query: where does the frog have the most muscle

pos: Frog greatly enlarged, with the main leg muscles accounting for over 17% of the total mass of frogs. Many frogs have webbed feet and the degree of webbing is directly proportional to the amount of time the species spends in the water. The completely aquatic African dwarf frog ("Hymenochirus" sp.) has fully webbed toes, whereas those of White's tree frog ("Litoria caerulea"), an arboreal species, are only a quarter or half webbed. Arboreal frogs have pads located on the ends of their toes to help grip vertical surfaces. These are not suction pads, the surface consisting instead of columnar cells with

neg: Frog This enables the force to be transferred from the legs to the body during a leap. The muscular system has been similarly modified. The hind limbs of ancestral frogs presumably contained pairs of muscles which would act in opposition (one muscle to flex the knee, a different muscle to extend it), as is seen in most other limbed animals. However, in modern frogs, almost all muscles have been modified to contribute to the action of jumping, with only a few small muscles remaining to bring the limb back to the starting position and maintain posture. The muscles have also been

neg: Gap junction up gap junction channels. An alternative naming system based on this protein's molecular weight is also popular (for example: connexin43=GJA1, connexin30.3=GJB4). A connexon channel pair: To date, five different functions have been ascribed to gap junction protein: Gap Junctions have been observed in various animal organs and tissues where cells contact each other. From the 1950s to 1970s they were detected in crayfish nerves, rat pancreas, liver, adrenal cortex, epididymis, duodenum, muscle, Daphnia hepatic caecum, Hydra muscle, monkey retina, rabbit cornea, fish blastoderm, frog embryos, rabbit ovary, re-aggregating cells, cockroach hemocyte capsules, rabbit skin, chick embryos, human islet of Langerhans,

neg: Frog vocal sacs and that do not have a loud call tend to inhabit areas close to constantly noisy, flowing water. They need to use an alternative means to communicate. The coastal tailed frog ("Ascaphus truei") lives in mountain streams in North America and does not vocalize. The main reason for calling is to allow male frogs to attract a mate. Males may call individually or there may be a chorus of sound where numerous males have converged on breeding sites. Females of many frog species, such as the common tree frog ("Polypedates leucomystax"), reply to the male calls, which acts

neg: Frog series of short rapid jumps. Slow-motion photography shows that the muscles have passive flexibility. They are first stretched while the frog is still in the crouched position, then they are contracted before being stretched again to launch the frog into the air. The fore legs are folded against the chest and the hind legs remain in the extended, streamlined position for the duration of the jump. In some extremely capable jumpers, such as the Cuban tree frog ("Osteopilus septentrionalis") and the northern leopard frog ("Rana pipiens"), the peak power exerted during a jump can exceed that which the muscle is

neg: Finning techniques to a wall or in narrow spaces. Use of frog kick can reduce gas consumption if speed is not critical. The muscle combinations used are different from those used for flutter kick, and alternating between the two can reduce the chances of leg cramps. Most styles of fin can be used with the frog-kick. Only monofins are totally unsuitable. Frog kick is also usefully effective when used without fins. One of the advantages of the frog kick is that it can be used effectively with short, stiff fins, with little blade angle offset, which are also effective for the backward

neg: Northern leopard frog initial data about the nervous system. The northern leopard frog is a popular species for "in vitro" experiments in muscle physiology and biomechanics due to the ease of accessibility for investigators in its native range and the ability of the sartorius muscle to stay alive "in vitro" for several hours. Furthermore, the reliance of the frog on two major modes of locomotion (jumping and swimming) allows for understanding how muscle properties contribute to organismal performance in each of these modes. Northern leopard frogs do well as a beginner pet. A standard 10-gallon tank is sufficient for a single northern leopard

neg: CP1 (classification) 1 is for no functional movement of the muscle or where there is no motor coordination. A 2 is for normal muscle movement range not exceeding 25% or where the movement can only take place with great difficult and, even then, very slowly. A 3 is where normal muscle movement range does not exceed 50%. A 4 is when normal muscle movement range does not exceed 75% and or there is slight in-coordination of muscle movement. A 5 is for normal muscle movement. Swimming classification generally has three components. The first is a bench press. The second is water test.

neg: Wheelchair fencing classification scale of 1 to 5 for people with cerebral. A 1 is for no functional movement of the muscle or where there is no motor coordination. A 2 is for normal muscle movement range not exceeding 25% or where the movement can only take place with great difficult and, even then, very slowly. A 3 is where normal muscle movement range does not exceed 50%. A 4 is when normal muscle movement range does not exceed 75% and or there is slight in-coordination of muscle movement. A 5 is for normal muscle movement. Wheelchair fencing classification has 6 test for

neg: Stannius ligature 1852 H.F. Stannius experimented on the heart. By tying a ligature as a constriction between the sinus venosus and the atrium in the frog and also one around the atrioventricular groove, Stannius was able to demonstrate that the muscle tissues of the atria and ventricles have independent and spontaneous rhythms. His observations also indicated that the sinus is the pacemaker of the heartbeat. Stannius ligature Stannius Ligature is an experimental procedure to illustrate impulse conduction in frog heart. A ligature placed either around the junction between the sinus venosus and atrium of the frog or turtle heart (first stannius ligature)

neg: Sarcopenia little to no effect in this setting. Growth hormone increases muscle protein synthesis and increases muscle mass, but does not lead to gains in strength and function in most studies. This, and the similar lack of efficacy of its effector insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), may be due to local resistance to IGF-1 in aging muscle, resulting from inflammation and other age changes. Testosterone or other anabolic steroids have also been investigated for treatment of sarcopenia, and seem to have some positive effects on muscle strength and mass, but cause several side effects and raise concerns of prostate cancer in

neg: Poison dart frog as potent as morphine, called epibatidine; however, the therapeutic dose is very close to the fatal dose. A derivative ABT-594 developed by Abbott Laboratories, called Tebanicline got as far as Phase II trials in humans, but was dropped from further development due to unacceptable incidence of gastrointestinal side effects. Secretions from dendrobatids are also showing promise as muscle relaxants, heart stimulants and appetite suppressants. The most poisonous of these frogs, the golden poison frog ("Phyllobates terribilis"), has enough toxin on average to kill ten to twenty men or about ten thousand mice. Most other dendrobatids, while colorful and toxic enough

neg: Syncytium skeletal muscle fibers form by the fusion of thousands of individual muscle cells. The multinucleated (symplastic) arrangement is important in pathologic states such as myopathy, where focal necrosis (death) of a portion of a skeletal muscle fibers does not result in necrosis of the adjacent sections of that same skeletal muscle fiber, because those adjacent sections have their own nuclear material. Thus, myopathy is usually associated with such "segmental necrosis", but with some of the surviving segments being functionally cut off from their nerve supply via loss of continuity with the neuromuscular junction. The syncytium of cardiac muscle is important

