query: where is the montane yukon arctic ultra held each year

pos: Yukon Arctic Ultra a real risk of frostbite and amputations. Yukon Arctic Ultra The Yukon Arctic Ultra is a series of non-stop multiday races that take place concurrently beginning in Whitehorse, Yukon at the beginning of February each year. The marathon, 100/300/430 mile races follow the course of the Yukon Quest. The longer races have three disciplines: mountain bike, xc-skis or foot. The race is billed as the toughest ultramarathon in the world where the temperatures can drop to -50 degrees plus wind chill. The race was founded in 2003 and has run every year since except 2010. The race is self-provisioned. While

pos: Yukon Arctic Ultra Yukon Arctic Ultra The Yukon Arctic Ultra is a series of non-stop multiday races that take place concurrently beginning in Whitehorse, Yukon at the beginning of February each year. The marathon, 100/300/430 mile races follow the course of the Yukon Quest. The longer races have three disciplines: mountain bike, xc-skis or foot. The race is billed as the toughest ultramarathon in the world where the temperatures can drop to -50 degrees plus wind chill. The race was founded in 2003 and has run every year since except 2010. The race is self-provisioned. While the organizers provide trail guides, there is

pos: Yukon Arctic Ultra a real risk of frostbite and amputations. Yukon Arctic Ultra The Yukon Arctic Ultra is a series of non-stop multiday races that take place concurrently beginning in Whitehorse, Yukon at the beginning of February each year. The marathon, 100/300/430 mile races follow the course of the Yukon Quest. The longer races have three disciplines: mountain bike, xc-skis or foot. The race is billed as the toughest ultramarathon in the world where the temperatures can drop to -50 degrees plus wind chill. The race was founded in 2003 and has run every year since except 2010. The race is self-provisioned. While

neg: Bernadette Benson Trail Marathon (Western Australia), the Kep Ultra (Western Australia), and Lost Soul Ultra (Alberta, Canada). She placed 3rd at the 2013 Swiss Alpine 78 km race in Davos, Switzerland. In 2011, she was part of Team Canada at World Trail Championships, where the women won a bronze medal. In early 2015, Bernadette won the Australia Day Ultra 100 km road race, finishing in a Canadian national W45 record-breaking time of 8hr 32min. Later that year she finished 7th at Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc (UTMB). In early 2016, Bernadette became the fifth woman ever to finish the 300 mile Montane Yukon Arctic

neg: Diane Van Deren Diane Van Deren Diane Van Deren is an American ultra-runner who won the Yukon Arctic Ultra 300 in 2009. Van Deren, 49, had a lobectomy in 1997. She competed in races of attrition measuring 100 miles or more. She was the first woman to complete the 430-mile Yukon Arctic Ultra 300. A former professional tennis player, she took up running to help stave off epileptic seizures, for which in 1997 she had a lobectomy. This surgery disrupted her ability to judge the passing of time, something which has helped her ultra-running. She was featured in the 2012 CBC documentary "The

neg: Diane Van Deren Perfect Runner", directed by documentary filmmaker Niobe Thompson for "The Nature of Things". Diane Van Deren Diane Van Deren is an American ultra-runner who won the Yukon Arctic Ultra 300 in 2009. Van Deren, 49, had a lobectomy in 1997. She competed in races of attrition measuring 100 miles or more. She was the first woman to complete the 430-mile Yukon Arctic Ultra 300. A former professional tennis player, she took up running to help stave off epileptic seizures, for which in 1997 she had a lobectomy. This surgery disrupted her ability to judge the passing of time, something which

neg: Carmacks, Yukon There is a youth drop in daily with a computer access, video games, table games and other activities, often funded by Yukon grant programs. The gymnasium is host to adult floor hockey and other sports. The Recreation Center also holds a 3 lane curling rink, fully loaded fitness gym and a full kitchen for all occasions. Carmacks also has an indoor swimming pool that is open to the community from June to September. Every February, Carmacks hosts a checkpoint for both the long-distance Yukon Quest sled dog race and the Yukon Arctic Ultra foot/ski/bike race. Carmacks is the only community

neg: 2010 Arctic Winter Games held in 2012 in Whitehorse, Yukon. 2010 Arctic Winter Games The 2010 Arctic Winter Games were held in Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada from March 6 to 13th. The Arctic Winter Games is an international biannual celebration of circumpolar sports and culture, held in Canada or Alaska. Over 2,000 athletes from nine teams (Alaska, Alberta North, Yukon, Yamal-Nenets, Northwest Territories, Greenland, Nunavik Québec, Nunavut and Saami) participated in the games. Sports included alpine skiing, arctic sports, badminton, basketball, biathlon, curling, dene games, dog mushing, figure skating, freestyle skiing, gymnastics, hockey, indoor soccer, snowboarding, snowshoeing, speed skating, table tennis, volleyball and wrestling.

neg: Multi-day race are the alternative; these include point to point races such as the Trans-American races, which traverse the North American continent coast to coast, and the Gobi March, a seven-day journey across the Gobi desert, the Kalahari Augrabies Extreme Marathon, a 7-day, 250 km trail event in the Kalahari Desert, and the Yukon Arctic Ultra, a 430/300/100/26 mile challenge crossing Yukon in the dead of winter. Longer multiday races include the Trans-Europe race, which ran from Lisbon to Moscow in 2003, a distance of about 5,100 kilometers. These events take the runner to a different level, where the race becomes a

neg: 2016 Arctic Winter Games 2016 Arctic Winter Games The 2016 Arctic Winter Games, officially known with the slogan "Join — Feel — Jump", is a winter multi-sport event which took place in Nuuk, Greenland, between 6–12 March 2016. The elected host city was announced on 14 September 2012 by the Arctic Winter Games International Committee (AWGIC) in Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. The Arctic Winter Games is the world's largest multisport and cultural event for young people of the Arctic. The Games is an international biennial celebration of circumpolar sports and culture held for a week, each time with a different nation or region as the

neg: Interior Alaskan wolf stability of the subspecies is changed in parts of its region. This wolf is native to the interior of Alaska, United States, and the Yukon, Canada save for the tundra region of the Arctic Coast. Yukon wolves' main habitats are boreal forests, alpine, subalpine, and Arctic tundra. The population in Canadian Yukon is estimated to be 5,000, which ranges in all of Yukon except for Kluane National Park. The population density depends on prey, with the densest population being in Teslin, Yukon, Canada where there are 9 wolves per 1,000 square kilometers (386.1 sq mi), while the least dense is

neg: 2012 Arctic Winter Games 2012 Arctic Winter Games The 2012 Arctic Winter Games took place in Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada from the 4th to the 10th of March 2012. The Arctic Winter Games is an international biannual celebration of circumpolar sports and culture, held in Canada, Alaska or Greenland. Over 2,000 athletes from nine teams (Alaska, Alberta North, Yukon, Yamal-Nenets, Northwest Territories, Greenland, Nunavik Québec, Nunavut and Sápmi) participated in the games. Sports included alpine skiing, arctic sports, badminton, basketball, biathlon, curling, dene games, dog mushing, figure skating, freestyle skiing, gymnastics, hockey, indoor soccer, snowboarding, snowshoeing, speed skating, table tennis, volleyball and wrestling. The 2012

