query: letter from birmingham jail promoted the principle of

pos: Letter from Birmingham Jail Letter from Birmingham Jail The Letter from Birmingham Jail, also known as the Letter from Birmingham City Jail and The Negro Is Your Brother, is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider," King writes, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere". The letter, written during the

pos: Letter from Birmingham Jail We Can't Wait". The essay was highly anthologized, and was reprinted 50 times in 325 editions of 58 readers published between 1964 and 1996 that were intended for use in college-level composition courses. Letter from Birmingham Jail The Letter from Birmingham Jail, also known as the Letter from Birmingham City Jail and The Negro Is Your Brother, is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail ACMHR and SCLC official Fred Shuttlesworth and other marchers, while thousands of African Americans dressed for Good Friday looked on. King was met with unusually harsh conditions in the Birmingham jail. An ally smuggled in a newspaper from April 12, which contained A Call for Unity, a statement by eight white Alabama clergymen against King and his methods. The letter provoked King, and he began to write a response on the newspaper itself. King writes in "Why We Can't Wait": "Begun on the margins of the newspaper in which the statement appeared while I was in jail, the letter was

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail "Times" chose not to publish it. Extensive excerpts from the letter were published, without King's consent, on May 19, 1963, in the "New York Post Sunday Magazine". The letter was first published as "Letter from Birmingham Jail" in the June 1963 issue of "Liberation", the June 12, 1963, edition of "The Christian Century", and in the June 24, 1963, issue of "The New Leader". The letter gained more popularity as summer went on, and was reprinted in the July "Atlantic Monthly" as "The Negro Is Your Brother". King included a version of the full text in his 1964 book "Why

neg: Milton Grafman of Birmingham to withdraw support from King's demonstrations. Responding to the April 12, 1963, Call for Unity, King, incarcerated in the city jail after being arrested for his part in the Birmingham campaign, wrote an open letter on April 16, 1963, known as The "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Addressing the eight authors of the Call for Unity as "My Dear Fellow Clergymen", and acknowledging that they were "men of genuine good will" and that their criticisms were sincere, King attempted to explain why he had come to Birmingham (he had been invited by one of the SCLC's local affiliates, the

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail of black people, including himself. As an orator, he used many persuasive techniques to reach the hearts and minds of his audience. Altogether, King's letter was a powerful defense of the motivations, tactics, and goals of the Birmingham campaign and the Civil Rights Movement more generally. King began the letter by responding to the criticism that he and his fellow activists were "outsiders" causing trouble in the streets of Birmingham. To this, King referred to his responsibility as the leader of the SCLC, which had numerous affiliated organizations throughout the South. "I was invited" by our Birmingham affiliate "because injustice

neg: Milton Grafman within the Jewish community, based on the assumption that he had been pro-segregation. Grafman opposed racial segregation, even though he disagreed with King and other leaders of the Civil Rights Movement over tactics and timing. He was one of the "white moderates" criticized by King in the Birmingham Jail letter, but he had worked for racial harmony in opposition to both racial hatred and anti-Semitism. In his 2001 book "Blessed Are The Peacemakers: Martin Luther King Jr., Eight White Religious Leaders, and the "Letter from Birmingham Jail"", S. Jonathan Bass cites several examples of Grafman's role in the Civil Rights

neg: Harvey Shapiro (poet) next time King was jailed he should compose a letter to publish in the manner of Gandhi. This letter became the Letter from Birmingham Jail, after Dr. King was arrested for the Birmingham campaign in April 1963. Shapiro's superiors would not allow him to print Dr. King's letter in "The New York Times", but the letter was printed elsewhere 50 times in 325 editions, including Dr. King's own book "Why We Can't Wait". Shapiro continued to write poetry while working as an editor, publishing a dozen books, such as "The Eye" (1953), "The Light Holds" (1984) and "National Cold Storage

neg: Birmingham, Alabama Smoky Mountains further north. To the west of the city is located Tannehill Ironworks Historical State Park, a Civil War site which includes the well-preserved ruins of the Tannehill Iron Furnaces and the John Wesley Hall Grist Mill. The Summit is an upscale lifestyle center with many stores and restaurants. It is located in Southeast Birmingham off U.S. Highway 280, parallel to Interstate 459. The folk song "Down in the Valley", also known as "Birmingham Jail", contains the lines, "Write me a letter, send it by mail; Send it in care of the Birmingham jail." The song "Sweet Home Alabama"

neg: Episcopal Diocese of Alabama Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast), and six other religious leaders, in an open letter entitled "A Call for Unity", printed in that day's edition of "The Birmingham News", urged King to wait. King responded to their letter with his own "Letter from Birmingham Jail", pointing out that "to the Negro, 'Wait' has almost always meant 'Never'." Two years later, when King organized the Selma to Montgomery march for voting rights, Carpenter did everything in his power to prevent Episcopal clergy from participating in the march, which he termed "foolishness". However, it should be noted that Carpenter had good relationships

neg: George M. Murray (bishop) that they both wanted to be active in the calling for greater equality and human rights. They did, however, get a lot of criticism from all sides. They were criticized for being too involved or not involved enough. While serving as Bishop Coadjutor, Murray was one of eight Birmingham clergymen who co-authored an April 12, 1963, open letter on racial tensions titled "A Call for Unity". This letter was the impetus for Reverend Martin Luther King to write in his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail". George M. Murray (bishop) George Mosley Murray was a bishop of the Episcopal Church in

