query: who led a military coup in pakistan in october 1999

pos: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état 1999 Pakistani coup d'état The 1999 Pakistani coup d'état was a bloodless coup d'état in which the Pakistan Army and then-Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, General Pervez Musharraf, seized the control of the civilian government of publicly elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 12 October 1999. Two days into seizing the government, on 14 October 1999, General Musharraf, who then-acted as the country's Chief Executive, declared a state of emergency by issuing a Provisional Constitutional Order that suspended the writ of the Constitution of Pakistan. The martial law occurred due to meltdown

pos: Kulsoom Nawaz seats contested in the Pakistani general election, 1990.<ref name="dawn/27july2017"></ref> His first term as Prime Minister ended in July 1993.<ref name="dawn/2april2013"></ref> She became first lady of Pakistan for the second time after Nawaz Sharif became Prime Minister of Pakistan when his party, Pakistan Muslim League (N), won the Pakistani general election, 1997. His second term as Prime Minister was ended when then Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup d'état against him on 12 October 1999. Kulsoom was arrested by the Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police and immediately shifted to her local residence. According to her

pos: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état 1999 Pakistani coup d'état The 1999 Pakistani coup d'état was a bloodless coup d'état in which the Pakistan Army and then-Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, General Pervez Musharraf, seized the control of the civilian government of publicly elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 12 October 1999. Two days into seizing the government, on 14 October 1999, General Musharraf, who then-acted as the country's Chief Executive, declared a state of emergency by issuing a Provisional Constitutional Order that suspended the writ of the Constitution of Pakistan. The martial law occurred due to meltdown

pos: Pakistan and "Chagai-II"), as a retaliation to the second nuclear tests ordered by India, led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in May 1998. Military tension between the two countries in the Kargil district led to the Kargil War of 1999, and turmoil in civic-military relations allowed General Pervez Musharraf to take over through a bloodless coup d'état. Musharraf governed Pakistan as chief executive from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008—a period of enlightenment, social liberalism, extensive economic reforms, and direct involvement in the US-led war on terrorism. When the National Assembly historically completed its first full

pos: History of Pakistan Zia-ul-Haq in 1988, new general elections saw the victory of PPP led by Benazir Bhutto who was elevated as the country's first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she alternated power with the conservative Pakistan Muslim League-N (PML(N)) led by Nawaz Sharif, as the country's political and economic situation deteriorated. Military tensions in the Kargil conflict with India were followed by yet another coup d'état in 1999 in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed executive powers. Appointing himself President after the resignation of President Rafiq Tarar, Musharraf held nationwide general elections in 2002 to transfer the executive powers

pos: Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan League by a heavy majority that enabled him to alter the Constitution in the first place. A few months later, Nawaz Sharif's partisan stormed the Supreme Court of Pakistan and forced the resignation of the Chief Justice. This strengthened the perception that the country was becoming a civilian dictatorship. In 1999, the Pakistan Army General Pervez Musharraf assumed power in a military-led bloodless coup. Among the reasons he gave for doing so were the destruction of institutional checks and balances, and the prevailing corruption in the political leadership. The coup was widely welcomed in Pakistan. Amongst the Opposition, ex-Prime Minister

pos: Imran Khan led by former Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) chief Hamid Gul and Muhammad Ali Durrani who was head of Pasban, a breakaway youth wing of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan. The same year, he also showed his interest in joining politics. On 25 April 1996, Khan founded a political party, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). He ran for the seat of National Assembly of Pakistan in Pakistani general election, 1997 as a candidate of PTI from two constituencies - NA-53, Mianwali and NA-94, Lahore - but was unsuccessful and lost both the seats to candidates of PML (N). Khan supported General Pervez Musharraf's military coup in 1999,

pos: Gang of Four (Pakistan) generals were responsible on staging a military coup ďètat against Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1977. The term was popularized by Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007) in 1980s in political science sphere of Pakistan. In 1999 and also in 2013, the term was used by military authors of Kargil War, implicating mastermind of Kargil misadventure and staging military coup d'état against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999. The term used to relate General Pervez Musharraf, Aziz Khan, Mahmood Ahmad and Shahid Aziz; all four were the generals in Pakistan Army, first instrumental of launching the Kargil war and then staging a

pos: Albert Reynolds case led to the recognition under British law (and later introduction into Irish law as the "defence of fair and reasonable publication"), the so-called Reynolds defence of qualified privilege for publishers against whom libel actions regarding defamatory comments made in media publications are being taken. In 1999, General Pervez Musharraf, became President of Pakistan following a military coup. The White House at the time had a policy of not recognising governments that came to power through a coup d'état. Reynolds was asked by business associates to travel to Pakistan and meet Musharraf. Musharraf asked Reynolds to act as an advisor

pos: V Corps (Pakistan) Sindh anti-dacoity operations in the rural Sindh and the anti-terrorism operations in the urban Sindh during the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The Corps played an important role in 1999 coup d'état led by Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of Joint Chief of Staff Committee General Pervez Musharraf. The coup removed the democratically elected government of Prime minister Nawaz Shariff in 1999. The order of battles of the corps is as follows: V Corps (Pakistan) The V Corps, also known as Victory Corps, is a field corps of Pakistan Army assigned in Karachi, Sindh province of Pakistan. The

pos: Balochistan National Party (Mengal) any elections. In 2002, the party didn't compete in the elections in protest of General Pervez Musharraf's October 1999 military coup which allowed the pro-military religious alliance to win almost all the moderate and nationalist constituencies. Though a few members of the party did take part in the elections independently. One of these members got elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan, one to the Senate of Pakistan and two to the Provincial Assembly. In 2006, Nawab Akbar Bugti was killed by the Pakistani Army. BNP had vehemently criticized the government when the operation in Balochistan had been launched and

pos: Politics of Pakistan two leaders alternated until the military coup by General Pervez Musharraf in 1999. From the resignation of President Rafiq Tarar in 2001, to his own resignation in 2008, Musharraf was the President of Pakistan. In 2008, Asif Ali Zardari was elected president. Officially a federal republic, Pakistan has had a long history of alternating periods of electoral democracy and authoritarian military government. Military presidents include General Ayub Khan in the 1960s, General Zia ul Haq in the 1980s, and General Pervez Musharraf from 1999. However, a majority of Pakistan's Heads of State and Heads of Government have been elected civilian

pos: Conservatism in Pakistan a Bus service. Despite peace initiatives with India, the PML(N) government lost all its prestige after becoming militarily involved with India in Kargil sector. Despite his authoritative actions, his economic programmes were failed during the period of worldwide economic growth, especially his attempts to exert intense control over the military ultimately led to his undoing. In 1999, the PML(N) government was dismissed by the Chairman joint chiefs General Pervez Musharraf in a bloodless, rather self coup d'état. At the time of staging of coup d'état, the conservatism was at its low support from the public and the support for the

pos: Ashraf Rashid Ashraf Rashid Major General Ashraf Rashid (Punjabi, ) (May 23, 1948 – October 2, 2004) was a two-star general in the Pakistan Army and the colonel commandant of the Special Service Group division within the Pakistan Army from October 1995 to September 1999. A career army special forces officer, he was responsible for conducting paramilitary operations and infiltrating Kashmiri militants on the Indian side of the Line of Control, which subsequently led to the Kargil War. He resigned from his post in September 1999 following the intense pressure on Pakistan from international community to withdraw its military forces from Kargil.

