query: what year was air conditioning put in cars

pos: Automobile air conditioning Automobile air conditioning Automobile air conditioning (also called A/C) systems use air conditioning to cool the air in a vehicle. A company in New York City in the United States first offered installation of air conditioning for cars in 1933. Most of their customers operated limousines and luxury cars. In 1939, Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars. These were manufactured by Bishop and Babcock Co, of Cleveland, Ohio. The "Bishop and Babcock Weather Conditioner" also incorporated a heater. Cars ordered with the new "Weather Conditioner" were shipped from Packard's East Grand

neg: Buenos Aires Underground 200 Series well as newer forced ventilation systems to accommodate for the hot air extracted by the air conditioning units of the new rolling stock. The line re-opened in March 2013 with the 45 cars operational. They were praised for their quiet operating noise (the lowest in the network) and for their inclusion of newer features such as air conditioning, automated announcements and good lighting - which the 100-year-old La Brugeoise cars did not feature. By 2013, Line A was 3 km longer, with four more stations than what the 120 La Brugeoise cars once gave service to. This caused a serious

neg: Automobile air conditioning plastic tubes mounted on the rear window package shelf as on GM cars, small ducts directed cool air toward the ceiling of the car where it filtered down around the passengers instead of blowing directly on them, a feature that modern cars have lost. Cadillac, Buick, and Oldsmobile added air conditioning as an option on some of their models in the 1953 model year. All of these Frigidaire systems used separate engine and trunk mounted components. In 1954, the Nash Ambassador was the first American automobile to have a front-end, fully integrated heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system. The Nash-Kelvinator corporation

neg: R38 (New York City Subway car) the cars, while the evaporator units were installed on the top interior ends of the car in 1967. The first six air conditioned cars came into service on July 19, 1967. The six-week experiment was a success after past failures and air conditioning would soon, but not immediately, become standard equipment on new rolling stock built for the system, since the first 200 R40 cars were built without air conditioning. The air conditioned cars cost $40,000 more than the non-air conditioned cars. From this point on, the New York City Transit Authority began adopting air conditioning as standard equipment on

neg: 103 series and 1991. These were built between 1964 and 1970. While not originally fitted with air-conditioning, most of the cars were fitted with air conditioning from 1975. The bogies of the trailer cars were changed from TR201 to TR212 for the cars built from 1968. Cars fitted with TR212 bogies feature disc brakes, because they needed to run on higher speeds on the Jōban and Hanwa Lines. This single 10-car unit was built in 1970. It was equipped with various air conditioning units and tested on the Yamanote Line in Tokyo. It was subsequently modified to become a standard air-conditioned set

neg: Rail rolling stock in New South Wales a trailer car. Four driving trailer cars D4096–4099 were also ordered, allowing 2-car sets to be operated with power cars C3501–3504. The first 8-car set (R1) was delivered with air-conditioning, followed by 90 forced ventilation cars C3505–3549 & T4171–4215, during the delivery process for this order, C3550 and T4216 were delivered, fully fitted with air-conditioning. Following this, the next order, numbered from C3551 and T4217, were also fitted with forced-air ventilation, and were the first to be fitted with air-conditioning. The first 100 cars had their upper deck windows at the unpopular lower height of the earlier Goninan cars, the

neg: R33 (New York City Subway car) to be retrofitted with air conditioning when cars 9086/7, 9118/9, 9162/3, 9226/7, 9282/3, & 9294/5 were retrofitted at the 239 Street Yard with a modified version of the Stone Safety Air conditioning unit designed to fit on the smaller IRT cars, and by 1982 all R33 cars had received air conditioning. The cars were also rebuilt between 1986 and 1991. Before they were rebuilt, the R33 cars were grouped as follows: From 1987 until early 1991, the R33 cars were overhauled and rebuilt by the MTA's 207th Street and Coney Island Overhaul Shops. All cars were refitted with General Electric

neg: Automobile air conditioning as wind resistance, aerodynamics and engine power and weight must be considered, to find the true difference between using the air conditioning system and not using it, when estimating the actual fuel mileage. Other factors can affect the engine, and an overall engine heat increase can affect the cooling system of the vehicle. The innovation was adopted quickly and new features to air conditioning like the Cadillac Comfort Control which was a completely automatic heating and cooling system set by dial thermostat was introduced as an industry first in the 1964 model year. By 1960 about 20% of all cars

neg: Opel Rekord Series E catching options, featured for the first time on an Opel Rekord, was air conditioning, but for this feature the price was provided only "on application". The very small number of Rekord E1s delivered with air-conditioning suggests that the prices quoted were very high, and that air-conditioning was more a marker for Opel's future than a realistic option for Rekord customers in 1980. The tactic continued of stimulating sales at quiet times of year by offering special editions - cars equipped with a package of options and advertised at a lower price than the buyer would face if simply equipping a

neg: Packard as electric window lifts. But air conditioning was an anomaly. Although available on all makes by the mid-fifties, it was installed on only a handful of cars in 1955 and 1956 despite Packard's status as a luxury car. Model year sales only climbed back to 55,000 units in 1955, including Clipper, in what was a very strong year across the industry. As the 1955 models went into production, an old problem flared up. Back in 1941, Packard had outsourced its bodies to Briggs Manufacturing Company. In December 1953, Briggs was sold to Chrysler, which notified Packard that they would need

neg: Dome car maintenance costs. Other railroads that had not purchased dome cars new bought them second hand. Illinois Central purchased several cars from Missouri Pacific and Canadian National bought several cars from Milwaukee Road, for example. Because of their enormous usage of sealed glass, the cooling of the cars required massive air conditioning capacity. Maintenance and repair of these cars was costly. Breakdown of the air conditioning system on the road, even in winter, could render a car unusable. Since the 1980s dome cars have become rare since Amtrak introduced Superliner bi-level passenger cars that are 16 feet tall over the length

neg: 103 series in 1978. In 2000, four cars were scrapped at the Narashino Depot; the remaining six cars were scrapped at Keiyō Rolling Stock Center in 2005. Built during 1972 and 1973, these units were similar to the air-conditioned prototype but without air-conditioning. This type was used mainly in Osaka area. Most cars were fitted with air-conditioning from 1976. Built in 1973, they were similar to the air-conditioned prototype. They were fitted with motorized destination blinds on both sides. Built between 1974 and 1980. The front end design was changed with the driver's cab raised so that an ATC signalling system could

neg: Volkswagen Golf Mk1 Year" by "What Car?" magazine, ahead of all-new models like the Austin Metro and MK3 Ford Escort. In its final sales year of 1983 it sold more than 25,000 units and was Britain's 14th best selling car despite being almost 10 years old. Air conditioning became available as an option on the domestic market in August 1975. The ability to retrofit the system, together with installing a larger battery, was offered to owners of existing cars. In December 1975 a minor styling revision deleted the Swallowtail line on the rear hatch, replacing it with a simple straight horizontal body-line. The

