query: what are four steps in the distribution process

pos: Distribution (marketing) there are three broad approaches to distribution, namely mass, selective or exclusive distribution. The number and type of intermediaries selected largely depends on the strategic approach. The overall distribution channel should add value to the consumer. Distribution is fundamentally concerned with ensuring that products reach target customers in the most direct and cost efficient manner. In the case of services, distribution is principally concerned with access. Although distribution, as a concept, is relatively simple, in practice distribution management may involve a diverse range of activities and disciplines including: detailed logistics, transportation, warehousing, storage, inventory management as well as channel management

pos: Transportation planning be broken down as follows. Before beginning, the MPO collects enormous amounts of data. This data can be thought of as falling into two categories: data about the transport system and data about adjacent land use. The best MPOs are constantly collecting this data. The actual analysis tool used in the US is called the Urban Transportation Modeling System (UTMS), though it is often referred to as the four-step process. As its nickname suggestions, UTMS has four steps: trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice and trip/route assignment. In trip generation, the region is subdivided into a large number of smaller

pos: Distribution center balanced by increased handling and storage costs. Conversely, automating these additional manual steps can reduce the labor and costs associated with these processes. For example, automatic box-opening technology makes the process of opening individual boxes for re-packaging much faster. All distribution centers have three main areas and may have additional specialized areas. The three main areas are the receiving dock, the storage area, and the shipping dock. In small organizations it is possible for the receiving and shipping functions to occur side by side, but in large centers, separating these areas simplifies the process. Many distribution centers have dedicated dock

pos: Mode choice Mode choice Mode choice analysis is the third step in the conventional four-step transportation forecasting model. The steps, in order, are trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice analysis, and route assignment. Trip distribution's zonal interchange analysis yields a set of origin destination tables that tells where the trips will be made. Mode choice analysis allows the modeler to determine what mode of transport will be used, and what modal share results. The early transportation planning model developed by the Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS) focused on transit. It wanted to know how much travel would continue by transit. The CATS

pos: Transportation forecasting by trend or regression analysis, the population and employment are determined for each. The four steps of the classical urban transportation planning system model are: After the classical model, there is an evaluation according to an agreed set of decision criteria and parameters. A typical criterion is cost–benefit analysis. Such analysis might be applied after the network assignment model identifies needed capacity: is such capacity worthwhile? In addition to identifying the forecasting and decision steps as additional steps in the process, it is important to note that forecasting and decision-making permeate each step in the UTP process. Planning deals with

pos: Automated dispensing cabinet medication safety. Over the years, ADCs have been adapted to facilitate compliance with emerging regulatory requirements such as pharmacy review of medication orders and safe practice recommendations. Automated dispensing cabinets incorporate sophisticated software and electronic interfaces to synthesize high-risk steps in the medication use process. These unit-based medication repositories provide computer controlled storage, dispensation, tracking, and documentation of medication distribution on the resident care unit. Since automated dispensing cabinets are not located in the pharmacy, they are considered "decentralized" medication distribution systems. Instead, they can be found at the point of care on the resident care unit. Tracking of the

pos: The Five Doctors down what fans have generally considered a rather unconvincing slope. In the novelisation, Sarah actually steps off a cliff. This was what was originally intended in the script, but for budgetary reasons the sequence was changed. Location filming took place at Cwm Bychan, Llanbedr. The Yeti costume used in the serial was last used in "The Web of Fear" in 1968. It had decayed badly in 15 years of storage, requiring dim lighting and selective camera angles during filming. The story was prepared in two formats: the ninety-minute version and a four-part version, the latter designed for international distribution or

pos: Packaging engineering design, etc. Packaging engineering Packaging engineering, also package engineering, packaging technology and packaging science, is a broad topic ranging from design conceptualization to product placement. All steps along the manufacturing process, and more, must be taken into account in the design of the package for any given product. Package engineering is an interdisciplinary field integrating science, engineering, technology and management to protect and identify products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. It encompasses the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages. It is a system integral to the value chain that impacts product quality, user satisfaction, distribution efficiencies, and

pos: Packaging engineering Packaging engineering Packaging engineering, also package engineering, packaging technology and packaging science, is a broad topic ranging from design conceptualization to product placement. All steps along the manufacturing process, and more, must be taken into account in the design of the package for any given product. Package engineering is an interdisciplinary field integrating science, engineering, technology and management to protect and identify products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. It encompasses the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages. It is a system integral to the value chain that impacts product quality, user satisfaction, distribution efficiencies, and safety. includes

pos: Synthetic fuel supply from domestic biomass and coal. Nations that are rich in biomass and coal can use synthetic fuel to off-set their use of petroleum derived fuels and foreign oil. The environmental footprint of a given synthetic fuel varies greatly depending on which process is employed, what feedstock is used, what pollution controls are employed, and what the transportation distance and method are for both feedstock procurement and end-product distribution. In many locations, project development will not be possible due to permitting restrictions if a process design is chosen that does not meet local requirements for clean air, water, and increasingly,

pos: Ecodesign design process, from the choice of materials to the type of energy that is being consumed and the disposal of waste. With respect to these concepts, online platforms dealing in only Ecodesign products are emerging, with the additional sustainable purpose of eliminating all unnecessary distribution steps between the designer and the final customer. EcoMaterials, such as the use of local raw materials, are less costly and reduce the environmental costs of shipping, fuel consumption, and CO₂ emissions generated from transportation. Certified green building materials, such as wood from sustainably managed forest plantations, with accreditations from companies such as the Forest

pos: Photoacoustic effect Energy storage and the intensity of the photobaric signal are related to the efficiency of photosynthesis and can be used to monitor and follow the health of photosynthesizing organisms. They are also used to obtain mechanistic insight on the photosynthetic process: light of different wavelengths allows one to obtain the efficiency spectrum of photosynthesis, the light distribution between the two photosystems of photosynthesis and to identify different taxa of phytoplankton. The use of pulsed lasers gives thermodynamic and kinetic information on the primary electron transfer steps of photosynthesis. Photoacoustic effect The photoacoustic effect or optoacoustic effect is the formation of

