query: who is the chief justice of the united states supreme court

pos: Chief Justice of the United States Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution and, by custom, is elected chancellor of the board. Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 people have served as chief justice. The first was John Jay (1789–1795). The current chief justice is John Roberts (since 2005). Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, and William Rehnquist were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately. The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice, but presupposes its existence with a single reference in : "When the President of the United

pos: John Roberts Supreme Court nomination John Roberts Supreme Court nomination The Senate hearings on the nomination of John Roberts to the Supreme Court, began on September 12, 2005, with U.S. Senators posing questions to Roberts, who was nominated by President George W. Bush to fill the vacancy of Chief Justice of the United States. Roberts had been nominated to the Supreme Court to replace the retiring Justice Sandra Day O'Connor; however, on September 5, following Chief Justice William Rehnquist's death, President Bush announced the nomination of Roberts for the position of Chief Justice and formally sent notice to the United States Senate of the new

pos: Solicitor General of the United States is among the most influential and knowledgeable members of the legal community with regard to Supreme Court litigation. Six Solicitors General have later served on the Supreme Court: William Howard Taft (who served as the 27th President of the United States before becoming Chief Justice of the United States), Stanley Forman Reed, Robert H. Jackson, Thurgood Marshall, and Elena Kagan. Some who have had other positions in the office of the Solicitor General have also later been appointed to the Supreme Court. For example, Chief Justice John Roberts was the Principal Deputy Solicitor General during the George H. W. Bush

pos: George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates Speculation abounded over potential nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States by President George W. Bush since before his presidency. In the summer of 2005, this speculation became newsworthy due to the announcement of the retirement of Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor on July 1. President Bush announced federal appellate judge John Roberts as O'Connor's replacement on July 19. On September 5, two days after the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Bush renominated Roberts as the 17th Chief Justice of the United States. He was confirmed by the United States Senate

pos: Rehnquist Court the agenda of the court's conservative bloc. Of the nine justices who served from 1994-2005, seven had been appointed by Republican presidents, and the relative liberalism of some of those justices (particularly Stevens and Souter) frustrated many in the GOP. Rehnquist Court The Rehnquist Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 to 2005, when William Rehnquist served as Chief Justice of the United States. Rehnquist succeeded Warren Burger as Chief Justice after the latter's retirement, and Rehnquist served as Chief Justice until his death in 2005, at which point John Roberts was nominated and confirmed

pos: Rapanos v. United States Rapanos v. United States Rapanos v. United States, 547 U.S. 715 (2006), was a United States Supreme Court case challenging federal jurisdiction to regulate isolated wetlands under the Clean Water Act. It was the first major environmental case heard by the newly appointed Chief Justice, John Roberts and Associate Justice, Samuel Alito. The Supreme Court heard the case on February 21, 2006 and issued a decision on June 19, 2006. While five justices agreed to void rulings against the defendants, who were prosecuted for impacting a wetland incidental to commercial development, the court was split over further details, with the

pos: Rehnquist Court Rehnquist Court The Rehnquist Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 to 2005, when William Rehnquist served as Chief Justice of the United States. Rehnquist succeeded Warren Burger as Chief Justice after the latter's retirement, and Rehnquist served as Chief Justice until his death in 2005, at which point John Roberts was nominated and confirmed as Rehnquist's replacement. The Rehnquist Court is generally considered to be more conservative than the preceding Burger Court and Warren Court. According to Jeffrey Rosen, Rehnquist combined an amiable nature with great organizational skill, and he "led a Court that

pos: Rapanos v. United States 27, U.S. Chief District Judge Ralph R. Erickson issue an injunction blocking the regulation in those states. In separate litigation, on October 9, a divided federal appeals court stayed the rule's application nationwide. Rapanos v. United States Rapanos v. United States, 547 U.S. 715 (2006), was a United States Supreme Court case challenging federal jurisdiction to regulate isolated wetlands under the Clean Water Act. It was the first major environmental case heard by the newly appointed Chief Justice, John Roberts and Associate Justice, Samuel Alito. The Supreme Court heard the case on February 21, 2006 and issued a decision on

pos: Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co. determination did not constitute "final agency action". The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed the district court's ruling, and the Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari to review the case. In a majority opinion written by Chief Justice John Roberts, the Supreme Court rejected The Corps’ contentions that the jurisdictional determination “is not ”final agency action” and that, even if it were, there are adequate alternatives for challenging it in court." Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote a concurring opinion in which he was joined by Justice Clarence Thomas and Justice Samuel Alito, where he argued

neg: Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Lists of United States Supreme Court cases This page serves as an index of lists of United States Supreme Court cases. The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court of the United States. Court historians and other legal scholars consider each Chief Justice of the United States who presides over the Supreme Court of the United States to be the head of an era of the Court. These lists are sorted chronologically by Chief Justice and include most major cases decided by the Court. Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States are officially published in the

neg: Utah Supreme Court Utah Supreme Court The Utah Supreme Court is the supreme court of the state of Utah, United States. It has final authority of interpretation of the Utah Constitution. The Utah Supreme Court is composed of five members: a chief justice, an associate chief justice, and three justices. All justices are appointed by the governor of Utah, with confirmation by the Utah Senate. The five justices vote among themselves for the position of chief justice and associate chief justice, who each serve a term of four years. In 1850, the United States Congress passed "An Act to Establish a Territorial Government

neg: Chief Justice of the United States States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside." Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office. Article III, Section 1, which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court, refers to all members of the Court simply as "judges". The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of "Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States" and "Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States". In 1866, at the urging of Salmon P. Chase, Congress restyled the chief justice's title to the current "Chief Justice of the United States". The first person whose Supreme