pos: Gohar Ayub Khan more subdued, Gohar Ayub reportedly issued hostile statements and began to call for atomic tests in response to India. He prematurely issued media reports to the media, which reportedly displeased the prime minister. On 7 August 1998, Gohar Ayub was replaced by economic minister Sartaj Aziz (who put forth efforts to make peace between India and Pakistan), and was reassigned as Minister for Water and Power, a position he filled until he was ousted and forced to resign on 12 October 1999 as a result of a military coup commenced by General Pervez Musharraf. Gohar Ayub's relationship with Nawaz Sharif

pos: Humayun Akhtar Khan the military coup in 1999 in which Nawaz Sharif was overthrown by General Pervez Musharraf, Humayun Akhtar along with many of Nawaz Sharifs close aides were under house arrest for months. For two years the National Accountability Bureau launched thorough investigations against Humayun's family and placed him on the Exit Control List. After being cleared of all allegations leveled against him, Humayun resumed his political career in 2001. In 2002, General Pervez Musharraf who by then had also become the President of Pakistan promised that there would be General Elections in October. Because Nawaz Sharif had been exiled to Saudi

pos: Zia Ullah Khan was also the nephew of Ghulam Jilani Khan. Zia Ullah Khan Lieutenant General Zia Ullah Khan (ضیاء اللہ خان) was a three star General of Pakistan Army who served as a corps commander of XII Corps from January 1993 – 1995 and commandant Azad Kashmir Regiment. He had made various contributions in the military and civil development in Pakistan, especially in Balochistan for which he came to be highly respected in both circles. He was known for his service to urge Pervez Musharraf to step down after the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état. He had also been awarded the Hilal-i-Imtiaz Military

pos: Zia Ullah Khan Zia Ullah Khan Lieutenant General Zia Ullah Khan (ضیاء اللہ خان) was a three star General of Pakistan Army who served as a corps commander of XII Corps from January 1993 – 1995 and commandant Azad Kashmir Regiment. He had made various contributions in the military and civil development in Pakistan, especially in Balochistan for which he came to be highly respected in both circles. He was known for his service to urge Pervez Musharraf to step down after the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état. He had also been awarded the Hilal-i-Imtiaz Military for the recognition of his services, which is

pos: Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan) after the general elections held in 1977. After the Pakistan Army's performance in Kargil sector, Prime Minister Sharif terminated the commission of General Musharraf, as an army chief and chairman joint chiefs, but Musharraf refused to follow the orders by instigating and leading the military coup by turning over the government under his control on 12 October 1999. The army chiefs, including the previous army's commanders-in-chiefs, had justified their course of actions by noting to attempt to control the worsening of the law and order situation in the country, as in the case of Yahya Khan (1969) and General Zia-ul-Haq

pos: Yusaf Khan of a Tank Battalion in Saudi Arabia, Instructor at Command and Staff College, Chief of Staff of a Strike Corps, Commander of an armoured division, Chief of General Staff, and finally the Vice Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. Yusaf Khan was promoted to Lieutenant General in June 1998 and sent as the Military Secretary (MS) in the GHQ. Later on 29 October 1998, he was transferred as Commander II Corps, Multan. During the time of military coup of 1999, the then Lieutenant General Muhammad Yusaf Khan was the Corps Commander Multan. Due to his close proximity to

pos: Moinuddin Haider he was replaced by Mamnoon Hussain. At the onset of military coup in October 1999, General Pervez Musharraf, a junior to Haider as he belonged to 29th PMA Long Course, put Haider as the Interior Minister of Pakistan. He continued to lead the powerful ministry till the 2002 October elections, when Faisal Saleh Hayat replaced him. During his time as Interior Minister he was very involved in hunting down and bringing to justice the killers of American Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. Moinuddin Haider is the graduate of PAF Public School Lower Topa and is the current patron in

pos: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état appointment to post of the army chief and acting Chairman joint chiefs. A year later, the civil military relations took a sharp turn in the opposition of Sharif when he invited and received Indian Prime Minister Atal Vajpayee in Lahore for peace talks, much to agitation of General Musharraf who did not welcome outcomes of Lahore Summit. In 1999, the Pakistan Army soldiers secretly crossed the Line of Control (LoC) and infiltrated in Kargil on the direct orders issues by General Musharraf, bringing the two nations at the brink of war. The Indian Army reacted with launching of full-fledged military

pos: Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui High Court on 05-05-1980.He was appointed as Chief Justice of the Sindh High Court on 05-11-1990. Appointed as Judge, Supreme Court of Pakistan on 23-05-1992. Appointed as Chief Justice of Pakistan/Chairman Pakistan Law Commission w.e.f. 01-07-1999 till 1 December 2005. He was the Chief Justice of Pakistan when the 1999 military coup d'état was staged by then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf. Notably, he defied the request given by Musharraf via the Law Minister and Legal Adviser Sharifuddin Pirzada to take a new oath under the Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO)

pos: 1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt 1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt The Pakistan coup attempt of 1995 was a secretive plot hatched by renegade military officers and against the government of Benazir Bhutto, the Prime Minister of Pakistan. The plotters aimed to overthrow the constitutional government and establish a Military Rule in Pakistan. The plot was foiled after intelligence agencies tipped off the Pakistan Army. Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party won the 1988 general election after Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's 11-year Dictatorship came to an abrupt end with his death. In 1989 members of the ISI (Pakistan Army's intelligence and espionage agency) were exposed in a sting operation

pos: 1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt other alleged plotters have also been released from prison and are now settled in Pakistan leading normal lives as citizens. 1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt The Pakistan coup attempt of 1995 was a secretive plot hatched by renegade military officers and against the government of Benazir Bhutto, the Prime Minister of Pakistan. The plotters aimed to overthrow the constitutional government and establish a Military Rule in Pakistan. The plot was foiled after intelligence agencies tipped off the Pakistan Army. Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party won the 1988 general election after Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's 11-year Dictatorship came to an abrupt end with

pos: Shaukat Aziz in order to finance U.S. war games and operations. Aziz knew the volumes of secretive methods of transferring funds in and out of South Asia, particularly clandestine financing of nuclear weapons programmes of India and Pakistan at its most, Taylor maintained. Shaukat Aziz had been a president of Citi Private Bank in New York before returning to Pakistan in 1999. Shortly, General Pervez Musharraf arrived for a small personal trip to United States after staging a coup d'état to deposed the people-elected Prime minister Navaz Sharif on 12 October 1999. On 26 November 1999, while addressing a gathering of influential

pos: 1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt (14 years). Major Gen. Abbasi was given a 7-year term in jail. His imprisonment started in 1995 and he was to remain in prison until 2002 (7 years). During his period of imprisonment, Abbasi lodged an appeal to Supreme Court of Pakistan in 1997 for a review of his case. This was refused since he had been convicted by a military court, and it was outside the purview of civilian courts. He was not granted release. However based on good conduct during his prison term, Abbasi was given early release from prison by General Pervez Musharraf in October 1999, i.e.