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail of the complacent nor the hatred and despair of the black nationalist." In closing the letter, King criticized the clergy's praise of the Birmingham police for maintaining order nonviolently. Recent public displays of nonviolence by the police were in stark contrast to their typical treatment of black people, and, as public relations, helped "to preserve the evil system of segregation." Not only is it wrong to use immoral means to achieve moral ends, but also "to use moral means to preserve immoral ends." Instead of the police, King praised the nonviolent demonstrators in Birmingham, "for their sublime courage, their willingness

neg: Southern Christian Leadership Conference total desegregation, as in Albany. The brutal response of local police, led by Public Safety Commissioner "Bull" Connor, stood in stark contrast to the nonviolent civil disobedience of the activists. After his arrest in April, King wrote the "Letter from Birmingham Jail" in response to a group of clergy who had criticized the Birmingham campaign, writing that it was "directed and led in part by outsiders" and that the demonstrations were "unwise and untimely." In his letter, King explained that, as president of SCLC, he had been asked to come to Birmingham by the local members: King also addressed the

neg: Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Martin Luther King's Letter from Birmingham Jail, the Children's Crusade with its images of students being attacked by water hoses and dogs, the bombing of the Gaston Motel – the movement's headquarters motel now designated as a National Monument – and the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. The site also resides within the larger Birmingham Civil Rights District, which was designated in 1992 by the City of Birmingham. Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument The Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument is a United States National Monument in Birmingham, Alabama established in 2017 to preserve and commemorate the work of the Civil

neg: A Call for Unity A Call for Unity "A Call for Unity" was an open letter published in Birmingham, Alabama, on April 12, 1963, by eight local white clergymen in response to civil rights demonstrations taking place in the area at the time. In the letter, they took issue with events "directed and led in part by outsiders", urging activists to engage in local negotiations and use the courts if rights were being denied rather than to protest. The term "outsider" was a thinly veiled reference to Martin Luther King, Jr., and King replied with his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail", arguing that civil

neg: Southern United States to come out of the movement were written in the South, such as King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Most of the civil rights landmarks can be found around the South. The Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument in Birmingham includes the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute which details Birmingham's role as the epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement. The 16th Street Baptist Church served as a rallying point for coordinating and carrying out the Birmingham campaignas well as the adjacent Kelly Ingram Park that served as ground zero for the infamous children's protest that eventually led to the passage of the Civil

neg: Earl Stallings Jefferson City. He was a full-time pastor in the following churches: from 1951 to 1962 he was at First Baptist Church, Ocala Florida; 1962–65 he was at First Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama; 1965–77 he was at First Baptist Church in Marietta, Georgia; 1977–85 he was at SBC home Mission Board, Director of Christian Ministries in the Arizona SBC. Reverend Earl Stallings was one of eight signers of the open letter "A Call For Unity," which precipitated a critical response from Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail." Despite this, Stallings was the only clergy whom

neg: Why We Can't Wait Why We Can't Wait Why We Can't Wait is a 1964 book by Martin Luther King Jr. about the nonviolent movement against racial segregation in the United States, and specifically the 1963 Birmingham campaign. The book describes 1963 as a landmark year in the civil rights movement, and as the beginning of America's "Negro Revolution". The seed of the book is King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail". The letter became nationally known and received interest from the New York publishing world, which Stanley Levison relayed to King in May 1963. Soon after, Levison made a deal with New American Library publisher

neg: Birmingham campaign not giving the incoming mayor a chance to make any changes. Bass suggested that "Letter from Birmingham Jail" was pre-planned, as was every move King and his associates made in Birmingham. The essay was a culmination of many of King's ideas, which he had touched on in earlier writings. King's arrest attracted national attention, including that of corporate officers of retail chains with stores in downtown Birmingham. After King's arrest, the chains' profits began to erode. National business owners pressed the Kennedy administration to intervene. King was released on April 20, 1963. Despite the publicity surrounding King's arrest, the campaign

neg: Joseph Aloysius Durick the assistant director of Catholic missions in North Alabama; by 1943 he was the director. On December 30, 1954, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Mobile-Birmingham, Alabama, and titular bishop of Cerbali. His Episcopal Motto was ""The love of Christ impels us"" (Caritas Christi urget nos). April 12, 1963 Durick signed his name alongside seven other religious leaders on the open public letter urging African-Americans to withdraw their support of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to which Dr. King responded in his famous "A Letter from Birmingham Jail." At age 40 he was one of the youngest bishops in the

neg: Milton Grafman Milton Grafman Milton Louis Grafman (April 21, 1907 – May 28, 1995) was an American rabbi who led Temple Emanu-El in Birmingham, Alabama, from 1941 until his retirement in 1975 and then served as Rabbi Emeritus from 1975 until his death in 1995. He was one of eight local clergy members who signed a public statement criticizing the Birmingham Campaign, to which Martin Luther King Jr. responded in his Letter from Birmingham Jail. Born in Washington D.C., Grafman spent his boyhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he studied at the public schools and at the University of Pittsburgh. He entered the

neg: Walter Reuther Trade Unions. He had left the Socialist Party in 1939, and throughout the 1950s and 1960s was a leading spokesman for liberal interests in the CIO and in the Democratic Party. Reuther was a strong supporter of the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He marched with King in Selma, Birmingham, Montgomery, and Jackson and when King and others were jailed in Birmingham, Alabama, and King authored his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, Reuther arranged $160,000 for the protestors' release. He also helped organize and finance the March on Washington on August 28, 1963, delivering remarks from the steps of the Lincoln

neg: Walter Reuther survived two attempted assassinations, including one at home where he was struck by a 12-gauge shotgun blast fired through his kitchen window. He was the fourth president of the UAW, serving from 1946 until his untimely death in 1970. A household name during his life, Reuther's legacy is all but forgotten to history. A powerful ally of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the civil rights movement, Reuther marched with King in Selma, Birmingham, Montgomery, and Jackson. When King and others including children were jailed in Birmingham, Alabama, and King authored his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, Reuther arranged $160,000 for

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail 1963 Birmingham campaign, was widely published, and became an important text for the American Civil Rights Movement. The Birmingham campaign began on April 3, 1963, with coordinated marches and sit-ins against racism and racial segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. The nonviolent campaign was coordinated by the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) and King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). On April 10, Circuit Judge W. A. Jenkins issued a blanket injunction against "parading, demonstrating, boycotting, trespassing and picketing." Leaders of the campaign announced they would disobey the ruling. On April 12, King was roughly arrested with SCLC activist Ralph Abernathy,

neg: Clarence B. Jones hand-written response to eight Birmingham clergymen who had denounced the protests in the newspaper. It was typed and circulated among the Birmingham clergy and later printed and distributed nationally as “Letter from Birmingham Jail”. Jones helped secure bail money for King and the other jailed protesters by flying to New York to meet with New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, who gave Jones the bail funds directly from his family’s vault at Chase Manhattan Bank. Jones continued to function as King’s lawyer and advisor through the remainder of his life, assisting him in drafting the first portion of the 1963 "I

neg: Milton Grafman had been unfairly branded as racist by King in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail", but he remained silent about it in public for 15 years. In 1978, speaking out publicly for the first time, he criticized King's response to the authors of "the Call for Unity" at a civil rights conference at the University of Alabama, saying "Now this letter is studied in English courses and sociology courses, and I get at least one letter a semester asking me if I'm still a bigot." Grafman was subject to fairly extensive criticism throughout the rest of his life, including from some

