query: when was the bishop of rome first called pope

pos: Pope regard to the by then deceased Patriarch of Alexandria, Pope Heraclas of Alexandria (232–248). The earliest recorded use of the title "pope" in English dates to the mid-10th century, when it was used in reference to the 7th century Roman Pope Vitalian in an Old English translation of Bede's "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum". The Catholic Church teaches that the pastoral office, the office of shepherding the Church, that was held by the apostles, as a group or "college" with Saint Peter as their head, is now held by their successors, the bishops, with the bishop of Rome (the pope) as

neg: Pope used for "any" bishop in the West. In the East, it was used only for the Bishop of Alexandria. Pope Marcellinus (d. 304) is the first Bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title "Pope" used of him. From the 6th century, the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome. From the early 6th century, it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century, when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome.

neg: History of the East–West Schism the name Pseudo-Isidore. The Orthodox East contests the teaching that Peter was the Patriarch of Rome as St. Irenaeus says that Pope Linus was the first bishop of Rome and Pope Cletus the second. It is generally conceded that St. Peter was bishop of Antioch who was then succeeded by Evodius and Ignatius. The Eastern Orthodox do not hold the primacy of the Pope of Rome over the Eastern church; they teach that the Pope of Rome is the first among equals. The Seven Ecumenical Councils were held in the East and called by the Eastern Emperors, Roman pontiffs never

neg: Hierarchy of the Catholic Church for clergy in the Russian Orthodox Church, and is the style of the Bishop of Alexandria. Pope Marcellinus (d. 304) is the first Bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title "pope" used of him. From the 6th century, the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome. From the early 6th century, it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century, when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome. As bishop of

neg: Pope Siricius in the West to the Bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century, when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome. Siricius is also one of the Popes presented in various sources as having been the first to bear the title Pontifex Maximus. Others that are said to have been the first to bear the title are Pope Callistus I, Pope Damasus I, Pope Leo I, and Pope Gregory I. The "Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church" indicates instead that it was in the fifteenth century (when the Renaissance stirred

neg: Pope Siricius Although sources say that Pope Siricius was the first Bishop of Rome to style himself Pope, other authorities say the title "Pope" was from the early 3rd century an honorific designation used for "any" bishop in the West. In the East it was used only for the Bishop of Alexandria. Pope Marcellinus (d. 304) is the first Bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title "Pope" used of him. From the 6th century, the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome. From the early 6th century, it began to be confined

neg: Catholic Church in France Catholic Church in France The Catholic Church in France is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Pope in Rome. Established in the 2nd century in unbroken communion with the bishop of Rome, it is sometimes called the "eldest daughter of the church". The first written records of Christians in France date from the 2nd century when Irenaeus detailed the deaths of ninety-year-old bishop Saint Pothinus of Lugdunum (Lyon) and other martyrs of the 177 AD persecution in Lyon. In 496 Remigius baptized King Clovis I, who therefore converted from paganism to Catholicism. In 800, Pope Leo

neg: Michael O'Connor (bishop) literary society for young men. The Fifth Provincial Council of Baltimore, which was held in May 1843, recommended the erection of the Diocese of Pittsburgh and nominated O'Connor as its first Bishop. When Pope Gregory XVI accepted the recommendation, O'Connor traveled to Rome for consecration as a bishop, but he petitioned the pope to revoke his appointment and to allow him instead to enter the Jesuits instead. Pope Gregory, however, refused and said, "You shall be bishop first, and a Jesuit afterwards". He accepted the pope's will and was formally appointed the first Bishop of Pittsburgh on August 11, 1843.

neg: Francesco Chieregati Francesco Chieregati Francesco Chieregati (1479, Vicenza – 6 December 1539, Bologna) was a papal nuncio and bishop. Sent by Pope Leo X as papal nuncio to England (1515–17), he also filled a similar office in Portugal and in Spain (1519), becoming acquainted with Cardinal Adrian Florent, Bishop of Tortosa, the Dutch preceptor of Charles V, and later Pope Adrian VI. One of Pope Adrian's first acts, after his entry into Rome, was to make Chieregati, whose learning and virtue the pope esteemed, Bishop of Teramo in the Kingdom of Naples; he then sent him to the Diet of Nuremberg, called

neg: Alfonso de Cartagena became Pope Pius II, in his memoirs called Cartagena "an ornament to the prelacy". Pope Eugenius IV thanked him for his services by making him bishop of Burgos when his father died (1435). Eugenius, learning that the bishop of Burgos was about to visit Rome, declared in full conclave that "in the presence of such a man he felt ashamed to be seated in St. Peter's chair". After living in Rome for some time, dedicated to study, Cartagena returned to Burgos, where he founded a public school "of all doctrine", in which the most advanced Latinists of the Spain of

neg: Saint Peter the Lord." The Catholic Church speaks of the pope, the bishop of Rome, as the successor of Saint Peter. This is often interpreted to imply that Peter was the first Bishop of Rome. However, it is also said that the institution of the papacy is not dependent on the idea that Peter was Bishop of Rome or even on his ever having been in Rome. While accepting that Peter came to Rome and was martyred there, some scholars claim to find no historical evidence that he held episcopal office there. While the church in Rome was already flourishing when Paul

neg: Patrick Graham (archbishop) election was acknowledged by Pope Pius III, who appointed him to the see sometime before 29 March 1463. However, Patrick was not long bishop of Brechin. On 4 November 1465 Patrick was translated to the bishopric of St. Andrews by Pope Paul II, for which Patrick's proctor, a merchant of Florence called Ricardo de Ricasolis, paid over 3300 gold florins on 29 November the same year. Patrick became the first Archbishop of St. Andrews when a Bull of Pope Sixtus IV, dated at Rome, 17 August 1472, elevated the bishopric of St. Andrews to archiepiscopal status. Nevertheless, Patrick's individual career

neg: Pope in lineal succession from the Apostle Saint Peter (see Apostolic succession). Consequently, Rome has traditionally occupied a central position in the Catholic Church, although this is not necessarily so. The pope derives his pontificate from being Bishop of Rome but is not required to live there; according to the Latin formula "ubi Papa, ibi Curia", wherever the pope resides is the central government of the Church, provided that the pope is Bishop of Rome. As such, between 1309 and 1378, the popes lived in Avignon, France (see Avignon Papacy), a period often called the Babylonian captivity in allusion to the

neg: Rome to 80,000 ticket holders at the same time suggests 400,000 (Augustus set the number at 200,000 or one-fifth of the population). The Bishop of Rome, called the Pope, was important since the early days of Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles Peter and Paul there. The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen by Catholics) as the successors of Peter, who is considered the first Bishop of Rome. The city thus became of increasing importance as the centre of the Catholic Church. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, Rome

