query: who won the english civil war in the end

pos: English Civil War English Civil War The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") over, principally, the manner of England's governance. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. The overall outcome of the war was threefold: the trial and execution of Charles I

pos: Second English Civil War Second English Civil War The Second English Civil War (1648–1649) was the second of three wars known collectively as the English Civil War (or "Wars"), which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651 and also include the First English Civil War (1642–1646) and the Third English Civil War (1649–1651), all of which were part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The end of the First Civil War, in 1646, left a partial power vacuum in which any combination of the three English factions, Royalists, Independents

pos: Second English Civil War of the castle demolished the same year. Second English Civil War The Second English Civil War (1648–1649) was the second of three wars known collectively as the English Civil War (or "Wars"), which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651 and also include the First English Civil War (1642–1646) and the Third English Civil War (1649–1651), all of which were part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The end of the First Civil War, in 1646, left a partial power vacuum in which any combination

pos: Ordinance of no quarter to the Irish to retaliate in kind, and he was exchanged for a Royalist officer. At the end of the Second English Civil War and the apparent utter defeat of the Royalist cause, the Parliamentary side was far less lenient than at the end of the first war. In the view of the Parliamentarians, Royalist leaders who had participated in the second war (and who in some cases had broken their parole given at the end of the first war not to take up arms against Parliament) had caused pointless bloodshed for a lost cause, and so, for example, three of the five

pos: Charles I's journey from Oxford to the Scottish army camp near Newark put under close guard in Kelham House. Towards the end the First English Civil War, Charles I had continued to contact the parties that were opposed to him, hoping to split them apart and gain politically what he was losing militarily. When it looked likely that the Royalists (Cavaliers) would lose the English Civil War, the Scots, who were then allied with the English Parliamentarians (Roundheads), looked to Cardinal Mazarin, by then the chief minister of France, for help in securing Charles I's position as king, but on terms acceptable to the Scots. In response, Mazarin appointed Jean de Montreuil

pos: Garford number of times. In 1624 Garford was bought jointly by Elizabeth Craven ("née" Whitmore), widow of William Craven, by Sir William Whitmore and by Elizabeth's son Thomas Craven. By the time of the English Civil War Garford was among the estates of William, Baron Craven, who supported the Royalists. When the Parliamentarians won the civil war the Commonwealth of England's treason trustees confiscated all of the Baron's estates. After the restoration of the English monarchy Craven's estates were restored to him and in 1664 he was created 1st Earl of Craven. Garford remained among the estates of the Barons Craven

pos: Roundhead Roundhead Roundheads were supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War (1641–1652). Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England and his supporters, known as the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the principle of the 'divine right of kings'. The goal of the Roundhead party was to give the Parliament supreme control over executive administration of the country/kingdom. Most Roundheads sought constitutional monarchy in place of the absolutist monarchy sought by Charles. However, at the end of the English Civil War in 1649, public antipathy towards the king

pos: Dunster of the Anarchy. At the end of the 14th century the de Mohuns sold the castle to the Luttrell family, who continued to occupy the property until the late 20th century. During the English Civil War, Dunster was initially held as a garrison for the Royalists. It fell to the Parliamentarians in 1645 and orders were sent out for the castle to be demolished. However, these were not carried out, and the castle remained the garrison for Parliamentarian troops until 1650. Dunster is regularly home to Taunton Garrison who re-enact plays, battles, and life in the civil war. Major alterations

pos: Cornwall in the English Civil War Cornwall in the English Civil War Cornwall played a significant role in the English Civil War, being a Royalist enclave in the generally Parliamentarian south-west. The English Civil War lasted nearly nine years, having begun with the battle of Edgehill, in Warwickshire, on Sunday, 23 October 1642, and ended with the battle of Worcester, on 3 September 1651. The principal events in Cornwall happened in the following order. In October 1642, Cornwall was secured for the king when some 10,000 men rose under the command of the local Royalist gentry and drove out the small force of Cornish Parliamentarians who

pos: First English Civil War and so began the Second English Civil War. Attribution: First English Civil War The First English Civil War (1642–1646) began the series of three wars known as the English Civil War (or "Wars"). "The English Civil War" was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651, and includes the Second English Civil War (1648–1649) and the Third English Civil War (1649–1651). The wars in England were part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, being fought contemporaneously with equivalents in Scotland and Ireland. Many castles and high-status homes such

pos: Lydford Castle its poor condition, and fresh repair work was carried out in the 1620s and 1630s under Charles I. Lydford Castle was involved in the English Civil War that broke out in 1642 between the Royalist supporters of Charles I and Parliament. The castle was used by the Royalist commander Sir Richard Grenville as his main military prison in the region. It had a terrible reputation amongst Parliamentarians, who complained that it was used to summarily execute military prisoners and to extort money from innocent civilians, on fear of imprisonment. At the end of the civil war, the Lydford estate appears

pos: Siege of Worcester fighting within the borders of Worcestershire for the next five years (until the Worcester Campaign of the Third Civil War). Attribution: Siege of Worcester The second and longest Siege of Worcester (21st May-23rd July 1646) took place towards the end of the First English Civil War, when Parliamentary forces under the command of Thomas Rainsborough besieged the city of Worcester, accepting the capitulation of the Royalist defenders on 22 July. The next day the Royalists formally surrendered possession of the city and the Parliamentarians entered Worcester 33 days after the siege began. At the start of the English Civil War

pos: First English Civil War First English Civil War The First English Civil War (1642–1646) began the series of three wars known as the English Civil War (or "Wars"). "The English Civil War" was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651, and includes the Second English Civil War (1648–1649) and the Third English Civil War (1649–1651). The wars in England were part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, being fought contemporaneously with equivalents in Scotland and Ireland. Many castles and high-status homes such as Lathom House were slighted (deliberately demolished) during or

pos: Engagers Engagers The Engagers were a faction of the Scottish Covenanters, who made "The Engagement" with King Charles I in December 1647 while he was imprisoned in Carisbrooke Castle by the English Parliamentarians after his defeat in the First Civil War. The Covenanters, a national Presbyterian movement, governed Scotland from 1639–1651, during the civil Wars of the Three Kingdoms. They supported the English Parliamentarians in the First English Civil War in return for the Long Parliament agreeing to the Solemn League and Covenant, which promised reform in England and support for the Scottish church settlement. After the Scottish Covenants and their