neg: Stanford Law School women to occupy Chief Justice or Associate Justice posts on supreme courts: current Chief Justice of New Zealand Sian Elias, retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, the late Associate Justice of the Hawaii Supreme Court Rhoda V. Lewis, and the late Chief Justice of Washington Barbara Durham. Other justices of supreme courts who graduated from Stanford Law include the late Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist, retired Chief Justice of California Ronald M. George, retired California Supreme Court Justice Carlos R. Moreno, and the late California Supreme Court Justice Frank K. Richardson. Stanford first offered a

neg: Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and Justices of other courts are addressed as "Justice (name)." The Chief Justice of the United States is formally addressed as "Mr. Chief Justice" but also may be identified and addressed as "Chief Justice (name)". The justices of the supreme courts usually hold higher offices than any other judges in a jurisdiction, including a justice of the peace, a judge who holds police court in some jurisdictions and who may also try small claims and misdemeanors. However, the state of New York inverts this usual order. The initial trial court in this

neg: Jack Pope Jack Pope Andrew Jackson Pope, Jr., known as Jack Pope (April 18, 1913 – February 25, 2017), was an American judge, attorney, author and legal scholar who served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas. Pope holds the record of the longest sitting justice in Texas Supreme Court history, having served for 38 years. At the time of his 100th birthday, he was the oldest living former Chief Justice of any supreme court in the United States, as well as the longest living chief justice of any supreme court of any state in United States history. Pope was

neg: Chief Justice of the United States the chief justice is unable to discharge his functions, or when that office is vacant, the chief justice's duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice until the disability or vacancy ends. Currently, since August 2018, Clarence Thomas is the most senior associate justice. Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice: Chief Justice of the United States The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and as such the highest-ranking officer of the federal judiciary. The Constitution

neg: Ellsworth Court Ellsworth Court The Ellsworth Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1796 to 1800, when Oliver Ellsworth served as the third Chief Justice of the United States. Ellsworth took office after the Senate refused to confirm the nomination of Chief Justice John Rutledge, who briefly served as a Chief Justice as a recess appointment. Ellsworth served as Chief Justice until his resignation, at which point John Marshall took office. With some exceptions, the Ellsworth Court was the last Supreme Court to use seriatim opinions. The Ellsworth Court began in 1796 when the Senate confirmed President George

neg: Chief justice the United Kingdom, which operates across all three jurisdictions and is headed by the President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The chief justice can be selected in many ways, but, in many nations, the position is given to the most senior justice of the court, while, in the United States, it is often the President's most important political nomination, subject to approval by the United States Senate. Although the title of this top American jurist is, by statute, Chief Justice of the United States, the term "Chief Justice of the Supreme Court" is often used unofficially. In

neg: Chief justice Supreme Court of the United States, and provincial or state supreme courts. The situation is slightly different in the three legal jurisdictions within the United Kingdom. The courts of England and Wales are headed by the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales; in Northern Ireland's courts, the equivalent position is the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, and in the courts of Scotland the head of the judiciary of Scotland is the Lord President of the Court of Session, who is also Lord Justice General of Scotland. These three judges are not, though, part of the Supreme Court of

neg: 2005 term opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States 2005 term opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States The 2005 term of the Supreme Court of the United States began October 3, 2005 and concluded October 1, 2006. The table illustrates which opinion was filed by each justice in each case and which justices joined each opinion. This was the first term of Chief Justice Roberts, who was confirmed following the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist on September 3. Justice O'Connor also retired midterm on January 31, 2006, when she was replaced by Justice Alito. The Court's membership had not changed for the previous eleven terms.

neg: Associate justice masters. Associate justice Associate justice or associate judge is the title for a member of a judicial panel who is not the chief justice in some jurisdictions. The title "Associate Justice" is used for members of the Supreme Court of the United States and some state supreme courts, and for some other courts in Commonwealth of Nations countries, as well as for members of the Supreme Court of the Federated States of Micronesia, a former United States Trust Territory. In other common law jurisdictions, the equivalent position is called "Puisne Justice". In the United States, judicial panels are non-hierarchical, so

neg: Associate justice Associate justice Associate justice or associate judge is the title for a member of a judicial panel who is not the chief justice in some jurisdictions. The title "Associate Justice" is used for members of the Supreme Court of the United States and some state supreme courts, and for some other courts in Commonwealth of Nations countries, as well as for members of the Supreme Court of the Federated States of Micronesia, a former United States Trust Territory. In other common law jurisdictions, the equivalent position is called "Puisne Justice". In the United States, judicial panels are non-hierarchical, so an

neg: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 2010; and Anthony Kennedy, retired July 31, 2018. Both O'Connor and Souter occasionally serve on panels of the Courts of Appeals of various circuits. Stevens and Kennedy have not performed any judicial duties. Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the following 102 persons have served as an associate justice: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States is the title of all members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States. The number of associate justices is

neg: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States is the title of all members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States. The number of associate justices is eight, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution grants plenary power to the president to nominate, and with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution

neg: History of the Supreme Court of the United States History of the Supreme Court of the United States The following is a history of the Supreme Court of the United States, organized by Chief Justice. The Supreme Court of the United States is the only court specifically established by the Constitution of the United States, implemented in 1789; under the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Court was to be composed of six members—though the number of justices has been nine for most of its history, this number is set by Congress, not the Constitution. The court convened for the first time on February 2, 1790. The first Chief Justice

neg: Hughes Court Hughes Court The Hughes Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1930 to 1941, when Charles Evans Hughes served as Chief Justice of the United States. Hughes succeeded William Howard Taft as Chief Justice after the latter's retirement, and Hughes served as Chief Justice until his retirement, at which point Harlan Stone was nominated and confirmed as Hughes's replacement. The Supreme Court moved from its former quarters at the United States Capitol to the newly constructed Supreme Court Building during Hughes's chief-justiceship. Presiding over the country during the Great Depression, the New Deal, the Court, dominated

