more. Afitti can tentatively be defined as an agglutinative SOV language with postpositions. Plural marking on adjectives and nouns take the form of a suffix. Plural

pos: Shompen language borrowing from Nicobarese, that suggests that Shompen might be a Jahaic or at least Aslian language, or perhaps a third branch of a Southern Austroasiatic family alongside Aslian and Nicobarese. However, Paul Sidwell (2017) classifies Shompen as a Southern Nicobaric language, rather than a separate branch of Austroasiatic. It is not clear if the following description applies to all varieties of Shompen or how phonemic it isy. Eight vowel qualities are recovered from the transcription, , which may be nasalized and or lengthened. There are numerous vowel sequences and diphthongs. The consonants are attested as follows: Many Austroasiatic roots with

pos: Hawaiian phonology Hawaiian phonology The phonological system of the Hawaiian language is based on documentation from those who developed the Hawaiian alphabet during the 1820s as well as scholarly research conducted by lexicographers and linguists from 1949 to present. Hawaiian has only eight consonant phonemes: . There is allophonic variation of with , with , and with . The – variation is highly unusual among the world's languages. Hawaiian has either 5 or 25 vowel phonemes, depending on how long vowels and diphthongs are analyzed. If the long vowels and diphthongs are treated as two-phoneme sequences, the total of vowel phonemes is

pos: Mizo language systems have developed independently in many daughter languages, largely by simplifications in the set of possible syllable-final and syllable-initial consonants. Typically, a distinction between voiceless and voiced initial consonants is replaced by a distinction between high and low tone, and falling and rising tones developed from syllable-final "h" and glottal stop, which themselves often reflect earlier consonants. The eight tones and intonations that the vowel "a" (and the vowels "aw", "e", "i", "u", and this constitutes all the tones in the Mizo language) can have are shown by the letter sequence p-a-n-g, as follows: Note that the exact orthography of

pos: Jinhui dialect well as syllabic nasals . There are not diphthongs in Jinhui; all vowels are monophthongs. Jinhui also has a large number of consonants, including glottalized stops and a palatalized series: The glottalized consonants are unique to Jinhui dialect and neighboring areas. Most distinctive is , found for example in 金 . There are other glottalized consonants, such as , etc., but these are predictable by the tone and so are not distinctive. It is not clear how many phonemic tones Jinhui has. Of the eight traditional tones, one pair is found in checked syllables, and so not phonemically distinctive. All

neg: Glottal consonant like "normal" consonants such as or . Here are glottal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet: In many languages, the "fricatives" are not true fricatives. This is a historical usage of the word. They instead represent transitional states of the glottis (phonation) without a specific place of articulation, and may behave as approximants. is a voiceless transition. is a breathy-voiced transition, and could be transcribed as . The glottal stop occurs in many languages. Often all vocalic onsets are preceded by a glottal stop, for example in German (in careful pronunciation; often omitted in practice). The Hawaiian language writes the

neg: Nukuria language has a subject-verb-object sentence structure.However, all of the Austronesian Languages within the Bismarck Archipelago have a subject-verb-object sentence structure.This sentence structure (typology) is also used in the English language, which is a part of the Indo-European language family. The Nukuria language's alphabet contains five vowels: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, and fifteen consonants: /p/,/b/,/m/,/f/,/v/,/t/,/s/,/n/,/l/,/r/,/k/,/g/,/ŋ/,/w/,/h/. There are five stops, four fricatives, three nasals, two approximants, and one trill. Of those consonants three are bilabial, two are labiodental, five are alveolar, four are velar, and one is glottal. To provide a comparison, the Nukuria Language has seven more consonants than the Hawaiian

neg: Nukuria language language ('Ōlelo Hawaiʻi'): /m/,/n/,/p/,/t ~ k/,/ ʔ/, /h/,/ w~v/,and /l/. It also has five consonants more than Māori, (te reo): /p/,/t/,/k/,/wh/,/h/,/m/,/n/,/ŋ/,/r/,and /w/. Hawaiian and Māori are used for comparison because they are two of the more commonly known Polynesian Languages. In addition, the English language has twenty-four consonants and at least fourteen vowels. The ŋ is a voiced velar nasal and is present in the suffix "ing" such as in the English word "ending". It is the "ng" sound in the words: "laughing", "crying", "hiking", "jumping" and so on. These pronunciation of the vowels and consonants are derived from the

neg: Hawaiian language but on Niihau, native speakers of Hawaiian have remained fairly isolated and have continued to use Hawaiian almost exclusively. The isolated island of Niʻihau, located off the southwest coast of Kauai, is the one island where Hawaiian is still spoken as the language of daily life. Hawaiians had no written language prior to Western contact, except for petroglyph symbols. The modern Hawaiian alphabet, "ka pīāpā Hawaii", is based on the Latin script. Hawaiian words end "only" in vowels, and every consonant must be followed by a vowel. The Hawaiian alphabetical order has all of the vowels before the consonants, as

neg: Yele language of cane) and . The Yele "w" is labial–dental . These doubly articulated consonants contrast with labialization (SIL 1992/2004). Many articulations may also be palatalized. Stops may be either pre- or (except perhaps for ) post-nasalized. The consonant inventory includes the following, It is not clear how many of the labial–velar and labial–alveolar consonants such as may also be labialized or palatalized. Nor is it clear how many of these articulations occur prenasalized or with nasal release, but besides those noted above, the following are noted in SIL 1992/2004: . The oral stops (that is, apart from dental ) are

neg: Hawaiian language method will show partly different genetic relationships. It will point out sound changes, such as: This method will recognize sound change #1 as a shared innovation of Hawaiian and Tongan. It will also take the Hawaiian and Tongan cognates for "1" as another shared innovation. Due to these exclusively shared features, Hawaiian and Tongan are found to be more closely related to one another than either is to Tagalog or PAN. The forms in the table show that the Austronesian vowels tend to be relatively stable, while the consonants are relatively volatile. It is also apparent that the Hawaiian words

neg: Hawaiian phonology The second person form, "olua", contains a glottal stop, implying that the used to be there and still exists in place of in the intermediate forms, , , and . A Hawaiian glottal stop thus represents the maximal phonetic reduction of other consonants in centuries past. Elbert & Pukui have shown instances of , and , such as "mukumuku ⁓ muumuu" ('cut'), and "pūliki ⁓ pūiki" ('embrace'). Carter (1996:373–374) has shown examples of all seven of the (other) Hawaiian consonants alternating synchronically with glottal stop: Depending on how one analyzes the inventory of Hawaiian vowel phonemes, it has either 5

