query: dilute russell 's viper venom test ( drvvt ) which coagulation factor is activated by the venom

pos: Dilute Russell's viper venom time Dilute Russell's viper venom time Dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT) is a laboratory test often used for detection of lupus anticoagulant (LA). This "in vitro" diagnostic test is based on the ability of the venom of the Russell's viper to induce thrombosis. The venom contains some substances (RVV-V and RVV-X) which directly activate factor V and factor X, which turns prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of phospholipid and calcium. In the dRVVT assay, low, rate-limiting concentrations of both Russell's viper venom and phospholipid are used to give a standard clotting time of 23 to 27 seconds. This makes

pos: Russell's viper at inducing thrombosis, it has been incorporated into an "in vitro" diagnostic test for blood clotting that is widely used in hospital laboratories. This test is often referred to as dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT). The coagulant in the venom directly activates factor X, which turns prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of factor V and phospholipid. The venom is diluted to give a clotting time of 23 to 27 seconds and the phospholipid is reduced to make the test extremely sensitive to phospholipid. The dRVVT test is more sensitive than the aPTT test for the detection of lupus

pos: Factor V Leiden the events detailed above versus those that are heterozygous for the mutation. Suspicion of factor V Leiden being the cause for any thrombotic event should be considered in any Caucasian patient below the age of 45, or in any person with a family history of venous thrombosis. There are a few different methods by which this condition can be diagnosed. Most laboratories screen 'at risk' patients with either a snake venom (e.g. dilute Russell's viper venom time) based test or an aPTT based test. In both methods, the time it takes for blood to clot is decreased in the presence

pos: Factor V was "converted" (activated) by thrombin itself, and later still that factor VI was simply the activated form of factor V. The complete amino acid sequence of the protein was published in 1987. In 1994 factor V Leiden, resistant to inactivation by protein C, was described; this abnormality is the most common genetic cause for thrombosis. Factor V has been shown to interact with Protein S. Factor V Factor V (pronounced factor five) is a protein of the coagulation system, rarely referred to as proaccelerin or labile factor. In contrast to most other coagulation factors, it is not enzymatically active but

pos: Coagulation coagulation factors circulate as inactive zymogens. The coagulation cascade is therefore classically divided into three pathways. The "tissue factor" and "contact activation" pathways both activate the "final common pathway" of factor X, thrombin and fibrin. The main role of the tissue factor pathway is to generate a "thrombin burst", a process by which thrombin, the most important constituent of the coagulation cascade in terms of its feedback activation roles, is released very rapidly. FVIIa circulates in a higher amount than any other activated coagulation factor. The process includes the following steps: The contact activation pathway begins with formation of the

pos: Haemophilia B thereby turning off the gene that produces clotting factor IX, which prevents excessive bleeding. Factor IX deficiency leads to an increased propensity for haemorrhage, which can be either spontaneously or in response to mild trauma. Factor IX deficiency can cause interference of the coagulation cascade, thereby causing spontaneous hemorrhage when there is trauma. Factor IX when activated activates factor X which helps fibrinogen to fibrin conversion. Factor IX becomes active eventually in coagulation by cofactor factor VIII (specifically IXa). Platelets provide a binding site for both cofactors. This complex (in the coagulation pathway) will eventually activate factor X. The diagnosis

pos: Factor VIII (sometimes written as coagulation factor VIIIa) interacts with another coagulation factor called factor IX. This interaction sets off a chain of additional chemical reactions that form a blood clot. Factor VIII participates in blood coagulation; it is a cofactor for factor IXa which, in the presence of Ca and phospholipids, forms a complex that converts factor X to the activated form Xa. The factor VIII gene produces two alternatively spliced transcripts. Transcript variant 1 encodes a large glycoprotein, isoform a, which circulates in plasma and associates with von Willebrand factor in a noncovalent complex. This protein undergoes multiple cleavage events.

neg: Dilute Russell's viper venom time antiphospholipid syndrome, such as vascular thrombosis or fetal mortality/morbidity, in order to diagnose the antiphospholipid syndrome. Positive laboratory test results should be seen on two separate occasions at least six weeks apart in order for diagnosis. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is an important marker for recurrent thrombosis, and often warrants indefinite anticoagulant (blood thinner) therapy. The criteria were defined in 1999, and revised in 2006. Dilute Russell's viper venom time Dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT) is a laboratory test often used for detection of lupus anticoagulant (LA). This "in vitro" diagnostic test is based on the ability of the venom

neg: Hemotoxin the venomous bite. Symptoms are dependent upon species, size, location of bite and the amount of venom injected. In humans, symptoms include nausea, disorientation, and headache; these may be delayed for several hours. Hemotoxins are used in diagnostic studies of the coagulation system. Lupus anticoagulans is detected by changes in the dilute Russell's viper venom time (DRVVT), which is a laboratory assay based on—as its name indicates—venom of the Russell's viper. Hemotoxin Hemotoxins, haemotoxins or hematotoxins are toxins that destroy red blood cells (that is, cause haemotoxin), disrupt blood clotting, and/or cause organ degeneration and generalized tissue damage. The term

neg: Dilute Russell's viper venom time abnormal result for the initial dRVVT assay should be followed by a dRVVT confirmatory test. In this test, the inhibitory effect of lupus anticoagulants on phospholipids in the dRVVT can be overcome by adding an excess of phospholipid to the assay. The clotting times of both the initial dRVVT assay and confirmatory test are normalized and then used to determine a ratio of time without phospholipid excess to time with phospholipid excess. In general, a ratio of greater than 1.3 is considered a positive result and implies that the patient may have antiphospholipid antibodies. The dRVVT test has a higher

neg: Dilute Russell's viper venom time specificity than the aPTT test for the detection of lupus anticoagulant, because it is not influenced by deficiencies or inhibitors of clotting factors VIII, IX or XI as the venom only activates factors V and X. Variations in the test can affect the results. The dRVVT is one component of a workup of a suspected antiphospholipid antibody, the other component being the serological testing for anticardiolipin antibodies and anti-β2 glycoprotein-I antibodies using ELISA technology. The Sapporo criteria require at least one of the above laboratory tests to be positive and the patient to have at least one clinical manifestation of

neg: Antiphospholipid syndrome does not correct in an 80:20 mixture with normal human plasma (50:50 mixes with normal plasma are insensitive to all but the highest antibody levels). The APTT (plus 80:20 mix), dilute Russell's viper venom time (DRVVT), kaolin clotting time (KCT), dilute thromboplastin time (TDT/DTT), silica clotting time (SCT) and prothrombin time (using a lupus sensitive thromboplastin) are the principal tests used for the detection of lupus anticoagulant. These tests must be carried out on a minimum of two occasions at least 6 weeks apart and be positive on each occasion, demonstrating persistent positivity, to allow a diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome.

