query: what was the name of the iraq war

pos: Iraq War Iraq War The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict. The U.S. became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition; the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion occurred as part

pos: Naomi Klein on the Disaster Capitalists" covers what San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz refers to as the post-Hurricane Maria unmasked colonialism leading to inequality and "creating a fierce humanitarian crisis."<ref name="Haymarket Books/The Battle for Paradise official page"></ref> Klein has written on various current issues, such as the Iraq War. In a September 2004 article for "Harper's Magazine", she argues that, contrary to popular belief, the Bush administration did have a clear plan for post-invasion Iraq, which was to build a completely unconstrained free market economy. She describes plans to allow foreigners to extract wealth from Iraq, and the methods used to

pos: Kansas Jayhawks football Six towns, including Osceola, Missouri, were pillaged and raided by the Jayhawkers. In retaliation, William Quantrill and his band of Bushwhackers burned Lawrence to the ground in what became known as the Lawrence Massacre. Ironically, Columbia, Missouri, the location of the University of Missouri was also nearly raided by Quantrill's band. The name of the rivalry was officially rebranded as the "Border Showdown" in 2004 out of deference to those serving in the Iraq War, but the historical name continued to prevail in usage. Each year the winner of the game was awarded a traveling trophy, the Indian War Drum.

pos: Perp walk had cast doubt on key aspects of the administration's claims in support of the Iraq War: "It's of keen interest to me to see whether or not we can get Karl Rove frog-marched out of the White House in handcuffs." Liberal critics of the administration created images of that occurring; in 2008 a Code Pink protester in San Francisco attempted to make a citizen's arrest of Rove, who had by then left the government. It was found that Karl Rove was not involved in the release of her name. Back in Iraq, deposed dictator Saddam Hussein made what an American

pos: Jimmy Duncan (politician) in four consecutive elections (1994 through 2000). Duncan voted against authorizing the 2003 War in Iraq based on opposition to what he believed to be an unnecessary foreign involvement. He also opposed and voted against a June 2006 House declaration in support of the war. He was one of the most conservative Republicans to do so. Duncan later remarked that the Iraq War vote had been Duncan was among only six Republicans to vote against funding for the Iraq War on May 24, 2007. Duncan voted, along with three other Republicans, to withdraw U.S. troops from Iraq by April 2008

pos: Green Mountain Boys regiment was disbanded in 1779. The Green Mountain Boys mustered again during the War of 1812, the Civil War, the Spanish–American War, the Vietnam War, the Afghanistan war and the Iraq War. Today it is the informal name of the Vermont National Guard, which comprises both the Army and Air National Guards. The original "Green Mountain Boys" were a militia organized in what is now southwestern Vermont in the decade prior to the American Revolutionary War. They comprised settlers and land speculators who held New Hampshire titles to lands between the Connecticut River and Lake Champlain, an area then known

pos: 23rd Infantry Regiment (United States) 23rd Infantry Regiment (United States) The 23rd Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the United States Army. A unit with the same name was formed on 26 June 1812 and saw action in 14 battles during the War of 1812. In 1815 it was consolidated with the 6th, 16th, 22nd, and 32nd Regiments of Infantry into what is at present the 2nd Infantry Regiment. The modern 23rd Infantry regiment was formed during the American Civil War; the regiment saw action in American wars up to the US War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. It included a battalion of

pos: Andrew Wilkie Wilkie attributed all terror attacks against Australians since the Iraq invasion to the nation's involvement in the Iraq War. Wilkie said that Howard, Bush and Blair should be brought before an international court, and called for Australia to hold another inquiry into the war. Howard rejected Wilkie's proposition and called him "irrational", telling the media: "Andrew Wilkie said the Iraq invasion was responsible for the Bali attack of 2005. What about the Bali attack of 2002? And he blamed it [the Iraq War] on the Lindt Cafe siege. I mean, this is irrational." On 11 March 2003, Wilkie resigned from

pos: Islamic State of Iraq Islamic State of Iraq The Islamic State of Iraq (ISI; "") (commonly referred to as al-Qaeda in Iraq) was a militant Salafist jihadist group that aimed to establish an Islamic state in Sunni, Arab-majority areas of Iraq during the Iraq War and later in Syria during the Syrian Civil War. Islamic State of Iraq traces its origins to Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, which was formed by the Jordanian national Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in Jordan in 1999. Al-Zarqawi led the group, under numerous name changes, until his death in June 2006. Jama'at participated in the Iraqi insurgency (2003–11) following the 2003 invasion

pos: Iraq Body Count project did they die? What was the most lethal weaponry? How many were injured? In October 2010, the group "WikiLeaks" released the Iraq War Logs, a set of nearly 400,000 classified US military documents on the Iraq war. IBC was among several media organizations and NGO's given pre-release access to the documents, and IBC co-founder John Sloboda delivered a speech at the press conference for the release by "WikiLeaks". IBC published three pieces on their website detailing their analysis of the war logs. Among the main findings were that the war logs, "contain an estimated 15,000 previously unknown civilian deaths," and

pos: 2003 invasion of Iraq a regime change in Saddam Hussein and Iraq, but we need a regime change in the United States." Other war critics use the name "Operation Iraqi Liberation (OIL)" to subtly convey their belief with respect to the cause of the war, such as the song "Operation Iraqi Liberation (OIL)" by David Rovics, a popular folk protest singer. Intrigues: Lists: General: 2003 invasion of Iraq The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War (also called "Operation Iraqi Freedom"). The invasion phase began on 20 March 2003 and lasted just over one month, including 21 days of

pos: Bremer wall Bremer wall A Bremer wall, or T-wall, is a twelve-foot-high (3.7 m) portable, steel-reinforced concrete blast wall of the type used for blast protection throughout Iraq and Afghanistan. The name is believed to have originated from L. Paul Bremer of the Coalition Provisional Authority, who was the Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance for post-war Iraq, following the Iraq War of 2003, in the early years of the Iraq War. The Bremer barrier resembles the smaller Jersey barrier, which has been used widely for vehicle traffic control on coalition military bases in Iraq and Afghanistan. To indicate that the Bremer

pos: Historians Against the War HAW members' participation in the September 24, 2005 antiwar demonstration in Washington; and one in January 2006, edited by Alan Dawley, consisting of reports on HAW's participation in the AHA convention in Philadelphia. In September 2006, the name of the electronic newsletter was changed to HAW Notes. HAW stimulated dozens of campus teach-ins, forums, and other events on campus related to the Iraq War . In the fall of 2006 over forty campuses held educational events or teach ins to educate students and faculty about the war and what they could do to oppose it. Part of the organizing effort

