query: where is the worlds largest ice sheet located

pos: Ice sheet to rise by 58 meters. The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at >0.05 °C/decade since 1957. The Antarctic ice sheet is divided by the Transantarctic Mountains into two unequal sections called the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) and the smaller West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). The EAIS rests on a major land mass but the bed of the WAIS is, in places, more than 2,500 metres below sea level. It would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there. The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies

pos: West Antarctic Ice Sheet In 2017, geologists from Edinburgh University discovered 91 volcanoes located two kilometres below the icy surface, making it the largest volcanic region on Earth. West Antarctic Ice Sheet The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West (or Lesser) Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere. The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves. The WAIS is bounded by the Ross Ice Shelf,

pos: Geography of Antarctica Geography of Antarctica The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and, thus, by ice. The Antarctic continent, located in the Earth's southern hemisphere, is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle. It is washed by the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean or, depending on definition, the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. It has an area of more than 14 million km². Some 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the world's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water. Averaging at least 1.6 km

pos: Antarctic ice sheet Antarctic ice sheet The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth. It covers about 98% of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost and contains of ice. A cubic kilometer of ice weighs approximately one metric gigaton, meaning that the ice sheet weighs 26,500,000 gigatons. Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet, an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise. In East Antarctica, the ice sheet rests on a

pos: Montagu Island observations of volcanic eruptions taking place underneath an ice sheet. , imaging on Google Earth shows the volcano to be active with a noticeable plume and lava flow. The effects on the ice sheet are visible. Montagu Island Montagu Island is the largest of the South Sandwich Islands, located in the Weddell Sea off the coast of Antarctica. It is a part of the British Overseas Territory, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It is located northeast from Bristol Island and south from Saunders Island. The island was first sighted by James Cook in 1775, and named after John

pos: East Antarctic Ice Sheet East Antarctic Ice Sheet The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) is one of two large ice sheets in Antarctica, and the largest on the entire planet. The EAIS lies between 45° west and 168° east longitudinally. The EAIS holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m and is considerably larger in area and mass than the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). It is separated from the WAIS by the Transantarctic Mountains. The EAIS is the driest, windiest, and coldest place on Earth, with temperatures reported down to nearly -100°C. The EAIS holds the thickest ice on Earth,

pos: Geography of Norway Maud Land is Norway's claim in Antarctica. This large, sectorial area stretches to the South Pole and are completely dominated by the world's largest ice sheet, but with some impressive nunataks penetrating above the ice. The Troll Research Station manned by Norway is located on a snow free mountain slope, the only station in Antarctica not to be located on the ice. Areas in Norway located north of the Arctic Circle will have midnight sun and corresponding winter darkness, the length of both depends on the latitude. In Longyearbyen, the upper part of the sun disc is above the horizon

pos: Ice sheet of Antarctica. The Greenland ice sheet did not develop at all until the late Pliocene, but apparently developed "very rapidly" with the first continental glaciation. This had the unusual effect of allowing fossils of plants that once grew on present-day Greenland to be much better preserved than with the slowly forming Antarctic ice sheet. The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost 14 million km and contains 30 million km of ice. Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels

pos: Vincennes Bay (USA, 1957–59) and Casey (Australia, 1959–present day). The Knox Coast forms the western boundary of Vincennes Bay, where the East Antarctic ice sheet terminates in continuous ice cliffs. The southern coastline of Vincennes Bay is marked by the Vanderford and Adams Glaciers. The Vanderford Glacier drains the western hemisphere of Law Dome and together with the Adams Glacier, drains the main East Antarctic ice sheet via the Aurora subglacial basin, a major feature of East Antarctica. Petersen Bank (<200 m) is located on the eastern side of the bay and another shallow bank is located on the western side; however,

pos: Lake Vostok Lake Vostok Lake Vostok (, "Ozero Vostok", lit. "Lake East") is the largest of Antarctica's almost 400 known subglacial lakes. Lake Vostok is located at the southern Pole of Cold, beneath Russia's Vostok Station under the surface of the central East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which is at above mean sea level. The surface of this fresh water lake is approximately under the surface of the ice, which places it at approximately below sea level. Measuring long by wide at its widest point, it covers an area of making it the 16th largest lake by surface area. With an average depth

pos: East Antarctic Ice Sheet 50 years. The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and statistically significant at >0.05 °C/decade since 1957. Many countries hold a claim on portions of Antarctica. Within EAIS, the United Kingdom, France, Norway, Australia, Chile and Argentina all claim a portion (sometimes overlapping) as their own territory. East Antarctic Ice Sheet The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) is one of two large ice sheets in Antarctica, and the largest on the entire planet. The EAIS lies between 45° west and 168° east longitudinally. The EAIS holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m and

pos: Subglacial lake Subglacial lake A subglacial lake is a lake under a glacier, typically an ice cap or ice sheet. There are many such lakes, with Lake Vostok in Antarctica being by far the largest known on Earth at present. The water below the ice remains liquid since geothermal heating balances the heat loss at the ice surface. The pressure causes the melting point of water to be below 0 °C. The ceiling of the subglacial lake will be at the level where the pressure melting point of water intersects the temperature gradient. In Lake Vostok the ice over the lake is

pos: Antarctica of centuries. Several Antarctic ice streams, which account for about 10% of the ice sheet, flow to one of the many Antarctic ice shelves: see ice-sheet dynamics. East Antarctica lies on the Indian Ocean side of the Transantarctic Mountains and comprises Coats Land, Queen Maud Land, Enderby Land, Mac. Robertson Land, Wilkes Land, and Victoria Land. All but a small portion of this region lies within the Eastern Hemisphere. East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at , is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains,

pos: Ice-sheet dynamics (Flask, Leppard) did not accelerate. Ice shelves exert a dominant control in Antarctica, but are less important in Greenland, where the ice sheet meets the sea in fjords. Here, melting is the dominant ice removal process, resulting in predominant mass loss occurring towards the edges of the ice sheet, where icebergs are calved in the fjords and surface meltwater runs into the ocean. Tidal effects are also important; the influence of a 1 m tidal oscillation can be felt as much as 100 km from the sea. On an hour-to-hour basis, surges of ice motion can be modulated by tidal