neg: Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition The Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition was a world's fair held in Seattle in 1909, publicizing the development of the Pacific Northwest. It was originally planned for 1907, to mark the 10th anniversary of the Klondike Gold Rush, but the organizers found out about the Jamestown Exposition being held that year, and rescheduled. The fairgrounds became the campus of the University of Washington. The fair was evolved from an idea of Godfrey Chealander's. Chealander, then Grand Secretary of the Arctic Brotherhood, was involved in the Alaska Territory exhibit at the 1905 Lewis and Clark Exposition in Portland, Oregon. Originally, he pitched

neg: 2012 Arctic Winter Games end of every games. The 2012 Hodgson Trophy was awarded to Team Nunavut. The trophy has been awarded since 1978 and named for Stuart Milton Hodgson, Commissioners of the Northwest Territories from 1967 to 1979. Venues were mostly pre-existing and all located within Whitehorse: 2012 Arctic Winter Games The 2012 Arctic Winter Games took place in Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada from the 4th to the 10th of March 2012. The Arctic Winter Games is an international biannual celebration of circumpolar sports and culture, held in Canada, Alaska or Greenland. Over 2,000 athletes from nine teams (Alaska, Alberta North, Yukon, Yamal-Nenets, Northwest

neg: Arctic Winter Games Arctic Winter Games The Arctic Winter Games is an international biennial celebration of circumpolar sports and Indigenous culture. The Arctic Winter Games were founded in 1969 under the leadership of Governor Walter J. Hickel of Alaska, Stuart M. Hodgson, Commissioner of the Northwest Territories, and Yukon Commissioner James Smith. The idea to "provide a forum where athletes from the "circumpolar North" could compete on their own terms, on their own turf" came from Cal Miller, an advisor with the Yukon team at the 1967 Canada Winter Games. In 1970 in Yellowknife, Canada, 500 athletes, trainers and officials came together for

neg: 2010 Arctic Winter Games 2010 Arctic Winter Games The 2010 Arctic Winter Games were held in Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada from March 6 to 13th. The Arctic Winter Games is an international biannual celebration of circumpolar sports and culture, held in Canada or Alaska. Over 2,000 athletes from nine teams (Alaska, Alberta North, Yukon, Yamal-Nenets, Northwest Territories, Greenland, Nunavik Québec, Nunavut and Saami) participated in the games. Sports included alpine skiing, arctic sports, badminton, basketball, biathlon, curling, dene games, dog mushing, figure skating, freestyle skiing, gymnastics, hockey, indoor soccer, snowboarding, snowshoeing, speed skating, table tennis, volleyball and wrestling. The next Arctic Winter Games were

neg: Whitehorse, Yukon mountain biking in the summer), three golf courses, a bowling alley, and three gyms, including one with squash courts. The annual 1,000 mile Yukon Quest sled dog race between Whitehorse and Fairbanks, Alaska, is considered one of the toughest in the world. The race alternates its starting and finishing points each year. The city has hosted several large sporting events including the 2007 Canada Winter Games, for which a CA$45 million sport multiplex was built; the Canadian Junior Freestyle Championships in 2006, the Arctic Winter Games (2000, 1992, 1986, 1980, 1972, 2012 and up coming location for the 2020 games),

neg: Gwich’in language the Northern Athabaskan subgroup of the Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit language family. It shares the Hän-Kutchin subdivision with the Hän language. There are two main dialects of Gwich’in, eastern and western, which are delineated roughly at the Canada–US border. There are several dialects within these subgroupings, including Fort Yukon Gwich’in, Arctic Village Gwich’in, Western Canada Gwich’in (Takudh, Tukudh, Loucheux), and Arctic Red River. Each village has unique dialect differences, idioms, and expressions. The Old Crow people in the northern Yukon have approximately the same dialect as those bands living in Venetie and Arctic Village, Alaska. The consonants of Gwichʼin in the standard orthography

neg: Arctic Co-operatives Limited Arctic Co-operatives Limited Arctic Co-operatives Limited is a cooperative federation owned and controlled by 32 community-based cooperative business enterprises located in Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Yukon and northern Manitoba, Canada. Arctic Co-ops coordinates resources, consolidates the purchasing power and provides operational and technical support to the community based co-operatives to enable them to provide a wide range of services to their local member owners. Arctic Co-ops operates in both English and Inuktitut and provides patronage dividends to the local members. Arctic Co-ops is a member of the Manitoba Cooperative Association. Arctic Co-ops provides services to each of the 32 member co-operatives.

neg: Nicolas Vanier colony of Greater Flamingoes, by repeatedly flying over them in an ultra-light aircraft, causing many - an estimated 11% of the total breeding population in France - to desert their nests and eggs. Nicolas Vanier Nicolas Vanier (born 5 May 1962) is a French adventurist, writer and director. His 2004 film "The Last Trapper" follows a trapper in Yukon, Canada. His film, "" ("Wolf") was released at the end of 2009 and was presented at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. "Loup" is about the life of the Evens tribe in North Eastern arctic Siberia, in the Verkhoïansk mountain range, who

neg: Arctic Circle Circle is divided among 8 countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland) and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey). The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. In the interior, summers can be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in Norilsk, Russia will sometimes reach as high

neg: Geography of Yukon the longest freshwater migration route of any salmon; Chinook salmon swim over 3,000 kilometres from its mouth in the Bering Sea to spawning grounds upstream of Whitehorse. There are also land-locked kokanee (sockeye salmon) and rainbow trout. chars are represented by lake trout present in most large Yukon lakes, as well as Dolly Varden, bull trout and Arctic char. The Arctic grayling is ubiquitous, while the lakes have various whitefish and inconnu. There are no reptiles in Yukon, but a few frogs. Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon Region Ecozones and Ecoregions Yukon is sparsely populated, with about 30,000 inhabitants in

neg: Fixed election dates in Canada exists in Yukon, the Northwest Territories, or Nunavut, in contrast to the provinces The Northwest Territories' Elections and Plebiscite Act, 2007, requires elections on the first Monday in October every four years, starting with 2007. A strong motivation for this law was the practical difficulties of holding an election during the Arctic winter. The date for the 4th Nunavut general election, held in 2013, was set almost a year prior. The following year the legislative assembly amended the Nunavut Elections Act to mandate an election be held on the last Monday in October in the fourth calendar year following the

neg: Geography of Yukon large number of large, long and narrow glacier-fed alpine lakes, most of which flow into the Yukon River system. The larger lakes include: Teslin Lake, Atlin Lake, Tagish Lake, Marsh Lake, Lake Laberge, Kusawa Lake, Kluane Lake. Bennett Lake on the Klondike Gold Rush trail is a smaller lake flowing into Tagish Lake. Other rivers flow either directly into the Pacific Ocean or directly or indirectly into the Arctic Ocean. The Alsek-Tatshenshini drainage flows directly into the Pacific from southwestern Yukon. A number of rivers in northern Yukon flow directly into the Arctic Ocean. The two main Yukon rivers flowing