neg: KRL Commuterline rolling stocks are composed of domestically made air-conditioned cars produced by Industri Kereta Api (INKA) air-conditioned along with second-hand rail cars imported from Japan. Trains are generally formed of 6 or 8 cars, with a capacity of 80–110 passengers per car. With the arrival of the ex-Japanese JR 205 series, PT. Kereta Api Indonesia will begin operation of 10 or 12 cars trainset. Train without air conditioning (mainly economy class) are no longer operated as KCJ (the operator) begins the single-service operation of air-conditioned trainsets. One set of ex-economy class (Holec) has been retrofitted with air conditioning by INKA. Moreover,

neg: R38 (New York City Subway car) advertisement cards as well, a similar setup to the last 150 R32 cars delivered in 1965-1966 numbered 3800-3949. The R38s were arranged in "married pairs" of two cars semi-permanently coupled together by a drawbar. Like the R32s before them, the R38s had body siding made of stainless steel. Even-numbered cars were known as "B" cars, while odd-numbered cars were known as "A" cars. The R38 was the first subway car fleet to have air conditioning installed. The last ten cars delivered (4140–4149) came factory equipped with Stone Safety 10-ton split system air conditioning system featuring the compressor/condenser units mounted under

neg: R17 (New York City Subway car) were two versions of the R17: General Electric-powered cars (6500-6699) and Westinghouse Electric-powered cars (6700-6899). Cars 6800-6809 were factory equipped with air conditioning when delivered. However, the air conditioning experiment was considered a failure, and the cars were refitted with standard axiflow fans between 1962 and 1964. As delivered, R17s came with low-running lights and very comfortable foam rubber seats. In 1957, sealed beam headlights were added to the cars. Additionally, vandalism and wear & tear contributed to rapid and frequent damage to the original seats, leading the Transit Authority to replace the seats with hard fiberglass benches similar in

neg: R38 (New York City Subway car) all new cars, and older model cars were retrofitted with AC units to make life much more bearable throughout the subway system. The Stone Safety Air Conditioning system was adopted from their standard railroad and commuter coach air conditioning systems, and it proved very successful. In March 1965, the New York City Transit Authority, continuing its program of car replacement, ordered 200 additional cars for the B Division from the Saint Louis Car Division of General Steel Industries at the cost of $22,552,600. These cars were the first to replace cars for the IND since it started operation in 1932.

neg: Victorian Railways E type carriage this car was the prototype car for air conditioning carriages in VR service, the test for the "Spirit of Progress" cars. 36AE entered service 13 December 1935, after air conditioning modifications, which took seven months to complete. In 1961, it was renumbered 49BE. The car was destroyed in a derailment at Laverton during 1978. Some cars were leased to the South Australian Railways following World War II; as of 1950 they included 4AE, 11AE, 13AE and 14AE. In 1952 cars 7 and 8AE were sold to the South Australian Railways to become their 550 and 551. The cars were later

neg: GEA Bock to the field of automotive air conditioning systems in the 1960s, becoming one of the pioneers in the process. The company developed and built the first air conditioning units "made in Germany" for cars that were not only used in luxury cars - even the Volkswagen beetle had a Bock air-conditioning system. In December 2009, the Bock EFC system received the BMU (German Environment Ministry) "climate protection and refrigeration technology" award in Refrigeration Technology from Norbert Röttgen, the German minister for environment. Since 31 March 2011, Bock is part of the Segment Refrigeration Technologies of the GEA Group and changed

neg: R27 (New York City Subway car) R27s were planned to run for many years to come, but all cars except 8042 were instead retired by the summer of 1989 due to reliability problems and the lack of air conditioning on the cars. 8042 was the last R27 to operate; it was mated to R30 car 8513 and ran on the C until the early 1990s. After retirement, most cars were sent to what is now Sims Metal Management's Newark facility to be scrapped and processed. Some cars were retained as movie props, but were ultimately scrapped as well. However, car 8145 was retained as a school

neg: 123 series pantographs. Inverter-controlled air-conditioning was added in December 1988. These cars were modified in June 1989 at Hamamatsu Works by JR Central from earlier KuMoHa 123-40 series cars, with the addition of inverter-controlled air-conditioning. These cars were modified by JR Central from earlier KuMoHa 123-40 and KuMoHa 123-5040 series cars, for use on "wanman" driver only operation services on the Minobu Line. Gangway doors were also added on conversion. The last remaining 123 series car operated by JR East was withdrawn from the start of the revised timetable on 15 March 2013, with operations replaced by E127 series two-car EMUs. 123

neg: NSW TrainLink V set 1993 the distinctive gold tinted windows were replaced by charcoal ones. Starting in May 1995 the earlier carriages were overhauled by A & Co, Broadmeadow as part of the CityDecker program. This saw the DCMs receive driver's cab air conditioning, destination indicators and ditchlights where not already fitted. The fibreglass end was repainted grey and yellow. This was later changed to blue and yellow. Eventually all cars were put through the program with those with yellow interiors being refurbished in the same cream interior with green seats style as the older cars. On 1 July 2013, a refurbishment of the

neg: Mary Fragedakis the TTC in late 2016.On the Board she was a strong advocate for improving public transit. In 2017, she moved a motion to find the $1.2 million for the subway reliability program, which TTC CEO Andy Byford told council would help cut down on track-related subway delays by up to 30 per cent.“I think we owe it to subway users. I know they’ve put up with a lot of subway closures, they’ve put up with no air conditioning on subway cars, they’ve put up with trains too full to get on in the morning and other delays,” Mary Fragedakis. During

neg: Wairarapa Connection services were used on the interim. These included two former Auckland charter cars that were refurbished in 1993, which later became "no frills" NIMT passenger cars offering cheaper accommodation, later fitted with air-conditioning. These two cars were then permanently allocated to the Wairarapa. From 1995 until 2001 two former Bay Express cars operated on the service line irregularly. A former 1988 Southerner car turned NIMT no-frills car, later fitted with air-conditioning, was then permanently allocated to the Wairarapa. The sole remaining former single-lavatory first-class car, which served in the 1970 Southerner, 1988 Northerner and, as a "Backpackers" car, the TranzCoastal

neg: Market–Frankford Line run between 69th Street and Frankford Transportation Center on a slightly more frequent 15-minute interval. In the early 1990s, the Market–Frankford Line was in need of new rolling stock. The M-3 cars were approaching the end of their expected useful lifespan, as well as being increasingly scrutinized for their shaky ride quality and lack of air conditioning. SEPTA placed an order for 220 new rail cars, each costing $1.29 million. These cars, designated Class M-4, were manufactured by Adtranz (now Bombardier Transportation) and delivered between 1997 and 1999. These cars are equipped with AC traction motors, air conditioning, LCD signage,

