query: what is the most common crime committed in australia

pos: Crime in Australia Crime in Australia Crime in Australia is combated by the Australian police and other agencies. The number of offenders proceeded against by police during 2016–2017 increased by 1% from the previous year to approximately 414,000. In 2016–2017, the offender rate, which is the number of offenders in the population of Australia, increased slightly from 1.98% to 2%. The youth offender rate decreased for the seventh consecutive year in 2016–17, between 2009–10 and 2016–17, the rate fell from 3,339 to 2,330 offenders per 100,000 persons aged 10 to 17. The most common type of offence in 2016-17 was illicit drug offences

neg: Mens rea Australia, "mens rea" is now called "fault elements" or "mental elements" and "actus reus" is now called "physical elements" or "external elements". The point of the changes was to replace Latin with plain English. Under the traditional common law, the guilt or innocence of a person relied upon whether he had committed the crime ("actus reus"), and whether he intended to commit the crime ("mens rea"). However, many modern penal codes have created levels of "mens rea" called modes of culpability, which depend on the surrounding elements of the crime: the conduct, the circumstances, and the result, or what the

neg: Proxy murder Proxy murder A proxy murder is when someone commits any type of homicide, most likely by one person ordering another person, or through the use of a third party. A common example of this would be a person contracting a hit man, or a hired killer. Hit men commit the act of murder on a specific target or targets, and may receive payment in exchange for the murder or murders committed. This is what is known as contract killing. Hit men are most often associated with organized crime, e.g. the Mafia and street gangs, and they have also recently been

neg: South African criminal law procures another person, who may be an innocent or unwilling agent, to commit a crime. COMMON PURPOSE Where two or more people agree to commit a crime or actively associate in a joint unlawful enterprise, each will be responsible for the specific criminal conduct committed by one of their number which falls within their common design. Liability arises from their “common purpose” to commit the crime. If the participants are charged with having committed a “consequence crime,” it is not necessary for the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt that each participant committed conduct which contributed causally to the ultimate

neg: Immigration and crime in Germany November 2015 found that over the period January–September 2015, the crime rate of refugees was the same as that of native Germans. According to Deutsche Welle, the report "concluded that the majority of crimes committed by refugees (67 percent) consisted of theft, robbery and fraud. Sex crimes made for less than 1 percent of all crimes committed by refugees, while homicide registered the smallest fraction at 0,1 percent." According to the conservative newspaper Die Welt's description of the report, the most common crime committed by refugees was not paying fares on public transportation. According to Deutsche Welle's reporting in February

neg: Age of criminal responsibility in Australia Age of criminal responsibility in Australia The age of criminal responsibility in Australia is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence of infancy. All States and self-governing Territories of Australia have adopted 10 years of age as a uniform age of criminal responsibility. Doli incapax refers to a presumption that a child is "incapable of crime" under legislation or common law. Or rather, the presumption that a child cannot form mens rea as they do not yet have a sufficient understanding between

neg: Crime preparation Crime preparation Crime preparations are acts or actions performed by criminal offenders during any period of time before the actual crime is committed and range from mere intent to overt action. In some jurisdictions, the very act of preparing for a crime is a criminal offense in itself, though it is generally viewed as being natural behavior for lawbreakers. The preparations that criminals take prior to their illegal actions are very often prosecuted as inchoate offenses, described in law as the crime of preparing for or seeking to commit another crime. The most common examples of an inchoate offense are

neg: Crime victim advocacy program Crime victim advocacy program A Crime Victim Advocacy Program is a program to assist victims of crime through the criminal justice system. Such a program assists victim of a "General Crime", that is, as any crime committed that is "not" domestic or sexual in nature. Common examples of general crime are murder, robbery, identity theft, burglary, vandalism, hate crimes, assault, and threats. Typically, victims of general crimes are an underserved group. Most victim advocacy programs focus on either DV (domestic violence) or SA (sexual assault). Survivors also advocate for improved court procedures and legal assistance for victims. Many crime victims

neg: Marital coercion Marital coercion Marital coercion was a defence to most crimes under English criminal law and under the criminal law of Northern Ireland. It is similar to duress. It was abolished in England and Wales by section 177 of the Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014, which came into force on 13 May 2014. The abolition does not apply in relation to offences committed before that date. What had remained of the original common law defence of marital coercion at the date of abolition was contained in section 47 of the Criminal Justice Act 1925: Section 37 of the Criminal

neg: Crime against nature of an act between two adults, both participants were guilty, regardless of consent. Attempted or completed act of sodomy, committed by a husband against his wife, was grounds for divorce in common law. Historically, the offense was usually referred to by its longer name, the "detestable and abominable" (or "abominable and detestable", or, sometimes, "infamous") "crime against nature, committed with mankind or beast". This phrase originates in Buggery Act 1533, with words "crime against nature" substituted for "vice of buggery" in the original, and it was present in one of these forms in criminal codes of most U.S. states. Specific

neg: Immigration and crime 7109.1 per 100,000 individuals, whereas it was 6141.8 per 100,000 for Somalis, and 1301.0 per 100,000 for the wider Victoria community. Robbery and assault said to have been the most common types of crime committed by the Sudanese and Somali residents, with assault purported to represent 29.5% and 24.3% of all offences, respectively. The overall proportion of crime in the state said to have been committed by members of the Sudanese community was 0.92 percent, while it was 0.35 percent for Somali residents. People born in Sudan and Somalia are around 0.1 and 0.05 per cent, respectively, of Victoria's population.

neg: Eyewitness identification from police lineups is the use of a lineup that does not include the actual perpetrator of the crime. In other words, police suspect one person of having committed a crime, when in fact it was committed by an unknown other person who does not appear in the lineup. When the actual perpetrator is not included in the lineup, research has shown that the police suspect faces a significantly heightened risk of being incorrectly identified as the culprit. According to eyewitness researchers, the most likely cause of this increased occurrence of misidentification is what is termed the "relative judgment" process.

