query: part of throat between the mouth and the oesophagus

pos: Throat Throat In vertebrate anatomy, the throat is the front part of the neck, positioned in front of the vertebra. It contains the pharynx and larynx. An important section of it is the epiglottis, which is a flap separating the esophagus from the trachea (windpipe) preventing food and drink being inhaled into the lungs. The throat contains various blood vessels, pharyngeal muscles, the nasopharyngeal tonsil, the tonsils, the palatine uvula, the trachea, the esophagus, and the vocal cords. Mammal throats consist of two bones, the hyoid bone and the clavicle. The "throat" is sometimes thought to be synonymous for the isthmus

pos: HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer nasal cavities above to the larynx (voice box) and oesophagus (gullet), below, where the larynx is situated in front of the oesophagus. The oropharynx lies between the mouth (oral cavity) to the front, and the laryngopharynx below, which separates it from the larynx. The upper limit of the oropharynx is marked by the soft palate, and its lower limit by the epiglottis and root of the tongue. The oropharynx communicates with the mouth, in front through what is known as the oropharyngeal isthmus, or isthmus of the fauces. The isthmus (i.e. connection) is formed above by the soft palate, below

neg: Arachnid in front of the mouth. Behind the mouth is a muscular, sclerotised pharynx, which acts as a pump, sucking the food through the mouth and on into the oesophagus and stomach. In some arachnids, the oesophagus also acts as an additional pump. The stomach is tubular in shape, with multiple diverticula extending throughout the body. The stomach and its diverticula both produce digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. It extends through most of the body, and connects to a short sclerotised intestine and anus in the hind part of the abdomen. Arachnids have two kinds of eyes: the

neg: Careoradula perelegans perelegans" is unique among other streptaxids, because it has no radula, no odontophore and no retractor muscles associated with these structures. It is the first known terrestrial mollusc and first pulmonate gastropod without radula. Instead of this, the "Careoradula perelegans" has strong muscular ridges between mouth and oesophagus. "Careoradula perelegans" feeds on carrion. It has been recorded to feed on dead snail "Subulina octona". It evert an extensive rostrum, that is available in all carnivorous gastropods on the anterior part of the oesophagus, and it uses only muscular peristaltics instead of rasping by radula. Careoradula perelegans Careoradula perelegans is a

neg: Gastrointestinal disease condition of the oesophagus in Western countries is gastroesophageal reflux disease, which in chronic forms is thought to result in changes to the epithelium of the oesophagus, known as Barrett's oesophagus. Acute disease might include infections such as oesophagitis, trauma caused ingestion of corrosive substances, or rupture of veins such as oesophageal varices, Boerhaave syndrome or Mallory-Weiss tears. Chronic diseases might include congenital diseases such as Zenker's diverticulum and esophageal webbing, and oesophageal motility disorders including the nutcracker oesophagus, achalasia, diffuse oesophageal spasm, and oesophageal stricture. Oesophageal disease may result in a sore throat, throwing up blood, difficulty swallowing or

neg: Brachiopod passes through the mouth, muscular pharynx ("throat") and oesophagus ("gullet"), all of which are lined with cilia and cells that secrete mucus and digestive enzymes. The stomach wall has branched ceca ("pouches") where food is digested, mainly within the cells. Nutrients are transported throughout the coelom, including the mantle lobes, by cilia. The wastes produced by metabolism are broken into ammonia, which is eliminated by diffusion through the mantle and lophophore. Brachiopods have metanephridia, used by many phyla to excrete ammonia and other dissolved wastes. However, brachiopods have no sign of the podocytes, which perform the first phase of excretion

neg: Gutka gutka during pregnancy can result in low birth weight babies, he says. “Overall, people can develop cancers of mouth, throat, lung and oesophagus; heart disease and related ailments. While most youngsters get easily addicted to it, women are in the habit of chewing tobacco or even inhaling snuff, which is even more harmful,” Gutkha use can begin at a very young age. Due to its often flavourful taste, easy availability and low price, it is popular with poor children, who can exhibit precancerous lesions at a very early age as a result. Symptoms of cancer often appear by high school

neg: Digestive system of gastropods jaw structure can be ribbed or smooth: Some species have no jaw. Salivary glands plays primary role in the anatomical and physiological adaptations of the digestive system of predatory gastropods. Ducts from large salivary glands lead into the buccal cavity, and the oesophagus also supplies the digestive enzymes that help to break down the food. Salivary secretions lubricate the food and they also contain bioactive compounds. The mouth of gastropods opens into an oesophagus, which connects to the stomach. Because of torsion, the oesophagus usually passes around the stomach, and opens into its posterior portion, furthest from the mouth. In

neg: Anguillicoloides papernai and ventro-lateral papillae and two small lateral amphids are present. The mouth is conspicuously depressed, the anterior margin of the buccal capsule being 0.027mm-0.030mm from the anterior extremity; the mouth opening is circular. The buccal capsule is well sclerotised, trapezium-shaped in lateral view, its anterior rim bearing one row of 26 circular teeth. Its oesophagus is strongly muscular and expanded at its posterior half, its lumen being triangular. The valvular apparatus of the oesophagus is well developed. The excretory pore is located near the junction of the oesophagus and intestine. The intestine is dark, almost straight, broad, being narrowed at

neg: Fasciola hepatica lifecycle. The alimentary canal of "F. hepatica" has a single mouth which leads into the blind gut; it has no anus. The mouth is located within the anterior sucker on the ventral side of the fluke. This mouth leads to the pharynx, which is then followed by a narrow oesophagus. The oesophagus, which is lined with a thin layer of epithelial cells, then opens up into the large intestine. As no anus is present, the intestine branches, with each branch ending blindly near the posterior end of the body. Flukes migrate into smaller capillaries and bile ducts when feeding within

neg: Rumen in particle size. It is soon swept into the ventral reticulum by ruminal contractions. In the ventral reticulum, less dense, larger digesta particles may be propelled up into the oesophagus and mouth during contractions of the reticulum. Digesta is chewed in the mouth in a process known as rumination, then expelled back down the oesophagus and deposited in the dorsal sac of the reticulum, to be lodged and mixed into the ruminal mat again. Denser, small particles stay in the ventral reticulum during reticular contraction, and then during the next contraction may be swept out of the reticulorumen with liquid

neg: Acorn worm mouth opens posteriorly into a pharynx with a row of gill slits along either side. The remainder of the digestive system consists of an oesophagus and intestine; there is no stomach. In some families there are openings in the dorsal surface of the oesophagus connecting to the external surface, through which water from the food can be squeezed, helping to concentrate it. Digestion occurs in the intestine, with food material being pulled through by cilia, rather than by muscular action. Acorn worms breathe by drawing in oxygenated water through their mouth. The water then flows out the animal's gills which

neg: Digestive system of gastropods of the digestive system, and consists of the mouth and pharynx. The mouth includes a radula, and in most cases, also a pair of jaws. The pharynx can be very large, especially in carnivorous species. Many carnivorous species have developed a proboscis, containing the oral cavity, radula, and part of the oesophagus. At rest, the proboscis is enclosed within a sac-like sheath, with an opening at the front of the animal that resembles a true mouth. When the animal feeds, it pumps blood into the proboscis, inflating it and pushing it out through the opening to grasp the gastropod's prey.