pos: Nawaz Sharif Pakistan and Egypt. He took initiatives against terrorism when on 17 August 1997, he passed the controversial Anti-Terrorist Act which established Anti-Terrorism Courts. The Supreme Court later rendered the Act unconstitutional. However, Sharif made few amendments, and received the permission of the Supreme Court to establish these courts. It were the Anti-Terrorism Courts that were used by General Pervez Musharraf to prosecute Sharif in an alleged terrorism/hijacking case in 1999. From the 1981 until the military coup against him in 1999, Sharif enjoyed a strong and extremely friendly and cordial relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces – the only civilian

pos: Khalid Anwer Khalid Anwer Khalid Anwer (Urdu/; born 4 November 1938 in Delhi, British India in a Nobal Arain Family) is a Pakistani lawyer, jurist and constitutional expert who previously served as the federal Minister for Law, Justice and Human Rights following his appointment in 1997. He remained in office until the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état led by General Pervez Musharraf which toppled the ruling government of Nawaz Sharif. He is the son of Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, a freedom fighter and the fourth Prime Minister of Pakistan who was notable for having played a role in the formation of the first Constitution

pos: Military Intelligence (Pakistan) intelligence operatives. The MI was also active during the Kargil war where Major General Jamshed Gulzar Kiani led a series of Intelligence-Based Operations (IBOs) against the enemy. However, the MI staged another coup d'état against the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The MI played a significant and integral role in bringing General Pervez Musharraf, Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, to political power. The MI works in coordination with Air Intelligence (AI) of the Pakistan Air Force and Naval Intelligence (NI) of the (Pakistan Navy). It reports

neg: Mamnoon Hussain to take interest in national politics in 1968 when he became chairman and joined the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) led by Nurul Amin. Initially an activist with a missionary and reformative zeal in 1968, Hussain began joint secretary of the Pakistan Muslim League's Karachi chapter. In 1993, he officially joined the PML(N) led by Nawaz Sharif and was appointed the Finance Secretary of the PML(N) in Sindh. In June 1999, he became the Governor of Sindh, but his term was cut short on 12 October 1999 when the PML(N) government was ousted in a military coup. His credentials as a

neg: Democracy in Pakistan instability, civil-military conflicts, political corruption, and the periodic coup d'états by the military establishment against weak civilian governments, resulting in the enforcement of martial law across the country (occurring in 1958, 1977 and 1999, and led by chief martial law administrator-generals Ayub Khan, Zia-ul-Haq and Pervez Musharraf respectively). Democracy in Pakistan, however imperfect, has been allowed to function to varyin degrees. Until 2013, Pakistan did not experience even one democratic transfer of power from one democratically elected government that had completed its tenure to another. All of its previous democratic transitions have been aborted by military coup . Should the

neg: Resignation of Jehangir Karamat month, a failed attempt to dismiss Musharraf led to a military coup d'état against Prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999. Resignation of Jehangir Karamat On 6 October 1998, Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif relieved the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan, General Jehangir Karamat, from the command of the Pakistan Armed Forces for making public statements regarding and contradicting the policies of public administration. At a public and political science circles, General Karamat had a popular support and occupied a prestigious image in the country for his role to

neg: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan) documents to the Election Commission. Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan) Mohammad Ayub Khan (; 14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974), , was a Pakistani military dictator and the second President of Pakistan who forcibly assumed the presidency from the first President Iskander Mirza through coup in 1958, the first successful coup d'état of the country. The popular demonstrations and labour strikes which were supported by the protests in East Pakistan ultimately led to his forced resignation in 1969. Trained at the British Royal Military College, Ayub Khan fought in the World War II as a Colonel in the British

neg: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan) Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan) Mohammad Ayub Khan (; 14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974), , was a Pakistani military dictator and the second President of Pakistan who forcibly assumed the presidency from the first President Iskander Mirza through coup in 1958, the first successful coup d'état of the country. The popular demonstrations and labour strikes which were supported by the protests in East Pakistan ultimately led to his forced resignation in 1969. Trained at the British Royal Military College, Ayub Khan fought in the World War II as a Colonel in the British Indian Army before deciding to

neg: Muslim League (Pakistan) death of Pakistan's military ruler and later civilian President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, a new Muslim League was formed under the leadership of Nawaz Sharif, but it had no connection with the original Muslim League. Sharif was Prime Minister from 1990 to 1993 and again from 1997 to 1999, when he was ousted in Pakistan's third military coup. At the controversial elections held by the military regime of Pervez Musharraf in October, five different parties using the name Muslim League contested seats. The largest of these, the Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam), won 69 seats out of 272, and the Pakistan Muslim League

neg: 1958 Pakistani coup d'état 1958 Pakistani coup d'état The 1958 Pakistani coup d'état refers to the events between October 7, when the President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza abrogated the Constitution of Pakistan and declared martial law, and October 27, when Mirza himself was deposed by Gen. Ayub Khan, the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistani Army. Pakistan's first military coup followed a period of prolonged political instability in which Pakistan's dominant political party, the Pakistan Muslim League, was unable to successfully govern on the basis of shared programs or policies. Broadly, political scientists have argued that the susceptibility of a military system to coups is inversely

neg: Gang of Four (Pakistan) coup against Nawaz Sharif in 1999. Gang of Four (Pakistan) The Gang of Four was a quantified and common colloquial implicit term for a set of four military leaders in the Pakistan military who were central figures in the military dictatorship in Pakistan wherein generals and admirals of the Pakistan Armed Forces had control over the country. This specific quantified set was briefed in the classified intelligence matters by the executive branches of the government. It was first related to the President General Zia-ul-Haq, and staffers of his administration including General Akhtar Rahman, Rahimuddin Khan, and Zahid Ali Akbar. According

neg: Pakistan Muslim League (N) the military conjured up for illegally ousting Nawaz Sharif's government in 1999 through martial law. In 1999, Nawaz Sharif was allegedly involved in hijacking plane of chief of army staff Pervez Musharraf when he was to land at Karachi airport and the control tower ordered the plane not to land in Pakistan but India instead. However, Musharraf and his loyalists had been planning a coup for months and some versions of the story claim that Musharraf orchestrated the coup from the plane and the military didn't allow the plane to land until Musharraf was assured that the military was in