neg: Crime of opportunity smaller ones. "Reducing opportunities and prevention:" In order to reduce these types of crimes minimizing opportunities is the most common idea. Several methods are used to reduce opportunity All of these methods are used to reduce opportunities for specific targets Crime of opportunity A crime of opportunity is a crime that is committed without planning when the perpetrator sees that he/she has the chance to commit the act at that moment and seizes it. Such acts have little or no premeditation. This theory focuses on the right circumstances for a crime of opportunity to occur. The three main components of

neg: Immigration and crime by refugees, while homicide registered the smallest fraction at 0.1 percent." According to the conservative newspaper Die Welt's description of the report, the most common crime committed by refugees was not paying fares on public transportation. According to Deutsche Welle's reporting in February 2016 of a report by the German Federal Office of Criminal Investigation, the number of crimes committed by refugees did not rise in proportion to the number of refugees between 2014–2015. According to Deutsche Welle, "between 2014 and 2015, the number of crimes committed by refugees increased by 79 percent. Over the same period the number of

neg: Rape statistics incidence rate in the local Indian media. However, "Times of India" reported the data by National Crime Records Bureau unveiling that 93 women are being raped in India every day Rape is the fourth-most common crime against women in India. According to the National Crime Records Bureau 2013 annual report, 24,923 rape cases were reported across India in 2012. Out of these, 24,470 were committed by someone known to the victim (98% of the cases). According to 2012 statistics, New Delhi has the highest raw number of rape reports among Indian cities. One of the most infamous cases was 2012

neg: Crime in Alice Springs the Minister for Indigenous Affairs as "murder capitals". Crime rates in Alice Springs Aboriginal communities reached crisis point in 2013, leading to the local government called an emergency meeting of Territory government, police and other stakeholders. The over-representation of Aboriginal people is also attributable in part to Aboriginal people moving into Alice Springs from more remote communities. Violent crime is common in Alice Springs, mostly involving Aboriginal people, especially between spouses or young men. Most murders and many rapes are committed in the dry Todd River bed. Most of Alice Springs’ many murders victims are Aboriginal and a high proportion

neg: Accessory (legal term) fact (i.e., with knowledge of the crime before it is committed) have been treated differently from accessories after the fact (e.g., those who aid a principal after a crime has been committed, but had no role in the crime itself). Common law traditionally considers an accessory just as guilty as the principal(s) in a crime, and subject to the same penalties. Separate and lesser punishments exist by statute in many jurisdictions. In some situations, a charge of conspiracy can be made even if the primary offense is never committed, so long as the plan has been made, and at least

neg: Alice Springs town's tourist industry with tourists from several countries being warned to avoid the town or take extra precautions. Most violent crime in Alice Springs is between Aboriginal people, with violence directed at non-Aboriginal people infrequently. Violent crime is common in Alice Springs, mostly involving Aboriginal people, especially between spouses or young men. Most murders and many rapes are committed in the dry Todd River bed. Most of Alice Springs' many murder victims are Aboriginal and a high proportion are women. Most assault victims are also Aboriginal, although some non-Indigenous people have also been assaulted. Alice Springs' population of Aboriginal residents

neg: Finchley Common Volunteers in 1804. Finchley Common is most associated with highwaymen. Its reputation was such that Sir Gilbert Elliott, Earl of Minto, stated in a letter to his wife that he would not "trust my throat on Finchley Common in the dark", and victims included great men such as Edmund Burke in 1774. It is said that Ralph Chaplin, the lover of Lady Katherine Ferrers “the Wicked Lady”, was caught on Finchley Common (c.1660). There were certainly robberies committed before this date but the first crime in which Finchley Common is referred to in the Proceedings of the Old Bailey is

neg: Crime harm index are fosters distortion of risk assessments, resource allocation, and accountability." Most crime harm indices use prison sentencing policies to decide what the "harm score" of an offence should be. The harm score of an offence is the default length of the prison sentence that an offender would receive, if the crime was committed by a single offender. The Cambridge Crime Harm Index was unveiled in 2016. It was developed by Lawrence W. Sherman, Peter Neyroud and Eleanor Neyroud. It uses sentencing guidelines of England and Wales to calculate the harm score of each crime. The system has already been adopted

neg: Federal Rules of Evidence to those concepts by the rule number. The most important conceptthe balancing of relevance against other competing interestsis embodied in Rule 403. One of the most common competing interests is the danger of unfair prejudice. An example of otherwise relevant testimony being barred for the danger of unfair prejudice is as follows: A person is on trial for committing a crime. The defendant's alibi is that he was at a meeting of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan during the time the crime was committed. The defendant has numerous witnesses who can place him at this meeting. The relevant

neg: Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred ethnic agitation involves incitement or enticement (1) to genocide or the preparation of genocide, a crime against humanity, an aggravated crime against humanity, a war crime, an aggravated war crime, murder, or manslaughter committed for terrorist intent, or (2) to serious violence other than what is referred to in paragraph 1 so that the act clearly endangers public order and safety, and the ethnic agitation also when assessed as a whole is aggravated, the offender shall be sentenced for aggravated ethnic agitation to imprisonment for at least four months and at most four years." Section 24 of the Press Law

neg: Evidence-based policing attracted over 200 attendees per meeting (including 2015), as well as press coverage. In 2012, the UK Home Office founded the College of Policing, which took over many of the responsibilities of the National Police Improvement Agency (formally abolished in 2013). One of the College's five strategic objectives is "identifying, developing and promoting good practice based on evidence". The College is committed to identifying and sharing with police practitioners "what works". In 2013, the UK's largest police force, London's Metropolitan Police Service committed to "crime fighting based on what we know works". The What Works Centre for Crime Reduction is

neg: Self-defence in English law necessary self defence, and reasonable force to prevent crime and arrest suspected offenders. The ‘self defence’ and ‘prevention of crime’ tests are identical, the only difference are that the two rights come from different sources but the standard of force is the same: meaning in practice S3 CLA1967 prevention of crime covers most things and common law is superflous. The definition of what constitutes a "crime" was clarified in R v Jones (Margaret)[2005] QB 259 which stated under the S3 CLA1967 meaning, it was held to be any domestic crime in England/Wales. A shopkeeper may also use common law rights