neg: Tracheo-oesophageal puncture Tracheo-oesophageal puncture A tracheo-esophageal puncture (or tracheoesophageal puncture) is a surgically created hole between the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus (the tubal pathway between the throat and the stomach) in a person who has had a total laryngectomy, a surgery where the larynx (voice box) is removed. The purpose of the puncture is to restore a person’s ability to speak after the vocal cords have been removed. This involves creation of a fistula between trachea and oesophagus, puncturing the short segment of tissue or “common wall” that typically separates these two structures. A voice prosthesis is inserted into this puncture.

neg: Blue whale other whales. The head is flat, "U"-shaped and has a prominent ridge running from the blowhole to the top of the upper lip. The front part of the mouth is thick with baleen plates; around 300 plates, each around long, hang from the upper jaw, running back into the mouth. Between 70 and 118 grooves (called ventral pleats) run along the throat parallel to the body length. These pleats assist with evacuating water from the mouth after lunge feeding (see feeding below). The dorsal fin is small; its height averages about , and usually ranges between , though it can

neg: Horn loudspeaker horn serves to improve the coupling efficiency between the speaker driver and the air. The horn can be thought of as an "acoustic transformer" that provides impedance matching between the relatively dense diaphragm material and the less-dense air. The result is greater acoustic output power from a given driver. The narrow part of the horn next to the driver is called the "throat" and the large part farthest away from the driver is called the "mouth". The angular coverage (radiation pattern) of the horn is determined by the shape and flare of the mouth. A major problem of horn speakers

neg: Odontophore Odontophore The odontophore is part of the feeding mechanism in molluscs. It is the cartilage which underlies and supports the radula, a ribbon of teeth. The radula is found in every class of molluscs except for the bivalves. The feeding apparatus can be extended from the mouth of the animal, and the radular ribbon can slide over the odontophore. By moving the radula and odontophore over a surface, the teeth cut and scoop up food particles and convey them into the mouth, whence they enter the oesophagus. The diagrams here show the feeding apparatus of a generalized gastropod. The details

neg: Echinoderm on their surfaces; potential settlers are moved to the urchin's mouth and eaten. Some burrowing sea stars extend their elongated dorsal tube feet to the surface of the sand or mud above and use them to absorb oxygen from the water column. Echinoderms possess a simple digestive system which varies according to the animal's diet. Starfish are mostly carnivorous and have a mouth, oesophagus, two-part stomach, intestine and rectum, with the anus located in the centre of the aboral body surface. With a few exceptions, the members of the order Paxillosida do not possess an anus. In many species of

neg: Gastrointestinal disease Gastrointestinal disease Gastrointestinal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Even though anatomically part of the GI tract, diseases of the mouth are often not considered alongside other gastrointestinal diseases. By far the most common oral conditions are plaque-induced diseases (e.g. gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries). Some diseases which involve other parts of the GI tract can manifest in the mouth, alone or in combination, including: Oesophageal diseases include a spectrum of disorders affecting the oesophagus. The most common

neg: Subtractive synthesis methods of sound synthesis. The basis of subtractive synthesis can be understood by considering the human voice; when a human speaks, sings or makes other vocal noises, the vocal folds act as an oscillator and the mouth and throat as a filter. Consider the difference between singing "oooh" and "aaah" , at the same pitch. The sound generated by the vocal folds is much the same in either case — a sound that is rich in harmonics. The difference between the two comes from the filtering applied with the mouth and throat. By changing the shape of the mouth, the

neg: Onychophora Historically, the salivary glands probably evolved from the waste-elimination organs known as nephridia, which are found homologously in the other body segments. The throat itself is very muscular, serving to absorb the partially liquified food and to pump it, via the oesophagus, which forms the rear part of the front intestine, into the central intestine. Unlike the front intestine, this is not lined with a cuticula but instead consists only of a single layer of epithelial tissue, which does not exhibit conspicuous indentation as is found in other animals. On entering the central intestine, food particles are coated with a

neg: Digestive system of gastropods species that have undergone de-torsion, however, the oesophagus may open into the anterior of the stomach, which is therefore reversed from the usual gastropod arrangement. In "Tarebia granifera" the brood pouch is above the oesophagus. There is available an extensive rostrum on the anterior part of the oesophagus in all carnivorous gastropods. Some basal gastropod clades have oesophageal gland. In most species, the stomach itself is a relatively simple sac, and is the main site of digestion. In many herbivores, however, the hind part of the oesophagus is enlarged to form a crop, which, in terrestrial pulmonates, may even replace

neg: Esophagus or cause no symptoms at all. Clinical investigations include X-rays when swallowing barium, endoscopy, and CT scans. Surgically, the oesophagus is very difficult to access. The esophagus is one of the upper parts of the digestive system. There are taste buds on its upper part. It begins at the back of the mouth, passing downwards through the rear part of the mediastinum, through the diaphragm, and into the stomach. In humans, the esophagus generally starts around the level of the sixth cervical vertebra behind the cricoid cartilage of the trachea, enters the diaphragm at about the level of the tenth

neg: Squid close to the anus, allowing the squid to rapidly discharge black ink into the mantle cavity and surrounding water. The ink is a suspension of melanin particles. Cephalopods have the most highly developed nervous systems among invertebrates. Squids have a complex brain in the form of a nerve ring encircling the oesophagus, enclosed in a cartilaginous cranium. Paired cerebral ganglia above the oesophagus receive sensory information from the eyes and statocysts, and further ganglia below control the muscles of the mouth, foot, mantle and viscera. Giant axons up to 1 mm in diameter convey messages with great rapidity to the

neg: Crinoid The mouth descends into a short oesophagus. There is no true stomach, so the oesophagus connects directly to the intestine, which runs in a single loop right around the inside of the calyx. The intestine often includes numerous diverticulae, some of which may be long or branched. The end of the intestine opens into a short muscular rectum. This ascends towards the anus, which projects from a small conical protuberance at the edge of the tegmen. Specimens of the sea urchin "Calocidaris micans" present in a meadow of the crinoid "Endoxocrinus parrae", have been shown to contain large quantities of