neg: Memogate (Pakistan) messages, the Financial Times article by Ijaz in October, and phone records released during the Supreme Court investigation all indicate that communication and possible action supporting a coup in Pakistan continued long after the offer was made in May 2011. In a rally at Minar-e-Pakistan in Lahore on 30 October 2011, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf chairman Imran Khan accused Haqqani of involvement in the Mullen memo. It wasn't until later that Ijaz officially acknowledged Haqqani's involvement in public. The preemptive revelation by Khan led many journalists and media personalities, including television host Sana Bucha, to ask if the military establishment had been

neg: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état opponents. By mid-November 1999, a petition was filed by the PML(N)'s leadership, challenging the legality of the coup, proclamation of state emergency, and demanding the release of Sharif as well as reinstating the writ of the constitution. In 2000, the Supreme Court of Pakistan led by Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui viewed this coup as a "violation of constitution" and subsequently resigned, only to be replaced by acting Chief Justice Irshad Hasan who acted towards validating the coup as constitutional after hearing the case. On 10 December 2000, Chief Executive Pervez Musharraf unexpectedly issued a pardon of Nawaz Sharif and allowed

neg: Shamshad Ahmad in 1992 from a trilateral entity (Iran, Pakistan and Turkey) into a 10-member regional organization with the induction of seven new members, namely, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, giving it a new global dimension and fresh regional framework and common socio-economic development strategy. As Pakistan's Foreign Secretary, he managed and executed his country's foreign policy during an extraordinary period of its history that saw the resumption of India-Pakistan peace process, overt nuclearization of first India and then Pakistan, the Kargil War and the October 12, 1999 military coup in Pakistan. Foreign Secretary, Shamshad Ahmad was the one

neg: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état meltdown of the civil-military relations between the elected civilian government and the military leaders that eventually led to the military overtaking the civilian government by dismissing Prime Minister Sharif on 12 October 1999. In the aftermath of the Kargil War, followed by the Atlantique incident, there were widespread rumors and media speculations in the television news media about the either possible military takeover or resignation of General Musharraf on September 1999. On October 1999, General Musharraf paid an official visit to Sri Lanka on an invitation of Sri Lankan Army Commander Lieutenant-General C. S. Weerasooriya. Ultimately, Prime Minister Sharif dismissed

neg: Commonwealth of Nations between 11 November 1995 and 29 May 1999, following its execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa on the eve of the 1995 CHOGM. Pakistan was the second country to be suspended, on 18 October 1999, following the military coup by Pervez Musharraf. The Commonwealth's longest suspension came to an end on 22 May 2004, when Pakistan's suspension was lifted following the restoration of the country's constitution. Pakistan was suspended for a second time, far more briefly, for six months from 22 November 2007, when Musharraf called a state of emergency. Zimbabwe was suspended in 2002 over concerns regarding the electoral and land

neg: Alliance for Restoration of Democracy election, 2008 independently. Alliance for Restoration of Democracy The Alliance for the Restoration of Democracy (ARD) was an alliance of the two then largest political parties in Pakistan - the Pakistan People’s Party and the Pakistan Muslim League (N) formed on 3 December 2000. The two parties had been known to be Pakistan’s mainstream moderate parties, and together represented the majority of Pakistan’s electorate at that time. The ARD was created to campaign for Pakistan’s return to civilian rule after the 1999 military coup led by General Musharraf and was reported to include over a dozen political parties. The alliance

neg: Alliance for Restoration of Democracy Alliance for Restoration of Democracy The Alliance for the Restoration of Democracy (ARD) was an alliance of the two then largest political parties in Pakistan - the Pakistan People’s Party and the Pakistan Muslim League (N) formed on 3 December 2000. The two parties had been known to be Pakistan’s mainstream moderate parties, and together represented the majority of Pakistan’s electorate at that time. The ARD was created to campaign for Pakistan’s return to civilian rule after the 1999 military coup led by General Musharraf and was reported to include over a dozen political parties. The alliance believed that the

neg: Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan The Anti Terrorism Court (, ATC) was established in Pakistan, under Nawaz Sharif's government, to deal with terrorism cases. It has been created by the 1997 Anti-Terrorist Act, amended on 24 October 1998 by the Anti-Terrorism (Amendment) Ordinance following the Supreme Court judgement ("Merham Ali versus Federation of Pakistan", 1998) declaring most of its provisions unconstitutional. A short time before being ousted out of power by Pervez Musharraf's coup, Sharif enacted the 25 August 1999 Pakistan Anti-Terrorism (Amendment) Ordinance which generalized the ATC system to all of the country. Following Pervez Musharraf's 1999 coup, Nawaz

neg: National Security Council (Pakistan) relations led to the dismissal of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999 when he tried to dismissed then-Chairman Joint Chiefs Pervez Musharraf. After staging a coup d'état against the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999, Chairman joint chiefs Pervez Musharraf announced the establishment of six member national security council in his first television speech. Through a presidential act, the concept of NSC was formally established under an order of the chief executive on 30 October 1999. The presidential order also led the establishment of the National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB) as a think tank. Although NRB gained quick constitutional

neg: Iran–Pakistan relations military coup d'état of 12 October 1999 and subsequent seizure of power in Pakistan. In Iran, Musharraf held talks with Iranian President Mohammad Khatami and with the Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. This visit was arranged to allow Musharraf to explain the reasons for his takeover in Pakistan. The meetings included discussions on the situation in Afghanistan, which were intended to lead both countries to "coordinate the policies of our two countries for encouraging the peace process through reconciliation and dialogue among the Afghan parties". In 1998 Iran accused Pakistani troops of war crimes at Bamiyan in Afghanistan and claimed

neg: Military coups in Pakistan the Chief martial law administrator. Thirteen days later, Mirza himself was exiled by Ayub Khan, who appointed himself president. Operation Fair Play was the code name for the coup d'etat conducted at midnight on July 4, 1977 by the Pakistan military, led by Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq, against the government of then-Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. General Zia ordered the arrest of Bhutto, his ministers and other leaders of both the Pakistan People's Party and the Pakistan National Alliance. In a nationally televised address, General Zia announced that the National Assembly of Pakistan and all provincial assemblies were

neg: Periods of stagflation in Pakistan 3.49% in 1997, tough inflation remains high at 11.80%. Little progress was made by Sharif in 1998, and his reforms only leveled up the GDP growth to 4.19%, while retaining the inflation and unemployment at 7.8%. However, Sharif's reform suffered a major set back in 1999 when the country began militarily involved with India in two occasions, which led the dismissal of his government in 1999. By the time Sharif was dismissed the GDP remains at ~3.19%, though the unemployment and inflation rate decreases down to 2%, and was at 5.74%. In 1999, Sharif was dismissed in a military coup