neg: Diocese of Rome Diocese of Rome The Diocese of Rome (, ) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in Rome. The Bishop of Rome is the Pope, the Supreme Pontiff and head of the Catholic Church. As the Holy See, the papacy is a sovereign entity with diplomatic relations, and civil jurisdiction over the Vatican City State located geographically within Rome. The Diocese of Rome is the metropolitan diocese of the Province of Rome, an ecclesiastical province in Italy. The first Bishop of Rome was Saint Peter in the first century. The incumbent since 13 March 2013 is Pope Francis. Historically, many

neg: Pope Gregory II decisions it wished to. After Constantine’s death on 9 April 715, Gregory was elected pope, and was consecrated as Bishop of Rome on 19 May 715. Almost immediately, Gregory began the task of repairing the Walls of Rome, beginning at the Porta Tiburtina. Work on this task was delayed in October 716 when the Tiber river burst its banks and flooded Rome, causing immense damage and only receding after eight days. Gregory ordered a number of litanies to be said to stem the floods, which spread over the Campus Martius and the so-called Plains of Nero, reaching the foot of

neg: Tobia Aoun Assistant to the Pontifical Throne, Tobia Aoun immediately entered the Papal nobility as Count of Rome. In 1862, Bishop Aoun was received by Emperor Napoleon III in Paris and awarded the French Legion of Honour. That same year, he was received by Sultan Abdul-Aziz in Constantinople and awarded the Ottoman Empire's Order of Medjidjie ("Nishan-i-Majidia"). In 1869, Tobia Aoun returned to Rome as Council Father of the Vatican Council called upon by Pope Pius IX. The Council had just met when King Victor Emmanuel II attacked Rome and deposed Pope Pius IX. Pius IX suspended the Council indefinitely on October

neg: Catholic Church in Italy Urban II, pope or Bishop of Rome who called for the First Crusade; Anselm of Canterbury, Italian-born philosopher, Doctor of the Church and later English bishop; Francis of Assisi, mystic and founder of the Franciscans; Bonaventure of Bagnorea, Franciscan theologian and Doctor of the Church; Thomas Aquinas, Dominican theologian, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church; Dante, poet; Catherine of Siena, mystic, reformer, and Doctor of the Church; Monteverdi, composer; Robert Bellarmine of Tuscany, Jesuit theologian and Doctor of the Church; Antonio Vivaldi, priest and composer; Leo XIII, bishop of Rome and social reformer; Pius XII, bishop of Rome; John XXIII,

neg: Pope Cornelius Roman clergy chose a new bishop. In the 14 months without a pope, the leading candidate, Moses, had died under the persecution. Novatian believed that he would be elected, however the more moderate Cornelius was unwillingly elected the twenty-first pope in March 251. Those who supported a more rigorist position had Novatian consecrated bishop and refused to recognize Cornelius as Bishop of Rome. The verdict of the synod was sent to the Christian bishops, most notably the bishop of Antioch, a fierce Novatian supporter, in order to convince him to accept Cornelius as bishop of Rome. The letters that Cornelius

neg: Berardo Eroli Berardo Eroli Berardo Eroli (1409–1479) (called the Cardinal of Spoleto) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. Berardo Eroli was born in Narni in 1409. He was from an otherwise obscure family. He studied at Rome, becoming a doctor of both laws. He was made a Referendary by Pope Nicholas V, who admitted him to the Apostolic Palace. Nicholas later made him auditor of the Roman Rota. He was elected Bishop of Spoleto on November 13, 1448. He served as Vicar of Rome during the pontificates of Pope Nicholas V and Pope Callixtus III. He later became a regent

neg: Pope Marcellus I 16. For some time after the death of Marcellinus in 304, the Diocletian persecution continued with unabated severity. After the abdication of Diocletian in 305, and the accession in Rome of Maxentius to the throne of the Caesars in October of the following year, the Christians of the capital again enjoyed comparative peace. Nevertheless, nearly two years passed before a new Bishop of Rome was elected. Then in 308, according to the "Catalogus Liberianus", Pope Marcellus first entered on his office: "He was bishop in the time of Maxentius, from the 4th consulship of Maxentius when Maximus was his colleague,

neg: Pope Anterus Saint Sylvester in the Campus Martius and were discovered on 17 November 1595, when Pope Clement VIII rebuilt that church. Pope Anterus Pope Anterus (died 3 January 236) was the Bishop of Rome from 21 November 235 to his death in 236. He succeeded Pope Pontian, who had been deported from Rome to Sardinia, along with the antipope Hippolytus. Anterus was the son of Romulus, born in Petilia Policastro, Calabria. He is thought to have been of Greek origin, and his name may indicate that he was a freed slave. He created one bishop, for the city of Fondi. Some

neg: Francis Lodonu IV and V. Lodonu was appointed by Bishop Anthony Konings as the Vicar General of Keta Diocese in 1972. Lodonu was ordained a Bishop on 29 June 1973 in St. Peters Basilica, Rome by Pope Paul VI. He was among ten bishops ordained in commemoration of the 10th Pontificate of Pope Paul VI. Lodonu was thirty-five and a half years old and nine years as a priest when gained the title Bishop of the Titular See of Mascula. On 29 June 1973, Lodonu was consecrated Auxiliary Bishop by Paul VI in Rome. He was Auxiliary Bishop to the Rt. Rev.

neg: Vincent Strambi Rome in 1798 though was in vain when French forces - in May 1799 - took him as their prisoner though he managed to return to Rome not long after this. The death of Pope Pius VI saw his friend Cardinal Leonardo Antonelli nominate him for the papal see and he even received five votes in the conclave. The new Pope Pius VII - in mid-1801 - appointed Strambi as the Bishop of Macerata-Tolentino and he became the first bishop to come from the Passionists. This news - before it was made public - surprised and frightened him and he

neg: Pope Pope The pope ( from "pappas", "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin "pontifex maximus" "greatest priest"), is the Bishop of Rome and "ex officio" leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. Since 1929, the pope has also been head of state of Vatican City, a city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI. While his office is called the papacy, the episcopal see and ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the Holy See. It is the Holy See that is the sovereign entity of international law headquartered in

neg: Filippo Buonaccorsi Filippo Buonaccorsi Filippo Buonaccorsi, called "Callimachus" (Latin: "Philippus Callimachus Experiens", "Bonacursius"; ; 2 May 1437 – 1 November 1496) was an Italian humanist and writer. Filippo Buonaccorsi was born in San Gimignano, in Tuscany, in north-central Italy. He first appeared in Venice and Rome, where he was secretary to Bishop Bartolomeo Roverella. He moved to Rome in 1462 and became a member of the Rome Academy of Julius Pomponius Laetus. In 1468 he took part in a supposed assassination attempt upon Pope Paul II and fled to Poland. In Poland he found work with the Bishop of Lwów, Gregory of