neg: Ovine rinderpest the serous membranes, and intense pneumonia. A risk exists that it may conclude with enzootic pneumonia, inability to open the mouth, and problems with the oesophagus and different parts of the intestine. Erosions and inflammation are widespread on buccal mucosa. The same lesions are also present in pharynx, oesophagus, and on mucus-producing epithelia of the gut, from abomasum to rectum. Zebra-striped lesions on coecum and colon are said to be typical in some cases. Rarely, also petechiae are on the rumen mucosa. History and clinical signs enable a presumptive diagnosis to be made in endemic regions. The virus can be

neg: Mouth lower teeth. The upper teeth are embedded in the upper jaw and the lower teeth in the lower jaw, which articulates with the temporal bones of the skull. The lips are soft and fleshy folds which shape the entrance into the mouth. The buccal cavity empties through the pharynx into the oesophagus. Crocodilians living in the tropics can gape with their mouths to provide cooling by evaporation from the mouth lining. Some mammals rely on panting for thermoregulation as it increases evaporation of water across the moist surfaces of the lungs, the tongue and mouth. Birds also avoid overheating by

neg: Throat irritation cause of throat irritation. Other items known to induce throat irritation include alcohol, spicy or hot foods and smokeless tobacco. This affliction is a common cause of throat irritation. Normally the stomach produces acid in the stomach which is neutralized in the small intestine. To prevent acid from flowing backwards, the lower part of the swallowing tube (esophagus) has a valve which closes after food passes through. In some individuals, this valve becomes incompetent and acid goes up into the esophagus. Reflux episodes often occur at night and one may develop a bitter taste in the mouth. The throat can

neg: Mouth assessment Mouth assessment A mouth assessment is performed as part of a patient's health assessment. The mouth is the beginning of the digestive system and a substantial part of the respiratory tract. Before an assessment of the mouth, patient is sometimes advised to remove any dentures. The assessment begins with a dental-health questionnaire, including questions about toothache, hoarseness, dysphagia(difficulty swallowing), altered taste or a frequent sore throat, current and previous tobacco use and alcohol consumption and any sores, lesions or bleeding of the gums. The lips are normally symmetrical, pink, smooth, and moist. There should be no growths, lumps, or discoloration

neg: Heller myotomy acid reflux. In Dor or anterior fundoplication, which is the most common method, part of the stomach (the fundus) is laid over the front of the oesophagus and stitched into place so that whenever the stomach contracts, it also closes off the oesophagus instead of squeezing stomach acids into it. In Toupet or posterior fundoplication, the fundus is passed around the back of the oesophagus instead. Nissen or complete fundoplication (wrapping the fundus all the way around the oesophagus) is generally not considered advisable because peristalsis is absent in achalasia patients. This is a somewhat challenging operation, and surgeons have

neg: Norman Barrett 1947, he performed the first successful repair of a ruptured oesophagus. In 1950, he published a paper in which he described the oesophagus as ""that part of the foregut, distal to the cricopharyngeal sphincter, which is lined by squamous epithelium"". In this paper, Barrett suggested that the finding of an oesophagus lined with columnar epithelium (rather than the usual squamous epithelium) was due to the presence of a congenitally shortened oesophagus leading to a tubular portion of stomach being trapped in the chest. In this article Barrett also introduced the term reflux oesophagitis, and described the development of benign oesophageal

neg: Peking opera into the shape necessary to produce the desired vowel sound, and clearly articulating the initial consonant. There are four basic shapes for the throat and mouth, corresponding to four vowel types, and five methods of articulating consonants, one for each type of consonant. The four throat and mouth shapes are "opened-mouth" ("kaikou"), "level-teeth" ("qichi"), "closed-mouth" ("hekou" or "huokou"), and "scooped-lips" ("cuochun"). The five consonant types are denoted by the portion of the mouth most critical to each type's production: throat, or larynx ("hou"); tongue ("she"); molars, or the jaws and palate ("chi"); front teeth ("ya"); and lips ("chun"). Some syllables

neg: Herpangina course in less than a week. The term is derived from the Greek "herp", creeping, snake like, and Latin "angina", quinsy, literally "inflammation or swelling of the throat or part of the throat, esp. tonsillitis". Herpangina Herpangina, also called mouth blisters, is a painful mouth infection caused by coxsackieviruses. Usually, herpangina is produced by one particular strain of coxsackie virus A (and the term "herpangina virus" refers to coxsackievirus A) but it can also be caused by coxsackievirus B or echoviruses. Most cases of herpangina occur in the summer, affecting mostly children. However, it occasionally occurs in adolescents and adults.

neg: Echinostoma and 51. These spines can be arranged in one or two circles around the sucker, and their arrangement may be a characteristic feature of an "Echinostoma" species. "Echinostoma" have a digestive system consisting of a pharynx, oesophagus and an excretory pore. "Echinostoma" are hermaphrodites, and have both male and female reproductive organs. The testes are found in the posterior part of the fluke’s body, in the area furthest from the mouth. The ovary is also found in this location, close to the testes. The eggs (ova) of "Echinostoma" are operculate and vary in size, but are typically in the range

neg: Chiton radula, which has numerous rows of 17 teeth each. The teeth are coated with magnetite, a hard ferric/ferrous oxide mineral. The radula is used to scrape microscopic algae off the substratum. The mouth cavity itself is lined with chitin and is associated with a pair of salivary glands. Two sacs open from the back of the mouth, one containing the radula, and the other containing a protrusible sensory subradular organ that is pressed against the substratum to taste for food. Cilia pull the food through the mouth in a stream of mucus and through the oesophagus, where it is partially

neg: Scallop mucus. Next, the cilia on the structure move the food toward the mouth. Then, the food is digested in the digestive gland, an organ sometimes misleadingly referred to as the "liver", but which envelops part of the oesophagus, intestine, and the entire stomach. Waste is passed on through the intestine (the terminus of which, like that of many mollusks, enters and leaves the animal's heart) and exits via the anus. Like all bivalves, scallops lack actual brains. Instead, their nervous system is controlled by three paired ganglia located at various points throughout their anatomy, the cerebral or cerebropleural ganglia, the

neg: Horn loudspeaker frequency 'beaming' on axis and dull sound off axis. Another concern is that a throat of small diameter is needed for high efficiency at high frequencies but a larger throat is best for low frequencies. A common solution is to use two or more horns, each with the appropriate throat size, mouth size and flare rate for best performance in a selected frequency range, with sufficient overlap between the frequency ranges to provide a smooth transition between horns. Another solution tried in the late 1930s by Harry F. Olson of RCA was to use multiple exponential flare rates, either by

neg: Whale pressure increases. Mysticetes consist of four families: rorquals (balaenopterids), cetotheriids, right whales (balaenids), and grey whales (eschrichtiids). The main difference between each family of mysticete is in their feeding adaptations and subsequent behaviour. Balaenopterids are the rorquals. These animals, along with the cetotheriids, rely on their throat pleats to gulp large amounts of water while feeding. The throat pleats extend from the mouth to the navel and allow the mouth to expand to a large volume for more efficient capture of the small animals they feed on. Balaenopterids consist of two genera and eight species. Balaenids are the right whales.