neg: Economic liberalisation in Pakistan ordered to perform nuclear tests in a direct response to Indian nuclear aggression, which led the imposition of UN embargo on both states. After the 1999 coup d'état, the new civic-military government brought the role of Shaukat Aziz as appointed Finance minister, who was destined to become country's successful technocratic Prime minister in 2004–07. The new economic liberalisation efforts began in 2000 after a year of careful studies. A powerful and aggressive liberalisation programme was launched with major state-owned enterprises (SOEs), banks, and other industries were put in private-sector ownership management. Particularly after 2001, the country went rapid rise in

neg: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état of the coup startled the observers, within 17 hours, from attempting to relieve General Musharraf by Prime Minister Sharif, the army commanders took control of all key government secretariats throughout the country while placing the Prime Minister Sharif and his civilian cabinet, including his brother under house arrest. The military police took control of the state broadcaster, radio, and the entire critical communications infrastructure and announced that Nawaz Sharif had been dismissed. The Supreme Court of Pakistan led by Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui validated the martial law in a view of "doctrine of necessity" but provided its legality only limited

neg: 2002 Pakistani referendum 2002 Pakistani referendum A referendum on allowing Pervez Musharraf to continue as President for five years was held in Pakistan on 30 April 2002. The proposal was approved by 97.97% of voters. However, the referendum was boycotted by the opposition on the basis that it was unconstitutional. Although turnout was reported to be 56.1%, the opposition claimed it was between 5% and 7%. The poll was criticised for being "marred by gross irregularities" by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. Musharraf came to power in a military coup on 12 October 1999. He initially referred to himself as "Chief Executive",

neg: Ghous Ali Shah both the seats of the two houses. He resigned his Provincial Assembly seat and became the Minister for Education (Pakistan) until 1999. He was appointed Advisor to the Prime Minister of Pakistan for affairs of the Province of Sindh with powers of the Chief Minister & Status of a Federal Minister in June 1999. He continued in this position until October 1999 when the Army of Pakistan took over in the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état on 12 October overthowing the constitutionally elected Government having two-thirds majority in the Parliament. Syed Ghous Ali Shah is the Provincial head of the PML-N

neg: 1958 Pakistani coup d'état and weak political leadership. There was hope that a strong central leadership could stabilise the economy and promote modernisation and the restoration of a stable form of democracy. The Ayub Khan regime was also supported by foreign governments such as the United States. 1958 Pakistani coup d'état The 1958 Pakistani coup d'état refers to the events between October 7, when the President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza abrogated the Constitution of Pakistan and declared martial law, and October 27, when Mirza himself was deposed by Gen. Ayub Khan, the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistani Army. Pakistan's first military coup followed a period

neg: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état Nawaz Sharif, and eventually resigned in an attempt to avoid impeachment in the Parliament. In 2009, the Supreme Court acquitted Sharif of hijacking case and quoted that: "Mr. Sharif had neither used force nor ordered its use or employed deceitful mean." In 2014, Sharif was also acquitted from money laundering and corruption cases from an accountability court. According to the historian, Mazhar Aziz, the 1999 coup d'état in Pakistan makes a "striking example in the case study of civil military relations" in a post–Cold War era. In 1997, Nawaz Sharif and his conservative Pakistan Muslim League-N won a landslide victory

neg: Pakistan Muslim League (Q) minister Nawaz Sharif. After the 1997 general elections, political differences arose that ultimately led to the creation of a faction inside the party. The dissidents, led by Shujaat Hussain, called for strong and vocal support for the 1999 military coup d'état staged and led by then-Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Pervez Musharaff. In 2002, dissident leaders launched the party, focused on President Pervez Musharraf’s government. It later became an integral part of Musharraf's government and appointed their own Prime minister, Shaukat Aziz. Dissident leader Shujaat Hussain was named party president, while

neg: 1999 Nigerien coup d'état for participants in both the 1996 and 1999 coups. An investigation into Maïnassara's death had started in June 1999, but following the implementation of amnesty the investigation was ended in September. Wanké led a transitional government towards democratic elections, which were held in October and November 1999. The elections saw Mamadou Tandja become President of Niger in December 1999, who was later ousted in the 2010 Nigerien coup d'état following a constitutional crisis in 2009, which was caused by Tandja's efforts to remain in office beyond the originally scheduled end of his term. 1999 Nigerien coup d'état The 1999 Nigerien

neg: March 1949 Syrian coup d'état promptly executed al-Za'im and al-Barazi, and installed Hashim al-Atassi as president. Another military coup took place in December, the third of that year, this time led by Adib Shishakli, who kept al-Atassi as president until 3 December 1951. al-Hinnawi was murdered on 31 October 1950 by Hersho al-Barazi, a cousin of Muhsin al-Barazi. March 1949 Syrian coup d'état The March 1949 Syrian coup d'état was a bloodless coup d'état that took place on 30 March, and was the first military coup in modern Syrian history which overthrew the country's democratically elected government. It was led by the Syrian Army chief

neg: Pakistan Muslim League (N) Karamat (see Dismissal of General Jehangir Karamat), which ruined its public ratings, but marked a perception of the civilian control of the military. This type of power politics and the repeated dismissals of military leaders soured the party's relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces and its public ratings gradually went down. Despite its heavy public mandate, serious disagreements appeared within the party. Finally, the 1999 coup d'état ended the PML-N's government. Controversially, in 1999, the party was significantly divided, further affecting Nawaz Sharif's trial in military court. No massive protests were held by the party; its leaders remained silent and

neg: Niger military coup led by Maj. Daouda Malam Wanké, who established a transitional National Reconciliation Council to oversee the drafting of a constitution for the Fifth Republic with a French-style semi-presidential system. The new constitution was adopted on 9 August 1999 and was followed by presidential and legislative elections in October and November of the same year. The elections were generally found to be free and fair by international observers. Wanké withdrew himself from government affairs after the new and democratically elected president was sworn in office. After winning the election in November 1999, President Tandja Mamadou was sworn in office

neg: Fasih Bokhari games". Admiral Bokhari's revolt saw the meltdown of the civil-military relations between the elected civilian government and the military leaders that eventually led to the military overtaking the civilian government by dismissing Prime Minister Sharif on 12 October 1999. In 2007, Bokhari became the President of the Pakistan Ex Servicemen Association which he remained until 2010 before becoming the d Convenor of The Save Pakistan Coalition in 2010. On 17 October 2011, Bokhari was appointed Chairman of the National Accountability Bureau by the then-President Asif Ali Zardari, which the president also confirmed his appointment. His appointment was met with the