neg: Historiography of early Christianity not apply to Peter the title "Bishop of Rome", applying it instead to the "successor of Peter", and presenting the Pope as Peter's successor in his relationship with the "whole" of the Catholic Church. However, some present the Church as linking Peter's primacy with his being bishop of Rome: Eamon Duffy says the official Catholic Church position is that Jesus had essentially appointed Peter as the first pope, with universal primacy "as bishop of Rome". Some historians have challenged the view that Peter was bishop (as the term is now understood) of Rome. While most scholars agree that Peter died

neg: Desiderio Scaglia he was named inquisitor in the dioceses of Pavia, Cremona and Milan. In 1616 he was called to Rome and named commissary of the Roman Inquisition. Pope Paul V created him cardinal at the consistory of 11 January 1621. Cardinal Scaglia was ordained bishop by Giambattista "Cardinal" Leni on 16 May 1621. He was appointed bishop of Melfi and Rapolla in 1621 and transferred to the diocese of Como the following year. He gave up the diocese of Como in 1632–1633 when was Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals. He participated in the conclave of 1621 which elected Pope

neg: Victor-Auguste-Isidor Deschamps took up his residence at Pagani near Naples just when Pope Pius IX was in exile at Gaeta. He had several audiences with the pope and was instrumental in arranging the transfer of the superior general from Pagani to Rome. This was not effected till 1855, when Pius IX invited Father Dechamps to the first general chapter held in Rome. The question of his appointment to the See of Liège was considered in 1852, but the pope, touched by his personal appeal, did not insist. In 1865 Dechamps became Bishop of Namur, whence he was transferred in 1875 to the

neg: Pope Clement I Pope Clement I Pope Clement I (; Greek: ; died 99), also known as Saint Clement of Rome, is listed by Irenaeus and Tertullian as Bishop of Rome, holding office from 88 to his death in 99. He is considered to be the first Apostolic Father of the Church. Few details are known about Clement's life. Clement was said to have been consecrated by Saint Peter, and he is known to have been a leading member of the church in Rome in the late 1st century. Early church lists place him as the second or third bishop of Rome after

neg: Carpentras (composer) he was hired in the Avignon chapel in that year he was called "clericus." He spent most of his life alternately in Avignon and Rome. Evidently he was acquainted with Avignon bishop Giuliano della Rovere, for when the bishop became Pope Julius II Carpentras went with him to Rome, where he sang in the papal chapel; he was listed in a roll of the singers there in 1508. However, after a few years he left the chapel to work at the court of Louis XII of France, though little is known about him at this time; clearly he was composing

neg: Pope Victor I Eusebius. Pope Victor I Pope Victor I (died 199) was Bishop of Rome, and hence a pope, in the late second century. He was of Berber origin. The dates of his tenure are uncertain, but one source states he became pope in 189 and gives the year of his death as 199. He was the first bishop of Rome born in the Roman Province of Africa—probably in Leptis Magna (or Tripolitania). He was later considered a saint. His feast day was celebrated on 28 July as "St Victor I, Pope and Martyr". The primary sources vary over the dates assigned

neg: Pope Victor I Pope Victor I Pope Victor I (died 199) was Bishop of Rome, and hence a pope, in the late second century. He was of Berber origin. The dates of his tenure are uncertain, but one source states he became pope in 189 and gives the year of his death as 199. He was the first bishop of Rome born in the Roman Province of Africa—probably in Leptis Magna (or Tripolitania). He was later considered a saint. His feast day was celebrated on 28 July as "St Victor I, Pope and Martyr". The primary sources vary over the dates assigned to

neg: Bruno (bishop of Segni) that won him much praise and admiration. In April 1082 he was travelling from Segni to Rome when Adolfo di Segni seized and imprisoned him. He was freed and returned to Rome but was imprisoned once more alongside the pope in the Sant'Angelo castle. Pope Victor III named him as the Vatican Librarian and he held the position until he left for Montecassino in 1099. Bruno had connections to Pope Urban II whom he accompanied to the Council of Clermont in late 1095 where the First Crusade was inaugurated. He travelled with the pope to Avignon from 11-13 September before

neg: James Moore (bishop) 1865, when Archdeacon Laurence Sheil having been appointed Bishop of Adelaide, Dr. Moore succeeded him as head of the Ballarat Mission in Victoria, being appointed dean, and accompanying Archbishop James Alipius Goold to Rome in 1873, when Pope Pius IX made him Doctor of Divinity. On the erection of Ballarat into a separate diocese he was appointed Vicar-General, and on the death of Bishop O'Connor, in 1883, the Pope, who had made him one of his domestic prelates and a monsignor in 1881, first named him administrator of the diocese, and then nominated him to the succession. He was consecrated

neg: Pope Gregory III by popular acclamation on 11 February 731, but was not formally consecrated as Bishop of Rome until 18 March, after having received the approval of the Byzantine exarch in Ravenna. He was the last pope to seek the exarch’s ratification of a papal election. Upon his accession as pope, Gregory immediately appealed to the Byzantine Emperor Leo III to moderate his position on the iconoclastic controversy. When Gregory's representative was arrested on the orders of the emperor, Gregory called a synod in November 731, which condemned iconoclasm outright. Leo responded by trying to bring the Pope under control, although the

neg: Pentarchy to the first church at Jerusalem as its main centre and point of reference. But by the 4th century it had developed a system whereby the bishop of the capital of each civil province (the metropolitan bishop) normally held certain rights over the bishops of the other cities of the province (later called suffragan bishops). Of the three sees that the First Council of Nicaea was to recognize as having such extraprovincial power, Rome is the one of which most evidence is discerned. The church in Rome intervened in other communities to help resolve conflicts. Pope Clement I did so

neg: Pope impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession, in particular regarding Pope Leo VIII, Pope Benedict V and some mid-11th-century popes. Pope The pope ( from "pappas", "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin "pontifex maximus" "greatest priest"), is the Bishop of Rome and "ex officio" leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. Since 1929, the pope has also been head of state of Vatican City, a city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI. While his office is called the papacy, the

neg: Roman Catholic Diocese of Châlons 1147 by the exiled Pope Eugene III, assisted by eighteen cardinals, with Bernard of Clairvaux in attendance. In 1253, when he was visiting Rome, Bishop Pierre de Hans was able to obtain what was claimed to be a fragment of the head of S. Étienne (Stephen the Protomartyr) from the Abbot of the monastery at S. Paolo fuori le mura. The first seminary in Châlons was founded by Bishop Jérome de Burges (or Jérôme Bourgeois) on 14 October 1572, in part of the abandoned Hôpital Saint Lazare, which was thereafter called the Collège S. Lazare. From 1617, the seminarists shared