neg: All-Women Ultra Marathon Ultra Marathon was held on March 10, 2012, and was organized by the Ungo Runners and the Cebu Ultramarathoners Club. The distance of the race is 50 Kilometers. In 2014, 188 women participated in the race, up from 150 in 2013. All-Women Ultra Marathon The All-Women Ultra Marathon (AWUM) is an endurance race which is held each year in Cebu, a city in The Philippines. As of 2013, it is the only ultra marathon which is designed especially for women. The All-Women Ultra Marathon is planned to coincide with the annual International Women's Day in March, and usually starts at

neg: Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge in the United States, although it is less than one-half the size of either of the two largest, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, or the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge is administered from offices in Fairbanks. This refuge is home to bird and mammalian species such as the Arctic fox, moose, bald eagle, black bear, wolf packs, porcupine, four species of falcon, river otter, golden eagle, red fox, Dall sheep, muskrat, coyote, six species of owl, Canadian lynx, beaver, caribou, mink, wolverine, and brown bear. Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge The Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge is a

neg: Koyukuk River Koyukuk River The Koyukuk River ("Ooghekuhno"' in Koyukon) is a tributary of the Yukon River, in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the last major tributary entering the Yukon before the larger river empties into the Bering Sea. Rising at the confluence of the North Fork Koyukuk River with the Middle Fork Koyukuk River, it flows generally southwest to meet the larger Yukon River at Koyukuk. The river, with headwaters above the Arctic Circle in the Endicott Mountains of the Brooks Range, drains an area north of the Yukon River that includes part of the Gates of the Arctic

neg: Arctic Winter Games the first Arctic Winter Games. The participants came from the Northwest Territories, Yukon and Alaska. Since then, the Games have been held on fifteen occasions in different places and with ever more participants from more and more places within the Arctic region. The games in 2002 were the first jointly hosted Arctic Winter Games, by Nuuk, Greenland and Iqaluit, Nunavut. Games include: A total of nine contingents participated in the Arctic Winter Games. The same group of teams also made up the participants of the previous games Host cities have mostly been in Canada and the United States. The Hodgson

neg: Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands the treeline). Lemming, voles, squirrel and hare are common, and the European otter is common near the fjords and in many rivers, especially in the north. There are approximately 150 musk oxen on Dovrefjell, having been transported from Greenland in the 1930s, as the species were extinct in Scandinavia. There is a rich bird life; most birds are migratory, but some, like the ptarmigan, stay all year. Bird species include gyrfalcon and sea eagles. There are many lakes with trout and Arctic char, the rivers have sea trout and salmon. Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands The Scandinavian Montane Birch

neg: Alaskan Athabaskans background: "Gwich’in" - "one who dwells" or "resident of [a region]", most northern group of Native Americans / First Nations peoples, lived mostly above the Arctic Circle in the Yukon Flats, along the Yukon, Porcupine, Chandalar, Peel, Mackenzie and Arctic Red rivers in northern Yukon and Northwest-Territories as well into northeast Alaska) 3. Hän or Han (Jëjee, Hwëch'in / Han Hwech’in - "People of the River, i.e. Yukon River", but often by the affiliation of their regional band / group as Hwëch'in - "one who dwells" or "resident of [a region]"; name background: the name Hän or Han is a

neg: Arctic Winter Games trophy for fair play and team spirit is awarded at the end of every games. The trophy is named for Stuart Milton Hodgson, former Commissioner of the Northwest Territories. The past winners of the trophy are: Arctic Winter Games The Arctic Winter Games is an international biennial celebration of circumpolar sports and Indigenous culture. The Arctic Winter Games were founded in 1969 under the leadership of Governor Walter J. Hickel of Alaska, Stuart M. Hodgson, Commissioner of the Northwest Territories, and Yukon Commissioner James Smith. The idea to "provide a forum where athletes from the "circumpolar North" could compete on

neg: George P. MacKenzie George P. MacKenzie George Patton MacKenzie (1873–1953) was an educator and politician in the Yukon. He served as Commissioner of Yukon from 1912 to 1923. He was born in Malagash, Nova Scotia and moved to the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush. MacKenzie founded the first high school in the Yukon and served as its principal. He later served as supervisor for all schools in the Yukon. MacKenzie began work in the Gold Commissioner's office in 1904; in 1912, he became the Gold Commissioner and served in that position until 1923. In that year, he became Commander of Eastern Arctic

neg: Princess Tours Alaska Land Tours in conjunction with Princess' Alaska cruises. The largest cruise and tour operator in Alaska, Princess Tours gives travelers the opportunity to combine a Gulf of Alaska cruise with the interior of Alaska. The “land” portion of the cruisetours include Anchorage, Denali National Park, Copper River, the Kenai Peninsula, Prudhoe Bay, the Arctic villages of Nome and Kotzebue and the Canadian Yukon. Princess Tours also owns and operates five wilderness lodge properties and hotels, a fleet of motorcoaches and luxury rail cars, known as Princess Rail. Traveling daily between Anchorage and Fairbanks from May through September, the Ultra

neg: George Meegan year, Meegan reached Washington, D.C., where "People magazine" greeted him. Friends and followers arranged several meetings with high government officials and dignitaries. The crossing continued, through the northern United States, Canada, into the Yukon, and on to the final step above the Arctic Circle. On the afternoon of 18 September 1983, he crossed a strip of tundra to the edge of the Arctic Ocean, and dipped his hand into the cold water. At the age of 31, Meegan had walked 19,019 unbroken miles from end to end of two continents. Walking from Patagonia to Alaska was later done by Karl

neg: Arctic Village, Alaska the population were below the poverty line, including 53.1% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those sixty five or over. Yukon Flats School District operates the Arctic Village School. Arctic Village, Alaska Arctic Village ("Vashrąįį K'ǫǫ" in Gwich'in) is an unincorporated Native American village and a census-designated place (CDP) in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the CDP was 152. This was unchanged from 2000. The village is located in the large Gwitch'in speaking region of Alaska, and the local dialect is known as Di'haii Gwitch'in or Kutchin.

neg: Clarence River (Alaska–Yukon) Clarence River (Alaska–Yukon) Clarence River is a long river that flows through Yukon, Canada and the U.S. state of Alaska into the Beaufort Sea. The Clarence River rises southwest of Mount Paige in Yukon, Canada, and flows northwest and northeast, crossing the border several times into the North Slope Borough of Alaska. It empties into Clarence Lagoon and finally the Beaufort Sea in the Arctic Ocean. The river was surveyed in 1826 by British explorer John Franklin as the westernmost river in the then-British territories on the Arctic coast near the line of demarcation with Russia. Franklin named the river

neg: Yukon River Basin it drains deposits and reworked materials into the Flats. It is within the Arctic Complex of the Arctic-Atlantic Bioregion, therefore has freshwater. The Yukon River Basin is made up of 13 other individual basins and stretches across two countries, America and Canada. While there are 13 individual basins within the Yukon Basin, there are also 5 physio-graphic regions. The topography of the Basin is very diverse with different elevations, so that is why there are regions. They include, Alaska Range (), Central and Eastern Brooks Range (), Indian River Uplands (), Innoko Lowlands (flat flood plains), and Kolkrine-Hodzana Highlands ().