neg: Desmoscolecida Desmoscolecida Desmoscolecida is an order of marine nematodes. In a worm of this order, the body tapers towards each end and is marked by a number of well-defined ridges. Their number varies in the different species. The head bears four movable setae, and some of the ridges bear a pair either dorsally or ventrally. Two pigment spots between the fourth and fifth ridges are regarded as eyes. The Desmoscolecida move by looping their bodies like geometrid caterpillars or leeches, as well as by creeping on their setae. The mouth is terminal, and leads into a muscular oesophagus which opens into

neg: Stomach Stomach The stomach (from ancient Greek στόμαχος, "stomachos," "stoma" means mouth) is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital digestive organ. In the digestive system the stomach is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication (chewing). In humans and many other animals, the stomach is located between the oesophagus and the small intestine. It secretes digestive enzymes and gastric acid to aid in food digestion. The pyloric sphincter controls the passage of partially digested food (chyme) from

neg: Facelina bostoniensis Facelina bostoniensis Facelina bostoniensis is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch in the family Facelinidae. This species was described from Massachusetts Bay. It is found on both sides of the North Atlantic ocean. The body of "Facelina bostoniensis" is translucent white with a pink coloured hue around the mouth. The oesophagus, situated just behind the rhinophores, is clearly visible as a curved red tube. There are some patches of white pigment on the head, between the rhinophores and down the tail of the animal. Some individuals have blue iridescence in small areas around the head and rarely specimens

neg: Echinoderm a defensive mechanism when attacked. Echinoderms possess a unique water vascular system. This is a network of fluid-filled canals derived from the coelom (body cavity) that function in gas exchange, feeding, sensory reception and locomotion. This system varies between different classes of echinoderm but typically opens to the exterior through a sieve-like madreporite on the aboral (upper) surface of the animal. The madreporite is linked to a slender duct, the stone canal, which extends to a ring canal that encircles the mouth or oesophagus. From this, radial canals extend along the arms of asteroids and adjoin the test in the

neg: Throat culture the throat culture is asked to tilt his or her head back and open his or her mouth. The health professional (usually a physician) will press the tongue down with a tongue depressor and examine the mouth and throat. A clean swab will be rubbed over the back of the throat, around the tonsils, and over any red areas or sores to collect a sample. The sample may also be collected using a throat washout. For this test, the patient will gargle a small amount of salt water and then spit the fluid into a clean cup. This method gives

neg: Pharynx Pharynx The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and larynx, or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs. It is found in vertebrates and invertebrates, though its structure varies across species. In humans, the pharynx is part of the digestive system and the conducting zone of the respiratory system. (The conducting zone—which also includes the nostrils of the nose, the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles—filters, warms and moistens air and conducts it into the lungs.) The pharynx makes up the part of the throat

neg: Pharyngeal reflex these reflexes is triggered) for both the pharyngo-upper esophageal sphincter contractile reflex and reflexive pharyngeal swallowing is increased. Pharyngeal reflex The pharyngeal reflex, gag reflex, or laryngeal spasm, is a reflex contraction of the back of the throat, evoked by touching the roof of the mouth, the back of the tongue, the area around the tonsils, the uvula, and the back of the throat. It, along with other aerodigestive reflexes such as reflexive pharyngeal swallowing, prevents objects in the oral cavity from entering the throat except as part of normal swallowing and helps prevent choking. In a reflex arc, a

neg: Influenza are easily transmitted between people have hemagglutinin proteins that bind to receptors in the upper part of the respiratory tract, such as in the nose, throat and mouth. In contrast, the highly lethal H5N1 strain binds to receptors that are mostly found deep in the lungs. This difference in the site of infection may be part of the reason why the H5N1 strain causes severe viral pneumonia in the lungs, but is not easily transmitted by people coughing and sneezing. Common symptoms of the flu such as fever, headaches, and fatigue are the result of the huge amounts of proinflammatory

neg: Pharyngeal reflex Pharyngeal reflex The pharyngeal reflex, gag reflex, or laryngeal spasm, is a reflex contraction of the back of the throat, evoked by touching the roof of the mouth, the back of the tongue, the area around the tonsils, the uvula, and the back of the throat. It, along with other aerodigestive reflexes such as reflexive pharyngeal swallowing, prevents objects in the oral cavity from entering the throat except as part of normal swallowing and helps prevent choking. In a reflex arc, a series of physiological steps occur very rapidly to produce a reflex. Generally a sensory receptor receives an environmental

neg: Safety of electronic cigarettes and mouth irritation, vomiting, nausea, and coughing. Short-term adverse effects reported most often were mouth and throat irritation, dry cough, and nausea. The majority of adverse effects reported were nausea, vomiting, dizziness and oral irritation. Some case reports found harms to health brought about by e-cigarettes in many countries, such as the US and in Europe; the most common effect was dryness of the mouth and throat. Some e-cigarettes users experience adverse effects like throat irritation which could be the result of exposure to nicotine, nicotine solvents, or toxicants in the aerosol. The US Food and Drug Administration Center for

neg: Throat of the fauces. It works with the mouth, ears and nose, as well as a number of other parts of the body. Its pharynx is connected to the mouth, allowing speech to occur, and food and liquid to pass down the throat. It is joined to the nose by the nasopharynx at the top of the throat, and to ear by its Eustachian tube. The throat's trachea carries inhaled air to the bronchi of the lungs. The esophagus carries food through the throat to the stomach. Adenoids and tonsils help prevent infection and are composed of lymph tissue. The larynx

neg: Fiona pinnata of the dorsal tentacles. The second pair pass from the under surface of the anterior border of the cerebroid ganglions, not far from their union with the olfactory ganglions; these nerves go to supply the upper surface of the channel of the mouth. The third and fourth pairs of nerves issue from the same ganglions, but considerably behind the second pair; these also go to the channel of the mouth; the third probably sending a branch to the oral tentacles. A strong cord passes off close to the root of the fourth pair: these cords curve round the oesophagus and