neg: Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina Saracens, and the efforts of Pope Leo IV and Pope Sergius III were unable to save it from total ruin: all that remains are the remnants of the ancient basilica and a chapel. The first notice of it as an episcopal see dates from the 5th century, when its bishop Adeodatus was present at the councils held by Pope Symmachus; its bishop St. Valentinus, Vicar of Rome during the absence of Pope Vigilius, had his hands cut off by Totila. Among its other bishops mention should be made of The residence of the bishops of Silva Candida was on the

neg: History of the East–West Schism ecumenical council, the First Council of Nicaea. The rejection of Bishop Anicetus' position on the Quartodeciman, by Polycarp and later Polycrates' letter to Pope Victor I has been used by Orthodox theologians as proof against the argument that the Churches in Asia Minor accepted the Primacy of the Bishop of Rome and or the teaching of Papal supremacy. The opinion of the Bishop of Rome was often sought, especially when the patriarchs of the Eastern Mediterranean were locked in fractious dispute. The bishops of Rome never obviously belonged to either the Antiochian or the Alexandrian schools of theology, and usually

neg: First Council of Nicaea shows the role the Bishop of Rome had when he, by his authority, confirmed the jurisdiction of the other patriarchs—an interpretation which is in line with the Roman Catholic understanding of the Pope. Thus, the Bishop of Alexandria presided over Egypt, Libya and the Pentapolis, while the Bishop of Antioch "enjoyed a similar authority throughout the great diocese of Oriens," and all by the authority of the Bishop of Rome. To Loughlin, that was the only possible reason to invoke the custom of a Roman Bishop in a matter related to the two metropolitan bishops in Alexandria and Antioch. However,

neg: Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Rome. Some sources suggest that it was Pope Marcellinus (died 304 AD), while other sources suggest that this did not happen until the 6th century, with Pope John I (523–526 AD) the first to assume this title. Bestowing the title on Rome's pontiff did not strip it from Alexandria's, and the Roman Catholic Church recognizes this. From the 6th century, the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome.[47] From the early 6th century, it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by

neg: Pope John XIII the Chancery of Apostolic Briefs under popes John XII and Leo VIII. He also served as Librarian of the Holy Apostolic See in 961. At some point he was appointed as the bishop of Narni, as which he participated in the Synod of Rome (963) which deposed Pope John XII, as well as the Synod of Rome (964) which saw his restoration. After the death of Leo VIII, the Roman nobility asked the Emperor, Otto I for the reinstatement of Pope Benedict V. When this was not possible, Bishop John Crescentius was suggested as a compromise candidate by Otto’s envoys,

neg: Pope Callixtus I the burial-ground of many popes and was the first land property owned by the Church. Emperor Julian the Apostate, writing to a pagan priest, said: In the third century, nine Bishops of Rome were interred in the Catacomb of Callixtus, in the part now called the "Capella dei Papi". These catacombs were rediscovered by the archaeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi in 1849. In 217, when Callixtus followed Zephyrinus as Bishop of Rome, he started to admit into the church converts from sects or schisms who had not done penance. He fought with success the heretics, and established the practice of

neg: Giovanni Michiel 1492, the pope named him suburbicarian bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina. When, as part of the Italian War of 1494–1498, French troops entered Rome on May 27, 1495, he and the pope left Rome for Orvieto. He was named (titular) Latin Patriarch of Antioch on January 23, 1497. He died in Rome on April 10, 1503, two days after he was poisoned by his cook on the orders of Cesare Borgia. He is buried in San Marcello al Corso. Giovanni Michiel Giovanni Michiel (* 1446 or 1447, died 1503) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop. Giovanni Michiel

neg: Pope (word) and Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria are known as the "Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria". In the Western Christian world "pope" is chiefly associated with the Bishops of Rome — from the 5th or 6th century it became, in the West, a title reserved exclusively for these bishops. Despite its earlier use to refer to any bishop, in 998 an Archbishop of Milan was rebuked for having called himself "pope", and in 1073 it was formally decided by Pope Gregory VII that no other bishop of the Catholic Church would hold the title. In the Slavic languages of many Eastern

neg: East–West Schism the aim of defending the position of bishops against metropolitans and secular authorities. The Orthodox East contests the teaching that Peter was the Patriarch of Rome, a title that the West too does not give him. Early sources such as St. Irenaeus can be interpreted as describing Pope Linus as the first bishop of Rome and Pope Cletus the second. The "Oxford Dictionary of Popes" states: "In the late 2nd or early 3rd cent. the tradition identified Peter as the first bishop of Rome. This was a natural development once the monarchical episcopate, i.e. government of the local church by

neg: Boniface of Brussels He travelled to Rome and secured permission from a reluctant Pope Gregory IX to resign. The pope wanted to make him the bishop of another see though Boniface refused the offer. In 1245 he attended the First Council of Lyon which Pope Innocent IV had convoked. Boniface died in 1260; his coffin is small because it contains assorted vertebrae and pelvic bones rather than an actual skeleton. Boniface of Brussels Saint Boniface (1183 – 19 February 1260) was a Belgian Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Bishop of Lausanne from circa 1231 until 1239 when he resigned after agents

neg: Pope Callixtus I Pope Callixtus I Pope Callixtus I (died 222), also called Callistus I, was the Bishop of Rome (according to Sextus Julius Africanus) from c. 218 to his death c. 222 or 223. He lived during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Elagabalus and Alexander Severus. Eusebius and the Liberian catalogue gave him five years of episcopate (217–222). He was martyred for his Christian faith and is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. His contemporaries and enemies, Tertullian and Hippolytus of Rome the author of "Philosophumena", relate that Callixtus, as a young slave from Rome, was put in charge

neg: Pope Francis name, his first act was bestowing the "Urbi et Orbi" blessing to thousands of pilgrims gathered in St. Peter's Square. Before blessing the crowd, he asked those in St. Peter's Square to pray for his predecessor, "the bishop emeritus of Rome" Pope Benedict XVI, and for himself as the new "bishop of Rome". Pope Francis held his papal inauguration on 19 March 2013 in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. He celebrated Mass in the presence of various political and religious leaders from around the world. In his homily Pope Francis focused on the Solemnity of Saint Joseph, the liturgical

neg: Papal coronation in the absence of both of these, to the senior Cardinal Bishop. If the new pope is already a bishop, as is normally the case, his election is announced immediately to the people gathered in Saint Peter's Square and he gives them his blessing. The episcopal enthronement of the pope takes place in his cathedral, the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran. This ceremony was once combined with the coronation. During the Avignon papacy, the pope, being in France, could not be enthroned in his cathedral in Rome. The coronations continued, while enthronements had to await a return to Rome. When

neg: East–West Schism a single bishop, as distinct from a group of presbyter bishops, finally emerged in Rome in the mid-2nd cent. The earlier tradition, however, which placed Peter and Paul in a class apart as the pioneers who together established the Roman church and its ministry, was never lost sight of." St. Peter was according to tradition bishop of Antioch at one point, and was then succeeded by Evodius and Ignatius. The Eastern Orthodox do not hold the primacy of the Pope of Rome over the Eastern church; they teach that the Pope of Rome is the first among equals. The first

neg: Jean de La Grange however, La Grange arrived in Rome too late to take part in the Conclave that elected his successor, Pope Urban VI, an Italian. In protest at the election of a non-French pope, La Grange joined other French Cardinals in re-convening the Conclave in Fondi and elected a rival pope, Clement VII, the first of the so-called Antipopes. He then convinced Charles V to support the new pope. In 1394 he was named cardinal-bishop of Frascati. He was then cast aside by Pope Benedict XIII, successor to Clement VII, who then lost the French support from which his predecessor had benefitted.