neg: Marshallese language one unit of time, and long vowels (for which is an approximant phoneme) are three times as long. For phonemic clarity, this article uses the IPA symbols for , for and for if they occupy time as consonants at syllable boundaries. As a matter of prosody, each consonant and vowel phonemic sequence carries one mora in length, with the exception of in sequences where the vowel carries one mora for both phonemes. All morae are thus measured in or shut sequences: That makes Marshallese a mora-rhythmed language in a fashion similar to Finnish, Gilbertese, Hawaiian, and Japanese. Marshallese consonants show

neg: Hawaiian language is notable that Hawaiian has allophonic variation of with , with , and (in some dialects) with . The – variation is quite unusual among the world's languages, and is likely a product both of the small number of consonants in Hawaiian, and the recent shift of historical *t to modern –, after historical *k had shifted to . In some dialects, remains as in some words. These variations are largely free, though there are conditioning factors. tends to especially in words with both and , such as in the island name "Lānai" (–), though this is not always the

neg: Hawaiian language case: "eleele" or "eneene" "black". The allophone is almost universal at the beginnings of words, whereas is most common before the vowel . is also the norm after and , whereas is usual after and . After and initially, however, and are in free variation. "A consonant occurs only before a vowel; thus two consonants never occur in succession and a syllable always ends with a vowel". Hawaiian has five short and five long vowels, plus diphthongs. Hawaiian has five pure vowels. The short vowels are , and the long vowels, if they are considered separate phonemes rather than simply

neg: Hawaiian language conflating these diphthongs with and . There are only a limited number of vowels which may follow long vowels, and some authors treat these sequences as diphthongs as well: . Hawaiian syllable structure is (C)V. All CV syllables occur except for "wū"; "wu" occurs only in two words borrowed from English. As shown by Schütz, Hawaiian word-stress is predictable in words of one to four syllables, but not in words of five or more syllables. Hawaiian phonological processes include palatalization and deletion of consonants, as well as raising, diphthongization, deletion, and compensatory lengthening of vowels. Phonological reduction (or "decay") of

neg: Pirahã language the nature of their phonological systems. The segmental phonemes are: Everett posits that is an allophone of the sequence Women sometimes substitute for . The number of phonemes is thirteen, matching Hawaiian, if is counted as a phoneme, and there are just two tones; if is not phonemic, there are twelve phonemes, one more than the number found in Rotokas. (English, by comparison, has thirty to forty-five, depending on dialect.) However, many of these sounds show a great deal of allophonic variation. For instance, vowels are nasalized after the glottal consonants and (written "h" and "x"). Also, Because of its

neg: Taa language iq oq uq;" strident, "aqh eqh iqh oqh uqh;" and glottalized or 'tense', "aʼ eʼ iʼ oʼ uʼ." Taa is unusual in allowing mixed voicing in its consonants. These have been called "prevoiced", but they actually appear to be consonant clusters. When homorganic, as in [dt], such clusters are listed in the chart below. Taa consonants are complex, and it is not clear how much of the difference between the dialects is real and how much is an artifact of analysis. Marginal or rare consonants are in parentheses. Asterisks mark consonants added in 1994, which are likely also marginal or

neg: Araki language syllable, with some exceptions. Only fluent speakers of Araki distinguish between the flap and the trill ; and only they can distinguish and pronounce the linguolabial consonants. 'Passive' users of the language replace these consonants either with bilabial consonants or alveolar consonants. Although many younger people claim to be able to speak Araki, they are usually passive speakers, and therefore do not use linguolabial consonants. The vowel phonemes are: Araki does not possess phonemic long vowels. Also, the language does not have phonemic diphthongs. However, strings of consecutive vowels are possible - indeed prevalent - in the language. In these

neg: Belarusian language is actively used by only 11.9% of Belarusians. Approximately 29.4% of Belarusians can write, speak, and read Belarusian, while 52.5% can only read and speak it. Although closely related to other East Slavic languages, especially Ukrainian, Belarusian phonology is distinct in a number of ways. The phoneme inventory of the modern Belarusian language consists of 45 to 54 phonemes: 6 vowels and 39 to 48 consonants, depending on how they are counted. When the nine geminate consonants are excluded as mere variations, there are 39 consonants, and excluding rare consonants further decreases the count. The number 48 includes "all" consonant

neg: Dida language they are not common and it is not clear how many. Examples are "nothing", "chin", "25 cents" (from English "pound"). In diphthongs, nasalization shows up primarily on the second element of the vowel. Vowel length is not distinctive, apart from phonesthesia (as in "nothing"), morphemic contractions, and shortened grammatical words, such as the modal "will" (compare its likely lexical source "get"). The consonants are typical for Eastern Kru: Syllables may be vowel only, consonant-vowel, or consonant--vowel. is a lateral approximant initially, a lateral flap between vowels and after most consonants ( "country"), but a central tap after alveolars ( "blood").

neg: Hawaiian alphabet Hawaiian alphabet The Hawaiian alphabet (in ) is an alphabet used to write Hawaiian. It was adapted from the English alphabet in the early 19th century by American missionaries to print a bible in the Hawaiian language. In 1778, British explorer James Cook made the first reported Europe voyage to Hawaii. In his report, he wrote the name of the islands as "Owhyhee" or "Owhyee". In 1822, a writing system based on one similar to the new "New Zealand Grammar" was developed and printed by American Protestant missionary Elisha Loomis. The original alphabet included five vowels and twelve consonants: and

neg: Uvular consonant consonants are typically incompatible with advanced tongue root, and they often cause retraction of neighboring vowels. The uvular consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are: English has no uvular consonants, and they are unknown in the indigenous languages of Australia and the Pacific, though uvular consonants separate from velar consonants are believed to have existed in the Proto-Oceanic language. Uvular consonants are however found in many African and Middle-Eastern languages, most notably Arabic, and in Native American languages. In parts of the Caucasus mountains and northwestern North America, nearly every language has uvular stops and fricatives. Two uvular R

neg: Marshallese language palatalized dental trill , articulated further forward behind the front teeth. The Marshallese–English Dictionary (MED) and Willson (2003) describe the rhotic consonants as "retroflex", but are not clear how this relates to their dental or alveolar trill positions. (See retroflex trill.) The heavy lateral consonants and are dark l like in English "feel", articulated and respectively. The velarized consonants (and, by extension, the rounded consonants) may be velarized or pharyngealized like the emphatic consonants in Arabic or Mizrahi Hebrew. Marshallese has a vertical vowel system of just four vowel phonemes, each with several allophones depending on the surrounding consonants. MED

neg: Sona language (artificial) to a causal maker. Many compounds take on set meanings beyond that of their component parts. For example, "akizu", literally "fast animal," signifies "horse." The 360 radicals are split up into consonants and aspirates. Of the 12 consonants, each can be categorized five different ways, isolated and with the four possible affixes. This gives us 300 radicals. The 6 aspirates, "c, j, x, f, v," and "h", have only the "-n" form, which gives us the remaining 60 radicals. Searight decided to exclude diphthongs from Sona in order to maintain its universality. Here is an example of how radicals are