neg: Trematoda tough syncitial tegument, which helps protect against digestive enzymes in those species that inhabit the gut of larger animals. It is also the surface of gas exchange; there are no respiratory organs. The mouth is located at the forward end of the animal, and opens into a muscular, pumping pharynx. The pharynx connects, via a short oesophagus, to one or two blind-ending caeca, which occupy most of the length of the body. In some species, the caeca are themselves branched. As in other flatworms, there is no anus, and waste material must be egested through the mouth. Although the excretion

neg: Leech non-protusible pharynx which may or may not be armed with jaws. In the proboscisless leeches, the jaws of Arhynchobdellids are at the front of the mouth, and have three blades set at an angle to each other. In feeding these slice their way through the skin of the host, leaving a Y-shaped incision. Behind the blades is the mouth, located ventrally at the anterior end of the body. It leads successively into the pharynx, a short oesophagus, a crop (in some species), a stomach and a hindgut, which ends at an anus located just above the posterior sucker. The stomach

neg: Starfish to the coelomic fluid, which acts as the transport medium for gasses. Oxygen dissolved in the water is distributed through the body mainly by the fluid in the main body cavity; the circulatory system may also play a minor role. The gut of a starfish occupies most of the disc and extends into the arms. The mouth is located in the centre of the oral surface, where it is surrounded by a tough peristomial membrane and closed with a sphincter. The mouth opens through a short oesophagus into a stomach divided by a constriction into a larger, eversible cardiac portion

neg: Amphibian the item with their jaws. Some use inertial feeding to help them swallow the prey, repeatedly thrusting their head forward sharply causing the food to move backwards in their mouth by inertia. Most amphibians swallow their prey whole without much chewing so they possess voluminous stomachs. The short oesophagus is lined with cilia that help to move the food to the stomach and mucus produced by glands in the mouth and pharynx eases its passage. The enzyme chitinase produced in the stomach helps digest the chitinous cuticle of arthropod prey. Amphibians possess a pancreas, liver and gall bladder. The liver

neg: Philometra priacanthi its oesophagus forms about 9–14% of its body length, and is slightly inflated at its anterior end; its posterior part (oesophagus) is overlapped by a large oesophageal gland with a substantial cell nucleus in the middle. Its excretory pore is located posterior to its nerve ring. Its testis slightly exceeds anteriorly the posterior end of the oesophagus. The posterior end of its body counts with two lateral U-shaped mounds. Its spicules are slender and needle-like; the right spicule is longer than the left spicule or in some cases both spicules are equal in length. Its gubernaculum is narrow and long,

neg: Deep-throating Deep-throating Deep-throating is a sexual act in which a person takes a partner's entire erect penis deep into the mouth and throat. The practice is a type of fellatio where the receptive partner (the one whose mouth receives the penis) is in control, while deep throat penetration by an actively thrusting partner is called irrumatio; both are a form of oral sex. For deep-throating, the penis has to be long enough so that it can reach the back of the recipient's throat. The technique and term were popularized by the 1972 pornographic film "Deep Throat". Deep-throating can be difficult, due

neg: Aquatic feeding mechanisms cod, combines suction with some amount of protrusion and pivot feeding. Suction feeding is a method of ingesting a prey item in fluids by sucking the prey into the predator's mouth. This is typically accomplished by the predator expanding the volume of its oral cavity and/or throat, resulting in a pressure difference between the inside of the mouth and the outside environment. When the mouth is opened, the pressure difference causes water to flow into the predator's mouth, carrying the prey item in with the fluid flow. Though suction feeding can be seen across fish species, those with more derived

neg: Bivalvia allows the water to pass over its gills and extracts fine organic particles. To prevent itself from being swept away, it attaches itself with byssal threads to the host's throat. The sea cucumber is unharmed. The digestive tract of typical bivalves consists of an oesophagus, stomach, and intestine. A number of digestive glands open into the stomach, often via a pair of diverticula; these secrete enzymes to digest food in the stomach, but also include cells that phagocytose food particles, and digest them intracellularly. In filter-feeding bivalves, an elongated rod of solidified mucus referred to as the "crystalline style" projects

neg: Neville Crichton services to yachting and business. <nowiki>†</nowiki> Not registered for series & points Neville Crichton Neville Alexander Crichton is a New Zealand businessman who was also a competitor in Australasian motor and yacht racing. Born in New Zealand in 1945, Crichton left school aged 14 and entered the automotive industry. In 1972, he opened a used car dealership. In 1978, at the age of 29, he was diagnosed with throat cancer. Crichton underwent 30 operations and eventually had his voice-box and oesophagus removed. Doctors told him it was unlikely he would ever speak again, but he became one of the first

neg: Neville Crichton Neville Crichton Neville Alexander Crichton is a New Zealand businessman who was also a competitor in Australasian motor and yacht racing. Born in New Zealand in 1945, Crichton left school aged 14 and entered the automotive industry. In 1972, he opened a used car dealership. In 1978, at the age of 29, he was diagnosed with throat cancer. Crichton underwent 30 operations and eventually had his voice-box and oesophagus removed. Doctors told him it was unlikely he would ever speak again, but he became one of the first people in the world to receive an artificial voice box during experimental

neg: Frog eyes assist in the swallowing of food as they can be retracted through holes in the skull and help push food down the throat. The food then moves through the oesophagus into the stomach where digestive enzymes are added and it is churned up. It then proceeds to the small intestine (duodenum and ileum) where most digestion occurs. Pancreatic juice from the pancreas, and bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, are secreted into the small intestine, where the fluids digest the food and the nutrients are absorbed. The food residue passes into the large intestine where

neg: Qianosuchus cervical ribs are elongate, at least four times the length of their corresponding centra, and may have had strong muscles attached enabling it to create suction in its throat while lunging forward at prey by expanding the oesophagus. The dorsal ribs are expanded and pachyostotic at their distal ends. "Qianosuchus"' scapulae were thin and short, but had an extremely broad dorsal blade. Its coracoid bones were oval-shaped and quite thin, while its clavicles articulated almost at right angles with the interclavicle to form an L-shaped outline from the side. The humeri were very slender and lightly built, and almost totally

neg: Kori bustard engage in lek mating. All bustards have polygynous breeding habits, in which one male displays to attract several females, and mates with them all. Males display at regularly used sites, each male utilizing several dispersed leks or display areas. These displays usually take place in the mornings and evenings. The courtship displays of the males are impressive and elaborate, successfully advertising their presence to potential mates. The males hold their heads backwards, with cheeks bulging, the crest is held erect, the bill open and they inflate their gular pouches, forming a white throat "balloon". During this display the oesophagus inflates