pos: Siege of Worcester Siege of Worcester The second and longest Siege of Worcester (21st May-23rd July 1646) took place towards the end of the First English Civil War, when Parliamentary forces under the command of Thomas Rainsborough besieged the city of Worcester, accepting the capitulation of the Royalist defenders on 22 July. The next day the Royalists formally surrendered possession of the city and the Parliamentarians entered Worcester 33 days after the siege began. At the start of the English Civil War Worcester City walls were in a state of disrepair and only part of the wall were defended by a ditch. There

pos: Third English Civil War Third English Civil War The Third English Civil War (1649–1651) was the last of the English Civil Wars (1642–1651), a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The Preston campaign of the Second Civil War was undertaken under the direction of the Scots Parliament, not the Kirk, and it took the execution of King Charles I to bring about a union of all Scottish parties against the English Independents. Even so, Charles II in exile had to submit to long negotiations and hard conditions before he was allowed to put himself at the head of the

pos: Steeple Barton Dormer and altered for the recusant Ralph Sheldon in 1678–79. The house was remodelled between 1849 and about 1862 to Tudor Revival designs by the architect SS Teulon. In about 1860 it was renamed Barton Abbey on the false assumption that the Augustinian Osney Abbey had a cell here. The house was altered again in either the 1890s or the early years of the 20th century. Philip Constable of Everingham, Yorkshire was a Royalist in the English Civil War who was connected with Steeple Barton and was made a baronet in 1642. After the Parliamentarians won the war, they deprived

pos: Sonning Common Sonning Common Sonning Common is a village and civil parish in a relatively flat, former common land part of the Chiltern Hills in South Oxfordshire, centred west south-west of Henley-on-Thames and north of Reading. During the English Civil War the village itself did not exist: being an area of open land east of the route between Reading – occupied alternately by the Parliamentarians and Royalists – and Oxford, which was the King's headquarters. In 1647 after the end of the first civil war, the King was imprisoned at nearby Caversham House (now the location of BBC Monitoring in Caversham); however

neg: English Revolution down many of the old power relations in both rural and urban English society. The guild democracy movement of the period won its greatest successes among London's transport workers, most notably the Thames Watermen, who democratized their company in 1641-43. And with the outbreak of the Civil War in 1642, rural communities began to seize timber and other resources on the estates of royalists, Catholics, the royal family and the church hierarchy. Some communities improved their conditions of tenure on such estates. The old status quo began a retrenchment after the end of the main civil war in 1646, and

neg: English Civil War August). The battle took place largely at Walton-le-Dale near Preston in Lancashire, and resulted in a victory by the troops of Cromwell over the Royalists and Scots commanded by Hamilton. This Parliamentarian victory marked the end of the Second English Civil War. Nearly all the Royalists who had fought in the First Civil War had given their parole not to bear arms against the Parliament, and many of these, like Lord Astley, refused to break their word by taking any part in the second war. So the victors in the Second Civil War showed little mercy to those who had

neg: The Gear Rout The Gear Rout The Gear Rout was a Cornish insurrection of 1648 following the end of the English Civil War. It involved some 500 Cornish rebels who fought on the Royalist side against the Parliamentarian forces of Sir Hardress Waller. Cornish forces had fought on the Royalist side in the defence of the Duchy against the New Model Army in the Civil War and had perceived it as a war of national liberation against the English Parliament, which the Cornish ultimately lost. After the English Civil War, taxes were increased to fund military installations but many in Cornwall rebelled against

neg: English defamation law underlying legislation. The judge argued that the Civil Procedure Rules encouraging "saving expense" and "ensuring that a case was dealt with expeditiously" supported a trial without jury. In 1989, Toby Low, 1st Baron Aldington initiated and won a record £1.5 million (plus £500,000 costs) in a libel case against Count Nikolai Tolstoy-Miloslavsky and Nigel Watts, who had accused him of war crimes in Austria during his involvement in the Betrayal of the Cossacks at Lienz, Austria, at the end of World War II. This award, which bankrupted Tolstoy, was overturned by the European Court of Human Rights in July 1995

neg: Covenanter the Stuart monarchy helped bring about the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which included the English Civil War, the Scottish Civil War and Irish Confederate Wars. For the following ten years of civil war in Britain, the Covenanters were the "de facto" government of Scotland. In 1642, they sent an army to Ulster in Ireland to protect the Scottish settlers there from the Irish Catholic rebels who had attacked them in the Irish Rebellion of 1641. The Scottish army remained in Ireland until the end of the civil wars, but was confined to its garrison around Carrickfergus after its defeat

neg: Michael Hudson (royalist) Michael Hudson (royalist) Michael Hudson (1605–1648) was an English clergyman who supported the Royalist cause during the English Civil War. In 1628 Hudson graduated from Queen's College, Oxford with an M.A, and became fellow c. 1630. King Charles I gave him various livings; and he was one of the king's chaplains at Oxford. He was scoutmaster to the northern army (1643–1644) and, along with John Ashburnham, accompanied Charles I to Newark in 1646. At the end of the First English Civil War he was imprisoned. He escaped from prison, but was again captured, 1647, and sent to the Tower of

neg: English Civil War The contemporary guild democracy movement won its greatest successes among London's transport workers, notably the Thames watermen. Rural communities seized timber and other resources on the sequestrated estates of royalists and Catholics, and on the estates of the royal family and the church hierarchy. Some communities improved their conditions of tenure on such estates. The old "status quo" began a retrenchment after the end of the First Civil War in 1646, and more especially after the restoration of monarchy in 1660. But some gains were long-term. The democratic element introduced in the watermen's company in 1642, for example, survived, with

neg: Battle of Alesia Roman Civil War of 49–45 BC, which he won. After having been elected consul for each of the years of the civil war, and appointed to several temporary dictatorships, he was finally made "dictator perpetuus" (dictator for life), by the Roman Senate in 44 BC. His ever-increasing personal power and honours undermined the tradition-bound republican foundations of Rome. More civil wars followed his assassination. The last one was a conflict between Octavian (later known as Augustus) and Marc Antony over who would be the sole ruler of Rome. Octavian won. This led to the end of the Roman Republic and