pos: Amundsen Sea three major ice drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the others being the Ross Sea Embayment and the Weddell Sea Embayment. In March 2007, scientists studying the ASE through satellite and airborne surveys announced a significant thinning of the ASE, due to shifts in wind patterns that allow warmer waters to flow beneath the ice sheet. Some scientists have proposed that this region may be a "weak underbelly" of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, which both flow into the Amundsen Sea, are two of Antarctica's largest five. Scientists have found that the

pos: Climate of Antarctica the interior of Antarctica. In their latest study (20 September 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf. There is also evidence for widespread glacier retreat around the Antarctic Peninsula. Researchers reported on 21 December 2012 in Nature Geoscience that from 1958 to 2010, the average temperature at the mile-high Byrd Station rose by , with warming fastest in its winter and spring. The spot, which is located in the heart of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet,

pos: Marine ice sheet instability glaciers have been identified to be potentially prone to MISI, and both glaciers have been rapidly thinning and accelerating in recent decades. In East Antarctica, Totten Glacier is the largest glacier known to be subject to MISI and its sea level potential is comparable to that of the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Totten Glacier has been losing mass nearly monotonically in recent decades, suggesting rapid retreat is possible in the near future, although the dynamic behavior of Totten Ice Shelf is known to vary on seasonal to interannual timescales. The Wilkes Basin is the only major submarine basin in

pos: Ice sheet Ice sheet An ice sheet, also known as a continental glacier, is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than . The only current ice sheets are in Antarctica and Greenland; during the last glacial period at Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) the Laurentide ice sheet covered much of North America, the Weichselian ice sheet covered northern Europe and the Patagonian Ice Sheet covered southern South America. Ice sheets are bigger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers. Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km are termed an ice cap. An ice cap will typically feed

pos: West Antarctic Ice Sheet West Antarctic Ice Sheet The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West (or Lesser) Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere. The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves. The WAIS is bounded by the Ross Ice Shelf, the Ronne Ice Shelf, and outlet glaciers that drain into the Amundsen Sea. It is estimated that the volume of the Antarctic ice sheet

pos: Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Antarctica is intensely cold and arid. Most of the world's freshwater ice is contained within its sheets. Its most dramatic example of glacier retreat is the loss of large sections of the Larsen Ice Shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula. The recent collapse of Wordie Ice Shelf, Prince Gustav Ice Shelf, Mueller Ice Shelf, Jones Ice Shelf, Larsen-A and Larsen-B Ice Shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula has raised awareness of how dynamic ice shelf systems are. The Antarctic sheet is the largest known single mass of ice. It covers almost 14 million km and some 30 million km of ice. Around

pos: Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf The Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, also known as Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelf, is an Antarctic ice shelf bordering the Weddell Sea. The seaward side of the Filchner-Ronne ice shelf is divided into Eastern (Filchner) and the larger Western (Ronne) sections by Berkner Island. The whole ice shelf covers some 430,000 km², making it the second largest ice shelf in Antarctica, after the Ross Ice Shelf. It grows perpetually due to a flow of inland ice sheets. From time to time, when the shearing stresses exceed the strength of the ice, cracks form and large parts of the ice sheet

pos: Cryosphere ablation due primarily to net radiation and turbulent heat fluxes to melting ice and snow from warm-air advection,(Munro 1990). However, most of Antarctica never experiences surface melting. Where ice masses terminate in the ocean, iceberg calving is the major contributor to mass loss. In this situation, the ice margin may extend out into deep water as a floating ice shelf, such as that in the Ross Sea. Despite the possibility that global warming could result in losses to the Greenland ice sheet being offset by gains to the Antarctic ice sheet, there is major concern about the possibility of a

pos: Ice sheet Ice Sheet covers 84% of the island and the Antarctic Ice Sheet covers approximately 98% of the continent. Due to the significant thickness of these ice sheets, global warming analysis typically focuses on the loss of ice mass from the ice sheets increasing sea level rise, and not on a reduction in the surface area of the ice sheets. Ice sheet An ice sheet, also known as a continental glacier, is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than . The only current ice sheets are in Antarctica and Greenland; during the last glacial period

pos: Patagonia Sin Represas the region can exceed 300 inches. The region is home to Patagonian Southern Ice Sheet, the third largest ice sheet behind Greenland, and Antarctica. "Sin Represas" website Patagonia Sin Represas The phrase Patagonia Sin Represas means “Patagonia without dams.” It's the slogan of people and groups who oppose the proposed hydroelectric dam project of HidroAysén in the Aysén Region of Chile. Posters and bumper stickers with the slogan are a common sights as a majority of Chileans and residents of the region in particular, oppose the project. The Aysén region is the XI region in Chile, home to Chile’s portion

pos: Ice sheet to rise by 58 meters. The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at >0.05 °C/decade since 1957. The Antarctic ice sheet is divided by the Transantarctic Mountains into two unequal sections called the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) and the smaller West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). The EAIS rests on a major land mass but the bed of the WAIS is, in places, more than 2,500 metres below sea level. It would be seabed if the ice sheet were not there. The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies

pos: Dome A Dome A Dome A or Dome Argus is the loftiest ice dome on the Antarctic Plateau, located inland. It is thought to be the coldest naturally occurring place on Earth; with temperatures believed to reach to or lower. It is the highest ice feature in Antarctica, consisting of an ice dome or eminence of 4,093 metres' (13,428 ft) elevation above sea level. It is located near the center of East Antarctica, approximately midway between the enormous head of Lambert Glacier and the geographic South Pole, within the Australian claim. Dome Argus is located on the massive East Antarctic Ice Sheet,

pos: Transit (satellite) processing. Therefore, unlike GPS, there was not an immediate accurate location of the Geoceiver location. A Geoceiver was permanently located at the South Pole Station and operated by United States Geological Survey personnel. Since it was located on the surface of a moving ice sheet, its data was used to measure the ice sheet movement. Other Geoceivers were taken out in the field in Antarctica during the summer and were used to measure locations, for example the movement of the Ross Ice Shelf. Since no computer small enough to fit through a submarine's hatch existed (in 1958), a new computer

neg: Dye 3 km of ice. The 'Greenland ice sheet' () is a vast body of ice covering 1.71 million km, roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland. It is the second largest ice body in the World, after the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The ice sheet is almost 2,400 kilometers long in a north-south direction, and its greatest width is 1,100 kilometers at a latitude of 77°N, near its northern margin. The mean altitude of the ice is 2,135 meters. The ice in the current ice sheet is as old as 110,000 years. However, it is generally thought that the Greenland Ice Sheet