neg: Dilute Russell's viper venom time the test sensitive to the presence of lupus anticoagulants, because these antibodies interfere with the clot-promoting role of phospholipid "in vitro", and their presence results in a prolonged clotting time. A mixing study is then performed, which consists of adding an equal volume of the patient's plasma to normal plasma; in this study, one would expect the clotting time to return to the normal range if there was only a deficiency of coagulation factors alone. A prolonged clotting time of 30 seconds or greater that does not correct despite the mixing study suggests the presence of a lupus anticoagulant. An

neg: Snake venom as the hooded snakes (Parasuta), bandy-bandies (Vermicella), etc. Viper venom (Russell's viper, saw-scaled vipers, bushmasters, rattlesnakes) acts more on the vascular system, bringing about coagulation of the blood and clotting of the pulmonary arteries; its action on the nervous system is not great, no individual group of nerve-cells appears to be picked out, and the effect upon respiration is not so direct; the influence upon the circulation explains the great depression which is a symptom of viperine envenomation. The pain of the wound is severe and is speedily followed by swelling and discoloration. The symptoms produced by the bite of

neg: Eastern brown snake A. It has 117 amino acid residues and a high molecular weight of 12,280, meaning it is slow to act. It causes irreversible blockade by firm binding to the acetylcholine receptors. Kellaway (1933), stated that "P. textilis" venom possessed a strong, highly diffusible coagulation factor. Denson (1969) concluded that the coagulation factor was a complete prothrombin activator. Masci "et al." (1988) found the prothrombin activator to be a major component of the venom with a high molecular weight of larger than 200,000. They found it was related antigenically to the prothrombin activator of "O. scutellatus" venom, able to activate citrated

neg: Robert Gwyn Macfarlane for his lifelong study into the processes of blood clotting. He examined the Venom of many different snakes and isolated the poison of the Russell's Viper to have the strongest blood coagulant powers, see video. He found that when a compound that included venom at dilutions of 1 in 100,000 was applied to a wound, bleeding diminished. This medicine was later marketed as "Stypven" by Burroughs Welcome Ltd.. "Stypven Time" is now a standard measure for coagulation efficiency. This research was the basis for his London M.D. thesis for which he was awarded the University Gold Medal, in 1938. In

neg: Snake venom stop beating, causing death. "Snake example: mambas, and some cobra species" Hemotoxins: Hemotoxins cause hemolysis, the destruction of red blood cells (erythrocytes), or induce blood coagulation (clotting, e.g. mucrocetin). A common family of hemotoxins are snake venom metalloproteinases. Snake example: most vipers and many cobra species. The tropical rattlesnake" Crotalus durissus" produces convulxin, a coagulant. Snake cytotoxin The toxicity of snake venom is assessed by a toxicological test called the median lethal dose, LD, (an abbreviation for "lethal dose, 50%"), which determines the concentration of a toxin required to kill half the members of a tested population of animals. The

neg: Snake venom bitten by a lowland copperhead ("Austrelaps superbus"), an allied elapine, died the following day. In India, the serum prepared with the venom of monocled cobra "Naja kaouthia" has been found to be without effect on the venom of two species of kraits ("Bungarus"), Russell's viper ("Daboia russelli"), saw-scaled viper ("Echis carinatus"), and Pope's pit viper ("Trimeresurus popeorum"). Russell's viper serum is without effect on colubrine venoms, or those of "Echis" and "Trimeresurus". In Brazil, serum prepared with the venom of lanceheads ("Bothrops" spp.) is without action on rattlesnake ("Crotalus" spp.) venom. Antivenom snakebite treatment must be matched as the type

neg: Manta Force Venom to help Manta Force colonise New Earth. On Saturn however, many of the people had grown tired of living in plastic bubbles and believed New Earth should belong to them. During its test runs therefore, the Red Venom was hijacked by a group of highly skilled soldiers called the Viper Squad. Under the command of Major Vex, the Viper Squad attempted to use the Red Venom to hijack the M.A.N.T.A. Force ship, so they could be the ones to colonise New Earth. Later the two opposing sides joined forces to fight off attacks from a cybernetic alien known as

neg: Echis carinatus of whole venom, but also as a product of chemical synthesis. Another drug made from "E. carinatus" venom is called "ecarin" and is the primary reagent in the ecarin clotting time (ECT) test, which is used to monitor anticoagulation during treatment with hirudin. Yet another drug produced from "E. carinatus" venom is Aggrastat (Tirofiban). As of November 2016, an antivenom is currently being developed by the Costa Rican Clodomiro Picado Institute, and clinical trial phase in Sri Lanka. Echis carinatus Echis carinatus is a venomous viper species found in parts of the Middle East and Central Asia, and especially the

neg: Hennessey Viper Venom 1000 Twin Turbo Hennessey Viper Venom 1000 Twin Turbo The Hennessey Viper Venom 1000TT (Twin Turbo) is an upgraded version of the Dodge Viper produced by Hennessey Performance Engineering, also known as HPE, that can be purchased as a complete car or as an upgrade package. The car can be had as a coupe or a convertible. It has a theoretical maximum production run of 24 vehicles. As tested in 2006 by "Motor Trend" magazine, the coupe variant weighed , cost $187,710, and had a drag coefficient of 0.52. The Venom 1000TT is powered by an 8.5 liter V10 motor from a 2003

neg: Cerastocytin prevalent in this type of venom, induce either extensive coagulation or bleeding. While snakes are categorized in this manner, venom of either type may include a number of toxic enzymes involved in neurotoxicity, hemotoxicity, nutrient digestion and other functions necessary to make the prey available for consumption. While all hemotoxins leading to clot formation induce platelet aggregation, they do so in various ways. For example, botrocetin, found in the venom of Bothrops jararaca, activates von Willebrand factor (vWF) by inducing it to bind to platelet glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) thereby providing the surface for initial platelet aggregation. In contrast, cerastocytin and

neg: Hennessey Viper Venom 1000 Twin Turbo and the car only failed by a very small threshold, which could have easily been remedied with a less aggressive tune. 0-60 mph (97 km/h): 3.25 seconds Top Speed: "Road & Track" 0-200 Shootout (Sept 07) Article Hennessey Viper Venom 1000 Twin Turbo The Hennessey Viper Venom 1000TT (Twin Turbo) is an upgraded version of the Dodge Viper produced by Hennessey Performance Engineering, also known as HPE, that can be purchased as a complete car or as an upgrade package. The car can be had as a coupe or a convertible. It has a theoretical maximum production run of 24

neg: Lupus anticoagulant dilute Russell's viper venom time, or the Kaolin clotting time. As a further confirmation, a second test with the addition of excess phospholipid will correct the prolongation (conceptually known as "phospholipid neutralization"), confirming the diagnosis of a lupus anticoagulant. Treatment for a lupus anticoagulant is usually undertaken in the context of documented thrombosis, such as extremity phlebitis or dural sinus vein thrombosis. Patients with a well-documented (i.e., present at least twice) lupus anticoagulant and a history of thrombosis should be considered candidates for indefinite treatment with anticoagulants. Patients with no history of thrombosis and a lupus anticoagulant should probably be

neg: Envenomation typically consisting of antibodies or antibody fragments, which neutralize the venom. Certain snakes require certain treatments, such as pit vipers and coral snakes. Anti-venom therapy is designed to treat the hemorrhaging and coagulation effects that venom has on humans. Envenomation Envenomation is the process by which venom is injected by the bite or sting of a venomous animal. Many kinds of animals, including mammals (e.g., the northern short-tailed shrew, "Blarina brevicauda"), reptiles (e.g., the king cobra) spiders (e.g., black widows), insects (e.g., wasps), and fish (e.g., stone fish) employ venom for hunting and for self-defense. Some venoms are applied externally,

neg: Nagraj of the world, so much so that direct contact with it results in instant death and melting of body. He gained his venom through the blessings of snake deity Deva Kaaljayi, who himself was blessed by Lord Shiva. It is explained that Lord Shiva who holds the strongest venom of the universe synthesised during Samudra-Manthan, gave a minor portion of it to Deva Kaljayi who holds a dilute form of it and Nagraj holds an even more dilute form of it. The different ways in which Nagraj uses his venom also results in various powers he is said to possess.