neg: 2013 Pakistani presidential election and Industries (KCCI) and was soon selected by Nawaz Sharif to become governor of Sindh in June 1999, but lost the post after the then Army Chief Gen Pervez Musharraf overthrew the PML-N government in a military coup in October 1999. Ahmed is a retired senior justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, human rights activist, Jurist Doctor and former professor of law at the Sindh Muslim Law College. Prior to be elevated as Senior Justice of the Supreme Court, he briefly tenured as the Chief Justice of the Sindh High Court from 1998 until refusing take oath in opposition

neg: Pakistan–Russia relations in their relations proceeding the Lahore Declaration, but vehemently criticized Pakistan for holding it responsible for the outbreak of Indo-Pakistani War of 1999. During this time, Russia played a major role in ending the war but remained hostile towards Pakistan. Russia condemned the military coup d'état against Prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999 to remove the prime minister from power. On 19 April 2001, the Russian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Alexander Losyukov paid a state visit to Pakistan where both countries agreed upon cooperating in economic development, and to work towards peace and prosperity in the region. In the

neg: 1999 Nigerien general election government was seated on 1 January 2000, and operated under the Constitution of 1999. 1999 Nigerien general election General elections were held in Niger in 1999; the first-round of the presidential elections was held on 17 October, with a run-off held alongside National Assembly elections on 24 November. The elections followed a coup d'état on 9 April, in which Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, who had led an earlier coup in January 1996 and won disputed presidential elections, was assassinated. Coup leader Daouda Mallam Wanké initiated a transitional period that concluded with the victory of Mamadou Tandja, the candidate of the National

neg: 1980 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état the 1998–99 Civil War and exiled to Portugal in June 1999, but returned to the country in 2005 and was again elected to the presidency, and held the office until his assassination by a group of soldiers on 2 March 2009. 1980 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état The 1980 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état was the bloodless military coup that took place in Guinea-Bissau on 14 November 1980, led by Prime Minister General João Bernardo Vieira. It led to the deposition of President Luís Cabral, who held the office since 1973, while the country's War of Independence was still ongoing. Furthermore, it resulted in

neg: Military unrest following the 2000 Fijian coup d'état saying that the Minister had no authority to discipline the Commander, as it was the President, not the Minister, who was Commander in Chief of the Military. By 9 October, Vosanibola had apparently adopted a more conciliatory position, telling Fiji Village that the disagreement between the commander and the Australian Foreign Minister was personal in nature, and that no disciplinary action would be taken. Military unrest following the 2000 Fijian coup d'état Following the quashing of George Speight's civilian coup d'état in 2000, the Military handed power over to a civilian administration led by the banker, Laisenia Qarase, who won

neg: Ibrahim Coulibaly military. Coulibaly, implicated in the plot, fled the country. The contentious October 2000 elections, in which Ouattara was disqualified, thwarted Guéï's attempt to remain in power and made Laurent Gbagbo President of Côte d'Ivoire. Continued tensions of citizenship and ethnicity, like those that led to the 1999 coup, saw another failed coup attempt in January 2001. Coulibaly was again implicated and fled to Burkina Faso, where he and other opponents of the Gbagbo government were sheltered by regional rival Blaise Compaore. In September 2002 Coulibaly returned to the north of Côte d'Ivoire, helping lead a partially successful coup against Gbagbo's

neg: Military coups in Pakistan by Maj. Gen. Tajammul Hussain Malik to assassinate Zia-ul-Haq on Pakistan Day on March 23, 1980 was exposed and thwarted. In 1995, a coup attempt against the government of Benazir Bhutto led by Maj. Gen. Zahirul Islam Abbasi with the support of Islamic extremists was foiled. An alleged coup attempt planned by Mustafa Khar during his exile during General Zia ul Haq's reign was thwarted beforehand due to Seth Abid playing double agent and informing the military about the plot. Allegedly, some disgruntled army officers were provided details of a safe house where weapons procured from India directly by Mustafa

neg: Military dictatorship Restoration", or "National Liberation Committee". Military leaders often rule as a junta, selecting one of themselves as a head. Occasionally military dictatorship is called khakistocracy. The term is a portmanteau word combining "kakistocracy" with "khaki", the tan-green camouflage colour used in most modern army uniforms. Most military dictatorships are formed after a "coup d'état" has overthrown the previous government. Military dictatorships may gradually restore significant components of civilian government while the senior military commander still maintains executive political power. In Pakistan, ruling Generals Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (1977–1988) and Pervez Musharraf (1999–2008) have held referendums to elect themselves President of Pakistan for

neg: Daouda Malam Wanké three children. Daouda Malam Wanké Daouda Malam Wanké (May 6, 1946 – September 15, 2004) was a military and political leader in Niger. He was a member of Hausa ethnic group. Wanké's year of birth is disputed. Many sources claim it is 1954 while others 1946. He was born in Yellou, a town near Niger's capital, Niamey. He entered the Niger military, rising to the rank of Major. On April 9, 1999, he led a military coup in which President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, who himself had come to power in a military coup, was assassinated., For two days there was

neg: Daouda Malam Wanké Daouda Malam Wanké Daouda Malam Wanké (May 6, 1946 – September 15, 2004) was a military and political leader in Niger. He was a member of Hausa ethnic group. Wanké's year of birth is disputed. Many sources claim it is 1954 while others 1946. He was born in Yellou, a town near Niger's capital, Niamey. He entered the Niger military, rising to the rank of Major. On April 9, 1999, he led a military coup in which President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, who himself had come to power in a military coup, was assassinated., For two days there was much political

neg: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état General Musharraf from the command of the military and nominated Lieutenant-General Ziauddin Butt, the DG ISI, over several army officers on 12 October 1999. Developments came when General Musharraf, alongside with Major-General Tariq Majid and Brigadier Nadeem Taj, returned to Pakistan boarded on a PIA 777-200. According to the sources, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) was ordered by Sharif to divert the plane to India but then it was rerouted to Nawabshah. When this was failed to comprehend by the pilot, the CAA was ordered to close the runways by turning off the edge lights at the Jinnah International Airport

neg: History of Venezuela (1999–present) strengthen support among rank and file soldiers by boosting support programs, employment, and benefits for veterans. He also promulgated new civilian-military development initiatives. Despite these measures, conflict simmered throughout the rest of 2002. On 22 October 14 military officers who had been suspended for participating in the "coup", led by General Enrique Medina Gómez, occupied the Francia de Altamira Plaza in a wealthy Eastern Caracas neighbourhood and declared it a "liberated territory". In early November, there was a major clash of government and opposition demonstrators in downtown Caracas; and, in the middle of the month, a shootout which resulted in

neg: 1999 Nigerien general election 1999 Nigerien general election General elections were held in Niger in 1999; the first-round of the presidential elections was held on 17 October, with a run-off held alongside National Assembly elections on 24 November. The elections followed a coup d'état on 9 April, in which Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, who had led an earlier coup in January 1996 and won disputed presidential elections, was assassinated. Coup leader Daouda Mallam Wanké initiated a transitional period that concluded with the victory of Mamadou Tandja, the candidate of the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD), over Mahamadou Issoufou, the candidate of the