neg: Cerebral palsy sport classification is for normal muscle movement range not exceeding 25% or where the movement can only take place with great difficult and, even then, very slowly. A 3 is where normal muscle movement range does not exceed 50%. A 4 is when normal muscle movement range does not exceed 75% and or there is slight in-coordination of muscle movement. A 5 is for normal muscle movement. Swimming functional classification generally has three components. The first is a bench press. The second is water test. The third is in competition observation. As part of the water test, swimmers are often required to

neg: Frog and Toad Together closet and the bed, Frog and Toad admit that they are brave enough to have each other as good friends. One day, while Toad is asleep in bed, he has a dream in which he is on stage and wearing a costume. A voice from an unseen character presents Toad as the Greatest Toad in all the world with Frog as Toad's only audience. Toad does every act great (playing the piano, walking on a high wire, and dancing) and while he does these things and asks Frog if he can do them, Frog shrinks in size and admits he

neg: Go I Know Not Whither and Fetch I Know Not What towel but his handkerchief. She recognizes it as their sister's. She questions him, and he tells his story. The old witch, who had never heard of something like that, knows an old frog who she thinks may know something. The old witch gives him a jug to carry the frog, which can't walk fast enough. He does so, and the frog directs him to a river, where it tells him to get on the frog, and it swells large enough to carry him across. There, it directs him to listen to the old men who will arrive soon. He does

neg: The Scorpion and the Frog The Scorpion and the Frog The Scorpion and the Frog is an animal fable that seems to have first emerged in 1954. On account of its dark morality, there have been many references to it since then in popular culture, including in notable films, television shows, and books. A scorpion asks a frog to carry it across a river. The frog hesitates, afraid of being stung, but the scorpion argues that if it did so, they would both drown. Considering this, the frog agrees, but midway across the river the scorpion does indeed sting the frog, dooming them both. When

neg: Glossopharyngeal breathing ventilator users who were very successful using it. Approximately 60% of ventilator users with no autonomous ability to breathe and good bulbar muscle function can use GPB for autonomous breathing from a span of minutes up to all day. Patients with no vital capacity have awoken from sleep using GPB to discover that their ventilators were no longer functioning. Some have spontaneously come out of anesthesia frog breathing and others out of grand mal convulsions surprisingly without being cyanotic. Glossopharyngeal breathing Glossopharyngeal breathing (GPB, glossopharyngeal insufflation, buccal pumping, or frog breathing) is a means of pistoning air into the lungs

neg: Highland frog Highland frog The Highland frog ("Lithobates maculatus") is a species of frog in the family Ranidae, and it's most popularly found in south - eastern Brazil. Other places where they have been discovered include El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, Haiti, Mexico, and Nicaragua. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss. However, the Highland frog might be already extinct because it has not been recorded in the wild in many years. It's a small frog that has an olive - brown skin

neg: Anatoxin-a weight. Electrophysiological experiments done by Spivak et al. (1980) on frogs showed that anatoxin-a is a potent agonist of the muscle-type α12βγδ nAChR. Anatoxin-a induced depolarizing neuromuscular blockade, contracture of the frog's rectus abdominis muscle, depolarization of the frog sartorius muscle, desensitization, and alteration of the action potential. Later, Thomas et al., (1993) through his work with chicken α4β2 nAChR subunits expressed on mouse M 10 cells and chicken α7 nAChR expressed in oocytes from "Xenopus laevis", showed that anatoxin-a is also a potent agonist of neuronal nAChR. Many cases of wildlife and livestock deaths due to anatoxin-a have been

neg: CP4 (classification) or where the movement can only take place with great difficult and, even then, very slowly. A 3 is where normal muscle movement range does not exceed 50%. A 4 is when normal muscle movement range does not exceed 75% and or there is slight in-coordination of muscle movement. A 5 is for normal muscle movement. Swimming classification generally has three components. The first is a bench press. The second is water test. The third is in competition observation. As part of the water test, swimmers are often required to demonstrate their swimming technique for all four strokes. They usually

neg: CP2 (classification) 25% or where the movement can only take place with great difficult and, even then, very slowly. A 3 is where normal muscle movement range does not exceed 50%. A 4 is when normal muscle movement range does not exceed 75% and or there is slight in-coordination of muscle movement. A 5 is for normal muscle movement. Swimming classification for CP2 swimmers generally has three components. The first is a bench press. The second is water test. The third is in competition observation. As part of the water test, swimmers are often required to demonstrate their swimming technique for all

neg: Rose's rain frog Rose's rain frog Rose's rain frog or Rose's rainfrog ("Breviceps rosei") is a species of frog in the family Brevicipitidae. It is endemic to the sandveld of south-western coastal South Africa. It is less-frequently known as Rose's short-headed frog, Rose's Blaasop, or the sand rain frog. Some treat "Breviceps fasciatus" as synonym of this species, although other authorities have expressed doubt. Frogs in this species spend most of their lives in subterranean nests under sandy ground, where they lay their eggs. They surface during heavy rain. They cannot swim, and are not found in water. Tadpoles develop inside the eggs

neg: Northern leopard frog the pickerel frog ("Lithobates palustris") and the southern leopard frog ("Lithobates sphenocephalus"). The northern leopard frog produces specific ribonucleases to its oocytes. Those enzymes are potential drugs for cancer. One such molecule, called ranpirnase (onconase), is in clinical trials as a treatment for pleural mesothelioma and lung tumors. Another, amphinase, was recently described as a potential treatment for brain tumors. The northern leopard frog has been a preferred species for making discoveries about basic properties of neurons since the 1950s. The neuromuscular junction of the sciatic nerve fibers of the sartorius muscle of this frog has been the source of

neg: Green and golden bell frog most common frogs in south-east Australia, the green and golden bell frog has endured major population declines, particularly in highland areas, leading to its current classification as globally vulnerable. Its numbers have continued to fall and are threatened by habitat loss and degradation, pollution, introduced species, and parasites and pathogens, including the chytrid "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis". As most of the remaining populations live on private land, the logistics of the conservation effort can be complicated. Despite the situation in Australia, some frog populations have survived with more success in New Zealand and several other Pacific islands, where it has been introduced.