neg: Hennessey Viper Venom 1000 Twin Turbo Viper that originally produced and of torque, but has been modified to produce and of torque. The engine has been stroked from 8.4 to 8.55 liters, and has had the compression ratio lowered to 9.0:1. It also has been equipped with Twin Garrett ball bearing turbochargers and a front-mounted air-to-air intercooler. According to testing by "Motor Trend" in 2005, the Venom failed California emissions testing due to excess carbon monoxide, but is legal in the other 49 states. However, the car was tuned for a standing mile race on a closed circuit, "Motor Trend" surprised Hennessey with this emissions test,

neg: Velocette Venom Velocette development team built Venom off-road motorcycles, which were sent to the United States for evaluation in enduro events. Built to the Viper Clubman standard and advertised with the slogan "A winner in every respect", the Scrambler had a specially lightened frame, light alloy mudguards and high-level enduro-style exhaust pipes. A special off-road Venom was named the Endurance. Fitted with the Venom engine, it had a 21-inch front wheel, high handlebars and a small fuel tank, as well as full lighting so that it could be legally used on the roads. From 1960, Velocette produced the Venom (and the Viper)

neg: Gaboon viper and each bite produces the largest quantities of venom of any venomous snake; this is partially due to the fact that, unlike many African vipers such as the Puff Adder, the Gaboon viper does not release after a bite, which enables it to inject larger amounts of venom. Yield is probably related to body weight, as opposed to milking interval. Brown (1973) gives a venom yield range of 200–1000 mg (of dried venom), A range of 200–600 mg for specimens 125–155 cm in length has also been reported. Spawls and Branch (1995) state from 5 to 7 ml (450–600 mg)

neg: Russell's viper of venom produced by individual specimens of "D. russelii" is considerable. Reported venom yields for adult specimens range from 130–250 mg to 150–250 mg to 21–268 mg. For 13 juveniles with an average total length of , the average venom yield was 8–79 mg (mean 45 mg). The in mice, which is used as a possible indicator of snake venom toxicity, is: 0.133 mg/kg intravenous, 0.40 mg/kg intraperitoneal, about 0.75 mg/kg subcutaneous. For most humans, a lethal dose is about 40–70 mg. In general, the toxicity depends on a combination of five different venom fractions, each of which is less

neg: Venoms in medicine venom continued into the Middle Ages and well into the 19th century. The first modern study of venom in a medical light occurred in the late 19th century. A scientist, Albert Calmatte, injected animals with small amounts of venom, using their blood as the antidote. Captopril emulates the function of the toxin found in Brazilian pit viper venom and is generally accepted as the first venom "success" story. Captopril is an ACE inhibitor (angiotensin converting enzyme) that was approved by the FDA approved in April 1981. It lowers blood pressure by inhibiting the production of angiotensin II which acts in

neg: Bothrops atrox temporary and sometimes permanent loss of local or 'short term' memory were reported. Extended hospital stays, as well as weight loss of up to 15 pounds, have also been reported. Venom yield averages , although it may be as much as . The enzyme reptilase (batroxobin), derived from this snake's venom, is used in modern medical laboratories to measure fibrinogen levels and blood coagulation capability. The test is considered to be a replacement for thrombin time, and is used when heparin is present in the sample. The enzyme is unaffected by heparin. Bothrops atrox Bothrops atrox — also known as

neg: Viper (Marvel Comics) his franchises, Roderick Kingsley sold the costume of one of the Vipers to an unnamed criminal in order to become his version of Viper. Viper has no superhuman abilities, and relies upon his mind and trained fighting skills to win battles. Very intelligent, he is a skilled debater and advertiser, and he is skilled enough in chemistry to create his own special form of venom. He wears venom-tipped claws and employs venom-tipped darts. The third Viper possessed great physical strength but was lacking in hand-to-hand combat skills. In battles with both the Steve Rogers and Bucky versions of Captain America,

neg: Snake venom viper (mongooses and hedgehogs) show the same type of relationship between snakes, which helps to support the hypothesis that venom has a very strong defensive role along with a trophic role. Which in turn supports the idea that predation on the snakes can be the arms race that produces snake venom evolution. Some of the various adaptations produced by this process include venom more toxic to specific prey in several lineages, proteins that pre-digest prey, as well as a method to track down prey after a bite. The presence of enzymes in snake venom was once believed to be an

neg: Atheris desaixi was applied and an unknown antivenin was administered, after which the patient made a full recovery. It is doubtful, however, that the antivenin made any difference in this case, for no antivenin is known to be effective. Nevertheless, since these snakes are relatively large (for "Atheris") and their venom is known to contain powerful anticoagulants, a bite should be taken seriously. Poor coagulation may even require blood transfusions. Atheris desaixi Atheris desaixi is a venomous viper species endemic to Kenya, where only two isolated populations are known. It is known for its striking black and yellow coloration. No subspecies are

neg: Bitis nasicornis the breeding season is indefinite. "Bitis nasicornis" is considered to be one of the most dangerous snakes in Africa. Small doses of the snake's primarily hemotoxic venom can be deadly. This is unlike the Gaboon viper, the largest of the vipers, which uses a considerably larger amount of venom. "Bitis nasicornis" has both neurotoxic, as well as hemotoxic venom, as do most other venomous snakes. The hemotoxic venom in rhinoceros vipers is much more dominant. This venom attacks the circulatory system of the snake's victim, destroying tissue and blood vessels. Internal bleeding also occurs. When not in use, the rhino

neg: Vipera berus that require hospitalisation. At least eight different antivenoms are available against bites from this species. Mallow et al. (2003) describe the venom toxicity as being relatively low compared to other viper species. They cite Minton (1974) who reported the values for mice to be 0.55 mg/kg IV, 0.80 mg/kg IP and 6.45 mg/kg SC. As a comparison, in one test the minimum lethal dose of for a guinea pig was 40–67 mg, but only 1.7 mg was necessary when "Daboia russelii" venom was used. Brown (1973) gives a higher subcutaneous LD range of 1.0–4.0 mg/kg. All agree that the venom