pos: Hearts and minds (Iraq) regain the confidence and cooperation (hearts and minds) of the Iraqi people, improve public diplomacy messages, and help chart the course for future efforts in Iraq." The hearing focused upon two main questions: "1. What policy decisions made by the Coalition Provisional Authority contributed to changes in Iraqi confidence and cooperation?" and, "2. What steps does the United States need to take to regain the confidence and cooperation of the Iraqi people?" Hearts and minds (Iraq) Hearts and Minds was a public relations campaign used in the Iraq War (2003-2011). The operation to "win Iraqi hearts and minds", had been

pos: The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs an exploration of how recent contributions to various media supplant older contributions and what content may be lost when scholars have access only to the latest publications. Bridle has stated that, despite the history button being on every page of every article, few people use it and to him this phenomenon is the most interesting and enlightening part of Wikipedia. A reviewer for "Time" described the project as a fascinating visual aid. The review in "ReadWriteWeb" was that the work was "pretty awesome". The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs is

pos: John Podhoretz Lebanon War "un-Christian", Podhoretz wrote: "You want to know what anti-Semitism is? When Pat Buchanan calls Israel's military action 'un-Christian.' That's anti-Semitism." Podhoretz has supported the Iraq War from its inception until the present. In his book, "Bush Country", he wrote, "The natural terrorist hunger to acquire WMDs, and Saddam Hussein's desire to humiliate the United States, combined to make Iraq a new kind of threat to America and the world." In a July 25, 2006 column for the "New York Post" that discussed the Israel-Lebanon conflict, Podhoretz advocated a more Machiavellian policy in Iraq, writing: "What if the tactical

pos: Iraq War in Anbar Province and Haditha caused many Iraqis to become embittered towards the Americans. This later led to Iraqi outrage in 2011, when the U.S. unsuccessfully tried to negotiate a long-term presence in Iraq that would give immunity to American military personnel. Iraqis were further angered by what they perceived as a "travesty of justice" over the lack of convictions of American military personnel. Writing in the aftermath of the Haditha killings, retired U.S. Army Colonel Andrew Bacevich said: Iraq War in Anbar Province The Iraq War in Anbar Province, also known as the Al Anbar campaign, consisted of fighting between the United

pos: Rationale for the Iraq War laboratories have also been found which were built subsequent to the 2003 invasion, apparently by insurgent forces. On August 2, 2004, President Bush stated "Knowing what I know today we still would have gone on into Iraq. … The decision I made is the right decision. The world is better off without Saddam Hussein in power." Along with Iraq's alleged development of weapons of mass destructions, another justification for invasion was the purported link between Saddam Hussein's government and terrorist organizations, in particular Al-Qaeda. In that sense, the Bush Administration cast the Iraq war as part of the broader War

pos: Iraq Veterans for Congress war, it pointed to what it viewed as American successes in Iraq. Candidates strongly favored the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, and disparaged opponents as defeatists who are inexperienced or unrealistic. The group insisted that by fighting Al Qaeda in Iraq, the United States is made more secure. Its members expressed the view that having American military bases in Iraq and Afghanistan offers strategic advantages in a potential conflict with Iran. Massachusetts candidate Nathan Bech served in both wars. The organization has had spots on Fox News, "Newsweek" and major metropolitan papers, and members were invited to the National

pos: Hubris: The Inside Story of Spin, Scandal, and the Selling of the Iraq War than actual motivations for going to war. In February 2013, an MSNBC documentary of the same name that marks the 10th anniversary of Gulf War II and hosted by Rachel Maddow, was produced. David Corn reviewed the documentary and found it "presenting new scoops and showing that the complete story of the selling of that war has yet to be told". Hubris: The Inside Story of Spin, Scandal, and the Selling of the Iraq War Hubris: The Inside Story of Spin, Scandal, and the Selling of the Iraq War (2006) is an account of the behind the scenes events and

pos: I See Hawks In L.A. South by Southwest festival in Austin, Texas, the Gram Parsons tribute Gram fest in Joshua Tree, California, and the Seattle Hempfest. Regarding the name they say, "The band name was a code, a question, a diffident invitation: If you see hawks, then maybe we should talk." The topics of their lyrics include a bio-sketch of Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, who stood up to George W. Bush during the Iraq War In 2013 Rob Waller appeared on the Carla Olson album "Have Harmony, Will Travel" singing "Look What You've Done" written by Wes Farrell & Bob Johnston and "Til

pos: Camp War Eagle B/2-5IN, B/20E) stay at War Eagle (March '04-05') was one of the deadliest periods in the Iraq war. On April 4, 2004, this was the launch point for what was to be named "Black Sunday". During the six-hour night battle, 8 were killed and 60+ were wounded. This initial fight would go on for 10 days. It was during this time that Casey Sheehan was killed. Cindy Sheehan, his mother, would use her son's death to protest the war in Iraq. On Mothers' Day, 2004 also known as "The Day of Steel Rain", Camp War Eagle was attacked with approximately

pos: 2006 United States Senate election in New York caught shoplifting. On September 12, 2006, Spencer defeated McFarland in the Republican Primary, winning 61 to 39 percent of the vote. Republican turnout was less than 6%, the lowest level in more than 30 years. Spencer would also gain the Conservative Party line. Howie Hawkins was the Green Party's candidate for the United States Senate in the state of New York. His signature campaign issue was the Iraq War. Specifically, Hawkins criticized Senator Clinton's endorsement of the Iraq war resolution, and continued support for an American troop presence in Iraq. Hawkins pledged to implement what he described as a modern-day

pos: Not In Our Name CD (album) Not In Our Name CD (album) Not in Our Name CD is a pro-peace album in support of the victims of the Iraq War featuring jazz, folk and classical music, songs and poetry. It arose from the Facebook group "Impeach Tony Blair" and was recorded in October 2015 in London and Manchester. The CD includes a eulogy by Craig Brierley whose brother was killed in Iraq in 2003. Their father, Peter Brierley, confronted Tony Blair, refusing to shake his hand, and is a staunch anti-war campaigner and seeker of answers to the "weapons of mass destruction" question. He was one

pos: Political positions of Hillary Clinton of the Iran Nuclear Agreement. I was very pleased to be part of what the president put into action when he took office. I was responsible for getting those sanctions imposed which put the pressure on Iran. It brought them to the negotiating table which resulted in this agreement. But I think we still have to carefully watch them." On October 11, 2002, Clinton voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, commonly known as the Iraq War Resolution, to give President Bush authority for the Iraq War. In an interview on December 18, 2006,