neg: Lists of United States Supreme Court cases "United States Reports". These lists contain detailed tables about each term, including which Justices filed the Court's opinion, dissenting and concurring opinions in each case, and information about Justices joining opinions. The tables conclude with term statistics and concordance data. Lists of United States Supreme Court cases This page serves as an index of lists of United States Supreme Court cases. The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court of the United States. Court historians and other legal scholars consider each Chief Justice of the United States who presides over the Supreme Court of the United States to

neg: William J. Brennan Award District of New Jersey United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Retired Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Retired Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Retired Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Retired Magistrate Judge for the District Court for the District of New Jersey Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Retired Judge of the United States District Court for the

neg: Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Court candidates nominated on January 17, 1959, and was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 5, 1959, by a vote of 70–17. Following is a list of individuals who were mentioned in various news accounts and books as having been considered by Eisenhower for a Supreme Court appointment: Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Court candidates During his two terms in office, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed five members of the Supreme Court of the United States: Chief Justice Earl Warren, and Associate Justices John Marshall Harlan, William Brennan, Charles Evans Whittaker, and Potter Stewart. Chief Justice Fred Vinson died in office

neg: Jay Court Jay Court The Jay Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1789 to 1795, when John Jay served as the first Chief Justice of the United States. Jay served as Chief Justice until his resignation, at which point John Rutledge took office as a recess appointment. The Supreme Court was established in Article III of the United States Constitution, but the workings of the federal court system were largely laid out by the Judiciary Act of 1789, which established a six-member Supreme Court, composed of one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. As the first President,

neg: Government of Oregon the Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court. At the local level are some justice courts, municipal courts, and county courts. The Oregon Supreme Court is located in the Oregon Supreme Court Building in Salem. It consists of seven judges that are elected to six-year terms in statewide popular elections, with vacancies filled by appointment by the Governor of Oregon. As the highest court in the state, it is the final authority on state law and its decisions can only be overturned by the United States Supreme Court. The court is headed by the Chief Justice, who is elected to

neg: Michael G. Turnbull repairs and modernization of the conservatory of the United States Botanic Garden, and the expansion and modernization of the United States Supreme Court building. The Supreme Court project was the most comprehensive Turnbull was responsible for, working closely with Justices Sandra Day O'Connor, Anthony Kennedy, and David Souter, as well as Sally Rider who served as Administrative Assistant to the Chief Justice under Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist. For his service to the Supreme Court of the United States, both Justices O'Connor and Kennedy recommended Turnbull for his Fellowship in the American Institute of Architects. Turnbull lives in Northern Virginia

neg: Fuller Court Fuller Court The Fuller Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1888 to 1910, when Melville Fuller served as the eighth Chief Justice of the United States. Fuller succeeded Morrison R. Waite as Chief Justice after the latter's death, and Fuller served as Chief Justice until his death, at which point Associate Justice Edward Douglass White was nominated and confirmed as Fuller's replacement. During the era of the Fuller Court, the Judiciary Act of 1891 was passed, easing the burden of the Supreme Court by creating the United States courts of appeals. The Fuller Court was

neg: John Marshall John Marshall John James Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was an American politician who served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835. Marshall remains the longest-serving chief justice in Supreme Court history, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential justices to ever sit on the Supreme Court. Prior to joining the Supreme Court, Marshall served as the United States Secretary of State under Federalist President John Adams. Marshall was born in Fauquier County, Virginia in 1755. After the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, he joined the

neg: Chief Justice of the United States Chief Justice of the United States The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and as such the highest-ranking officer of the federal judiciary. The Constitution grants plenary power to the President of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint a chief justice, who serves until they resign, are impeached and convicted, retire, or die. The Chief Justice has significant influence in the selection of cases for review, presides when oral arguments are held, and leads the discussion of cases among

neg: William J. Brennan Award actions have advanced the principles of free expression. Judge Becker spent many years as a member of the ALI-ABA Committee and is a member of the Institute’s Special Committee on Federal Judicial Code Revision. Recipients: Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Governor of New Jersey and Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court United States Senator Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; Former Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Attorney

neg: Rosemary Barkett Rosemary Barkett Rosemary Barkett (born August 29, 1939) is a Judge of the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal. Previously, she served as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. Prior to her nomination for that post, she was Chief Justice of the Florida Supreme Court. Born in Mexico to parents who were emigrants from Syria, she is recognized as the first woman, Arab American, and Hispanic judge (of Syrian descent) on the Florida Supreme Court—contrasting with Justice Raoul Cantero who was the first Justice of Hispanic descent. Born Rosemary Barakat in Ciudad

neg: History of the Supreme Court of the United States replace the late Justice Antonin Scalia, who died on February 13, 2016. However, the Republican-controlled Senate refused to hold hearings on Garland, and his nomination expired on January 3, 2017. On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia, and he was confirmed on April 7, 2017. On July 9, 2018, President Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to replace the retiring Justice Anthony Kennedy. He was confirmed on October 6, 2018. History of the Supreme Court of the United States The following is a history of the Supreme Court of the United States, organized by Chief Justice.