neg: Dodge Viper (VX I) the hood (TA Orange on the Venom Black cars, black on the TA Orange and Venom White cars), black interior with TA Orange accent stitching on the ballistic cloth seats, instrument panel & cowl, center stack, console, hand brake, shifter boot, and door panels. The aerodynamic package adds of downforce at . The car's mileage is 12 mpg in city, and 19 mpg on the highway. On March 18, 2013 MotorTrend tested the SRT Viper TA in Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, setting the production car lap record in 1:33.62, besting the previous lap time holder Chevrolet Corvette ZR1's 1:33.70 lap

neg: Gaboon viper of venom may be injected in a single bite. A study by Marsh and Whaler (1984) reported a maximum yield of 9.7 ml of wet venom, which translated to 2400 mg of dried venom. They attached "alligator" clip electrodes to the angle of the open jaw of anesthetized specimens (length 133–136 cm, girth 23–25 cm, weight 1.3–3.4 kg), yielding 1.3–7.6 ml (mean 4.4 ml) of venom. Two to three electrical bursts within a space of five seconds apart were enough to empty the venom glands. The Gaboon vipers used for the study were milked between seven and 11 times over

neg: Field's horned viper that contains several fractions that show marked neurotoxic activity. No antivenin is available for bites from either subspecies. It is reported that a polyvalent antiserum does offer some protection from the hemotoxins, but none against the neurotoxic effects of "P. fieldi" venom. Field's horned viper Field's horned viper, Pseudocerastes fieldi, is a venomous viper species endemic to the deserts of the Middle East. It was previously considered a subpecies of the Persian horned viper. The main differences between this species and the Persian horned viper are in scalation and venom composition. Many sources elevate "P. fieldi" to species level. The

neg: Nagraj and enemies who didn't have a biological body. It was suggested in one issue that the venom inside Nagraj's teeth is far more vicious than the venom in his blood, perhaps so much so that Nagraj might die if he bites himself. Vish-fuhaar comparison to vapour form therefore it causes more damage in comparison to vish-funkar, it is said that use of this power has negative effects on Nagraj weakening him temporarily cause it results in sudden drop of venom inside his body decreasing the number of sukhsham-sarps too. Vish-varsha rained a very dilute form of his venom which was

neg: Activated clotting time Activated clotting time Activated clotting time (ACT), also known as activated coagulation time is a test of coagulation. The ACT test can be used to monitor anticoagulation effects, such as high-dose heparin before, during, and shortly after procedures that require intense anticoagulant administration, such as cardiac bypass, cardiac angioplasty, thrombolysis, extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous dialysis. It measures the seconds needed for whole blood to clot upon exposure to an activator of an intrinsic pathway by the addition of factor XII activators. The clotting time is based on a relative scale and requires a baseline value for a point

neg: Field's horned viper smooth lateral scales. According to et al. (1999) "P. fieldi" is found in the Sinai Peninsula, Israel, Jordan, northern Saudi Arabia, northwestern Iraq, and possibly in southern Syria. The type locality given in the original description is "Bair Wells, Transjordania" [Jordan]. According to Mallow et al. (2003) it is found in the Sinai Peninsula, southern Israel, Jordan, extreme northern Saudi Arabia, and southwestern Iraq. There is a more pronounced difference between the two subspecies with regard to their venom. While Persian horned viper venom exhibits strong hemorrhagic activity typical of most vipers, the venom of "P. fieldi" is unusual in

neg: Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems used in the Air Force primarily on test stations for testing the avionic components of the F-15 Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon, C-5 Galaxy, C-17 Globemaster III, and B-1 Lancer. The U. S. Navy uses or has used ATLAS-based programs for testing avionics systems of the P-3C Orion, UH-1Y Venom, AH-1Z Viper, SH-60 Seahawk, E-2C Hawkeye, F-14 Tomcat, F/A-18 Hornet, S-3 Viking, A-6 Intruder, EA-6B Prowler, AV8B Harrier, and V-22 Osprey. The US Navy and Marine Corps used a version called Super Atlas for its 484 HTS test benches going back at least to 2000. AN-USM-247 VAST Versatile Avionics Shop Test

neg: Agkistrodon frog weighing 40 g. The study found, however, that this toxic effect is simply a tool the snake can choose to employ from an accessory venom gland it has. In most instances, the viper injects a venom that tends to immobilize, not kill, its prey before ingestion. In this case, the main venom glands secrete a toxin that inhibits the prey’s sympathetic response to flee or fend off its predator. This essentially stuns the animal so that the predator can easily attack. One species formerly of "Agkistrodon", "Deinagkistrodon acutus" or the “100 pacer pit viper” is commonly used for research

neg: Snakebite all venomous snakes are capable of biting without injecting venom into a person. Snakes may deliver such a "dry bite" rather than waste their venom on a creature too large for them to eat, a behaviour called venom metering. However, the percentage of dry bites varies among species: 80 percent of bites inflicted by sea snakes, which are normally timid, do not result in envenomation, whereas only 25 percent of pit viper bites are dry. Furthermore, some snake genera, such as rattlesnakes, significantly increase the amount of venom injected in defensive bites compared to predatory strikes. Some dry bites may

neg: Redi Award Redi Award Redi Award is an international science award given to scientists who have made significant contributions in toxinology, the scientific study of venoms, poisons and toxins. The award is sponsored by the International Society on Toxinology (ISI). "Osservazioni intorno alle vipere" ("Observations about the Viper") written by an Italian polymath Francesco Redi in 1664 is regarded as the milestone in the beginning of toxinology research. Redi was the first scientist to elucidate the scientific basis of snakebite and venom of the viper. He showed for the first time that the viper venom comes from the fang, not the gallbladder

neg: Gaboon viper a 12-month period, during which they remained in good health and the potency of their venom remained the same. Based on how sensitive monkeys were to the venom, Whaler (1971) estimated 14 mg of venom would be enough to kill a human being: equivalent to 0.06 ml of venom, or 1/50 to 1/1000 of what can be obtained in a single milking. Marsh and Whaler (1984) wrote that 35 mg (1/30 of the average venom yield) would be enough to kill a man of . Branch (1992) suggested that 90–100 mg would be fatal in humans. Due to the rarity

neg: Sanoor last tiger was seen in 1975, when it fell into an unused well. The tiger was rescued and moved to the nearby Dharmasthala Zoo. The village hillocks contain the endangered star tortoise and pangolin. Russell's viper, saw-scaled viper, cobra and common krait are the four venomous-snake species which are a public concern, and snakebite is still associated with Nagaradhane (snake worship). The krait bite is often painless, and often fatal. Most bites by the other three species are dry bites. The quantity of venom the reptile injects is voluntary, although the venom sac is full. With deforestation for agriculture, the

neg: Purpura fulminans cytokines, interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor, mediate altered protein transcription in the systemic inflammatory response, resulting in decreased synthesis of the regulatory proteins antithrombin, protein C and protein S, with increased synthesis of prothrombotic proteins Factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, and fibrinogen. Activated protein C binds to endothelial protein C receptor and subsequently cleaves the endothelial cell protease activated receptor-1, not only altering coagulation profiles but down-regulating pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic mediators, up-regulation of anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways and stabilization of the endothelial cell barrier functions. Systemic coagulation activation may lead to depletion of circulating coagulation factors and platelets, which subsequently