neg: R30/A (New York City Subway car) with air-conditioning; installation would have been costly and would have added too much weight to the cars. Additionally, at the time, ridership was declining on the subway, which created an excessively large surplus of subway cars. The last of the overhauled R30s were retired from passenger service on June 25, 1993 on the train. The Electric Railroaders Association then sponsored a "Farewell to the R30 Fan Trip". After retirement, most cars were sent to what is now Sims Metal Management's Newark facility to be scrapped and processed. Some cars were retained as movie props, but many were ultimately scrapped as

neg: KiHa 150 have double-glazed sealed windows with air-conditioning. Ten KiHa 150-100 cars (KiHa 150-101 to 110) were delivered in May 1993 and allocated to Tomakomai Depot for use on Muroran Main Line duties. These cars have no air-conditioning, with inward-opening hopper windows. External livery included a broad light green waistline stripe, as on the second batch of KiHa 150-0 cars. KiHa 150 The is a single-car diesel multiple unit operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) in Japan. A total of 27 cars were built, with the class divided into two sub-classes: KiHa 150-0 (17 cars) and KiHa 150-100 (10 cars). Ten

neg: Chrysler Imperial Crowns. Also, 1953 was the first year that the Imperial had a one-piece windshield, instead of a two-piece one. A padded dash was standard. The 1953 Chrysler Imperial was the first production car in twelve years to actually have automotive air conditioning, following tentative experiments by Packard in 1940 and Cadillac in 1941. Walter P. Chrysler had seen to the invention of Airtemp air conditioning back in the 1930s for the Chrysler Building, and had ostensibly offered it on cars in 1941-42, and again in 1951-52, but none are known to have been sold in the latter form until the

neg: Dodge Viper (SR II) to for 1998. Lighter hyper-eutectic pistons and factory frame improvements were made for the Viper in 2000. 2002 would be the final year of production for the SR II generation of the Viper. To commemorate the final year, 360 "Final Edition" cars (326 coupes and 34 ACR special edition cars) were built. The Viper ACR was introduced in 1996, as an optional performance package. The package included a revised air intake, removal of the air conditioning and radio, and adjustable suspension. The car also included unique 18-inch BBS wheels along with interior updates and power windows. A lap record was

neg: Yugo cars still showing no signs of rust, tears in the seats, or major engine issues after more than 20 years. 1989 was considered a "golden year" for Yugos because almost 200,000 were built that year, and many can still be seen on the road today. Also, cars were usually branded Yugo instead of Zastava during that period, because the company was taking pride in the (at the time) good sales and reputation established in the export markets, especially in the United States. In 1990, a batch of 450 cars with automatic transmissions and air conditioning was shipped to the United

neg: Hyundai Elantra and is currently known as the Hyundai Celesta. In Singapore, the Singapore Police Force has used the Hyundai Elantra police cars as Fast Response Cars (first Korean police patrol cars in Singapore) that are commonly seen alongside the Toyota Corolla Altis police cars. Only the 2.0-liter engine was offered in North America. Unlike the 2006 model year XD series, the 2007 model year base HD Elantra GLS trim did not include air conditioning as standard equipment, but added side curtain airbags (previously front and side only), active head restraints and all-round disc brakes with four-channel ABS. The Elantra offered the

neg: Cadillac Orleans Cadillac Orleans The Cadillac Orleans was a concept car designed by Cadillac for the 1953 auto show circuit. It was the first four-door hardtop concept. The hardtop design eliminated the traditional B-pillar found on most cars of the era. Powered by a Cadillac V8 engine with an output of , the Orleans was never put into production. The design innovations on this car would not be put into a production car until the 1956 Sedan de Ville. The car also featured suicide doors, a wrap around windshield, full air conditioning, and several safety improvement attempts, such as a feature which

neg: CTrain council approved an order for 33 additional SD-160 vehicles from Siemens to not only address overcrowding, but to accommodate the NE extension to McKnight–Westwinds and the NW extension to Crowfoot. These new SD160s started to enter service in November, 2006. In December 2006, CT extended the order by seven cars to a total of 40 cars, which had all been delivered by the spring of 2008. This brought the total of first-generation SD 160s to 72 cars numbered 2201 – 2272. These cars were all delivered without air conditioning, and retrofitted with air conditioning between 2009 and 2011. In November

neg: R36 World's Fair (New York City Subway car) "anti-graffiti" covering by 1982. By 1982, all cars had received air conditioning as part of a retrofitting program replacing the original Axiflow ceiling fans. The R36s were the first cars to be rebuilt in the NYCTA's General Overhaul Program (GOH) in the 1980s. This program improved car life by rebuilding older cars and keeping other cars in a state of good repair. A trial rebuild program was done on selected Westinghouse R36 cars in 1981-83. Beginning in late 1984, the other R36 cars were rebuilt at rate of 200 cars per year, with the majority of them done in-house at

neg: Chichibu Railway 1000 series Chichibu Railway 1000 series The was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type for local services operated by Chichibu Railway in Japan from 1986 until March 2014. Twelve three-car trains were converted in 1986 from former JNR 101 series commuter EMUs. Conversion included the addition of a second pantograph on the DeHa 1000 cars and the inclusion of a luggage area at the cab ends separated by a curtain arrangement. Air-conditioning was added to the end cars from fiscal 1994, with the centre cars in each set left without air-conditioning. The trains were modified for "wanman" driver only operation from

neg: History of the Long Island Rail Road electric coaches, the M1 cars, replaced the aging Multiple Unit fleet. The cars were put into service between 1968 and 1972. The cars were called "Metropolitans", and they were clad in stainless steel, with air-conditioning and lighting, as well as semi-bucket seating. Quarter point doors were installed in order to speed loading and unloading from high-level platforms. High-level platforms were required by the design of the M1 and LIRR carpenters engaged in a speeded up program to build temporary high-level platforms at all stations within electrified territory. All electrified branches became completely equipped with high-level platforms when the final branch,

neg: Buenos Aires Underground rolling stock on that line. These cars began to be refurbished in 2014, equipped with air conditioning, new lighting and upholstery, among other changes. The refurbishment of the 78 Nagoya cars is set to be completed in 2015–2016. In 2014, 30 additional cars were purchased from the Nagoya Municipal Subway began to arrive in the country, belonging to the newer 5000 Series. With the incorporation of these trains in 2015, the line will consist of 108 Nagoya cars, though from different series and refurbished to increase the uniformity among them. No long term plans have been made as to what rolling stock

neg: R40/A (New York City Subway car) last ten R38 cars, and became standard equipment on all future subway cars purchased from this point onward. As a result of the air conditioning, the standee poles were arranged in an alternating pattern rather than the straight-line pattern seen in the R40s, which lacked air conditioning systems/units until their overhauls. Due to the cosmetic and mechanical similarities shared by the straight-ended R40As and R42s, the two fleets often ran together, since they were, for all practical purposes, the same car type. In fact, one pair of cars consisted of an R40A car mated to an R42 car. This was