neg: History of the formation of the United Kingdom expedition to Scotland in 1644, sparking the Scottish Civil War. In Scotland, the Royalists had a series of victories in 1644–45 but were crushed with the end of the first English Civil War and the return of the main Covenanter armies to Scotland. After the end of the second English Civil War, the victorious Parliamentary forces, now commanded by Oliver Cromwell, invaded Ireland and crushed the Royalist-Confederate alliance there in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649. Their alliance with the Scottish Covenanters had also broken down, and the Scots crowned Charles II as king. Cromwell therefore embarked on a

neg: Donald Bailey (civil engineer) Donald Bailey (civil engineer) Sir Donald Coleman Bailey, OBE (15 September 1901 – 5 May 1985) was an English civil engineer who invented the Bailey bridge. Field Marshal Montgomery is recorded as saying that "without the Bailey bridge, we should not have won the war." Bailey attended Rotherham Grammar School and The Leys School in Cambridge. He read for a BEng degree at the University of Sheffield and graduated in 1923. Bailey was a civil servant in the War Office when he designed his bridge. Another engineer, A. M. Hamilton, successfully demonstrated that the Bailey bridge breached a patent on

neg: Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War war's end. The Republicans spent close to a million dollars a month on tires, cars and machine tools from American companies between 1937 and 1938. After the war was over, José Maria Doussinague, who was at the time undersecretary at the Spanish Foreign Ministry said, "without American petroleum and American trucks, and American credit, we could never have won the Civil War." In the aftermath of the civil war, several American politicians and statesmen identified the US' policy of isolation as disastrous. This narrative changed during the Cold War, when Franco was viewed as an ally against the Soviet Union.

neg: First English Civil War, 1642 First English Civil War, 1642 The First English Civil War started in 1642. By the end of the year neither side had succeeded in gaining an advantage, although the King's advance on London was the closest Royalist forces came to threatening the city. When the King raised his standard at Nottingham on 22 August 1642, war was already in progress on a small scale in many districts; each side endeavouring to secure, or to deny to the enemy, fortified country-houses, territory, and above all arms and money. Peace negotiations went on in the midst of these minor events, until there

neg: First English Civil War, 1644 First English Civil War, 1644 1644 was the third year of the First English Civil War. The King's position continued to decline and the Long Parliament sent the Propositions of Uxbridge, an attempt to end the war, to the king at Oxford Hopton had to retire from the area around Arundel, and on 6 January 1644, Waller recaptured the town. Byron's Cheshire army was in no better case. Newcastle's retreat from Hull and the loss of Gainsborough had completely changed the situation in the Midlands. Brereton was joined by the younger Fairfax from Lincolnshire, and the Royalists were severely defeated

neg: Cornwall in the English Civil War Stratton. The Roundheads proceeded into Cornwall reaching Launceston on 25 February 1646 and Bodmin on 2 March. Hopton's army was in disarray but he refused to surrender. News at Bodmin of an imminent Irish invasion further damaged the Royalist cause locally and Fairfax offered Hopton terms. The surrender took place at Tresillian Bridge, near Truro, on 15 March 1646. The Gear Rout was a Cornish insurrection of 1648 following the end of the First English Civil War. The killing of 70 Cornish Royalists in Penzance on 16 May 1648 prompted a failed rebellion by some 500 Cornish rebels who fought

neg: Civil war era in Norway in other European countries. However, some contemporary accounts show people viewed the civil war era as notably different from what had gone before. Theodoricus the Monk, who wrote a history of Norway in Latin c. 1180, decided to end with the death of King Sigurd the Crusader in 1130 as he considered it which had occurred since then. The English historian William of Newburgh, writing c. 1200, writes of Norway that Modern historians have put forward many views and explanations of the civil war era. The contemporary sources, the sagas, strongly emphasise the personal nature of the conflicts—wars arose as

neg: Domestic responses to the Libyan Civil War (2011) "for the heroes who have laid down their lives, killed by the brutal forces of Gaddafi" and called on the international community "to halt all support for the dictator with immediate effect." Senussi said that the protesters would be "victorious in the end" and calls for international support to end the violence. On 24 February, Senussi gave an interview to "Al Jazeera English" where he called upon the international community to help remove Gaddafi from power and stop the ongoing "massacre". He has dismissed talk of a civil war saying "The Libyan people and the tribes have proven they are

neg: First English Civil War, 1642 preparations. Above all, the Eastern Association was from the first, guided and inspired by Colonel Cromwell. The field fortifications that were hastily thrown up during the summer of 1642 to defend London, were supplemented with the Lines of Communication (the name given for new ring of fortifications around the City of London and the outer boroughs) that were commissioned by Parliament in 1642 and completed in 1643. First English Civil War, 1642 The First English Civil War started in 1642. By the end of the year neither side had succeeded in gaining an advantage, although the King's advance on London

neg: Worcestershire in the English Civil War deal of negotiations and manoeuvres Charles II, at the end of July, invaded England, marching through Carlisle on London. When he got to Stafford it was thought desirable to halt for reinforcements from Wales, and to meet these men Charles marched to Worcester. Cromwell, meanwhile proceeded down the east coast, marched across to Evesham, thus getting between Charles and London, advanced on to Worcester, attacked and routed him at the Battle of Worcester. Worcestershire in the English Civil War Worcestershire was the county where the first battle and last battle of the English Civil War took place. The first battle,

neg: Beirut Blues Beirut Blues Beirut Blues () is Hanan al-Shaykh's third novel. It is an intimate and engaging portrait of a young woman struggling to make sense of her life in war ravaged Beirut, Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War. It is told through Asmahan's letters, most of which may not reach their destination. The book was first published in 1992 in Arabic, only 2 years after the end of the civil war. The English translator is Catherine Cobham. Asmahan, the protagonist, is presented as a well-to-do independent woman who is able to sensualize the beauty of the land, the concept of

neg: First English Civil War but in England: This passage from the "Memoirs of a Cavalier", ascribed to Daniel Defoe, though not contemporary evidence, is an admirable summary of the character of the Civil War. Even when in the end a regular professional army developed, the original decision-compelling spirit permeated the whole organisation as was seen when pitched against regular professional continental troops at the Battle of the Dunes during the Interregnum. From the start, most of the population of England mistrusted professional soldiers of fortune, be their advice good or bad. Nearly all those Englishmen who loved war for its own sake were too