neg: Ellsworth Court seat. Alfred Moore joined the court in 1800 after the death of Iredell. The Ellsworth Court issued some notable rulings: Ellsworth Court The Ellsworth Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1796 to 1800, when Oliver Ellsworth served as the third Chief Justice of the United States. Ellsworth took office after the Senate refused to confirm the nomination of Chief Justice John Rutledge, who briefly served as a Chief Justice as a recess appointment. Ellsworth served as Chief Justice until his resignation, at which point John Marshall took office. With some exceptions, the Ellsworth Court was

neg: White Court (judges) high load of relatively mundane cases faced by the Supreme Court prior to the Judiciary Act of 1925 meant that many cases were decided unanimously. White Court (judges) The White Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1910 to 1921, when Edward Douglass White served as Chief Justice of the United States. White, an associate justice since 1894, succeeded Melville Fuller as Chief Justice after the latter's death, and White served as Chief Justice until his death a decade later. He was the first sitting associate justice to be elevated to chief justice in the Court's

neg: High Court of American Samoa High Court of American Samoa The High Court of American Samoa is a Samoan court and the highest court below the United States Supreme Court in American Samoa. The Court is located in the capital of Fagatogo. It consists of one chief justice and one associate justice, appointed by the United States Secretary of the Interior, holding office during "good behavior" and removable for cause. The High Court of American Samoa also has several Samoan associate judges who sit with the two justices. Normally, two associate judges will sit with the chief justice and associate justice on every case. The

neg: Taney Court the Taney Court, see lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume, volumes 36 through 68. Taney Court The Taney Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1836 to 1864, when Roger Taney served as the fifth Chief Justice of the United States. Taney succeeded John Marshall as Chief Justice after Marshall's death in 1835. Taney served as Chief Justice until his death in 1864, at which point Salmon P. Chase took office. Taney had been an important member of Andrew Jackson's administration, an advocate of Jacksonian democracy, and had played a major role in

neg: Herbert Hoover Supreme Court candidates Herbert Hoover Supreme Court candidates During his only term in office, President Herbert Hoover appointed three members of the Supreme Court of the United States: Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, and Associate Justices Owen Roberts and Benjamin Cardozo. Additionally, with his failed nomination of John J. Parker, Hoover became the first president since Grover Cleveland to have a Supreme Court nomination rejected by the United States Senate. Chief Justice William Howard Taft retired on February 3, 1930, and the same day Hoover nominated former Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes to fill the vacancy. Hughes was confirmed by the United States

neg: William J. Brennan Award General of the United States Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit United States Attorney and Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey United States Attorney and Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Senior Judge of the United

neg: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States effectively grants life tenure to associate justices, and all other federal judges, which ends only when a justice dies, retires, resigns, or is removed from office by impeachment. Each Supreme Court justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it; the chief justice's vote counts no more than that of any other justice. However, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the court's opinion. Otherwise, the senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of a decision. Furthermore, the chief justice leads the discussion of the case among the justices. The chief justice has certain administrative

neg: Warren G. Harding Supreme Court candidates having been considered by Harding for a Supreme Court appointment: Warren G. Harding Supreme Court candidates During his time in office, President Warren G. Harding appointed four members of the Supreme Court of the United States: Chief Justice William Howard Taft, and Associate Justices George Sutherland, Pierce Butler, and Edward Terry Sanford. On June 30, 1921, following the death of Chief Justice Edward Douglass White, President Warren G. Harding nominated former President William Howard Taft to take his place, thereby fulfilling Taft's lifelong ambition to become Chief Justice of the United States. There was little opposition to the nomination, and

neg: Taft Court Taft Court The Taft Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1921 to 1930, when William Howard Taft served as Chief Justice of the United States. Taft succeeded Edward Douglass White as Chief Justice after the latter's death, and Taft served as Chief Justice until his resignation, at which point Charles Evans Hughes was nominated and confirmed as Taft's replacement. Taft was also the nation's 27th president (1909–13); he is the only person to serve as both President of the United States and Chief Justice. The Taft Court continued the Lochner era and largely reflected the

neg: Dickinson College Roger Brooke Taney, who later became U.S. Supreme Court justices, and served together on the court for 18 years. During the 19th century, two noted Dickinson College alumni had prominent roles in the years leading up to the Civil War. They were James Buchanan, the 15th President of the United States, and Roger Brooke Taney, the 5th Chief Justice of the United States. Dickinson is one of three liberal arts colleges to have graduated both a President and a Chief Justice (Bowdoin and Amherst are the others). Taney led the Supreme Court in its ruling on the "Dred Scott v.

neg: Criminal law in the Waite Court Criminal law in the Waite Court During the tenure of Morrison Waite as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (March 4, 1874 through March 23, 1888), the Supreme Court heard an unprecedented volume and frequency of criminal cases. In just fourteen years, the Court heard 106 criminal cases, almost as many cases as the Supreme Court had heard in the period from its creation to the appointment of Waite as Chief Justice. Notable cases include "United States v. Cruikshank" (1875), "United States v. Reese" (1875), "Reynolds v. United States" (1878), "Wilkerson v. Utah" (1879), the "Trade-Mark

neg: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States seniority. The senior associate justice is also tasked with carrying out the chief justices's duties when he is unable to, or if that office is vacant. Historically, associate justices were styled "Mr. Justice" in court opinions and other writings. The title was shortened to "Justice" in 1980, a year before Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice. There are eight associate justices on the Supreme Court. The justices, ordered by seniority, are: An associate justice who leaves the Supreme Court after attaining the age and meeting the service requirements prescribed by federal statute () may retire rather than resign.