neg: Sustainable automotive air conditioning be adopted across the whole industry by end-2007. However, on 9 April 2009, German public television channel ARD aired a report claiming that VDA members would be using loopholes in the law to avoid complying with the EU directive. Sustainable automotive air conditioning Sustainable automotive air conditioning is the subject of a debate – nicknamed the "Cool War" – about the next-generation refrigerant in car air conditioning. The Alliance for CO Solutions supports the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO) as a refrigerant in passenger cars, and the chemical industry is developing new chemical blends. The Alliance and its supporters –

neg: Sustainable automotive air conditioning Sustainable automotive air conditioning Sustainable automotive air conditioning is the subject of a debate – nicknamed the "Cool War" – about the next-generation refrigerant in car air conditioning. The Alliance for CO Solutions supports the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO) as a refrigerant in passenger cars, and the chemical industry is developing new chemical blends. The Alliance and its supporters – scientists, NGOs and business leaders – urge the car industry to replace high global warming chemical substances with the natural refrigerant carbon dioxide (CO, R744/ R-744) in car cooling and heating. This, they argue, would lead to 10% less

neg: Tobu 5000 series two-car 5500 series sets. These sets were initially not air-conditioned, and used the ventilators and motor generators removed from 8000 series sets that had been refurbished with air-conditioning. These four sets were also subsequently modified with air-conditioning between July 1984 and March 1985. The 5000 series sets were all withdrawn by 2003. The four-car 5000 series and two-car 5500 series sets operated on the Tobu Tojo Line, and were formed as follows with the 5100 and 5500 cars at the Ikebukuro end. The 5300 cars were fitted with two pantographs. The 5500 cars were fitted with one pantograph. Following on

neg: NSW TrainLink V set the trailers. The cars built were: DIM 8037-8068 and were the last cars to be delivered with the "Blue Goose" moulded fibreglass ends, cream & wood veneer interiors and green seats. DIM 8069-8092 were built with a white moulded fibreglass end incorporating the State Rail Authority's corporate colours of red, orange and yellow, yellow interiors, newer air conditioning technology and ditchlights. These can be distinguished from the earlier DIMs by the air-conditioning grille cover. Advancements in technology saw a thyristor chopper system fitted to the next batch of power cars, coded DJM. The chopper cars gave a smoother and quieter

neg: Tatra (company) they were not permitted to buy them. The cars were reserved for the Communist Party elite, industrial officials, as well as being exported to most other communist nations as official state cars. Notably, Cuban President Fidel Castro had a white Tatra 603, custom-fitted with air conditioning. Tatra 603s were built until 1975, a twenty-year reign as one of Communism's finest cars. Numerous improvements were made during its production run, although not all vehicles built were actually new but rather reconditioned. In exchange for a newer model year car, the older vehicle was returned to the factory. There, it was upgraded

neg: NSW TrainLink V set Coloured Fault Lights. Mesh Resistor covering on roof. Series 4 NSWGR Contract 7/82 - Comeng contract 8205 - specification 2505 amended Davies & Metcalf brake valves. Sigma Yellow Light air conditioning. Crew air conditioning installed. Low dashboard (High from DIM8090). Text fault lights. Mesh resistor covering on roof. Series 5 A continuation of the contract for Series 4, these cars were fitted with Chopper controls. NSWGR Contract 7/82 - Comeng Contract 8205 - Specification 2505 CH Davies & Metcalf brake valves. Sigma Yellow Light air conditioning. Crew air conditioning installed. High dashboard. Text fault lights. Slatted covering on roof over

neg: Automobile air conditioning used its experience in refrigeration to introduce the automobile industry's first compact and affordable, single-unit heating and air conditioning system optional for its Nash models. This was the first mass market system with controls on the dash and an electric clutch. This system was also compact and serviceable with all of its components installed under the hood or in the cowl area. Combining heating, cooling, and ventilating, the new air conditioning system for the Nash cars was called the "All-Weather Eye". This followed the marketing name of "Weather Eye" for Nash's fresh-air automotive heating and ventilating system that was first

neg: Victorian Railways E type carriage roof of 33CE-37CE. From 1935 the E fleet started to gain automatic couplers, along with strengthened underframes, anti-telescoping beams at either end, air-conditioning and rubber pads in the bogies to reduce vibration and noise. 36AE was the first pure-sitting car in the British Empire to be fitted with this system; other non-VR cars had been fitted previously, but these were all at least partial buffet or sleeping cars. Notably, 36AE had almost-full-length ducts for the air conditioning system on either side of its clerestory roof; this gave a similar appearance to the curved roof carriages. In 1937, AE cars 21,

neg: Santa Fe de Luxe and was withdrawn on May 1, 1917. It took the Pullman Company almost a year to design and build the 12 heavyweight steel underframe cars of the two identical consists of the "de Luxe", one of which was: The cars were lavishly furnished and had electric lighting. Drawing room passengers slept in brass beds instead of the usual berths. The dining cars featured the first attempt at air conditioning on rail passenger cars; the dining room was cooled in the summer with large blocks of ice. The trains were pulled by the best available of the road's passenger pool locomotives.

neg: Oldsmobile 88 fresh air vents, called "Summer Ventilation", which replaced the pull level type vents. This control panel was located on the left of the steering column. Cars equipped with factory air conditioning replaced the vent control panel with the air conditioning panel, which also contained its own blower switch. These cars also sported round dash vents for the delivery of A/C airflow. Dynamic 88s received aqua dashboard panel inserts with "OLDSMOBILE" lettering, while Super 88s received panels with that model's nomenclature on the insert. All full-sized Oldsmobiles underwent extensive body and trim revisions for 1963. Most of the underlying basic body

neg: Refrigerant of more than 150 in automotive air conditioning (GWP = 100 year warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of CO). This will ban potent greenhouse gases such as the refrigerant HFC-134a (also known as R-134a in North America) —which has a GWP of 1410—to promote safe and energy-efficient refrigerants. One of the most promising alternatives is CO (R-744). Carbon dioxide is non-flammable, non-ozone depleting, has a global warming potential of 1. R-744 can be used as a working fluid in climate control systems for cars, residential air conditioning, hot water pumps, commercial refrigeration, and

neg: Automobile air conditioning Boulevard facility to the B&B factory where the conversion was performed. Once complete, the car was shipped to a local dealer where the customer would take delivery. Packard fully warranted and supported this conversion, and marketed it well. However, it was not commercially successful for a number of reasons: The option was discontinued after 1941. The 1953 Chrysler Imperial was one of the first production cars in twelve years to offer modern automobile air conditioning as an option, following tentative experiments by Packard in 1940 and Cadillac in 1941. Walter Chrysler had seen to the invention of Airtemp air conditioning