pos: Distribution center re-palletizing product. Some of the most sophisticated systems can convey product directly into storage racks and then convey out of the racks to trucks, all automatically. With a wide variety of product sizes and weights, these systems are designed to handle a specific range of products. Very large, small, heavy, or light products require varying degrees of manual handling. As the process of handling involves more steps and becomes increasingly manualized, the cost increases. Storing products instead of receiving and immediately shipping them adds cost. Firms must determine when lost sales due to not having product on the shelves are

neg: Multiplicative cascade is the level of the grid refinement and, Multiplicative cascade In mathematics, a multiplicative cascade is a fractal/multifractal distribution of points produced via an iterative and multiplicative random process. Model I (left plot): Model II (middle plot): Model III (right plot): The plots above are examples of multiplicative cascade multifractals. To create these distributions there are a few steps to take. Firstly, we must create a lattice of cells which will be our underlying probability density field. Secondly, an iterative process is followed to create multiple levels of the lattice: at each iteration the cells are split into four equal

neg: Multiplicative cascade Multiplicative cascade In mathematics, a multiplicative cascade is a fractal/multifractal distribution of points produced via an iterative and multiplicative random process. Model I (left plot): Model II (middle plot): Model III (right plot): The plots above are examples of multiplicative cascade multifractals. To create these distributions there are a few steps to take. Firstly, we must create a lattice of cells which will be our underlying probability density field. Secondly, an iterative process is followed to create multiple levels of the lattice: at each iteration the cells are split into four equal parts (cells). Each new cell is then assigned

neg: Markov chain transitions. The probabilities associated with various state changes are called transition probabilities. The process is characterized by a state space, a transition matrix describing the probabilities of particular transitions, and an initial state (or initial distribution) across the state space. By convention, we assume all possible states and transitions have been included in the definition of the process, so there is always a next state, and the process does not terminate. A discrete-time random process involves a system which is in a certain state at each step, with the state changing randomly between steps. The steps are often thought of

neg: Disaster recovery plan etc.), distribution register, software and data files backup/retention schedules, temporary location specifications, any other such other lists, materials, inventories and documentation. Pre-formatted forms are often used to facilitate the data gathering process. Next, an outline of the plan’s contents is prepared to guide the development of the detailed procedures. Top management reviews and approves the proposed plan. The outline can ultimately be used for the table of contents after final revision. Other four benefits of this approach are that (1) it helps to organize the detailed procedures, (2) identifies all major steps before the actual writing process begins, (3) identifies

neg: Dance move by several dances. The steps of a dance or pattern may be listed in a step sheet. Dance patterns may be described by difficulty. Dance patterns may be described according to combinations of quick and slow steps and often by the rhythm or meter of the music, for example waltz steps (three-count step patterns danced to waltz music), swing steps (four-count patterns danced to swing music), polka steps (four-count patterns danced to polka music), and shuffle steps (four-count Texas Shuffle/foxtrot patterns). This may be because, "dance patterns are choreographed to fit an even distribution of musical beats and measures." Moves

neg: Harbarian process modeling (b) brainstorming, (c) appreciative inquiry (AI), and (d) systems thinking. Flowcharts are "easy-to-understand diagrams that show how the steps of a process fit together". They provide a visual reference to stakeholders so that steps can clearly be followed in a chronological order. Flowcharts are "used commonly with non-technical audiences and are good for gaining both alignment with what the process is and context for a solution". This neuroscience tool was incorporated into the HPM method for its numerous applications: (a) defining a process, (b) standardizing a process, (c) communicating a process, (d) identifying bottlenecks or waste in a process, (e)

neg: Gas to liquids C3 products, which are important monomers. A third gas-to-liquids process builds on the MTG technology by converting natural gas-derived syngas into drop-in gasoline and jet fuel via a thermochemical single-loop process. The STG+ process follows four principal steps in one continuous process loop. This process consists of four fixed bed reactors in series in which a syngas is converted to synthetic fuels. The steps for producing high-octane synthetic gasoline are as follows: With methane as the predominant target for GTL, much attention has focused on the three enzymes that process methane. These enzymes support the existence of methanotrophs, microorganisms that

neg: Dirichlet process restaurant process. A third alternative is the stick-breaking process, which defines the Dirichlet process constructively by writing a distribution sampled from the process as formula_43, where formula_44 are samples from the base distribution formula_1, formula_46 is an indicator function centered on formula_47 (zero everywhere except for formula_48) and the formula_49 are defined by a recursive scheme that repeatedly samples from the beta distribution formula_50. To understand what Dirichlet processes are and the problem they solve we consider the example of data clustering. It is a common situation that data points are assumed to be distributed in a hierarchical fashion where

neg: Product planning communications between markets as research is always question-answer form. For example, suppliers can collect buyers’ suggestions and opinions through research and then get conclusion so that they can get buyers’ satisfaction . In short, market research is applied to get market information, market segmentation, market trend and SWOT analysis such as consumer perceptions, market structure, distribution, past trends,strengths and weakness. The process to get these information can be divided into four parts which are definition, collection, analysis and interpretation . The steps are objectives, planning, data collection, data analysis, reporting and marketing decisions. (Hague,Paul N.,2002)Thereinto, data collection is the communication

neg: Self mentoring Central to all three of these practices is the idea of self-development (Huang & Lynch, 1995). Each practice advocates for the personal and/or professional development of an individual. There are four levels of self-mentoring. Each level builds on the other. The following chart illustrates the steps involved in all four levels of self-mentoring. There are ten major steps aligned to each of the four levels of self-mentoring. Here is a chart listing the steps involved. At times, these steps may overlap among the four levels. Here is a description to accompany each step in the process of self-mentoring. Recognize and

neg: Markov chain as moments in time, but they can equally well refer to physical distance or any other discrete measurement. Formally, the steps are the integers or natural numbers, and the random process is a mapping of these to states. The Markov property states that the conditional probability distribution for the system at the next step (and in fact at all future steps) depends only on the current state of the system, and not additionally on the state of the system at previous steps. Since the system changes randomly, it is generally impossible to predict with certainty the state of a Markov

neg: Speech science (respiration) to be phonated through the vocal folds of the larynx (phonation) and resonated in the vocal cavities shaped by the jaw, soft palate, lips, tongue and other articulators (articulation). Respiration is the physical process of gas exchange between an organism and its environment involving four steps (ventilation, distribution, perfusion and diffusion) and two processes (inspiration and expiration). Respiration can be described as the mechanical process of air flowing into and out of the lungs on the principle of Boyle's law, stating that, as the volume of a container increases, the air pressure will decrease. This relatively negative pressure will