neg: French language many of its spelling rules are likely due to a consistency in morphemic patterns such as adding suffixes and prefixes. Many given spellings of common morphemes usually lead to a predictable sound. In particular, a given vowel combination or diacritic generally leads to one phoneme. However, there is not a one to one correlation from a phoneme to its related grapheme, which can be seen in how "tomber, tombai," and "tombé" all end with the /E/ phoneme. Additionally, there are many variations in the pronunciation of consonants at the end of words, demonstrated by how the "x" in "paix" is

neg: Kri language to construct a new house in a different location. Other than the Kri language, many adults, especially men, are also fluent in Vietnamese, Saek, Bru, and Lao. The consonants in Kri are: These are the consonants that may come at the end of a syllable in Kri: Do note that they are all contrastive, and that vowels, nasal consonants, and oral consonants may have checked endings. The Oral endings also may become voiceless. Kri has a few morphological features, less than Khmu but more than Vietnamese. The -a- infix may be inserted into words with two initial consonants, between them.

neg: International Phonetic Alphabet in the IPA, as well as in human language. All consonants in the English language fall into this category. The pulmonic consonant table, which includes most consonants, is arranged in rows that designate manner of articulation, meaning how the consonant is produced, and columns that designate place of articulation, meaning where in the vocal tract the consonant is produced. The main chart includes only consonants with a single place of articulation. Notes Non-pulmonic consonants are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include clicks (found in the Khoisan languages of Africa), implosives (found in languages such as

neg: Tahitian language and diphthongs. Notably, the consonant inventory lacks any sort of dorsal consonants. Next follows a table with all phonemes in more detail. The glottal stop or eta" is a genuine consonant. This is typical of Polynesian languages (compare to the Hawaiian ʻokina and others). Glottal stops used to be seldom written in practice, but are now commonly written, though often as straight apostrophes, ' "', instead of the curly apostrophes used in Hawaiian. Alphabetical word ordering in dictionaries used to ignore the existence of glottals. However, academics and scholars now publish text content with due use of glottal stops. Tahitian

neg: Velar consonant sporadically missing elsewhere. Of the languages surveyed in the "World Atlas of Language Structures", about 10% of languages that otherwise have are missing . Pirahã has both a and a phonetically. However, the does not behave as other consonants, and the argument has been made that it is phonemically , leaving Pirahã with only as an underlyingly velar consonant. Hawaiian does not distinguish from ; tends toward at the beginning of utterances, before , and is variable elsewhere, especially in the dialect of Niihau and Kauai. Since Hawaiian has no , and varies between and , it is not clearly

neg: Cherokee language Oklahoma use of the loanword "automobile", with the and sounds of English. As with many Iroquoian languages, Cherokee's phonetic inventory is small. The consonants for North Carolina Cherokee are given in the table below. The consonants of all Iroquoian languages pattern so that they may be grouped as (oral) obstruents, sibilants, laryngeals, and resonants (Lounsbury 1978:337). Obstruents are non-distinctively aspirated when they precede "h". There is some variation in how orthographies represent these allophones. The orthography used in the table represents the aspirated allophones as "th", "kh", and "tsh". Another common orthography represents the unaspirated allophones as "d", "ɣ", and

neg: Barsoomian language word that makes direct object definite, as in Hebrew. The vocabulary is relatively simple, with little poetic language. Some inflection is found in the pronouns. For the object, the initial consonant is suffixed: "tu" "I", "tut" "me"; "ki" "he", "kik" "him". To form the plural, the consonants are voiced: "du" "we", "dud" "us", "gi" "they". The effect of the language is staccato. There are ten vowels, five long and five short, transcribed short "a e i o u" and long "aa ey ee oa oo"; diphthongs are "ao" (as in "how") and "ay" (as in "high"). Consonants are similar to

neg: Egyptian language be mistaken for how Egyptian was ever pronounced at any time. For example, the name "twt-ꜥnḫ-ı͗mn" is conventionally pronounced in English, but, in his lifetime, it was likely to be pronounced something like *. Egyptian is fairly typical for an Afroasiatic language in that at the heart of its vocabulary is most commonly a root of three consonants, but there are sometimes only two consonants in the root: rꜥ(w) "sun" (the is thought to have been something like a voiced pharyngeal fricative). Larger roots are also common and can have up to five consonants: "sḫdḫd" "be upside-down". Vowels and other

neg: Sikaiana language language in the Ellicean family. Its sister languages include Kapingamarangi, Nukumanu, Nukuoro, Nukuria, Ontong Java, Takuu, and Tuvaluan. Sikaiana uses nine different consonants which are reflexes of the Proto-Polynesian language. The consonants include: /p, t, k, f/h, v, s, m, n, and l/. In most situations, /h/ and /f/ are free in variation, but in many words, only /h/ can be used (Donner 2012). There is also a length distinctions for consonants. This sometimes occurs as a result of a non-pronunciation of a vowel. For example, "hahai" changes to "hhai" because the first /a/ is simply omitted. Double consonants can

neg: Marshallese language velarized and rounded consonants are regarded as "heavy", with the rounded consonants being both velarized and labialized. (This contrast is similar to that between "slender" and "broad" consonants in Goidelic languages, or between "soft" and "hard" consonants in Russian.) The "light" consonants are considered more relaxed articulations. The following are the consonant phonemes of Marshallese: Marshallese has no voicing contrast in consonants. However, stops may be allophonically partially voiced (, , ) when they are between vowels and not geminated. Final consonants are often unreleased. Glides vanish in many environments, with surrounding vowels their assimilating backness and roundedness. That is

neg: Ubykh language name in the Abdzakh Adyghe language. It is known in linguistic literature by many names: variants of Ubykh, such as "Ubikh", (Turkish) and (French); and "Pekhi" (from Ubykh ) and its Germanised variant . Ubykh is distinguished by the following features, some of which are shared with other Northwest Caucasian languages: Ubykh has 84 phonemic consonants, a record high amongst languages without click consonants, but only 2 phonemic vowels. Four of these consonants are found only in loanwords and onomatopoeiae. There are nine basic places of articulation for the consonants and extensive use of secondary articulation, such that Ubykh has

neg: Marshallese language different dialects, which differ mainly lexically, and are mutually intelligible. The atoll of Ujelang in the west used to have "slightly less homogeneous speech", but it has been uninhabited since 1980. The Ratak and Ralik dialects differ phonetically in how they deal with stems that begin with double consonants. Ratak Marshallese inserts a vowel to separate the consonants, while Ralik adds a vowel before the consonants (and pronounced an unwritten consonant phoneme before the vowel). For example, the stem 'play' becomes in Ralik Marshallese and in Ratak Marshallese. Marshallese is the official language of the Marshall Islands and enjoys vigorous