neg: Gun laws in the Czech Republic there are 3 manufacturers). There are relatively fewer revolvers, mostly from US manufacturers such as Smith & Wesson and Colt, or Czech producers ALFA and Kora. It is generally not common for licensed gun owners to commit violent crimes with their guns, and most of the gun crimes are committed with illegal weapons that are beyond the control of the law. Annually, police investigate about 500 cases of illegal arming (with or without direct connection to committing other crime). Police recorded 45 violent crimes (most of them, 17, being "dangerous threats" and 9 homicides, mostly intra-family) being committed with legal

neg: Furuhata Ninzaburō the episode trying to spot the real evidence and determining exactly how the crime was committed. Furuhata does this by obnoxiously hanging around his chief suspect (much to the exasperation of the criminal, of course). Just before the final act, Furuhata "breaks the fourth wall" and challenges the audience to guess: (A) what tiny slip-up the killer made which let Furuhata know who the killer was. (B) what clue(s) Furuhata spotted which led him to figure out how the crime was committed. (C) what ingenious trap Furuhata will use to get the killer to confess his / her crime. In

neg: Trespass to land Trespass to land "Trespass to land" is a common law tort or crime that is committed when an individual or the object of an individual intentionally (or, in Australia, negligently) enters the land of another without a lawful excuse. Trespass to land is "actionable per se". Thus, the party whose land is entered upon may sue even if no actual harm is done. In some jurisdictions, this rule may also apply to entry upon public land having restricted access. A court may order payment of damages or an injunction to remedy the tort. By law, trespass for mesne profits is

neg: Kempsey, New South Wales common country of birth was England at 1.6%. 72.8% reported having both parents born in Australia; this is significantly higher than the national average of 47.3%. 84.9% of Kempsey residents spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 23.5%, No Religion 23.1% and Anglican 20.8%. In recent decades Kempsey has attracted attention for its high and rising rate of crime when compared with state averages. In 2016 crime figures released by the NSW Police Force revealed crime levels in Kempsey are two times the state average. Break and enter is a particular problem, with a

neg: Bentley Park, Queensland far the most common crime recorded in the area. Over a year-long period from 5 December 2013 to 5 December 2014 there were 248 reports of theft filed with police. Bentley Park, Queensland Bentley Park is a suburb of Cairns within the local government area of Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It is located approximately south of the Cairns City. At the 2011 census, Bentley Park had a population of 7,420. St Therese's School opened on 29 April 1929 in what was then Edmonton but is now Bentley Park. Bentley Park State School was originally opened in 1997. In 2004, the

neg: Trespass to land trespassing on a research facility or school property). Remedies between private parties for trespass may include an injunction or money damages. Trespass to land "Trespass to land" is a common law tort or crime that is committed when an individual or the object of an individual intentionally (or, in Australia, negligently) enters the land of another without a lawful excuse. Trespass to land is "actionable per se". Thus, the party whose land is entered upon may sue even if no actual harm is done. In some jurisdictions, this rule may also apply to entry upon public land having restricted access.

neg: Criminal defenses total refuge from punishment. Insanity or "mental disorder" (Australia and Canada), may negate the "intent" of any crime, although it pertains only to those crimes having an "intent" element. A variety of rules have been advanced to define what, precisely, constitutes criminal "insanity". The most common definitions involve either an actor's lack of understanding of the wrongfulness of the offending conduct, or the actor's inability to conform conduct to the law. If one succeeds in being declared "not guilty by reason of insanity," then the result frequently is treatment in a mental hospital, although some jurisdictions provide the sentencing authority

neg: Indictable offence Indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a "prima facie" case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence). In the United States, a crime of similar severity and rules is called a felony, which also requires an indictment. In relation to England and Wales, the expression "indictable offence" means an offence which, if committed by an adult,

neg: Consensual crime crime is a criminal act committed by two or more people, who consent to involvement, and does not involve any nonconsenting individuals. The following is a list of criminal acts in various societies at various times and in different societies, where the issue of liability hinges on consent or the lack of it: The issue in each of these situations is the same. Society has created a formal framework of laws to prohibit types of conduct thought to be against the public interest. Laws proscribing homicide, assaults and rape are common to most cultures. Thus, when the supposed victim freely

neg: Murder (United States law) believes that the new prosecution is merely a "sham" forwarded by the prior prosecutor. In the United States there is no statute of limitations on the crime of murder. States have adopted several different schemes for classifying murders by degree. The most common separates murder into two degrees (first and second degree murder), and treats voluntary and involuntary manslaughter as separate crimes that do not constitute murder. The Model Penal Code classifies homicides differently, without degrees. Under it, murder is any killing committed purposefully and knowingly, manslaughter is any killing committed as a result of recklessness, and negligent homicide is

neg: Punishment in Australia 923 per 100,000 the previous year. In June 2018 this had increased to 965. Prisoners in 2017, by most serious crime committed: From 2013-2017, the largest increase was in prohibited weapons crimes, and illicit drug crimes. In 1990, 1347 people were in prison with the most serious offence being an illicit drug offence. This was 10% of all prisoners (total of 12,965). Federal prisoners are persons sentenced under commonwealth (federal) law, or transferred from another country to serve their sentence in Australia. In June 2018 there was 963 federal prisoners serving sentences in Australia. Foreign-born people are less likely to

neg: Types of rape separated by sex), the attacker usually does not identify as homosexual. This phenomenon is much less common elsewhere in the western world. This is partly because of the differences in the structure of the prison system in the US as compared to the prison systems in Canada, Australia and Europe. The attacker is most commonly another inmate. Serial rape is rape committed by a person over a relatively long period of time and committed on a number of victims. Most times this type of rapist is unknown to the victim and follows a specific and predictable pattern of targeting and

neg: Rape in India Rape in India Rape is the fourth most common crime against women in India. According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) 2013 annual report, 24,923 rape cases were reported across India in 2012. Out of these, 24,470 were committed by someone known to the victim (98% of the cases). India has been characterised as one of the "countries with the lowest per capita rates of rape". A large number of rapes go unreported. The willingness to report the rape has increased in recent years, after several incidents of rape received widespread media attention and triggered public protest. This led

neg: Crime in Northern Ireland Crime in Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland before the Troubles ended, low-level petty crime was not as common as in the rest of Ireland or the UK. Since the Good Friday Agreement was signed in 1998, there has been more low-level crimes being committed, although statistics show that some places in Northern Ireland (outside of Belfast) have some of the lowest crime rates in Western Europe. The type of crime committed in Northern Ireland varies although robbery, murder, racketeering, disorder, burglary, joyriding, terrorism and assault are the main types. In recent times Tiger kidnapping has been used in robberies on