neg: Southern brown tree frog identifiable, being wound around submerged grass stems, aquatic vegetation, and sticks. These frogs can freeze and survive. In Australia, this animal may be kept without any wildlife license when purchased from a breeder. "Litoria ewingi" does not require any UV supplementation, it simply requires a light cycle and a small water source as it is an arboreal species. Southern brown tree frog The southern brown tree frog, brown tree frog, whistling tree frog, or Ewing's tree frog ("Litoria ewingii") is a species of tree frog native to Australia: most of southern Victoria, eastern South Australia, southern New South Wales from

neg: Highland frog under mulch and leaves, and a parent will guard the eggs. If threatened, the parent highland frog will raise itself on its forelimbs, and hiss at the potential predator to try to make it go away. The offspring, however, bypasses the larval stage and becomes a miniature adult when it hatches from its egg. Highland frog The Highland frog ("Lithobates maculatus") is a species of frog in the family Ranidae, and it's most popularly found in south - eastern Brazil. Other places where they have been discovered include El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, Haiti, Mexico, and Nicaragua. Its natural habitats

neg: CP3 (classification) fencing. Using the Adapted Research Council (MRC) measurements, muscle strength is tested using the bench press for a variety of disabilities a muscle being assessed on a scale of 1 to 5 for people with cerebral palsy and other issues with muscle spasticity. A 1 is for no functional movement of the muscle or where there is no motor coordination. A 2 is for normal muscle movement range not exceeding 25% or where the movement can only take place with great difficult and, even then, very slowly. A 3 is where normal muscle movement range does not exceed 50%. A

neg: Bioelectromagnetics late eighteenth century, the Italian physician and physicist Luigi Galvani first recorded the phenomenon while dissecting a frog at a table where he had been conducting experiments with static electricity. Galvani coined the term "animal electricity" to describe the phenomenon, while contemporaries labeled it galvanism. Galvani and contemporaries regarded muscle activation as resulting from an electrical fluid or substance in the nerves. Some usually aquatic animals, such as sharks, have acute bioelectric sensors providing a sense known as electroreception, while migratory birds navigate in part by orienteering with respect to the Earth's magnetic field. In an extreme application of electromagnetism

neg: Frog galvanoscope to opiates and static electricity, for which experiments the spinal cord and rear legs of a frog were dissected out together and the skin removed. In 1781, an observation was made while a frog was being so dissected. An electric machine discharged just at the moment one of Galvani's assistants touched the crural nerve of a dissected frog with a scalpel. The frog's legs twitched as the discharge happened. Galvani found that he could make the prepared leg of a frog (see the "Construction" section) twitch by connecting a metal circuit from a nerve to a muscle, thus inventing the

neg: English Cocker Spaniel the most common cause of canine arthritis in the hips. Patellar Lunation, also known as luxating patella, refers to the dislocation of the kneecap. Canine dilated cardiomyopathy is an adult onset condition which occurs when the heart muscle is weak and does not contract properly. It can lead to congestive heart failure, which is where fluid accumulates in the lungs, chest, abdominal cavities, or under the skin. Dilated cardiomyopathy is often accompanied by abnormal heart rhythms, or arrhythmias which can complicate treatment. Rage syndrome is most often associated with the Show Cocker Spaniel breed, although cases have been found in

neg: Evolution and the Theory of Games that for a set of behaviours to be conserved over evolutionary time, they must be the most profitable avenue of action when common, so that no alternative behaviour can invade. So, for instance, suppose that in a population of frogs, males fight to the death over breeding ponds. This would be an ESS if any one cowardly frog that does not fight to the death always fares worse (in fitness terms, of course). A more likely scenario is one where fighting to the death is not an ESS because a frog might arise that will stop fighting if it realises

neg: Bornean orangutan coat and prehensile, grasping hands and feet. Its coat does not cover its face unlike most mammals, although Bornean orangutans do have some hair on their faces including a beard and mustache. It also has large, fatty cheek pads known as flanges as well as a pendulous throat sac. Bornean orangutans are highly sexually dimorphic and have several features that differ between males and females. Males have much larger cheek pads, or flanges, that are composed of muscle and large amounts of fat. In females, the flanges are mostly composed of muscle. Males have relatively larger canines and premolars. Males

neg: Frog battery legs prepared for the galvanoscope. Frogs were therefore a convenient material to use in other experiments. They were small, easily handled, the legs were especially sensitive to electric current, and they carried on responding longer than other animal candidates for this role. It was usual to use the thighs of frogs for the battery construction. The legs of the frog were first skinned, then the lower leg was cut off at the knee joint and discarded. Damaging the muscle during this procedure would detract from the results. The thigh muscle was then cut in two transversely to produce two half-thighs.

neg: Hochstetter's frog in the area have shown numbers of young frogs have jumped from 10% to 30% in 2005. Hochstetter's frog Hochstetter's frog or Hochstetter's New Zealand frog ("Leiopelma hochstetteri") is a primitive frog native to New Zealand, one of only four extant species belonging to the taxonomic family Leiopelmatidae. They possess some of the most ancient features of any extant frogs in the world. Hochstetter's frog is named after the German geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter. This species is endemic to New Zealand and belongs to the most primitive anuran suborder Archaeobatrachia, along with Archey's frog ("Leiopelma archeyi"), Hamilton's frog ("L. hamiltoni"),

neg: Ryukyu brown frog specimens must have been collected on the Yaeyama Islands, as the species certainly does not occur on Okinawa. And thus, the frogs formerly known as "R. psaltes", which had also been found on Taiwan in the meantime, turned out to be the same species that Boettger had described, and hence according to ICZN rules, it is now known as "R. okinavana". This leaves the Okinawa frog without a scientific name, though it is expected to be described soon. Ryukyu brown frog The Ryūkyū brown frog or Okinawa frog is an undescribed species in the true frog family (Ranidae). It is

neg: Squirrel tree frog has decreased. When they are reared alongside Cuban tree frogs, squirrel tree frogs have a lower survival rate than when they are reared alone; however, the Cuban tree frog does not appear to be a threat to the squirrel tree frog tadpoles. Although the squirrel tree frog population has decreased in some urbanized areas, they are abundant in some areas of Augusta, Georgia and Tampa, Florida. The squirrel tree frog crosses roads at night after rains, but the overall effect of traffic on the population is unknown. The squirrel tree frog has a large population and an ability to adapt

neg: Hyperolius nitidulus folds. During this period, since there is no food or water intake, the juvenile frog does not urinate or defecate. The body stores all nitrogenous waste as urea in body fluids and purines. As the hot weather increases the dorsal skin of the frog becomes white due to the presence iridophores that can reflect light like a mirror since they are filled with purines crystals. Juveniles are the only ones that survive a dry season because most adults cannot adapt to the changes in living condition and die. Juveniles born in the first 2/3 of the wet season have enough