neg: Supreme Court of the United States terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress). The Court's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority, as in "Humphrey's Executor v. United States" (1935), the "Steel Seizure Case" (1952), and "United States v. Nixon" (1974). Each Supreme Court justice hires several law Clerks to review petitions for writ of certiorari, research them, prepare bench memorandums, and draft opinions. Associate justices are allowed four clerks. The chief justice is allowed five clerks, but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year, and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four. Generally, law clerks serve a term of

neg: Hughes Court did not strike down another New Deal law after 1936. The subsequent retirements or deaths of three of the Four Horsemen (and Justice Cardozo) gave Roosevelt the opportunity to appoint liberal Justices who ruled more favorably on his agenda. Hughes Court The Hughes Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1930 to 1941, when Charles Evans Hughes served as Chief Justice of the United States. Hughes succeeded William Howard Taft as Chief Justice after the latter's retirement, and Hughes served as Chief Justice until his retirement, at which point Harlan Stone was nominated and confirmed as

neg: Associate justice associate judge has the same responsibilities with respect to cases as the chief judge. An associate judge usually has fewer or different administrative responsibilities than the chief. On the Supreme Court of the United States, the most junior associate justice (currently Justice Brett Kavanaugh), has the task of answering the door when the Justices are in private conference. There are eight Associate Justices on the United States Supreme Court, and three associate justices on the Supreme Court of the Federated States of Micronesia. The function of associate justices vary depending on the Court they preside in. In the Australian state

neg: Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States in this case, the restraint was direct and therefore invalid. The opinion was written by Chief Judge William Howard Taft (who later became President of the United States and then Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court). Taft's reasoning was subsequently adopted by the Supreme Court as the proper interpretation of the Sherman Act. This case was appealed to the Supreme Court as "Addyston Pipe and Steel Company v. United States", 175 U.S. 211 (1899). However, on appeal, the defendants did not attack the reasoning of the Sixth Circuit. Instead, they argued that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution

neg: Rosemary Barkett History, alongside a description of immigration patterns and a recipe for making hummus. Rosemary Barkett Rosemary Barkett (born August 29, 1939) is a Judge of the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal. Previously, she served as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. Prior to her nomination for that post, she was Chief Justice of the Florida Supreme Court. Born in Mexico to parents who were emigrants from Syria, she is recognized as the first woman, Arab American, and Hispanic judge (of Syrian descent) on the Florida Supreme Court—contrasting with Justice Raoul Cantero

neg: Warren G. Harding Supreme Court candidates Warren G. Harding Supreme Court candidates During his time in office, President Warren G. Harding appointed four members of the Supreme Court of the United States: Chief Justice William Howard Taft, and Associate Justices George Sutherland, Pierce Butler, and Edward Terry Sanford. On June 30, 1921, following the death of Chief Justice Edward Douglass White, President Warren G. Harding nominated former President William Howard Taft to take his place, thereby fulfilling Taft's lifelong ambition to become Chief Justice of the United States. There was little opposition to the nomination, and the Senate approved him 60-4 in a secret session on

neg: Earl Warren Supreme Court of the United States. Warren turned down the position of Secretary of Interior in the new administration, but in August 1953 he agreed to serve as the Solicitor General of the United States. In September 1953, before Warren's nomination as solicitor general was announced, Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson died. To fill the critical position of chief justice, Eisenhower considered either elevating a sitting Supreme Court justice or appointing another individual with judicial experience, but he ultimately chose to honor his promise to appoint Warren to the first Supreme Court vacancy. Explaining Warren's qualifications for the Court, Eisenhower

neg: Idaho Supreme Court Idaho Supreme Court The Idaho Supreme Court is the state supreme court of Idaho and is composed of the chief justice and four associate justices. The decisions of the Idaho Supreme Court are binding on all other Idaho state courts. The only court that may reverse or modify its decisions is the Supreme Court of the United States. Justices are elected in non-partisan statewide elections and serve staggered six-year terms. Elections are held in the state primary, now in the spring, with run-off elections in November. The Chief Justice is selected by an election among the five justices and term

neg: Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (March 8, 1841 – March 6, 1935) was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1902 to 1932, and as Acting Chief Justice of the United States in January–February 1930. Noted for his long service, concise and pithy opinions, and deference to the decisions of elected legislatures, he is one of the most widely cited United States Supreme Court justices in history, particularly for his "clear and present danger" opinion for a unanimous Court in the 1919 case of "Schenck v.

neg: Bruce M. Selya Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts to the chief judgeship of the Court of Review. As the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court is not an adversarial court and (with few exceptions) only hears argument from the United States government, the Court of Review solely hears appeals from that court when the government is denied a warrant for wiretap surveillance of suspected terrorists or spies. Judge Selya assumed senior status at the end of 2006. Then Senator Lincoln Chafee recommended that former Rhode Island Supreme Court Justice Robert G. Flanders, Jr. be nominated to replace Selya. President George W. Bush interviewed

neg: Yates v. United States wrote a letter to the Chief Justice after reports that he was "mad as hell" about them. The day was viewed as an indication of the Court's assertiveness under its new Chief Justice, with "Time" magazine headlining its coverage "U.S. Supreme Court: New Direction". Journalist I.F. Stone said the day "will go down in the history books as the day on which the Supreme Court irreparably crippled the witch hunt." Yates v. United States Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that held that the First Amendment

neg: Marshall Court to his appointment of Marshall as the "proudest act of his life." The Marshall Court issued several major rulings during its tenure, including: For a full list of decisions by the Marshall Court, see lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume, volumes 5 through 34. Marshall Court The Marshall Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1801 to 1835, when John Marshall served as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States. Marshall served as Chief Justice until his death, at which point Roger Taney took office. The Marshall Court played a major role

neg: White Court (judges) White Court (judges) The White Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1910 to 1921, when Edward Douglass White served as Chief Justice of the United States. White, an associate justice since 1894, succeeded Melville Fuller as Chief Justice after the latter's death, and White served as Chief Justice until his death a decade later. He was the first sitting associate justice to be elevated to chief justice in the Court's history. He was succeeded by former president William Howard Taft. The White Court was less conservative than the preceding Fuller Court, though conservatism remained a

neg: Taney Court Taney Court The Taney Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1836 to 1864, when Roger Taney served as the fifth Chief Justice of the United States. Taney succeeded John Marshall as Chief Justice after Marshall's death in 1835. Taney served as Chief Justice until his death in 1864, at which point Salmon P. Chase took office. Taney had been an important member of Andrew Jackson's administration, an advocate of Jacksonian democracy, and had played a major role in the Bank War, during which Taney wrote a memo questioning the Supreme Court's power of judicial review.