neg: Richard Stayner Richard Stayner Vice-admiral Sir Richard Stayner (1625–1662) was an English naval officer who supported the Parliamentary cause during the English Civil War and the Interregnum. During the First Anglo-Dutch War he commanded the "Foresight" in actions at Portland (February), and the Gabbard (June), and in the Battle of Scheveningen (29–31 July), 1653. During the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60), he won renown and a fortune in prize money when he captured a great part of the Spanish West Indian treasure fleet off Cadiz in 1656. He was knighted by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell for services in Admiral Robert Blake's destruction of

neg: Richard Stayner and Elizabeth. On 30 May 1663 Richard petitioned for repayment of £300 which his father had advanced for the king's service. The claim was approved by Sandwich, but there is no mention of the money having been paid. Richard Stayner Vice-admiral Sir Richard Stayner (1625–1662) was an English naval officer who supported the Parliamentary cause during the English Civil War and the Interregnum. During the First Anglo-Dutch War he commanded the "Foresight" in actions at Portland (February), and the Gabbard (June), and in the Battle of Scheveningen (29–31 July), 1653. During the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60), he won renown and a

neg: Robert Duckenfield for six months in 1649. He also played a more active role in the Civil War as he defended Stockport Bridge against Prince Rupert and conducted the siege of Wythenshawe. In 1650, he was made the Governor of Chester. Most notably, he commanded the Parliamentary forces which captured the Isle of Man. Towards the end of the Commonwealth, Sir George Booth led a rebellion against Richard Cromwell, the Lord Protector. Dukinfield was the principal commander who suppressed Booth's rebellion. Robert Duckenfield Lieutenant Colonel Robert Duckenfield (1619–1689) was a Parliamentarian commander during the English Civil War. Robert Duckenfield came from Dukinfield

neg: Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) In 1590, the Spanish landed a considerable force in Brittany to assist the French Catholic League, expelling the English and Huguenot forces from much of the area. Henry IV's conversion to Catholicism in 1593 won him widespread French support for his claim to the throne, particularly in Paris (where he was crowned the following year), a city that he had unsuccessfully besieged in 1590. However, in 1594 Anglo-French forces were able to end Spanish hopes of using the large port of Brest as a launching point for an invasion of England by capturing Fort Crozon. The French civil war turned

neg: Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War 1435, he concluded the treaty of Arras with Philip the Good, ending the civil war. Philip the Good was personally exempted from rendering homage to Charles VII (for having been complicit in his father's murder). This agreement officially put an end to the war and allowed Charles VII to recapture practically all the English continental possessions, leaving them in 1453 with Calais alone. Philip the Good later secured the release of Charles, Duke of Orléans, ending the feud between the two houses. Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War The Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War was a conflict between two cadet branches of the French royal

neg: First English Civil War, 1644 25 March that the second and modified form of the ordinance was agreed to by both Houses, Sir Thomas Fairfax and Philip Skippon (who were not members of parliament) had been approved as lord general and major-general (of the infantry) respectively of the new army as early as 21 January. The post of lieutenant-general and cavalry commander was for the moment left vacant, but there was little doubt as to who would eventually occupy it. First English Civil War, 1644 1644 was the third year of the First English Civil War. The King's position continued to decline and the Long

neg: Rosita Sokou Psychiko. During the war and occupation she perfected her French at the Institut Français under Roger Milliex and English at the British Council (Cambridge Diploma of English Studies). She attended the State School of Fine Arts which she left to study with painter Yannis Tsarouchis - who later discouraged her from becoming a painter - and also attended the Vassilis Rotas Drama School for the purpose of general knowledge, while working from a tender age as a translator and a foreign language teacher. After the end of the German Occupation and Civil War, in 1947, she attended a summer course

neg: English Civil War by consolidating the Midlands. He began to form an axis between Oxford and Newark on Trent in Nottinghamshire. Those towns had become fortresses and showed more reliable loyalty to him than to others. He took Leicester, which lies between them, but found his resources exhausted. Having little opportunity to replenish them, in May 1646 he sought shelter with a Presbyterian Scottish army at Southwell in Nottinghamshire. Charles was eventually handed over to the English Parliament by the Scots and was imprisoned. This marked the end of the First English Civil War. Charles I took advantage of the deflection of attention

neg: Child Okeford was the site of a battle in the English Civil War; a group of locals, who were antagonistic to the war and called themselves "the Clubmen", attacked both Royalist and Parliamentarian forces and petitioned them to end the war. Under the leadership of the rector of nearby Compton Abbas, 2,000 of them assembled on the hill and defied Oliver Cromwell's requests to lay down their arms. Cromwell sent in troops and defeated them, then locked up 300 prisoners in the church at Iwerne Courtney and extracted promises of good behaviour. Cromwell wrote of them as being "poor silly creatures" who

neg: Robert Overton the United States. Robert Overton Major-General Robert Overton (about 1609–1678) was a prominent English soldier and scholar, who supported the Parliamentary cause during the English Civil War, and was imprisoned a number of times during the Protectorate and the English Restoration for his strong republican views. As positions hardened during the period before the English Civil War, Robert Overton supported the Parliamentary cause. He was probably influenced by Sir William Constable later to become a regicide. At the outbreak of the First English Civil War, he tried to join the army of Lord Ferdinando Fairfax, but no official positions were

neg: Robert Overton Robert Overton Major-General Robert Overton (about 1609–1678) was a prominent English soldier and scholar, who supported the Parliamentary cause during the English Civil War, and was imprisoned a number of times during the Protectorate and the English Restoration for his strong republican views. As positions hardened during the period before the English Civil War, Robert Overton supported the Parliamentary cause. He was probably influenced by Sir William Constable later to become a regicide. At the outbreak of the First English Civil War, he tried to join the army of Lord Ferdinando Fairfax, but no official positions were available. He was

neg: Walter Fullwood Walter Fullwood Walter Fullwood (8 February 1907 — 4 January 1988) was an English cricketer. who played for Derbyshire in 1946. Fullwood was born in Holmewood and during World War II played cricket frequently for the Metropolitan Police and Civil Defence Services. He joined Derbyshire at the end of the war and made his first-class debut in the 1946 season in May as wicket keeper against Leicestershire. He kept wicket in five more matches during the season but made low scores batting at the tail end. With Denis Smith and Pat Vaulkhard proving heavy hitters as well as reliable wicket-keepers,