neg: Greenland ice sheet Greenland ice sheet The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland. It is the second largest ice body in the world, after the Antarctic ice sheet. The ice sheet is almost long in a north-south direction, and its greatest width is at a latitude of 77°N, near its northern margin. The mean altitude of the ice is . The thickness is generally more than and over at its thickest point. It is not the only ice mass of Greenland – isolated glaciers and small ice caps cover

neg: Greenland ice sheet been replaced by strong warming in the period 1979–2005. Greenland ice sheet The Greenland ice sheet (, ) is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland. It is the second largest ice body in the world, after the Antarctic ice sheet. The ice sheet is almost long in a north-south direction, and its greatest width is at a latitude of 77°N, near its northern margin. The mean altitude of the ice is . The thickness is generally more than and over at its thickest point. It is not the only ice mass of

neg: Penn State Ice Pavilion Penn State Ice Pavilion The Penn State Ice Pavilion was a 1,350-seat ice arena on the campus of The Pennsylvania State University located in University Park, Pennsylvania, United States. The ice arena included an NHL regulation sized 200' x 85' ice sheet as well as a 45' x 55' studio ice sheet. The Ice Pavilion, also known as Greenberg, has since been converted into two distinct spaces. Greenberg building, which is located where the full size rink used to be, is a two story transitional laboratory facility designed to house research activities while facilities are built and/or renovated. Morgan Academic

neg: Cow Island, Montana continental ice sheet extended down from Canada, and blocked off the previous drainage of the Missouri. The ice sheet backed water up into a large lake that filled a basin where Great Falls is now located. The rising lake waters finally broke out from the ice dam. As the lake waters rushed out, they carved a new river channel for the Missouri along the edge of the existing continental ice sheet. This sudden erosive action cut out the current channel of the river from below present Fort Benton, to the present Fort Peck Dam. This new channel was cut into

neg: The Ice Sheet at Ogden The Ice Sheet at Ogden The Ice Sheet at Ogden, also known as the Weber County Ice Sheet, is located north of Salt Lake City on the campus of Weber State University in Ogden. The Ice Sheet opened in 1994 as a recreational training center for curling, ice hockey, and figure skating. During the 2002 Winter Olympics the Ice Sheet hosted the curling events. Following the passage of Utah's 1989 Olympic referendum, Ogden City submitted a proposal to the Utah Sports Authority and Utah's Olympic organizers to construct an Olympic-sized practice ice sheet in the city. On September 10, 1990,

neg: Southern Patagonian Ice Field Southern Patagonian Ice Field The Southern Patagonian Ice Field ( or ""), located at the Southern Patagonic Andes between Chile and Argentina, is the world's second largest contiguous extrapolar ice field. It is the bigger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, which covered all of southern Chile during the last glacial period, locally called the Llanquihue glaciation. The Southern Patagonia Ice Field extends from parallels 48° 15′ S to 51° 30′ S for approximately , and has an area of , of which roughly fall within Chile and within Argentina. The ice mass feeds dozens of glaciers

neg: Southern Patagonian Ice Field 2019 the demarcation is still pending. Southern Patagonian Ice Field The Southern Patagonian Ice Field ( or ""), located at the Southern Patagonic Andes between Chile and Argentina, is the world's second largest contiguous extrapolar ice field. It is the bigger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, which covered all of southern Chile during the last glacial period, locally called the Llanquihue glaciation. The Southern Patagonia Ice Field extends from parallels 48° 15′ S to 51° 30′ S for approximately , and has an area of , of which roughly fall within Chile and within Argentina. The

neg: Fred Rust Ice Arena Fred Rust Ice Arena The Fred Rust Ice Arena or University of Delaware Ice Arena multi-purpose arena located on the campus of The University of Delaware located in Newark, Delaware. The Facility houses two ice sheets. The first sheet is located in the Fred Rust Arena and the second sheet is located in the Gold Arena which is a separate building. The Fred Rust Ice Arena, is a 2,500-seat regulation Olympic-sized ice arena on the UD campus. The Fred Rust Ice Arena was built in 1988 and houses the Olympic-sized ice area, a VIP lounge, a pro shop, locker rooms,

neg: Moraine View State Recreation Area perch and northern pike. Moraine View State Recreation Area is located atop a moraine, a low, rolling ridge located where a vanished ice sheet dumped ground rock and till while melting. Moraines are common post-glacial geological features, and can be found throughout the U.S. Midwest. This moraine was produced by the Wisconsin glaciation, about 70,000 to 10,000 years before present. Moraine View SRA is the headwaters for Salt Creek, a major tributary of the Sangamon River, one of the largest rivers in central Illinois. The northeastern face of the same moraine, outside the state recreation area, is the headwaters of

neg: The Ice Sheet at Ogden team in the Western States Hockey League and Weber State University's men's Hockey team. The Ice Sheet at Ogden The Ice Sheet at Ogden, also known as the Weber County Ice Sheet, is located north of Salt Lake City on the campus of Weber State University in Ogden. The Ice Sheet opened in 1994 as a recreational training center for curling, ice hockey, and figure skating. During the 2002 Winter Olympics the Ice Sheet hosted the curling events. Following the passage of Utah's 1989 Olympic referendum, Ogden City submitted a proposal to the Utah Sports Authority and Utah's Olympic organizers

neg: Fred Rust Ice Arena of knowledge in figure skating, and encompasses research areas of: sports medicine, exercise physiology, biomechanics and sports psychology. Fred Rust Ice Arena The Fred Rust Ice Arena or University of Delaware Ice Arena multi-purpose arena located on the campus of The University of Delaware located in Newark, Delaware. The Facility houses two ice sheets. The first sheet is located in the Fred Rust Arena and the second sheet is located in the Gold Arena which is a separate building. The Fred Rust Ice Arena, is a 2,500-seat regulation Olympic-sized ice arena on the UD campus. The Fred Rust Ice Arena

neg: Laurentide Ice Sheet south. During the Pre-Illinoian Stage the Laurentide Ice Sheet extended even farther south, advancing as far as the Missouri and Ohio River valleys. The ultimate collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is also suspected to have influenced European agriculture indirectly through the rise of global sea levels. Canada's oldest ice is a 20,000-year-old remnant of the Laurentide Ice Sheet called the Barnes Ice Cap, located on central Baffin Island. During the Late Pleistocene, the Laurentide ice sheet reached from the Rocky Mountains eastward through the Great Lakes, into New England, covering nearly all of Canada east of the Rocky Mountains.