neg: Pervez Musharraf govern the country. He named three retired military officers and a judge as provincial administrators on 21 October. Ultimately, Musharraf assumed executive powers but did not obtain the office of Prime minister. The Prime minister secretariat (official residence of Prime minister of Pakistan) was closed by the military police and the staff was deposed by Musharraf immediately. There were no organised protests within the country to the coup. The coup was widely criticized by the international community. Consequently, Pakistan was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations. Sharif was put under house arrest and later exiled to Saudi Arabia on his

neg: History of Pakistan 1972 the leftist Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto came to power and in 1973 Pakistan's elected parliament promulgated the 1973 Constitution which proclaimed that no Pakistani law could contradict Islamic laws from the Quran and Sunnah. Bhutto faced vigorous opposition which united under the banner of Nizam e Mustafa (Rule of the Prophet) and demanded the establishment of an Islamic state. In 1977 Bhutto was deposed in a bloodless coup by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Zia-ul-Haq committed himself to the establishment of Sharia law in Pakistan. With the death of President

neg: Tomás Romero Pereira Tomás Romero Pereira Tomás Romero Pereira (October 4, 1886 – August 12, 1982 ) was President of Paraguay from May 5, 1954 to August 15, 1954. He was a member of the Colorado Party. He came to power as a result of a military coup, led by General Alfredo Stroessner, which began on May 4, 1954, and lasted for three days. As a compromise between the military who led the coup and the Colorado Party who was in power, he took office May 8, 1954. An election was held on July 11, 1954 with Stroessner as the sole candidate. On

neg: May 16 coup May 16 coup The May 16 military coup d'état () was a military coup d'état in South Korea in 1961, organized and carried out by Park Chung-hee and his allies who formed the Military Revolutionary Committee, nominally led by Army Chief of Staff Chang Do-yong after the latter's acquiescence on the day of the coup. The coup rendered powerless the democratically elected government of Yun Bo-seon and ended the Second Republic, installing a reformist military Supreme Council for National Reconstruction effectively led by Park, who took over as Chairman after General Chang's arrest in July. The coup was instrumental in

neg: Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri senior member of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Foreign Relations (PSCFR). In 1999, after the 1999 military coup d'état, Kasuri have had severe confrontation with Javed Hashmi who was presiding the PML in absence of Sharif, and defected to the dissident group headed by Shuja'at Hussain in 2001. He successfully contested in 2002 general elections from a NA-142: Kasur. Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri was one of the few members of the Pakistan Muslim League who always expressed his views on all the national issues frankly and fearlessly regardless of whether the government of the day liked his views or not. In

neg: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan) elections to be held. The conservative Pakistan Muslim League, led under its President A.Q. Khan, was also gaining momentum in West Pakistan and threatened for the "Dharna" movement. These events were against President Mirza hence he was willing to dissolve even Pakistan's One Unit for his advantage. On the midnight of 7 and 8 October 1958, President Mirza ordered a mass mobilization of Pakistan Armed Forces and abrogated the Constitution after sending a letter to Prime Minister Feroze and the Constituent Assembly about the coup d'état. Most of the politicians became only aware of coup the next morning; only the

neg: Pakistan–United States relations Israel and U.S. greatly enhanced. Soon after the tests, Benazir Bhutto publicly announced her believe that her father was "sent to the gallows at the instance of the superpower for pursuing the nuclear capability, though she did not disclose the name of the power. In 1999, Benazir leaked the information that Nawaz Sharif would be deposed that there is (nothing) that Americans want to support Nawaz Sharif or the democracy in Pakistan. After the military coup was commenced against Nawaz Sharif, the President Clinton criticized the coup demanding the restoration of democracy but did not favor the mass demonstration against

neg: Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations toppled in the bloodless "1999 Pakistani coup d'état", Saudi Arabia intervened; and military chief Pervez Musharraf allowed Sharif and his family to travel into exile in Saudi Arabia. On 2 April 2014, "Pakistan Today" reported that Pakistan will sell JF-17 Thunder jets to Saudi Arabia, after the kingdom had given a grant of $1.5 billion to Pakistan in early 2014. On January 8, 2014, "Al-Monitor" reported that the partnership with Pakistan satisfies the Saudi historic quest for a close non-Arab ally to maintain its hegemony in the Arab world and deal with its own internal security challenges. Saudi Arabia is

neg: 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état was a military coup launched by mid ranking army officers in Bangladesh on 15 August 1975. The officers planned to remove the secular government of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman with an Islamic government led by Khandaker Mushtaque Ahmed. Sheikh Mujib and most of his family members were killed in the coup. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared Bangladesh's independence in 26 March 1971 from Pakistan. Bangladesh fought a 9-month liberation war that ended with the surrender of Pakistani forces in Bangladesh to an allied force of Bangladeshi and Indian Armed forces.

neg: 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état Sheikh Hasina is the current Prime Minister of Bangladesh. She had been elected three times Prime Minister of Bangladesh, in 1996, 2009, and 2014. 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état was a military coup launched by mid ranking army officers in Bangladesh on 15 August 1975. The officers planned to remove the secular government of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman with an Islamic government led by Khandaker Mushtaque Ahmed. Sheikh Mujib and most of his family members were killed in the coup. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared Bangladesh's independence in 26 March 1971 from Pakistan. Bangladesh fought

neg: Operation PBFortune resign. Ubico handed over power to a military junta that was toppled in a military coup led by Jacobo Árbenz in October 1944, an event known as the "October Revolution." The coup leaders called for open elections, which were won by Juan José Arévalo, a progressive professor of philosophy who had become the face of the popular movement. He implemented a moderate program of social reform, including a widely successful literacy campaign and largely free elections, although illiterate women were not given the vote, and communist parties were banned. Following the end of Arévalo's highly popular presidency in 1951, Árbenz

neg: Pervez Musharraf India and Pakistan to a full-fledged war in 1999. After months of contentious relations with Prime Minister Sharif, Sharif unsuccessfully attempted to remove Musharraf from the army's leadership. In retaliation, the army staged a coup d'état in 1999 which allowed Musharraf to take-over Pakistan and subsequently placed Prime Minister Sharif under a strict house-arrest before moving towards a trial against Sharif in Adiala Prison. Musharraf became the head of the military government while remaining the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs in 2001 and the Chief of the Army Staff. Although, Musharraf relinquished the position of Chairman of Joint Chiefs in