neg: Charles VI of France court. In 1407, Louis of Orléans was murdered in the "rue Vieille du Temple" in Paris. John did not deny responsibility, claiming that Louis was a tyrant who squandered money. Louis' son Charles, the new Duke of Orléans, turned to his father-in-law, Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, for support against John the Fearless. This resulted in the Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War, which lasted from 1407 until 1435, beyond Charles' reign, though the war with the English was still in progress. With the English taking over much of the country, John the Fearless sought to end the feud with the royal family

neg: If the South Had Won the Civil War If the South Had Won the Civil War If the South Had Won the Civil War is a 1961 alternate history book by MacKinlay Kantor, a writer who also wrote several novels about the American Civil War as it actually happened. It was originally published in the November 22, 1960, issue of "Look" magazine. It generated such a response that it was published in 1961 as a book. The book is written in the manner of a history text published in the alternate reality of 1961 and describing the developments of the past century, in which the Confederate States of

neg: If the South Had Won the Civil War both World Wars, with drastic results for the rest of the world. If the South Had Won the Civil War If the South Had Won the Civil War is a 1961 alternate history book by MacKinlay Kantor, a writer who also wrote several novels about the American Civil War as it actually happened. It was originally published in the November 22, 1960, issue of "Look" magazine. It generated such a response that it was published in 1961 as a book. The book is written in the manner of a history text published in the alternate reality of 1961 and describing

neg: Uniforms of the British Army button down belt loops, when carrying equipment was not worn, a uniform belt was worn in these loops. Prior to the [[English Civil War]] of 1642–51 the only significant instances of uniform dress in British military culture occurred in small bodyguard units, notably the [[Yeoman of the Guard]]. During the Civil War the Parliamentary [[New Model Army]] adopted a fairly standardised pattern of red clothing, a practice which continued with the small regular [[English Army]] of the Restoration period. By the end of the 17th century, the English army uniform's colour (England not yet having joined with Scotland to form

neg: George Horsey (landowner) George Horsey (landowner) Sir George Horsey (died 1640) was an English landowner engaged in ambitious industrial and land reclamation schemes. He was knighted in 1581. He was the son of Sir Ralph Horsey and Edith Mohun. In 1612, after his father's death, he inherited the family estates, which lay in Somerset and Dorset. He married Elizabeth Freke who predeceased him in 1638. They had four sons including one who died fighting for Parliament in the English Civil War. He invested in a scheme to smelt iron using coal, and this as well as other decisions led to the end of

neg: John Barker (Parliamentarian) 1649. At the end of the protectorate, the Rump Parliament was recalled in May 1659, but Barker was refused readmission. William Jesson, also fellow MP, married Elizabeth Barker who was daughter of John Barker, draper and alderman of Coventry, This John Barker may have been Barker himself or his father. John Barker, draper, had been mayor of Coventry in 1614. John Barker (Parliamentarian) John Barker was an English draper and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1640 and 1653. He supported the Parliamentary side in the English Civil War. Barker was a draper of Coventry and was

neg: Solemn League and Covenant The agreement meant that the Covenanters sent another army south to England to fight on the Parliamentarian side in the First English Civil War. When the Scots army entered England by invitation of the English Parliament in January 1644 the Parliamentary Committee of Safety was replaced by an ad hoc committee representative of both kingdoms which, by parliamentary ordinance of 16 February, was formally constituted the Committee of Both Kingdoms. Its object was the management of peace overtures to, or making war on, King Charles I. The Scots withdrew from the Committee after the end of the First Civil War,

neg: Edward Burghall Edward Burghall Edward Burghall (died 1665) was an English ejected minister, a Puritan who supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War. He is known for a diary called "Providence improved", which describes the state of Cheshire throughout the English Civil War. From this diary the main facts of Burghall's life can also be gathered. Before the civil war Burghall was schoolmaster at Bunbury, Cheshire, and was probably appointed to the post about 1632. The parish school at Bunbury, of which Burghall was master, was founded in 1594, and was endowed with "£20 per annum, one house and some

neg: Independent (religion) being the most famous of them). In 1648, at end of the Second Civil War the Independents in the Army were strong enough to remove from Parliament all those who opposed them in what has become known as Pride's Purge. After Pride's Purge, the so-called Rump Parliament of around fifty Independent MPs sanctioned the trial and execution of King Charles I in January 1649 and the creation of the republican English Commonwealth. The Independents dominated English politics for the next decade, until shortly before the Restoration. After the Restoration, the English Parliament was dominated by Anglicans, supporters of both the

neg: Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts The Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts consists of more than 22,000 pamphlets, broadsides, manuscripts, books, and news sheets, most of which were printed and distributed in London from 1640 to 1661. The collection represents a major primary source for the political, religious, military, and social history of England during the final years of the reign of King Charles I, the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the English Restoration of King Charles II. It is now held in the British Library. Bookseller and publisher George Thomason (died 1666), who maintained a shop in

neg: European wars of religion gone into exile by the end of the wars. The victors confiscated almost all Irish Catholic-owned land in the wake of the conquest and distributed it to the Parliament's creditors, to the Parliamentary soldiers who served in Ireland, and to English people who had settled there before the war. The execution of Charles I altered the dynamics of the Civil War in Scotland, which had raged between Royalists and Covenanters since 1644. By 1649, the struggle had left the Royalists there in disarray, and their erstwhile leader, the Marquess of Montrose, had gone into exile. However, Montrose, who had raised

neg: By the Sword Divided By the Sword Divided By the Sword Divided is a British television series produced by the BBC between 1983 and 1985. The series, created by John Hawkesworth was a historical drama set during the mid 17th century, dealing with the impact of the English Civil War on the fictional Lacey family, made up of both Royalist and Parliamentarian supporters. It follows the family as it is torn apart by the conflicting and changing loyalties of the war, as families were during that time, and the defeat of the Royalist forces at the end of the First English Civil War. Series

neg: First English Civil War First English Civil War (1642–1646), the Second English Civil War (1648–1649), and the Third English Civil War (1649–1651). For the most part, accounts summarise the two sides that fought the English Civil Wars as the Royalist Cavaliers of Charles I of England versus the Parliamentarian Roundheads. However, as with many civil wars, loyalties shifted for various reasons, and both sides changed significantly during the conflicts. During this time, the Irish Confederate Wars (another civil war) continued in Ireland, starting with the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and ending with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Its incidents had little or no direct