neg: Advanced silicon etching a CF plasma condensation process) by alternating the two process steps. This approach achieves the fastest etch rates while maintaining the ability to etch anisotropically, typically vertically in Microelectromechanical Systems (microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)) applications. The ASE HRM is an evolution of the previous generations of ICP design, now incorporating a decoupled plasma source (patent pending). This decoupled source generates very high density plasma which is allowed to diffuse into a separate process chamber. Through careful chamber design, the excess ions that are detrimental to process control are reduced, leaving a uniform distribution of fluorine free-radicals at a higher density than

neg: Go to market Suite software which included all Adobe's products such as Photoshop and Illustrator, to a $50-per-month Creative Cloud and various other subscription plans). Moreover, choosing the right distribution and marketing channels followed by promotion are very vital steps in a go-to-market strategy. A company has to decide which distribution model to choose, what kind of support and services are required and addressing the possibility of creating a competitive advantage. Afterwards, the company decides how it is going to promote its product or services and what kind of marketing campaigns are the most influential to follow. When considering to develop a go-to-market

neg: Customer development original business model is not working, then deciding what changes to make and taking action on those changes. This process is easier to visualize when the business model is drawn out. White iterating involves small changes like altering a product price, pivoting involves substantial changes like identifying a better target market. The process involves four steps: There are several examples of successful companies that pivoted early on, including Groupon, which famously pivoted from a failed social advocacy campaign into a billion dollar daily deal site, and Fab.com, which pivoted from a social network to a daily deal design site. Instagram

neg: Cooperativity a standard state. When we say that the affinity is increased upon binding of one ligand, it is empirically unclear what we mean since a non-cooperative binding curve is required to rigorously define binding energy and hence also affinity. A much more general and useful definition of positive cooperativity is: A process involving multiple identical incremental steps, in which intermediate states are statistically "underrepresented" relative to a hypothetical standard system (null hypothesis) where the steps occur independently of each other. Likewise, a definition of negative cooperativity would be a process involving multiple identical incremental steps, in which the intermediate states

neg: Self-aligned gate Fairchild 3708 8-bit analog multiplexor, in 1968, designed by Federico Faggin who pioneered several inventions in order to turn the aforementioned non working proofs of concept, into what the industry actually adopted thereafter. The importance of self-aligned gates comes in the process used to make them. The process of using the gate oxide as a mask for the source and drain diffusion both simplifies the process and greatly improves the yield. The following are the steps in creating a self-aligned gate: These steps were first created by Federico Faggin and used in the Silicon Gate Technology process developed at Fairchild

neg: Chemical process exact in the sense that one can always tell definitively what is a chemical process and what is not; they are practical definitions. There is also significant overlap in these two definition variations. Because of the inexactness of the definition, chemists and other scientists use the term "chemical process" only in a general sense or in the engineering sense. However, in the "process (engineering)" sense, the term "chemical process" is used extensively. The rest of the article will cover the engineering type of chemical process. Although this type of chemical process may sometimes involve only one step, often multiple steps,

neg: Syngas to gasoline plus Syngas to gasoline plus Syngas to gasoline plus (STG+) is a thermochemical process to convert natural gas, other gaseous hydrocarbons or gasified biomass into drop-in fuels, such as gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel, and organic solvents. This process follows four principal steps in one continuous integrated loop, comprising four fixed bed reactors in a series in which a syngas is converted to synthetic fuels. The steps for producing high-octane synthetic gasoline are as follows: The STG+ process uses standard catalysts similar to those used in other gas to liquids technologies, specifically in methanol to gasoline processes. Methanol to gasoline

neg: Nogrid pointsBlow: The first process step in the container production is the loading step. In this step the glass gob delivered from the feeder is moved into the blank mold. This is also the first step in the simulation. The next steps depends on the process type. The last step of the forming simulation is container take out. Figure 1: Steps during Blow&Blow container forming process The geometry of initial gob can be designed without any restrictions. The temperature distribution within the gob is usually homogeneous, but can also be considered as inhomogeneous. The loading position within the blank mold can

neg: Engineering design process and prototyping - are subsets and/or extensions of one or more of the listed steps. It's also important to understand that in these as well as other articulations of the process, different terminology employed may have varying degrees of overlap, which affects what steps get stated explicitly or deemed "high level" versus subordinate in any given model. Various stages of the design process (and even earlier) can involve a significant amount of time spent on locating information and research. Consideration should be given to the existing applicable literature, problems and successes associated with existing solutions, costs, and marketplace needs. The

neg: Value-form the valuers, but also that people accept that these relationships exist, even although they do not understand exactly what they are, or why they exist at all. We know that a particular market exists, if there are buyers and sellers. With experience, we can identify them, and estimate a normal turnover. However, the totality of interactions and transactions in all markets combined simultaneously, can easily appear as an unfathomable abstraction. Marx distinguishes between four successive steps in the process of trading products, i.e., in the circulation of commodities, through which fairly stable and objective "value proportionalities" ("Wertverhältnisse" in German) are

neg: Dirichlet process the so-called stick-breaking process view. Remember that draws from a Dirichlet process are distributions over a set formula_104. As noted previously, the distribution drawn is discrete with probability 1. In the stick-breaking process view, we explicitly use the discreteness and give the probability mass function of this (random) discrete distribution as: where formula_108 is the indicator function which evaluates to zero everywhere, except for formula_109. Since this distribution is random itself, its mass function is parameterized by two sets of random variables: the locations formula_110 and the corresponding probabilities formula_111. In the following, we present without proof what these random

neg: Value-form four steps in the development of the form of value are mainly an "analytical" or logical progression, which may not always conform to the "actual" historical processes by which objects begin to acquire a relatively stable value and are traded as commodities. Three reasons are: It is just that, typically, what the socially accepted value of a wholly new kind of object will be, requires the practical "test" of a regular trading process, assuming a regular supply by producers and a regular demand for it, which establishes a trading "norm" consistent with production costs. A new object that wasn't traded

neg: Method (patent) Method (patent) In United States patent law, a method, also called "process", is one of the four principal categories of things that may be patented through "utility patents". The other three are a machine, an article of manufacture (also termed a "manufacture"), and a composition of matter. In that context, a method is a series of steps for performing a function or accomplishing a result. While the terms "method" and "process" are largely interchangeable, "method" usually refers to a way to use a product to accomplish a given result, and "process" usually refers to a series of steps in manufacture.