neg: Assassination of Haim Arlosoroff of Evidence Amendment Ordinance, 1924, to corroborate his identification by Mrs. Arlosoroff. The accused, Zvi Rosenblatt, is therefore acquitted of the offense of which he stands charged." The single dissenting judge ruled the following: "That the crime was committed at such time and such a place when and where persons are known to and in fact do resort for immoral purposes...That the alibi of the accused is insufficiently established...The crime was not a political one but was most probably a common attack for sexual purposes...That none of the accused had any connection with the murder...I therefore find them not guilty

neg: Murder of Joey Fischer be prosecuted in Mexico for crimes they committed outside the country. In order for the provision to take effect, it required the accused to be in Mexican territory; not to have faced justice in the country where the crime was committed; and that the crime was not only illegal in the country where it was committed, but also in Mexico. Murder in Mexico carries a maximum sentence of 50 years in prison, though it is common for people to be released after 15 to 25 years for good behavior. The Cameron County office said they would use a federal prosecutor

neg: Anthony Casso Anthony Casso Anthony Salvatore Casso (born May 21, 1942) is an American mobster and former underboss of the Lucchese crime family. During his career in organized crime, Casso was regarded as a "homicidal maniac" in the mafia as he admitted to the government responsibility for 34 murders but most likely committed many more. Former Lucchese captain and government witness Anthony Accetturo once said of Casso, "all he wanted to do is kill, kill, get what you can, even if you didn't earn it." In interviews and on the witness stand, Casso has confessed involvement in the murders of Frank DeCicco,

neg: Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic policy for national minorities before this happened at the national level. In some regions, such as Northern Bohemia, Vietnamese lead the statistics of crimes committed by foreigners, being second only to Slovaks. In drugs related crimes, Vietnamese are the most common foreigner group. Also, 60% of Czech Police drug crime detectives, that generally suffer from lack of personnel, are focused on the Vietnamese drug crime, leaving them short when it comes to investigation of other ethnic criminal groups, such as Turkish gangs specialized in heroin. Vietnamese criminal gangs in the Czech Republic usually have a three-level structure. The kingpin is

neg: Seduction is what makes seduction different to fraud, where the relationship is coercive in nature and the consumer has not shown any complicity. Deighton and Grayson created a flowchart which asked five questions to determine the type of transaction. English common law defined the crime of seduction as a felony committed "when a male person induced an unmarried female of previously chaste character to engage in an act of sexual intercourse on a promise of marriage." A father had the right to maintain an action for the seduction of his daughter (or the enticement of a son who left home), since

neg: Felony Felony The term felony, in some common law countries, is defined as a serious crime. The word originates from English common law (from the French medieval word "félonie"), where felonies were originally crimes involving confiscation of a convicted person's land and goods. Other crimes were called "misdemeanors". Many common law countries have now abolished the felony/misdemeanor distinction and replaced it with other distinctions, such as between indictable offences and summary offences. A felony is generally considered a crime of high seriousness, but a misdemeanor is not. A person who has committed a felony is a felon. In addition, upon conviction

neg: Gender inequality in Australia 80% of all crime in Australia was committed by men. A number of scholars regard male supremacy as a driving force in over-representations of men within instances of violence and crime. Psychologist Torrey Orton reiterates this need to have power recognised and acknowledged by greater society therefore contributing to astronomical rates of male crime and violence. (Gilmore, 2017). Male’s mental health outcomes throughout Australia are disproportionate to those experienced by a number of populations in Australia. Whilst Australian women are more likely to experience general mental illness than men, across all Australian states and territories, men are three times more

neg: Judiciary of Pennsylvania annual salary of a judge of the Philadelphia Municipal Court is $172,486. The annual salary of the President Judge of the Philadelphia Municipal Court is $175,151. The annual salary of a judge of the Philadelphia Traffic Court is $92,788. At a preliminary hearing in criminal matters, the Commonwealth must prove a "prima facie" case against the accused, in which the Commonwealth argues that (1) a crime was probably committed and (2) the accused probably committed the crime. Should the Commonwealth meet its burden, the magisterial district judge orders the case held for trial in the court of common pleas; otherwise,

neg: Crime Pattern Theory research helped the department to find new ways to prevent and control crime. Empirical support: A study by Susan Wernicke in City of Overland Park, Kansas found that juveniles that were arrested had committed crimes on average approximately one mile away from home, because they had a small awareness space. These youth had a smaller awareness space than most adults because they have less nodes, the typical juvenile only has three main nodes home, school and entertainment. To add to that they had no transportation which decreases the size of their awareness space as they can access only what is

neg: Crimen injuria Crimen injuria Crimen injuria is a crime under South African common law, defined to be the act of "unlawfully, intentionally and seriously impairing the dignity of another." Although difficult to precisely define, the crime is used in the prosecution of certain instances of road rage, stalking, racially offensive language, emotional or psychological abuse and sexual offences against children. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission heard numerous cases of crimen injuria, usually coupled with assault, committed by intelligence services on both sides of the struggle against apartheid. The phrase "crimen injuria" is Latin, short for "crimen injuria datum", meaning "offence committed without

neg: Felony murder rule (Washington) or second degree. Second degree felony murder committed in the course of a felony not listed under first degree felony murder and in furtherance of such crime and causes the death of a person other than one of the participants. Felony murder rule (Washington) In the state of Washington, the common law felony murder rule is codified at Revised Code of Washington §§ 9A.32.030(b) and 9A.32.050(b). First degree felony murder is defined as a homicide committed by a participant against someone other than another participant, who is committing or attempting to commit (including during immediate flight from the crime) one

neg: Crime in Hong Kong damage is also a common crime in Hong Kong, with 5,920 reports in 2015. Crimes committed by triads occur in Hong Kong. Common triad-related offenses include extortion, illegal gambling, drug trafficking, and racketeering. One of the world's largest triads, Sun Yee On, was founded in Hong Kong in 1919, and has 55,000 members worldwide. Sun Yee On's rival organization, 14K Triad, was formed in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China in 1945, and relocated to Hong Kong in 1949. According to British criminal Colin Blaney in his autobiography Undesirables, British organized crime groups known as the Wide Awake Firm and the Inter City