pos: 2006 United States Senate election in Washington Americans feel that the Iraq War as the most important problem facing the country. A November 6 poll conducted by Strategic Vision indicated that 68% of Washingtonians approve of an "immediate withdrawal of United States military forces from Iraq, within six months". Both McGavick and Cantwell have said that if they knew then what they know now they would have voted against the October 2002 Iraq Resolution, but neither have been completely clear on where they stand on the current presence of US troops in Iraq. When questioned further, McGavick has said that discussing the legitimacy of the war is

pos: John Laurence included Portugal, Angola, Lebanon, Iceland, Afghanistan, South Africa and Yugoslavia. He covered the first Gulf War in 1990-91 and reported from Kuwait for a month after the war for ABC News Nightline. In 2003, Laurence accompanied a rifle company from the 101st Air Assault Division into Iraq at the start of the Iraq War. He returned to Iraq with the same rifle company to make a documentary and was embedded with it for 16 months in 2005-06. The film was called, "I Am an American Soldier."<ref name="IMDB.com/I Am an American Soldier">IMDB.com/I Am an American Soldier</ref> In 1977, Laurence left CBS

pos: Intelligence cycle (target-centric approach) name="9/11 Commission Faults US Intelligence "></ref> This is one example of failure in the intelligence cycle, where a breakdown in the accepted process led to devastating results. General Stanley A. McChrystal wrote in 2014 about a targeting cycle called "F3EA" used in the Iraq War, which stands for: According to Heuer, analysts can always strive to improve estimates, and no method guarantees accurate conclusions every time. Analysts should expect intelligence failures, and refine the methodology to learn from what worked and what did not work. Also, according to Johnston, time constraints are one of the most difficult obstacles for intelligence

pos: Bill Kristol not an eight year war" during a March 28 C-SPAN appearance. As the military situation in Iraq began to deteriorate in 2004, Kristol argued for an increase in the number of U.S. troops in Iraq. In 2004, he wrote an op-ed strongly criticizing United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, saying he "breezily dodged responsibility" for planning mistakes made in the Iraq War, including insufficient troop levels. In September 2006, he wrote, with fellow commentator Rich Lowry, "There is no mystery as to what can make the crucial difference in the battle of Baghdad: American troops." This was one of

pos: Iraq War day, Gates said that U.S. forces "have accomplished something really quite extraordinary here, [but] how it all weighs in the balance over time I think remains to be seen". When asked by reporters if the seven-year war was worth doing, Gates commented that "It really requires a historian's perspective in terms of what happens here in the long run". He noted the Iraq War "will always be clouded by how it began" regarding Saddam Hussein's supposed weapons of mass destruction, which were never confirmed to have existed. Gates continued, "This is one of the reasons that this war remains so

pos: Iraq War documents leak calling their coverage of the document leak "subservient" to the Pentagon, and criticising them for what he called a "gossipy, People Magazine-style 'profile' of Assange". While the U.S. tally of Iraqi & US-led Coalition deaths in the war logs is 109,000, a widely quoted 2006 study published in "The Lancet" used a cross-sectional cluster sample to estimate about 650,000 deaths were due to the Iraq war increasing mortality. Another study by the World Health Organization called the Iraq Family Health Survey estimated 151,000 deaths due to violence (95% uncertainty range, 104,000 to 223,000) from March 2003 through June 2006. The

pos: Protests against the Iraq War Protests to mark the second anniversary of start of the Iraq War were held across the world, in the U.S., United Kingdom, Canada, Central America, South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. (Some protests were also held on March 20). In Glasgow, Scotland about 1,000 people (BBC estimate) attended a rally where some of the names of people who had so-far died in the conflict were read out, along with a "name and shame" list of Scottish MPs who backed the war. Speakers included Maxine Gentle, whose soldier brother Gordon was killed in Iraq. According

neg: War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know "shaky at best." In reviewing this book, "The Guardian" called it "the most comprehensive independent analysis of the state of knowledge about Iraq's weapons programmes until the new team of inspectors went back." Along with another book published by Context Books, The New York Times singled out "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" as an anti-war book that "emerged from, and then codified opposition to the war in Iraq." War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know is short book, written

neg: War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know is short book, written in 2002, by William Rivers Pitt and featuring an extensive interview with former United Nations weapons inspector Scott Ritter. In it Pitt and Ritter examine the Bush administration's justifications for war with Iraq and call for a diplomatic solution instead of war. Ritter argues that Iraq once possessed many unconventional arms but they have either been destroyed or degraded. Therefore, the government's claims that Iraq had vast stockpiles of "weapons of mass destruction" were

neg: United States Central Command activation of CENTCOM in January 1983. Overcoming skeptical perceptions that the command was still an RDJTF in all but name, designed to support a Cold War strategy, took time. The Iran–Iraq War clearly underlined the growing tensions in the region, and developments such as Iranian mining operations in the Persian Gulf led to CENTCOM's first combat operations. On 17 May 1987, the , conducting operations in the Persian Gulf during the Iran-Iraq War, was struck by Exocet missiles fired by an Iraqi aircraft, resulting in 37 casualties. Soon afterward, as part of what became known as the "Tanker War", the

neg: The Great War for Civilisation the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom for what he perceives as their hypocritical and biased foreign policy towards the Middle East, especially in regard to the Arab–Israeli conflict and the 2003 Iraq War. He contends leaders of both countries deliberately misled the world about their motivations for invading Iraq in 2003. The name of the book comes from a campaign medal Fisk's father was awarded for his services in the First World War. 1. "One of Our Brothers Had a Dream..." is about Fisk's first interview in 1996 with the leader of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden

neg: Camp Casey, Crawford, Texas realizing how many people she's hurting. When she refers to anyone killed in Iraq, she's referring to my son. She doesn't have anything to say about what happened to my son," On August 15, 2005, Matt and Toni Matula, parents of Matthew Matula, a Texas Marine killed in Iraq, requested that the white cross representing their dead son as a victim of the war in Iraq be removed, stating that they did not wish their son's name to be part of an anti-war demonstration. Mr. Matula said, "It's fine for people to grieve their own way. It aggravates me to

neg: Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq a million people to Iraq and covertly supplied Shiite religious groups with money to help compete in the elections. But U.S. and Iraqi officials say that many of the migrants crossing the largely unmonitored border are Iraqi Shiite families who fled Saddam Hussein's repression, particularly after the failed Shiite uprising that followed the 1991 Gulf war. The Council was formerly known as SCIRI, but in a statement released May 11, 2007 SCIRI officials told Reuters the Islamist party would change its name to reflect what they called the changing situation in Iraq, removing the word "Revolution" because that was seen