neg: Arctic geoengineering found that "At high latitudes, there is less sunlight deflected per unit albedo change but climate system feedbacks operate more powerfully there. These two effects largely cancel each other, making the global mean temperature response per unit top-of-atmosphere albedo change relatively insensitive to latitude." It has been suggested that locally influencing salinity and temperature of the Arctic Ocean, by changing the ratio of Pacific and fluvial waters entering through the Bering Strait could play a key role in preserving Arctic sea ice. The purpose would be to create a relative increase of fresh water inflow from the Yukon River, while

neg: Geography of Yukon southeast. Precipitation is much greater in the mountains, and the snowpack continues to melt well into the summer, resulting in high water in July or August. Source: Environment Canada, "Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971-2000" Except for the Arctic Ocean coastal plain and high elevations, most of Yukon is in the boreal forest ecoregion. Most mountain peaks and higher elevations are characterized by Alpine tundra while the coastal plain is Arctic coastal tundra. More precisely, according to Environment Canada's ecozone definitions, southern and central Yukon is part of the Boreal Cordillera Ecozone while the northern forest is part of the

neg: James Cracknell Briton, Danny Kendall who finished 10th. Six months after his cycling accident which damaged his frontal lobe (see below), Cracknell competed in the Yukon Arctic Ultra. He finished second in the 430-mile race across the frozen Alaskan countryside, beaten only by British cyclist Alan Sheldon who beat Cracknell's 163:20 with his own 99:30. Cracknell's participation in the race was filmed for the documentary The Coldest Race on Earth aired on the Discovery Channel. He ran the 2012 London Marathon in just under three hours, one of the fastest celebrities, but behind Nell McAndrew. Cracknell has presented sport on ITV and

neg: Arctic Archipelago Marine Ecozone (CEC) is adjacent to a number of territorial ecozones. The Taiga Shield connects the Hudson Plains from the Manitoba shoreline to the Southern Arctic ecozone in Nunavut, which also extends along most of the continental shoreline of the Northwest Territories. The Taiga Plains ecozone forms the remaining Northwest Territories shoreline connection to the Arctic Archipelago ecozone, covering much of the western portion of the Northwest Territories and small portions of northern Alberta and British Columbia. The Yukon shoreline connects the Arctic Archipelago marine ecozone with the Taiga Cordillera, a mountainous region covering most of northern and eastern Yukon, and parts of

neg: Americas as the Salton Sea. The Columbia is a large river, long, in central western North America and is the most powerful river on the West Coast of the Americas. In the far northwest of North America, the Yukon drains much of the Alaskan peninsula and flows from parts of Yukon and the Northwest Territory to the Pacific. Draining to the Arctic Ocean of Canada, the Mackenzie River drains waters from the Arctic Great Lakes of Arctic Canada, as opposed to the Saint-Lawrence River that drains the Great Lakes of Southern Canada into the Atlantic Ocean. The Mackenzie River is the

neg: SS Keno transported by cart or sled down the Silver Trail to Mayo Landing on the river, where it was stockpiled through the winter months. Each year, once the ice cleared toward the end of the spring the SS "Keno" and her elderly stablemate, the SS "Canadian", would transport the ore downriver to Stewart City, at the confluence between the Stewart and Yukon rivers. From here the BYN Co.'s larger vessels then transported the ore up the Yukon River to Whitehorse, where it was transshipped onto the White Pass and Yukon Route railroad for transportation to ocean ports at the coast. Each

neg: North ("night"), since above the Tropic of Cancer, the Sun never shines from the north, except inside the Arctic Circle during the summer midnight sun. The direction north is often associated with colder climates because most of the world's land at high latitudes is located in the Northern Hemisphere. The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland) and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey). By convention, the top side of a map is often north. To go north using a

neg: Geography of Canada in British Columbia and Yukon from the Arctic and Hudson Bay watersheds. This watershed irrigates the agriculturally important areas of inner British Columbia (such as the Okanagan and Kootenay valleys), and is used to produce hydroelectricity. Major elements are the Yukon, Columbia and Fraser rivers. The northern parts of Alberta, Manitoba and British Columbia, most of Northwest Territories and Nunavut, and parts of Yukon are drained by the Arctic watershed. This watershed has been little used for hydroelectricity, with the exception of the Mackenzie River, the longest river in Canada. The Peace, Athabasca and Liard Rivers, as well as Great

neg: Fort Yukon, Alaska Yukon. Fort Yukon, Alaska Fort Yukon ( Gwich'yaa Zhee, translation: "House on the Flats") is a city in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. The population, predominately Gwich'in Alaska Natives, was 583 at the 2010 census, down from 595 in 2000. Fort Yukon is the hometown of Alaska Congressman Don Young. Served by Fort Yukon Airport, it is also known for having the record highest temperature in Alaska. This area north of the Arctic Circle was occupied for thousands of years by cultures of indigenous people and in historic times by the Gwich’in people. What became

neg: Canadian Arctic tundra Quebec, northern Labrador and the islands of the Arctic Archipelago, of which Baffin Island with is the largest. Canada's tundra is characterized by extreme climatic conditions with year-round frozen grounds, long and cold winters, a very short growing season and low precipitation rates. The Canadian Arctic tundra is the traditional home of indigenous peoples, predominately Inuit, who for most of their settlement history occupied the coastal areas of Nunavut, Nunavik (northern Quebec), Nunatsiavut (northern Labrador), the Northwest Territories and formerly in Yukon. Population numbers remain very moderate for the entire region and as of 2006 around 50% of the inhabitants

neg: All-Women Ultra Marathon All-Women Ultra Marathon The All-Women Ultra Marathon (AWUM) is an endurance race which is held each year in Cebu, a city in The Philippines. As of 2013, it is the only ultra marathon which is designed especially for women. The All-Women Ultra Marathon is planned to coincide with the annual International Women's Day in March, and usually starts at 10 p.m. on the Saturday nearest to that day. The race is organized by the Thinktank ultra marathoners group. The aid stations at the race are sponsored and operated by volunteers from several running clubs in the area. The first All-Women

neg: Momentum Adventure a person, span all seven continents and range in length from two to 21 days. They are tailer created to the fitness level and interests of the client. Areas of specialty for the company include the Arctic Circle, Borneo, Baja, Jordan, Yukon, Lebanon, British Columbia and Japan. Each trip has fewer than six people, and due to the specialised nature of the packages, the company only runs a dozen of them per year. Momentum also offers corporate team building events. Momentum Adventure Momentum Adventure is a company that specialises in adventure holidays. It was founded by Mathew Robertson in 2005.