neg: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution of robbing her. After Talbot attempted to try the case in federal court, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled this federal option unconstitutional. Noah Swayne (a Supreme Court justice sitting on the Kentucky Circuit Court) overturned the Kentucky decision, holding that without the material enforcement provided by the Civil Rights Act, slavery would not truly be abolished. With "In Re Turner" (1867), Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase ordered freedom for Elizabeth Turner, a former slave in Maryland who became indentured to her former master. In "Blyew v. United States", (1872) the Supreme Court heard another Civil Rights Act case relating to

neg: Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates by the United States Senate on October 4, 1949 by a vote of 48-16. Following is a list of individuals who were mentioned in various news accounts and books as having been considered by Truman for a Supreme Court appointment: NOTE: At the time of Truman's presidency, the states of the Eleventh Circuit were part of the Fifth Circuit. The Eleventh Circuit was not created until 1981. Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates During his two terms in office, President Harry S. Truman appointed four members of the Supreme Court of the United States: Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, Associate

neg: Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates During his two terms in office, President Harry S. Truman appointed four members of the Supreme Court of the United States: Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, Associate Justice Harold Burton, Associate Justice Tom C. Clark, and Associate Justice Sherman Minton. When Supreme Court Associate Justice Owen J. Roberts retired in 1945, Truman decided to appoint a Republican as a bipartisan gesture. Truman had first met Harold Hitz Burton in 1941, when Burton was elected to the United States Senate, where Truman was then serving. Burton served with Truman on the Senate investigative committee that

neg: Three Musketeers (Supreme Court) to the position of Chief Justice. Three Musketeers (Supreme Court) The "Three Musketeers" was the nickname given to three liberal members during the 1932–37 terms of the United States Supreme Court, who generally supported the New Deal agenda of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. They were Justices Louis Brandeis, Benjamin N. Cardozo, and Harlan Fiske Stone. They were opposed by the Four Horsemen, consisting of Justices James Clark McReynolds, George Sutherland, Willis Van Devanter, and Pierce Butler. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes and Justice Owen J. Roberts controlled the balance. During the 1935 term, the Four Horsemen would often ride together

neg: Judiciary of Alaska although they also sometimes hear appeals from the district courts, and the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals are the primary appellate courts. Alaska is separated into 4 judicial districts. The Alaska Supreme Court is the state supreme court. The Supreme Court is composed of the Chief Justice and four associate justices. They choose one of their own members to serve a three-year term as Chief Justice. The decisions of the Alaska Supreme Court are binding on all other Alaska state courts, and the only other courts that may reverse or modify those decisions are the United States federal

neg: Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices from 1994 to 2005, and Anthony Kennedy from 2006 to 2018. With the appointment of Justice Brett Kavanaugh to the bench in 2018, it is likely the median justice will be Chief Justice Roberts or Associate Justice Gorsuch. Since the 1938 term, every Chief Justice, except Earl Warren, has had a more conservative ideological lean than a majority of his colleagues on the Court. The following sortable table lists the lifetime percentage "liberal" scores of Supreme Court justices as compiled in the Supreme Court Database. The table shows data for justices whose service began at or after the 1946 term;

neg: Angel de Jesús Sánchez in private practice. He was appointed to the United States bankruptcy court where he spent twelve years. After serving as district judge in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Angel de Jesús Sánchez was nominated as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico in 1938. In 1948 was appointed as the 5th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. Held that position until his death on April 30, 1951. http://www.ramajudicial.pr/sistema/supremo/presidentes/dejesus-new.htm Angel de Jesús Sánchez Angel de Jesús Sánchez (born August 9, 1891 in Ciales, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican jurist who served as Chief Justice of the

neg: Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. The procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States are governed by the U.S. Constitution, various federal statutes, and the Court's own internal rules. Since 1869, the Court has consisted of one chief justice and eight associate justices. Justices are nominated by the president, and with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the U.S. Senate, appointed to the Court by the president. Once appointed, justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign,

neg: Leslie C. Cornish Cobb. He served until June 25, 1917, when he was appointed Chief Justice by Governor Carl E. Milliken. In 1922, Cornish was selected to join United States Supreme Court Chief Justice of the United States William Howard Taft on a Committee for the American Bar Association to draft a code of judicial ethics. Cornish resigned from the Court on March 1, 1925, due to ill health. Cornish died on June 24, 1925, at the age of 71. Leslie C. Cornish Leslie Colby Cornish (October 8, 1854 – June 24, 1925) was a Chief Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court.

neg: Jorge E. Pérez-Díaz in 1981. He was Editor-in-Chief of the University of Puerto Rico Law Review. Pérez-Díaz received his master's of law from the Harvard Law School in 1983. After law school, Pérez-Díaz served as a judicial clerk for Chief Justice Jose Trias Monge of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico and for Stephen Breyer, a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and future Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. From 1985 to 1986, Pérez-Díaz was the Director of the Federal Litigation Division at United States Department of Justice for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

neg: Thomas Slidell (formerly Miss Callender) and a son who was an officer in the national army. Thomas Slidell Thomas Slidell (c.1807 – April 20, 1864) was Chief Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court. He was a brother of John Slidell, a diplomat of the Confederate States of America in France. He entered Yale College from New York and graduated in 1825. He was the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Louisiana from 1837 to 1838. He was an Associate Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court for several years subsequent to 1847, and in 1855 he was appointed Chief Justice of

neg: United States Constitution important rulings to help establish the nation the Constitution had begun. In the first years of the Supreme Court, members of the Constitutional Convention who would serve included James Wilson (Pennsylvania) for ten years, John Blair Jr. (Virginia) for five, and John Rutledge (South Carolina) for one year as Justice, then Chief Justice in 1795. When John Marshall followed Oliver Ellsworth as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1801, the federal judiciary had been established by the Judiciary Act, but there were few cases, and less prestige. "The fate of judicial review was in the hands of the Supreme