neg: Method (patent) Method (patent) In United States patent law, a method, also called "process", is one of the four principal categories of things that may be patented through "utility patents". The other three are a machine, an article of manufacture (also termed a "manufacture"), and a composition of matter. In that context, a method is a series of steps for performing a function or accomplishing a result. While the terms "method" and "process" are largely interchangeable, "method" usually refers to a way to use a product to accomplish a given result, and "process" usually refers to a series of steps in manufacture.

neg: In re Alappat which the patent laws are concerned, but instead argued that what was claimed was different from that and was not patentable subject matter, because giving the claim its "broadest reasonable interpretation," and because it was drafted entirely in means-plus-function format, "each of the steps in this postulated process claim recites a mathematical operation, which steps combine to form a 'mathematical algorithm for computing pixel information,' and that, 'when the claim is viewed without the steps of this mathematical algorithm, no other elements or steps are found." In other words, Alappat's "patent application" described a device within an oscilloscope, that helps

neg: Work in process A queue leading to a production step shows that the step is well buffered for shortage in supplies from preceding steps, but may also indicate insufficient capacity to process the output from these preceding steps. Work-In-Process in construction accounting identifies the value of construction projects which are currently being worked on by the construction firm. To properly account for each project, four values are needed for each project at the end of any given month (or period): By taking the Costs-To-Date divided by the Cost Estimate, the "percentage complete" for the project is calculated. For example: Calculation of the Percentage

neg: Cellular model on the values of the parameters, demonstrating that the idiosyncrasies of the individual cell cycles are due to different protein concentrations and affinities, while the underlying mechanisms are conserved (Csikasz-Nagy et al., 2006). By means of a system of ordinary differential equations these models show the change in time (dynamical system) of the protein inside a single typical cell; this type of model is called a deterministic process (whereas a model describing a statistical distribution of protein concentrations in a population of cells is called a stochastic process). To obtain these equations an iterative series of steps must be done:

neg: Cell growth reproducing parental cell is separated into two equal halves that are destined to end up in the two daughter cells. The final part of the cell reproduction process is cell division, when daughter cells physically split apart from a parental cell. During meiosis, there are two cell division steps that together produce the four daughter cells. After the completion of binary fission or cell reproduction involving mitosis, each daughter cell has the same amount of DNA (Z) as what the parental cell had before it replicated its DNA. These two types of cell reproduction produced two daughter cells that have

neg: Currere one becomes mobilized for engaged pedagogical action — as a private-and-public intellectual – with others in the social reconstruction of the public sphere". Pinar proposes a framework for the method of currere requiring those involved in education to reflect upon their life experiences thus far. The framework includes four steps or benchmarks to be followed. The steps are: the regressive, the progressive, the analytical, and the synthetic. Pinar uses the four steps as a framework to reflect on curriculum theory and public education. The framework's purpose is as follows, "This four step process includes retelling the story of one's educational

neg: Network planning and design its intended life-span. The Operations and Maintenance layer, however, examines how the network will run on a day-to-day basis. The network planning process begins with the acquisition of external information. This includes: Planning a new network/service involves implementing the new system across the first four layers of the OSI Reference Model. Choices must be made for the protocols and transmission technologies. Network planning process involves three main steps: These steps are performed iteratively in parallel with one another. During the process of Network Planning and Design, estimates are made of the expected traffic intensity and traffic load that the network

neg: Design flow (EDA) design steps. The lack of good predictors for delay has led to significant changes in recent design flows. New scaling challenges such as leakage power, variability, and reliability will continue to require significant changes to the design closure process in the future. Many factors describe what drove the design flow from a set of separate design steps to a fully integrated approach, and what further changes are coming to address the latest challenges. In his keynote at the 40th Design Automation Conference entitled The Tides of EDA, Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli distinguished three periods of EDA: Design flow (EDA) Design flows are

neg: Theory of Constraints in streamline manufacturing has on the entire system. The thinking processes as well as the identification of the bottleneck is conducted in different manners. The four most common practiced techniques include; Five Focusing Steps, Thinking Process, Throughput Accounting and the Drum-Buffer-Effect. The five focusing steps of TOC is an ideal approach to identifying the bottleneck and the correct procedure to reduce the impact keeping in mind the 'goal.' The five focusing steps are: The first step is to determine which process in the system is increasing the procedures overall throughput. Indicators of the bottleneck in the system will have accumulated a large amount

neg: Pusher centrifuge rocket fuels. A suspension feed enters the process to undergo pre-acceleration and distribution. The subsequent processes involve main filtration and intermediate de-watering, after which the main filtrate is collected. Wash liquid enters the washing step and final de-watering follows. Wash filtrate is extracted from these two stages. The final step involves discharge of solids which are then collected as the finished product. These process steps take place simultaneously in different parts of the centrifuge. It is widely accepted due to its ease of modification, such as gas-tight and explosion protection configurations. Pusher centrifuges are mainly used in chemical, pharmaceutical, food

neg: Mathematical and theoretical biology parameters, demonstrating that the idiosyncrasies of the individual cell cycles are due to different protein concentrations and affinities, while the underlying mechanisms are conserved (Csikasz-Nagy et al., 2006). By means of a system of ordinary differential equations these models show the change in time (dynamical system) of the protein inside a single typical cell; this type of model is called a deterministic process (whereas a model describing a statistical distribution of protein concentrations in a population of cells is called a stochastic process). To obtain these equations an iterative series of steps must be done: first the several models and

neg: Ethics of technology successful TEAs thus produce a shared understanding of knowledge, values, priorities, and other ethical aspects associated with technology. TEAs involve five key steps: Technoethical design (TED) refers to the process of designing technologies in an ethical manner, involving stakeholders in participatory design efforts, revealing hidden or tacit technological relations, and investigating what technologies make possible and how people will use them. TED involves the following four steps: Both TEA and TED rely on systems theory, a perspective that conceptualizes society in terms of events and occurrences resulting from investigating system operations. Systems theory assumes that complex ideas can be studied