neg: Azemiops viper is remarkably similar to that of Wagler's viper ("Tropidolaemus wagleri"). Another study found the enzyme activities in "A. feae" venom-gland extract are similar to those of viperine venoms, except "Azemiops" venom has no blood clotting, haemorrhagic, or myolytic activities. Azemiops Azemiopinae is the name of a monogeneric subfamily created for the genus Azemiops that contains the venomous viper species "A. feae" and "A. kharini". No subspecies are recognized. The first specimen was collected by Italian explorer Leonardo Fea, and was described as a new genus and new species by Boulenger in 1888. Formerly considered to be one of the

neg: Viperidae have to be amputated. A victim's fate is impossible to predict, as this depends on many factors, including the species and size of the snake involved, how much venom was injected (if any), and the size and condition of the patient before being bitten. Viper bite victims may also be allergic to the venom and/or the antivenom. These snakes can decide how much venom to inject depending on the circumstances. The most important determinant of venom expenditure is generally the size of the snake; larger specimens can deliver much more venom. The species is also important, since some are likely

neg: Bleeding diathesis coagulopathy can be contributed by impaired wound healing or impaired clot formation. Following are some complications of coagulopathies, some of them caused by their treatments: While there are several possible causes, they generally result in excessive bleeding and a lack of clotting. Acquired causes of coagulopathy include anticoagulation with warfarin, liver failure, vitamin K deficiency and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Additionally, the haemotoxic venom from certain species of snakes can cause this condition, for example Bothrops, rattlesnakes and other species of viper. Viral hemorrhagic fevers include dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Leukemia may also cause coagulopathy. Furthermore, cystic fibrosis

neg: Snakebite hard to access. Although there is much known about the protein compositions of venoms from Asian and American snakes, comparatively little is known of Australian snakes. The strength of venom differs markedly between species and even more so between families, as measured by median lethal dose (LD) in mice. Subcutaneous LD varies by over 140-fold within elapids and by more than 100-fold in vipers. The amount of venom produced also differs among species, with the Gaboon viper able to potentially deliver from 450–600 milligrams of venom in a single bite, the most of any snake. Opisthoglyphous colubrids have venom ranging

neg: Factor XII its light chain contains the protease domain. Recently, the structure of the FnI-EGF-like tandem domain of coagulation factor XII was solved by x-ray crystallography. Factor XII is part of the coagulation cascade and activates factor XI and prekallikrein in vitro. Factor XII itself is activated to factor XIIa by negatively charged surfaces, such as glass. This is the starting point of the intrinsic pathway. Factor XII can also be used to start coagulation cascades in laboratory studies. In vivo, factor XII is activated by contact to polyanions. Activated platelets secrete inorganic polymers, polyphosphates. Contact to polyphosphates activates factor XII and

neg: Snake venom the intraspecific evolution of venom. Venoms continue to evolve as specific toxins are modified to target a specific prey, and it is found that toxins vary according to diet in some species. Rapid venom evolution can also be explained by the arms race between venom targeted molecules in resistant predators, such as the opossum, and the snake venom that targets the molecules. Scientists performed experiments on the opossums and found that there were multiple trials that showed replacement to silent substitutions in the von Willebrand Factor (vWF) gene which encodes for a venom-targeted hemostatic blood protein. These substitutions are thought

neg: Evolution of snake venom molecular history of snake venom have contradicted this, instead finding evidence of rapid adaptive evolution in many different clades, including the carpet vipers, "Echis", the ground rattlesnakes, "Sistrurus", and the Malayan pit viper, as well as generally in the diversification of PLA2 proteins. There is phylogenetic evidence of positive selection and rapid rates of gene gain and loss in venom genes of "Sistrurus" taxa feeding on different prey. Several studies have found evidence that venom and resistance to venom in prey species have evolved in a coevolutionary arms race. For example, wood rats of the genus "Neotoma" have a high

neg: Coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide Coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide Coagulation factor XIII A chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "F13A1" gene. This gene encodes the coagulation factor XIII A subunit. Coagulation factor XIII is the last zymogen to become activated in the blood coagulation cascade. Plasma factor XIII is a heterotetramer composed of 2 A subunits and 2 B subunits. The A subunits have catalytic function, and the B subunits do not have enzymatic activity and may serve as plasma carrier molecules. Platelet factor XIII is composed of just 2 A subunits, which are identical to those of plasma

neg: Agkistrodon venom, then theoretically, the proteins in the venom could be used to target and kill cancerous cells. Currently, the venom of a different species of pit viper, "Calloselasma rhodostoma", is used to isolate a thrombin-like enzyme called ancrod. This enzyme is used clinically to break down and dissolve thrombi (blood clots) in patients and lower blood viscosity to help prevent heart attack and stroke. "D. acutus" venom has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries to extract antivenin that is successfully used to treat snakebites. Different parts of the snake are also prescribed to help alleviate ailments known as

neg: Coagulation factor II receptor Coagulation factor II receptor Proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) also known as Protease-activated receptor 1 or coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "F2R" gene. PAR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in the regulation of thrombotic response. Proteolytic cleavage leads to the activation of the receptor. PAR-1 has multifaceted effects and plays a key role in mediating the interplay between coagulation and inflammation, which is important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and fibrotic lung diseases. It is involved both in disruption and maintaining of endothelial barrier integrity, through interaction with either thrombin

neg: Spitting cobra the monocled cobras, chinese cobras and even andaman cobras that are not regarded as spitting cobras, do sometimes spit to some extent, though not as effectively as the spitters. Even some of the Viperidae have been reported to spit occasionally. Among several viper species reported to "fling" or even "spit" venom forward in a spray when threatened, the Mangshan pitviper is particularly notable for consistent and well-aimed spraying of its venom. The rinkhals ("Hemachatus haemachatus") is another elapid species, which, while not belonging to the cobra genus "Naja", is closely related and spits venom as its primary defence. Spitting cobra

neg: Robert Gwyn Macfarlane and its failure in the haemorrhagic states". Thesis for Doctor of Medicine, University of London. 1953 (with R. Biggs) "Human Blood Coagulation and its Disorders". Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 1961 (with A.H.T.Robb-Smith) (ed) "Functions of the Blood". Academic Press, New York. 1964 An enzyme cascade in the blood clotting mechanism, and its function as a biochemical amplifier. "Nature, Lond". 202,221 1979 "Howard Florey, The Making of a Great Scientist", Oxford University Press 1984 "Alexander Fleming, The Man and the Myth", Chatto and Windus, Video, Russell's Viper Venom, Blood clotting Robert Gwyn Macfarlane Robert Gwyn Macfarlane (26 June 1907 - 26

neg: International Society on Toxinology International Society on Toxinology International Society on Toxinology (IST) is a global society of scientists and clinicians working for the advancement of venoms, poisons and toxins. It was founded in 1962 with an aim to advance knowledge on venoms, poisons and toxins of animal, plant and microbial origin. In 1664 an Italian polymath Francesco Redi wrote his first monumental work "Osservazioni intorno alle vipere" (Observations about the Viper) in which he first elucidated the scientific basis of snakebite and venom of the viper. He showed that the venom is produced from the fang, it is not poisonous when swallowed, and