neg: Schneeferner remaining large sheet of ice and several smaller firn fields. These remnants can no longer be described as a glacier and they may melt completely within a few years. Schneeferner The Schneeferner in the Bavarian Alps is Germany's highest and largest glacier. It is located on the "Zugspitzplatt", a plateau south of the country's highest peak, the Zugspitze, that descends from west to east and forms the head of the Reintal valley. The meltwaters from the glacier seep away into the karstified plateau and surface again in the Reintal, where they feed the River Partnach. The Schneeferner is one of

neg: Tuttulikassak the former Qaanaaq Municipality ran approximately to the northwest of the nunatak, through Kjer Glacier. Since then, both municipalities and the entire coast of Melville Bay are part of the Qaasuitsup municipality, at the largest municipality in the world. Tuttulikassak Tuttulikassak (old spelling: "Tugtulikavsak", ) is a nunatak () in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland. Tuttulikassak is one of several nunataks in the Melville Bay region of Greenland, where the Greenland ice sheet () drains into the bay alongside its entire length apart from an occasional nunatak. Tuttulikassak is located on the mainland of Greenland in the northernmost part

neg: WAIS Divide WAIS Divide The WAIS Divide is the ice flow divide on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) which is a linear boundary that separates the region where the ice flows to the Ross Sea, from the region where the ice flows to the Weddell Sea. It is similar to a continental hydrographic divide. The WAIS Divide ice core project (West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice core project) investigated past climate changes, ice sheet dynamics and cryobiology. The project was completed by the United States Antarctic Program(USAP) and was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The focus of the project

neg: Mount Edziza volcanic complex forming part of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. It is likely that only the tallest mountains might have been visible over the Cordilleran Ice Sheet which was at least thick. A small volume of intermediate lava was erupted from Ice Peak compared to the other central volcanoes. The fourth phase of activity began one million years ago when the Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreated from the upper flanks of the adjacent lava plateau, creating Mount Edziza proper which is the most northerly of the four central volcanoes. It is a steep-sided stratovolcano and the largest and highest of the peaks that form

neg: Northern Patagonian Ice Field Northern Patagonian Ice Field The Northern Patagonian Ice Field, located in southern Chile, is the smaller of two remnant parts in which the Patagonian Ice Sheet in the Andes Mountains of lower South America can be divided. It is completely contained within the boundaries of Laguna San Rafael National Park. The Northern Patagonian Ice Field is a vestige of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, an extensive ice sheet that covered all of Chilean Patagonia and the westernmost parts of Argentine Patagonia during the Quaternary glaciations. Today, with its glaciers largely in retreat and only an area of , it is still

neg: Isunngua Isunngua Isunngua (old spelling: "Isúngua") is a highland in the Qeqqata municipality in central-western Greenland, located immediately west of the Greenland Ice Sheet edge. In large part it is covered by the tundra, although in the immediate vicinity of the Sermersuaq ice sheet it gradually becomes exposed, barren, and largely devoid of life. The climate is polar continental, with the area receiving very little rainfall. Isunngua is a calving site for reindeer. Isunngua is notable for a gravel road which leads through it towards the edge of the Greenland Ice Sheet, located east of Kangerlussuaq, and due to trivial approach

neg: Ellesmere Ice Shelf reassuring official science reported that the remnants were stable . In April 2000, satellite images revealed that a large crack in the Ward Hunt shelf had begun to form, and in 2003 it was announced that the ice sheet had split completely in two in 2002, releasing a huge pool of fresh water from the largest epishelf lake in the Northern Hemisphere, located in Disraeli Fjord. In April 2008, it was discovered that the shelf was fractured into dozens of deep, multi-faceted cracks. On August 13, 2005, The Ayles Ice Shelf, which was located at (), approximately south of the

neg: Sea level rise to be per year from 1993–2005, and per year from 2005 to 2015. All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations. The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m. Satellite observations suggest the overall mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet was relatively steady or slightly positive for much of the period from 1992–2017, with the notable exception of Totten Glacier, which has steadily lost mass in recent decades in response

neg: Laurentide Ice Sheet Keewatin lobe in the western Great Lakes and Mississippi valley. Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered up to at the Last Glacial Maximum. The eastern edge abutted the Laurentide ice sheet. The sheet was anchored in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia and Alberta, south into the Cascade Range of Washington. This is one and a half times the water held in the Antarctic. Anchored in the mountain backbone of the west coast, the ice sheet dissipated north of the Alaska Range where the air was too dry to form glaciers. It is believed that the Cordilleran ice melted rapidly, in less

neg: Tunnel valley Escarpment flowed through tunnel valleys beneath the ice expanded to form a west-to-east passage between the main Laurentide ice sheet and a mass of ice in the Lake Ontario basin. Cedar Creek Canyon is a tunnel valley located in Allen County, Indiana. It is a very straight, narrow gorge about deep that contains part of the lower segment of Cedar Creek, the largest tributary of the St. Joseph River. In the Laurentian Channel offshore eastern Canada, numerous tunnel valleys have been identified originating from the submerged valley of the St. Lawrence River, which is also of glacial origin. Seismic reflection

neg: Wandel Land Wandel Land Wandel Land is a nunatak () in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland. It is one of several nunataks in the Melville Bay region of Greenland, where the Greenland ice sheet () drains into the bay alongside its entire length apart from an occasional nunatak. This nunatak is named after Danish polar explorer and hydrographer, Vice Admiral Carl Frederick Wandel (1843-1930). Wandel Land is located on the mainland of Greenland in the northernmost part of Upernavik Archipelago. To the north, Greenland ice sheet drains into Alison Bay via Nunatakassaup Sermia glacier. To the southwest, the nunatak is bounded

neg: Marine ice sheet instability ice sheet instability" describes the inherent precarious nature of marine ice sheets due to Archimedes' principle. Because seawater is denser than ice, marine ice sheets can only remain stable where the ice is thick enough for its mass to exceed the mass of the seawater displaced by the ice. In other words, wherever ice exists below sea level, it is held in place only by the weight of overlying ice. As a marine ice sheet melts, the weight of the overlying ice decreases. If melt causes thinning beyond a critical threshold, the subaerial ice may no longer be heavy enough