neg: Maximilian Joseph von Tarnóczy As Archbishop of Salzburg, Tarnóczy wielded huge power in Rome, so much so that when he arrived at the First Vatican Council, Pope Pius IX welcomed him with the words, ""Ecco il mezzo papa, che puo far dei vescovi"" (""See the demi-Pope, who can make Bishops""). The Archbishop of Salzburg had the power to ordain and consecrate the Bishop of Gurk; a power Tarnóczy exercised when he consecrated Prince-Bishop Valentin Wiery in 1858. Pope Pius IX elevated Tarnóczy to the rank of Cardinal the consistory of 22 December 1873 and appointed him Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Aracoeli. He died

neg: Pope Damasus I the Acts of the Council of Rome of 382 A.D. (Jurgens, Faith of the Early Fathers) Pope Damasus appointed St Jerome as his confidential secretary. Invited to Rome originally to a synod of 382 convened to end the schism of Antioch, he made himself indispensable to the pope, and took a prominent place in his councils. Jerome spent three years (382–385) in Rome in close intercourse with Pope Damasus and the leading Christians. Writing in 409, Jerome remarked, "A great many years ago when I was helping Damasus, bishop of Rome with his ecclesiastical correspondence, and writing his answers to

neg: Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati The Diocese of Frascati (Lat.: "Tusculana") is a suburbicarian see of the Holy Roman Church and a diocese of the Catholic Church in Italy, based at Frascati, near Rome. The bishop of Frascati is a Cardinal Bishop; from the Latin name of the area, the bishop has also been called Bishop of Tusculum. Tusculum was destroyed in 1191. The bishopric moved from Tusculum to Frascati, a nearby town which is first mentioned in the pontificate of Pope Leo IV. Until 1962, the Cardinal-Bishop was concurrently the diocesan bishop of the see in addition to

neg: Roman Catholic Diocese of Matamoros parish church of Our Lady of Refuge became the cathedral. Pope John XXIII named the first bishop of the new diocese: Mons. Estanislao Alcaraz y Figueroa. Mons. Alcaraz was consecrated bishop on April 12, 1959. Pope John XXIII chose the first Bishop of Matamoros, Dr. Estanislao Alcaraz y Figueroa, on January 20, 1959. He was consecrated April 12, 1959 in the Cathedral of Our Lady of Refuge. In March 1968, Bishop Alcaráz was named Bishop of San Luis Potosí. Pope Paul VI chose Dr. Sabás Magaña García as successor on December 30, 1968, receiving consecration in Rome on January 6,

neg: Bishops of Rome under Constantine I invited the Arian Eastern bishops then in Antioch to join him in Rome. The Eastern bishops would have regarded Julius I as having an equal dignity to their own episcopate, but were not pleased that he took into his communion a bishop condemned by an Eastern synod. Under Pope Liberius (352-366), the Arian conflict between the emperor and bishop of Rome culminated in the Synod of Arles (353), convened by Constantius II. Therein, Liberius's legates signed a declaration condemning the Council of Nicaea. When Liberius himself refused to cooperate, he was exiled. Pope Damasus, (366-384) was able to largely suppress

neg: Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Bishop Munib Younan Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Bishop Munib Younan The Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Bishop Munib Younan was signed during a service on Reformation Day, 31 October 2016, at the Lund Cathedral in Lund, Sweden, between Pope Francis, who as the Bishop of the Church of Rome is the pontiff of the Catholic Church, and Bishop Munib Younan, the President of the Lutheran World Federation. This was the first time leaders of the Roman Church and the Lutheran World Federation had met and celebrated the Reformation. The service heralded 12 months of events leading up to the 500th

neg: Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Bishop Munib Younan anniversary next year of Martin Luther nailing his 95 theses to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany. Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Bishop Munib Younan The Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Bishop Munib Younan was signed during a service on Reformation Day, 31 October 2016, at the Lund Cathedral in Lund, Sweden, between Pope Francis, who as the Bishop of the Church of Rome is the pontiff of the Catholic Church, and Bishop Munib Younan, the President of the Lutheran World Federation. This was the first time leaders of the Roman Church and the Lutheran World Federation had

neg: Pope status as Bishop of the Holy See of Rome. Currently, after a new pope is elected and accepts the election, he is asked "By what name shall you be called?". The new pope chooses the name by which he will be known from that point on. The senior Cardinal Deacon, or Cardinal Protodeacon, then appears on the balcony of Saint Peter's to proclaim the new pope by his birth name, and announce his papal name in Latin. It's costumary when referring to popes to translate the regnal name into all local languages. Thus, for example, Papa Franciscus is Papa Francesco

neg: Pope was restricted to the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all Cardinal Electors were made equal in 1179. The electors are now limited to those who have not reached 80 on the day before the death or resignation of a pope. The pope does not need to be a Cardinal Elector or indeed a Cardinal; however, since the pope is the Bishop of Rome, only those who can be ordained a bishop can be elected, which means that any male baptized Catholic is eligible. The last to be elected when not yet a bishop was

neg: Gabriele de' Gabrielli Gabriele de' Gabrielli Gabriele de' Gabrielli (1445–1511) (called the Cardinal of Urbino) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. Gabriele de' Gabrielli was a member of the Gabrielli family. He was born in Fano in 1445. During the pontificate of Pope Alexander VI, he became a protonotary apostolic in Rome. He then entered the service of Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, the future Pope Julius II, travelling with Cardinal della Rovere to the Kingdom of France when the cardinal went into voluntary exile during the dispute between Pope Alexander VI and the della Rovere family. On March 27, 1504, he

neg: Pope Pius V inquisitor of the faith in Milan and Lombardy. In 1557 he was made a cardinal and named inquisitor general for all Christendom. His defense of Bartolomé Carranza, Archbishop of Toledo, who had been suspected of heresy by the Spanish Inquisition, earned him a rebuff from the Pope. Under Pope Pius IV (1559–65) he became bishop of Mondovi in Piedmont. Frequently called to Rome, he displayed his unflinching zeal in all the affairs on which he was consulted. Thus he offered an insurmountable opposition to Pius IV when the latter wished to admit Ferdinand de' Medici, then only thirteen years old,