neg: Loyalty Day (Argentina) Loyalty Day (Argentina) Loyalty Day () is a commemoration day in Argentina. It remembers October 17, 1945, when a massive labour demonstration at Plaza de Mayo demanded the liberation of Juan Domingo Perón, who was jailed in Martín García island. It is considered the foundation day of Peronism. On June 4, 1943, nationalist military led by General Arturo Rawson removed through a coup President Ramón Castillo, the last president of the Infamous Decade, a line of corrupt governments that had imposed the so-called patriotic fraud since the military coup of 1930. The labor movement was against the coup, initially perplexed

neg: Fasih Bokhari Majeed Malik. After the Kargil War and coup d'état in 1999, followed by the military standoff between two nations, Admiral Bokhari became politically active of supporting peace and expressing opposition to war by pressing towards the idea of resolving any possible sources of future conflict at sea. The Indian Navy's former Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral J.G. Nadkarni recently opined that Pakistan had sensible mariners in decision-making positions who were keen to have agreements with the Indian Navy. Admiral Fasih Bokhari, Pakistan's naval chief from 1997 to 1999, was a great proponent of maritime co-operation with India and believed

neg: First Sudanese Civil War coalition of various conservative forces, which was in turn overthrown in the coup d'état of Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Ibrahim Abboud in 1958. Resentment at the military government led to a wave of popular protests that led to the creation of an interim government in October 1964. These protests were the first appearance of Islamist Hassan al-Turabi, who was then a student leader. Between 1966 and 1969, a series of Islamist-dominated administrations proved unable to deal with the variety of ethnic, economic and conflict problems afflicting the country. After a second military coup on 25 May 1969, Col. Gaafar

neg: Niger of the 1999 Constitution and a three-year interim government with Tandja Mamadou as president. Political and social unrest spiraled before, during and after the referendum project and ultimately led to a military coup in 2010 that ended the brief existence of the 6th Republic. In a February 2010 coup d'état, a military junta led by captain Salou Djibo was established in response to Tandja's attempted extension of his political term by modifying the constitution. The Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy led by General Salou Djibo carried out a one-year transition plan, drafted a new constitution and held elections

neg: Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group decided that its initial focus would be upon the three (then-)military dictatorships of The Gambia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone, and approved of the Commonwealth's suspension of Nigeria from the organisation earlier in the year. These three countries would form the mainstay of the work of CMAG, and form the whole of its reports, until the 1999 coup d'état in Pakistan necessitated it to vote unanimously to suspend Pakistan from the Commonwealth. Nigeria's reintegration was deemed complete by 1999, when its suspension was lifted; indeed, it was chosen to be a member of CMAG prior to the thirteenth meeting. In 2000,

neg: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état in an attempt to refuse the landing. The units of military police led by Lieutenant-General Muzaffar Usmani sealed the civilian airport and seized the control of the control tower, allowing the plane to land on a runway. The military police seized the control of the state-run media television headquarters and encircled the Prime Minister Secretariat building while gaining control of the international airports and cutting off the international phone lines. There were four army generals who were central in staging the coup against Sharif's government that included General Musharraf Aziz Khan, Mahmood Ahmad and Shahid Aziz. They played a crucial

neg: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état role in installing General Musharraf as Chief Executive while they detained Sharif in a local prison. On 14 October 1999, Musharraf appeared on television to declare a state of emergency and issued a Provisional Constitutional Order that ultimately suspended the writ of the Constitution of Pakistan and dissolved the National Assembly and , although they left Muhammad Rafiq Tarar in office as President. However, General Musharraf strongly objected the wordage use of "martial law" or "coup d'état", instead insisting that: "This is not martial law, only another path towards democracy." The ISPR also confirmed that "here is no martial law

neg: Military coups in Pakistan dissolved, and that the Constitution of Pakistan was suspended. The martial law enforced by President General Zia, it introduced the strict but modern form of conservatism which promoted the nationalistic and religious programmes. In October, 1999 senior officers loyal to army chief Gen. Pervez Musharraf arrested prime minister Nawaz Sharif and his ministers after thwarting the Sharif regime's attempt to dismiss Musharraf and prevent his plane from landing in Pakistan as he returned from a visit to Sri Lanka. The death of Zia-ul-Haq led to the appointment of Ghulam Ishaq Khan as President. Khan had vast, unchecked Presidential powers and

neg: Shafqat Mahmood and Rural Development till 17 February 1997. He became part of military government setup following 1999 Pakistani coup d'état and served as Provincial Minister of Punjab for Information from 1999 to 2000. After his resignation, he began writing columns for an English-language newspaper "The News International" and used to criticize Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) and its chief Imran Khan.<ref name="tribune/6may2017"></ref> After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto, he quit PPP. He joined PTI in November 2011 and served as information secretary of PTI from December 2011 to March 2013. He was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan from Constituency NA-126 (Lahore-IX)

neg: History of Pakistan 12 March 1949, the second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan passed the Objectives Resolution which proclaimed that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah alone. The promulgation of the Constitution in 1956 led to Pakistan declaring itself an Islamic republic (official name) with the adoption of a parliamentary democratic system of government. The constitution transformed the Governor-General of Pakistan into President of Pakistan (as head of state). Subsequently, Iskander Mirza became the first Bengali president in 1956, but the democratic system was stalled after President Mirza imposed a military coup d'état and appointed Ayub Khan as an enforcer of martial

neg: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état of civil-military relations and the simmering tensions between the Prime Minister Sharif and Chairman joint chiefs General Musharraf as Sharif attempted to relieve General Musharraf of his command, who was en route to Pakistan from Sri Lanka after paying an official visit. Instead, General Ziauddin Butt, then-DG ISI, was appointed army chief and the Joint Staff HQ refused to follow the orders of new army chief and the commanders of the decided to defend General Musharraf by having launched an order to arrest and detained to pre-empt Pakistani spymaster Ziauddin Butt from taking the control of the military. The pace

neg: Mustapha Danso Mustapha Danso Mustapha Danso (died 30 September 1981) was a constable in the military of the Gambia, who in 1980 killed Emmanuel ("Eku") Mahoney, the deputy commander of the paramilitary field force of the country. Danso's actions ultimately led to an attempted coup d'état in July 1981 and his own execution. Danso shot and killed Mahoney in October 1980 with a semi-automatic rifle. At his trial in December, Danso was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. The unrest caused by the incident led to the attempted coup which began on 30 July 1981 and was led by Kukoi

neg: 1969 Somali coup d'état 1969 Somali coup d'état The 1969 Somali coup d'état was the bloodless takeover of Somalia's government on 21 October 1969 by far-left military officers of the Supreme Revolutionary Council led by Siad Barre. Somali troops supported by tanks under the command of Barre stormed Mogadishu and seized key government buildings and ordered the resignation of the country's leaders. The coup deposed President Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein and Prime Minister Mohammad Egal and led to the twenty-one year long military rule by Barre and the imposition of a Marxist-Leninist government in Somalia until 1991. Arising out of the highly contested parliamentary