neg: Anchor ice shore where meltwater accumulates as well. The ice cover remains bottom-fast until the buoyancy force exceeds the freezing bond. At the latter moment the ice cover abruptly breaks off the bottom to form a flat sheet. In other cases the anchor ice becomes completely submerged into the meltwater and holes may be melted throughout the ice sheet. When the sheet finally lifts off the bottom, the meltwater accumulated at the surface is jetted through these holes with enough force to create small craters in the lake bottom where it is soft (sand or silt). This downward jet phenomenon was previously

neg: Dye 3 ash, bubbles of atmospheric gas and radioactive substances, remain in the ice. The variety of climatic proxies is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate, such as tree rings or sediment layers. These include (proxies for) temperature, ocean volume, precipitation, chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, sea-surface productivity, desert extent and forest fires. Typical ice cores are removed from an ice sheet such as the ice cap internal to Greenland. Greenland is, by area, the world's largest island. The Greenland ice sheet covers about 1.71 million km and contains about 2.6 million

neg: Scott G. Borg technology that retrieved the first-ever pure water samples from an Antarctic lake a half mile below the surface of ice sheet ... [which] may enable researchers to understand what types of life can survive on other worlds". Scott G. Borg Scott G. Borg is an American geologist and civil servant. Since 1 September 2017 he has been the Deputy Assistant Director of the Directorate for Geosciences at the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF). Borg graduated from Pomona College with a B.A. in geology, and earned M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Arizona State University, where his doctoral dissertation was titled

neg: Ann Arbor Ice Cube Ann Arbor Ice Cube The Ann Arbor Ice Cube (stylized as A²I³) is a 1,000-seat multi-purpose arena located in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The ice arena is also the former home to the USA Hockey National Team Development Program competing in the Tier I Jr. Hockey United States Hockey League. The arena is also home to several local high school ice hockey teams, and is used by local figure skating clubs, youth, and adult rec. ice hockey leagues, as well as public skating. The Ice Cube has two NHL regulation-sized ice sheets and one Olympic-sized ice sheet. The main sheet of

neg: West Antarctic Ice Sheet is estimated at mainly from the Amundsen Sea coast. Satellite measurements by ESA’s CryoSat-2 revealed that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is losing more than of ice each year. The loss is especially pronounced at grounding lines, the area where the floating ice shelf meets the part resting on bedrock, and hence affects the ice shelf stability and flow rates. Large parts of the WAIS sit on a bed which is both below sea level and sloping downward inland. This slope, and the low isostatic head, mean that the ice sheet is theoretically unstable: a small retreat could in

neg: Canyon depth of 1,600 m (one mile) and a volume of 4.17 trillion cubic metres, is one of the world's largest canyons. It was among the 28 finalists of the New7Wonders of Nature worldwide poll. (Some referred to it as one of the 7 natural wonders of the world.) The largest canyon in Africa is the Fish River Canyon in Namibia. In August 2013, the discovery of Greenland's Grand Canyon was reported, based on the analysis of data from Operation IceBridge. It is located under an ice sheet. At 750 kilometres (466 mi) long, it is believed to be the longest

neg: Deglaciation in the Northern Hemisphere. But, as not all of the rises in insolation throughout time caused deglaciation, to the current ice volumes that we witness today. This leads to a different conclusion, one that suggests that there is a possible climatic threshold, in terms of ice sheets retreating, and eventually disappearing. As Laurentide was the largest mass ice sheet in the Northern Hemisphere, much study has been conducted regarding its disappearance, unloading energy balance models, atmosphere-ocean general circulation models, and surface energy balance models. These studies concluded that the Laurentide ice sheet presented a positive surface mass balance during almost

neg: Ranco Lake Ocean as an embayment of it. During this period a series of marine fossil bearing sediments known as "Estratos de Lago Ranco" were deposited in the lake area. During the quaternary glaciations the lake depression was covered by a large glacier lobe of the Patagonian Ice Sheet which left semicircular moraines around the lake's western shore. Ranco Lake Ranco Lake () is located in Ranco Province of Chile. It is the largest lake of Los Ríos Region and the fourth largest in Chile. Administratively Ranco Lake is split into three communes; La Unión, Futrono and Lago Ranco. The lake hosts

neg: National Sports Center League Soccer in 2017. The NSC has hosted KTIS-FM's Joyful Noise Family Fest every year of its existence. National Sports Center The National Sports Center (NSC) is a 600-acre multi-sport complex located in Blaine, Minnesota. It includes a soccer stadium, over 50 full-sized soccer fields, a golf course, a velodrome, a meeting and convention facility, and an eight-sheet ice rink, the Schwan Super Rink, which is the largest ice arena in the world. The National Sports Center has hosted numerous National and World Championship events in soccer, hockey, figure skating, short track speedskating, broomball, rugby, ultimate and lacrosse. The National

neg: National Sports Center National Sports Center The National Sports Center (NSC) is a 600-acre multi-sport complex located in Blaine, Minnesota. It includes a soccer stadium, over 50 full-sized soccer fields, a golf course, a velodrome, a meeting and convention facility, and an eight-sheet ice rink, the Schwan Super Rink, which is the largest ice arena in the world. The National Sports Center has hosted numerous National and World Championship events in soccer, hockey, figure skating, short track speedskating, broomball, rugby, ultimate and lacrosse. The National Sports Center opened in 1990 after 1987 legislature created the Minnesota Amateur Sports Commission (MASC) and appropriated $14.7

neg: Eldorado Peak Eldorado Peak Eldorado Peak is a peak, and is the 25th highest peak in Washington. The mountain is located in the North Cascades of Washington, approximately east of Concrete. It is located in North Cascades National Park at the head of Marble Creek and just west of the Inspiration Glacier. Other glaciers in the immediate vicinity include Eldorado Glacier and McAllister Glacier; thus Eldorado is flanked by the largest continuous non-volcanic ice sheet in the lower 48 states. Eldorado appears quite different depending on the side one is viewing. On the west side the peak is a steep face made

neg: Rugaard the villages Attrup, Rosmus, Balle, Hyllested and Rove. The estate was driven through villeinage. The castle is located at the top of a slope down to the lake, Nørresø, with an easterly view of the lake and the Kattegat. Nørresø and a southerly lake, Søndersø, are former sea coves, that became lakes when the land rose after compression from ice age sheets ceased 10,000 years ago. Rugaard is located on the rim of the last ice age sheet that ended 12,000 – 14,000 years ago. The ice sheet had expanded from the Baltic Area progressing to the north stopping in