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail to suffer and their amazing discipline in the midst of great provocation. One day the South will recognize its real heroes." King wrote the letter on the margins of a newspaper, which was the only paper available to him, and then gave bits and pieces of the letter to his lawyers to take back to movement headquarters, where the pastor Wyatt Tee Walker and his secretary Willie Pearl Mackey began compiling and editing the literary jigsaw puzzle. An editor at "The New York Times Magazine", Harvey Shapiro, asked King to write his letter for publication in the magazine, but the

neg: Paul Hardin Jr. Paul Hardin Jr. Paul Hardin Jr. (November 7, 1903 – June 22, 1996) was a bishop in The Methodist Church in the U.S., elected in 1960. He was Bishop of the Alabama-West Florida Annual Conference of the Methodist Church in 1963 when he joined seven other white clergymen to write the letter "A Call For Unity", making a thinly veiled reference to Martin Luther King Jr.; King replied to this letter with his "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Paul was the son of Paul and Harriet (Wannamaker) Hardin. He attended Wofford College in 1920, where he studied law and then to

neg: Edward V. Ramage was a Moderator of the Alabama Synod of the Presbyterian Church in the United States. He was one of the eight Alabama clergymen to write and sign A Call for Unity criticizing Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. for demonstrations in response to segregation. In response, Dr. King wrote "A letter from a Birmingham Jail." During the height of the civil rights tensions in Birmingham, Alabama, pressure from segregationists within his own congregation convinced Ramage to leave his longtime pastorate and pursue a ministry elsewhere. Edward V. Ramage Edward V. Ramage (October 2, 1908 – December 1981) was a minister of

neg: Birmingham campaign a call from her husband soon. When Martin Luther King Jr. called his wife, their conversation was brief and guarded; he correctly assumed that his phones were tapped. Several days later, Jacqueline Kennedy called Coretta Scott King to express her concern for King while he was incarcerated. Using scraps of paper given to him by a janitor, notes written on the margins of a newspaper, and later a legal pad given to him by SCLC attorneys, King wrote his essay "Letter from Birmingham Jail". It responded to eight politically moderate white clergymen who accused King of agitating local residents and

neg: Charles Carpenter (bishop) Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. responded with his "Letter from Birmingham Jail" on April 16, 1963. On July 13, 2007, a letter from Carpenter's son, the Rev. Douglas Carpenter, was published by the "Episcopal Life Online Newslink" emphasizing his father's stance on the issue of desegregation: "My father, C.C.J. Carpenter, was a bishop of the Alabama Diocese from 1938, when I was just turned 5, until 1968. In 1951, a parish in Mobile wanted to start a parochial school. He gave his approval only when they agreed it could be integrated. Actions such as this put him on the hit

neg: William Lewis Moore arrived at about the same time that Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. was being released from the Birmingham jail after protests in that city. His letter to President John F. Kennedy said that he intended to walk to Mississippi and "If I may deliver any letters from you to those on my line of travel, I would be most happy to do so." For his third protest he planned to walk from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi and deliver a letter to Governor Ross Barnett urging him to accept integration. He was wearing sandwich board signs stating; "Equal rights for

neg: Joseph Aloysius Durick Martin Luther King, Jr. and "outsiders" during the Birmingham protests of 1963 to stop and let the courts work toward integration. King responded with his Letter from Birmingham Jail, voicing disappointment in the white clergy, who should be "among our strongest allies". This, and the message he got from Vatican II, led Durick to become a strong voice for civil rights in the segregated South, for which he was called a heretic and a communist by his tradition-bound congregation. In 1968–69 especially, he faced serious opposition in the form of boycotts of his public appearances. He succeeded as bishop of

neg: Charles Carpenter (bishop) list of the White Citizens Council and the Ku Klux Klan. He got frequent hate threats by phone." Charles Carpenter (bishop) Charles Colcock Jones Carpenter (September 2, 1899 – June 28, 1969) was consecrated Bishop of the Alabama Episcopal Diocese on June 24, 1938, and served until 1968. He was one of the authors of the "A Call for Unity" letter published during Martin Luther King Jr.'s incarceration in a Birmingham, Alabama, jail, asking him and his “outsider” followers to refrain from demonstrating in the streets of Birmingham. Carpenter was born in Augusta, Georgia, and often went by C. C.

neg: Charles Carpenter (bishop) Charles Carpenter (bishop) Charles Colcock Jones Carpenter (September 2, 1899 – June 28, 1969) was consecrated Bishop of the Alabama Episcopal Diocese on June 24, 1938, and served until 1968. He was one of the authors of the "A Call for Unity" letter published during Martin Luther King Jr.'s incarceration in a Birmingham, Alabama, jail, asking him and his “outsider” followers to refrain from demonstrating in the streets of Birmingham. Carpenter was born in Augusta, Georgia, and often went by C. C. J. Carpenter. He was a son of the Rev. Samuel Barstow Carpenter and his wife Ruth Berrien (Jones),

neg: Birmingham, Alabama in April 1963 for having taken part in a nonviolent protest, Dr. King wrote the now famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail", a defining treatise in his cause against segregation. During April and May, daily sit-ins and mass marches organized and led by movement leader James Bevel were met with police repression, tear gas, attack dogs, fire hoses, and arrests. More than 3,000 people were arrested during these protests, many of them children. King and Bevel filled the jails with students to keep the demonstrations going. By September the SCLC and city were negotiating to end an economic boycott and desegregate

neg: Civil rights movement new mayor's authority, Connor intended to stay in office. The campaign used a variety of nonviolent methods of confrontation, including sit-ins, kneel-ins at local churches, and a march to the county building to mark the beginning of a drive to register voters. The city, however, obtained an injunction barring all such protests. Convinced that the order was unconstitutional, the campaign defied it and prepared for mass arrests of its supporters. King elected to be among those arrested on April 12, 1963. While in jail, King wrote his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail" on the margins of a newspaper, since he