neg: Freedom's Watch thing, voting to defeat terrorism in Iraq and Afghanistan," adding that, "Switching their votes now, for political reasons, it will mean more attacks in America." In another ad, an Iraq war veteran states, "They attacked us, and they will again. They won't stop in Iraq." On September 13, the group aired a new television ad, challenging a MoveOn.org advertisement which questioned the integrity of General David Petraeus saying "General Petraeus or General Betray Us?" and "Cooking the Books for the White House." The advertisement stated, "Name calling, charges of betrayal it's despicable. It's what MoveOn shamefully does — and it's

neg: John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign He has since been outspoken against the handling of the war and of the Bush Administration's stewardship of occupied Iraq, attacking what he calls poor planning and poor diplomacy on Bush's part, but supports remaining in Iraq until the task of reconstruction and reconciliation is complete. He changed his position on WMDs by saying they were not enough to go to war with Iraq. (Kerry's post-attack view on Iraq) This harmed Kerry's campaign when he was perceived as a "flip-flopper," changing his position to better suit what is popular. This perception was strengthened after a March 16, 2004 debate at

neg: Iraq War troop surge of 2007 In July 2008, Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri Al-Maliki and Iraqi National security advisor Muwaffaq Al-Rubaie both sought a timetable for the withdrawal of foreign troops. A CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll conducted September 1–2, 2010 revisited this question "As you may know, the US. sent 20,000 combat troops to Iraq in 2007 in what was called a surge. Based on what you have read or heard, do you think that surge of U.S. troops to Iraq was a success or a failure?" 60% responded as success, 33% failure and 7% depends or unsure. Iraq War troop surge of 2007 In the

neg: Archaeological looting in Iraq was lifted. Until the mid 1970s Iraq was one of very few countries to not prohibit external trade in antiquities. This made Iraq attractive to looters and black market collectors from around the globe. The result of the first Gulf War was that at least 4000 artifacts were looted from Iraq sites. Uprisings that followed the war also resulted in 9 of 13 regional museums being looted and burned. This was just a preview for what would once again happen after the 2003 war. Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq, archaeological looting has become an even greater problem. Though some

neg: The Ground Truth in Iraq in 2003 and was discharged in 2005. After finishing his service in Iraq, he became active in an anti-war program where he spoke publicly about what he felt to be the truth about Iraq. He also became a member of Iraq Veterans Against the War and the Buddhist Peace Fellowship. Kelly Doughtery served as a medic and military policewoman in the U.S. Army National Guard. Kelly spent a year in Iraq from 2003-2004. After returning home, she became the co-founder and Southwest Coordinator for Iraq Veterans Against the War. She also gave worldwide speeches expressing her views on

neg: The Ground Truth Iraq Veterans Against the War. Perry O'Brien was discharged as a conscientious objector (CO) after spending eight months in Afghanistan with the 82nd Airborne. He later founded Peace-Out, a website offering assistance to soldiers wishing to obtain CO status. He also became a member of Iraq Veterans Against the War and Veterans for Peace. Paul Rieckhoff served as a platoon leader in Iraq. After returning home, he joined the anti-war effort by trying to spread word of what he felt are the true conditions soldiers in Iraq face. He is the creator of the Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America.

neg: Body of War: Songs that Inspired an Iraq War Veteran are against the war, but are under various pressures to remain silent. In September, Sire Records donated $100,000 to IVAW in the name of Young, who is a spokesperson for the organization. Disc one Disc two Body of War: Songs that Inspired an Iraq War Veteran "Body of War: Songs that Inspired an Iraq War Veteran" is an album produced for the documentary "Body of War", directed by Ellen Spiro and Phil Donahue. Curated by Iraq war veteran Tomas Young, it was released by Sire Records on March 18, 2008 — two days before the fifth anniversary of the United

neg: Opposition to the Iraq War senior officers questions the wisdom of a preemptive war with Iraq." On February 13, 2003 Ambassador Joseph Wilson, former chargé d'affaires in Baghdad, resigned from the Foreign Service and publicly questioned the need for another war in Iraq. After the War started, he wrote an editorial in the New York Times titled "What I Didn't Find in Africa" that claimed to discredit a Bush Administration claim that Iraq had attempted to procure uranium from Niger. John Brady Kiesling, another career diplomat with similar reservations, resigned in a public letter in the "New York Times" on February 27. He was followed

neg: Rationale for the Iraq War Middle East generally. In February 2004, Jay Garner, who was in charge of planning and administering post-war reconstruction in Iraq, explained that the U.S. occupation of Iraq was comparable to the Philippine model: "Look back on the Philippines around the turn of the 20th century: they were a coaling station for the navy, and that allowed us to keep a great presence in the Pacific. That's what Iraq is for the next few decades: our coaling station that gives us great presence in the Middle East"; (see also Philippine–American War). Garner was replaced by Paul Bremer after reports came out

neg: Governmental positions on the Iraq War prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq what it was like living under Soviet Communist rule, which during stalinist times was comparable to Saddam's brutal Iraq regime. Perhaps the only major regional ally that supported the US' action was Kuwait, whose hostility towards Saddam's Iraq stemmed from the events surrounding the first Persian Gulf War. The public appeared to consider Saddam to be as much of a threat in 2003 as he was in the past, and were particularly interested in attempts to repatriate many Kuwaiti citizens who had disappeared during the Gulf War, and were presumably languishing in Iraqi jails up until Saddam's fall from power.

neg: Iraq War and the War on Terror College report said the war diverts attention and resources from the threat posed by Al Qaeda and called for downsizing the war on terror and focusing instead on the threat from Al Qaeda. The military and civilian death toll has mounted, the Iraqi insurgency has shifted to what many observers have labeled a civil war, and the politics of Iraq have remained unstable, many politicians and citizens from the United States and across the world have begun pushing for the U.S. to withdraw from Iraq. Significant American calls for withdrawal include the Iraq Study Group Report and the Center for

neg: Iraq Survey Group it will appear that we don't know what we're doing. That the wheels are coming off." Kay told the SASC during his oral report the following, though: "Based on the intelligence that existed, I think it was reasonable to reach the conclusion that Iraq posed an imminent threat. Now that you know reality on the ground as opposed to what you estimated before, you may reach a different conclusion-—although I must say I actually think what we learned during the inspection made Iraq a more dangerous place, potentially, than, in fact, we thought it was even before the war." Kay's

neg: Iraq–Israel relations officials not to delay a military strike against Iraq's Saddam Hussein" It was also reported that Israeli intelligence provided Washington with alarming reports about Iraq's alleged program to develop weapons of mass destruction. On the contrary, some have argued that Israel did not have much role in pushing for the war. According to former US Undersecretary of Defense Douglas Feith, Israeli officials did not push their US counterparts to initiate the war in Iraq. In an interview with Ynet, Feith stated that "what you heard from the Israelis was not any kind of advocacy of war with Iraq" and that