neg: MAX Light Rail be hung. All later cars have been delivered from the manufacturer with these bike hooks already installed. In 2014–2016, the rollsign-type destination signs in these cars and the almost-identical Type 3 cars were gradually replaced with digital signs in a two-year conversion program. The second series of Siemens SD660 cars, TriMet's "Type 3" MAX light rail vehicle, are outwardly identical to the Type 2 cars in design, the primary difference being various technical upgrades. Siemens installed an improved air-conditioning system, more ergonomic seats and automatic passenger counters using photoelectric sensors above the doorways. The Type 3 cars were the first

neg: R36 (New York City Subway car) they were built from unfinished car body shells of the latter. Though the cars were originally delivered without air conditioning, all cars in this series received air conditioning as part of a retrofitting program in 1982. The R36s entered service on the on July 24, 1964. The R36s ran on the IRT main lines (Broadway–Seventh Avenue and Lexington Avenue)-mainly on the ' and '-until their overhauls. After overhauls, they were transferred to the ' from 1984 to 1988, and were transferred to the ' from 1988 to 2001. During this time, some cars also provided occasional service on the route,

neg: NZR 56-foot carriage with lounge seating and a large panoramic window in one end, one car incorporating a servery, but no special classification distinguished these cars from the other AOs or ASOs. Other carriages were given upgraded seating and new paint colours but remained on the older style bogies and without air conditioning, for commuter and charter use. Later, some of these cars included air conditioning but retained the smaller Supavent windows 56 ft carriages with large observation windows were kept as a charter fleet, but otherwise are no longer used on mainline passenger services. A large number of cars are now either

neg: Meitetsu KiHa 8000 series series cars, such as air-conditioning. The "Takayama" service was renamed to "Northern Alps" in 1970, due to the opening of various stations on the line; despite this, the KiHa 8000 series cars were still used on those services. However, by 1989, more advanced diesel multiple units were being developed by various manufacturers, and the obsolescence of the KiHa 8000 series cars were starting to show. All operations of the "Northern Alps" service were transferred to newer KiHa 8500 series diesel railcars by 1991, and the last few KiHa 8000 series cars were retired that same year. No KiHa 8000 series

neg: 455 series with the completion of AC electrification of the route between and Sendai via the Ou Main Line and Senzan Line, 455 series trains were introduced on "Giō" services operating between Ueno and Yamagata. From the late 1960s, JNR was beginning to install air-conditioning on its trains, and 455 series cars built from June 1968 were designed to allow air-conditioning to be added easily at a later date. Air-conditioning was subsequently retrofitted between 1969 and 1975. With the opening of the Tohoku Shinkansen, the number of express services in the region were cut back from the start of the 15 November

neg: Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 retained, having performed better than expected. The wheelchair space was made available on the end of two mid-train cars, nearest to the lifts in above-ground stations. LED displays that blink to warn passengers of closing doors were introduced in the upper middle section of the door. Additional loudspeakers and advertisement panels were also introduced. Hand grips were moved to the support bars of the seats on the ceiling and grabpoles were located near the doors and at both ends of each carriage. The air-conditioning system was modified to match the system used in the C751B cars, with air-conditioning vents and

neg: Brown Line (CTA) otherwise the Brown Line's 3200-series cars will remain in service on the line until the 2030s if the options are not picked up. In the meantime, CTA is currently in the process of overhauling the 3200-series cars with color LED destination signs (similar to the 5000-series cars), new air conditioning systems, and rebuilt propulsion systems, passenger door motors, and wheel/axle assemblies. The 3200-series rehabilitation began in 2015 and will be completed in 2018. Later that year, some of the Brown Line's 3200-series cars will be transferred to the Blue Line, with some of the Orange Line's 2600-series cars being transferred

neg: Montreal Metro other systems, Montreal's cars do not have air conditioning. In summer, the lack of cooled air can make trips uncomfortable for passengers. The claim, stated by the STM, is that the Metro being built entirely underground, air conditioning would heat the tunnels potentially creating a larger problem (the subway system in Sapporo also suffers from that same issue). Montreal's Metro trains are made of low-alloy high-tensile steel, painted blue with a thick white stripe running lengthwise. Trains are assembled in three-, six- or nine-car lengths. Each three-car segment element consists of two motor cab cars encompassing a trailer car (M-T-M).

neg: Chevrolet Corvette (C3) A short model year resulted in a disproportionately low production volume of 17,316, down nearly 60%. Rare options: ZR1 special engine package (25), shoulder belts in convertibles (475), LT-1 engine (1,287). 1971 cars were virtually identical in appearance to the previous model inside and out. This was the final year for the fiber optics light monitoring system, the headlight washer system, and the M22 heavy duty 4-speed manual gearbox. For the first time, air conditioning was installed on most of the cars, with nearly 53 percent so ordered. Engines were detuned with reduced compression ratios to tolerate lower octane fuel.

neg: Volvo 900 Series for the 1997 model year, and in Australia from March 1997. The new name coincided with an improved air conditioning system. All US cars were equipped with an electronically controlled Aisin AW-series automatic transmission. Beginning in the 1995 model year, European cars with the 2.5 L engines were also available with a manual transmission, the so-called M90, a strong new design that was derived from the Volvo 850's transmission. With the demise of the 2.5 L engine, the M90 was paired with a detuned version () of the 3.0 L engine. Production of the 960 and its S90 and V90

neg: Silverliner made such an impression that the name has since been applied to all subsequent MU classes purchased by SEPTA for the Regional Rail services. What came to be known as the Silverliner Is were a set of 6 pilot EMUs making use of Budd's prototype Pioneer III railcar design. The 6 Pioneer III cars were purchased in response to the increasing age of the PRR's MP54 fleet, some of which had been in service since 1915. While 100 of the MP54s had been rebuilt in 1950 with increased power and air conditioning, the old cars still suffered from a small

neg: 113 series operate in colder areas. These sets were the first of the 113 series, and were put to use on the Sobu and Yokosuka Lines. They had the same body structure as the 111 series, only the driver's cab had been extended. In 1970, AU73X, AU74X, AU75X type air conditioning was fitted experimentally to sets operated in the Kansai area. The test was successful, and hence was fitted into the majority of the cars. Production of the -0 series ceased in 1973, and most sets have now been withdrawn. Three 113-0 sets were transferred to JR Shikoku from JR East for

neg: Hudson Hornet a Packard-built V8 engine producing and Packard's Ultramatic automatic transmission. The rear suspension now incorporated a torque tube system for the driveshaft and coil spring rear suspension along with front springs that are twice as long as most other cars. Along with Nash, the new Hudsons had the widest front seats in the industry. The Weather Eye heating and ventilation with an optional air conditioning system were highly rated in terms of efficiency. The integrated placement of major air conditioning systems under the hood and the price of only $395 (about half the cost as on other cars) also won