neg: The Frog and the Nightingale by selling tickets. The poor creature does not know how she is being manipulated by the frog and sings till she has lost her voice and health. The frog pushes her to the verge where her health and energy fail her and she dies. The poem leaves behind a lesson that while it is good to be talented you must also watch your weaknesses and instead of feeling flattered must cautiously tread your way towards your target. The nightingale was vulnerable to flattery and fell victim to the frog's manipulation. The Frog and the Nightingale The Frog and the Nightingale

neg: Pelophylax nigromaculatus Pelophylax nigromaculatus Pelophylax nigromaculatus (formerly "Rana nigromaculata"), is a species of true frog found in East Asia, first described in 1861. This widespread and common frog has many common names, including dark-spotted frog, black-spotted pond frog, and black-spotted frog. It occurs across much of eastern and northeastern China, the Amur River valley in Russia, the Korean Peninsula, and most of Japan, although it does not occur on Hokkaidō. It has been considered the commonest of the true frogs on the Korean Peninsula, and has been hunted for food and used as an experimental animal. There is an introduced population in

neg: Southern brown tree frog Southern brown tree frog The southern brown tree frog, brown tree frog, whistling tree frog, or Ewing's tree frog ("Litoria ewingii") is a species of tree frog native to Australia: most of southern Victoria, eastern South Australia, southern New South Wales from about Ulladulla—although this species is reported to occur further north—and throughout Tasmania including the Bass Strait Islands, in which state it is the most frequently encountered frog. It has been introduced to New Zealand, where it can be locally abundant. The southern brown tree frog was described in 1841 by French naturalists André Duméril and Gabriel Bibron. This

neg: Electrophysiological techniques for clinical diagnosis or inactive during movement (onset of activity), assessing the velocity of nerve conduction, and the amount of force generated during movement. Of these uses, determining the onset of muscle activity has been shown to be the most accurate. The firing of neurons throughout the brain has been known to have localized relationships to certain functions, processes and reactions to stimuli. With proper equipment it is possible to locate where in the brain neurons have been activated and measure their event related potentials. Event-related potentials can be classified as either: sensory, motor or cognitive. Measurement of spontaneous electrophysiological activity does not

neg: Railroad switch the movable-point frog switch. This term "frog" is taken from the part of a horse's hoof it most closely resembles. Certain types of overhead electrification systems that make use of trolley poles have similar devices referred to as wire frogs. On dual-gauge switches, a special frog is used where the third rail crosses the common rail. Denver and Rio Grande crews called this a "toad". A recent development on North American freight railroads is the flange-bearing frog, in which the wheel flange supports the weight of the vehicle as opposed to the tread. This design reduces impact loading and extends

neg: Frog Dreaming before most kids' films weren't just computer-generated." Frog Dreaming Frog Dreaming is a 1986 Australian family adventure film starring Henry Thomas and directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith." An American boy, Cody (Thomas), whose parents have died, lives in Australia with his guardian, Gaza. Cody is very imaginative, inventive, and inquisitive. He builds things in his garage, including a railbike which he uses to get around. Cody comes across some strange events happening in Devil's Knob national park associated with an Aboriginal myth about "frog Dreamings" and Bunyips. Cody tries to investigate. The occurrences revolve around a pond where a monster the

neg: Frog battery Frog battery A frog battery is an electrochemical battery consisting of a number of dead frogs (or sometimes live ones), which form the cells of the battery connected in a series arrangement. It is a kind of biobattery. It was used in early scientific investigations of electricity and academic demonstrations. The principle behind the battery is the "injury potential" created in a muscle when it is damaged, although this was not fully understood in the 18th and 19th centuries; the potential being caused incidentally due to the dissection of the frog's muscles. The frog battery is an example of a

neg: Blue-bellied poison frog goes from Panama (within El Valle and Cerro Campana, in the central areas of the country and the eastern lowlands and cordilleras), south to Colombia (south to Rio Saija). It occurs below 1,000m, generally even lower. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests. It is a locally abundant, terrestrial species. As the scientific name suggests, it is a small frog, only in snout–vent length. The eggs are deposited in leaf-litter; the male carries the tadpoles to bromeliads, where they complete their development. It is not found in degraded habitats, but does occur in mature secondary forests. "Andinobates minutus" have

neg: Disability sport classification slowly. A 3 is where normal muscle movement range does not exceed 50%. A 4 is when normal muscle movement range does not exceed 75% and or there is slight in-coordination of muscle movement. A 5 is for normal muscle movement. As a general rule, CP1 to CP4 sportspeople attend classification in a wheelchair. Failure to do so could result in them being classified as an ambulatory CP class competitor such as CP5 or CP6, or a related sport specific class. CP footballers functional classification involves the classifiers observing the footballer practicing their sport specific skills in a non-competitive setting,

neg: Webbed foot each class are highlighted here, but this is not a complete listing. Of the three orders of amphibians, Anura (frogs and toads) and Urodela (salamanders) have representative species with webbed feet. Frogs that live in aquatic environments, like the common frog ("Rana temporaria"), have webbed feet. Salamanders in arboreal and cave environments also have webbed feet, but in most species, this morphological change does not likely have a functional advantage. Reptiles have webbed-footed representatives that include freshwater turtles and geckos. While turtles with webbed feet are aquatic, most geckos live in terrestrial and arboreal environments. Birds are typically classified as

neg: Seychelles palm frog Seychelles palm frog The Seychelles palm frog ("Sechellophryne pipilodryas") is a species of frog that is endemic to Silhouette Island in the Seychelles. It is closely related to Gardiner's frog, "Sechellophryne gardineri". The Seychelles palm frog inhabits forests higher than above sea level and is closely associated with the palm "Phoenicophorium borsigianum" (another Seychelles endemic); most individuals are found in axils of the palm. It is the most arboreal of the Sooglossidae. As a result, the palm frog is the most recent species of the family to have been discovered (in 2000). The reproductive biology of this species is unknown,

neg: Italian stream frog Italian stream frog The Italian stream frog ("Rana italica"), also called commonly the Italian frog, la rana appenninica, and la rana di terra, is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. The species is endemic to Italy and San Marino. Adults of "R. italica" have a head-body length of . The hind legs are long, but not extremely so. If the hind leg is pressed forward along the body, the "heel" (tibio-tarsal articulation) does not extend beyond the snout. There are pearly granules on the ventral surfaces of the hind legs. The male "R. italica" calls only underwater. Calls

neg: Desert rain frog is yellowish-brown and often has sand adhering to its skin. It also has an unusual high-pitched cry similar to that of a squeaky toy. Unlike most other species of frogs, it develops directly from the egg into adults without passing through the tadpole stage. It has a stout body, with small legs, which makes it unable to hop or leap - instead, it walks around on the sand. The frog does not require water in its habitat to survive. The frog possesses comparatively large bulging eyes. The desert rain frog is mostly found on a small coastal strip of land