neg: Justice delayed is justice denied phrase in the form "justice too long delayed is justice denied" in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail", smuggled out of jail in 1963, ascribing it to a "distinguished jurist of yesterday". As Chief Justice of the United States Warren E. Burger noted in an address to the American Bar Association in 1970: "A sense of confidence in the courts is essential to maintain the fabric of ordered liberty for a free people and three things could destroy that confidence and do incalculable damage to society: that people come to believe that inefficiency and delay will drain even a just judgment

neg: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom "Big Six", included: Randolph who was chosen as the titular head of the march, James Farmer, president of the Congress of Racial Equality; John Lewis, chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; Martin Luther King Jr., president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; Roy Wilkins, president of the NAACP; and Whitney Young, president of the National Urban League. King in particular had become well known for his role in the Birmingham campaign and for his Letter from Birmingham Jail. Wilkins and Young initially objected to Rustin as a leader for the march, because he was a homosexual, a former Communist,

neg: Sarah Patton Boyle involvement with Swanson she eventually met T. J. Sellers, the editor of the black newspaper in Charlottesville, "The Tribune". During this time, she became one of a few white supporters of desegregation in Virginia, writing hundreds of articles and speeches imploring immediate integration. Her fight for desegregation was praised by name in Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail." Boyle died in Arlington, Virginia inside her home due to complications from Alzheimer's disease. She was buried near where she was born. Boyle's first letter was to the "Richmond Times-Dispatch", called a "Plea for Tolerance." Boyle believed that whites and

neg: Why We Can't Wait campaign, believing that if segregation could be overcome in Birmingham it could have effects across the entire United States. King describes the alliance between the SCLC and the ACHR, and reproduces the text of a "Commitment Card" used for recruiting. (Volunteers who signed the card pledged to meditate on the life of Jesus, pray daily, observe the interests of the community, and to seek "justice and reconciliation—not victory".) He tells the story of how he was imprisoned in the course of demonstrations and then reproduces his (already and thereafter) famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail". The city government became increasingly willing

neg: Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights mayoral election was completed to avoid giving candidate Bull Connor any unintentional assistance with voters wary of "outside agitators". On the day after the election, won by perceived moderate candidate Albert Boutwell, the ACMHR distributed a "Birmingham Manifesto", outlining the purpose and demands of the campaign. As it happened, even Birmingham's moderate leaders opposed the campaign on the grounds that the incoming administration should be given an opportunity to lead the city through long-needed changes. King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" responded directly to local white religious leaders' plea for patience. During the campaign, Shuttlesworth acted as an emotional leader for

neg: Houston A. Baker Jr. King Jr., while even further distancing himself from the real, economic, religious and political issues so courageously articulated by King from a Birmingham jail. In brief, Obama's speech was a pandering disaster that threw, once again, his pastor under the bus." During the 2006 Duke University lacrosse case, Baker published an open letter calling for Duke to dismiss the team and its players. Baker claimed that "white, male, athletic privilege" was responsible for the alleged rape. Baker suggested that the Duke administration was "sweeping things under the rug." More generally, Baker's letter criticized colleges and universities for the "blind-eyeing of

neg: Nolan Bailey Harmon Unity," called the demonstrations "unwise and untimely," and argued that change should be pursued through negotiation and judicial action. This statement motivated Dr. King to write his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail." In his 1983 autobiography, Bishop Harmon referred to the letter as a "propaganda move," but also wrote that he "certainly gave [King] his due as a brave man fighting off ages of evil." In June 1963, Bishop Harmon spoke out after segregationist Governor George Wallace attempted to block the enrollment of black students at the University of Alabama, also known as the "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door." Bishop

neg: Why We Can't Wait President Lyndon Johnson, cautioning that political work is dangerous but necessary. He ends by saying that if the civil rights revolution succeeds it may spread nonviolence worldwide, ending the nuclear arms race and bringing world peace. The book was generally well received by the mainstream press. It also afforded the Letter from Birmingham Jail its widest circulation yet. King traveled to promote the book, while also still involved in the St. Augustine Movement. "Why We Can't Wait" was an important part of the effort to make the civil rights struggle known to national and international audiences. Describing Birmingham as "the

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail continued on scraps of writing paper supplied by a friendly black trusty, and concluded on a pad my attorneys were eventually permitted to leave me." The letter responded to several criticisms made by the "A Call for Unity" clergymen, who agreed that social injustices existed but argued that the battle against racial segregation should be fought solely in the courts, not the streets. As a minister, King responded to these criticisms on religious grounds. As an activist challenging an entrenched social system, he argued on legal, political, and historical grounds. As an African American, he spoke of the country's oppression

neg: John Thackray Bunce printer's apprentice with the "Midland Counties Herald", a newspaper. He was given a job as a reporter after writing a letter, anonymously, calling for Birmingham to have an art gallery. He left the "Herald" in 1852 to work for another Birmingham paper, "Aris's Birmingham Gazette", and was promoted as its editor in 1860. The "Gazette" followed a tory line and Bunce was increasingly of a liberal persuasion, eventually resigning after hearing an address by John Bright. In 1862, he became editor of the more liberal "Birmingham Daily Post". An antiquarian, he wrote a number of books on the history of

neg: Birmingham campaign mass arrests of campaign supporters. To build morale and to recruit volunteers to go to jail, Ralph Abernathy spoke at a mass meeting of Birmingham's black citizens at the 6th Avenue Baptist Church: "The eyes of the world are on Birmingham tonight. Bobby Kennedy is looking here at Birmingham, the United States Congress is looking at Birmingham. The Department of Justice is looking at Birmingham. Are you ready, are you ready to make the challenge? I am ready to go to jail, are you?" With Abernathy, King was among 50 Birmingham residents ranging in age from 15 to 81 years

neg: Extremism to adopt conflict engagement strategies which "fit" or feel consistent with these experiences". Extremism is however seen by other researchers as a "rational strategy in a game over power". See for instance the works of Eli Berman. After being accused of extremism, Martin Luther King Jr. criticized the mainstream usage of the term in his Letter from Birmingham Jail, ″But though I was initially disappointed at being categorized as an extremist, as I continued to think about the matter I gradually gained a measure of satisfaction from the label. Was not Jesus an extremist for love…Was not Amos an extremist

neg: Liberation (magazine) King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" and the first version with that title The editorial positions of the magazine were somewhat comparable to those of "Dissent" and "Studies on the Left". Editorially, "Liberation" supported the Cuban Revolution, and published C. Wright Mills' article "Listen, Yankee!" (leading to Finch's resignation from the editorial board); support for SDS and opposition to the Vietnam War; and support for unilateral nuclear disarmament. The magazine supported Fellowship of Reconciliation (FoR) organizers, and its editorial offices at times served as a clearinghouse for activists conducting non-violent resistance. "Liberation" occasionally ran investigative pieces. In early 1965, the magazine