neg: Snake venom resistance to alpha-neurotoxins in hedgehogs. Whether the pig may be considered immune is still uncertain, though early studies show endogenous resistance in pigs tested against neurotoxins. Though it has been thought that the pig's subcutaneous layer of fat protects it against snake venom, most venoms pass easily through vascular fat layers, making this unlikely to contribute to its ability to resist venoms. The garden dormouse ("Eliomys quercinus") has recently been added to the list of animals refractory to viper venom. Some populations of California ground squirrel ("Otospermophilus beecheyi") are at least partially immune to rattlesnake venom as adults. The acquisition

neg: Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster The fangs work like hypodermic needles, injecting the venom in a single, quick striking motion. Copperhead venom is not considered to be life-threatening to an otherwise healthy adult, but it can cause localized swelling, necrosis, and severe pain. Any bite from a venomous snake should be considered serious and medical treatment sought. There is no antivenin specifically manufactured for copperheads, but CroFab, which makes use of the venom from the cottonmouth ("Agkistrodon piscivorus"), can be used in cases of a severe envenomation. Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster is a venomous pit viper subspecies found in the Trans-Pecos region of

neg: Batroxobin 1758, but batroxobin, the active compound in its venom, was first described only in 1954 by H. Bruck and G. Salem. In the years following, this first description of batroxobin was shown to have several uses in surgery. Because of the increasing interest in the properties of batroxobin, several studies on its hemostatic effect and coagulation have been published. More recently, in 1979, a German study showed the uses of batroxobin (reptilase clot retraction test) as a replacement test for the more commonly used thrombin time. Because the enzyme is unaffected by heparin, it is mostly used when heparin is

neg: Velocette Venom produce than an overhead camshaft engine. The Venom had high quality chrome plating and was finished in black paintwork with gold pinstriping. The "Sport" models of the Venom and the Viper were among the first production motorcycles to have glass fibre enclosure panels from 1960. These "quickly-detachable" enclosures were produced for Velocette by Avon and extended from the front of the engine, level with the top of the crankcases, to the rear pillion footrests. Although a practical addition in preventing oil-stained clothing, the panels were unpopular with the traditional buyers of Velocette singles. An unusual feature of the Venom design

neg: Factor VII Factor VII Factor VII (, "blood-coagulation factor VIIa", "activated blood coagulation factor VII", formerly known as proconvertin) is one of the proteins that causes blood to clot in the coagulation cascade. It is an enzyme of the serine protease class. A recombinant form of human factor VIIa (eptacog alfa [activated], NovoSeven) has U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for uncontrolled bleeding in hemophilia patients. It is sometimes used unlicensed in severe uncontrollable bleeding, although there have been safety concerns. A biosimilar form of recombinant activated factor VII (AryoSeven) is also available, but does not play any considerable role in the

neg: Boomslang it disables the coagulation process and the victim may die as a result of internal and external bleeding. The venom has been observed to cause hemorrhage into tissues such as muscle and brain. Other signs and symptoms include headache, nausea, sleepiness, and mental disorders. Because boomslang venom is slow-acting, symptoms may not become apparent until many hours after the bite. Although the absence of symptoms provides sufficient time for procuring antivenom, it can also provide victims with false reassurance, leading to their underestimating the seriousness of the bite. Snakes of any species may sometimes fail to inject venom when they

neg: Inland taipan diagnosis of neurotoxic symptoms with prompt and adequate dosages of antivenom is critical to avoid these complications. The venom also contains a potent hemotoxin (procoagulants) a prothrombin activator that leads to consumption of major coagulation factors including fibrinogen, toxins in venom that interfere with blood clotting. This causes defibrination, with non-clottable blood, putting victims at risk of major bleeding from the bite site and can lead to more serious, sometimes fatal, internal haemorrhaging, especially in the brain. Recovering from this takes many hours after venom neutralisation has been achieved with antivenom. Taipan snake procoagulants are amongst the most powerful snake

neg: Eristicophis inches (15 cm) in total length. Relatively little data are available regarding the venom of "E. macmahonii", but it is regarded as a potentially dangerous species by the United States Navy (1991) with venom similar to that of snakes of the genus "Echis". However, a protein in its venom called eristostatin has been reported to help in the fight against malignant melanoma. Eristicophis Eristicophis is a monotypic genus created for the venomous viper species, Eristicophis macmahonii. It is endemic to the desert region of Balochistan near the borders of Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. No subspecies are currently recognized. The specific

neg: Anti-Venom (symbiote) cure for the Venom symbiote's toxic shock syndrome that could adapt alongside it. When high concentrations of this serum was exposed to the Venom symbiote's biomass bonded to Flash Thompson, the Anti-Venom symbiote was recreated. Anyone possessed by the Anti-Venom symbiote possesses superhuman strength, durability, and stamina, an accelerated healing factor, genetic memory, detection of its Symbiote offspring, wall-crawling, web-generating abilities, spider-senses, immunity to Spider-Man's spider-senses, and camouflage. Unlike the other Symbiotes, the original Anti-Venom symbiote used by Eddie Brock is immune to fire, heat, and sound-based attacks. In addition, the Anti-Venom symbiote can produce antibodies that can "cure" a

neg: Coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide of the A subunit alone. These defects can result in a lifelong bleeding tendency, defective wound healing, and habitual abortion. Coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide has been shown to interact with F13B. Coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide Coagulation factor XIII A chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "F13A1" gene. This gene encodes the coagulation factor XIII A subunit. Coagulation factor XIII is the last zymogen to become activated in the blood coagulation cascade. Plasma factor XIII is a heterotetramer composed of 2 A subunits and 2 B subunits. The A subunits have catalytic function, and

neg: Noxiustoxin Noxiustoxin Noxiustoxin (NTX) is a toxin from the venom of the Mexican scorpion "Centruroides" noxius Hoffmann which block voltage-dependent potassium channels and calcium-activated potassium channels. NTX was first purified from homogenized crude venom extract of the Mexican scorpion "Centruroides noxius" Hoffmann, found in the Mexican state of Nayarit. NTX accounts for only about 1% of the scorpion venom. NTX is one of the best-studied toxic peptides from scorpion venoms. It was the second purified toxin of the "Centruroides" genus after neurotoxin II and the first short peptide from scorpion venom to be reported in the literature. The name for noxiustoxin

neg: Coagulation factor II receptor or activated protein C, respectively. Several selective antagonists for the PAR1 receptor have been developed, for use as anti-clotting agents for the treatment of heart disease. SCH530348 has been recently shown to attenuate the neutrophilic inflammatory response to "Streptococcus pneumoniae" by reducing levels of pro-inflamamtory cytokines such as IL-1β and chemokines CXCL1, CCL2 and CCL7. Coagulation factor II receptor Proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) also known as Protease-activated receptor 1 or coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "F2R" gene. PAR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in the regulation of thrombotic response.