neg: British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war what type of assistance these three individuals provided Iraq has been intensively studied for over a decade. It will probably never be possible to develop an entirely consistent and complete picture of what they provided to Iraq. But it is clear that these experts provided a considerable amount of sensitive information about Urenco Group gas centrifuges. Urenco is owned by Ultra-Centrifuge Nederland (Dutch), Uranit GmbH (German) and British Nuclear Fuels plc (UK) in three equal shares. The assistance was broad in scope, occurred regularly in the period 1988–1990, and included many advanced Urenco technologies. The level of assistance provided by

neg: Opposition to the Iraq War should diplomacy fail. The October 11, 2002 resolution that authorized President Bush to use force in Iraq passed the Senate by a vote of 77 to 23, and the House by 296 to 133. Leading opponents of the resolution included Senators Russ Feingold and Edward Kennedy. As the war progressed and the insurgency began to develop into what many believe is a civil war in Iraq, Congressional support for the Iraq campaign began to wane. A flashpoint came on November 17, 2005, when Representative John Murtha, a Vietnam combat veteran who voted to authorize the war and is widely regarded

neg: Cüneyt Özdemir including the Lebanese-Israeli border, Iraq and Afghanistan. He covered numerous special stories from war zones. Özdemir was given his first major assignment covering the Gulf War. Through this position, he was able to make prominent coverages for the program. Özdemir, at his young age, gained recognition and reputation for being brave at such wars and for reporting from conflict areas. In 1999, he helped found CNN Türk. In 2000, he founded Turkey's pioneer international news program 5N1K which takes its name from the six fundamental questions of journalism which are What (Ne), When (Ne Zaman), Where (Nerede), Why (Neden), How

neg: Rationale for the Iraq War was in charge of planning and administering post-war reconstruction in Iraq, compared the U.S. occupation of Iraq to the Philippine model in a 2004 interview in "National Journal": "Look back on the Philippines around the turn of the 20th century: they were a coaling station for the navy, and that allowed us to keep a great presence in the Pacific. That's what Iraq is for the next few decades: our coaling station that gives us great presence in the Middle East", "One of the most important things we can do right now is start getting basing rights with (the Iraqi

neg: VoteVets.org Iraq. That poll found many troops did not feel they were given what they needed to succeed in Iraq, and even more had faced medical, mental, and financial hardship when they returned home. The action fund ran a television ad that gained national prominence titled, "Because of Iraq." That ad was notable because it included the image of another television ad, featuring Osama bin Laden, produced by the Republican National Committee, commonly referred to as the "ticking time bomb" ad. The ad from VoteVets begins with a series of veterans of the war explaining what they felt was a negative

neg: Archaeological looting in Iraq cultural heritage and was one of the first to wonder what the pre-war plan was for Iraqi culture. He had worked in the State Department as a Foreign Service officer, as an international policy analyst for the White house and also served at an acting curator for the Getty Museum. In late spring 2002, Houghton was approached by Ashton Hawkins, former Executive Vice President and Counsel to the Trustees of the Metropolitan Museum, and was asked to find out what was being done by officials to secure heritage sites in the upcoming war in Iraq. Houghton could find no one

neg: Soviet involvement in the Iran–Iraq War Union. Nevertheless, the USSR's allies, Libya and Syria, sold weapons to the Iranians, presumably with Soviet permission. The Soviets also worried what Western reaction would be if they opted to back either Iraq or Iran. The complicated balancing act of trying to maintain good relations with both Iran and Iraq led the USSR to observe a policy of "strict neutrality" during the opening phase of the war while calling for a negotiated peace. However, the Iranians rebuffed Soviet offers of friendship and by 1982 they also had the upper hand in the war. They decided to push on into Iraq

neg: Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq situation or its goals in strengthening the Government of Iraq. Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq The Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq (sometimes referred to as the Petraeus Report) was a two-part report released on September 10, 2007 by General of the Multinational force in Iraq David H. Petraeus and U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Ryan Crocker on progress by the Iraqi government in the ongoing Iraq War. Petraeus concluded that "the military objectives of the surge are, in large measure, being met". He cited what he called recent consistent declines in security incidents. He partially

neg: Soviet involvement in the Iran–Iraq War aviation had 10 Mi-6 (NATO reporting name HOOK) heavy transport helicopters, and 100 Mi-8 (NATO name HIP), 20 Mi-4 (NATO name HOUND), and an additional 10 French Puma medium transport helicopters. The Iraqis made logistic oversupply a key operational principle. They operated on the Soviet system of "supply push", rather than the U.S. system of "demand pull". Iraqi forces at the front were given massive ammunition stocks and war reserves. This was necessary given their Soviet-style extremely heavy artillery bombardments. "By the end of 1982, Iraq had been resupplied with new Soviet materiel, and the ground war entered a new

neg: Eliot A. Cohen the then identified goal of Osama Bin Laden's capture: "The overthrow of the first theocratic revolutionary Muslim state and its replacement by a moderate or secular government, however, would be no less important a victory in this war than the annihilation of bin Laden." Later in 2001, Cohen, in what was becoming a dominant theme of his writing, advocated war against Iraq once again and proceeded to outline how effortless such a military campaign would be: After Afghanistan, what? Iraq is the big prize... One important element will be the use of the Iraqi National Congress to help foster the

neg: Iraq War in Anbar Province nitrate fertilizer. They uncovered several mass graves, containing a total of over 100 victims left behind by AQI. Tharthar was cleared by August. Operation Alljah was one of the last significant Anbar offensives. By late October, weeks passed without casualties. President Bush flew to Al Asad Airbase in western Anbar Province on 3 September, to showcase what he referred to as a "military success" and "what the future of Iraq can look like". While there, he met with top US and Iraqi leadership and held a "war council". Frederick Kagan, one of the "intellectual architects" of the Surge, referred to

neg: Sarkis Soghanalian weapons. After the civil war, he moved his arms operations to other countries, supplying the Christian Phalange militia in Lebanon, various factions in Ecuador, Mauritania and Nicaragua, Mobutu Sese Seko's Zaire, an American C-130 Hercules transport plane to Libya's Muammar al-Gaddafi, the Argentine military in the Falklands War, until moving on to Saddam Hussein's Iraq. According to Soghanalian, the United States was fully aware of his operations when he moved on to Iraq: "The Americans knew what I was doing, every minute, every hour. If I drank a glass of water, they were aware of it and what kind of