neg: Hawaiian Pidgin Hawaiian Pidgin Hawaiian Pidgin English (alternately Hawaiian Creole English or HCE, known locally as Pidgin) is an English-based creole language spoken in Hawaiʻi (L1: 600,000; L2: 400,000). Although English and Hawaiian are the co-official languages of the state of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiian Pidgin is spoken by many Hawaiʻi residents in everyday conversation and is often used in advertising targeted toward locals in Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaiian language, Hawaiian Creole English is called "ōlelo pai ai", which literally means "pounding-taro language". Despite its name, Hawaiian Pidgin is not a pidgin, but rather a full-fledged, nativized, and demographically stable creole language. It did,

neg: Syllable The phonotactics of many languages forbid syllable codas. Examples are Swahili and Hawaiian. In others, codas are restricted to a small subset of the consonants that appear in onset position. At a phonemic level in Japanese, for example, a coda may only be a nasal (homorganic with any following consonant) or, in the middle of a word, gemination of the following consonant. (On a phonetic level, other codas occur due to elision of /i/ and /u/.) In other languages, nearly any consonant allowed as an onset is also allowed in the coda, even clusters of consonants. In English, for example,

neg: O'odham language same language; likewise for Akimel O'odham and Pima." O'odham phonology has a typical Uto-Aztecan inventory distinguishing 21 consonants and 5 vowels. The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar. Most vowels distinguish two degrees of length: long and short, and some vowels also show extra-short duration (voicelessness). Papago is pronounced in Pima. Additionally, in common with many northern Uto-Aztecan languages, vowels and nasals at end of words are devoiced. Also, a short schwa sound, either voiced or unvoiced depending on position, is often interpolated between consonants and at the ends of words. There are two orthographies commonly used for the O'odham language:

neg: Russian phonology show some of the morphological alternations between a hard consonant and its soft counterpart: Velar consonants are soft when preceding ; within words, this means that velar consonants are never followed by . Before hard dental consonants, , labial and dental consonants are hard: ('eagle' gen. sg). Paired consonants preceding another consonant often inherit softness from it. This phenomenon in literary language has complicated and evolving rules with many exceptions, depending on what these consonants are, in what morphemic position they meet and to what style of speech the word belongs. In old Moscow pronunciation, softening was more widespread and

neg: Dravidian languages languages. Many of these features are already present in the oldest known Indo-Aryan language, the language of the "Rigveda" (c.1500 BCE), which also includes over a dozen words borrowed from Dravidian. Vedic Sanskrit has retroflex consonants (/, ) with about 88 words in the "Rigveda" having unconditioned retroflexes. Some sample words are ', ', ', ', ' and '. Since other Indo-European languages, including other Indo-Iranian languages, lack retroflex consonants, their presence in Indo-Aryan is often cited as evidence of substrate influence from close contact of the Vedic speakers with speakers of a foreign language family rich in retroflex consonants.

neg: Southern Min late 20th century, many linguists consider this Southern Min variant as a separate Min language. Southern Min has one of the most diverse phonologies of Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels, on the other hand, are more-or-less similar to those of Mandarin. In general, Southern Min dialects have five to six tones, and tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations within Hokkien, and the Teochew system differs somewhat more. Southern Min's nasal finals consist m, n, ŋ, ~. Southern Min dialects lack a standardized written language. Southern Min speakers are taught how to read Standard

neg: Hawaiian language 2001, native speakers of Hawaiian amounted to less than 0.1% of the statewide population. Linguists were unsure that Hawaiian and other endangered languages would survive. Nevertheless, from around 1949 to the present day, there has been a gradual increase in attention to and promotion of the language. Public Hawaiian-language immersion preschools called Pūnana Leo were established in 1984; other immersion schools followed soon after that. The first students to start in immersion preschool have now graduated from college and many are fluent Hawaiian speakers. The federal government has acknowledged this development. For example, the Hawaiian National Park Language Correction Act

neg: Proto-Tai language , and , which are indicated in his work as "č čh ž" and described merely as palatal affricate consonants. The table below lists the consonantal phonemes of Pittayawat Pittayaporn's 2009 reconstruction of Proto-Tai (Pittayaporn 2009:70). Some of the differences are simply different interpretations of Li's consonants: the palatal consonants are interpreted as stops, rather than affricates, and the glottalized consonants are described using symbols for implosive consonants. However, Pittayaporn's Proto-Tai reconstruction has a number of real differences from Li: There is a total of 33-36 consonants, 10-11 consonantal syllable codas and 25-26 tautosyllabic consonant clusters. Tai languages have many

neg: To’abaita language as they grow up. Toqabaqita has the status of first language for children, and is used in daily life. Many Toqabaqita speakers also speak some English, and this is the language of the schools, although only primary schools are available locally. The literacy rate in Toqabaqita is 30-60%, and Latin script is used. Toqabaqita phonemes consist of 17 consonants and 5 vowels. /k͡p/ and /g͡b/ are doubly-articulated voiceless and voiced labial–velar stop consonants. Pre-nasalization is a feature of particular Toqabaqita consonants, including all the voiced plosives, that is /b/, /d/, /g/ and /g͡b/, and for the glide /w/ . The

neg: Palatalization (sound change) French in which Bartsch's law turned open vowels into or after a palatalized velar consonant. If it was true for all open vowels in Old French, it would explain the palatalization of velar plosives before . In Erzya, a Uralic language, the open vowel is raised to near-open after a palatalized consonant, as in the name of the language, . In Russian, the back vowels are fronted to central , and the open vowel is raised to near-open , near palatalized consonants. The palatalized consonants also factor in how unstressed vowels are reduced. Palatalization is sometimes unconditioned or spontaneous, not

neg: Murle language cases as examples of subtractive morphology. Payne proposes that these two forms exemplify how Murle plurals can be predicted from singular forms, but not vice versa. "onyiit" 'rib' "onyii" 'ribs' "rottin" 'warrior' "rotti" 'warriors' However, the same final consonants are found in productive marking of singulative number in Majang, another Surmic language, e.g. ŋɛɛti-n 'louse', ŋɛɛti 'lice'. Also, final -"t" has been shown to be a singulative suffix in Murle and other Surmic languages, fitting the pattern of T for singular and K for plural pointed out by Margaret Bryant. If these final consonants are analyzed as singulative suffixes, it