neg: Lonomia obliqua stated they had "just handled a bunch of leafy branches to break the trail or gather vegetation." Exploring the area, the only creature commonly found within all the incidents was the "L. obliqua" caterpillar. Its hair growth covers its body, and each clump of spines is able to easily puncture the skin and release toxins into the victim. "Lonomia obliqua" has a toxic venom which causes disseminated intravascular coagulation and a consumptive coagulopathy, which can lead to a hemorrhagic syndrome. The toxins are stored in sacks at the base of each spine. As the spines penetrate the victim, venom flows

neg: Viper (Marvel Comics) he was taken out easily by a kick to the head. He used a wrist blaster that could fire poison darts. During the 2017 "Secret Wars" storyline, the Battleworld domain of the Hydra Empire has a group called the Vipers who work for Hydra. They are a group of female assassins that wear Hydra's version of the Symbiotes on their bodies and are led by Venom who sports the same type of Symbiote as the Vipers. The Vipers first appeared with Venom where they attacked the Resistance. While most of the Resistance was killed in the ensuing battle, Venom managed

neg: Velocette Thruxton Velocette Thruxton The Velocette Thruxton was a sporting motorcycle produced by Velocette between 1965 and 1971. Revealed at the 1964 Earls Court Show, it was the final development of Velocette's antiquated pushrod single, the Venom. Sometimes referred to as the "Venom Thruxton" or simply "Thruxton", some surviving examples could be 'upgraded' replicas based on the Venom or Viper, as many parts in the range were interchangeable. Due to the high values involved and possibility of fakes, a register was established by a member of the Velocette Owners Club, using production data of engine and frame numbers acquired after the factory

neg: Velocette Thruxton using mainly Italian cycle parts. Clymer had negotiated supply of separate Velocette engines and gearboxes, including some Thruxton engines. Velocette Thruxton The Velocette Thruxton was a sporting motorcycle produced by Velocette between 1965 and 1971. Revealed at the 1964 Earls Court Show, it was the final development of Velocette's antiquated pushrod single, the Venom. Sometimes referred to as the "Venom Thruxton" or simply "Thruxton", some surviving examples could be 'upgraded' replicas based on the Venom or Viper, as many parts in the range were interchangeable. Due to the high values involved and possibility of fakes, a register was established by

neg: Gaboon viper to persons accidentally stepping on a Gaboon viper, but even then in some cases this does not guarantee a bite. However, when a bite does occur, it should always be considered a serious medical emergency. Even an average bite from an average-sized specimen is potentially fatal. Antivenom should be administered as soon as possible to save the victim's life if not the affected limb. The snake's cytotoxic venom itself is not considered particularly toxic based on tests conducted in mice. In mice, the is 0.8–5.0 mg/kg IV, 2.0 mg/kg IP and 5.0–6.0 mg/kg SC. However, the venom glands are enormous

neg: Snake venom but in the meantime, the swelling and discoloration have spread enormously. The limb becomes phlegmonous and occasionally suppurates. Within a few days recovery usually occurs somewhat suddenly, but death may result from the severe depression or from the secondary effects of suppuration. That cases of death, in adults as well as in children, are not infrequent in some parts of the Continent is mentioned in the last chapter of this Introduction. The Viperidae differ much among themselves in the toxicity of their venom. Some, such as the Indian Russell's viper ("Daboia russelli") and saw-scaled viper ("Echis carinatus"); the American rattlesnakes

neg: Dodge Viper Stryker decal instead of the standard badge on the hood (TA Orange on the Venom Black cars, black on the TA Orange and Venom White cars), black interior with TA Orange accent stitching on the ballistic cloth seats, instrument panel & cowl, center stack, console, hand brake, shifter boot, and door panels. The aerodynamic package adds 200 pounds (90.72 kg) of downforce at 100 mph (160.93 km/h). The car's mileage is 12 mpg in city, and 19 mpg on the highway. On March 18, 2013 MotorTrend tested the SRT Viper TA in Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, setting the production car

neg: Venom (Marvel Comics character) picture was originally planned for a titular film written by David S. Goyer and produced by New Line Cinema, in which Venom would have been portrayed as an antihero and Carnage as the antagonist. By 2007, the film rights to Venom had reverted to Sony Pictures. Eddie Brock / Venom appears as the primary antagonist in the 2007 feature film "Spider-Man 3", played by Topher Grace. In the film, the Symbiote, after being rejected by Peter Parker, joins with Brock after the rival freelance photographer is exposed by Parker to have used a fake photograph, which ruins him publicly. Venom

neg: Batroxobin medicine Defibrase© is the trade name given to batroxobin and is isolated from the venom of "Bothrops moojeni". It functions as an defibrinogenating agent and is used for patients with thrombosis. The batroxobin from the snake "Bothrops atrox" is patented as Reptilase and used as a hemostatic drug. Batroxobin Batroxobin, also known as reptilase, is a snake venom produced by "Bothrops atrox" and "Bothrops moojeni", venomous species of pit viper found east of the Andes in South America. It is a hemotoxin which acts as a serine protease closely related to thrombin, and has been the subject of many medical

neg: Coagulation "tissue factor" (extrinsic) pathway. The pathways are a series of reactions, in which a zymogen (inactive enzyme precursor) of a serine protease and its glycoprotein co-factor are activated to become active components that then catalyze the next reaction in the cascade, ultimately resulting in cross-linked fibrin. Coagulation factors are generally indicated by Roman numerals, with a lowercase "a" appended to indicate an active form. The coagulation factors are generally serine proteases (enzymes), which act by cleaving downstream proteins. The exceptions are tissue factor, FV, FVIII, FXIII. Tissue factor, FV and FVIII are glycoproteins, and Factor XIII is a transglutaminase. The

neg: Crotalus scutulatus effects, similar to the bites of other rattlesnake species; these effects are significantly reduced or absent from bites by venom A snakes. Risk to life and limb is still significant, as with all rattlesnakes, if not treated as soon as possible after a bite. The subspecific name, "salvini", is in honor of English herpetologist Osbert Salvin. Crotalus scutulatus Crotalus scutulatus (common names: Mojave rattlesnake, Mojave green,) is a highly venomous pit viper species found in the deserts of the southwestern United States and central Mexico. It is perhaps best known for its potent neurotoxic-hemotoxic venom, which is considered the world's

neg: Rattlesnake is often intense, increasing with the ensuing edema. Children generally experience more severe symptoms because they receive a larger amount of venom per unit of body mass. Antivenin, often referred to as antivenom, is commonly used to treat the effects of local and systemic pit viper envenomations. The first step in the production of crotaline antivenin is collecting ("milking") the venom of a live rattlesnake—usually from the western diamondback ("Crotalus atrox"), eastern diamondback ("Crotalus adamanteus"), South American rattlesnake ("Crotalus durissis terrificus"), or fer-de-lance ("Bothrops atrox"). The extracted venom is then diluted and injected into horses, goats, or sheep, whose immune