neg: Oxytropis podocarpa Oxytropis podocarpa Oxytropis podocarpa is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names stalkpod locoweed, stalked-pod crazyweed, and Gray's point-vetch. It is native to North America, where it occurs in the northern latitudes, from Yukon and British Columbia across the low arctic to northern Quebec and Labrador. In the Rocky Mountains it occurs at the higher elevations as far south as Colorado. This plant is a matted, cushion-forming perennial herb with erect or prostrate stems just a few centimeters long. The leaves are up to 5 centimeters long and are each made up of

neg: Fort Yukon, Alaska destination. On February 7, 1984 a Terrier Malemute-type sounding rocket, with a maximum altitude of , was launched from Fort Yukon. Fort Yukon is located at (66.567586, -145.256327). Fort Yukon is located on the north bank of the Yukon River at its junction with the Porcupine River, about northeast of Fairbanks. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city in Northeastern Alaska has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (5.65%) is water. It is located north of the Arctic Circle, at the confluence of the Yukon and Porcupine Rivers and in

neg: Dodecatheon frigidum perennial up to 40 cm (16 inches) tall, spreading by means of underground rhizomes. Each shoot produces 2-7 flowers, usually pink to magenta with a white center. Dodecatheon frigidum Dodecatheon frigidum, commonly called the western arctic shootingstar, is a plant species found in arctic and subarctic regions in the northwestern part of North America and in Asiatic Russia. It is common across much of Alaska, and has also been reported from Yukon, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, northern Saskatchewan, and on the Chukotsk Peninsula in the Russian Far East (often erroneously regarded as part of Siberia). It is usually found in

neg: Northern Canada construction difficult and often hazardous, and agriculture virtually impossible. The Arctic watershed (or drainage basin) drains northern parts of Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia, most of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut as well as parts of Yukon into the Arctic Ocean, including the Beaufort Sea and Baffin Bay. With the exception of the Mackenzie River, Canada's longest river, this watershed has been little used for hydroelectricity. The Peace and Athabasca Rivers along with Great Bear and Great Slave Lake (respectively the largest and second largest lakes wholly enclosed within Canada), are significant elements of the Arctic watershed. Each of these

neg: Corrie Fee National Nature Reserve to cut a highly meandering path across the corrie floor. The Reserve is famed for the most extensive stand of montane willow scrub in Scotland and for the many arctic-alpine plants that grow on the cliffs and wet flushes in the corrie. Botanists have known of the importance of the area since the 18th century, and today it is recognised and protected as a national and internationally important site. Montane willow scrub is one of the UK’s most rare and endangered habitats and is largely confined to the higher mountains of the Scottish Highlands where it is a relict of

neg: Fort Yukon, Alaska Fort Yukon, Alaska Fort Yukon ( Gwich'yaa Zhee, translation: "House on the Flats") is a city in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. The population, predominately Gwich'in Alaska Natives, was 583 at the 2010 census, down from 595 in 2000. Fort Yukon is the hometown of Alaska Congressman Don Young. Served by Fort Yukon Airport, it is also known for having the record highest temperature in Alaska. This area north of the Arctic Circle was occupied for thousands of years by cultures of indigenous people and in historic times by the Gwich’in people. What became the

neg: E. L. Patton Yukon River Bridge E. L. Patton Yukon River Bridge The Yukon River Bridge, officially known as the E. L. Patton Bridge, is a girder bridge spanning the Yukon River in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States. The bridge carries both the Dalton Highway and the Alaska Pipeline in connecting Fairbanks with Deadhorse near the Arctic Ocean and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. It is the only bridge crossing of the Yukon in Alaska. As part of construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, a permanent crossing of the Yukon River became necessary in order to complete the project. In December 1973, the state announced

neg: Charles Constantine an urgent need for a police force. In the following year, he went back to the Yukon with a force of 20 men who were in place when the Klondike Gold Rush started in 1897. Constantine's efforts ensured that law was maintained during the gold rush, that Canadian sovereignty was assured and helped create the Mounties' international reputation. He left the Yukon in 1898, replaced by Sam Steele and returned to the prairies after being promoted to Superintendent. In 1902, he returned to the north to establish forts at Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories and Herschel Island off the Yukon Arctic

neg: Northern Canada Hudson Bay coast of Ontario and Manitoba. The western Arctic is the northernmost portion of the Northwest Territories (roughly Inuvik Region) and a small part of Yukon, together called the Inuvialuit Settlement Region. Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60°W and 141°W longitude, extending all the way north to the North Pole: all islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Herschel, off the Yukon coast, form part of the region, are Canadian territory and the territorial waters claimed by Canada surround these islands. Views of territorial claims in this region are complicated by disagreements on

neg: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge a range of elevations and aspects that support a variety of low tundra vegetation, dense shrubs, rare groves of poplar trees on the north side and spruce on the south. During summer, peregrine falcons, gyrfalcons, and golden eagles build nests on cliffs. Harlequin ducks and red-breasted mergansers are seen on swift-flowing rivers. Dall sheep, muskoxen, and wolf packs are active all year, while grizzly bears and Arctic ground squirrels are frequently seen during summer but hibernate in winter. The southern portion of the Arctic Refuge is within the Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga (boreal forest) ecoregion. Beginning as predominantly treeless tundra

neg: Ice sculpture world each year to sculpt large blocks of pristine natural ice sometimes referred to as "Arctic Diamonds." The event is run almost exclusively by volunteers. In a typical year, more than 45,000 spectators pass through the gates of the Ice Park home of the World Ice Art Championships. The competition is broken down into two main categories: Single Block and Multi-Block and each competition is further separated into Abstract and Realistic sculptures. One of the most popular attractions is the Kids Park where children of all ages can glide down ice slides or spin in ice twirly tops. Typically held

neg: Tintina Trench Tintina Trench The Tintina Trench is a large valley extending through Yukon, Canada. It is the northern extension of the Northern Rocky Mountain Trench in British Columbia and it has its origin from the Tintina Fault. The northern part of the valley is occupied by the Pelly River, a tributary of the Yukon River. The southern Tintina Trench is drained by the Liard River which first flows south-eastward, then eastward and finally merges into the Mackenzie River at Fort Simpson, NWT where the combined waters turn back north for the Mackenzie's long flow to the Arctic Ocean. Communities and features

neg: Indigenous peoples of Yukon Indigenous peoples of Yukon The indigenous peoples of Yukon were the sole inhabitants of the Arctic coastal territories prior to arrival of Europeans. The indigenous people of Yukon are part of the Aboriginal people of Canada. Traditionally, the Yukon indigenous peoples are hunters and gatherers with close connections to the land, the rivers and the seasons. Their history is recorded and passed down generations in an oral tradition. European contact brought many changes to the indigenous people of Yukon including land loss and non-traditional governance and education. However, the Yukon indigenous peoples continue their connections with the land in seasonal