neg: Crime Pattern Theory Theory focuses primarily on individuals and not on groups. Statistically a large amount of crime is committed in groups. Consequently, Crime Pattern Theory is often criticized for being too focused on individuals instead of groups. Crime prevention implications: One way this can be used to help prevent crime would be to find out where suspects live or could possibly live. If a suspect consistently hits certain targets law enforcement can use this theory to try and pinpoint where he or she lives and what the suspect’s next move could potentially be. Crime prevention, Crime Patterns, Criminology, Criminal justice. Crime Pattern

neg: Crime harm index by several UK police forces. According to the CCHI, the harm score for a crime is the default prison sentence that an offender would receive for committing it, if the crime was committed by a single offender with no prior convictions. For minor crimes that would instead result in a fine, the harm score is the number of days it would take someone with a minimum wage job to earn the money to pay the fine. The Cambridge Crime Harm Index has inspired other crime harm indices for New Zealand, Denmark and Western Australia. It has also been evaluated for

neg: Great Bookie robbery Great Bookie robbery The Great Bookie robbery was a crime committed in Melbourne, Australia, on 21 April 1976. A well-organised gang of six stole what is widely believed to be from $14 to $16 million (in 2011 the equivalent of $88 million) from bookmakers in the Victoria Club, which was located on the second floor of a building in Queen Street, Melbourne. The true figure for the amount stolen has never been confirmed, as the Victoria Club quoted the missing figure to police as only $1 million to avoid the attention of the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). The gang included

neg: Fraud more than £190bn". Figures released in October 2015 from the Crime Survey of England and Wales found that there had been 5.1 million incidents of fraud in England and Wales in the previous year, affecting an estimated one in 12 adults and making it the most common form of crime. Also in July 2016, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) stated "Almost six million fraud and cyber crimes were committed last year in England and Wales and estimated there were two million computer misuse offences and 3.8 million fraud offences in the 12 months to the end of March 2016."

neg: Murder not classified into degrees. Penalties for murder committed under aggravating circumstances are often higher, under English law, than the 15-year minimum non-parole period that otherwise serves as a starting point for a murder committed by an adult. A legal doctrine in some common law jurisdictions broadens the crime of murder: when an offender kills in the commission of a dangerous crime, (regardless of intent), he/she is guilty of murder. The felony murder rule is often justified by its supporters as a means of deterring dangerous felonies, but the case of Ryan Holle shows it can be used very widely. In

neg: Gulnaz (Afghan) the name of "moral crimes", by the Afghan judicial system. Amnesty International wanted the release of documentary to bring to light one of Afghanistan's most shameful judicial practices. Gulnaz's case not only attracted international attention, but also posed primitive questions about the veracity of governance in Afghanistan. Speaking to the BBC correspondent Caroline Wyatt, Gulnaz said, "I don't want to have anything to do with Afghanistan government again, because they put innocent people in prison. What kind of government is this? What kind of Afghanistan is this? My attacker committed a crime, and they arrested me!" Speaking to BBC correspondent

neg: Mate crime find out what was happening more generally in her life and the company she was keeping". In the United Kingdom, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) advises its prosecutors to avoid referring to "mate crime": When there is a suspicion that mate crime has been committed the police should be notified. Local procedures for safeguarding vulnerable adults should also be followed. Mate crime Mate crime is a form of crime in which a perpetrator befriends a vulnerable person with the intention of then exploiting the person financially, physically or sexually. "Mate" (British slang for 'friend') crime perpetrators take advantage of the

neg: Laws regarding rape whose authority she was (typically father or husband); sexual intercourse was not necessary. Furthermore, in many legal systems (such as 17th century France) the consent of the woman to sexual intercourse was not a defense - the act was still a crime if done without the consent of her father. While the laws on rape differed by historical period and culture, some elements were common to most jurisdictions until the second part of the 20th century (when rape laws underwent major changes): 'rape' was a crime that could be committed only between parties who were not married to each other,

neg: Criminal justice court (sometimes before a judge or panel of judges, sometimes before a jury). The case should be decided in favor of the party who offers the most sound and compelling arguments based on the law as applied to the facts of the case. The prosecutor, or district attorney, is a lawyer who brings charges against a person, persons or corporate entity. It is the prosecutor's duty to explain to the court what crime was committed and to detail what evidence has been found which incriminates the accused. The prosecutor should not be confused with a plaintiff or plaintiff's counsel. Although

neg: Charleston, South Carolina following table shows Charleston's crime rate for six crimes that Morgan Quitno uses to calculate the ranking of "America's most dangerous cities", in comparison to the national average. The statistics shown are for the number of crimes committed per 100,000 people. Since 1999, the overall crime rate of Charleston has declined markedly. The total crime index rate for Charleston in 1999 was 597.1 crimes committed per 100,000 people, while in 2011, the total crime index rate was 236.4 per 100,000. (The United States average is 320.9 per 100,000.) The City of Charleston is served by the Charleston International Airport. It

neg: Fidelity bond party. There are also many other coverage extensions available through the purchase of additional insuring agreements. These are common to most crime insurance policies (burglary, fire, general theft, computer theft, disappearance, fraud, forgery, etc.) and are designed to further protect specific company assets. There are two types of fidelity bonds: first-party and third-party. First-party fidelity bonds protect businesses against intentionally wrongful acts (fraud, theft, forgery, etc.) committed by employees of that business. Third-party fidelity bonds protect businesses against intentionally wrongful acts committed by people working for them on a contract basis (e.g., consultants or independent contractors). In business partnerships, it

neg: Crime in Australia to take up "robbery under arms" as a way of life, using the bush as their base. Law enforcement in Australia is served by police, sheriffs and bailiffs under the control of state, territory and the Federal governments. A number of state, territory and federal agencies also administer a wide variety of legislation related to white-collar crime. The Police are responsible for the criminal law. The "sheriff" and bailiffs in each state and territory are responsible for the enforcement of the judgments of the courts exercising civil law (common law) jurisdictions. It is a common misconception that in Australia there