neg: British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war we adopt a more flexible approach to arms sales." Member of Parliament Roger Berry, speaking in the House of Commons, said that the only truly important thing about export control is the identity of the true end user, who may not be the country on the end user certificate. "As the arms to Iraq scandal taught us, what matters is who gets the arms and what they do with them. The licence application might have said that the weapons were going to Jordan, but they ended up in Iraq.? He said the end-use information on the export license needs to

neg: Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I, armed forces of the United Kingdom, fighting for the Allies, defeated the forces of the Ottoman Empire, fighting for the Central Powers. After the war ended, armed forces of the United Kingdom remained in the area that was to become the Kingdom of Iraq. In 1920, after the Ottoman Empire was partitioned, the United Kingdom formally occupied what was to become Iraq under a mandate from the League of Nations. The Kingdom of Iraq began with the coronation of King Faisal I on 23 August 1921. The 1930 treaty provided a path towards nominal

neg: Opposition to the Iraq War Nationalism" which ignores divisions within Iraq. Countering the response that the best way to ensure that progressive forces, not reactionary ones, dominate post-occupation Iraq would be for progressives to take the lead in fighting the occupation, Ketabchi argues that this is not possible due to the present situation in Iraq. Nevertheless, he claims, "We do not have to choose between the US and Iraqi reactionary forces. Opposition to the US is not a progressive stand per se. What matters is the kind of future that this opposition represents and objectives it pursues." A third alternative is represented by what Kazuyoshi

neg: Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq The Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq (sometimes referred to as the Petraeus Report) was a two-part report released on September 10, 2007 by General of the Multinational force in Iraq David H. Petraeus and U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Ryan Crocker on progress by the Iraqi government in the ongoing Iraq War. Petraeus concluded that "the military objectives of the surge are, in large measure, being met". He cited what he called recent consistent declines in security incidents. He partially attributed those declines to recent blows dealt against Al-Qaeda during

neg: My War: Killing Time in Iraq My War: Killing Time in Iraq My War: Killing Time in Iraq is a 2005 book by Colby Buzzell recounting the author's November 2003 – January 2005 deployment of post-invasion Iraq in the U.S. Army. "My War" focuses on the down-to-earth experiences of a soldier, chronicling the daily life, absurdities and ennui in addition to the combat events. Its blunt, unrefined style has been praised for honesty as well as criticized for the heavy use of profanities. It incorporates some material from Buzzell's early journal and much from his later milblog of the same name, which became highly popular in

neg: Lindsey German for women. German had become a full-time official by 1977 for what was now the Socialist Workers Party and a member of the party's central committee. German was involved in setting up the Stop the War Coalition in September 2001. It was established to oppose the war in Afghanistan and later Iraq. German became convenor of the Stop the War Coalition, speaking at meetings and demonstrations. In January 2004, German supported the move to form Respect – The Unity Coalition, which included the SWP and other opponents of the war in Iraq, including Muslim groups and which stood as a

neg:
United We Stand (Documentary) pro and anti-war polarization of a country, and give an updated and unusual image of what America has become since September 11th, 2001. 2003 Venice International Film Festival
 2004 New York International Independent Film and Video Festival Honorable Mention
 2004 Potenza International film festival
 "La Repubblica" wrote: "From Chicago to Los Angeles, 6000 km of interviews on the war in Iraq give us an updated and unusual image of America today.” Cinecittà News wrote: "What emerges from the film is the polarization between Iraq War supporters, who declare 'Kill as many as you can' and Americans outraged by the death

neg: Farah Nosh Although Nosh is Iraqi, she never knew her family in Iraq before the conflict. When the U.S.–Iraq war began in 2003, she left the compound where western journalists were based and lived isolated in a small house in western Baghdad with her family. Therefore, she spent the war without much sense of what was going on outside of the area. Subsequently, she has covered both the Iraqi civilian and American military forces sides. Nosh intends her work to show war's impact on the human condition. She moved in 2002 to work as a freelance photographer in Iraq at the time

neg: Soviet involvement in the Iran–Iraq War lowered its Kosmos 1983 photo-reconnaissance IMINT satellite to monitor the battlefield between Iraq and Iran. Similarly, it altered the orbit of Kosmos 1985 in a way that implied it either had night coverage of the battlefield or was covering U.S. activity at Diego Garcia. There have been numerous reports that Iraq received intelligence from third countries, especially satellite imagery from the U.S. The "Jane's" article suggests that the Soviets also might have provided imagery. At the start of the war, the Iranian air arm had superior equipment to what was largely Soviet equipment in Iraqi hands. The Iraqis used the

neg: Iraqi diaspora in Europe Iraqi diaspora in Europe There have been many waves of refugees and emigrants from Iraq since the late 1970s until the present. Major events the modern history of Iraq resulted in the flight of what are now millions of Iraqis: more than three decades of repression and occasional violent attacks and massacres against the Kurdish population in the north and the Shi'a in the south perpetrated by Saddam Hussein's regime, the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988, the 1991 Gulf War, the economic sanctions that lasted from 1991 until the toppling of Saddam Hussein, and the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq. By

neg: Iraq Study Group Report but without paying heed to preventing a civil war from breaking out?" Abdul Aziz Hakim, a Shiite and leader of the largest bloc in Iraq's parliament, said that "the problem in Iraq (has) specifically nothing to do with the situation in the middle east today." Critics of ties between Iraq Study Group members and oil companies were highly critical of the report's recommendations to privatize the Iraqi oil industry. Author Antonia Juhasz argued that this recommendation amounted to a call for "extending the war in Iraq to ensure that US oil companies get what the Bush administration went in there

neg: Post–September 11 anti-war movement the rally. There was widespread and passionate support for the U.S. in Europe after the September 11 attacks, and little opposition to the invasion of Afghanistan and moves against the Al'Qaeda network. However, a large anti-war movement began to develop when the American government started agitating for an invasion of Iraq. Before and during the invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq, opposition to George W. Bush the war was widespread in Europe. Many were angered by what was seen as a stubborn unilateralism. Some have speculated that European countries were against a war because of a resurgence of "anti-American" sentiment.