neg: Strength training training goals – since the desired muscle group is not challenged sufficiently, the threshold of overload is never reached and the muscle does not gain in strength. There are cases when cheating is beneficial, as is the case where weaker groups become the weak link in the chain and the target muscles are never fully exercised as a result. Strength training has a variety of specialized terms used to describe parameters of strength training: For developing endurance, gradual increases in volume and gradual decreases in intensity is the most effective program. Sets of thirteen to twenty repetitions develop anaerobic endurance,

neg: Viral hemorrhagic septicemia major necrosis (cell death) in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and skeletal muscle. The hematopoietic (blood-forming) areas of the kidney and spleen are the initial area of infection, and should show necrosis. The gill may have thickened lamellae, and the liver may have pyknotic nuclei. Skeletal muscle accumulates blood but does not suffer much damage. Electron microscopy can reveal the bullet-shaped rhabdovirus, but is not adequate for definitive diagnosis. The Manual or Diagnostic for Aquatic Animals, 2006, is the standard reference for definitive tests. In most cases, cell culturization is recommended for surveillance, with antibody tests and reverse transcription polymerase chain

neg: Pectineus muscle Pectineus muscle The pectineus muscle (, from the Latin word "pecten", meaning comb) is a flat, quadrangular muscle, situated at the anterior (front) part of the upper and medial (inner) aspect of the thigh. The pectineus muscle is the most anterior adductor of the hip. The muscle does adduct and medially rotate the thigh but its primary function is hip flexion. It can be classified in the medial compartment of thigh (when the function is emphasized) or the anterior compartment of thigh (when the nerve is emphasized). The pectineus muscle arises from the pectineal line of the pubis and to

neg: Statin amnesia), forgetfulness and confusion, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) added to its required labeling on statin medications a warning about possible cognitive impacts. The effects are described as rare, non-serious, and reversible upon cessation of treatment. Multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses have concluded that the available evidence does not support an association between statin use and cognitive decline. In observational studies 10–15% of people who take statins experience muscle problems; in most cases these consist of muscle pain. These rates, which are much higher than those seen in randomized clinical trials have been the topic of extensive debate and

neg: Translation he understands it, how can he render it into the target language? Most of the difficulties, according to Link, arise in addressing the second problem, "where the impossibility of perfect answers spawns endless debate." Almost always at the center is the letter-versus-spirit dilemma. At the literalist extreme, efforts are made to dissect every conceivable detail about the language of the original Chinese poem. "The dissection, though," writes Link, "normally does to the art of a poem approximately what the scalpel of an anatomy instructor does to the life of a frog." Chinese characters, in avoiding grammatical specificity, offer advantages to

neg: African clawed frog vertebrate model system that allows for high-throughput in vivo analyses of gene function and high-throughput biochemistry. Finally, "Xenopus" oocytes are a leading system for studies of ion transport and channel physiology. Although "X. laevis" does not have the short generation time and genetic simplicity generally desired in genetic model organisms, it is an important model organism in developmental biology, cell biology, toxicology and neurobiology. "X. laevis" takes 1 to 2 years to reach sexual maturity and, like most of its genus, it is tetraploid. It does have a large and easily manipulated embryo, however. The ease of manipulation in amphibian

neg: Eternal youth Also, telomere shortening does not occur with age in a some postmitotic tissues, such as in the rat brain. In humans, skeletal muscle telomere lengths remain stable from ages 23–74. In baboon skeletal muscle, that consists of fully differentiated post-mitotic cells, less than 3% of myonuclei contain damaged telomeres and this percentage does not increase with age. Thus telomere shortening does not appear to be a major factor in the aging of the differentiated cells of brain or skeletal muscle. Studies have shown that 90 percent of cancer cells contain large amounts of an enzyme called telomerase. Telomerase is an

neg: Eleutherodactylus gossei Eleutherodactylus gossei Eleutherodactylus gossei is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to Jamaica where it is widespread. An introduced population existed in Bermuda but appears to have been extirpated. The specific name "gossei" honors Philip Henry Gosse, an English naturalist, missionary, and science writer. Its common names are Jamaican forest frog and Spaldings robber frog, the latter apparently after Spaldings, its type locality. Two subspecies are recognized: Adult "Eleutherodactylus gossei gossei" males measure and females in snout–vent length. The most common pattern of the dorsum is mottled or unicolor, depending on the area. Specimens with

neg: Common parsley frog Common parsley frog The common parsley frog ("Pelodytes punctatus") is a very small and slender frog with long hindlegs, flat head and vertical pupils. Males reach only 3.5, females 4.5 centimetres. The upper side of the body is variable in colour, usually with irregular green patches on a light brown, grey or light olive background. The frog's back is dotted with elongated warts, often in undulating longitudinal rows that can be orange along the flanks. Behind the protruding eyes and above the tympanum, there is short, small gland. It does not have parotid glands. The underside is white, and around

neg: Carpenter frog Carpenter frog The carpenter frog ("Lithobates virgatipes") is a species of true frog found on coastal plain of the Atlantic coast of the United States between central New Jersey and northeastern Florida. Carpenter frogs are distinguished by their all brown color with two yellow stripes on each side of the back. Their tail is gray in color and their underside is normally white or yellow. Unlike other frogs the webbing on their toes does not reach the longest toe. Carpenter frogs are recognized by their call which resembles a carpenter hammering, which gives them their name. They have ectothermic, heterothermic

neg: Muscle dysmorphia population. Rates even higher have been found in users of anabolic steroids. The disorder is rare in women but does occur, and has been noted especially in female bodybuilders who also have experienced sexual assault. Crossing cultures, muscle dysmorphia is known to occur in China, South Africa, and Latin America. Yet this may be mediated substantially by exposure to Western ideals of muscularity, as populations less exposed tend to have lower prevalence. Although muscle dysmorphia's development is unclear, several risk factors have been identified. Treatment of muscle dysmorphia can be stymied by a patient's unawareness that the preoccupation is disordered

neg: Methyllycaconitine example, a 2 x 10M concentration of MLA produced a 50% decrease in response, and total inhibition was caused by a 3 x 10M concentration of the drug. In this preparation, MLA-treated muscle responded normally to "direct" electrical stimulation, but the inhibition of contractions was only partially antagonized by [[physostigmine]]. Similar results were obtained with frog nerve-muscle preparations, in which it was shown that MLA blocked response of the [[gastrocnemius muscle]] to electrical stimulation of the [[sciatic nerve]], inhibited [[post-synaptic action potentials]] in the [[sartorius muscle]] elicited by stimulation of the [[sciatic nerve]], and reduced the amplitude of [[miniature end-plate