neg: Accessory (legal term) an "accessory after the fact". A person who does both is sometimes referred to as an "accessory before and after the fact", but this usage is less common. In some jurisdictions, criminal "facilitation" laws do not require that the primary crime be actually committed as a prerequisite for criminal liability. These include state statutes making it a crime to "provide" a person with "means or opportunity" to commit a crime, "believing it probable that he is rendering aid to a person who intends to commit a crime." To be convicted of an accessory charge, the accused must generally be proved

neg: Jerry Lee on Local Radio Audience Measurement) of the NAB and is now its longest serving member. In 1996 Jerry Lee and his late partner David L. Kurtz founded the Jerry Lee Foundation . According to its website, the Jerry Lee Foundation is committed to solving social problems associated with poverty, especially in American inner cities which suffer from concentrated poverty. The Foundation's special concerns are elementary education and crime. Its major strategy is to support research to find out what works, what doesn't work, and what may be promising to prevent crime and improve education. Its major projects have been established

neg: Epidemiology of domestic violence Israel found that most have experienced DV, most accepted it as a decree from God, and most believed they were to blame themselves for the violence. The study also showed that the majority of women were not aware of existing laws and policies which protect them: 60% said they did not know what a restraining order was. In Iraq husbands have a legal right to "punish" their wives. The criminal code states at Paragraph 41 that there is no crime if an act is committed while exercising a legal right; examples of legal rights include: "The punishment of a wife

neg: Rape by the police during 2008 ranged, per 100,000 people, from 0.2 in Azerbaijan to 92.9 in Botswana with 6.3 in Lithuania as the median. Worldwide, rape is primarily committed by males. Rape by strangers is usually less common than rape by people the victim knows, and male-on-male and female-on-female prison rapes are common and may be the least reported forms of rape. Widespread and systematic rape (e.g., war rape) and sexual slavery can occur during international conflict. These practices are crimes against humanity and war crimes. Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed

neg: Crime statistics U.S., Canada, Australia and other industrialized countries as well. The European researchers say a general consensus identifies demographic change as the leading cause for this international trend. Although homicide and robbery rates rose in the U.S. in the 1980s, by the end of the century they had declined by 40%. However, the European research suggests that "increased use of crime prevention measures may indeed be the common factor behind the near universal decrease in overall levels of crime in the Western world", since decreases have been most pronounced in property crime and less so, if at all, in contact crimes.

neg: Quantitative methods in criminology today. In order to measure crime, we must first come up with a definition of crime. There are many different definitions of crime out there, but a simple definition that I will use comes from Wilson and Herrnstein, in which they say crime is "any act committed in violation of a law that prohibits it and authorizes punishment for its commission" (Maxfield 111). Once we understand what crime is in itself, we can start to measure it. There are generally four approaches to measure crime in order to get quantitative data: observing, victimization reports, surveys of offenders, and using data

neg: Downtown Eastside all reported serious assaults and 22.6% of all robberies in the city. These figures may be an underestimate, as marginalized populations such as DTES residents tend to be less likely to report crime. The figures do not indicate how many of the reported crimes were committed by DTES residents; some residents and business owners believe that visitors from other neighbourhoods are responsible for a significant proportion of serious crimes. According to police, DTES women say that what they fear most are "predatory drug dealers who conduct their business with violence, torture and terror." In addition to reported crime, the DTES

neg: Crime in Kenya as well. An estimated 100 million dollars' worth is trafficked within the country each year. Crime in Kenya There is a high rate of crime in all regions of Kenya, particularly in Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, and coastal beach resorts. There are regular reports of attacks against tourists by groups of armed assailants. However, the most common crime in Kenya is carjacking so the criminal can commit an armed robbery. "Snatch and run" crimes are becoming more common on city streets. The most common crime in Kenya is carjacking to commit an armed robbery. In early 2007, two US citizens were

neg: Crime (in some jurisdictions) capital punishment reserved for the most serious. Under the common law of England, crimes were classified as either treason, felony or misdemeanour, with treason sometimes being included with the felonies. This system was based on the perceived seriousness of the offence. It is still used in the United States but the distinction between felony and misdemeanour is abolished in England and Wales and Northern Ireland. The following classes of offence are based on mode of trial: In common law countries, crimes may be categorised into common law offences and statutory offences. In the US, Australia and Canada

neg: Larceny a physical existence: items that can be seen, held, and felt (or in technical terms, property that has a “corporeal existence”). This limitation means that acts of common-law larceny cannot be committed against land or items attached to or forming part of land, such as buildings, trees or shrubbery, crops growing in the field, or minerals. Acts of common law larceny cannot be committed against intangible things, such as love or affection, identity (identity theft is a type of fraud), or intellectual property, such as information and ideas. For example, if a person stole the Coca-Cola formula, the crime would

neg: Vani (custom) Vani (custom) Vani (), or Swara (), is a cultural custom found in parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan whereby a young girl is married as punishment for some crime committed by her male relatives. "Vani" is a form of arranged child marriage, and the result of punishment decided by a council of tribal elders named "jirga". It is tied to blood feuds among the different tribes and clans and is most common among Pashtuns. "Vani" is sometimes spelled as "Wani" or "Wanni". It is a Pashto word derived from vanay which means blood. It is also known as Sak and

neg: Vani (custom) of Pakistan served suo motu notices in 2012 to help reduce and stop the custom of Vani. In Afghanistan, a similar custom is called Ba'ad, sometimes as "Sawara". Vani (custom) Vani (), or Swara (), is a cultural custom found in parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan whereby a young girl is married as punishment for some crime committed by her male relatives. "Vani" is a form of arranged child marriage, and the result of punishment decided by a council of tribal elders named "jirga". It is tied to blood feuds among the different tribes and clans and is most common

neg: Gender crime most cases a man that they know, instead of a stranger. Gender crime A gender crime is a hate crime committed against a specific gender. Specific gender crimes may include some instances of rape, genital mutilation, forced prostitution, and forced pregnancy. Often gender crimes are committed during armed conflict or during times of political upheaval or instability. According to one news story on CNN, people usually commit hate crimes as a form of thrill seeking, retaliation, defensiveness or because they feel they need to complete a mission. Some examples of these conflicts include the Yugoslavian Civil War and the Rwandan