neg: NEEM Camp NEEM Camp NEEM Camp was a small research facility on the northern Greenland Ice Sheet, used as a base for ice core drilling. It is located about 313 km east of the closest coast, Peabody Bay in northern Greenland, 275 km northwest of the historical ice sheet camp North Ice, and 484 km ENE of Siorapaluk, the closest settlement. There is only one heavy-duty tent for accommodation of the researchers during summer. Access is by skiway (snow runway). The acronym NEEM stands for North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling. The ice at the NEEM coring location (77°27'N 51°3.6'W) was predicted to

neg: Hiawatha Glacier However, unless the impact's age is determined with greater precision, which would require drilling into the ice sheet above the crater to obtain a ice core sample, such a suggestion is considered speculation. The Hiawatha crater is estimated to be between 12,000 to 3 million years old which is the Pleistocene (11,700 ya to 2.58 Mya) and part of the Pliocene (2.58 to 5.33 Mya). But it is not yet officially in the Earth Impact Database (EID). The largest confirmed crater in the EID within the last 5 million years, where both size and age are confirmed, is Elgygytgyn ()

neg: Geography of Greenland Geography of Greenland Greenland is located between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada and northwest of Iceland. The territory comprises the island of Greenland–the largest island in the world–and more than a hundred other smaller islands (see ). As an island, Greenland has no land boundaries and 44,087 km of coastline. A sparse population is confined to small settlements along certain sectors of the coast. Greenland possesses the world's second largest ice sheet. Greenland sits atop the Greenland plate, a subplate of the North American plate. The Greenland craton is made up of some of

neg: Geography of Greenland is number three with ca. 5,000 inhabitants. See Cartographic expeditions to Greenland Geography of Greenland Greenland is located between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada and northwest of Iceland. The territory comprises the island of Greenland–the largest island in the world–and more than a hundred other smaller islands (see ). As an island, Greenland has no land boundaries and 44,087 km of coastline. A sparse population is confined to small settlements along certain sectors of the coast. Greenland possesses the world's second largest ice sheet. Greenland sits atop the Greenland plate, a subplate of the

neg: Retreat of glaciers since 1850 also shown evidence of thinning, has been referred to as the weak underbelly of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. A study published in 2014 found rapid grounding line retreat in the years 1992–2011. Totten Glacier, is a large glacier draining a major portion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. A study in 2008 concluded that Totten Glacier is currently losing mass. A study published in 2015 concluded that Totten Glacier, has the largest contribution of ice thinning rate on the East Antarctic continent, and that the thinning is driven by enhanced basal melting, because of ocean processes, and affected by

neg: Strathcona Bruins for the East. The Bruins play out of the Strathcona Olympiette Centre (SOC) located in Strathcona County. "With a capacity of approximately 400 spectator seats and additional standing room around the arena, SOC is one of the largest and brightest facilities in the CJHL. The arena features a fully functional Air Horn and rotating lights above the scoreboard used every time the Bruins score a goal. The facility features a full sized ice surface and miniature ice surface roughly a 1/3 the size of a regular hockey rink. Adjoining the arena, a five-sheet curling rink complete with its own lobby

neg: Weichselian glaciation and large proglacial lakes built up. The Last Glacial Maximum extent was first reached 22 ka BP in the southern boundary of the ice sheet in Denmark, Germany and Western Poland. In Eastern Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Pskov Oblast in Russia the ice sheet reached its maximum extent about 19 ka BP. In the remaining of northwestern Russia the largest glacier advance occurred 17 ka BP. As the ice margin started to recede 22-17 ka BP Denmark (except Bornholm), Germany, Poland and Belarus were ice-free 16 ka BP. The ice margin then retreated until the Younger Dryas when the ice

neg: Greenland ice sheet changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway." In a 2013 study published in "Nature", 133 researchers analyzed a Greenland ice core from the Eemian interglacial. They concluded that GIS (Greenland Ice Sheet) had been 8 degrees C warmer than today. Resulting in a thickness decrease of the northwest Greenland ice sheet by 400 ± 250 metres, reaching surface elevations 122,000 years ago of 130 ± 300 metres lower than at present. The melt zone, where summer warmth turns snow and ice into slush and melt ponds of meltwater, has been expanding at an accelerating rate in recent

neg: Mount Garibaldi Around where Columnar Peak and possibly Glacier Pikes are now located, a series of coalescing dacite lava domes were constructed. During the ensuing long period of dormancy, the Cheekye River cut a deep valley into the cone's western flank that was later filled with a glacier. After reaching its maximum extent the Cheekye Glacier along with part of the area's ice sheet were covered with volcanic ash and fragmented debris from Garibaldi. This period of growth began with the eruption of the Atwell Peak plug dome from a ridge surrounded by the several thousand foot ice sheet. As the plug

neg: Ice-marginal lava flow named “The Barrier” in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is located in the northern part of the Cascade Ranges. The Barrier was formed when about 13,000 years ago Mount Price, one of the 13 volcanoes that make up the Garibaldi volcanic belt, erupted and sent a lava flow down Rubble Creek Valley and met the Cordilleran Ice Sheet . The Cordilleran Ice sheet was a major sheet that covered a large part of North America including western Montana, northern Washington and just about all of British Columbia. In Figure 2, you can really see the steepness of

neg: Kjer Glacier Kjer Glacier Kjer Glacier is a tidewater glacier in the Qaasuitsup municipality, located on the northwestern shore of Greenland. It drains the Greenland ice sheet () southwestwards into Melville Bay. The glacier front is located to the northwest of the Tuttulikassak nunatak, with the glacier constituting the northern end of Upernavik Archipelago. Before the administrative changes on 1 January 2009 in the country, the border between the former Upernavik Municipality and the former Qaanaaq Municipality ran through Kjer Glacier. Since then, both municipalities and the entire coast of Melville Bay are part of the Qaasuitsup municipality, at the largest municipality

neg: Sophie Nowicki Sophie Nowicki Sophie Marie Jeanne Nowicki, is a physical scientist at the Nasa Goddard Space Flight Centre. She led work investigating ice sheet changes and is Deputy Chief for the Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory where she researches ice sheet dynamics and leads the Interdisciplinary Science Team. Nowicki has been a research scientist at NASA Goddard since 2009. She was Principal Investigator on a National Science Foundation project investigating Ocean-Ice Interaction in the Amundsen Sea, which concluded in 2011. Nowicki is Deputy Chief for the Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory and co-leader of the steering committee for the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for