neg: Random walk number of steps, the random walk converges toward a Wiener process. In 3D, the variance corresponding to the Green's function of the diffusion equation is: By equalizing this quantity with the variance associated to the position of the random walker, one obtains the equivalent diffusion coefficient to be considered for the asymptotic Wiener process toward which the random walk converges after a large number of steps: Remark: the two expressions of the variance above correspond to the distribution associated to the vector formula_36 that links the two ends of the random walk, in 3D. The variance associated to each component

neg: South Park "Gnomes", revolves around a group of "underpants gnomes" who, as their name suggests, run a corporation stealing people's underpants. When asked about their business model, various gnomes reply that theirs is a three-step process: Phase 1 is "collect underpants". Phase 3 is "profit". However, the gnomes are unable to explain what is to occur between the first and final steps, and "Phase 2" is accompanied by a large question mark on their corporate flow chart. Using "????" and "PROFIT!" as the last two steps in a process (usually jokingly) has become a widely popular Internet meme because of this. Especially

neg: Process driven messaging service something such as a task (e. g., sending a message) or affects Standard Objects (e.g. way metadata in a unit). It is a task describing what the system should do and can be several things. A job, when activated, can lead to the execution of another job (for instance: message delivery). It represents what a system does with the data, an activity within the system domain. Jobs provide a means to encapsulate a process. A Job is a configuration representing input options, the steps in the process, a filter expression that matches the nodes where those steps will execute, and

neg: Value-form formed that express "what products are worth". These steps are: These forms are different ways of symbolizing and representing what goods are worth, to facilitate trade and cost/benefit calculations. The simple form of value does not (or not necessarily) involve a money-referent at all, and the expanded and general forms are intermediary expressions between a non-monetary and a monetary expression of economic value. The four steps are an abstract summary of what essentially happens to the trading relationship when the trade in products grows and develops beyond incidental barter. The value relationship in Marx's economic sense begins to emerge, when

neg: Writing process three to five "stages"; the configuration below is typical: What is now called "post-process" research demonstrates that it is seldom accurate to describe these "stages" as fixed steps in a straightforward process. Rather, they are more accurately conceptualized as overlapping parts of a complex whole or parts of a recursive process that are repeated multiple times throughout the writing process. Thus writers routinely discover that, for instance, editorial changes trigger brainstorming and a change of purpose; that drafting is temporarily interrupted to correct a misspelling; or that the boundary between prewriting and drafting is less than obvious. Flower and Hayes

neg: Edward B. Durham be used to show the organization of the staff and to whom each is responsible; in manufacturing, the passage of the material through the works, from department to department, and even the steps in each department, can be shown; in milling or metallurgical operations, the passage of the material from process to process and the resulting products and their disposal can be shown; in power distribution, the heat generated by coal under the boilers can be followed in its change to mechanical power and its application to various machines. Flow sheets are useful to give a picture of a technical

neg: Coffee preparation commercially by drying prepared coffee; the resulting soluble powder is dissolved in hot water by the user, and sugar/sweeteners and milk or creamers are added as desired. Alcoholic spirits and liqueurs can be added to coffee, often sweetened and with cream floated on top. These beverages are often given names according to the alcoholic addition: Coffee preparation Coffee preparation is the process of turning coffee beans into a beverage. While the particular steps vary with the type of coffee and with the raw materials, the process includes four basic steps: raw coffee beans must be roasted, the roasted coffee beans

neg: Countercurrent distribution Countercurrent distribution Countercurrent distribution (CCD, also spelled "co "counter current" distribution) is an analytical chemistry technique which was developed by Lyman C. Craig in the 1940s. Countercurrent distribution is a separation process that is founded on the principles of liquid–liquid extraction where a chemical compound is distributed (partitioned) between two immiscible liquid phases (oil and water for example) according to its relative solubility in the two phases. The simplest form of liquid-liquid extraction is the partitioning of a mixture of compounds between two immiscible liquid phases in a separatory funnel. This occurs in five steps: 1) preparation of the separatory

neg: Process driven messaging service execution control parameters that specify if steps are run in parallel. One might find certain command executions are done repeatedly, and perhaps, represent what has become a routine procedure. Routine processes need to be encapsulated and become the basis for other routine procedures. A trigger—what starts/executes a workflow—prompts the execution of actions. The object's components that define business logic and behavior are called triggers. You can create and configure any number of triggers to perform automated and programmatic validation, notification, data manipulation, and other activities upon record creation, updating, and deletion. A process starts at some point in the system.

neg: Markov chain Monte Carlo Markov chain Monte Carlo formula_1 In statistics, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods comprise a class of algorithms for sampling from a probability distribution. By constructing a Markov chain that has the desired distribution as its equilibrium distribution, one can obtain a sample of the desired distribution by observing the chain after a number of steps. The more steps there are, the more closely the distribution of the sample matches the actual desired distribution. Random-walk Monte Carlo methods make up a large subclass of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are primarily used for calculating numerical

neg: Project Gutenberg (film) for location shooting taking place in Canada and Thailand. Director Felix Chong revealed that because the story revolves around a counterfeit organisation and would involve the process of printing counterfeit bills, the script originally contained eight steps describing the printing process, but was later increased to twenty steps to bring more excitement for audiences. Chong also obtained a 7-ton real currency press, which cost HK$100,000, which was able to create realistic looking counterfeit currency, which had to be reported to the Monetary Authority. Alan Mak, a frequent collaborator of Chong, served as the film's art director. Distribution Workshop handling its

neg: Four wall distribution Four wall distribution In the film industry, four wall distribution (also known as four-walling) is a process through which a studio or distributor rents movie theaters for a period of time and receives all of the box office revenue. The four walls of a movie theater give the term its name. Companies engaging in this practice were common in the United States during the late 1960s and 1970s; one of them was the Utah-based Sunn Classic Pictures. Four wall distribution is termed after the four walls of a movie theater. In this process, a film company spends at least one

neg: IBM alignment models usually translates. This model deals with dropping input words because it allows formula_13. But there is still an issue when adding words. For example, the English word "do" is often inserted when negating. This issue generates a special "NULL" token that can also have its fertility modeled using a conditional distribution defined as: The number of inserted words depends on sentence length. This is why the NULL token insertion is modeled as an additional step: the fertility step. It increases the IBM Model 3 translation process to four steps: The last step is called distortion instead of alignment because it