neg: Korean language Korea. The semivowels and are represented in Korean writing by modifications to vowel symbols (see below). The IPA symbol (a subscript double straight quotation mark, shown here with a placeholder circle) is used to denote the tensed consonants . Its official use in the Extensions to the IPA is for 'strong' articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice. The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice, but it is not yet known how typical this is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal

neg: Barasana-Eduria language Yebamasa; Eduria is also known as Edulia, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano. It has 23 phonemes, containing 11 consonants and twelve vowels. There are various symbols that are used in the language that represent the various phonemic orthography of the language of Barasano itself. A phonological word in Barasano can consist of either one, or even up to nine syllables. Another important aspect of the language is stress and pitch. Many words in the language itself can be considered either high or low pitch. The Barasano language expresses this importance by way of the phonemics on the word level. Consonants: Vowels: Barí

neg: Velar consonant meaningful to say that Hawaiian has phonemic velar consonants. Several Khoisan languages have limited numbers or distributions of pulmonic velar consonants. (Their click consonants are articulated in the uvular or possibly velar region, but that occlusion is part of the airstream mechanism rather than the place of articulation of the consonant.) Khoekhoe, for example, does not allow velars in medial or final position, but in Juǀ'hoan velars are rare even in initial position. Normal velar consonants are "dorso-velar": The dorsum (body) of the tongue rises to contact the velum (soft palate) of the roof of the mouth. In disordered speech

neg: Jarai language vowel of the stressed syllable produces a diphthong. During the French Indochina, they introduced a Jarai alphabet using the Vietnamese alphabet at the beginning of the 20th century. With the introduction of the Bible in Jarai language, using that alphabet by Christian missionaries in Vietnam after the Vietnamese War, the Jarai increased their literacy and there are today many publications for the Vietnamese Jarai. There are 40 letters - 21 consonants + 19 vowels / 34 phonemes - 9 vowel phonemes + 25 consonant phonemes. There are 9 vowels: There are 24 consonants: Jarai language The Jarai language (in Vietnamese

neg: Māori language few loanwords from English such as "wuru", "wool" and "whutuporo", "football". As in many other Polynesian languages, e.g., Hawaiian, the rendering of loanwords from English includes representing every English consonant of the loanword (using the native consonant inventory; English has 24 consonants to 10 for Māori) and breaking up consonant clusters. For example, "Presbyterian" has been borrowed as "Perehipeteriana"; no consonant position in the loanword has been deleted, but /s/ and /b/ have been replaced with /h/ and /p/, respectively. Stress is typically within the last four vowels of a word, with long vowels and diphthongs counting double. That is,

neg: Iatmül language conjunctions. The phonological system of Iatmul is a matter of controversy among scholars. There is no consensus about how many vowels Iatmul has and about which realisations are to be considered as phonemes or allophones. There were attempts of analysing the language as consisting of only 1-3 vowels by Staalsen (1966) and Laycock (1991). Jendraschek (2012) in contrast describes 12 phonemic monophthongs and 7 phonemic diphthongs. The canonical syllable structure of Iatmul is C(C)V(C), where the first consonant can be any consonant. Possible codas are only [p], [t], [k], [m], [n], and [ɲ]. Most words begin with the nasal consonants

neg: Old Polish language merging double vowels to a long vowel, for example: "aa" – /aː/. Parkoszowic's proposal was not adopted, and his theoretical concepts had no followers. Over the centuries Old Polish pronunciation was subjected to numerous modifications. These are only the most basic ones. The consonant system transferred into the soft coronal consonants, for example for . Many consonant clusters were simplified; which in the process made assimilation reverse many consonants in words, before that following a voiceless consonant. Old Polish language Old Polish language () is the period in the history of the Polish language between the 9th and the 16th

neg: Juǀ'hoan language in loan words, and some accounts posit a and . Labials () are very rare initially, though common between vowels. Velar stops (oral and nasal) are rare initially and very rare medially. The consonants listed as epiglottalized, following Miller-Ockhuizen (2003), have uvular frication and glottalization; they are similar to consonants in Nǀu described as uvular ejective by Miller et al. (2009). Only a small set of consonants occur between vowels within roots. These are: Medial (green) are very common; are rare, and the other medial consonants occur in only a very few roots, many of them loans. are generally analyzed

neg: Margi language to that of most languages, equivalent to that of Ubykh as the largest inventory of any language without clicks. However, Hoffmann's list of consonants includes all onsets in the language. Many of them have since, by other researchers, been analysed as sequences, such as and . There are 66 consonants that remain if labialisation is counted separately, 54 if it is interpreted as a /Cw/ sequence. The sequences that Hoffmann included in his consonant inventory are all labial–coronal: There are two tones, high and low, with some syllables unmarked for tone. Margi language Margi, also known as Marghi and Marghi

neg: Guaymí language "lingua franca" for contact with outsiders. Ngäbere has borrowed many words from Spanish, and to a lesser extent from English. The sounds of the loan words are often nasalized, voiced, or de-voiced, in order to conform to Ngäbere phonology. K. Bletzer Bletzer argues that Since most Ngäbere words end in vowel sounds, foreign words ending in consonants are often stripped of their final consonants or adorned with a final vowel. Internal consonants are also softened. (ex. Jesus → "Jesu", "arroz" “rice” → "aro", "carro" “car” → "caro", "cruz" “cross” → "kruso"). Many of the loan words are household objects or

neg: Belarusian phonology Belarusian phonology The phonological system of the modern Belarusian language consists of at least 44 phonemes: 5 vowels and 39 consonants. Consonants may also be geminated. There is not absolute agreement on the number of phonemes, so that rarer or contextually variant sounds are included by some scholars. Many consonants may form pairs that differ only in palatalization (called "hard" vs "soft" consonants, the latter being represented in the IPA with the symbol ). In some of such pairs, the place of articulation is additionally changed (see distinctive features below). There are also unpaired consonants that have no corollary in

neg: Samoan language the markings as a guideline. Much like the Bible helped improve literacy and understanding of the language throughout Samoan communities, written works continue to be important in much the same way today. The use of the diacritical marks are not only prevalent in Samoan but also other proto-Polynesian languages, such as Hawaiian, where similar pronunciation losses exist. Since native speakers understand how a word should be pronounced without the markings, words are commonly written and accepted with the markings absent. To prevent the loss of correct pronunciations, however, language preservation groups and the Samoan and Hawaiian governments, are taking measure

neg: Mavea language in particular, it is not used in school, which reduces the younger speakers’ exposure to the language. Most speakers do not feel concerned with the possible loss of the Mavea language. Bislama, the national "lingua franca" of Vanuatu, is used more frequently. This creole is the first language for many people in Vanuatu who live in the city. It is used for business, religious sacraments, politics, and is seen as a way to move upward in society. Mavea has 15 consonants and 8 vowels. Plosives in Mavea are not aspirated. Linguolabial consonants are represented using the corresponding labial consonant with