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail Ku Klux Klan. King expressed general frustration with both white moderates and certain "opposing forces in the Negro community." He wrote that white moderates, including clergymen, posed a challenge comparable to that of white supremacists, in the sense that, "Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will. Lukewarm acceptance is much more bewildering than outright rejection." King asserted that the white church needed to take a principled stand or risk being "dismissed as an irrelevant social club." Regarding the black community, King wrote that we need not follow "the 'do-nothingism'

neg: Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform that Gray said her group's position may be labeled as "extreme" from a mainstream perspective but that "If rejecting a culture of killing children is extreme, I'm OK with that", comparing her view to that of Martin Luther King in his Letter from Birmingham Jail where he responded to criticisms of his tactics as "extreme". She defended the group's tactic of using graphic images as being essential to the pro-life movement in exposing the nature of abortion. In 2012, a motion in the Parliament of Canada to review the legality of abortion in Canada, failed 203-91. In a campaign called

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail clergymen's assertion that demonstrations could be illegal, King argued that not only was civil disobedience justified in the face of unjust laws, but it was necessary and even patriotic. "I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law." King stated that an unjust law was a law that degraded a human personality. Citing Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, Martin Buber, and Paul Tillich—and examples from

neg: Spring Hill College Spring Hill College was a leading institution in Alabama to press for racial equality. It was praised by civil rights leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who referred to the college in his 1963 "Letter from Birmingham Jail." He noted that the College was one of the first Southern schools to integrate. Spring Hill received threats from those opposed to the civil rights movement and integration. On the night of January 21, 1957, a dozen or more darkened cars entered the main avenue of the college. KKK members tried to set up a kerosene-soaked cross outside Mobile Hall,

neg: Justin Francis Rigali right—and, more importantly, to embrace our obligation—to speak and act in defense of these truths. We pledge to each other, and to our fellow believers, that no power on earth, be it cultural or political, will intimidate us into silence or acquiescence ... Through the centuries, Christianity has taught that civil disobedience is not only permitted, but sometimes required. There is no more eloquent defense of the rights and duties of religious conscience than the one offered by Martin Luther King, Jr., in his Letter from a Birmingham Jail. Writing from an explicitly Christian perspective, and citing Christian writers such

neg: Writing style note how the authors convey their messages in different manners, as a result of their choices. "Hamlet", Act II, Scene 2 (1599–1602) by William Shakespeare: "A Tale of Two Cities" (1859) by Charles Dickens: "Memories of Christmas" (1945) by Dylan Thomas: "The Strawberry Window" (1955) by Ray Bradbury: "Letter from Birmingham Jail" (1963) by Martin Luther King, Jr.: The writer's voice is a rather vague metaphorical term by which some critics refer to distinctive features of a written work in terms of spoken utterance. The voice of a literary work is then the specific group of characteristics displayed by the

neg: Morehouse College of the 1963 March on Washington, when Morehouse graduate the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., class of 1948, delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C. The year also marked the 50th anniversary of King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail." The College also celebrated the 25th anniversary of the "A Candle in the Dark" Gala, which honors some of the world's leaders and raises scholarship funds for Morehouse students. In May 2013, President Barack Obama became the first sitting president in three-quarters of a century to deliver a commencement address in Georgia when he took part in Morehouse

neg: Richard Heffner Richard Heffner Richard Douglas Heffner (August 5, 1925 – December 17, 2013) was the creator and host of "The Open Mind," a public affairs television show first broadcast in 1956. He was a University Professor of Communications and Public Policy at Rutgers University and also taught an honors seminar at New York University. He was the author of "A Documentary History of the United States," a verbatim anthology of important public documents in American history, among them the Declaration of Independence, the Gettysburg Address and Martin Luther King's Letter from a Birmingham Jail. Heffner collaborated with Nobel Peace Prize winner

neg: No Friend But the Mountains rigorously analyses how the prison systematically implements a regime of dehumanisation and deprivation in order to torture the prisoners into despair. The book was translated from Farsi into English by Omid Tofighian who notes in the Forward that "No Friend but the Mountains is a book that can rightly take its place on the self of world prison literature, alongside such diverse works as Oscar Wilde's De Profundis. Antonio Gramsci's Prison Notebooks, Ray Parkin's Into the Smother, Wole Soyinka's The Man Dies, and Martin Luther King Jr's Letter from Birmingham Jail." His memoir was shortlisted for the 2019 Victorian Premier's

neg: Martin Luther King Jr. came down, and public places became more open to blacks. King's reputation improved immensely. King was arrested and jailed early in the campaign—his 13th arrest out of 29. From his cell, he composed the now-famous Letter from Birmingham Jail that responds to calls on the movement to pursue legal channels for social change. King argues that the crisis of racism is too urgent, and the current system too entrenched: "We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed." He points out that the Boston Tea Party, a celebrated

neg: National Center for Civil and Human Rights a bid to purchase them for $32 million, with Morehouse College owning the collection and the Center having the rights to display it. The exhibit tells Dr. King's story from his youth through to his assassination and its aftermath and includes such papers as drafts of "Letter from Birmingham Jail" and "Drum Major Instinct", a sermon King delivered not long before his death. "Rolls Down Like Water: The American Civil Rights Movement" is an interactive gallery that opens with examples of segregation in the United States as embodied in Jim Crow laws and signs designating facilities as "whites only". Designed

neg: Black Southerners Alabama, and the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. In addition, some of the most important writings to come out of the movement were written in the South, such as King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Most of the civil rights landmarks can be found around the South. The Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site in Atlanta includes a museum that chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement as well as Martin Luther King, Jr.'s boyhood home on Auburn Avenue. Additionally, Ebenezer Baptist Church is located in the Sweet Auburn district as is the King Center, location of Martin Luther and