neg: J. H. Hexter out of simple self-interest. The Civil War needs, therefore, to be seen as the story of how such solid, service-minded and economically comfortable men were persuaded to resist the King, and not as any particular group's economically motivated power grab. His ultimate self-definition was overtly, unabashedly, and often polemically whiggish. For Hexter, the English Civil War was to be seen as the defence of traditional English liberties against an aggressive Crown. This position contrasted in the 1970s with the revisionist views of Conrad Russell and others who disputed both the uniqueness of the English Civil War and its connection with

neg: Sir Henry Moody, 1st Baronet and, after Moody's death in 1629, emigrated to Massachusetts in 1636. In 1643 she was granted land in the southwestern part of the Dutch settlement in western Long Island, where she founded Gravensande between December 1654 and May 1659. The 1st Baronet's son, also Henry, who was a cavalier during the English Civil War, inherited the baronetcy. Sir Henry Moody, 1st Baronet Sir Henry Moody, 1st Baronet (c. 1582 – 23 April 1629) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1625 and 1629. Moody’s family had moved from Worcestershire to Malmesbury, Wiltshire, by the end

neg: Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury, 11th Earl of Waterford (1623 – 16 March 1668) was an English peer who was a Royalist officer in the English Civil War. He survived the war only to be mortally wounded in a duel with the Duke of Buckingham who was having an affair with his wife. Talbot was the second son of John Talbot, 10th Earl of Shrewsbury by his first marriage to Mary Fortescue. Talbot was a Captain in the royalist armies during the English Civil War and fought at the Battle of Worcester in

neg: Army Council (1647) Army Council (1647) The Army Council was a term first used in 1647 to describe an institution which coordinated the views of all levels of the New Model Army. During the Interregnum it metamorphosed into the (Army) Council of Officers. Having won the First English Civil War, the soldiers of the New Model Army (Army) became very discontented with the Long Parliament, for several reasons. Firstly, they had not been paid regularly and on the end of hostilities, the conservative MPs in Parliament wanted to either disband the Army or send them to fight in Ireland without receiving their back

neg: Hudibras entendre, to prevent conception: One couplet was widely quoted through the end of the nineteenth century as an illustration of the fact that some people just want action and excitement, never mind what: Hudibras Hudibras () is an English mock-heroic narrative poem from the 17th century written by Samuel Butler. The work is a satirical polemic upon Roundheads, Puritans, Presbyterians and many of the other factions involved in the English Civil War. The work was begun, according to the title page, during the civil war and published in three parts in 1663, 1664 and 1678, with the first edition encompassing

neg: Battle of Wigan Lane "those who did not fall in the fighting [were] hunted to their death through the countryside." The defeat was a blow to the king as this was the only English Royalist force of any size to attempt to ride to his standard in Worcester. Without large numbers of English Royalists to support him, his position was untenable and nine days later his predominantly Scottish army of about 15,000 men was decisively beaten at the Battle of Worcester by a Parliamentary army nearly twice the size under the command of Cromwell. This victory brought to an end Third English Civil War

neg: Tregwynt Hoard included in the hoard and this came from 1647 or 1648. This date is at the end of English Civil War and these troubles are the probable reason for the hoard being deposited. There are over 200 hoards that date from the time of the civil war. This was the first civil war hoard found in Pembrokeshire. These goods were hidden by an outbuilding of the Tregwynt Mansion. They were discovered in 1996 as a result of building work resulting from the construction of a tennis court. Because a few coins had been found, the ground was searched by a

neg: National Democratic Party of Liberia the country ended following the outbreak of the First Liberian Civil War in 1989 and the assassination of Doe in 1990. The party later contested the 1997 general election. George Boley, a former minister in the Doe administration, was the party's presidential candidate. He won only 1.26% of the vote, while the party failed to win any House or Senate seats. Following the end of the Second Liberian Civil War, the party contested the 2005 general election. The NDPL's presidential candidate, Winston Tubman, placed fourth and won 9.2% of the vote. In concurrent legislative elections, the party won two seats

neg: English Civil War kingdom. Specifically, Hobbes analyses the following aspects of English thought during the war (listed in order of his discussions in "Behemoth"): the opinions of divinity and politics that spurred rebellion; rhetoric and doctrine used by the rebels against the king; and how opinions about "taxation, the conscription of soldiers, and military strategy" affected the outcomes of battles and shifts of sovereignty. Hobbes offered a unique contribution to historical interpretation of the civil war through his "Behemoth" by connecting the civil war to the motivations of intellectuals who Hobbes reports caused it by trying to spread certain ideas throughout the nation,

neg: English Civil War to the Parliament's creditors, to the Parliamentary soldiers who served in Ireland, and to English people who had settled there before the war. The execution of Charles I altered the dynamics of the Civil War in Scotland, which had raged between Royalists and Covenanters since 1644. By 1649, the struggle had left the Royalists there in disarray and their erstwhile leader, the Marquess of Montrose, had gone into exile. At first, Charles II encouraged Montrose to raise a Highland army to fight on the Royalist side. However, when the Scottish Covenanters (who did not agree with the execution of Charles

neg: Third English Civil War head. Charles II now tried to regain the throne through an alliance with his father's former enemies in Scotland, who intended to impose Presbyterianism on England. He dismissed all the faithful Cavaliers who had followed him to exile. As the Royal army was mostly Scottish, and as the invasion was not accompanied by any major rising or support in England, the war can also be viewed as being primarily an Anglo-Scottish War rather than a continuation of the English Civil War. Ireland had been at war since the rebellion of 1641, with most of the island being controlled by the

neg: Edward Villiers (1620–1689) in 1643. He was also employed to carry confidential dispatches and served under Sir Richard Willys as governor of Newark before Lord John Belasyse was appointed in Willys's place. After the end of the First English Civil War, he was implicated in a plot to assist the escape of the Duke of York, later James II, but was not convicted. He took no part in the Second English Civil War and lived abroad from 1649 to 1652. When Charles II regained his throne at Restoration in 1660, Villiers held a series of positions in North-East England, including Governor of Tynemouth

neg: The Civil War in France The Civil War in France "The Civil War in France" (German: "Der Bürgerkrieg in Frankreich") was a pamphlet written by Karl Marx, as an official statement of the General Council of the International on the character and significance of the struggle of the Communards in the Paris Commune. Between the middle of April and the end of May 1871, London resident Karl Marx collected and compiled English, French, and German newspaper clippings on the progress of the Paris Commune, which pitted the radical workers of Paris against conservative forces from outside the city. Marx had access to French publications supported