neg: Keikyu 1000 series air-conditioning from new, whereas earlier sets were subsequently retrofitted with air-conditioning. Withdrawals commenced in 1986 with the arrival of 1500 series trains. In 2008, one four-car set and one six-car set were repainted in early liveries to mark the 110th anniversary of Keikyu. A special farewell train ran on 27 June 2010, and the last 1000 series sets remained in operation until 28 June on the Daishi Line. A number of 1000 series cars were resold to the Takamatsu-Kotohira Electric Railroad ("Kotoden") in Shikoku, becoming the 1080 series and 1300 series. Other cars were also resold to the Hokuso Railway,

neg: Transport in Cairo the 381 from Imbaba to the Airport) have air-conditioning and wi-fi and cost 5LE. Recently most of the CTA buses do not have working air-conditioning. Other transport services includes the traditional Cairo Taxi and Micro-buses, both are privately run by individuals. The Micro-buses are the cheapest form of transport in Cairo, yet not very reliable. The traditional Cairo Taxi is also run by individuals and usually operate on older models of cars that are being replaced by the effective Cairo Cab for a more modern look in the city. Egyptians use cabs, cars, and the Nile ferry as methods of

neg: Automobile air conditioning in the 1930s for the Chrysler Building, and had offered it on cars in 1941-42, and again in 1951-52. The Airtemp was more advanced than rival automobile air conditioners by 1953. It was operated by a single switch on the dashboard marked with low, medium, and high positions. As the highest capacity unit available at that time, the system was capable of quickly cooling the passenger compartment and also reducing humidity, dust, pollen, and tobacco smoke. The system drew in more outside air than contemporary systems; thus, reducing the staleness associated with automotive air conditioning at the time. Instead of

neg: Shelby Series 1 and was put on hold. Over $5,000,000 US was invested into the Series 2 project, but only the three Series II prototypes were built. The Series 1 was produced in both supercharged and naturally aspirated versions (but supercharger was optional). Supercharged cars were also outfitted by the factory with larger brakes and a heavy duty clutch. Performance is in the "supercar" category with a 0-60 time at 3.2 seconds. Nicely optioned, Series 1 had power steering, power disc brakes, factory air conditioning, power windows, and an AM/FM/CD audio system. The convertible top folded away out of sight in a compartment

neg: Citroën Ami used on the first generation three-door Citroën C4. This design feature first appeared on the US 1953 Packard Balboa-X show car. It was first put into production on the 1957 Mercury Turnpike Cruiser and 1958-1960 Lincoln Continentals. (In the American cars the rear window could be opened as an aid to ventilation before air conditioning became standardised, and in the American fashion was given a name, the "Breezeway Window"). The later Ami 8 saloon has a fastback rear window. It was redesigned by the French car design and bodywork company, Heuliez. Most notable changes were the front part and bonnet

neg: BMW 6 Series (E24) that the S38 engine is used instead of the M88. Compared with the M88, the S38 has a catalytic converter, the compression ratio reduced to 9.8:1, a double row timing chain, a shorter camshaft duration and a simplified exhaust manifold. The power output for the North American E24 M6 is , which is 30 hp less than the European M635CSi. Standard equipment on the United States market M6 cars included many features which were optional on the European cars, including heated power seats, self-leveling rear suspension, beverage chiller (cooled by an air-conditioning system) between the rear seats, air-conditioning vents for

neg: Brilliance BS4 a "sloppy" five-speed manual gear box is offered. Ride quality is "reasonably comfortable" but steering is "vague". The car has electronically adjustable leather seats, air conditioning and electronic parking assistance. Interior plastic is "harsh and cheap" and leather quality "cheap". However ESC, which has become mainstream for European cars of this class, is not offered. A precise date for a European press launch of the BS4 was never announced. The car is produced under licence by North Korean automaker Pyeonghwa as the Pyeonghwa Hwiparam II. In the year it was launched in China, over 30,000 cars were sold. However, by

neg: Pontiac Bonneville 315 and also were available as hearses. The Bonneville name first appeared in 1954 on a pair of bubble-topped GM Motorama concept cars called the Bonneville Special, sharing an appearance with the Chevrolet Corvette. It entered the production lineup as a high-performance, fuel-injected luxury convertible version of the Star Chief in 1957, and was loaded with every available option as standard equipment with the exception of air conditioning and a continental kit. This put the Bonneville in a Cadillac-like price range of $5,782.00 - more than double the base price of the Chieftain on which it was built, with the

neg: Canadian Light Rail Vehicle were replaced by the T1 subway cars. However, during the CLRV/ALRV streetcar fleet overhaul project between 2011 and 2012 the TTC reconfigured the streetcar horns with new air horns or automobile-type electric horns. CLRV 4041 is the only member of the CLRV/ALRV fleet to have an air conditioning unit, which the TTC installed in 2006. The unit was a long roof-mounted box with beveled sides that gave 4041 a look distinct from that of other CLRVs. TTC operator Stanley Mamaraj described 4041's air conditioning as "The cool air comes down. You can feel it, it's nice and cool." However, after

neg: Victorian Railways E type carriage 26 and 34 were to be converted to buffet cars of a similar internal arrangement to the previously existing buffet cars; only one buffet car was completed (and named Taggerty in 1939) due to World War 2, with the other two cars later converted to partial buffets and named Kiewa (ex 21AE) and Moyne (ex 26AE). These latter two were released to service in 1955 on the Warrnambool and Horsham lines. They were also the last E cars to be fitted with air conditioning. By the late 1930s, the 13 air-conditioned E cars (AE 1, 3, 12, 36, BE 4,

neg: Grand Hotel (Mackinac Island) Due to the building's design it was difficult to add air conditioning to the guest rooms. Air conditioning was installed in 170 guest rooms after water heat exchangers in the bathrooms were added. The exchangers cool the air through contact with the cold water system. Mackinac Island does not permit motor vehicles (except for emergency vehicles and, in winter, snowmobiles), and transport to and from the dock to the hotel is via horse-drawn carriage. The only other motor vehicles allowed in recent history were cars brought over for the filming of "Somewhere in Time". During the winter months, when ice

neg: Weather Eye optional for its all Nash Ambassador, Statesman and Rambler models. It was a true vapor-compression refrigeration system with a compact under the hood and cowl area installation. Combining heating, cooling, and ventilating, the new air conditioning system for the Nash cars was called the "All-Weather Eye". The 1954 Nash models were the first American automobiles to have a front-end, fully integrated heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system. This was the first mass market system with controls on the dash and an electrically-engaged clutch. This "first true refrigerated air conditioner system" for automobiles was also compact and easily serviceable with all of