neg: Crocodilia at the back of the oral cavity that prevents water from flowing into the throat, oesophagus, and trachea. This enables them to open their mouths underwater without drowning. Crocodilians typically remain underwater for fifteen minutes or less at a time, but some can hold their breath for up to two hours under ideal conditions. The maximum diving depth is unknown, but crocodiles can dive to at least . Crocodilian teeth are adapted for seizing and holding prey, and food is swallowed unchewed. The digestive tract is relatively short, as meat is a fairly simple substance to digest. The stomach is

neg: Grauballe Man reddish in colour. The corpse was not found with any artifacts or any evidence of clothing, indicating that when he died he was entirely naked, or his clothing had deteriorated, something that had also happened with the Tollund Man. The actual manner of his death was by having his throat cut ear to ear, severing his trachea and oesophagus. Such a wound could not have been self-inflicted, indicating that this was not suicide. A damaged area to the skull that was initially thought to have been inflicted by a blow to the head, has since been determined by a CT

neg: Herpes simplex Herpes simplex Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected. Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat. Genital herpes, often simply known as herpes, may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers. These typically heal over two to four weeks. Tingling or shooting pains may occur before the blisters appear. Herpes cycles between periods of active

neg: Alun Davies (historian) the position of secretary to the Royal Historical Society. He was to move back to Wales however, on appointment to the chair of Modern History at the University College of Swansea in 1961, working there with Glanmor Williams (1920-2005). Unfortunately whilst there his health declined, forcing him to enter retirement in 1979. He received treatment for cancer of the throat and oesophagus at the Royal Marsden Hospital in London, but died there in March 1980. His ashes are interred in Bwlchnewydd cemetery, Carmarthenshire with the rest of his family. Alun Davies (historian) Alun Davies (1916-1980) was a Welsh historian. His

neg: Feeding disorder limited eater—though they could still be a healthy child they may become a picky eater. A barium swallow test is often performed, where the child is given a liquid or food with barium in it. This allows the consulting medical practitioners to trace the swallow-function on an X-ray or other investigative system such as a CAT scan. An endoscopic assignment test can also be performed, where an endoscope is used to view the oesophagus and throat on a screen. It can also allow viewing of how the patient will react during feeding. There is no quick cure, and treatment will

neg: Horn loudspeaker Hughes of Peavey Electronics filed for a patent on a hybrid horn he called Quadratic-Throat Waveguide. The horn was basically a simple conic section but its throat was curved in a circular arc to match the desired throat size for proper mating to the speaker driver. Instead of increasing the horn mouth size with a flare to control midrange beaming, a relatively thin layer of foam covering the mouth edge was found to suit the same end. The QT waveguide, when compared to popular CD horns, produced about lower levels of second harmonic distortion across all frequencies, and an average

neg: Homer Dudley continuous sound that is modulated and shaped by the mouth, throat and sinuses into recognizable speech. The vocal cords create a carrier sound which is shaped into formants by the throat, mouth and sinuses into what we recognize as vowel sounds ("aah", "eeh", "ooh", etc.), which are further shaped by plosives (such as pressing the lips together to create a "p" sound) and glottal stops (such as closing the back of the throat to produce a "guh" sound). Dudley theorized that an intelligible analogue to human speech could be created by breaking sound down into modular blocks which could be

neg: Tom Araya year." Araya is known for his aggressive headbanging and began experiencing back problems while the band was on tour in Australia/New Zealand/Japan in October 2009. Araya had an Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. "The surgeon opened up my throat from the front," he explained. "Apparently it's easier that way. They pushed my oesophagus over to one side and did the repair work. It seems to have done the trick but I can't headbang anymore." On March 12, 2010, "Metal Hammer" magazine published an interview with Slayer's Dave Lombardo about Araya's recovery. The drummer stated, "He's recovering extremely quickly and really

neg: Salivary gland tumour it is benign or malignant. Examples of diagnostic methods include: Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health. The head, neck, mouth, and throat will be checked for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken. Endoscopy: A procedure to look at organs and tissues inside the body to check for abnormal areas. For salivary gland cancer, an endoscope is inserted into the mouth to look at the mouth, throat, and larynx. An

neg: Condom challenge Condom challenge The condom challenges are two viral Internet challenges. The first is a challenge involving snorting a latex condom through one's nasal cavity and into the back of the throat; the second is a challenge where a water-filled condom is dropped onto a person's head, typically enveloping the head of the person taking part. Both variations carry a risk of choking. The earlier challenge consists of inserting a latex condom into a nostril and snorting it into the nasal cavity and back through the throat to be pulled out of the mouth. The challenge originated in May 2006, when

neg: Throat lozenge Throat lozenge A throat lozenge (cough drop, troche, cachou, or cough sweet) is a small, typically medicated tablet intended to be dissolved slowly in the mouth to temporarily stop coughs and lubricate and soothe irritated tissues of the throat (usually due to a sore throat), possibly from the common cold or influenza. Cough tablets have taken the name lozenge, based on their original shape, a diamond. Lozenges may contain benzocaine, an anaesthetic, or eucalyptus oil. Non-menthol throat lozenges generally use either zinc gluconate glycine or pectin as an oral demulcent. Several brands of throat lozenges contain dextromethorphan. Still other varieties,

neg: Anguillicoloides novaezelandiae "A. australiensis" females extends anteriorly to about the mid-length of the oesophagus, while it does not reach the end of the oesophagus in "A. novaezelandiae". Both species differ in size and form. While the body of "A. australiensis" is long ( to in males and to in gravid females) and relatively slender (at most in gravid females), that of 'A. novaezelandiae" is much shorter (between in males and between in gravid females) and wider (up to in gravid females). The shape of the posterior end of the female body is different in these two species. The state of being colonized

neg: Linear predictive coding added hissing and popping sounds (sibilants and plosive sounds). Although apparently crude, this model is actually a close approximation of the reality of speech production. The glottis (the space between the vocal folds) produces the buzz, which is characterized by its intensity (loudness) and frequency (pitch). The vocal tract (the throat and mouth) forms the tube, which is characterized by its resonances, which give rise to formants, or enhanced frequency bands in the sound produced. Hisses and pops are generated by the action of the tongue, lips and throat during sibilants and plosives. LPC analyzes the speech signal by estimating

neg: Throat-clear Throat-clear A throat-clear is a sound made at the back of the throat by tightly constricting the laryngopharyngeal tissues and vibrating the palatoglossal arch and the vocal folds while exhaling thru the nose; this may be done with the mouth slightly opened or completely closed. The throat-clear is articulated as a single-syllable exclamation, written onomatopoeiacally as "hem"; or it may be articulated as a double-syllable sound, written as "ahem", which is expressed by inhaling slightly and then exhaling more forcibly. The deliberately executed throat-clear is a nonverbal, paralingual form of metacommunication. The throat-clear may be articulated consciously or unconsciously as