neg: John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates his first vacancy on the Supreme Court. Two names initially came up as potential nominees: Judge William H. Hastie of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and Harvard Law School Professor Paul A. Freund. United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy had recommended Hastie, who would have become the first African-American on the Supreme Court. Robert F. Kennedy said "it would mean so much overseas that we had a Negro on the Supreme Court." However, Hastie was opposed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, who balked because "he's not a liberal and he'll be opposed to all

neg: Stone Court (judges) Stone Court (judges) The Stone Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1941 to 1946, when Harlan F. Stone served as Chief Justice of the United States. Stone succeeded Charles Evans Hughes as Chief Justice after the latter's retirement, and Stone served as Chief Justice until his death, at which point Fred Vinson was nominated and confirmed as Stone's replacement. He was the fourth chief justice to have previously served as an associate justice and the second to have done so without a break in tenure (after Edward Douglass White). Presiding over the country during World

neg: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia () is the head of the Supreme Court of Indonesia. The chief justice and his or her deputy is elected by the Supreme Court justices from among the members of the court. Sometimes the process is controversial and attracts public criticism. For example, in early 2012 rumours about vote buying were reported in the Jakarta press as speculation mounted about the arrangements underway for the selection of new chief justice to replace Harifin Tumpa, who retired as chief justice in March 2012. It

neg: Brian Morris (judge) Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Judge John T. Noonan, Jr., who had been appointed to the Ninth Circuit by President Ronald Reagan. Completing his clerkship with Noonan, Morris then served as a law clerk to Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist. As a former clerk for Chief Justice Rehnquist, Morris is the only member of the Montana State Bar to have served as a Supreme Court law clerk. In 1995, he joined the Iran – United States Claims Tribunal at the World Court, The Hague, Netherlands, to serve as a legal assistant. Returning to Montana, Morris

neg: Marcus Perrin Knowlton career there was successful enough to earn him a spot on the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1887. Following the appointment of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. to the United States Supreme Court in 1902, Knowlton took over as Chief Justice, and he held that position until he retired in 1911 due to failing eyesight. Marcus Perrin Knowlton Marcus Perrin Knowlton (February 3, 1839 – May 7, 1918) was an American politician and jurist who served as Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. He was born in Wilbraham, Massachusetts, to Merrick and Fatima Knowlton. He graduated from Yale University in

neg: John C. Yoder the United States. Yoder was selected and served 1980-1981 as a judicial fellow with the United States Supreme Court and subsequently served (1981-1983) as special assistant to the Chief Justice (Burger) of the United States Supreme Court. He then served (1983-1984), at the appointment of President Ronald Reagan, as the first director of the Asset Forfeiture Office within the United States Department of Justice. NOTE: In 2014 Yoder and Brad Cates, who served as director following Yoder, wrote an op-ed published in the Washington Post in which they said about the asset forfeiture program they created, "The program began with

neg: New Hampshire Supreme Court majority of the council agrees. Part II, Article 73 of the state constitution states all judicial officers shall hold their offices during good behavior, unless the constitution states otherwise. Part II, Article 78 limits judges of any court from holding court once that judge has reached the age of seventy years. According to RSA 490:3, when a justice of the Supreme Court has retired, is disqualified, or is unable to sit on a case, the chief justice or senior associate justice of the supreme court may assign a justice of the supreme court who has retired from regular active service.

neg: Idaho Supreme Court defeated since 1944. After Trout's retirement in 2007, no women were on the court until the election of Robyn Brody in 2016 to a vacant seat; she is the only justice on the current court not first appointed. Idaho Supreme Court The Idaho Supreme Court is the state supreme court of Idaho and is composed of the chief justice and four associate justices. The decisions of the Idaho Supreme Court are binding on all other Idaho state courts. The only court that may reverse or modify its decisions is the Supreme Court of the United States. Justices are elected in

neg: Judicial Conference of the United States absence. District Judges are identified by the district in which they served. Supreme Court of the United States Judicial Conference of the United States The Judicial Conference of the United States, formerly known as the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges, was created by the United States Congress in 1922 with the principal objective of framing policy guidelines for administration of judicial courts in the United States. The Conference derives its authority from , which states that it is headed by the Chief Justice of the United States and consists of the Chief Justice, the chief judge of each court of

neg: Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands The Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands is the highest court in the territory of the United States Virgin Islands. The Supreme Court assumed jurisdiction over all appeals from the Superior Court of the Virgin Islands, a trial level court, on January 29, 2007. There are three Supreme Court justices who are each appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Legislature for a ten-year term. If reconfirmed after this initial term, judges may continue serving during good behavior. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices. There is no

neg: Mexico The executive is the President of the United Mexican States, who is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Mexican military forces. The President also appoints the Cabinet and other officers. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the power to veto bills. The highest organ of the judicial branch of government is the Supreme Court of Justice, the national supreme court, which has eleven judges appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency. Other

neg: John Rutledge George Washington appointed Rutledge as one of the inaugural Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. Rutledge left the Supreme Court in 1791 to become Chief Justice of the South Carolina Court of Common Pleas and Sessions. He returned to the Supreme Court, this time as Chief Justice, following the resignation of John Jay in June 1795. As the vacancy came during a long Senate recess, Washington named Rutledge as the new chief justice by a recess appointment. When the Senate reconvened in December 1795, it rejected Rutledge's nomination by a 10–14 vote. Rutledge resigned his commission