neg: Tz’utujil language devoiced word-finally and before consonants, even before voiced consonants as in "elnaq" . The nasals, "m, n", are partially devoiced word-finally: they start off voiced, and end up voiceless. Tz’utujil language Tz'utujil is a Mayan language spoken by the Tz'utujil people in the region to the south of Lake Atitlán in Guatemala. Tz'utujil is closely related to its larger neighbors, Kaqchikel and K'iche'. The 2002 census found 60,000 people speak Tz'utujil as their mother tongue. The two Tz'utijil dialects are Eastern and Western. The majority of the Tz'utujil people have Spanish as their second language, although many of the older

neg: Language nest people speaking the language has increased by a few percentage points from the early 1980s to 2014. Linguist Christopher Moseley says that this statistic is "quite encouraging" because "compared to how quickly a language can disappear, in just one generation in extreme cases, the figures are good." In Hawaii, the Hawaiian-language equivalent, the Pūnana Leo, has been running for 24 years and has also been successful in producing first-language speakers of Hawaiian. In Minnesota, the Enweyang Ojibwe Language Nest, started in 2009. In collaboration with UMD's College of Education and Human Services Professionals and Eni-gikendaasoyang, the Center for Indigenous Knowledge

neg: Mele Kalikimaka but it contains lyrics and music completely different from the song written by Robert Alex Anderson. The expression "Mele Kalikimaka", despite its foreign sound, is actually borrowed directly from English. But since the Hawaiian language has a different phonological system from English it is not possible to render a pronunciation that is especially close to "Merry Christmas". Standard Hawaiian does not have the or of English and its phonotactic constraints do not permit consonants at the end of syllables or consonant clusters. Thus the closest approximation to "Merry Christmas" is "Mele Kalikimaka". "Mele Kalikimaka" means, "In honor and rejoicing in

neg: Belarusian phonology mused"). The geminated variations are transcribed as follows: Belarusian phonology The phonological system of the modern Belarusian language consists of at least 44 phonemes: 5 vowels and 39 consonants. Consonants may also be geminated. There is not absolute agreement on the number of phonemes, so that rarer or contextually variant sounds are included by some scholars. Many consonants may form pairs that differ only in palatalization (called "hard" vs "soft" consonants, the latter being represented in the IPA with the symbol ). In some of such pairs, the place of articulation is additionally changed (see distinctive features below). There are

neg: Abadi language r, s, t, u, and v. Consonants included are b, d, g, k, m, n, p, r, s, t, and v. Vowels included a, e, i , o, and u. Consonants Abadi language The Abadi Language, (also "Kabadi, Gabadi"), is an Oceanic language of Papua New Guinea.Specifically, it is located in Central Province, in the Kairuku district populating five main villages. Abadi is also known as Gabadi and Kabadi, with as many native speakers of 2,900 (2011). The language is used among all ages, struggling for restoration. Although, Abadi speakers carry a positive attitude towards their language and strive for

neg: Maltese language often given Italianate or Sicilianate forms, even if the resulting words do not appear in either of those languages. For instance, the words ""evaluation"", ""industrial action"", and ""chemical armaments"" become ""evalwazzjoni"", ""azzjoni industrjali"", and ""armamenti kimiċi"" in Maltese, while the Italian terms are "valutazione", "vertenza sindacale", and "armi chimiche" respectively. English words of Germanic origin are generally preserved relatively unchanged. Siculo-Arabic is the ancestor of the Maltese language, and supplies between 32% and 40% of the language's vocabulary. The Maltese language has merged many of the original Arabic consonants, in particular the emphatic consonants, with others that are common in

neg: Juǀ'hoan language and short. The qualities and may also be pharyngealized and strident (epiglottalized). Thus, there are a good 30 vowel phonemes, perhaps more, depending on one's analysis. There are, in addition, many vowel sequences and diphthongs. Juǀʼhoan has an unusually large number of consonants, as typical for !Kung. The following occur at the beginnings of roots. For brevity, only the alveolar clicks are listed with the other consonants; the complete set of clicks is found below. Tenuis and modally voiced consonants (blue) may occur with any vowel quality. However, other consonants (grey, transcribed with a superscript diacritic to their right) do

neg: Egyptian language thought to be either one of tenuis and emphatic consonants, as in many Semitic languages, or one of aspirated and ejective consonants, as in many Cushitic languages. Since vowels were not written until Coptic, reconstructions of the Egyptian vowel system are much more uncertain and rely mainly on evidence from Coptic and records of Egyptian words, especially proper nouns, in other languages/writing systems. Also, scribal errors provide evidence of changes in pronunciation over time. The actual pronunciations reconstructed by such means are used only by a few specialists in the language. For all other purposes, the Egyptological pronunciation is used,

neg: Khoisan languages which can operate partially independently. Consequently, the languages with the greatest numbers of consonants in the world are Khoisan. The Juǀʼhoan language has 48 click consonants among nearly as many non-click consonants, strident and pharyngealised vowels, and four tones. The ǃXóõ and ǂHõã languages are even more complex. Grammatically, the southern Khoisan languages are generally analytic, having several inflectional morphemes, but not as many as the click languages of Tanzania. Khoisan was proposed as one of the four families of African languages in Joseph Greenberg's classification (1949–1954, revised in 1963). However, linguists who study Khoisan languages reject their unity, and

neg: Mono-Alu language as in "gang" "ing" is pronounced as in "ring" "eng" is pronounced as in "length" "ong"is pronounced as in" wrong" The other Consonants have the same sound in English." The number system of Mono-Alu language is very similar to other Austronesian languages. For example, Mono-Alu shares the numbers two (elua) and five (lima) with the Hawaiian Polynesian language. A number for zero was available in the language, but it was under the same use as the word 'nothing.' Joel L. Fagan identified numbers from one to ten-thousand in Mono-Alu. Mono-Alu also made use of Ordinal Numbers. However, only 'first' (famma)

neg: Nasalization are also denasal sounds, which sound like nasals spoken with a head cold. They may be found in non-pathological speech as a language loses nasal consonants, as in Korean. Vowels assimilate to surrounding nasal consonants in many languages, such as Thai, creating nasal vowel allophones. Some languages exhibit a nasalization of segments adjacent to phonemic or allophonic nasal vowels, such as Apurinã. Contextual nasalization can lead to the addition of nasal vowel phonemes to a language. That happened in French, most of whose final consonants disappeared, but its final nasals made the preceding vowels become nasal, which introduced a new