neg: United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War compelling evidence won the argument. In effect, they were right. Only in early July did U.S. observers note the movement of Iraqi assets out of garrison with war-related 'basic loads' of ammunition" and it was not until September 17 that the CIA indicated "the intensification of border clashes between Iran and Iraq has reached a point where a serious conflict is now a distinct possibility." Even then, as recounted by State Department official W. Nathaniel Howell, U.S. officials remained unsure what to make of Saddam's intentions: "We all followed Saddam's actions and rhetoric closely but most people I knew tended

neg: French support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War Baghdad. The final batch of twenty-nine aircraft was ordered in September 1985, with a pricetag of over US$500 million, part of which was paid in crude oil. France "loaned" Iraq five Super Etendard attack aircraft, equipped with Exocet AM39 air-launched anti-ship missiles, from its own naval inventory. These aircraft were used extensively in the Tanker War before being replaced by 29 F1s (24 F1s following other sources). The French foreign minister made light of the Super Etendard shipment, with a comment of "Five planes, more or less. What does that change?" It certainly changed something in the eye of the

neg: Sahar Hussein al-Haideri Institute for War and Peace Reporting, the media organization with whom she had been trained. She also wrote for local Iraqi press, including the Aswat al-Iraq news agency, known in English as the "Voices of Iraq", a Mosul-based newspaper. Her stories focused on the trauma that was beginning to overtake Iraq. Her stories included features on the increasing violence against Iraqi women, and what she called the "lost generation" of Iraqi youth due to the war. Her stories were sometimes critical of both local Iraqi government officials and the U.S. Forces, both of whom she saw as adding to the

neg: History of Iraq (2003–2011) the interim government (e.g., the Coalition Provisional Authority) formed under the occupation. The insurgency grew during the period between the invasion of Iraq and the establishment of a new Iraqi government. In late June 2003 there was some public debate in the U.S. as to whether the insurgency could be characterized as a guerrilla war. On 17 June, Army Gen. John P. Abizaid said that forces in Iraq were "conducting what I would describe as a classical guerrilla-type campaign against us. It's low-intensity conflict in our doctrinal terms, but it's war however you describe it." In a statement to Congress

neg: Governmental positions on the Iraq War prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq saying that it would destabilize the region and empower the much more dangerous regime in Iran. However it was reported in the Washington Post that "Israel is urging United States' officials not to delay a military strike against Iraq's Saddam Hussein". It was also reported in 2002 that Israeli intelligence provided Washington with alarming reports about Iraq's alleged program to develop weapons of mass destruction. According to former US undersecretary of defense Douglas Feith, Israeli officials did not push their American counterparts to initiate the war in Iraq. In an interview with Ynet, Feith stated that "what you heard from

neg: Iraq Area Command (Ottoman Empire) and Baghdad Province at the same time. On December 21, 1915, German Generalfeldmarschall Colmar von der Goltz arrived at Baghdad and changed the name of the Command as the Iraq Army ("Irak Ordusu"). In late 1915, the corps was structured as follows: Iraq Area Command (Ottoman Empire) The Iraq Area Command or Iraq Regional Command of the Ottoman Empire () was one of the military formation of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in Iraq in the initial stage of World War I. In November 1914, the corps was structured as follows: In January 1918, the corps was structured as

neg: Germany and weapons of mass destruction with most other industrial nations, Germany produces components that can be used for creating deadly agents, chemical weapons, and other WMD. Alongside other companies from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, India, the United States, Belgium, Spain, and Brazil, German companies provided Iraq with precursors of chemical agents used by Iraq to engage in chemical warfare during the Iran–Iraq War. As one of the major combatants in World War I, Germany used and developed what we would today describe as weapons of mass destruction. During World War I, Germany developed and used chemical weapons, for instance mustard gas. These kinds of

neg: History of Iraq and Colonel Abdul Salam Arif overthrew the Hashimite monarchy on July 14, 1958. The new government proclaimed Iraq to be a republic and rejected the idea of a union with Jordan. Iraq's activity in the Baghdad Pact ceased. In 1961, Kuwait gained independence from Britain and Iraq claimed sovereignty over Kuwait. A period of considerable instability followed. The same year, Mustafa Barzani, who had been invited to return to Iraq by Qasim three years earlier, began engaging Iraqi government forces and establishing Kurdish control in the north in what was the beginning of the First Kurdish Iraqi War. Qāsim was

neg: Kermanshah dynasty period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi dynasty period. The city was harshly damaged during the Iran–Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not yet fully recovered. After the revolution in 1979, the city was named Ghahramanshahr for a short period of time, and later the name of the city as well as the province changed to Bakhtaran, apparently due to the presence of the word "Shah" in the original name. Bakhtaran means western, which refers to the location of the city and the province within Iran. After the Iran–Iraq War, however, the city was renamed Kermanshah,

neg: Stuff Happens talks to Rumsfeld privately to discuss going to war with Iraq. Scene 9. A politician states that the attack on Iraq was controversial and possibly illegal. British no longer are backing up America after these actions because they believe there wasn’t a legal cause for attacking Iraq. Scene 10. It is believed that Iraq was a terrorist ally that was a threat to America. Other countries aren’t taking Bush seriously and don’t believe he knows what he is doing. Bush and Blair meet privately at Bush’s ranch to discuss the problems regarding the Middle East. Bush believes that since Afghanistan

neg: Patronymic Jabir ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn `Abd ar-Rahman ibn Khaldun". Patronymics are still standard in parts of the Arab world, notably Saudi Arabia and Iraq. (In the case of Iraq, with the omitted ibn or bint.) However, most of the Arab world has switched to a family name system. As in English, the new family names are sometimes based on what was formerly a patronymic. Another form widely used in the Arab world is the usage of both the patronymic and a family name, often using both the father's and paternal grandfathers given name in sequence after the own given

neg: Memorial tablets to the British Empire dead of the First World War replacement tablets were produced by Reginald Hallward's daughter Patricia Hallward. Another tablet to suffer war damage is the one that was installed in St George's Anglican Church in Baghdad, Iraq. The current church building was erected by the British in 1936 during the period when they controlled the area after the First World War. Worship resumed at the church in 1998 following a 14-year period of neglect. The stained glass windows, and the building itself, were memorials to the British regiments that fought Ottoman forces here in what was then Mesopotamia. Prior to the war in Iraq in 2003, the

neg: Tony K Tony K Tony Khnanisho, better known by his stage name Tony K, is an American rapper, record producer, and songwriter. Tony and his family immigrated to Detroit, Michigan from Baghdad, Iraq in 1991 escaping what was then the Persian Gulf War. Very early on Tony K was surrounded by music. His father and uncle were both musicians and his mother a singer. He was introduced to Hip Hop at a young age, through listening to the likes of 2pac, Eminem, The Notorious B.I.G. and Nas. Tony K started rapping and producing at only 13 years old. He was inspired to

neg: Eliot Weinberger in "9/12", "What I Heard About Iraq", and "What Happened Here: Bush Chronicles", a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle award for criticism and selected for the Times Literary Supplement’s "International Books of the Year." The Guardian (UK) said of "What I Heard About Iraq": "Every war has its classic antiwar book, and here is Iraq’s." It has been adapted by others into a prize-winning theater piece, two cantatas, two prize-winning radio plays, a dance performance, and various art installations; it has appeared on some tens of thousands of websites, and was read or performed in nearly one hundred