neg: Pope Clement II Pope Clement II Pope Clement II (; born Suidger von Morsleben; died 9 October 1047), was Pope from 25 December 1046 until his death in 1047. He was the first in a series of reform-minded popes from Germany. Suidger was the Bishop of Bamberg. In 1046, he accompanied Henry, King of Germany, when at the request of laity and clergy of Rome, Henry went to Italy and summoned the Council of Sutri, which deposed Popes Benedict IX and Sylvester III, and accepted the resignation of Gregory VI. Henry suggested Suidger for Pope, and he was then elected, taking the name

neg: Pope Boniface III the head of all the Churches". This ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to the Bishop of Rome, and effectively ended the attempt by Patriarch Cyriacus of Constantinople to establish himself as "Universal Bishop". Boniface III was buried in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, on 12 November 607. Pope Boniface III Pope Boniface III (; d. 12 November 607) was the Pope from 19 February 607 to his death on 12 November that same year. Despite his short time as Pope he made a significant contribution to the organization of the Catholic Church. The son of John Cataadioce,

neg: Catholic Charismatic Church of Canada August 15, 1968), began under the mandate of Pope Clement XI, Bishop of Rome and Patriarch of the West, in 1693 when , Bishop of Condom consecrated Dominique Marie Varlet as Bishop of Ascalon (in partibus) and Coadjutor to the Bishop of Babylon, Persia. Bishop Varlet in turn consecrated Peter John Meindaerts to Archbishop of Utrecht without a papal mandate, which created a rift with Rome and an end to full communion with the Roman Church. Meindaerts was one of the primary founders of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands, independent from and considered excommunicated by Rome. The Charismatic

neg: Pope Marcellinus Pope Marcellinus Pope Marcellinus (died 304) was the Bishop of Rome or Pope from 30 June 296 to his death in 304. According to the "Liberian Catalogue", he was a Roman, the son of a certain Projectus. His predecessor was Pope Caius. Marcellinus' pontificate began at a time when Diocletian was Roman Emperor, but had not yet started to persecute the Christians. He left Christianity rather free and so the church's membership grew. Caesar Galerius led the pagan movement against Christianity and aroused Diocletian against Christianity in the year 302: first Christian soldiers had to leave the army, later the

neg: John Carroll (bishop) priests in Maryland be allowed to suggest two or three names from which the Pope would choose their bishop". The priests of Maryland petitioned Rome for a bishop. Cardinal Antonelli replied, allowing the priests to select the city for a cathedral and, for this case only, to name the candidate for presentation to the pope. Carroll was selected Bishop of Baltimore by the clergy of the US in April 1789 by a vote of 24 out of 26. On November 6, 1789, Pope Pius VI approved the election, naming Carroll the first Catholic bishop in the young nation. He was

neg: Roman Catholic Diocese of Agen a bishop of their choice. When the popes took up residence in Avignon, Clement V reserved to himself the right to appoint bishops for all the dioceses in France. During the Great Schism, both the Pope in Rome and the Pope in Avignon appointed bishops of Agen, but since Agen and France supported the Popes in Avignon, it was their appointees who received the temporal rights from the king and were installed in the diocese. In 1516 King Francis I signed at treaty with Pope Leo X, which has come to be called the Concordat of Bologna, in which the

neg: Thomas Francis Kennedy (bishop) on December 29, 1907. The principal co-consecrators were Archbishop Patrick Riordan of San Francisco and Bishop William Giles, Rector of the English College in Rome. Kennedy was given the personal title of Archbishop by Pope Benedict XV on June 17, 1915. At the same time he was changed to the titular see of "Seleucia in Isauria". He died in Rome on August 28, 1917 at the age of 59, and was buried in the Cimitero Comunale Monumentale Campo Verano in Rome. In May 1907, whilst painting his first portrait of Pope Pius X, the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury completed

neg: History of papal primacy in Constantinople, in the 6th century published a similar decree. These proclamations did not create the office of the pope but from the 6th century onward the Bishop of Rome's power and prestige increased so dramatically that the title of "pope" began to fit the Bishop of Rome best. The First Council of Constantinople (AD 381) suggested strongly that Roman primacy was already asserted. However, it should be noted that, because of the controversy of this claim, the pope did not personally attend this ecumencial council that was held in the capital of the eastern empire, rather than at Rome.

neg: Achille Grassi of Pope Julius II. The pope also named him rector of San Clemente, San Giovanni in Persiceto. He then became a Referendary in the Roman Curia. He was consecrated as a bishop in Rome by Pope Julius II on February 13, 1506. The next day, he was elected Bishop of Città di Castello. He occupied this see until 1516, when he resigned in favor of Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, the future Pope Clement VII. In 1507, the pope sent him and Cardinal Antonio Pallavicini Gentili as nuncios to Louis XII of France, who was then in Genoa, to encourage him

neg: Patriarch of Alexandria office has historically held the title of Pope—"Παπας" ("papas"), which means "Father" in Greek and Coptic—since Pope Heraclas of Alexandria, the 13th Alexandrine Bishop (227–248), was the first to associate "Pope" with the title of the Bishop of Alexandria. The word "pope" derives from the Greek "πάππας" "father". In the early centuries of Christianity, this title was applied informally (especially in the east) to all bishops and other senior clergy. In the west it began to be used particularly for the Bishop of Rome (rather than for bishops in general) in the sixth century; in 1075, Pope Gregory VII issued

neg: Philippe Viard Greymouth, Hokitika, Kumara, Ngahere, Charleston, Ross, Westport and Reefton. Viard was greatly embarrassed when it was revealed that several Irish priests were active Fenian supporters, and he spoke out against their activities in 1868. Since his appointment as Bishop of Wellington several requests had been made for Viard to visit Rome. On 8 July 1868 he left for Europe. From 1869–70 he attended the First Vatican Council in Rome, presided over by Pope Pius IX. In his absence Dunedin (Otago and Southland) was created a separate diocese under Bishop Patrick Moran. The affection Wellington people had for Viard was evidenced

neg: Ignacy Jeż the director of a Catholic Gymnasium in Katowice. On 5 June 1960, under Pope John XXIII, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński and future Cardinal Bolesław Kominek appointed Jeż Titular Bishop of Alba Maritima. In 1967 he was elevated to Auxiliary Bishop of the Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław. In 1972 he was appointed Bishop of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg, in northern Poland. He held this post until 1 February 1992, when, at the age of 77, his resignation request was accepted by Pope John Paul II. Jeż died on 16 October 2007 in Rome, Italy, the day before the announcement that Pope Benedict XVI had planned