neg: Taipei Metro C301 underwent refurbishment, and were fitted with new air-conditioning, surveillance, and fire detection systems. The original wood-style flooring was replaced with mostly white flooring, and the previously red LED in-train information systems were replaced with new LED in-train information systems. The first 11 C301 trains also received new IGBT-VVVF propulsion systems from Bombardier Transportation in 2013. Train set 013/014 had been previously split and modified to serve as 3-car formations on the Xinbeitou Branch Line. When new 3-car formation C371 cars were made, train set 013/014 was subsequently re-joined and put back into normal service on Tamsui–Xinyi line. Train set 013/014

neg: Aston Martin DBR9 has been added. The engine develops and . The DBR9 goes from 0 to in 3.4 seconds, and 0 to in 6.4 seconds. For the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans, Prodrive made modifications to the DBR9 design to not only improve performance, but also to increase driver comfort in the cockpit. Due to new regulations put into place by Le Mans organizers, the DBR9 required the installation of an air conditioning unit, to prevent overstressing drivers. Prodrive went further by putting a heat-resistant white roof on all new cars to assist in keeping cockpit temperatures down. Performance modifications included

neg: Willis Carrier response to an air quality problem experienced at the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company of Brooklyn, Willis Carrier submitted drawings for what became recognized as the world's first modern air conditioning system. The 1902 installation marked the birth of air conditioning because of the addition of humidity control, which led to the recognition by authorities in the field that A/C must perform four basic functions: After several more years of refinement and field testing, on January 2, 1906, Carrier was granted for an "Apparatus for Treating Air," the world's first spray-type air conditioning equipment. It was designed to humidify or

neg: Mazda MX-5 (NA) and stereo were added as standard equipment in later years. In 1993, 1,500 LE (Limited Edition) cars were produced. This model featured red leather interior, upgraded stereo, Nardi shift knob, leather-wrapped steering wheel, cruise control, limited-slip differential, power windows, power mirrors, power steering, air conditioning, BBS wheels, Bilstein shocks, front and rear spoilers, ABS brakes, stainless sill plates, and Harley style peanut tank door speaker trim. All 1993 LE cars came in black. For the 1994 model year, the first-generation MX-5 was freshened with the introduction of the more powerful "BP-ZE" engine, dual airbags and a limited-slip differential in some

neg: Tobu 8000 series with air-conditioning, but from June 1972, three 6-car air-conditioned sets (8156 to 8158) were delivered. The originally non-fitted sets were also modified with air-conditioning from October 1973 until 1983 at the Alna Kōki (now Alna Sharyō) factory in Osaka and Tsuha Sharyō factory in Nishiarai, Tokyo. In May 1977, the first eight-car 8000 series set (8173) was delivered for use on the Tojo Line. October 1979 saw the last two digits of individual car running numbers exceed 99, resulting in some cars receiving five-digit (8xxxx) running numbers. The last two sets built, 81120 and 8580, were delivered in 1983. The

neg: MF 01 assigned four manufacturers to manufacture different components of the train cars. This process delayed the delivery by a year due to poor collaboration between the four companies, but the RATP has seen a drop in costs. The exterior design of the MF 01 was the result of a design competition, and the winning design is similar to the MP 89. The interior also looks similar to MP 89's interior, carrying on features like interconnecting gangways between cars, but with new security features added. The trains are the first rolling stock on the Paris Metro to include air-conditioning. Additionally, the MF

neg: Southerner (New Zealand train) earlier (see below), along with three refurbished Auckland excursion cars and their 37.5 kW FM van, and the first of the two "Bay Express" panorama cars was also allocated to the train as the initial attempt to re-equip it with panorama cars. In September 1995, five of the first batch of 11 non-air-conditioned panorama cars were thoroughly overhauled, air-conditioning and a new-style seat (as in the third three-car "Northerner" and "Overlander" set) were installed. Two of these were permanently allocated to the "Southerner", the second two temporarily, with the fifth juggling duties between Invercargill, Greymouth and Picton. The two original

neg: Air conditioning was formed to meet rising demand. Over time, air conditioning came to be used to improve comfort in homes and automobiles as well. Residential sales expanded dramatically in the 1950s. In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning", using it in a patent claim he filed that year as an analogue to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process. He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories, controlling the humidity so

neg: Weather Eye of Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and Hudson Motor Car Company. A smaller version of AMC's famous Weather-Eye heater was included in the Metropolitan. Improved versions of the "Weather-Eye" heater, fresh-air ventilation was standard on every 1967 AMC Ambassador. The following year, all Ambassadors models came with air conditioning as standard equipment, a feature that at that time still cost extra even on Cadillac, Lincoln, and Imperial models, as A/C that was included in a car's base price was only offered by Rolls-Royce and a few other expensive European cars. Weather Eye The Weather Eye was a trade name for a Nash Motors-designed

neg: Toyota Mark II ignition switched on. All US-market Cressidas from 1981 on were so equipped. After the mid-generation facelift, a mid-grade specification similar to the original one-model line was offered on New Zealand assembled models with the four-cylinder engine; a new top version had a two-litre six-cylinder engine, four-speed automatic and air conditioning, becoming the first NZ-built Toyota to have 'air' as standard. A large number of the four-cylinder cars with dealer-fitted air conditioning were sold to car hire company Hertz Rent-A-Car. Both engines were below two litres to avoid the higher sales taxes that applied on larger engines in New Zealand at

neg: ACMU ACMU The ACMUs (short for " Air Conditioned Multiple Unit") were a series of electric multiple unit railcars built for the New York Central railroad in three orders between 1950 and 1965. The ACMUs were intended to replace/supplement the original fleet of heavyweight MU cars, some of which dated to the start of electric operations on the New York Central. These were the first New York Central units to offer air conditioning, with sealed windows replacing the drop sash and clerestory types found on earlier cars. The initial set of 100 cars was retired in 1970, upon completion of the

neg: Frigidaire deliver refrigerators from Texas to California. Level 2 autonomous trucks are used. They have a driver behind the wheel at all times. The reason for experimenting with autonomous vehicles is a looming shortage of drivers. In 2015, the American Trucking Association predicted that there would be a shortage of 175,000 drivers by 2024. In addition to manufacturing room air conditioners, Frigidaire also provided the factory air conditioning systems for General Motors automobiles. From the 1950s through the 1970s, these units developed a reputation for providing powerful air conditioning systems on virtually all GM cars & trucks from the largest Cadillacs

neg: MAX Light Rail at the doors. These cars are based on a La Brugeoise et Nivelles design used in Rio de Janeiro Line 2. The first vehicle was completed at the factory in late 1983 and arrived in Portland in 1984. The Type 1 cars were delivered without air-conditioning, but it was added to all cars during a retrofit in 1997–98. The Type 1 cars are the only ones that lack a regenerative braking capability. For their first 30 years (until 2016) the Type 1 cars had roll-type, printed destination signs. The Type 1 cars were the only MAX cars whose rollsigns were