neg: Direct action force in its own right and involves active concern for the well being of the opponent even while resisting the latter's actions. Mohandas Gandhi's teachings of Satyagraha (or "truth force") have inspired many practitioners of nonviolent direct action, although the use of nonviolence does not always imply an ideological commitment to pacifism. In 1963, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. described the goal of NVDA in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail": Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the

neg: American Dream along with his initial paper as "The Frontier in American History." Turner's emphasis on the importance of the frontier in shaping American character influenced the interpretation found in thousands of scholarly histories. By the time Turner died in 1932, 60% of the leading history departments in the U.S. were teaching courses in frontier history along Turnerian lines. Freelance writer James Truslow Adams popularized the phrase "American Dream" in his 1931 book "Epic of America": Martin Luther King, Jr., in his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" (1963) rooted the civil rights movement in the African-American quest for the American Dream: We

neg: Tone policing the problem in the style of the complaint, rather than address the complaint itself. In his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail", Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. condemned this type of silencing, writing that he was "gravely disappointed" with the "white moderate, who is more devoted to ‘order’ than justice." While "ad hominem" fallacies of relevance are often autologies, critics have argued that tone policing is a flawed concept simply because it is autological. As discussed by "The Frisky's" Rebecca Vipond Brink, the act of labeling tone policing may itself be considered tone policing, as "The problem with telling someone that

neg: Bull Connor have massive arrests to highlight the brutal police tactics used by Connor and his subordinates. (By extension, the campaign was intended to demonstrate the general suppression by other Southern police officials as well). After King was arrested and jailed, he wrote his "Letter from Birmingham Jail," which became noted as an expression of moral argument for civil rights activism. The goal of the campaign was to gain mass arrests of non-violent protesters and overwhelm the judicial and penal systems. It would also demonstrate to national media and local residents the strong desire of African Americans to exercise their constitutional rights

neg: Ralph McGill of a heart attack two days before his 71st birthday. After his death Ralph McGill Boulevard (previously Forrest Boulevard) and Ralph McGill Middle School were named for him in Atlanta. In his honor, The McGill Lecture is held annually at The Grady School of Journalism at the University of Georgia, featuring a nationally recognized journalist. His personal papers were donated to Emory University and are available at the Manuscripts and Rare Book Library (MARBL) at Emory University Library. Ralph McGill is mentioned by name in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail" as one of the "few enlightened white

neg: The Atlantic Ernest Hemingway had his short story "Fifty Grand" published in the July 1927 edition. In the midst of civil rights activism in the 20th century, the magazine published Martin Luther King, Jr.'s defense of civil disobedience in "Letter from Birmingham Jail" in August 1963. The magazine has also published speculative articles that inspired the development of new technologies. The classic example is Vannevar Bush's essay "As We May Think" (July 1945), which inspired Douglas Engelbart and later Ted Nelson to develop the modern workstation and hypertext technology. "The Atlantic Monthly" founded the Atlantic Monthly Press in 1917; for many years,

neg: Reinhold Niebuhr attacking the Klan. During the Detroit mayoral election of 1925, Niebuhr's sermon, "We fair-minded Protestants cannot deny", was published on the front pages of both the "Detroit Times" and the "Free Press". This sermon urged people to vote against mayoral candidate Charles Bowles, who was being openly endorsed by the Klan. The Catholic incumbent, John W. Smith, won by a narrow margin of 30,000 votes. Niebuhr preached against the Klan and helped to influence its decline in political power in Detroit. Niebuhr preached that: In the "Letter from Birmingham Jail" Martin Luther King Jr. wrote, "Individuals may see the moral

neg: Netiwit Chotiphatphaisal court. In May 2018, the Humboldt University student council stated the public statement on the official website calling on university leaders and student representatives in Germany to stand with him, and asking Thai government to drop all charges against him and others immediately. Netiwit has written many books on the Thai education he experienced. In 2017, he founded "School of Nisit Sam Yan Press" with the aim of publishing students' books and Thai translations of foreign political and philosophical works. He translated Martin Luther King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" and Liu Xiaobo's "Second June Hunger Strike Declaration" to raise funds

neg: Why We Can't Wait Victor Weybright, who suggested that the theme of not waiting be used for the title. Weybright also gave permission for "Letter from Birmingham Jail" to be republished in national newspapers and magazines; it appeared in July 1963 as "Why the Negro Won't Wait". King began working on the book later in 1963, with assistance from Levison and Clarence Jones. Some early work on the text was done by Al Duckett (also a participant in the movement). King and Levison eventually dismissed Duckett and then Nat Lamar, and Levison did some work on the text himself. Bayard Rustin also contributed, as

neg: Robert P. George serve as its director. Since 2007, George has been teaching undergraduate seminars on leading thinkers in Western intellectual history with friend and colleague Cornel West, a leading left-wing public intellectual; readings have included Sophocles's "Antigone", Plato's "Gorgias", St. Augustine's "Confessions", Marx and Engels's "The Communist Manifesto", Du Bois's "The Souls of Black Folk", Hayek's "The Road to Serfdom", Gramsci's "Prison Notebooks", Strauss's "Natural Right and History", Lewis's "The Abolition of Man," and King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail". The George-West collaboration – allowing only 18 students, many fewer than want to attend – has drawn attention on campus and in the

neg: Race and society as affirmative action and Head Start. Others work to reduce tax funding of remedial programs for minorities. They have based their advocacy on aptitude test data that, according to them, shows that racial ability differences are biological in origin and cannot be leveled even by intensive educational efforts. In electoral politics, many more ethnic minorities have won important offices in Western nations than in earlier times, although the highest offices tend to remain in the hands of Whites. In his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail", Martin Luther King Jr. observed: King's hope, expressed in his I Have a Dream speech,

neg: Man-made law case throughout ), but sometimes rather "lex ab hominibus inventa" (as is the case in ), is law made by man, rather than made by the divine ("lex divina"). What is important about "lex humana" is not that it is posited by someone, but that the someone who posits it is human rather than divine. To put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas: An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Dr. Martin Luther King’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail.” The European

neg: History of the Southern United States Memphis and Chicago. The migration also empowered the growing Civil Rights Movement. While the Civil Rights Movement existed in all parts of the United States, its focus was against the Jim Crow laws in the South. Most of the major events in the movement occurred in the South, including the Montgomery bus boycott, the Mississippi Freedom Summer, the march on Selma, Alabama, and the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. In addition, some of the most important writings to come out of the movement were written in the South, such as King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail". As a result of