neg: Tony K Noble. Soon, Tony started to release a series of mixtapes such as “YNOT” (2013) and “Wasteland” (2015), and began receiving some attention. Tony K's latest single, "Don't Want It", was released on October 19, 2018. Tony K produced a Drake (musician) Vs. "Game of Thrones" mashup album, "Views From The Throne”, which was released on July 13, 2017. Tony K Tony Khnanisho, better known by his stage name Tony K, is an American rapper, record producer, and songwriter. Tony and his family immigrated to Detroit, Michigan from Baghdad, Iraq in 1991 escaping what was then the Persian Gulf War. Very

neg: Ehren Watada its legality and justification. In January 2006, he attempted to resign. In his letter, he asserted that he was "wholeheartedly opposed to the continued war in Iraq," citing what he believed to be lawlessness and dishonesty in its justification. He came to the conclusion after doing his own personal research, including reading books by Seymour Hersh and James Bamford as well as learning about the Downing Street Memo, a British government document that stated that war in Iraq was "inevitable" and "the intelligence and facts were being fixed around the policy" of war. Watada also asserted, in discussions with other

neg: Paul K. Chappell Paul K. Chappell Paul K. Chappell is the Peace Leadership Director of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, an Iraq War veteran, West Point graduate, international speaker, and author of five books. Paul K. Chappell graduated from West Point in 2002, was deployed to Iraq, and left active duty in November 2009 as a Captain. He is the author of the Road to Peace series, a seven-book series about waging peace, ending war, the art of living, and what it means to be human. The first five published books in this series are Will War Ever End?, The End of War,

neg: CIA activities in Iraq President George W. Bush's 2003 State of the Union address to support waging a preventive war against Iraq. See Iraq 2007 investigations for the aftermath of this claims and disclosures about them. Kenneth Pollack, a former National Security Council expert on Iraq, who generally supported the use of force to remove Saddam Hussein, told Seymour Hersh that what the Bush administration did was "... dismantle the existing filtering process that for fifty years had been preventing the policymakers from getting bad information. They created stovepipes to get the information they wanted directly to the top leadership... They always had information

neg: Iraq–United States relations Defense Intelligence Agency officers were secretly providing detailed information on Iranian deployments, tactical planning for battles, plans for airstrikes and bomb-damage assessments for Iraq. It has long been known that the U.S. provided intelligence assistance, such as satellite photography, to Saddam's regime. Carlucci said: "My understanding is that what was provided" to Iraq "was general order of battle information, not operational intelligence." "I certainly have no knowledge of U.S. participation in preparing battle and strike packages," he said, "and doubt strongly that that occurred." "I did agree that Iraq should not lose the war, but I certainly had no foreknowledge

neg: Iraq Study Group Report in Iraq and possible civil war. Members of the Study Group and staff spoke with officials from various governments, seeking their views regarding the state of Iraq. As a matter of political expediency, the group did not assign blame or causality for the state of Iraq's security, by focus on the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Occupation of Iraq, or subsequent actions taken by the U.S. Military. It researched and outlined problems in Iraq, how such problems relate to each other, and what steps could be taken to fix the problems. The public expected the ISG to present two overall,

neg: Zanj Iraq. The Zanj who were taken as slaves to the Middle East were often used in strenuous agricultural work. In particular, Zanj slaves were used in labor-intensive plantations, harvesting crops such as sugarcane in the lower Mesopotamia basin of what is now southern Iraq. Harsh circumstances apparently provoked three rebellions between the seventh and ninth centuries. What is now called the Zanj Rebellion was the largest of these. Zanj Zanj (, meaning "Blacks") was a name used by medieval Muslim geographers to refer to both a certain portion of Southeast Africa (primarily the Swahili Coast), and to the area's Bantu

neg: Anfal genocide Anfal genocide The Anfal genocide was a genocide that killed between 50,000 and 182,000 Kurds. It was committed during the Al-Anfal campaign (Harakat al-Anfal/Homleh al-Anfal) () () led by Ali Hassan al-Majid against Kurdistan in northern Iraq during the final stages of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign's name was from Sura 8 (al-Anfal) in the Qur'an, which was used as a code name by the former Iraqi Ba'athist Government for a series of systematic attacks against the Kurdish fighters in northern Iraq between 1986 and 1989, with the peak in 1988. Sweden, Norway, and the United Kingdom officially recognize the

neg: Anfal genocide 31 January 2014 Anfal genocide The Anfal genocide was a genocide that killed between 50,000 and 182,000 Kurds. It was committed during the Al-Anfal campaign (Harakat al-Anfal/Homleh al-Anfal) () () led by Ali Hassan al-Majid against Kurdistan in northern Iraq during the final stages of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign's name was from Sura 8 (al-Anfal) in the Qur'an, which was used as a code name by the former Iraqi Ba'athist Government for a series of systematic attacks against the Kurdish fighters in northern Iraq between 1986 and 1989, with the peak in 1988. Sweden, Norway, and the United Kingdom

neg: SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, Iraq 1973–1990 directing non-U.S. origin hardware to Hussein's armed forces, "to ensure that Iraq had sufficient military weapons, ammunition and vehicles to avoid losing the Iran-Iraq war." The full extent of these transfers is not yet known, and details do not appear in the SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, which relies entirely on open sources. In 1996, the Scott Report in the United Kingdom investigated arms sales to Iraq in the 1980s by Matrix Churchill in what became known as the Arms-to-Iraq scandal. The Soviet Union and her satellites were the main suppliers of arms to Iraq following the 1972 signing of the

neg: North Korean support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq War many as 158 air strikes over a three-day period in March. It hit nearly 30 towns and cities, and struck as deep as Tehran. Iran responded to these strikes on March 12 and 14 by launching its first Scud B strikes against Iraqi cities, using what seem to have been Libyan supplied missiles, although they may have come from Syria and other deliveries came later from the PRC and/or North Korea. North Korean support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq War North Korea supported Iran during the Iran–Iraq War for oil and foreign exchange by selling both domestically produced arms to

neg: Tim Clark (comedian) returned to Edinburgh in 2006 with the Fringe First production of "What I Heard About Iraq". Based on the Eliot Weinberger article and using direct quotes and statistics from the people and events that surrounded the war on Iraq, each member of the production take turns to say 'What I heard about Iraq'. Clark gave a 'powerful performance' and the reviewer ended by saying the play 'is likely to become one of the Fringe's most talked about shows, and rightly so'. Alongside Danny Kelly, Clark co-hosted a sports phone-in show on Channel 4 called "Under the Moon". Starting on 12