neg: Discernment In order to make a decision that is ours it also requires the heart in which the individual makes based on feelings as well as rationality. Values in the discernment process are weighing options that decide what is most important to the individual. Every individuals value system is different which effects each individual discernment process. Combining values, using both the head and heart and taking sufficient time when making decision are the main steps for a successful discernment process. Group discernment is a separate branch of discernment. In group discernment each individual must first undergo their own discernment process. The

neg: Flowchart Flowchart A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process. The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting the boxes with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. Flowcharts are used in designing and documenting simple processes or programs. Like other types of diagrams, they help visualize what is going on and thereby help understand a process, and perhaps also find less-obvious features within the process, like

neg: Stochastic matrix stochastic matrix formula_6 is also right stochastic. The probability of transitioning from formula_3 to formula_4 in two steps is then given by the formula_26 element of the square of formula_6: In general, the probability transition of going from any state to another state in a finite Markov chain given by the matrix formula_6 in "k" steps is given by formula_30. An initial probability distribution of states, specifying where the system might be initially and with what probabilities, is given as a row vector. A "stationary" probability vector formula_31 is defined as a distribution, written as a row vector, that does

neg: Theory of constraints an A-shaped sequence of work, culminating in a delivered product ("i.e., the intended outcome of the project"). The focusing steps, this process of ongoing improvement, have been applied to manufacturing, project management, supply chain/distribution generated specific solutions. Other tools (mainly the "thinking process") also led to TOC applications in the fields of marketing and sales, and finance. The solution as applied to each of these areas are listed below. Within manufacturing operations and operations management, the solution seeks to pull materials through the system, rather than push them into the system. The primary methodology used is drum-buffer-rope (DBR) and a

neg: Personal software process of the PSP is using historical data to analyze and improve process performance. PSP data collection is supported by four main elements: The PSP scripts provide expert-level guidance to following the process steps and they provide a framework for applying the PSP measures. The PSP has four core measures: Applying standards to the process can ensure the data is precise and consistent. Data is logged in forms, normally using a PSP software tool. The SEI has developed a PSP tool and there are also open source options available, such as Process Dashboard. The key data collected in the PSP tool

neg: SMART Process Acceleration Development Environment or the steps in which the system interacts with an external actor, for instance an external system. The blue steps are the fully automated steps. Example screen captures of the forms are added below the process diagram. When you are using the created solution, you are also recording test cases at the same time. Those test cases are then expanded with asserts that verify the outcome of the process. Below is an example in gray with explanation in "italic" text. "Each test scenario starts with stating which process is started by which user. In this case process 'Order products' for

neg: 1-Octene 1-octene was also manufactured by thermal cracking of waxes, whereas linear internal octenes were also manufactured by chlorination/dehydrochlorination of linear paraffins. There are five commercial processes that oligomerize ethylene to 1-octene. Four of these processes produce 1-octene as a part of a wide distribution of alpha-olefins. In typical circumstances, 1-hexene content of the entire distribution of alpha-olefins ranges from about 25% of the distribution in the Ethyl (Innovene) process to about 8% of distribution in some modes of the Gulf (CP Chemicals) and Idemitsu processes. The only commercial process to isolate 1-octene from a wide mixture of C hydrocarbons is

neg: Services marketing adding more steps, or increasing divergence by allowing employees greater latitude in varying each step. In general, service processes that include high levels of employee discretion to vary steps to meet the needs of individual customers are moving towards customisation. On the other hand, reducing divergence, by standardising each step, often adds to complexity, but can result in a production-line approach to service process design. By manipulating complexity and divergence, it is possible to envisage four different positioning strategies: Subway sandwich bars provide an excellent example of how a business can integrate both process design and the servicescape into the

neg: Distribution (marketing) including selection of channel members and rewarding distributors. Prior to designing a distribution system, the planner needs to determine what the distribution channel is to achieve in broad terms. The overall approach to distributing products or services depends on a number of factors including the type of product, especially perishability; the market served; the geographic scope of operations and the firm's overall mission and vision. The process of setting out a broad statement of the aims and objectives of a distribution channel is a strategic level decision. Strategically, there are three approaches to distribution: Summary of strategic approaches to distribution

neg: CMA-ES maximum-likelihood principle, based on the idea to increase the probability of successful candidate solutions and search steps. The mean of the distribution is updated such that the likelihood of previously successful candidate solutions is maximized. The covariance matrix of the distribution is updated (incrementally) such that the likelihood of previously successful search steps is increased. Both updates can be interpreted as a natural gradient descent. Also, in consequence, the CMA conducts an iterated principal components analysis of successful search steps while retaining "all" principal axes. Estimation of distribution algorithms and the Cross-Entropy Method are based on very similar ideas, but

neg: Service blueprint and training all of which adds to costs. The approach usually involves a shift towards the prestige market segment and requires access to customers who are willing to pay a premium for customised services. The vulnerability of increased divergence is that processes are more difficult to manage, control and distribute. "Reduce complexity": Reduced complexity usually involves a specialisation strategy. As steps are removed from the process, the service firm concentrates on a narrower range of offerings. Examples include an obstetrician, radiologist. The advantage of this approach is that the service provider can develop high levels of expertise and that distribution

neg: Complex network some networks of Internet routers, protein interaction networks, email networks, etc. Most of these reported "power laws" fail when challenged with rigorous statistical testing, but the more general idea of heavy-tailed degree distributions—which many of these networks do genuinely exhibit (before finite-size effects occur) -- are very different from what one would expect if edges existed independently and at random (i.e., if they followed a Poisson distribution). There are many different ways to build a network with a power-law degree distribution. The Yule process is a canonical generative process for power laws, and has been known since 1925. However, it

neg: Process costing product in a given period of time. There are four basic steps in accounting for Process cost: The journal entries for process costing are the same as those for job-order costing with one exception. The entry to transfer cost from one work-in-process account to another is: Work-in-process inventory-second department Debit (Left) Work-in-process-first department Credit (Right) e.g.(1) Micro Labs Company produces house paint in two processing departments: the Mixing Department which mixes the paint colors and the Finishing Department which puts the paint in containers and labels them. The following information related to the company’s operation for October follows: A) Raw

neg: Development Communication and Policy Sciences way of life. This approach is therefore concerned with the process of diffusion and adoption of innovations in a more systematic and planned way. He distinguishes between five phases in the diffusion process: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adoption. The role of the mass media is concentrated on the first stage of the process, whereas personal sources are most important at the evaluation stage in the adoption process (Rogers, 1962). In a second edition of his work (Rogers,1973), there are only four crucial steps left in the process of diffusion and adoption: (a) the knowledge of the innovation itself (information),