neg: Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience The Declaration's website encourages supporters to sign the declaration, and it counts 551,130 signatures . The declaration vows civil disobedience if Christians feel that their rights to civil liberties of free exercise of religion and freedom of speech are being violated. It states that Christianity has taught through the centuries that civil disobedience is not only permitted, but sometimes required, and refers to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s defense of the rights and duties of religious conscience in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail". One of the drafters, Princeton University professor Robert P. George, stated, "We certainly hope it doesn't come to

neg: Jim Bellows Los Angeles Times was put on its mettle by The Los Angeles Herald Examiner..."" He also held positions at "USA Today" on TV, Prodigy, the "Los Angeles Daily News", and others. In April 1963, Bellows published Martin Luther King, Jr.'s letter from the Birmingham, Alabama jail on the front page of the Trib. While editor of the Herald-Examiner, intrigued by the absence of coverage for the shooting death of a 39-year-old black woman, Bellows initiated a major reporting examination of the conduct of the LAPD, a subject previously ignored or avoided by the area's news. Bellows died on March 6,

neg: African-American literature Rights Movement. One of the leading examples of these is Martin Luther King, Jr's "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Beginning in the 1970s, African-American literature reached the mainstream as books by Black writers continually achieved best-selling and award-winning status. This was also the time when the work of African-American writers began to be accepted by academia as a legitimate genre of American literature. As part of the larger Black Arts Movement, which was inspired by the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements, African-American literature began to be defined and analyzed. A number of scholars and writers are generally credited with helping

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail has used "all sorts of devious methods" to deny its black citizens their right to vote and thus preserve its unjust laws and broader system of white supremacy. Segregation laws are immoral and unjust "because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. It gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority." Even some just laws, such as permit requirements for public marches, are unjust when used to uphold an unjust system. King addressed the accusation that the Civil Rights Movement was "extreme", first disputing the label but then accepting it. Compared

neg: James Baldwin: A Soul on Fire immediately before the Baldwin–Kennedy meeting with Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. On May 24, 1963, American writer and activist James Baldwin met with attorney general Robert F. Kennedy to discuss the future of civil rights. He was joined by other Black leaders, including Lorraine Hansberry, Harry Belafonte, Lena Horne, Kenneth Clark, and a young Freedom Rider named Jerome Smith. In an afterword to the 2011 text, Reese explains the particular importance of this moment in 1963 by referencing such events as the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail", the murder of activist

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail that "justice too long delayed is justice denied." Listing numerous ongoing injustices toward black people, including himself, King said, "Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, 'Wait.'" Along similar lines, King also lamented the "myth concerning time," by which white moderates assumed that progress toward equal rights was inevitable, so assertive activism was unnecessary. King called it a "tragic misconception of time" to assume that its mere passage "will inevitably cure all ills." Progress takes time as well as the "tireless efforts" of dedicated people of good will. Against the

neg: New York Herald Tribune In April, 1963, the "Tribune" published Martin Luther King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" on its front page. The "Tribune" became a target of Barry Goldwater partisans in the 1964 presidential campaign. The leadership of the "Tribune", while agreeing with Goldwater's approach to national defense, believed he pushed it to an extreme, and strongly opposed Goldwater's voting record on civil rights. After some internal debate, the "Tribune" endorsed Democrat Lyndon Johnson for the presidency that fall. The newspaper also played a major role in the election of New York City Mayor John Lindsay, a liberal Republican, in 1965. Whitney supported the

neg: Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts recognized as an attempt to establish his record on a controversial issue while planning to run for the Republican nomination for president. Former Governor Weld took credit for laying the groundwork for the decision: "A lot of the stuff we did foreshadowed the opinion." He said: "It is a thunderbolt, but a thunderbolt correctly heard." Opponents of gay and lesbian rights opposed any compromise with the SJC. Brian Camenker, head of the Parents Rights Coalition, said: "As Martin Luther King pointed out in his letter from the Birmingham jail, there are some laws that are so unnatural that you have

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail black community was left with "no alternative." "We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed." The clergymen also disapproved of the timing of public actions. In response, King said that recent decisions by the SCLC to delay its efforts for tactical reasons showed they were behaving responsibly. He also referred to the broader scope of history, when "'Wait' has almost always meant 'Never.'" Declaring that African Americans had waited for these God-given and constitutional rights long enough, King quoted Chief Justice Earl Warren, who said in 1958

neg: Man-made law States, the Thomist idea of man-made law being subordinate to divine law is still espoused by many people in those countries. For example: Martin Luther King, Jr., in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail" cited Thomas Aquinas in his ways to know that a law is unjust: In several Islamic countries, man-made law is still, in 20th and 21st century legal theory, considered to be subordinate to divine law, in the form of the sharia. In that legal theory, the sovereign power is Allah, not the people, and God-made law takes precedence over man-made law. (The full legal position of sharia

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail the past and present—King described what makes laws just or unjust. For example, "A law is unjust if it is inflicted on a minority that, as a result of being denied the right to vote, had no part in enacting or devising the law." In terms of obedience to the law, King stated that citizens have "not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws," and at the same time "to disobey unjust laws." King stated that it is not morally wrong to disobey a law that pertains to one group of people differently than another. Alabama

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail is here", in what is probably the most racially divided city in the country, with its brutal police, unjust courts, and many "unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches." Referring to his belief that all communities and states were interrelated, King wrote, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly… Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds." King also warned that if white people successfully rejected his

neg: Martin Luther King Jr. King's faith was strongly based in Jesus' commandment of loving your neighbor as yourself, loving God above all, and loving your enemies, praying for them and blessing them. His nonviolent thought was also based in the injunction to "turn the other cheek" in the Sermon on the Mount, and Jesus' teaching of putting the sword back into its place (Matthew 26:52). In his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, King urged action consistent with what he describes as Jesus' "extremist" love, and also quoted numerous other Christian pacifist authors, which was very usual for him. In another sermon, he stated: In

neg: Why We Can't Wait did editor Hermine I. Popper. Rustin said: "I don't want to write something for somebody where I know he is acting like a puppet. I want to be a real ghost and write what the person wants to say. And that is what I always knew was true in the case of Martin. I would never write anything that wasn't what he wanted to say. I understood him well enough." The book largely reproduces the text of "Letter from Birmingham Jail", with some editorial changes. King writes in a footnote: "Although the text remains in substance unaltered, I have indulged