neg: Oeneis alpina the basal region of the wing a paler shade. This species resembles the brown Arctic ("Oeneis chryxus") but the latter has a single eyespot on its hindwing. "O. alpina" occurs in north east Siberia, in the Chukot and Magadan regions, and the tundra regions of Alaska, Yukon and the Northwest Territories. It is generally uncommon but occasionally abundant locally. There is a single brood per year in June and July. The males congregate on hilltops, screes and rocky places in tundra regions and the females fly to join them. After mating, the females return to wet boggy land where they

neg: Hanousek v. United States Edward Hanousek, Jr. and President Paul Taylor were both held responsible for the spill and convicted. The Supreme Court of the United States denied review of the Ninth Circuit's decision, provoking a dissent from two justices. Hanousek was employed by the Pacific & Arctic Railway and Navigation Company as roadmaster of the White Pass and Yukon Railroad, which runs between Skagway, Alaska, and Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada. As roadmaster, Hanousek was responsible under his contract "for every detail of the safe and efficient maintenance and construction of track, structures, and marine facilities of the entire railroad…and [was to ] assume

neg: Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga a vast area of wetlands, forest, bog, and low-lying ground at the confluence of the Yukon River, Porcupine River and Chandalar River, an area which for Arctic North America is particularly rich in wildlife as are the similar Minto Flats also in this ecoregion. The underlying soil of the ecoregion is permafrost and even though the area is close to the sea it has a continental climate with short summers and long, cold winters, especially inland. The taiga forests are mainly white spruce ("Picea glauca") in the warmer drier areas and black spruce ("Picea mariana") where it is marshier but

neg: Geography of Yukon traded copper, furs and meat for coastal products such as eulachon oil. About 20% of the Yukon population is of aboriginal origin. There is no Inuit population in Yukon, although there was a population along the Arctic Ocean coast within historic times. The Inuit were decimated by disease and disappeared in the 19th century. In 1984, the Government of Canada included the Yukon North Slope within the Inuvialuit Settlement Region under the auspices of the Inuvialuit. The following table presents the population of most Yukon communities. Note that the Census data represents those people who lived within the community boundaries,

neg: Indigenous peoples of Yukon wage labour such as fishing and trapping. In Yukon First Nation organisations the people are aim for maintenance and development of indigenous education, language, culture, spirituality and Aboriginal rights. People arrived in the Yukon around 11000 BCE via the land bridge of the Bering Strait The Mount Saint Elias region, in the far southwest of the Yukon Territory was unsettled. The Inuit (Eskimo) people occupied the Arctic coast of modern Yukon, including Herschel Island. The population of indigenous people of the Yukon prior to arrival of Europeans is uncertain. The number at the beginning of the nineteenth century most likely

neg: E. L. Patton Yukon River Bridge The driving surface of the span is of timber construction supported by a steel deck attached to a pair of steel box girders. The wooden deck has been replaced in 1981, 1992, 1999 and 2007. E. L. Patton Yukon River Bridge The Yukon River Bridge, officially known as the E. L. Patton Bridge, is a girder bridge spanning the Yukon River in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States. The bridge carries both the Dalton Highway and the Alaska Pipeline in connecting Fairbanks with Deadhorse near the Arctic Ocean and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. It is the only bridge crossing

neg: Polar regions of Earth precipitation to form permanent ice, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter. There are many settlements in Earth's north polar region. Countries with claims to Arctic regions are: the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), Norway, Finland, Sweden, Iceland, and Russia. Arctic circumpolar populations often share more in common with each other than with other populations within their national boundaries. As such, the northern polar region is diverse in human settlements and cultures. The southern polar region has no permanent human habitation. McMurdo

neg: Beaufort Sea references the Beaufort Sea in his popular Canadian Folk Song Northwest Passage (song). Beaufort Sea The Beaufort Sea () is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort, a hydrographer. The Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores. The sea, characterized by severe climate, is frozen over most of the year. Historically, only a

neg: Beaufort Sea Beaufort Sea The Beaufort Sea () is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, and west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort, a hydrographer. The Mackenzie River, the longest in Canada, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores. The sea, characterized by severe climate, is frozen over most of the year. Historically, only a narrow pass up to opened in August–September near its shores, but recently due

neg: Salix pulchra Salix pulchra Salix pulchra is a species of flowering plant in the willow family, known by the common names diamondleaf willow, tealeaf willow, and thin red willow. It is native to northern North America, where it occurs in Alaska, Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. The species is also found in northern British Columbia, and occurs in Russia. This willow is an erect, deciduous shrub growing up to tall, but usually remaining smaller, especially in the Arctic and in alpine climates. Along with "S. richardsonii" and "S. alaxensis", it is one of the tallest growing willows in the Canadian Arctic

neg: Carcross Desert mainly for cross-country skiing and snowboarding. The nearby White Pass and Yukon Route is a popular tourist attraction, bringing many tourists each year to the Carcross area. Orienteering competitions are held on a map bearing name Carcross Desert which includes parts of the landmark. Carcross Desert Carcross Desert, located outside Carcross, Yukon, Canada, is often considered the smallest desert in the world. The Carcross Desert measures approximately , or 640 acres. Carcross Desert is commonly referred to as a desert, but is actually a series of northern sand dunes. The area's climate is too humid to be considered a true

neg: Gwich’in language Gwich’in language The Gwich’in language ("Dinju Zhuh K’yuu") belongs to the Athabaskan language family and is spoken by the Gwich’in First Nation (Canada) / Alaska Native People (United States). It is also known in older or dialect-specific publications as Kutchin, Takudh, Tukudh, or Loucheux. Gwich'in is spoken primarily in the towns of Inuvik, Aklavik, Fort McPherson, Old Crow, and Tsiigehtchic (formerly Arctic Red River) in the Northwest Territories and Yukon of Canada. In Alaska of the United States, Gwich’in is spoken in Beaver, Circle, Fort Yukon, Chalkyitsik, Birch Creek, Arctic Village, Eagle, and Venetie. The ejective affricate in the name

neg: Yukon Quest than Nadeau's over short stretches, but Lee had to rest more often. Nadeau had a head start out of the final checkpoint, but Lee was able to overtake him. The Yukon Quest encourages participants' self-sufficiency, and one of its objectives is "[to] encourage and facilitate knowledge and application of the widest variety of bush skills and practices that form the foundation of Arctic survival." On the trail, racers may not accept outside assistance and are limited in the changes they may make to their teams and sled. There are 10 checkpoints and four additional locations where sick or injured dogs

neg: White Pass and Yukon Route the interior of the Yukon, supplanting the Chilkoot Trail and other routes. The route continued operation until 1982, and in 1988 was partially revived as a heritage railway. In 2018, it was announced that the railway would be bought by Carnival Cruise Lines for $290 million (USD). The purchase is to be finalized at the end of July. Today, the railroad is a subsidiary of Clublink and operated by the Pacific and Arctic Railway and Navigation Company (in Alaska), the British Columbia Yukon Railway Company (in British Columbia) and the British Yukon Railway Company, originally known as the British Yukon