neg: Mazda MX-5 (NA) (also rear-wheel drive). The gear shift was the subject of close attention during development, with engineers told to make it shift in as small a gear pattern as possible and with minimal effort. In Japan and the US, an optional automatic transmission was also offered but proved to be unpopular. The Japanese and American markets also received an optional viscous limited-slip differential, although it was only available for cars with a manual transmission. To achieve the low introductory price, the base model was stripped. It had steel wheels, manual steering, roll-up windows, and no stereo or air-conditioning. Power steering, air-conditioning,

neg: Plymouth Road Runner radical cam from the 440 Super Commando and a .25 raise in compression to 10.5:1 (vs. 10.25:1 with the 383). When air conditioning was ordered, the cars received the version, as the radical cam specs of the version did not create enough vacuum to accommodate air conditioning. A $714 option was the with 2X4 Carter AFB carburetors rated at @ 5000 rpm and @ 4000 rpm of torque. The standard equipment transmission was a 4-speed manual transmission with floor shifter and the three-speed TorqueFlite automatic transmission was optional. Early four-speed 1968 Road Runners featured Inland shifters, which were replaced by

neg: Packard modified headlights and taillights, essentially trim items. A new hardtop named Pacific was added to the flagship Patrician series and all higher-end Packards sported a bored-out 359-cid engine. Air conditioning became available for the first time since 1942. Packard had introduced air conditioning in the 1930s. Clippers (which comprised over 80% of production) also got a hardtop model, Super Panama, but sales tanked, falling to only 31,000 cars. The revolutionary new model Nance hoped for was delayed until 1955, partially because of Packard's merger with Studebaker. Packard stylist Richard A. Teague was called upon by Nance to design the 1955

neg: Airedale International Air Conditioning Air Conditioning, IT cooling, Chillers, Comfort cooling, Condensers & Condensing Units and Air Handling Units. Airedale’s business derives mainly from the data centre market, other markets include process cooling, telecommunications, commercial air conditioning and laboratory cooling. Airedale also provides building management systems and controls design and integration, service, maintenance, spare parts and offers air conditioning and refrigeration courses through its on-site training school. A special projects team manages large-scale, complex upgrade programmes for key customers including the country’s major telecoms providers. 2012 - RAC 'Air Conditioning Product Innovation of the Year' awarded to the DeltaChill FreeCool R410A Chiller 110-1030 kW

neg: Jaguar XJ (XJ40) wheel. The glovebox was removed on later cars because of the space occupied when the passenger-side airbag was introduced. Some XJ40s bound for the United States were fitted with automatic seat belts. The base XJ6 of the model range was modestly equipped; extra-cost options included alloy wheels, anti-lock brakes, air conditioning, leather upholstery, and an automatic transmission. The exterior featured two pairs of circular headlamps and black powder-coated window frames. The Sovereign model came equipped with significantly more features than the base XJ6. Included was air conditioning, headlamp washers, a six-speaker sound system, rear self-levelling suspension (SLS), anti-lock braking system,

neg: Passenger car (rail) windows existed was now covered, either partially or in full, by the air conditioning duct. As lightweight cars were introduced, many heavyweight cars were repurposed into maintenance of way service by the railroads that owned them. Lightweight passenger cars required developments in steel processing that were not available until the 1920s and 1930s. By building passenger cars out of steel instead of wood, the manufacturers were able to build lighter weight cars with smooth or fluted sides and smooth roof lines. Steel cars were ushered in at the beginning of the streamline era of the 1930s (although not all lightweight

neg: Porsche 911 GT3 of items that added unnecessary weight to the car. Sound deadening was almost completely removed, as were the rear seats, rear loud speakers, sunroof, and air conditioning, although automatic air conditioning and CD/radio became no-cost optional add-ons. The engine of the 996 GT3 set it apart from most of the other Porsche 996 models, although it shared the same basic design of the standard so-called "integrated dry sump" flat-six engine. The engine is naturally aspirated and based on the unit used in the Porsche 962 and Porsche 911 GT1 race cars. That engine was known as the 'Mezger' engine, after

neg: Leonard L. Northrup Jr. the War, Northrup went to work for Storm Vulcan, a Dallas company, where he invented a machine to clean aircraft engines. He also embarked on a venture to fit cars with air conditioning equipment, putting the machinery in the trunk and piping the cooled air through tubes in the headliner. This caught the interest of engineers from General Motors, who copied the system in Cadillacs in the late 1940s. "After market" automotive AC units were manufactured in Texas until the 1980s. He also sold some of the first air conditioning units, built by the Curtis Mathes Corporation, an early leader

neg: Hankyu 1000 series (1954) between pairs of original driving motor (Mc) cars to form five-car (Mc-T-Mc+Mc-Tc) sets. The fifth batch appeared in 1960, consisting of a further four intermediate trailer (T) cars, numbered 1053 to 1056. These cars had two doors per side. Some of the 1010 series cars were retrofitted with roof-mounted air-conditioning between 1976 and 1977. The four original 1000 series cars were withdrawn in March 1984. Scrapping of the 1010 series cars began in 1985, and a final special run was held on 5 March 1989 between Umeda and Takarazuka, with the last remaining cars ultimately being scrapped in 1991. One

neg: Hudson Wasp Hudson Italia. The was offered with twin H Power and was rated at . The 1955 Hudsons used Nash's long travel coil spring suspension, integrated and advanced Heating and ventilation system and were offered with air conditioning and reclining seats. Although comfortable, the Nash based Hudsons were no longer competitive on the race tracks where they dominated from 1952 to 1954. Hudson Wasp sales dropped to 7,191 units for the year as traditional Hudson buyers left the marque, viewing the cars as something less than the legendary Hudsons of the past. For the 1956 model year, AMC executives decided to

neg: Victorian Railways Z type carriage batteries providing 48V. Air conditioning was built into the roof of the cars, with fresh air ducts either end of the cars and the distribution ducting formed by the ceiling design. Each car was also fitted with a heating system; between the air and in-floor heaters the total load was between 9000 to 10,500W depending on the car. When entering the carriage from a platform, passengers first walk through the vestibule area with swing doors to adjacent carriages through diaphragms. On the opposite side there are three doors; facing the centre of the carriage, the left is for the washroom,

neg: Silverliner powered motors. Like the Pioneer IIIs before them, the Silverliners offered their riders air cushion suspension, air conditioning, electric train heat and a nearly silent ride. With 150 hp more than the Pioneer III cars (550 hp total) the Silverliners could achieve a 1.7 mph/s acceleration rate which was quite higher than the older MP54s and multi-function couplers and disc brakes further improved performance. The 38 PRR cars were numbered in two series, 201-219 and 251-269 and given PRR classification MP85B, while the 17 Reading cars were numbered 9001-9017 and given Reading classification REB-13. There were also minor differences between