neg: Transoral robotic surgery Transoral robotic surgery TransOral Robotic Surgery (TORS) is a modern surgical technique used to treat tumors of the mouth and throat via direct access through the mouth. TransOral Robotic Sleep Apnea (TORSA) surgery utilizes the same approach to open the upper airway of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. In TORS and TORSA procedures, the surgeon uses a surgical robot to view and access structures in the oral cavity (mouth) and pharynx (back of the throat) without any incisions through the neck, chin or lip (these incisions are necessary in traditional, non-robotic approaches). Current TORS techniques include radical tonsillectomy, resection of

neg: Mouth infection they are all connected with each other at the back of the throat. Therefore, when an infection spreads to the masticator space, significant swelling, tenderness, and trismus are usually present. Deep neck spaces, another set of secondary spaces, are located between fascial planes that separate the deeper structures of the neck into discrete compartments. They are important because they begin at the back of the throat and depending on the space, can track downwards to the chest cavity or encase the windpipe. Infections that involve the deep neck spaces are rare, but must be treated immediately with surgery to washout

neg: Horn antenna angle is increased, the reflection at the mouth decreases rapidly and the antenna's gain increases. In contrast, in wide horns with flare angles approaching 90° most of the reflection is at the throat. The horn's gain is again low because the throat approximates an open-ended waveguide. As the angle is decreased, the amount of reflection at this site drops, and the horn's gain again increases. This discussion shows that there is some flare angle between 0° and 90° which gives maximum gain and minimum reflection. This is called the "optimum horn". Most practical horn antennas are designed as optimum horns.

neg: Chloraseptic Chloraseptic Chloraseptic is an American brand of oral analgesic produced by Prestige Brands Inc, used for the relief of minor sore throat and mouth pain. Its active ingredient is phenol (just in Sore Throat Spray, not in Sore Throat Lozenges), a compound whose antiseptic properties were discovered by Sir Joseph Lister. Other Chloraseptic formulas are based on benzocaine. Chloraseptic was invented and originally made by Robert Schattner; it was later bought by Richardson-Vicks, which merged with Procter & Gamble in 1985. Its current spray products include Cherry Throat Spray, MAX Wild Berry Targeted Throat Spray, Menthol Throat Spray, Warming Honey

neg: Throat irritation require antibiotics. Home remedies for throat irritation include gargling with warm water twice a day, sipping honey and lemon mixture or sucking on medicated lozenges. If the cause is dry air, then one should humidify the home. Since smoke irritates the throat, stop smoking and avoid all fumes from chemicals, paints and volatile liquids. Rest your voice if you have been screaming or singing. If you have pharyngitis, avoid infecting others by covering your mouth when coughing and wear a mask. Throat irritation Throat irritation can refer to a dry cough, a scratchy feeling at the back of the throat,

neg: Throat-clear a symptom of a number of laryngopharyngeal (upper respiratory tract) ailments. Continual throat-clearing is a symptom of chronically dry vocal cords, caused by of insufficiently produced amounts of mucus due to inadequate amounts of water, and excessive amounts of caffeine and alcohol. Throat-clear A throat-clear is a sound made at the back of the throat by tightly constricting the laryngopharyngeal tissues and vibrating the palatoglossal arch and the vocal folds while exhaling thru the nose; this may be done with the mouth slightly opened or completely closed. The throat-clear is articulated as a single-syllable exclamation, written onomatopoeiacally as "hem"; or

neg: Sha-Amun-en-su Egyptian beliefs, would continue using her gift in the afterlife. The Institute of Oriental Studies at the University of Chicago preserves in its collection another mummy, also in a sealed sarcophagus, called Meresamun ("Amun's beloved", in Egyptian language). Like Sha-Amun-en-su, she was also a singer of the Amun temple during the 22nd Dynasty and her mummy also boasts a kind of protection in her throat. Meresamun was about 30 years old at her death. Her mouth and throat are lined with a padded protection, apparently made with pressed earth and bandages. Based on these common characteristics between the two mummies,

neg: Chloraseptic Lemon Throat Spray, Cherry On-The-Go Throat Spray, and Citrus Throat Spray. Its current lozenge products include MAX Wild berry, TOTAL Wild Cherry, Cherry with Soothing Liquid Center, TOTAL Sugar-Free Wild Cherry, Citrus with Soothing Liquid Center, and Warming Honey Lemon. Chloraseptic Chloraseptic is an American brand of oral analgesic produced by Prestige Brands Inc, used for the relief of minor sore throat and mouth pain. Its active ingredient is phenol (just in Sore Throat Spray, not in Sore Throat Lozenges), a compound whose antiseptic properties were discovered by Sir Joseph Lister. Other Chloraseptic formulas are based on benzocaine. Chloraseptic was

neg: Michael Gaughan (Irish republican) drag him or her by the hair to the top of the bed, where they would stretch the prisoner's neck over the metal rail, force a block between his or her teeth and then pass a feeding tube, which extended down the throat, through a hole in the block." After visiting Michael in jail, his brother John described his condition: "His throat had been badly cut by force feeding and his teeth loosened. His eyes were sunken, his cheeks hollow and his mouth was gaping open. He weighed about six stone." During his hunger strike, his weight dropped from 160

neg: Henry Hall (lighthouse keeper) with cold sweats and spasms of the tendons, he soon expired". Dr. Spry conducted an autopsy on Hall noting that, "left side of his body, below the short ribs, in the breast, mouth and throat ... left side of the head and face, with the eye extremely burnt". The autopsy revealed that "the diaphragmatic upper mouth of the stomach greatly inflamed and ulcerated, and the tuncia in the lower part of the stomach burnt; and from the great cavity of it took out a great piece of lead ... which weighed exactly seven ounces, five drachams and eighteen grains". Dr.

neg: Onychophora earthworms and forty times faster than in caterpillars. For this reason, velvet worms are dependent upon habitats with high air humidity. The digestive tract begins slightly behind the head, the mouth lying on the underside a little way from the frontmost point of the body. Here, prey can be mechanically dismembered by the mandibles with their covering of fine toothlets. Two salivary glands discharge via a common conductor into the subsequent "throat", which makes up the first part of the front intestine. The saliva that they produce contains mucus and hydrolytic enzymes, which initiate in and outside the mouth digestion.