neg: Stöber process surface silanol groups. Styrene is polymerized around the fatty-acid-modified silica cores. By virtue of size distribution of the silica cores, the styrene polymerizes around them evenly resulting composite particles are similarly sized. The silica shell particles created with cyclen and other polyamine ligands are created in a much different fashion. The polyamines are added to the Stöber reaction in the initial steps along with the TEOS precursor. These ligands interact with the TEOS precursor, resulting in an increase in the speed of hydrolysis; however, as a result they get incorporated into the resulting silica colloids. The ligands have several nitrogen

neg: User interface specification what a product is capable of, whereas the UI specification details how these requirements are implemented in practice. Before UI specification is created, a lot of work is done already for defining the application and desired functionality. Usually there are requirements for the software which are basis for the use case creation and use case prioritizing. UI specification is only as good as the process by which it has been created, so lets consider the steps in the process: Use cases are then used as basis for drafting the UI concept (which can contain for example main views of the

neg: Global Text volunteer translators, work is allocated to a virtual team of translators using a Pyramid method. The Global Text Project developed this translation methodology to foster collaboration among student and other translators and engage them in the translation process. The Pyramid Method involves the following three steps: Global Text The Global Text Project (GTP) is a not for profit organization dedicated to the creation, translation, and distribution of free open content textbooks over the Internet. It is an Open educational resources project focusing on reaching university students mainly in developing countries, where textbooks are often expensive and not affordable. Textbooks are

neg: Distribution (marketing) widespread public acceptance of online shopping has been a major trigger for disintermediation in some industries. Certain types of traditional intermediaries are dropping by the wayside. Distribution (marketing) Distribution (or place) is one of the four elements of the marketing mix. Distribution is the process of making a product or service available for the consumer or business user that needs it. This can be done directly by the producer or service provider, or using indirect channels with distributors or intermediaries. The other three elements of the marketing mix are product, pricing, and promotion. Decisions about distribution need to be taken

neg: Java Speech API of a speech synthesizer. Speech recognition provides computers with the ability to listen to spoken language and determine what has been said. In other words, it processes audio input containing speech by converting it to text. The major steps of a typical speech recognizer are as follows: A "grammar" is an object in the Java Speech API that indicates what words a user is expected to say and in what patterns those words may occur. Grammars are important to speech recognizers because they constrain the recognition process. These constraints make recognition faster and more accurate because the recognizer does not

neg: Pers Z S shortages, it forced the chiefs to lend a hand with practical cryptanalysis as well as translation, leaving scant time for the selection process. According to Dr Paschke, Ribbentrop "read only about 20-30% of the material produced". His secretaries, Weber and , selected these for him. Ribbentrop saw between one to four items a day, or less.. His principal assistant Gustav Adolf Steengracht von Moyland, or one of the secretaries, determined what distributions should be made outside the Ministry. If all these statements are to be taken at face value then at least five people were involved in determining the distribution

neg: Diffusion of innovations quickly. Diffusion occurs through a five–step decision-making process. It occurs through a series of communication channels over a period of time among the members of a similar social system. Ryan and Gross first identified adoption as a process in 1943. Rogers' five stages (steps): awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption are integral to this theory. An individual might reject an innovation at any time during or after the adoption process. Abrahamson examined this process critically by posing questions such as: How do technically inefficient innovations diffuse and what impedes technically efficient innovations from catching on? Abrahamson makes suggestions for how

neg: Dirichlet process We would now like to extend this model to work without pre-specifying a fixed number of clusters formula_54. Mathematically, this means we would like to select a random prior distribution formula_81 where the values of the clusters means formula_61 are again independently distributed according to formula_83 and the distribution over formula_62 is symmetric over the infinite set of clusters. This is exactly what is accomplished by the model: With this in hand we can better understand the computational merits of the Dirichlet process. Suppose that we wanted to draw formula_86 observations from the naive model with exactly formula_54 clusters. A

neg: Macroscope (methodology suite) as ResultStation) for benefits realisation program management and portfolio management, and Vision (previously known as StrategyForum) for enterprise strategy. All domains of Macroscope are structured in a similar fashion using concepts described in the Software Process Engineering Metamodel (SPEM) of the Object Management Group (OMG). Fujitsu was one of the many contributors to SPEM and sections of Macroscope are used to depict some elements of SPEM. A domain of Macroscope typically presents the following sections. A process, usually presented as a workflow, describes the phases, steps and activities, under the responsibility of which role, and what deliverables are resulting from

neg: Stereotype embodiment theory are summarized here: Stereotype embodiment theory Stereotype embodiment theory (SET) is a theoretical model first posited by psychologist Becca Levy to explain the process by which age stereotypes influence the health of older adults. There are multiple well-documented effects of age stereotypes on a number of cognitive and physical outcomes (including memory, cardiovascular reactivity, and longevity). SET explains these findings according to a three-step process: Underlying these three steps are SET's four main theoretical premises. According to Levy (2009): "The theory has four components: The stereotypes (a) become internalized across the lifespan, (b) can operate unconsciously, (c) gain salience from

neg: Virus processing detergents only affect lipids and lipid derivatives. There is a 100% viral death achieved by this process and the equipment is relatively simple and easy to use. Equipment designed to purify post-virus inactivated material would be necessary to guard against contamination of subsequent process streams. S/D treatment utilizes readily available and relatively inexpensive reagents, but these reagents must be removed from the product prior to distribution which would require extra process steps. Because this process removes/inactivates the lipid coating of a virus, viruses without any sort of lipid envelope will be unaffected. There is also no inactivation effect by the

neg: DeMix formula_13 and formula_6 follow a formula_4 Normal distribution. There are mainly two steps in the DeMix method: Step 1: Given the formula_16's and the distribution of the formula_17's, the likelihood of observing formula_16 is maximized in order to search for formula_19. Step 2: Given the formula_20's and the distribution of the formula_21's and the formula_22, an individual pair of formula_23 is estimated for each sample and each gene. These steps are then adapted to specific data scenarios. DeMix was developed using the Nelder–Mead optimization procedure which includes a numerical integration of the joint density. DeMix takes a two-stage approach by