neg: Lorna E. Lockwood Maricopa County, the first woman to serve in that role. In 1960, Lockwood was elected to the Arizona Supreme Court. She served as chief justice from 1965 to 1966 and 1970 to 1971, become the first female chief justice of a state supreme court in the United States. She retired from the court in 1975 and died three years later. Lockwood was born on March 24, 1903, in Douglas, Arizona Territory, a mining town, to Daisy Maude Lincoln and Alfred Collins Lockwood. Her father was an attorney and later chief justice of the Arizona Supreme Court. In 1913, the family

neg: United States v. Barker in his Commentaries on the Laws of England that the King would never pay or receive costs at trial. In the 1796 case "United States v. La Vengeance", the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of a citizen who claimed the government had unlawfully seized his ship, and the Court affirmed his judgment "with costs" charged against the federal government. However, the day after the Court issued its ruling in "La Vengeance", Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth ordered the words "with costs" be struck from the opinion. According to Chief Justice John Marshall, Ellsworth "observed, in doing this,

neg: Vinson Court Vinson Court The Vinson Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1946 to 1953, when Fred Vinson served as Chief Justice of the United States. Vinson succeeded Harlan F. Stone as Chief Justice after the latter's death, and Vinson served as Chief Justice until his death, at which point Earl Warren was nominated and confirmed to succeed Vinson. The court presided over the country during the start of the Cold War and the Korean War. The court's decisions reflected the continuing ideological battle between the judicial restraint of Justice Felix Frankfurter and the civil rights activism

neg: Marilyn Warren to the high reputation of the Supreme Court of the United States under Earl Warren, and recognising Warren's own talent. As a judge, Warren presided over cases in all of the court's lists, but particularly the Commercial List, of which she was the judge in charge from 2000. Warren was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (thus becoming Chief Justice of Victoria) on 25 November 2003. She is the first female Chief Justice in any of the states and territories of Australia. At her ceremonial welcome to that office, the Attorney-General of Victoria, Rob Hulls, recognised Warren's work in

neg: Burger Court Burger Court The Burger Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1969 to 1986, when Warren Burger served as Chief Justice of the United States. Burger succeeded Earl Warren as Chief Justice after the latter's retirement, and Burger served as Chief Justice until his retirement, at which point William Rehnquist was nominated and confirmed as Burger's replacement. The Burger Court has been described as a "transitional" court which continued the liberal legacy of the Warren Court but transitioned into the more conservative Rehnquist Court. A symbol of the conservative "retrenchment" promised by President Richard Nixon in

neg: Mark R. Kravitz States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and subsequently to Chief Justice (then Justice) William H. Rehnquist, of the United States Supreme Court from 1978 to 1979. Before his appointment to the federal bench, Kravitz was a partner at the Connecticut-based law firm of Wiggin and Dana, LLP, where his practice centered on appellate litigation. While in private practice, he argued cases before the Supreme Court of the United States, United States Courts of Appeals and various state supreme courts throughout the United States. From 1999 to 2003, Kravitz served as a regular commentator and columnist for the National

neg: Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Neil Gorsuch to replace Justice Scalia. Justice Gorsuch was sworn in on April 10, 2017, after being confirmed by a vote of 54–45. Following is a complete list of the 30 persons officially nominated to the Supreme Court, who for various reasons never served on the Court. Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Established by Article III of the Constitution, the detailed structure of the Court was laid down by the 1st United States Congress in 1789. Congress specified

neg: Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands experienced in its history. Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands The Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands is the highest court in the territory of the United States Virgin Islands. The Supreme Court assumed jurisdiction over all appeals from the Superior Court of the Virgin Islands, a trial level court, on January 29, 2007. There are three Supreme Court justices who are each appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Legislature for a ten-year term. If reconfirmed after this initial term, judges may continue serving during good behavior. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and two Associate

neg: Lafayette Police Department (Louisiana) a contracted instructor for the United States Department of Justice Internet Crimes Against Children Training Programs. In addition to Chief Aguillard's law enforcement background, he also has 10 years’ experience as a criminal prosecutor, working as an Assistant District Attorney and an Assistant Attorney General at the Louisiana Department of Justice. He is licensed to practice law by the Louisiana Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court. He was previously a Commissioned Special Officer for the Louisiana State Police and a Commissioned Deputy for the United States Marshal's Office, Eastern District of Louisiana. Chief Aguillard holds a bachelor's degree

neg: United States Supreme Court Building 1929, Chief Justice William Howard Taft argued successfully for the Court to have its own headquarters to distance itself from Congress as an independent branch of government, but he did not live to see it built. The court was finally designed by Cass Gilbert, who created many other structures in the United States. The Supreme Court Building is located at 1 First Street, NE (former site of the Old Brick Capitol, across the street from the United States Capitol) and was designed by architect Cass Gilbert (as Gilbert's last major project; he died before it was completed). It rises four

neg: Chief Justice of Kenya Chief Justice is named. Where the Deputy Chief Justice position is also vacant, the senior-most Associate Justice of the Supreme Court will act as the President of the Supreme Court until a Chief Justice is named. An example of this occurred in 2016, when the senior Associate Justice Mohamed Ibrahim acted as the President of the Supreme Court following the early retirement of Chief Justice Willy Mutunga who turned 69 in June 2016, and the retirement of Deputy Chief Justice Kalpana Rawal who turned 70 in January 2016. The Chief Justice performs a wide range of judicial, administrative and ceremonial

neg: Leah Ward Sears Leah Ward Sears Leah Ward Sears (born June 13, 1955) is an American jurist and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. Sears was the first African-American female Chief Justice in the United States. When she was first appointed as justice in 1992 by Governor Zell Miller, she became the first woman and youngest person to sit on Georgia's Supreme Court. Leah Ward Sears was born in Heidelberg, Germany to United States Army Colonel Thomas E. Sears and Onnye Jean Sears. The family eventually settled in Savannah, Georgia, where she attended and graduated from Beach High School. Sears