neg: Pharyngealization unambiguous pharyngealization marker. The superimposed tilde (U+0334, IPA Number 428) denotes either velarization or pharyngealization, and the IPA Handbook does not mention U+02C1 at all. Ubykh, an extinct Northwest Caucasian language spoken in Russia and Turkey, used pharyngealization in 14 pharyngealized consonants. Chilcotin has pharyngealized consonants that trigger pharyngealization of vowels. Many languages (such as Salishan, Sahaptian) in the Plateau culture area of North America also have pharyngealization processes that are triggered by pharyngeal or pharyngealized consonants, which affect vowels. The Khoisan language Taa (or !Xóõ) has pharyngealized vowels that contrast phonemically with voiced, breathy and epiglottalized vowels. That feature

neg: Oromo language with stems ending in certain consonants and suffixes beginning with consonants (that is, "t" or "n"), there are predictable changes to one or the other of the consonants. The dialects vary a lot in the details, but the following changes are common. Verbs whose stems end in two consonants and whose suffix begins with a consonant must insert a vowel to break up the consonants since the language does not permit sequences of three consonants. There are two ways this can happen: either the vowel "i" is inserted between the stem and the suffix, or the final stem consonants are

neg: Arabic (such as Egyptian, Levantine, and much of the Maghreb) subsequently lost fricatives, converting into . Most dialects borrow "learned" words from the Standard language using the same pronunciation as for inherited words, but some dialects without interdental fricatives (particularly in Egypt and the Levant) render original in borrowed words as . Another key distinguishing mark of Arabic dialects is how they render the original velar and uvular plosives , (Proto-Semitic ), and : Pharyngealization of the emphatic consonants tends to weaken in many of the spoken varieties, and to spread from emphatic consonants to nearby sounds. In addition, the "emphatic"

neg: Atikamekw language having many loanwords from the Anishinaabe language. Atikamekw is a language belonging to the Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi linguistic continuum, which is part of the Central branch of the Algonquian languages of the Algic family of languages. It is sometimes classified as a dialect of Cree. The consonants of Atikamekw are listed below in the standard orthography and with IPA equivalents in brackets: In Atikamekw, fortis and lenis consonants are not distinguished in writing, even though they are in speech. But if precise spelling is required, fortis consonant realised as a geminate is indicated with an underline on the letter of concern. The

neg: Words without consonants fact that the letter "h" is soundless in this language. Many Bantu languages allow vowel sequences. In Swahili, this is sometimes due to the disappearance of the consonant /l/. Words without consonants Most languages of the world allow syllables without consonants, and monosyllabic words may therefore consist of a single vowel. Examples in English are "a, O, I, eye" (all of which are diphthongs at least when stressed: ). A smaller number of languages allow sequences of such syllables, and thus may have polysyllabic words without consonants. This list excludes monosyllables (see instead List of words that comprise a single

neg: Shilha language listing of relevant publications), where he conclusively demonstrates that a perfectly ordinary Shilha phrase such as "tkkst stt" "you took it away" indeed consists of three vowelless syllables [tk.ks.tst:.], each made up of voiceless consonants only, and with voiceless consonants (not "schwa") serving as nucleus. Many definitions of the syllable that have been put forward do not cover the syllables of Shilha. The syllable structure of Shilha was first investigated by Dell and Elmedlaoui in a seminal article (1985). They describe how syllable boundaries can be established through what they call "core syllabification". This works by associating a nucleus with

neg: Navajo phonology a distinct phonetic tone, and their pitch is not merely a function of their environment. This contrasts with the related Carrier language. As in many languages, however, the pitches at the beginnings of Navajo vowels are lower after voiced consonants than after tenuis and aspirated consonants. After ejective consonants, only high tones are lowered, so that the distinction between high and low tone is reduced. However, the type of consonant has little effect on the pitch in the middle of the vowel, so that vowels have characteristic rising pitches after voiced consonants. The pitch of a vowel is also affected

neg: Hawaiian alphabet k, L l, M m, N n, P p, W w, ). Alphabetic order differs from the normal Latin order in that the vowels come first, then the consonants. The five vowels with macrons – Ā ā, Ē ē, Ī ī, Ō ō, Ū ū – are not treated as separate letters, but are alphabetized immediately after unaccented vowels. The okina is ignored for purposes of alphabetization, but is included as a consonant. Hawaiian alphabet The Hawaiian alphabet (in ) is an alphabet used to write Hawaiian. It was adapted from the English alphabet in the early 19th century by

neg: Mizo language the long tones) on only two dead keys. The following table illustrates the pronunciations of various consonants, vowels and diphthongs found in the Mizo language: Mizo contains many analyzable polysyllables, which are polysyllabic units in which the individual syllables have meaning by themselves. In a true monosyllabic language, polysyllables are mostly confined to compound words, such as "lighthouse". The first syllables of compounds tend over time to be de-stressed, and may eventually be reduced to prefixed consonants. The word "nuntheihna" ("survival") is composed of "nung" ("to live"), "theih" ("possible") and "na" (a nominalising suffix); likewise, "theihna" means "possibility". Virtually all

neg: Khmer language it is not a tonal language. Words are stressed on the final syllable, hence many words conform to the typical Mon–Khmer pattern of a stressed syllable preceded by a minor syllable. The language has been written in the Khmer script, an abugida descended from the Brahmi script via the southern Indian Pallava script, since at least the seventh century. The script's form and use has evolved over the centuries; its modern features include subscripted versions of consonants used to write clusters and a division of consonants into two series with different inherent vowels. Approximately 79% of Cambodians are able to

neg: Tamil grammar Traditional poetry. It defines the basic building block "Asai" and describes how "asai" should be joined to form a "sīr", joining "sīr" for an "adi". "" defines techniques used for comparing, praising and criticizing the taken topics. The script of Tamil Language consists of 247 letters. The script falls under the category Abugida, in which consonant-vowel sequences are written as a unit. The grammar classifies the letters into two major categories. 12 vowels and 18 consonants are classified as the prime letters. The Vowels are called "uyir", meaning soul, in Tamil. The consonants are known as "mei", meaning body. When

neg: Malay language students. Malay, like most Austronesian languages, is not a tonal language. The consonants of Malaysian and also Indonesian are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in brackets. Orthographic note: The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except: Loans from Arabic: Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six. The vowels /e, o/ are much less common than the other four. Orthographic note: both and are written as 'e'. This means that there are some homographs, so "perang" can

neg: Tswana language vowels or . Two more sounds, v and z , exist only in loanwords. Tswana also has three click consonants, but these are only used in interjections or ideophones, and tend only to be used by the older generation, and are therefore falling out of use. The three click consonants are the dental click , orthographically ; the lateral click , orthographically ; and the palatal click , orthographically . There are some minor dialectal variations among the consonants between speakers of Tswana. For instance, is realised as either or by many speakers; is realised as in most dialects; and