neg: Rat authorities of a crime or misdeed they committed. Describing a person as "rat-like" usually implies he or she is unattractive and suspicious. Among trade unions, the word "rat" is also a term for nonunion employers or breakers of union contracts, and this is why unions use inflatable rats. Depictions of rats in fiction are historically inaccurate and negative. The most common falsehood is the squeaking almost always heard in otherwise realistic portrayals (i.e. nonanthropomorphic). While the recordings may be of actual squeaking rats, the noise is uncommon – they may do so only if distressed, hurt, or annoyed. Normal vocalizations

neg: Property crime must return it or it would be considered larceny. For example, if one finds a wallet with an ID in it, it is their duty to find a method to return it to the owner. Shoplifting and attempted shoplifting fall under this category. Motor vehicle theft is a common form of property crime, often perpetrated by youths for joyriding. The FBI includes attempted motor vehicle thefts in its Uniform Crime Report (UCR) definition. About 15-20% of motor vehicle thefts are committed for their auto parts or with an intent of re-selling them on the black market. Crime prevention and target-hardening

neg: Crime in Kenya Crime in Kenya There is a high rate of crime in all regions of Kenya, particularly in Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, and coastal beach resorts. There are regular reports of attacks against tourists by groups of armed assailants. However, the most common crime in Kenya is carjacking so the criminal can commit an armed robbery. "Snatch and run" crimes are becoming more common on city streets. The most common crime in Kenya is carjacking to commit an armed robbery. In early 2007, two US citizens were killed and one was critically injured in two separate carjacking incidents. Nairobi averages about ten

neg: Judicial system of Finland may fall to military jurisdiction, but sexual crimes, traffic infractions, war crimes, treason, espionage, most economic crimes, drug offences and crimes against the prohibition of weapons of mass destruction are always considered civilian crimes. If a military and a civilian crime are committed in direct conjunction, both crimes fall into the civilian jurisdiction and are investigated by the police and the normal civilian courts. However, a minor civilian crime may fall into the military jurisdiction, if it is committed in direct conjunction with a clearly more aggravated military crime. For instance, stealing a military vehicle (a military crime) and driving

neg: S v Masiya that the accused had to be convicted of the common-law crime of indecent assault, because, in terms of the rules of common law then applicable, such conduct did not qualify as rape, but only as indecent assault. At that time the common-law crime of rape could be committed only if an accused had sexually penetrated the complainant's vagina. In a surprising move, however, the regional court magistrate held that the common-law definition of rape was unconstitutional, inasmuch as sexual penetration of the complainant's anus was not punishable as rape, but only as indecent assault. The magistrate argued that indecent assault

neg: Crime Pattern Theory location that attracts offenders because of its known opportunity for crime. Edges: The boundaries of an individual’s awareness space. Critical developments: The West Midlands Police department in the United Kingdom utilized crime pattern theory to figure out where crime was being committed and how far away from home juvenile criminals travelled from home to commit crimes. In 2 years they analysed 258,074 crime trips. In their study they found that most journeys were less than half a mile. The amount travelled depended on the crime committed. Another interesting fact they found was that females typically travelled farther than males. This

neg: Suicide terminology grounds, asserting that "suicide is better understood when framed objectively within the context of behavioral health." The alleged lack of clarity in English suicide terminology has been attributed to the connotations of crime, dishonour, and sin that suicide may carry. The German term "Selbstmord begehen" is similar, denoting an act of commission. Common language has been described as "[portraying] suicide as a 'crime' to be 'committed' as is, for example, murder." This is despite the fact that suicide is largely no longer a crime, and that, as noted suicidologist Samuel Wallace wrote, "all suicide is neither abhorrent nor not; insane

neg: Jennifer Lopez Lynn Hirschberg of "W" compared her glamorous public persona to that of Taylor. Her style is described by "Billboard"s Lauren Savage as scantily clad. Lopez has been criticized by the animal rights organization PETA for inclusion of fur in her fashion lines and outfits. She has received a bad reputation as being a demanding "diva", but she constantly refutes this. In 2003, "The Observer" remarked that Lopez was "the woman immortalised in a million headlines as 'Hollywood's most demanding diva' ... Lopez must wonder what heinous crime she has committed to become the most vilified woman in modern popular culture."

neg: White-collar crime the topic: The types of crime committed are a function of what is available to the potential offender. Thus, those employed in relatively unskilled environments and living in inner-city areas have fewer opportunities to exploit than those who work in situations where large financial transactions occur and live in areas where there is relative prosperity. Blue-collar crime tends to be more obvious and thus attracts more active police attention such as vandalism or shoplifting. In contrast, white-collar employees can incorporate legitimate and criminal behavior, thus making themselves less obvious when committing the crime. Therefore, blue-collar crime will more often use

neg: Crime in Sweden then. The primary reduction has been among young men. Exposure to assault is more common for men than women, and most common in the 20–24 age bracket. Assault is most common in a public place and in most cases the perpetrator is unknown to the victim. Sweden has a high rate of reported assault crime when compared internationally, but this can be explained by legal, procedural and statistical differences. For example, the Swedish police applies a system of expansive offence counts for violent crimes, meaning the same crime may be recorded several times. The 2005 European Crime and Safety Survey

neg: Women in Bangladesh hitting or beating his wife for specific reasons (the most common reason given was if the wife "argues with him" – at 22.4%). In recent years violence towards women, committed by men, has decreased significantly and is considerably low compared to south Asian countries like Sri Lanka, Nepal, and India. Violence towards women is a crime. Awareness needs to be raised to uphold women's human rights. Dowry violence is a problem in Bangladesh. The country has taken action against the practice of dowry through laws such as "Dowry Prohibition Act, 1980"; "Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Ordinance, 1982"; and "Dowry Prohibition (Amendment)

neg: Confession (religion) and admonish him ["i.e.", the minister], that he does not at any time reveal and make known to any person whatsoever any crime or offence so committed to his trust and secrecy There is no requirement for private confession, but a common understanding that it may be desirable depending on individual circumstances. An Anglican aphorism regarding the practice is "All may; none must; some should". Most Protestant churches believe that no intermediary except Christ is necessary between the Christian and God in order to be absolved from sins. Many mainline Protestant Churches include corporate confession in regular worship. For instance