neg: The Farmer in the Dell sweet heart) and the last verses are – the child has a nurse, the nurse has a cat, the cat catches a mouse, the mouse eats a cheese, the cheese was in a cask, the cask is in the garbage, the farmer to choose. There is also a Thai version to the same tune but with a slightly different story. The three verses roughly translate to "Why does the frog have a stomach ache? Why does the frog have a stomach ache? Because he has been eating wet rice. Why is the rice wet? Why is the rice wet? Because

neg: Common reed frog freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, freshwater springs, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, urban areas, heavily degraded former forests, water storage areas, ponds, irrigated land, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and canals and ditches. These west African frogs have been known to spontaneously change sex from female to male. This likely occurs when the population does not have enough males to allow procreation and is accomplished when a chemical trigger activates the sex gene to disintegrate the female organs and develop the male ones. Common reed frog The common reed frog ("Hyperolius viridiflavus") is a species of tree frogs in the family

neg: Peron's tree frog Peron's tree frog Peron's tree frog, the emerald-spotted tree frog, the emerald-speckled tree frog, the laughing tree frog, or the maniacal cackle frog ("Litoria peronii") is a common Australian tree frog of the family Hylidae. Peron's tree frog is one of the most variably coloured frogs in Australia, with the ability to change colour in less than one hour. They don't like to be handled for long periods of time. It also varies in shades of grey and brown, where its lightest is almost white. The frog has mottled yellow and black thighs, armpits, and groin. Occasionally, emerald spots are

neg: Smile surgery muscle transfer is then connected to the provided branches of the motor donor nerve. In Moebius-like syndrome the CFNG is performed, as the facial nerve on the affected side does not have a strong enough motor function. A free muscle transfer is also used, due to the atrophic muscle. Based on the preference of the surgeon, the gracilis muscle, latissimus dorsi muscle, or pectoralis minor muscle are used as free neurovascular grafts. The gracilis muscle is mostly used free neurovascular muscle, because it has a reliable anatomy and is relatively simple to harvest. In addition, it can be trimmed for

neg: GRENOUILLE GRENOUILLE Grating-eliminated no-nonsense observation of ultrafast incident laser light e-fields (GRENOUILLE) is an ultrashort pulse measurement technique based on frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG). The acronym was chosen because of the technique's relationship to FROG; "grenouille" is French for "frog". Because most FROG techniques have an autocorrelator, they also have the sensitive alignment issues that come with it. In addition, most FROGs use a thin second harmonic generation (SHG) crystal and a spectrometer, adding signal strength requirements as well as additional alignment issues. GRENOUILLE is a simple device based on the SHG FROG, replacing the beam splitter, delay line and beam

neg: Reduced muscle mass, strength and performance in space atrophic response to short-term spaceflight does not seem to be specific to myofiber type; and third, myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression does not seem to shift from Type I MHC to Type II during short (< 18-day) spaceflights. Several ground-based paradigms have been used to emulate the effects of microgravity unloading on human skeletal muscle, including complete horizontal or 6° head-down-tilt bed rest, dry immersion, and unilateral upper- and lower-limb unloading with or without joint immobilization. In general, skeletal muscle responses to unloading have been similar in all of these models. Although no perfect simulation of crew activities and

neg: Horse hoof the stabled horse, the frog does not wear, but degrades, due to bacterial and fungal activity, to an irregular, soft, slashed surface. In the free-roaming horse, it hardens into a callous consistency with a near-smooth surface. It is important to allow horses to have dry areas to stand. If exposed to constant wet or damp environments the frog will develop a bacterial infection called thrush. The frog is anatomically analogous to the human fingertip. The sole has a whitish-yellowish, sometimes grayish color. It covers the whole space from the perimeter of the wall to the bars and the frog, on

neg: Giant burrowing frog into the water during heavy rainfall. The tadpoles develop in the creek and take 3–11 months. The tadpoles are very large in size, up to 80mm. This is quite a large species of frog and the largest frog in Victoria. It is often mistaken for the cane toad because of its large size of 9 to 10 cm and bumpy skin; however, cane toads do not have vertical irises, and the range of the cane toad currently does not overlap into giant burrowing frog habitat. These frogs can be seen sitting out on the edges of roads and walking tracks

neg: Juvenile dermatomyositis most likely has a genetic component, as other autoimmune disease tend to run in the families of patients. The disease is usually triggered by a condition that causes immune system activity that does not stop as it should, but the trigger is almost certainly not the cause in most cases. Common triggers include immunizations, infections, injuries, and sunburn. Proximal muscle weakness, characteristic skin rash and elevated muscle enzymes are routinely used to identify JDM. Typical magnetic resonance imaging and muscle biopsy changes are considered the next most useful diagnostic criteria, followed by myopathic changes on electromyogram, calcinosis, dysphonia and nailfold

neg: Sandhill frog both frogs have small heads and strong arms. The sandhill frog inhabits coarse-grained sand dunes on the coast of Western Australia, ranging from Shark Bay in the north, Kalbarri National Park in the south and Cooloomia in the east. They inhabit an area which does not have much free-standing water, as it is quickly absorbed into the sand. However, the sand becomes moist at a relatively shallow depth. During the day, the sandhill frog will avoid desiccation by burrowing into the moist layer of the sand, emerging at night to hunt. (Hogan et al. 2012) Their diet primarily consists of

neg: Celeus (bird) length the tongue does not have the usual tongue retractor muscle found in most birds, instead, there is an elongated tongue muscle (the Branchiomandibularis) along with bones of the hyoid horn, which provide increased tongue protraction. Retraction of this long tongue may find it wrapped around an eye socket between the skull and the skin. Head crests are bushy, shaggy or peaked in typical woodpecker style and, along with flight and body feathers, are chestnut colours of brown, black and cream (some almost yellow). There is a greater or lesser degree of barring (bars or stripes of feather colour) and

neg: Wound healing day, depending on how loose the tissue in the wounded area is. Contraction usually does not occur symmetrically; rather most wounds have an 'axis of contraction' which allows for greater organization and alignment of cells with collagen. At first, contraction occurs without myofibroblast involvement. Later, fibroblasts, stimulated by growth factors, differentiate into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts, which are similar to smooth muscle cells, are responsible for contraction. Myofibroblasts contain the same kind of actin as that found in smooth muscle cells. Myofibroblasts are attracted by fibronectin and growth factors and they move along fibronectin linked to fibrin in the provisional ECM in

neg: Palmaris longus muscle due to the fact that the necessary changes to the gene(s) involved in losing the muscle may have other consequences, but this is only speculation. Palmaris longus muscle The palmaris longus is a muscle visible as a small tendon between the flexor carpi radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris, although it is not always present. It is absent in about 14 percent of the population; however, this number varies greatly in African, Asian, and Native American populations. Absence of the palmaris longus does not have an effect on grip strength. The palmaris longus muscle can be seen by touching the