neg: Luchazi language and Ngondzela. The following table displays all the consonants in Luchazi: The position of the speech-organs in producing the consonants is different from the positions taken in producing the similar sounds in European languages. T and D, for example, are lower than in English but higher than in Portuguese. L is flatter-tongued than in either English or Portuguese. Practically all the consonants have similar differences. The language contains many consonantal glides, including the prenasalized plosives and the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate (the ts sound). The close front vowel (i), when occurring before another vowel, becomes a semi-consonant and is written

neg: Proto-Austronesian language acknowledges that some of the reconstructed consonants are still controversial and debated. The symbols below are frequently used in reconstructed Proto-Austronesian words. The Proto-Austronesian vowels are a, i, u, and ə. The diphthongs, which are diachronic sources of individual vowels, are: In 2010, John Wolff published his Proto-Austronesian reconstruction in "Proto-Austronesian phonology with glossary". Wolff reconstructs a total of 19 consonants, 4 vowels (*i, *u, *a, *e, where *e = /ə/), 4 diphthongs (*ay, *aw, *iw, *uy), and syllabic stress. The following table shows how Wolff's Proto-Austronesian phonemic system differs from Blust's system. Major differences without one-to-one correspondences are highlighted

neg: Sonsorolese language Most speakers of Sonsorol are bilingual, with their second language being English, to be able to communicate with others outside their island sonsorol.com. The language is an official language for the areas where it is spoken. Some sister languages of Sonsorol are Ulithian, Woleaian, and Satawalese. The language is part of the Austronesian language family. In Sonsorolese, there are 19 consonants. These consonants are: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /c/, /k/, /g/, /m/, /n/, /f/, /v/, /j/, /x/, /ɣ/, /r/, /w/, /s/, /ŋ/, and /ʟʲ/. Consonants that are plosive and labial are p and b. T and d are dental-alveolar and

neg: Hawaiian Pidgin to be a creole language. A five-year survey that the U.S. Census Bureau conducted in Hawaiʻi and released in November 2015 revealed that many people spoke Pidgin as an additional language. Because of this, in 2015, the U.S. Census Bureau added Pidgin to its list of official languages in the state of Hawaiʻi. Hawaiian Pidgin has distinct pronunciation differences from standard American English (SAE). Long vowels are not pronounced in Hawaiian Pidgin if the speaker is using Hawaiian loanwords. Some key differences include the following: Hawaiian Pidgin also has distinct grammatical forms not found in SAE, but some of which

neg: Influences on the Spanish language the adoption of many lexical items from these languages, not only in local dialects of Spanish, but throughout the language as a whole. As Spanish went through its first stages of development in Spain, it probably received influences from neighbouring related languages, among them Basque, which is a language isolate and thus completely unrelated to Spanish in origin. Umbrian and Oscan influences have also been postulated for the Roman colonization period. Two specific types of lenition, the voicing of voiceless consonants and the elision of voiced consonants (both of which are discussed at greater length below), are the phonological changes

neg: Stiefografie only 24 characters for consonants and combinations of consonants (e.g. sch, sp, st). Contrary to the practice in many English shorthand systems (e.g. Pitman Shorthand), vowels are never omitted. There are no brief forms for the most frequent syllables and words of the German language in this first level. "Aufbauschrift I" can be produced up to 160 syllables per minute. There are 54 brief forms for the most frequent words and syllables in the German language and rules for forming free abbreviations. These brief forms are distinguishable by size and position (three of them: above, below, or on the base

neg: Tamil language the long vowels. Tamil consonants are presented as hard, soft and medial in some grammars which roughly corresponds to plosives, nasals and approximants. Unlike most Indian languages, Tamil does not distinguish aspirated and unaspirated consonants. In addition, the voicing of plosives is governed by strict rules in "". Plosives are unvoiced if they occur word-initially or doubled. Elsewhere they are voiced, with a few becoming fricatives intervocalically, which means that voicing is not a phonological trait for plosives. Nasals and approximants are always voiced. Tamil is characterised by its use of more than one type of coronal consonants: like many

neg: Karamojong language English, so when learning English, Ngakarimojong speakers sometimes confuse these sounds. On the other hand, Karimojong speakers are generally not prone to confusing "L" and "R", unlike native speakers of many other East African languages. There is a tendency to mouth a silent "O" or "U" on the end of some words ending with consonants. Adjacent vowels are usually pronounced without diphthongs. The orthography was created mainly by British Anglicans and Italian Roman Catholics. As a result, there were variations in the spelling rules. The most obvious example is how to spell the sound which is halfway between an "S"

neg: Takuu language small neighboring island named Nukutoa. The islands are inhabited by approximately, 400 people of Polynesian origin. The people who speak the Takuu language are known “the people of Takuu” or just Takuu. According to Ethnologue, there are about 1,750 speakers of the Takuu language. Takuu has eleven consonants: f, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, and h. Moyle states that the consonants containing stops consist of the letters, p, t and k. The consonants named fricatives are, f/v, s and h. The nasal consonants are m and n, the lateral consonant is, l, and the approximant is

neg: Mal Paharia language and consonants to form speech. Every letter represents a consonant, which is followed by a schwa vowel (अ). Diatrical marks are used to distinguish between different sounds of the vowels, since it can be used in many different ways. Conjunct consonants are used to represent combinations of sounds, thus increasing its versatility in word formation. Devanagari uses the articulation of vowels in the mouth, when spoken. It uses five places of articulation listed in the chart below: Among all of the consonants and vowels, they are voiced, unvoiced, or nasal. An example is given (in the chart below) for the

neg: Amarasi language informal speech. Because there are few minimal pairs in Amarasi, plosive consonants are interchangeable with fricative consonants, so long as both consonants are voiced. For example, the Amarasi word for 'round' (/kbubuʔ/) can be pronounced either [kβʊβʊʔ] or [kbʊβʊʔ] without confusion. Similarly, /r/ can be freely pronounced [r] or [ɾ]. The following phonotactics rules indicate the typical form of Amarasi words, however, due to the presence of many village dialects and an abundance of loan words, at least one notable exception exists for almost every case. Almost all vowels in Amarasi can be found in pairs in either order, except

neg: Manner of articulation along a cline as stop consonants (with "occlusion", or blocked airflow), fricative consonants (with partially blocked and therefore strongly turbulent airflow), approximants (with only slight turbulence), and vowels (with full unimpeded airflow). Affricates often behave as if they were intermediate between stops and fricatives, but phonetically they are sequences of a stop and fricative. Over time, sounds in a language may move along this cline toward less stricture in a process called lenition, or towards more stricture in a process called fortition. Sibilants are distinguished from other fricatives by the shape of the tongue and how the airflow is directed