neg: Proventriculus Proventriculus The proventriculus is part of the digestive system of birds. An analogous organ exists in invertebrates and insects. The proventriculus is a standard part of avian anatomy, and is a rod shaped organ, located between the oesophagus and the gizzard of most birds. It is generally a glandular part of the stomach that may store and/or commence digestion of food before it progresses to the gizzard. The primary function of the proventriculus is to secrete Hydrochloric acid and Pepsinogen into the digestive compartments that will churn the ingested material through muscular mechanisms. Pepsinogen produces pepsin, which breaks the peptide

neg: Proventriculus like it in mammals. Chicken proventriculus is eaten as street food in the Philippines. It is dipped in flour and deep fried until golden brown. It is served best with spiced vinegar and is often sold in a small kiosk. This dish is called proben. Proventriculus The proventriculus is part of the digestive system of birds. An analogous organ exists in invertebrates and insects. The proventriculus is a standard part of avian anatomy, and is a rod shaped organ, located between the oesophagus and the gizzard of most birds. It is generally a glandular part of the stomach that may

neg: Loudspeaker 17th century, and horns were used in mechanical gramophones as early as 1857. Horn loudspeakers use a shaped waveguide in front of or behind the driver to increase the directivity of the loudspeaker and to transform a small diameter, high pressure condition at the driver cone surface to a large diameter, low pressure condition at the mouth of the horn. This improves the acoustic—electro/mechanical impedance match between the driver and ambient air, increasing efficiency, and focusing the sound over a narrower area. The size of the throat, mouth, the length of the horn, as well as the area expansion rate

neg: Recorder (musical instrument) these have been used since at least the time of Ganassi (1535). Mouth and throat shapes are roughly analogous to vowels. The shape of the vocal track affects the velocity and turbulence of the air entering the recorder. The shape of the mouth and vocal tract affect are closely related to the consonant used to articulate. The player must coordinate fingers and tongue to align articulations with finger movements. In normal play, articulated attacks should align with the proper fingering, even in legato passages or in difficult finger transitions and the fingers move in the brief silence between the notes

neg: Salamander like pointed cones, the teeth of adults are adapted to enable them to readily grasp prey. The crown, which has two cusps (bicuspid), is attached to a pedicel by collagenous fibers. The joint formed between the bicuspid and the pedicel is partially flexible, as it can bend inward, but not outward. When struggling prey is advanced into the salamander's mouth, the teeth tips relax and bend in the same direction, encouraging movement toward the throat, and resisting the prey's escape. Many salamanders have patches of teeth attached to the vomer and the palatine bones in the roof of the mouth,

neg: Articulatory phonetics the lips, which also regulate between the oral cavity and the atmosphere. Like the pistons, the air valves are also controlled by various muscles. To produce any kind of sound, there must be movement of air. To produce sounds that people can interpret as spoken words, the movement of air must pass through the vocal cords, up through the throat and, into the mouth or nose to then leave the body. Different sounds are formed by different positions of the mouth—or, as linguists call it, "the oral cavity" (to distinguish it from the nasal cavity). Sounds of all languages fall

neg: HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer awareness and prevention their health care to allow for dentists and primary care providers to screen them for this type of cancer, as early detection can mean all the difference in treatments. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers can occur anywhere in the mouth, but occur most often in the tongue, tonsils, oropharynx (back of the throat), gums and the floor of the mouth. According to the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, "Oropharyngeal cancer is difficult to visualize and is usually located at the base of the tongue (the back third of the tongue), the soft palate (the back part of the roof of

neg: Hardwicke's bloodsucker and rhomboidal; a white streak on each side of the neck is bifurcating behind and an oblique one from the eye to the angle of mouth; limbs are with dark-brown cross bars; throat is profusely spotted with dark-brown and orange; belly is yellowish-white with numerous orange dots. Color inside the mouth is ink-blue. Females are more brilliantly colored during breeding season. Length: Maximum:18 cm, Common:10 cm. (Snout to vent 6 cm.). Maximum published weight: ? g. Found in Bangladesh (south-east part of the country), India (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Odissa) and Pakistan (Sindh). Bengali: আগামা গিরিগিটি, পাতি রক্তচোষা,

neg: Boiga dendrophila melanota Boiga dendrophila melanota The mangrove snake is one of biggest cat snake species in Asia. It is a shiny bluish black in colour, marked with 40-50 yellow stripes. The mouth and throat area are yellows, whereas the ventral part of the body is yellowish black. The eyes are greyish in colour. It is categorised as a mildly venomous snake. An adult mangrove snake can reach a length of 2.5 m. It is active at night (nocturnal) and hunts for birds, rats and birds eggs as its main diet. Its large head and mouth enables it to swallows its prey easily.

neg: Boiga dendrophila melanota Boiga dendrophila melanota The mangrove snake is one of biggest cat snake species in Asia. It is a shiny bluish black in colour, marked with 40-50 yellow stripes. The mouth and throat area are yellows, whereas the ventral part of the body is yellowish black. The eyes are greyish in colour. It is categorised as a mildly venomous snake. An adult mangrove snake can reach a length of 2.5 m. It is active at night (nocturnal) and hunts for birds, rats and birds eggs as its main diet. Its large head and mouth enables it to swallows its prey easily.

neg: Oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma FGFR4 and ESRRB. Numerous genes harbouring somatic coding mutations and copy number changes in the microsatellite stable (MSS) OGJA are also known to be altered with similar predicted functional consequence in other tumour types. TP53, SYNE1, and ARID1A are among the most frequently mutated genes. Oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma Oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma is a cancer of the lower part of the oesophagus, often linked to a Barrett's oesophagus. The incidence of oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma is rising rapidly in western countries, in contrast to the declining frequency of distal gastric adenocarcinoma. Treatment options for adenocarcinomas involving the oesophagogastric junction are limited and

neg: Oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma Oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma Oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma is a cancer of the lower part of the oesophagus, often linked to a Barrett's oesophagus. The incidence of oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma is rising rapidly in western countries, in contrast to the declining frequency of distal gastric adenocarcinoma. Treatment options for adenocarcinomas involving the oesophagogastric junction are limited and the overall prognosis is extremely poor. OGJ adenocarcinoma is a highly mutated and heterogeneous disease. Microsatellite instability (MSI) can be observed and coincides with an elevated number of somatic mutations. Potentially actionable coding mutations have been identified in 67 genes, including those in CR2, HGF,

neg: Acromyrmex organs is circulated by the heart; these fluids then filter through the organs and tissues. The pharynx, which is part of the gut, controlled by six muscles, pumps food into the oesophagus. Debris in the food, such as soil, is filtered before it enters the oesophagus and is collected in a tiny trap, the infrabuccal pocket. When this pocket becomes full, the "Acromyrmex" ant empties it into an area within or outside the nest designated as a waste-products area. Several glands in the head secrete various substances, such as those responsible for the digestion of food. Another gland within the