neg: Geology of New England lakes that are “steep-sided, bowl-shaped depressions in glacial drift deposits" where large blocks of ice melted as the glacier recessed. Other notable glacial features include cirques, which are visible in mountains such as Mt. Katahdin and Crocker Mountain, indicative of glacial erosion. The Laurentide Ice Sheet, which covered Canada and what is currently the New England landscape, was a massive sheet of ice and the primary feature of the Pleistocene epoch in North America. Geologists are currently working on calculating the thinning of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which can improve the accuracy in de-glacial paleoclimate models and ice margins. Geologic

neg: Ice stream Ice stream A fast-moving ice or ice stream is a region of an ice sheet that moves significantly faster than the surrounding ice. Ice streams are a type of glacier. They are significant features of the Antarctic where they account for 10% of the volume of the ice. They are up to wide, thick, can stretch for hundreds of kilometres, and account for most of the ice leaving the ice sheet. The speed of an ice stream can be over per year, an order of magnitude faster than the surrounding ice. The shear forces at the edge of the ice

neg: Pluto can drop to , causing nitrogen to freeze as water would freeze on Earth. The same effect seen on Pluto would be observed on Earth if the Antarctic ice sheet was several times larger. The plains on Pluto's surface are composed of more than 98 percent nitrogen ice, with traces of methane and carbon monoxide. Nitrogen and carbon monoxide are most abundant on the anti-Charon face of Pluto (around 180° longitude, where Tombaugh Regio's western lobe, Sputnik Planitia, is located), whereas methane is most abundant near 300° east. The mountains are made of water ice. Pluto's surface is quite varied,

neg: Eemian Sea BP, an ice sheet more than high. As the lake bed was only a few hundred metres deep, no lake could have existed. The ice extended southward into northern Europe as far as France and eastward as far as Poland. At its recession, the Baltic Ice Lake appeared. Eemian Sea The Eemian Sea was a body of water located approximately where the Baltic Sea is now during the last interglacial, or Eemian Stage, Marine isotopic stage (MIS) 5e, roughly 130,000 to 115,000 years BP. Sea level was 5 to 7 metres higher globally than it is today, due to the

neg: Barnes Ice Cap of the ice cap. Barnes Ice Cap The Barnes Ice Cap is an ice cap located in central Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. It covers close to in the area of the Baffin Mountains. It has been thinning due to regional warming. Between 2004 and 2006, the ice cap was thinning at a rate of per year. The ice cap contains Canada's oldest ice, some of it being over 20,000 years old. It is a remnant of the Laurentide ice sheet, which covered much of Canada during the last glacial period of the Earth's current ice age. Generator Lake is located

neg: Ammassalik Municipality Ammassalik Municipality Ammassalik was one of two municipalities in Tunu, the former county of East Greenland − the other one being Illoqqortoormiut (further north). It was located in southeastern Greenland, and with an area of 232,100 km², most of it on the ice sheet, it was the largest municipality of East Greenland, now part of the new Sermersooq municipality. The population was 3,031 on 1 January 2005. Due to its size, the old municipality bordered more municipalities than any other in Greenland (10): For the most part, the old municipality boundaries were laid out as straight lines on the ice

neg: Barnes Ice Cap Barnes Ice Cap The Barnes Ice Cap is an ice cap located in central Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. It covers close to in the area of the Baffin Mountains. It has been thinning due to regional warming. Between 2004 and 2006, the ice cap was thinning at a rate of per year. The ice cap contains Canada's oldest ice, some of it being over 20,000 years old. It is a remnant of the Laurentide ice sheet, which covered much of Canada during the last glacial period of the Earth's current ice age. Generator Lake is located at the southeastern end

neg: Sea level rise a thicker part of the ice sheet is exposed, which may lead to additional ice loss. Secondly, melting of the ice shelfs, the floating extensions of the ice sheet, leads to a process named the Marine Ice Cliff Instability"." Because they function as a buttress to the ice sheet, their melt leads to additional ice flow. Melt of ice shelfs is accelerated when surface melt creates crevasses and these crevasses cause fracturing. Since most of the bedrock underlying the West Antarctic Ice Sheet lies well below sea level and ocean waters are warming, the ice sheet is becoming less stable.

neg: Great Plains but in well graded, maturely opened valleys, several hundred feet below the general level. A significant exception to the rule of mature valleys occurs, however, in the case of the Missouri, the largest river, which is broken by several falls on hard sandstones about east of the mountains. This peculiar feature is explained as the result of displacement of the river from a better graded preglacial valley by the Pleistocene ice sheet. Here, the ice sheet overspread the plains from the moderately elevated Canadian highlands far on the north-east, instead of from the much higher mountains near by on the

neg: Shawnee National Forest of the Shawnee National Forest. The 2006 Forest Plan was completed in collaboration with many environmental and public groups and is designed to maintain and enhance the forest's unique biodiversity. During the Illinoian Stage (between 352,000 and 132,000 years ago), the Laurentide ice sheet covered up to 85 percent of Illinois. The southern margin of this ice sheet was located within what is now the area of the Shawnee National Forest. There are many points of interest marking the southern edge of the glacier. Some are located within the Forest boundary, others are on public land in proximity. Little Grand

neg: Polar Circle Marathon ice sheet and the approximately 75m-high climb 5 km before the finish line. From the ice sheet to the finish line, however, the route has an overall descent of approximately 500m. The marathon finish line is located in front of Polar Lodge in the northern part of Kangerlussuaq. The half marathon finish line is located at Long Lake, just before Sanddrift Valley. The exact route description is subject to change according to the forces of nature. Key: Polar Circle Marathon The Polar Circle Marathon in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland is an annual marathon (42.195 km or 26.219 mi) that has the distinction

neg: Pine Island Glacier sea level. The ice sheet forms from snow which falls onto the continent and compacts under its own weight. The ice then moves under its own weight toward the edges of the continent. Most of this transport to the sea is by ice streams (faster moving channels of ice surrounded by slower moving "ice walls") and outlet glaciers. The Antarctic ice sheet consists of the large, relatively stable, East Antarctic Ice Sheet and a smaller, less stable, West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is drained into the sea by several large ice streams, most of which flow

neg: South Pole level, and is located about 1,300 km (800 mi) from the nearest open sea at Bay of Whales. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level. The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 metres per year in a direction between 37° and 40° west of grid north, down towards the Weddell Sea. Therefore, the position of the station and other artificial features relative to the geographic pole gradually shift over time. The Geographic South Pole