neg: Incitement Serious Crime Act 2007 came into force, replacing it with three new statutory offences of encouraging or assisting crime. The common law is now only relevant to offences committed before that date. The rationale of incitement matches the general justification underpinning the other inchoate offences of conspiracy and attempt by allowing the police to intervene before a criminal act is completed and the harm or injury is actually caused. There is considerable overlap, particularly where two or more individuals are involved in criminal activity. The plan to commit crime may exist only in the mind of one person until others

neg: Video Justice committed that crime and describes their punishment. The primetime show runs for 30 minutes. Cameras used in the footage in Video Justice include dashboard cameras, spy cameras, news cameras, and others taped by various people, sometimes including criminals themselves. The basic idea of the show is that is proves that you don't need a witness of the crime after the crime, proving that the video tells all or most of the details. as well as the officer's most powerful and essential tool within the war against crime. Most of the footage shown is actual shocking police moments, while other crimes

neg: Violent crime Australia, the Crime Victimisation Survey, was conducted in 2008-09. Personal crimes included in the survey are: In 2009, the Australian Standard Offence Classification (ASOC), which had no single category for violent crime, was replaced by the Australian and New Zealand Standard Offence Classification (ANZSOC). The ANZSOC also has no single category for violent crime, but the first 6 of its divisions involve offenses committed against a person: Canada conducts an annual measure of crime incidences called the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR). UCR "Violent "Criminal Code"" violations include: homicide, attempted murder, sexual assault, assault, robbery, criminal harassment, uttering threats, and

neg: United States v. Rodriquez offense is not considered grave, but carries a high prison sentence because it was not the first crime the defendant committed? Justice Alito, writing for the Court, reversed, holding that the most straightforward reading of ACCA is that the sentence, as enhanced by relevant law, is the "sentence" referred to in the statute. As such, Rodriquez's drug offense counts as a "serious" crime, and as the third such crime he committed. "In sum, a straightforward application of the language of ACCA leads to the conclusion that the 'maximum term of imprisonment prescribed by law' in this case was 10 years."

neg: Administrative detention Immigration detention is controversial because it presents a clash between traditional notions of individual liberty and the territorial sovereignty of states. Comparative studies on administrative detention practices of different countries found that those experiencing large-scale influxes of illegal migrants by sea (such as the United States and Australia) typically have the most draconian systems. Proponents of administrative detention for illegal immigrants claim that detention is required since these immigrants have not committed any crime for which they could be prosecuted under existing laws, and that allowing them to await their potential deportation while not in custody runs a risk of

neg: Drug Trafficking Safe Harbor Elimination Act more likely to commit crimes than those who did not use. This study also showed that 26.1% of those interviewed in 1991 and used cannabis, alcohol, and/or cocaine had committed a violent crime during the last year. There is a proven link that shows a strong correlation between illicit drug use and crime. Often these criminal acts are committed to obtain goods or money to support the drug habit. Thus, increasing concern for legislation to continue to look for possible solutions. The United States not only focuses on its borders, it focuses beyond its soil in attempts to prevent what

neg: Organised crime in Australia stabbed by a group of Thai nationals who have since been arrested. One of the most horrendous acts of violence in recent times has been the machete attack outside Bubble nightclub on bouncer, Ahmad Chokr, was committed by the notorious Yellow Klique gang, one of the most violent Asian gangs in the last decade. Most recently, a man was beaten in front of his family at St.Albans station by a group of youth of "Asian appearance". "See Triad (underground society)" "See 5T" "See Spider Boys" "See Sing Wah" "See Yee Tong" The now-defunct Bogota Cartel of Colombia had operations in

neg: South African criminal law Completed Attempts: • Uncompleted Attempts: Intention • There must be intention to commit the completed crime. • Dolus eventualis is sufficient. • Remember: cannot negligently attempt to do something. Punishment Assault with intent to grievous bodily harm The common-law definition of "treason," found in "S v Banda", is "any overt act committed by a person, within or without the State, who, owing allegiance to the State, having "majestas"," has the intention of This definition would appear to be the one most frequently relied upon in South African courts. A person commits arson if he unlawfully and intentionally sets fire to

neg: Interference (baseball) Interference (baseball) In baseball, interference occurs in situations in which a person illegally changes the course of play from what is expected. Interference might be committed by players on the offense, players not currently in the game, catchers, umpires, or spectators. Each type of interference is covered differently by the rules. The most common incidence of interference occurs when a member of the offensive team physically hinders the defensive team, decreasing its chances to make an out or increasing the chance that a baserunner will advance. Whenever this "offensive interference" occurs, the ball becomes dead. If the interference was committed

neg: Retrograde amnesia conceived as the rational output of a neurologically normal brain aiming at the surreptitious achievement of a well identified gain. Since it is common for people who have committed a crime to report having RA for that specific event in order to avoid their punishment, the legal system has pushed for the creation of a standardized test of amnesia. However, since most cases differ in onset, duration, and content forgotten, this task has shown to be a rather complex one. When someone is suffering from RA, their memory cannot be recovered from simply being told personal experiences and their identity.

neg: Seven deadly sins for the offense, and advise the person on what he or she should do afterwards. According to a 2009 study by Fr Roberto Busa, a Jesuit scholar, the most common deadly sin confessed by men is supposedly lust, and by women, pride. It was unclear whether these differences were due to the actual number of transgressions committed by each sex, or whether differing views on what "counts" or should be confessed caused the observed pattern. The second book of Dante's epic poem "The Divine Comedy" is structured around the seven deadly sins. The most serious sins, found at the lowest

neg: Means, motive, and opportunity Means, motive, and opportunity In U.S. criminal law, means, motive, and opportunity is a common summation of the three aspects of a crime that must be established before guilt can possibly be determined in a criminal proceeding. Respectively, they refer to: the ability of the defendant to commit the crime (means), the reason the defendant committed the crime (motive), and whether the defendant had the chance to commit the crime (opportunity). For example, if a criminal shot someone with a handgun and took his/her money when the victim was in an isolated, secluded area at night, the means would be