neg: To Kill a King To Kill a King To Kill a King is a 2003 English Civil War film directed by Mike Barker and starring Tim Roth, Rupert Everett and Dougray Scott. It centres on the relationship between Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Fairfax in the post-war period from 1648 until the former's death, in 1658. At the end of the English Civil Wars (1642-1651), the forces of Parliament, led by Thomas Fairfax (Dougray Scott) and his loyal deputy Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658, Lord Protector 1653-1658) (Tim Roth), are victorious, and the King, Charles I (Rupert Everett) is a prisoner. Parliament, dominated by Denzil Holles, has

neg: First English Civil War after the conflict. Convention uses the name "The English Civil War" (1642–1651) to refer collectively to the civil wars in England and the Scottish Civil War, which began with the raising of King Charles I's standard at Nottingham on 22 August 1642, and ended on 3 September 1651 at the Battle of Worcester. There was some continued organised Royalist resistance in Scotland, which lasted until the surrender of Dunnottar Castle to Parliament's troops in May 1652, but this resistance is not usually included as part of the English Civil War. The English Civil War can be divided into three: the

neg: Vow and covenant (English Civil War) forces are to be surprised and overthrown, leading to the end of liberty and the “Protestant Religion.” In response to this the members of Parliament make a Vow to devote their every effort and all their resources to the opposition of the King and his “Popish” purposes. The Vow also includes a personal statement of repentance and faith. Vow and covenant (English Civil War) The Vow and covenant was an act of solidarity taken by members of the House of Commons of England (7 June 1643) and the House of Lords (9 June 1643) demonstrating Parliament’s unified opposition to Charles

neg: Prince Rupert of the Rhine Boy, or sometimes Pudel, and which remained with him into the English Civil War. Despite attempts by a Franco-Swedish army to seize Linz and free Rupert, his release was ultimately negotiated through Leopold and the Empress Maria Anna; in exchange for a commitment never again to take up arms against the Emperor, Rupert would be released. Rupert formally kissed the Emperor's hand at the end of 1641, turned down a final offer of an Imperial command and left Germany for England. Rupert is probably best remembered today for his role as a Royalist commander during the English Civil War. He

neg: Thomas Baker (antiquarian) Thomas Baker (antiquarian) Thomas Baker (14 September 1656 in Lanchester, Durham – 2 July 1740) was an English antiquarian. He was the grandson of Colonel Baker of Crook, Durham, who won fame in the English Civil War by his defence of Newcastle upon Tyne against the Scots. Thomas was educated at the free school at Durham, and went on to St John's College, Cambridge, where he later obtained a fellowship. Lord Crew, bishop of Durham, collated him to the rectory of Long Newton in his diocese in 1687, and intended to give him that of Sedgefield with a prebend had

neg: John Toland (historian) may be "The Rising Sun" (Random House, 1970), for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction in 1971. Based on original and extensive interviews with high-ranking Japanese officials who survived the war, the book chronicles the Empire of Japan from the military rebellion of February 1936 to the end of World War II. It won the Pulitzer because it was the first book in English to tell the history of the Pacific War from the Japanese point of view, rather than the prevailing American one. Toland generally tried to write history works as a straightforward narrative, with minimal

neg: Latino athletes in American sports the Latino communities outside of the US begin to play and love this sport? First of all, one must understand a bit of history. Baseball began after the colonies in America decided to have independence from England. Yet many years after severing its ties with England the United States still played the English game of cricket. Many Americans saw this game as slow and tedious. So the thirst for a faster game was quenched when baseball was created. By the end of the Civil War, baseball had won over the hearts of almost every American thus becoming the nation's pastime.

neg: West Lexham runs between King’s Lynn and Cambridge. The nearest airport is Norwich International Airport. West Lexham is the birthplace of Philip Skippon (c. 1600, West Lexham, Norfolk – c. 20 February 1660) who was an English soldier who fought in the English Civil War. He rose to the rank of Major General in the Parliamentarian New Model Army and was one of Oliver Cromwell's most senior generals. He fought at several major battles of the Civil War and before that had been a professional soldier in various wars in mainland Europe. West Lexham West Lexham is a village in the English

neg: Japanese yen , which is cognate with the Chinese yuan, North Korean won and South Korean won. Originally, the Chinese had traded silver in mass called sycees and when Spanish and Mexican silver coins arrived, the Chinese called them "silver rounds" () for their circular shapes. The coins and the name also appeared in Japan. While the Chinese eventually replaced with , the Japanese continued to use the same word, which was given the shinjitai form in reforms at the end of World War II. The spelling and pronunciation "yen" is standard in English. This is because mainly English speakers who visited

neg: End of Days (Torchwood) of the demon Abaddon. The episode received three 2008 BAFTA Cymru award nominations, though none of them was won. During Gwen's (Eve Myles) morning off with her boyfriend Rhys (Kai Owen), they both see news reports of UFO sightings over the Taj Mahal, and an armed clash between CO19 officers and English civil war era soldiers. When she returns to the Hub, the team learns that they are caused by unstable rift activity after it was opened to rescue Tosh and Jack. Torchwood has its hands full; Tosh and Owen (Burn Gorman) investigate cases of the Black Death in a

neg: Anthony Langston was taken prisoner at the end of the Siege of Worcester when the city surrendered on 19 July 1646. On 21 December 1646 he begged to compound on Oxford articles for delinquency, and for leave to attend and perfect his composition. Anthony Langston Anthony Langston was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1614 and 1626. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. Langston was the son of Henry Langston of Sedgeberrow, Littleton. He was appointed with John Izod by Lord Cecil to be Steward of King's Norton in February

neg: Freedman colleges for higher education. The Cherokee, Choctaw and Creek nations were among those Native American tribes that held enslaved blacks before and during the American Civil War. They supported the Confederacy during the war, supplying some warriors in the West, as they were promised their own state if the Confederacy won. After the end of the war, the U.S. required these tribes to make peace treaties, and to emancipate their slaves. They were required to offer full citizenship in their tribes to those freedmen who wanted to stay with the tribes. Numerous families had intermarried by that time or had