neg: Pope Telesphorus Pope Telesphorus Pope Telesphorus (died c. 137) was the Bishop of Rome from c. 126 to his death c. 137, during the reigns of Roman Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. He was of Greek ancestry and born in Terranova da Sibari, Calabria, Italy. Telesphorus is traditionally considered as being the eighth Roman bishop in succession after Saint Peter. The "Liber Pontificalis" mentions that he had been an anchorite (or hermit) monk prior to assuming office. According to the testimony of Irenæus ("Against Heresies" III.3.3), he suffered a "glorious" martyrdom. Although most early popes are called martyrs by sources such as

neg: Pope Nicholas IV he was promoted Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina by Pope Martin IV. After the death of Pope Honorius IV on 3 April 1287, the Conclave was held in Rome, at the papal palace next to Santa Sabina on the Aventine Hill, where Pope Honorius had died. This was in accordance with the Constitution "Ubi Periculum" of Pope Gregory X. At the beginning, in April, there were thirteen cardinals in Rome; three Cardinals—Gerardo Bianchi, Giovanni Boccamati, and Jean Cholet—did not attend at all. The Sacred College was for a time hopelessly divided in its selection of a successor. When six of the

neg: Peter (diplomat) With his decision the Pope underestimated the ambitions of Boris I for independent church policy, which led to the alienation of the Bulgarian ruler from Rome and indirectly helped the Patriarchate of Constantinople in its efforts to influence the events in Bulgaria. When in the beginning of 868 Peter and Formosus arrived in Rome, the brothers Cyril and Methodius and their disciples were there on invitation by the Pope. Formosus and bishop Gauderig of Veletria ordained many of the brothers' disciples for priests, deacons and subdeacons. It has been suggested that Peter was among the first high-ranking Bulgarians who were

neg: Jean Lemoine the kingdom, requiring Nicolas de Fréauville, the king's confessor, to appear at the Roman Curia to make an explanation. The pope modified the interdict to an excommunication of the king. Phillipe intercepted the messengers with the bull, at Troyes, and placed the legate Jean under surveillance. The king then called together the États Généraux (1303). The Cardinal left Paris by night, and returned to Rome. In Rome, he was appointed Assessor by Pope Boniface, in the case of the suspension of the Bishop of Vasio from both spiritualities and temporalities. The death of the Pope interrupted the proceedings, and the

neg: Pope Urban I Pope Urban I Pope Urban I () was Bishop of Rome or Pope from 222 to 23 May 230. He was born in Rome and succeeded Pope Callixtus I, who had been martyred. It was previously believed for centuries that Urban I was also martyred. However, recent historical discoveries now lead scholars to believe that he died of natural causes. Much of Urban's life is shrouded in mystery, leading to many myths and misconceptions. Despite the lack of sources he is the first Pope whose reign can be definitely dated. Two prominent sources do exist for Urban's pontificate: Eusebius' history

neg: Carthage from the end of the reign of Ibrahim II in 902, until 909, when the Shi'ite Berbers took over Ifriqiya and founded the Fatimid Caliphate. Carthage remained a residential see until the high medieval period, mentioned in two letters of Pope Leo IX dated 1053, written in reply to consultations regarding a conflict between the bishops of Carthage and Gummi. In each of the two letters, Pope Leo declares that, after the Bishop of Rome, the first archbishop and chief metropolitan of the whole of Africa is the bishop of Carthage. Later, an archbishop of Carthage named Cyriacus was imprisoned

neg: Humbert of Silva Candida He entered the Order when he came of age, and was later elected as abbot of the monastery. He became friends with Bruno, the Bishop of Toul, who was later to be elected as Pope Leo IX in 1048 and who brought the monk to Rome to assist him after his election. Pope Leo appointed Humbert the Archbishop of Sicily in 1050. The Norman rulers of the island, however, prevented his landing there. In place of that post, he was named Cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida the following year. It has been suggested that he was the first Frenchman to be

neg: Gerard II (bishop of Cambrai) Henry IV in July. He was likewise invested with secular authority in the county of the Cambrésis. Unfortunately for him, in February 1075 the Council of Rome had condemned the investiture of bishops by laymen and in February 1076 Pope Gregory VII had excommunicated the emperor. When Gerard went to his metropolitan, Archbishop Manasses I of Reims, to receive consecration, he was refused. In the spring of 1077 Gerard travelled to Rome to plead his case to Pope Gregory, claiming that he was unaware that his investiture was irregular. Gregory refused to meet him, but ordered his legate, Bishop Hugh

neg: Alejandro Goić (bishop) year 1978 (which would eventually be resolved by the arbitration of Pope John Paul II). Between 1975 and 1976, he continued courses in theology at the Abbey of Saint Andrew in Bruges, Belgium. Pope John Paul II appointed Goic the titular Bishop of Africa, and auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of Concepción. He received episcopal consecration at Rome, on 27 May 1979. On 30 June 1991, Goic was transferred from his ecclesiastical jurisdiction, this time as auxiliary bishop for the Diocese of Talca. This appointment lasted until 1994, when he was appointed Bishop of Diocese of Osorno. On 10 July

neg: Giovanni Battista Mellini Giovanni Battista Mellini Giovanni Battista Mellini (9 June, 1405 – 24 July, 1478) (called the Cardinal of Urbino) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. Giovanni Battista Mellini was born in Rome on 9 June 1405, the son of a noble family.Biography from the Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church</ref> He received funds from Pope Martin V to study law. When he was seven years old, Antipope John XXIII made him a canon of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran. He resigned this canonry during the pontificate of Pope Nicholas V, who made him "economous"

neg: Ostrogothic Papacy wrong calendar, Theodoric called the pope before him in Ariminum to resolve the matter. When Symmachus arrived, he discovered that the charges against him included unchastity and maladministration of church property, and fled back to Rome. His flight bolstered the Laurentian party, who succeeded in persuading Theodoric to send a visitor to Rome to have Easter celebrated according to the Greek calendar and to convene a synod to consider the charges against Symmachus. Peter of Altinum, the bishop of Istria, came to Rome to oversee the new Easter celebration and took over the administration of the Holy See pending the

neg: Juan Ignacio Larrea Holguín from the Angelicum of Rome, and was ordained a Catholic priest in 1962. Pope Paul VI appointed him auxiliary bishop of Quito in 1969, and in 1975 he was transferred to the diocese of Ibarra. In 1983, Pope John Paul II appointed him the first military bishop of Ecuador and in 1988 he moved him to Guayaquil, where he served as Archbishop from 1993. John Paul II accepted Larrea Holguín's resignation from episcopal duties in 2003, when Larrea Holguín was aged 75. Since his retirement, he dedicated himself to the service of Opus Dei, and to the creation of numerous