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail to other movements at the time, King finds himself as a moderate. However, in his devotion to his cause, King refers to himself as an extremist. Jesus and other great reformers were extremists: "So the question is not whether we will be extremists, but what kind of extremists we will be. Will we be extremists for hate or for love?" King's discussion of extremism implicitly responded to numerous "moderate" objections to the ongoing movement, such as President Dwight D. Eisenhower's claim that he could not meet with civil rights leaders because doing so would require him to meet with the

neg: Letter from Birmingham Jail nonviolent activists as rabble-rousing outside agitators, this could encourage millions of African Americans to "seek solace and security in black nationalist ideologies, a development that will lead inevitably to a frightening racial nightmare." The clergymen also disapproved of tensions created by public actions such as sit-ins and marches. To this, King confirmed that he and his fellow demonstrators were indeed using nonviolent direct action in order to create "constructive" tension. This tension was intended to compel meaningful negotiation with the white power structure, without which true civil rights could never be achieved. Citing previous failed negotiations, King wrote that the

neg: Ched Myers 8.” Brethren Life and Thought, Winter (54:4). 2009 “Pay Attention to the Birds: A Bible Study on Luke 12, Ecology and Economics.” Sojourners, Dec (38:11), pp 29ff. “Sociopolitical Criticism.” In Searching for Meaning: An Introduction to Interpreting the New Testament, ed. by Paula Gooder, Westminster John Knox/SPCK. “‘Ambassadors in Chains’: Evangelizing the Powers—Ephesians 2-3 and M.L. King’s Letter from Birmingham City Jail.” With Elaine Enns. The Conrad Grebel Review (Fall, pp 4-27). “Women Clothed with the Sun: Sophia Facing the Beast.” With Elaine Enns. The Conrad Grebel Review (Fall, pp 28–44). “The Radical Nonviolent Witness of Jesus.” Friends Journal (55:5,

neg: The Christian Century magazines continue to flourish, with the "Century" remaining the major independent publication within ecumenical, mainline Protestantism. The magazine was heavily involved in covering and advocating for the civil rights movement. It sent editors to a march in Selma in 1965 and was one of the first national magazines to publish Martin Luther King Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail. In 2008 both Martin E. Marty and former editor James M. Wall concluded long runs as "Century" columnists. Other writers published by the "Century" over its long history include Jane Addams, Reinhold Niebuhr, Richard John Neuhaus, Albert Schweitzer, Wendell Berry, and Marilynne

neg: And the Walls Came Tumbling Down and required that both be put in solitary confinement as he said, "These two have never been separate...". It was during this separation that King wrote the famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail" on April 16, 1963. In the book Abernathy recounts King's declining health during the movement in Selma in 1965. He describes how after a meeting with President Johnson, King had to be rushed to a hospital. Abernathy stated that this was a recurring stomach illness that plagued King during the entire course of their movement. In the book he also notably revealed King's marital infidelity, claiming that King

neg: The New Leader platform for what was then known as liberal anti-Communism. The founding editor in 1924 was James Oneal, succeeded by Sol Levitas in 1940. Suzanne La Follette was a managing editor in the 1950s. Myron (Mike) Kolatch took over in 1961 until the magazine's closure in 2006. Its contributors were dominant liberal thinkers and artists. "The New Leader" first published Joseph Brodsky and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in the United States. It first published Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail." Other contributors, who were generally paid nothing or only a modest fee, included James Baldwin, Daniel Bell, Willy Brandt, David Dallin,

neg: Down in the Valley (folk song) migrant fruit pickers camp. http://www.halashby.co.uk/page18.html It is also used in the movie "Along the Great Divide" starring Kirk Douglas, Walter Brennan, Virginia Mayo, and John Agar although it was written long after the time period set of the movie. Down in the Valley (folk song) "Down in the Valley", also known as "Birmingham Jail", is a traditional country-blues American folk song. It has been recorded by many artists, and is included in the "Songs of Expanding America" recordings in the Burl Ives six-album set "Historical America in Song". The verses mentioning "Birmingham Jail" refer to the Birmingham City Jail which

neg: Down in the Valley (folk song) Down in the Valley (folk song) "Down in the Valley", also known as "Birmingham Jail", is a traditional country-blues American folk song. It has been recorded by many artists, and is included in the "Songs of Expanding America" recordings in the Burl Ives six-album set "Historical America in Song". The verses mentioning "Birmingham Jail" refer to the Birmingham City Jail which was known in the mid-1920s. According to one biographer of Lead Belly he performed it for Texas Governor Pat Neff at the Sugarland Penitentiary in 1924. Guitarist Jimmie Tarlton claimed to have written the lyrics in 1925 while he

neg: Billy Graham "" speech denouncing US intervention in Vietnam, Graham castigated him and others for their criticism of US foreign policy. By the middle of 1960, King and Graham traveled together to the Tenth Baptist World Congress of the Baptist World Alliance. In 1963, Graham posted bail for King to be released from jail during the Birmingham campaign, according to Long (2008), and the King Center acknowledged that Graham had bailed King out of jail during the Albany Movement, although historian Steven Miller told CNN he could not find any proof of the incident. Graham held integrated crusades in Birmingham, Alabama, on

neg: Birmingham campaign Benning, Georgia that it might be deployed to Birmingham. No business of any kind was being conducted downtown. Organizers planned to flood the downtown area businesses with black people. Smaller groups of decoys were set out to distract police attention from activities at the 16th Street Baptist Church. Protesters set off false fire alarms to occupy the fire department and its hoses. One group of children approached a police officer and announced, "We want to go to jail!" When the officer pointed the way, the students ran across Kelly Ingram Park shouting, "We're going to jail!" Six hundred picketers reached

neg: Birmingham campaign who were arrested on Good Friday, April 12, 1963. It was King's 13th arrest. Martin Luther King Jr. was held in the Birmingham jail and was denied a consultation with an attorney from the NAACP without guards present. When historian Jonathan Bass wrote of the incident in 2001, he noted that news of King's incarceration was spread quickly by Wyatt Tee Walker, as planned. King's supporters sent telegrams about his arrest to the White House. He could have been released on bail at any time, and jail administrators wished him to be released as soon as possible to avoid the