neg: Quacking frog or in marshy bogs. In addition, the quaking frog is known to live amongst vegetation or in anthropogenic habitats (i.e., those that result from the activity of humans) such as agricultural lands and rural gardens where water is likely to be plentiful. In general, the diet of a frog is largely made up of insects, although mites, snails, earthworms, spiders, and other small animals are also consumed. Smaller frogs risk being eaten by larger frogs, as cannibalism is not uncommon. While larger frogs will sometimes feed on fish, it does not appear that this is prevalent among "Crinia georgiana". Occasionally,

neg: Gray tree frog gray to green, depending on the substrate where they are sitting. The degree of mottling varies. They can change from nearly black to nearly white. They change color at a slower rate than a chameleon. Dead gray treefrogs and ones in unnatural surroundings are predominantly gray. The female does not call and has a white throat; however, the male does call and can show a black/gray/brown throat during the breeding season. The female is usually larger than the male. They are relatively small compared to other North American frog species, typically attaining no more than . Their skin has a

neg: Pelophylax Asian "P. terentievi", or the Sahara frog ("P. saharicus") – which inhabit waterholes in the desert. Most authors throughout the 19th and 20th century disagreed with Fitzinger's assessment. The green frogs were included again with the brown frogs, in line with the tendency to place any frog similar in habitus to the common frog ("R. temporaria") in "Rana". That genus, in the loose circumscription, eventually became a sort of "wastebin taxon". Around 2000, with molecular phylogenetic studies becoming commonplace, it was discovered that Fitzinger's assessment was correct after all – not only is "Pelophylax" an independent genus, but it does

neg: Gamma motor neuron of spindle fibers are located only at both ends of spindle. Efferent stimulation of the spindle by gamma motor neurons contracts the myofibrils, tautening the central region of spindle -- which maintains its sensitivity to gamma motoneuron stimulation. Without gamma motor neurons, muscle spindles would be very loose as the muscle contracts more. This does not allow for muscle spindles to detect a precise amount of stretch since it is so limp. However, with alpha gamma co-activation where both alpha neurons and gamma neurons are present, muscle fibers with the muscle spindles are pulled parallel to the extrafusal contraction causing

neg: Eastern dwarf tree frog a member of the dwarf tree frog complex. This species complex is composed of the northern dwarf tree frog ("L. bicolor"), the Cooloola sedge frog ("L. cooloolensis"), and the Wallum sedge frog ("L. olongburensis"), as well as this species. All of these species are similar in size and have a similar ratchet-like call. The species along the east coast often inhabits coastal wallum and acid swamps. Most of these species have more than one common name, with a least one name containing "dwarf tree frog". In Australia, the frog may be kept in captivity with the appropriate permit. Frogs Australia

neg: Sira poison dart frog pain and mild muscle spasms if the frog is handled carelessly. The symptoms may be more severe if the frog is ingested, but unlike the "Phyllobates" and "Oophaga" species, "R. sirensis" secretes the comparatively mild pumiliotoxin C in very small quantities due to its tiny size. As a result, "sirensis" mostly rely on their agility, speed, and ability to take shelter in the leaf litter or in dense foliage for protection. "R. sirensis", as with all dendrobatid frogs, loses its poison in captivity. The reason for the loss of its toxicity is thought to be the removal of a toxic

neg: Isotonic contraction then remains the same as the muscle shortens. In eccentric, the muscle lengthens due to the resistance being greater than the force the muscle is producing. This type is typical of most exercise. The external force on the muscle is less than the force the muscle is generating - a "shortening" contraction. The effect is not visible during the classic biceps curl, which is in fact auxotonic because the resistance (torque due to the weight being lifted) does not remain the same through the exercise. Tension is highest at a parallel to the floor level, and eases off above and

neg: Common frog Common frog The common frog ("Rana temporaria"), also known as the European common frog, European common brown frog, European grass frog, or simply a frog, is a semi-aquatic amphibian of the family Ranidae, found throughout much of Europe as far north as Scandinavia and as far east as the Urals, except for most of Iberia, southern Italy, and the southern Balkans. The farthest west it can be found is Ireland, where it has long been thought, erroneously, to be an entirely introduced species. They are also found in Asia, and eastward to Japan. Common frogs metamorphose through three distinct developmental

neg: Modic changes normally cures or help patients with normal back pain does not have effect on Modic changes or pain from Modic changes. The recommended treatment for long lasting pain in the lower back is exercises, normally aided by the instruction of a qualified clinician. This is often followed by muscle strengthening and fitness training. This treatment does help the vast majority of normal back pain patients. But studies have shown that patients with Modic changes showed much higher pain score than patients with normal back pain, and most importantly that their pain increased with training. Other recent studies cited state no

neg: Eileen Whelan of meeting Eileen Ash, the oldest living Test cricketer (male or female) for some filming before I left for Australia, and she is easily one of the most extraordinary ladies I've ever met. She's 105, does yoga every week and I've met teenagers who have a lot less energy than she does! It was amazing to hear some of her experiences of playing cricket for England, especially the boat trips they used to have to take to play in Australia, and she also took me through her yoga routine. My pride, and a number of my muscle groups, are still

neg: Northern dwarf tree frog frog ("L. olongburensis"). All these species are similar in appearance (small, <30 mm and similar body shape) and have a similar call (ratchet-like "wreek"). The northern dwarf tree frog is most similar to the eastern dwarf tree frog. They occur together along the east coast of Queensland. "L. bicolor" can be distinguished from "L. fallax" most readily by the presence of a bronze stripe that runs down the flanks and the call. The first phase of the call of "L. bicolor" is twice as long as that of "L. fallax". Northern dwarf tree frog The northern dwarf tree frog, ("Litoria

neg: Eleutherodactylus marnockii Eleutherodactylus marnockii Eleutherodactylus marnockii, the cliff chirping frog, is a small eleutherodactylid frog found in central and western Texas, the United States, and in Coahuila, northern Mexico. It is also known as the cliff frog and Marnock's frog. Adult cliff frogs are in length.They have greenish ground color with brown mottling, often with banding on the rear legs. They have somewhat flattened bodies which allow them to hide in rock crevices. Cliff chirping frogs are nocturnal and live most of their lives on limestone rock faces. Like most frogs, they will hop, but they are also capable of crawling, which

neg: Pine woods tree frog However, tadpoles swim in a manner that does not necessarily reduce the intensity of infection, but reduces the likelihood of these parasites infecting in the head and body region; instead, their swimming behavior shunts parasites to the tail area, where infection by parasites causes fewer harmful effects. The pine woods tree frog is a very small species, growing to a length of . The color varies, sometimes being mottled brownish-gray, deep reddish-brown, gray, or grayish-green, usually with dark markings on its back. It is very similar in appearance to the squirrel tree frog ("Hyla squirella") but it can be distinguished