neg: Conrad III of Scharfenberg Roman Empire. After the murder of King Philip (which had nothing to do with the struggle for the throne) in 1208, Conrad managed the imperial insignia. When the Welf king Otto IV was generally recognized, Conrad served him and accompanied him to Rome for his crowning by Pope Innocent III. In 1212, Conrad was elected bishop of Metz despite the competition from the bishop of Langres, Guillaume de Joinville, who was the candidate of the French king Philip Augustus. In 1220 he accompanied the Staufer king Frederick II to Rome for his crowning by pope Honorius III. On his journey

neg: Hippolytus of Rome ("Word"). An ethical conservative, he was scandalized when Pope Callixtus I (217–222 AD) extended absolution to Christians who had committed grave sins, such as adultery. Hippolytus himself advocated a pronounced rigorism. At this time, he seems to have allowed himself to be elected as a rival Bishop of Rome, and continued to attack Pope Urban I (222–230 AD) and Pope Pontian (230–235 AD). G. Salmon suggests that Hippolytus was the leader of the Greek-speaking Christians of Rome. Allen Brent sees the development of Roman house-churches into something akin to Greek philosophical schools gathered around a compelling teacher. Under the persecution

neg: Papal primacy capital of the eastern Roman empire, it was now the "New Rome". This was promulgated in the First Council of Constantinople (381) canon 3 which decreed: "The Bishop of Constantinople, however, shall have the prerogative of honour after the Bishop of Rome because Constantinople is New Rome." It has been asserted by many that the Council of Rome, a synod held by Pope Damasus I in the following year, 382, protested against this raising of the bishop of the new imperial capital, just fifty years old, to a status higher than that of the bishops of Alexandria and Antioch, and

neg: John Magee (bishop) Rome where he led out the procession of bishops. In his own words, Magee recounted the surrounding events and death of Pope John Paul I, explaining that he found the pope dead in his bed on the morning on 28 September 1978 (Lighthouse Catholic Media, NRP, 2008, entitled "Untold Stories of the Last Three Popes"). While Magee was the first to summon assistance, he explains that the nun who served him coffee each morning was, in fact, the first to discover the pope dead, when she realised he had not opened the door to accept his morning beverage (Lighthouse Catholic

neg: Military in Vatican City the Pontifical Swiss Guard's first duty is the service of the Pope, during periods of "sede vacante" (when the office of pope is vacant), the Swiss Guard instead guards the College of Cardinals, as they meet to elect a new Bishop of Rome. The Papal Gendarmerie Corps () was formed in 1816 by Pope Pius VII, originally under the name of Papal Carabinieri Corps. The unit was formed as a military police unit. In 1849 Pope Pius IX renamed it as the Papal Velites Regiment, and subsequently as the Papal Gendarmerie Corps. It saw active military engagements in the battles

neg: Pandenulf of Capua Capuan church. Pandenulf sent his brother to Rome demanding that the pope consecrate him. The bishop of Teano and the abbot of Montecassino urged John to resist the Capuan count, but John, wishing to retain his loyalty and to satisfy both claimants, consecrated Landulf as bishop of Old Capua, now called Santa Maria Capua Vetere, and affirmed Landenful as bishop of New Capua. Eventually, Pandenulf recognised Lando in Caiazzo, but there were other claimants to deal with. After Docibilis I of Gaeta broke with the pope over the Saracens, with whom Docibilis was allied, John authorised Pandenulf to seize papal

neg: Congregation of the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament ordination was named master of novices at Avignon, and later prior of the monastery at Paris. In 1639 Père Antoine founded this house at Marseille. Sister Anne Negrel was named the first Superior. The definitive establishment took place in 1659-60, when Etienne de Puget, Bishop of Marseille, erected them into a congregation under the title of Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament. The final formalities for the approval of the order having been concluded in Rome (1680), Pope Innocent XI expedited a papal brief, which could not be put in execution because of a change of bishop. Pope Innocent XII issued

neg: Pope Pius VII Pius VI appointed the 34-year-old Dom Gregory, who had been teaching at the Monastery of Sant'Anselmo in Rome, as honorary abbot "in commendam" of his monastery. Although this was an ancient practice, it drew complaints from the monks of the community, as monastic communities generally felt it was not in keeping with the Rule of St. Benedict. In December 1782, the pope appointed Dom Gregory as the Bishop of Tivoli, near Rome. Pius VI soon named him, in February 1785, the Cardinal-Priest of San Callisto, and as the Bishop of Imola, an office he held until 1816. When the French

neg: Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy church officers at any level. The Second Ecumenical Council was presided over by Meletius of Antioch, who was not in communion with Rome. The Third Ecumenical Council called Nestorius to account for his teachings following his condemnation as a heretic by Pope Celestine I. The council did not consider the papal condemnation as definitive. Catholic theologian Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet noted Bishop Maret said St Vincent of Lerins In its condemnation of Nestorius, the language given is of the council ruling, not because the pope said so. Cyril writes that he, and his fellow bishop - the pope - had both condemned

neg: Cormac Mág Shamhradháin in attendance. Diarmaid Ó Raghillaigh was then appointed as successor to Tomás Mac Brádaigh as the Bishop of Kilmore by Pope Julius II. However Cormac Mág Shamhradháin was still claiming the bishopric so an appeal was made by the new Bishop Diarmaid to Pope Julius II to implement the decision of the 1489 Ardee Synod. Before the Pope made his decision, Cormac died in December 1211 but as news to Rome travelled slowly in those days and the Vatican bureaucracy even slower, the word of his death had not reached the Pope by 3 June 1512 when Julius II issued

neg: Ember days city of Rome." At first, the Church in Rome had fasts in June, September, and December. The "Liber Pontificalis" ascribes to Pope Callixtus I (217-222) a law regulating the fast, although Leo the Great (440-461) considers it an Apostolic institution. When the fourth season was added cannot be ascertained, but Pope Gelasius I (492-496) speaks of all four. The earliest mention of four seasonal fasts is known from the writings of Philastrius, bishop of Brescia (died ca 387) ("De haeres." 119). He also connects them with the great Christian festivals. As the Ember Days came to be associated with great

neg: Pope Heraclas of Alexandria Rome did not use until the sixth century). The first known record of this designation being assigned to Heraclas is in a letter written by the bishop of Rome, Dionysius, to Philemon: "τοῦτον ἐγὼ τὸν κανόνα καὶ τὸν τύπον παρὰ τοῦ μακαρίου πάπα ἡμῶν Ἡρακλᾶ παρέλαβον. [I received this rule and ordinance from our blessed Pope, Heraclas.]" Pope Heraclas of Alexandria Pope Heraclas (Theoclas), 13th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. Pope Heraclas of Alexandria, was born to pagan parents who believed and were baptized after his birth. They taught him the Greek philosophy, then