neg: Rhabdophis subminiatus upper jaw’s rear teeth of "R. subminiatus", which can penetrate the skin of humans. The venom from "R. subminiatus" has been responsible for internal hemorrhaging, including hemorrhaging of the brain. As well as nausea, coagulopathy, and even disseminated intravascular coagulation. Also, when the venom was tested on animals, renal failure was reported. Caution should be taken when dealing with patients who have been bitten by the red-necked keelback snake. There should be no further injury such as injections because this may cause excessive bleeding in the bite victim. Although most human bites from "R. subminiatus" are involved with the front

neg: Snake venom base of channeled or tubular fangs through which it is ejected. Venoms contain more than 20 different compounds, mostly proteins and polypeptides. A complex mixture of proteins, enzymes, and various other substances with toxic and lethal properties serves to immobilize the prey animal, enzymes play an important role in the digestion of prey, and various other substances are responsible for important but non-lethal biological effects. Some of the proteins in snake venom have very specific effects on various biological functions including blood coagulation, blood pressure regulation, and transmission of the nervous or muscular impulse, and have been developed for use

neg: Bothrops jararaca and may involve hemostatic disorders, intracranial hemorrhage, shock and renal failure. The drugs known as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), which are used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of congestive heart failure, were developed from a peptide found in the venom of this species in 1965 by Brazilian scientist Sérgio Henrique Ferreira. Haemocoagulase enzyme derived from the venom is used as antihemorrhagic drug. Bothrops jararaca Bothrops jararaca — known as the jararaca (or the yarara) — is a species of pit viper endemic to southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. The specific name, "jararaca", is derived

neg: Coagulation and accelerin was found to be activated Factor V. All mammals have an extremely closely related blood coagulation process, using a combined cellular and serine protease process. In fact, it is possible for any mammalian coagulation factor to "cleave" its equivalent target in any other mammal. The only non-mammalian animal known to use serine proteases for blood coagulation is the horseshoe crab. Coagulation Coagulation (also known as clotting) is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed

neg: Snake venom ("Crotalus" spp.), bushmasters ("Lachesis" spp.) and lanceheads ("Bothrops" spp.); and the African adders ("Bitis" spp.), night adders ("Causus" spp.), and horned vipers ("Cerastes" spp.), cause fatal results unless a remedy is speedily applied. The bite of the larger European vipers may be very dangerous, and followed by fatal results, especially in children, at least in the hotter parts of the Continent; whilst the small meadow viper ("Vipera ursinii"), which hardly ever bites unless roughly handled, does not seem to be possessed of a very virulent venom, and, although very common in some parts of Austria and Hungary, is not known

neg: Evolution of snake venom venom, for instance, is highly toxic to lizards, although the proportion of lizard prey varies among snake species. This has led researchers to suggest that toxicity to a certain taxon is nearly independent of toxicity to another distantly related taxon. The natural diets of snakes in the widespread viper genus "Echis" are highly varied, and include arthropods, such as scorpions, as well as vertebrates. Various "Echis" species consume different quantities of arthropods in their diet. A study carried out in 2009 injected scorpions with the venom of various "Echis" species, and found a high correlation between the proportion of arthropods

neg: Captopril thought to be mediated by the same enzyme. In 1970, using bradykinin potentiating factor (BPF) provided by Sergio Ferreira, Ng and Vane found the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II was inhibited during its passage through the pulmonary circulation. BPF was later found to be a peptide in the venom of a lancehead viper "(Bothrops jararaca)", which was a “collected-product inhibitor” of the converting enzyme. Captopril was developed from this peptide after it was found via QSAR-based modification that the terminal sulfhydryl moiety of the peptide provided a high potency of ACE inhibition. Captopril gained FDA approval on April

neg: HMLA-469 HMLA-469 Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 469 (HMLA-469) is a United States Marine Corps helicopter squadron consisting of AH-1 SuperCobra and AH-1Z Viper attack helicopters and UH-1Y Venom utility helicopters. The squadron is headquartered at Marine Corps Air Station Camp Pendleton in Southern California and falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 39 (MAG-39) and the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing (3rd MAW). The squadron was activated on June 30, 2009. The mission of the HMLA is to support the Marine Air-Ground Task Force Commander by providing offensive air support, utility support, armed escort and airborne supporting arms coordination, day

neg: Iberiotoxin the open time of the channel. The venom produces mainly cardiopulmonary abnormalities like circulatory derangements, myocarditis and changes in cardiac sarcolemmal ATPase and by these abnormalities it can finally cause death. In rural India the scorpion and its venom is a commonly known factor of children's death. The venom initially causes transient cholinergic stimulation (vomiting, profuse sweating, bradycardia, priapism, hypersalivation, and hypotension) which is followed by sustained adrenergic hyperactivity (hypertension, tachycardia, and myocardial failure). The adrenergic phase but not the cholinergic phase is a dose-dependent phenomenon. Treatment is mainly symptomatic. Local pain is treated by injecting dehydroemetine at the site

neg: HMLA-369 HMLA-369 Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 369 (HMLA-369) is a United States Marine Corps helicopter squadron consisting of AH-1Z Viper attack helicopters and UH-1Y Venom utility helicopters. The squadron, also known as the "Gunfighters", is based at Marine Corps Air Station Camp Pendleton, California and falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 39 (MAG-39) and the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing (3rd MAW). Support the Marine Air-Ground Task Force commander by providing offensive air support, utility support, armed escort and airborne supporting arms coordination, day or night under all weather conditions during expeditionary, joint or combined operations. HMA-369 was activated

neg: Venom (Marvel Comics character) Lee Price steals the Mania symbiote from Andy and becomes Maniac. He uses the symbiote to infect the crime bosses and become a criminal kingpin, but he is defeated by Spider-Man, Venom, Black Cat and Agent Anti-Venom. It is revealed in "Venom: First Host" that Peter Parker is not Venom's first host. Venom's first host is actually a "Kree" soldier named Tel-Kar. During the Kree-Skrull War, the Kree, desiring to replicate the "Skrull"'s shapeshifting abilities, they obtain the newborn Venom, which had been outcast from the other symbiotes. Tel-Kar is recruited to be bonded to the newborn symbiote so that

neg: Evolution of snake venom locusts than that of vertebrate-consuming species. A 2009 study of the venom of four "Sistrurus" pit viper species found significant variation in the toxicity to mice. This variation was related to the proportion of small mammals in the diet of those species. The idea that "Sistrurus" venom had evolved to accommodate a mammal-based diet was supported by phylogenetic analysis. The researchers suggested that the basis for the difference in toxicity was the difference in muscle physiology in the various prey animals. Two lineages of elapid snakes, common sea snakes and "Laticauda" sea kraits, have independently colonized marine environments, and shifted

neg: Hennessey Performance Engineering race spec braking system and a Penske adjustable suspension system with 30 variable damping settings were available as an option. The total cost of the package stood at US$108,500 excluding the price of a stock Viper GTS. In 2010, Hennessey Performance revealed the Hennessey Venom GT. The Venom GT is based on the Lotus Exige and has a twin-turbocharged V8 engine that generates 1,244 hp. The car weighs 1,244 kg and has a top speed of 270.49 mph. Three "World's Fastest Edition" Venom GT coupés were produced in 2014 to commemorate the car's record run. A roadster variant dubbed the