neg: Adélie Land body of 24 square metres (the "barrack") which consisted of semicylindrical sections of sheet metal assembled end to end. This form was planned to best withstand the snow pressure accumulated on it. Horizontal galleries were connected to house scientific measurement devices, while a vertical air conduit opened a few metres above the snow level provided ventilation. Cap Prud'Homme () is an Italian-French camp, opened in 1994, located on the coast of the Antarctic ice sheet, in Adélie Land, about 5 km from Petrel Island, where the French Dumont d'Urville Station is. All the supplies and equipment for the Italian-French Concordia

neg: Glacio-geological databases mathematical models of ice-sheets. Antarctic Ice Sheet: The AGGDB is a Mode 2 glacio-geological database for the Antarctic ice-sheet using information from around 150 published sources, covering glacial activity mainly from the past 30,000 years. It is available online, and aims to be comprehensive to the end of 2007. British Ice Sheet: BRITICE is a Mode 1 database which aims to map all glacial landforms of Great Britain. Eurasian Ice Sheet: DATED-1 is a Mode 2 database for the Eurasian ice-sheet. Its sister-project DATED-2 uses the information in DATED-1 to map the retreat of the Eurasian ice-sheet since the Last

neg: Ice-sheet dynamics leaving layers known as ice rafted debris. These so-called Heinrich events, named after their discoverer Hartmut Heinrich, appear to have a 7,000–10,000-year periodicity, and occur during cold periods within the last interglacial. Internal ice sheet "binge-purge" cycles may be responsible for the observed effects, where the ice builds to unstable levels, then a portion of the ice sheet collapses. External factors might also play a role in forcing ice sheets. Dansgaard–Oeschger events are abrupt warmings of the northern hemisphere occurring over the space of perhaps 40 years. While these D–O events occur directly after each Heinrich event, they also occur

neg: Burn O'Vat Burn O'Vat Burn O'Vat is an example of a pothole, located close to Loch Kinord, near the village of Dinnet in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Around 16 000 years ago, the area surrounding Burn O'Vat was covered by a glacial ice sheet. As the area warmed around 14 000 years ago, the ice sheet began to melt, resulting in a torrent of meltwater that carried with it debris previously caught up in the glacial ice. This debris, consisting of rocks and boulders, is thought likely to be the most important component of the formation of Burn O'Vat. It is thought that a

neg: GROVER GROVER GROVER or Goddard Remotely Operated Vehicle for Exploration and Research is an Earth-bound autonomous student-designed rover developed by the Goddard Space Flight Center. With this solar-powered rover, scientists hope to get cheaper data about the Greenland ice sheet that lies in a rapidly warming region. The test drive started in Summit Camp in Greenland on a three kilometer thick ice sheet, which is the highest spot on the largest island of the World. The science team is led by the glaciologist Lora Koenig from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. The test began on 3 May 2013

neg: Pine Island Glacier Satellite measurements have shown that the Pine Island Glacier Basin has a greater net contribution of ice to the sea than any other ice drainage basin in the world and this has increased due to recent acceleration of the ice stream. The ice stream is extremely remote, with the nearest continually occupied research station at Rothera, nearly away. The area is not claimed by any nations and the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any new claims while it is in force. The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest mass of ice on earth, containing a volume of water equivalent to of global

neg: Icemaker away to such an extent that in horizontal evaporator machines the water has 98% of the solids removed, resulting in very hard, virtually pure, clear ice. In vertical evaporators the ice is softer, more so if there are actual individual cube cells. Commercial ice machines can make different sizes of ice like flakers, crushed, cube, octagon, and tube. When the sheet of ice on the cold surface reaches the desired thickness, the sheet is slid down onto a grid of wires, where the sheet's weight causes it to be broken into the desired shapes, after which it falls into a

neg: Nanaimo Curling Club Nanaimo Curling Club The Nanaimo Curling Club is a curling club located in Nanaimo, British Columbia. The club plays out of the Nanaimo Curling Centre on Wall Street in Bowen Park. The club was founded in 1947 at the Nanaimo Civic Arena, though the club began regular curling play in 1949 on one sheet of ice. A four sheet curling rink was built in 1951 located immediately north of the current club site. A fifth sheet was added in 1953, at the same time the Ladies club was incorporated. The club built an eight sheet club in 1969. In 2017,

neg: Sisyphi Montes over and over again. There are a number of mountains in this range, hence the plural form of Sisyphus is used for this group of mountains. Sisyphi Montes are located in the Mare Australe quadrangle, between Argyre and Hellas impact basins. Some researchers have suggested that a large ice sheet covered much of the Mare Australe quadrangle. Sisyphi Montes consists of about 100 dome-like structures that resemble volcanoes that have erupted under ice sheets on the Earth. Similar shapes are present in Iceland. These domes are quite far from the present ice sheet (1,600 kilometers). The current cap is only

neg: Doane Rock Doane Rock Doane Rock is a glacial erratic located in Eastham, Massachusetts on the grounds of the Cape Cod National Seashore. It is the largest exposed boulder on Cape Cod. It stands 18 feet (5.5 m) high and extends below the ground an estimated 12 feet (3.7 m). This boulder is named after Deacon John Doane, one of Eastham's original settlers. It has also been called Enochs or Enos rock for the deacon’s son, as well as Great Rock. The rock was left by the glaciers (Laurentide Ice Sheet; 18,000–12,000 years ago) between what is now the Salt Pond Visitors

neg: Laurentide Ice Sheet of the Cypress Hills, beyond which it merged with the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. The ice coverage extended approximately as far south as 38 degrees latitude in the mid-continent. This ice sheet was the primary feature of the Pleistocene epoch in North America, commonly referred to as the ice age. It was up to thick in Nunavik, Quebec, Canada but much thinner at its edges where nunataks were common in hilly areas. It created much of the surface geology of southern Canada and the northern United States, leaving behind glacially scoured valleys, moraines, eskers and glacial till. It also caused many

neg: Greenland Ice Sheet Project Greenland Ice Sheet Project The Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) was a decade-long project to drill ice cores in Greenland that involved scientists and funding agencies from Denmark, Switzerland and the United States. Besides the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), funding was provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Danish Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland. The ice cores provide a proxy archive of temperature and atmospheric constituents that help to understand past climate variations. The preliminary GISP field work started in 1971 at Dye 3 (), where a 372 meter deep, 10.2 cm diameter core was recovered.