neg: Geography of Yukon a previous Yukon New Democratic Party government) and has indicated its intention of not creating additional protected areas or parks. The Gwichʼin people of Old Crow are dependent on the Porcupine caribou herd for food and clothing, as are others in the Yukon. The Porcupine caribou herd migrates to the coastal plain in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska to give birth. That herd may be seriously threatened by oil-drilling in the ANWR. Geography of Yukon Yukon is in the northwestern corner of Canada and is bordered by Alaska and the Northwest Territories. The sparsely populated territory abounds

neg: Indigenous peoples of Yukon twelve percent were fluent in the language of their nation. Fourteen First Nations represented eight language groups. In 1991, an ongoing program for preservation of these languages was begun in "Voices of the Talking Circle", the proceedings of the Yukon Aboriginal Language Services which emphasised that the people are the proper stewards of their languages and maintaining a critical mass of fluent speakers is essential. This is a list of the fourteen First Nations of indigenous people of Yukon. Indigenous peoples of Yukon The indigenous peoples of Yukon were the sole inhabitants of the Arctic coastal territories prior to arrival

neg: Clarence River (Alaska–Yukon) Clarence in honor of Lord High Admiral Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews. Clarence Lagoon is the northwestern-most point of the Yukon Territory, and also of continental Canada. Clarence River (Alaska–Yukon) Clarence River is a long river that flows through Yukon, Canada and the U.S. state of Alaska into the Beaufort Sea. The Clarence River rises southwest of Mount Paige in Yukon, Canada, and flows northwest and northeast, crossing the border several times into the North Slope Borough of Alaska. It empties into Clarence Lagoon and finally the Beaufort Sea in the Arctic Ocean. The river was surveyed

neg: Yvon of the Yukon boat rams an iceberg. Yvon is cryogenically frozen in a block of ice for 300 years, until a sled dog owned by Inuk teenager Tommy Tukyuk, urinates on it and thaws him out. He settles in the town of Upyermukluk, Yukon ("the hottest cold town in the Arctic, midway between Shivermetimbers and Frostbottom Falls") and attempts to adjust to life in the Yukon alongside his unusual new neighbours. Yvon of the Yukon Yvon of the Yukon is a Canadian animated television series developed by Studio B Productions and Corus Entertainment in association with Alliance Atlantis Communications. It was produced with

neg: History of the National Park Service of Denali National Park, Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Gates Of The Arctic National Park and Preserve, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Kobuk Valley National Park, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Kenai Fjords National Park, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Cape Krusenstern National Monument, Admiralty Island National Monument, Misty Fjords National Monument, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, Noatak National Preserve, Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, and made significant changes to the notable Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. President Ronald Reagan

neg: Yukon Flats is protected under the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge. The Yukon Flats straddle the Arctic Circle and have an extremely variable climate. Temperatures of 95 F (35 °C) are not uncommon in summer, while winter temperatures have been known to drop to -70 F (-57 °C). Several thousand Alaska Natives and others live in the Yukon Flats area. Though most of the region's people are concentrated in the villages of Fort Yukon, Venetie, Beaver, Stevens Village, Chalkyitsik, and smaller settlements, numerous hunting cabins and seasonal settlements also dot the region. The region also contains a large deposit of crude oil

neg: Arctic Inspiration Prize Arctic Inspiration Prize The Arctic Inspiration Prize is a $1 million CAD annual Canadian prize awarded to up to five diverse teams who have made a substantial, demonstrated and distinguished contribution to the gathering of Arctic knowledge and who have provided a concrete plan and commitment to implement their knowledge into real world application for the benefit of the Canadian Arctic and its Peoples. The Arctic Inspiration Prize defines the Canadian Arctic as the region including the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Nunavut, Nunavik and Nunatsiavut. The Arctic Inspiration Prize, also known as the Nobel Prize of

neg: Arctic Inspiration Prize of art from a Canadian Arctic artist alongside the Prize. The Awards Ceremony also features musical performances by Northern artists. Arctic Inspiration Prize The Arctic Inspiration Prize is a $1 million CAD annual Canadian prize awarded to up to five diverse teams who have made a substantial, demonstrated and distinguished contribution to the gathering of Arctic knowledge and who have provided a concrete plan and commitment to implement their knowledge into real world application for the benefit of the Canadian Arctic and its Peoples. The Arctic Inspiration Prize defines the Canadian Arctic as the region including the Yukon, the Northwest

neg: Yukon Northwest Territories are the Liard River in the southeast and the Peel River and its tributaries in the northeast. Notable widespread tree species within Yukon are the black spruce and white spruce. Many trees are stunted because of the short growing season and severe climate. The capital, Whitehorse, is also the largest city, with about three-quarters of the population; the second largest is Dawson City (pop. 2,016), which was the capital until 1952. While the average winter temperature in the Yukon is mild by Canadian arctic standards, no other place in North America gets as cold as the Yukon during

neg: Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples Secretariat and to foster a greater understanding of the common heritage of all Athabaskan peoples of Arctic North America.The founding members of AAC include four Alaskan Athabaskan communities (Chickaloon Village Traditional Council, Healy Lake Traditional Council (Mendas Cha~Ag), Steven Village Tribal Government, Council, Northway Tribal Council)-and three Athabaskan representative bodies on the Canadian side-the Council of Yukon First Nations, representing eleven Yukon First Nations, the Dene Nation, representing 30 First Nations in the Northwest Territories and northern Manitoba, and Métis Nation-Northwest Territories, representing 13 communities in the Northwest Territories. In total, Arctic Athabaskan founding member governments represent approximately 32,000 indigenous peoples

neg: Circle, Alaska Circle, Alaska Circle (also called Circle City, "Danzhit Khaiinląįį" in Gwich'in) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 104, up from 100 in 2000. Circle is northeast of Fairbanks at the end of the Steese Highway. Circle was named by miners in the late 19th century who believed that the town was on the Arctic Circle, but the Arctic Circle is about north of Circle. Every February, Circle City hosts a checkpoint for the long-distance Yukon Quest sled dog race. Many of the events in John McPhee's non-fiction

neg: Forty Mile, Yukon fall river-crossing points of the Fortymile caribou herd. Hunters would intercept the herd here as it crossed the Yukon River. In spring and summer, it was the site of an important Arctic grayling and salmon fishery. Although this was not the location of the first encounter between local First Nations people and non-natives, it is the place where Hän-speaking people had their first extended interactions with European culture. In 1886 Jack McQuesten, Alfred Mayo and Arthur Harper of the Alaska Commercial Company (ACCo) established a post here, after gold was discovered on the Fortymile River. Most of the miners who