neg: De doctrina Christiana from God. The ability to understand obscurity is therefore both the gift of God and reinforced by human teaching. Book One discusses enjoyment, use, interpretation, and the relation of various Christian doctrines to these concepts. Augustine begins with a discussion of the steps in the interpretive process: discovery of what is to be understood, and a way of teaching what has been discovered. He then expands upon the Platonic notion that there are things and signs. Signs are used to symbolize things, but are considered things themselves because they too represent meaning. They are given meaning through their repetition and

neg: Modified universalism a modern innovation. In English law in cases as ancient as "Solomons v Ross" (1764) 1 H Bl 131n and "Re African Farms" 1906 TS 373 there has been tacit recognition of the principle. In "Galbraith v Grimshaw" [1910] AC 508 Lord Dunedin stated that there should be only one universal process of the distribution of a bankrupt's property and that, where such a process was pending elsewhere, the English courts should not allow steps to be taken in its jurisdiction which would interfere with that process. However, bankruptcy laws have for the most part historically developed along territorial lines,

neg: Provisioning (telecommunications) operating system type and versions, Java version, browser version, screen form factors, audio capabilities, language settings and a plethora of other characteristics. As of April 2006, an estimated 5000 permutations are relevant. Mobile content provisioning facilitates a common user experience, though delivered on widely different handsets. When getting a user / customer online, beyond user provisioning and network provisioning, the client system must be configured. This process may include many steps, depending on the connection technology in question (DSL, Cable, Fibre, etc.). The possible steps are: There are four approaches to provisioning an internet access: Provisioning (telecommunications) In telecommunication, provisioning

neg: Freeze-casting crystals. However, recent in-situ X-ray radiography of directionally frozen alumina suspensions reveal a different mechanism. In-situ testing reveals that freeze-casting is an aggressive growth process. In the moments immediately before nucleation, the suspension is in an unstable super-cooled state. Homogeneous (spatially speaking) nucleation of ice crystals occurs followed by explosive crystal growth in every spatial and crystallographic direction. The initial nucleation and growth steps are so rapid (approaching 800 mm s) that all suspended particles are completely engulfed by the oncoming ice front because not enough time is given for particle redistribution, resulting in a structure with anisotropic particle distribution.

neg: Split payment by a single payment method in a single transaction. A significant difference between a split payment implementation and a coupon implementation is the stage at which they appear during the checkout process. A coupon is implemented before the payment process, also referred to as the shopping cart. The split payment is implemented during the process of the checkout, usually one of the lasts steps. The challenges for the business are all across the organization. It is mainly the accumulation and the reference of two separate transactions into a single order. What is in real-life trivial (the two payments come from

neg: Sixty-Six (card game) circumstances favoring higher bidding strategies. The strategy involves, in part, understanding what is known as "the distribution" or "the card distribution". What is in your hand and the bids made by other players, provides information to make guesses about what is in other hands. The process is remarkably similar to a hidden Markov model (HMM), a statistical model in which the system being modeled is assumed to be a Markov process with unknown parameters, and the challenge is to determine the hidden parameters (the other hands) from the observable parameters (your hand and the bids). Sixty-Six (card game) Closely related

neg: Biochip fabrication process (later used by Affymetrix) in which a series of microlithography steps is used to combinatorially synthesize hundreds of thousands of unique, single-stranded DNA sensors on a substrate one nucleotide at a time. One lithography step is needed per base type; thus, a total of four steps is required per nucleotide level. Although this technique is very powerful in that many sensors can be created simultaneously, it is currently only feasible for creating short DNA strands (15–25 nucleotides). Reliability and cost factors limit the number of photolithography steps that can be done. Furthermore, light-directed combinatorial synthesis techniques are not

neg: Bernoulli process Bernoulli process In probability and statistics, a Bernoulli process (named after Jacob Bernoulli) is a finite or infinite sequence of binary random variables, so it is a discrete-time stochastic process that takes only two values, canonically 0 and 1. The component Bernoulli variables "X" are identically distributed and independent. Prosaically, a Bernoulli process is a repeated coin flipping, possibly with an unfair coin (but with consistent unfairness). Every variable "X" in the sequence is associated with a Bernoulli trial or experiment. They all have the same Bernoulli distribution. Much of what can be said about the Bernoulli process can also

neg: Fischer–Tropsch process high exothermicity. Four types of reactors are discussed: In general the product distribution of hydrocarbons formed during the Fischer–Tropsch process follows an Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution, which can be expressed as: where "W" is the weight fraction of hydrocarbons containing "n" carbon atoms, and "α" is the chain growth probability or the probability that a molecule will continue reacting to form a longer chain. In general, α is largely determined by the catalyst and the specific process conditions. Examination of the above equation reveals that methane will always be the largest single product so long as "α" is less than 0.5; however,

neg: Pollution prevention 5 major steps: This framework mainly benefits smaller facilities. The Waste Reduction Algorithm (WRA) is used to quantitatively describe the benefits of different P2 strategies based on each unique facility. The WRA tracks pollutants through the entire production process in order to obtain accurate measurements. By maximizing P2 opportunities, some companies choose to redesign their entire industrial process. Managers focus more on what enters and moves through the entire process, instead of only focusing on the output. Overall, the P2 strategies that financially benefit companies are the most likely to be implemented. However, since P2 has only recently been realized

neg: Granulation are compacted into a ribbon or small pellets between these rollers and milled through a low-shear mill. When the product is compacted properly, then it can be passed through a mill and final blend before tablet compression. Typical roller compaction processes consist of the following steps: convey powdered material to the compaction area, normally with a screw feeder, compact powder between two counter-rotating rolls with applied forces, mill resulting compact to desired particle size distribution. Roller compacted particle are typically dense, with sharp-edged profiles. In plastic recycling, granulation is the process of shredding plastic objects to be recycled into flakes

neg: Demographics of Afghanistan a negligible risk as of 2009. In August 2017, a nationwide distribution of e-ID cards (e-Tazkiras) is scheduled to begin. The ethnicity of each citizen is to be provided in the application. This process is expected to reveal the exact figures about the size and composition of the country's ethnic groups. Article Four of the Afghan Constitution mentions a total of 14 ethnic groups. An approximate distribution of the ethnolinguistic groups is shown in the map to the right and listed in the chart below: The recent estimate in the above chart is some what supported by the below national