neg: Singing on the student's ability to coordinate various functions are: Singing is a skill that requires highly developed muscle reflexes. Singing does not require much muscle strength but it does require a high degree of muscle coordination. Individuals can develop their voices further through the careful and systematic practice of both songs and vocal exercises. Vocal exercises have several purposes, including warming up the voice; extending the vocal range; "lining up" the voice horizontally and vertically; and acquiring vocal techniques such as legato, staccato, control of dynamics, rapid figurations, learning to sing wide intervals comfortably, singing trills, singing melismas and correcting

neg: Sweet Frog abroad, most of which are franchised. Derek Cha started Sweet Frog with only one store in 2009, and in four years Sweet Frog has grown to over 215 stores in 25 states in the U.S., with more stores located internationally in the Dominican Republic, the United Kingdom and Egypt. In its first 3 years of franchising, over 60 Sweet Frog stores were opened. By the spring of 2012, it was reported that Sweet Frog had 100 stores, and expected to have 200 by the end of the calendar year Cha's goal was to have 200 Sweet Frog stores by the

neg: Mimic poison frog spotted, Varadero, and banded. The striped morph is the most widely spread, mimicking the striped "Ranitomeya variabilis" and can be found throughout the lower Huallaga River drainage in Peru. The spotted morph mimics the highland spotted frog "Ranitomeya variabilis" with mainly blue-green coloration, but can be found in other forms, sometimes in yellow. The "aradero" morph is a lowland form that lives nearby another but does not resemble it. Last, the banded morph, a mimic of "Ranitomeya summersi", lives in much drier climates than the average "R. imitator" and is most often found in "Dieffenbachia" and "Heliconia" plants. Like most

neg: Sexual selection in amphibians calls to distinguish themselves from other male competitors. The African common platanna ("Xenopus laevis") uses duet calling when males are not visible, allowing females to distinguish territorial males from satellite males. The Emei music frog ("Babina daunchina") female calling stimulates male movement towards sound or phonotaxis. Calling is an energetically expensive activity, requiring high levels of aerobic respiration. Selection favors the most efficient call production, a good quality call that does not require high levels of energy. allowing a male frog to be able to call continuously for females. "Dendropsophus microcephalus", a small tree frog, will produce 100 notes per

neg: Balloonist theory that muscles do not increase in size when they contract (and he supposed if a substance such as animal spirits flowed into muscles, their volume should increase when they contract). Swammerdam placed severed frog thigh muscle in an airtight syringe with a small amount of water in the tip. He could thus determine whether there was a change the volume of the muscle when it contracted by observing a change in the level of the water (image at right). When Swammerdam caused the muscle to contract by irritating the nerve, the water level did not rise but rather was lowered

neg: Sliding filament theory touch, and when their aim is achieved, they would publish together, if they ever "reached similar conclusions". The sliding filament theory was born from two consecutive papers published on the 22 May 1954 issue of "Nature" under the common theme "Structural Changes in Muscle During Contraction". Though their conclusions were fundamentally similar, their underlying experimental data and propositions were different. The first paper, written by Andrew Huxley and Rolf Niedergerke, is titled "Interference microscopy of living muscle fibres". It was based on their study of frog muscle using interference microscope, which Andrew Huxley developed for the purpose. According to them:

neg: Calciseptine very slight changes found in twitch tension, which shows us that the peptide had very little effect on muscle contraction. Calciseptine also had little effect on frog muscle fibers. There is a small effect of calciseptine during a series of repetitive stimuli which generate a tetanus; calciseptine increased tetanic tension. The average tetanic tension after applying calciseptine was slightly higher than the control value. Though calciseptine gives an increase in charge movement and increase in influx of Ca through L-type channels this has no major effects on contraction of the muscle, even in tetanus. Research on rats and guinea pigs

neg: Frog and Toad Are Friends very happy to know the wait was worth it. "Kirkus Reviews" stated that "Frog and Toad are Friends" "(does) for friendship something of what "Little Bear" does for kinship." Frog and Toad Are Friends Frog and Toad Are Friends is an American children's picture book, written and illustrated by Arnold Lobel and published by Harper & Row in 1970. It inaugurated the Frog and Toad series, whose four books completed by Lobel comprise five easy-to-read short stories each. It was a Caldecott Honor Book, or runner-up for the American Library Association Caldecott Medal, which recognizes the year's best illustration in

neg: Australian green tree frog Australian green tree frog The Australian green tree frog, simply green tree frog in Australia, White's tree frog, or dumpy tree frog ("Litoria caerulea"), is a species of tree frog native to Australia and New Guinea, with introduced populations in the United States and New Zealand, though the latter is believed to have died out. The species belongs to the genus "Litoria". It is morphologically similar to some other members of the genus, particularly the magnificent tree frog ("L. splendida") and the white-lipped tree frog ("L. infrafrenata"). Larger than most Australian frogs, the Australian green tree frog reaches 10 cm

neg: Pacific tree frog to explain the results, indicating that these frogs might be using all or a combination of these factors for homing. These frogs are the most common frogs on the West Coast of North America. Although Pacific tree frogs remain abundant, some other species found in the same areas, such as California red-legged frogs, are declining. Most populations of tree frogs appear healthy, and they have no concern or conservation status. In 2007, the Pacific tree frog was named the state amphibian of the State of Washington. It is also a very important species in all of the regions where it

neg: Short-footed frog The short-footed frog habits dry forest and grassland, where it burrows underground for most of the year. During times of rain, the frogs will emerge from their burrows, and congregate around flooded clay pans. The males will call from the edge of the water; the call is a drawn out growl. The eggs are laid in large clumps within the water. The tadpoles develop quickly in warm water to avoid it drying before metamorphosis. Short-footed frog The short-footed frog ("Cyclorana brevipes") is a small, burrowing frog native to eastern Queensland, Australia. The short-footed frog is a small, rotund frog with

neg: Greater bromeliad tree frog Greater bromeliad tree frog The greater bromeliad tree frog ("Bromeliohyla dendroscarta") is a species of frog in the family Hylidae endemic to the mountains of central Veracruz and northern Oaxaca, Mexico. "Bromeliohyla dendroscarta" inhabits cloud forests where it breeds and takes refuge in bromeliads. This species has never been common, but it seems to have dramatically declined and has not been recorded since 1974, despite surveys, and might now be extinct. However, an unidentified hylid frog was heard calling from bromeliads high in trees in 2007 at one historic location of this species; this frog may have been "Bromeliohyla dendroscarta".