neg: North-Western Territory created Northwest Territories. In 1880, the British Arctic Territories were claimed by Canada and later formed the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. In 1898 the Yukon Territory was formed when the areas west of the Mackenzie Mountains were removed from the Northwest Territories during the Klondike Gold Rush, again as with the Stickeen Territory to prevent efforts at American takeover and also to enable easier governance. North-Western Territory The North-Western Territory was a region of British North America until 1870. Named for where it lay in relation to Rupert's Land, the territory at its greatest extent covered what is now Yukon,

neg: Beaver Creek (Yukon River tributary) pike and Arctic grayling along Beaver Creek can be "outstanding", according to "Alaska Fishing". The larger pike frequent the lower reaches of the creek as well as sloughs, ponds, and oxbow lakes in the Yukon Flats. Grayling prefer the headwaters. Beaver Creek (Yukon River tributary) Beaver Creek is a tributary of the Yukon River in the U.S. state of Alaska. The creek begins at the confluence of Champion and Bear creeks in the White Mountains National Recreation Area, about north of Fairbanks. From there it flows west around the southern end of the White Mountains, then northeast into the Yukon

neg: Sam Johnston (Yukon politician) legislative speaker in Canada. In the 1992 election, Johnston was defeated by independent Willard Phelps in the redistributed riding of Ross River-Southern Lakes. He served as chancellor for Yukon College from 2004 to 2008. Johnston also competed in archery at the North American Indigenous Games and was a coach at the North American Indigenous Games and the Arctic Winter Games. He was inducted into the Sport Yukon Hall of Fame in 2003. Sam Johnston (Yukon politician) Samuel Timothy "Sam" Johnston (born November 20, 1935) is a former political figure in the Canadian territory of Yukon. He served as chief of

neg: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and July to give birth and raise their young. Migratory birds and insects flourish here during the brief Arctic summer. Tens of thousands of snow geese stop here during September to feed before migrating south, and muskoxen live here year-round. South of the coastal plain, the mountains of the eastern Brooks Range rise to over 9000 feet (3,000 m). This northernmost extension of the Rocky Mountains marks the continental divide, with north-flowing rivers emptying into the Arctic Ocean and south-flowing rivers joining the great Yukon River. The rugged mountains of the Brooks Range are incised by deep river valleys creating

neg: Osmia inermis plants used by the bee there included "Lotus corniculatus", "Ajuga reptans" and "Vaccinium myrtillus" Otherwise the species has a Arctic-alpine distribution, being found at low altitudes north of the Arctic Circle and in more montane locations further south. The chrysidid wasp "Chrysura hirsuta" is known to have been reared from Scottish nests of "Osmia inermis". After hatching the larva of the parasitoid attacks the bee larva when it has spun its tough cocoon. When mature the "C. hirsuta" larva spins its own cocoon inside the bee larva's cocoon. "C. hirsuta" seems to have an obligate, minimum, two-year life cycle which

neg: Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge The Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge is a United States National Wildlife Refuge covering about in southwestern Alaska. It is the second-largest National Wildlife Refuge in the country, only slightly smaller than the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. It is a coastal plain extending to the Bering Sea, covering the delta created by the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers. The delta includes extensive wetlands near sea level that are often inundated by Bering Sea tides. It is bordered on the east by Wood-Tikchik State Park, the largest state park in the United States. The refuge is administered

neg: History of Yukon Selkirk was abandoned and not reestablished until 1889. Anglican and Roman Catholic missionaries followed in the wake of the fur trade. Of note is William Carpenter Bompas who became the first Anglican bishop of the Yukon. Catholic missionaries were mainly from the order of Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, who still retain a presence in the Yukon today. In 1859, Robert Kennicott set off on an expedition to collect natural history specimens in what is now the Mackenzie River and Yukon River valleys and in the Arctic tundra beyond. Kenicott became popular with Hudson's Bay Company fur traders in the

neg: Canadian Arctic tundra Canadian Arctic tundra The Canadian Arctic tundra is a biogeographic designation for Northern Canada's terrain generally lying north of the tree line or boreal forest, that corresponds with the Scandinavian Alpine tundra to the east and the Siberian Arctic tundra to the west inside the circumpolar tundra belt of the Northern Hemisphere. Canada's northern territories encompass a total area of , 26% of the country's landmass that includes the Arctic coastal tundra, the Arctic Lowlands and the Innuitian Region in the High Arctic. Tundra terrain accounts for approximately in Yukon, the Northwest Territories, in Nunavut, north-eastern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern

neg: Inuvialuit Settlement Region Inuvialuit Settlement Region The Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR), located in Canada’s western Arctic, was designated in 1984 in the Inuvialuit Final Agreement by the Government of Canada for the Inuvialuit people. It spans of land, mostly above the tree line, and includes several subregions: the Beaufort Sea, the Mackenzie River delta, the northern portion of Yukon ("Yukon North Slope"), the northwest portion of Northwest Territories, and the western Canadian Arctic Islands. The ISR includes both Crown Lands and Inuvialuit Private Lands. The ISR is one of the four Inuit regions of Canada, collectively known as Inuit Nunangat, represented by the

neg: Arctic policy of Canada natural and human components: Using these components, he calculated regional values whereby he subdivided Canada into Near North, Middle North, Far North and Extreme North. A large part of Canada is in the Arctic region. Administratively this is split between the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon. About 107,000 Canadians live in the Arctic. This compares with the other countries' Arctic regions as follows: Note: The statistic given for Iceland refers to its entire population. However Iceland is almost entirely sub-Arctic, as are the Faroe Islands. The Inuit are Aboriginal peoples originating in the Canadian Arctic and other polar nations. The

neg: Arctic ground squirrel "secure" (Environment Yukon 2013). The Arctic ground squirrel is classified as least concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (Arkive 2013). Arctic ground squirrel The Arctic ground squirrel ("Urocitellus parryii") is a species of ground squirrel native to the Arctic. People in Alaska, particularly around the Aleutians, refer to them as "parka" (pronounced "par'kee") squirrels, most likely because their pelt is good for the ruff on parkas and for clothing. Subspecies listed alphabetically. The Arctic ground squirrel has a beige and tan coat with a white-spotted back. This squirrel has a short face, small ears, a dark tail and white

neg: Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge eastern tundra areas during the fall and winter. Walruses, seals, and porpoises can be found in the waters as well as beluga, gray, and minke whales. Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge The Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge is a United States National Wildlife Refuge covering about in southwestern Alaska. It is the second-largest National Wildlife Refuge in the country, only slightly smaller than the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. It is a coastal plain extending to the Bering Sea, covering the delta created by the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers. The delta includes extensive wetlands near sea level that are often inundated

neg: Arctic foothills tundra which can disrupt migratory behaviour of some wildlife. The east end of the ecoregion is part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Arctic foothills tundra The Arctic foothills tundra is an ecoregion of the far north of North America, lying inland from the north coast of Alaska. This is permafrost tundra with an average annual temperature below freezing. This is a hilly area that lies between the boggier Arctic coastal tundra to the north and the Brooks Range to the south, and stretching from the Chukchi Sea east across northern Alaska to the border with Canada's Yukon Territory. The Noatak