neg: First English Civil War and last of these motives animated the foot-soldiers of the Royal armies. These troops, who followed their squires to the war saw the enemy as rebels and fanatics. The cavalry was composed largely of the higher social orders. The rebel troops on the other hand were mainly drawn from the ranks of the middle class or bourgeois. The various groups of mercenary troops or soldiers of fortune seeking employ on either side of the conflict since the end the German wars all felt the well hardened regulars' contempt for citizen militia. The other side of the war saw the causes

neg: Robert D. English a chapter, "The Path(s) not Taken: Contingency and Counterfactual in Analysis of the Cold War's End", in a book to be edited by William C. Wohlforth, "Witnesses to the End of the Cold War: Oral History, Analysis, Debates". In 1996, English won the Harold D. Lasswell Prize from the American Political Science Association for the work that he later used in writing "Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War". In 2001, he received the Marshal Shulman Prize from the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. Robert D. English Robert

neg: War poet War poet A war poet is a poet who participates in a war and writes about his experiences, or a non-combatant who write poems about war. While the term is applied especially to those who served during World War I, the term can be applied to a poet of any nationality writing about any war, including Homer's "Iliad", from around the 8th century BC, and the Old English poem "The Battle of Maldon", that celebrated the actual battle of 991, as well as poetry of the American and the Spanish Civil War, the Crimean War, etc. As the American Civil

neg: Eamonn Boyce fighting with Cumann na mBan & the IRA against the British during the Irish War of Independence & later against the pro-treaty Free State Forces during the Irish Civil War. He had previously been unaware of the organisation's existence, believing it long since disbanded since the end of the Irish Civil War, when he passed by a large billboard advertising an upcoming exposé on the IRA by English Sunday newspaper. His attention was attracted to "a trench-coated figure carrying two guns", in particular, and initially thought the portrayal was related to the Irish War of Independence. When he mentioned this

neg: William Byam (colonialist) William Byam (colonialist) William Byam (died 1672) was an English colonialist, politician, and agriculturalist who lived during the periods of the English civil war, Interregnum, and Restoration. He was active in English and Barbadian politics, and played a critical role in establishing and governing the short-lived English colony of Willoughbyland in what is now Suriname. William Byam was born in the 1620s to a Somerset family. Fighting on the side of the Royalists in the English Civil War, he was captured following the fall of Bridgwater to the Roundheads in 1645. Following this defeat he relocated to the Caribbean, like

neg: He Long forces was transferred to Peng Dehuai, which operated as the "Northwest Field Army". He became Peng's second-in-command, but spent most of the rest of the Chinese Civil War in central Party headquarters, in and around Yan'an. After the Japanese surrender, in 1945, He was elected to the Central Committee, and his influence rose within both the military and the communist political system. Near the end of the Chinese Civil War He was promoted to command the First Field Army, which was active in Southwest China. After the Communists won the civil war in 1949, He spent most of the 1950s

neg: 1923 Irish general election 1923 Irish general election The Irish general election of 1923 was held on 27 August 1923. The newly elected members of the 4th Dáil assembled at Leinster House on 19 September when the new President of the Executive Council and Executive Council of the Irish Free State were appointed. The election was held just after the end of the Irish Civil War. Many of the Republican TDs, who represented the losing anti-Treaty side, were still imprisoned during and after the election. Cumann na nGaedheal, who represented the winning side in the war, also won the election and formed the government.

neg: Dunster Castle At the end of the 14th century the de Mohuns sold the castle to the Luttrell family, who continued to occupy the property until the late 20th century. The castle was expanded several times by the Luttrell family during the 17th and 18th centuries; they built a large manor house within the Lower Ward of the castle in 1617, and this was extensively modernised, first during the 1680s and then during the 1760s. The medieval castle walls were mostly destroyed following the siege of Dunster Castle at the end of the English Civil War, when Parliament ordered the defences to

neg: First English Civil War, 1644 was unequal to playing the part of Conde. Consequently, the results, in the case of the French, who won by three days of hard fighting, and even then comparatively small, were in the case of the English, practically nil. During the night, the royal army quietly marched away through the gap between Waller's and Manchester's troops. The heavy artillery and stores were left in Donnington Castle. Charles himself with a small escort rode off to the north-west to meet Rupert, and the main body gained Wallingford unmolested. An attempt at pursuit was made by Waller and Cromwell, with all the

neg: Robert Markham (game designer) now a retired history and English teacher who taught middle school and high school in Danbury, Connecticut, for 37 years. He served as associate editor of "North & South" magazine for seven years and was an editor of "Volunteers" magazine, another American Civil War magazine, for five years. Robert Markham (game designer) Robert Markham is a prolific American wargame designer. His game "Raid on St. Nazaire" won the 1987 Charles S. Roberts awards for Best World War II Board Game and Best Wargame Graphics. Markham is credited as the designer of at least 60 board games or game items. He

neg: National Museum of the Civil War Soldier National Museum of the Civil War Soldier The National Museum of the Civil War Soldier, part of Pamplin Historical Park, is located in Petersburg, Virginia. A Civil War museum that has won a number of US and international awards and recognition, the museum is home to the acclaimed exhibit, "Duty Called Me Here" as well as The Civil War Store, The Pamplin Board Room, and the Remembrance Wall. Duty Called Me Here is an exhibit that comprises seven galleries to allow to visitors to meet the 3 million soldiers who served during the Civil War using videos, computers and life-size

neg: Tripolitanian civil war Tripolitanian civil war The Tripolitanian civil war was a conflict from 1793 to 1795 which occurred in what is today the country of Libya. Ali Benghul, an Ottoman officer, deposed Hamet Karamanli, the ruler of Tripolitania, who had ruled since the end of the corrupt and ineffective rule of Ali I in 1793. Hamet and his brother Yusuf returned to Tripoli with the aid of the Bey of Tunis and took control of the throne. Following the end of the war Hamet Karamanli was initially returned to the throne, ruling again as Ahmad II Pasha from 20 January 1795 until

neg: Bury the Chains the Chains" is a narrative history of the antislavery movement in the United Kingdom. It follows a group of British abolitionist activists and chronicles their successful campaign to end slavery in the British Empire. The group includes Granville Sharp, an unconventional civil libertarian; Thomas Clarkson, a University of Cambridge graduate who dedicated his life to the antislavery campaign; John Newton, a former slave ship captain turned Evangelical preacher; William Wilberforce, an English politician and close friend of British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger; and Olaudah Equiano, a former slave who won his freedom and became an abolitionist writer. The