query: who founded the indian reform association in 1870

pos: Indian Reform Association Indian Reform Association The Indian Reform Association was formed on 29 October 1870 with Keshub Chunder Sen as president. It represented the secular side of the Brahmo Samaj and included many who did not belong to the Brahmo Samaj. The objective was to put into practice some of the ideas Sen was exposed to during his visit to Great Britain. David Kopf says that Sen was enthusiastic about the Unitarian social gospel, which he observed first hand during his trip abroad. He seemed convinced that the reform efforts he witnessed in Britain could be duplicated in India. The Indian Reform

pos: Indian Reform Association Indian Reform Association The Indian Reform Association was formed on 29 October 1870 with Keshub Chunder Sen as president. It represented the secular side of the Brahmo Samaj and included many who did not belong to the Brahmo Samaj. The objective was to put into practice some of the ideas Sen was exposed to during his visit to Great Britain. David Kopf says that Sen was enthusiastic about the Unitarian social gospel, which he observed first hand during his trip abroad. He seemed convinced that the reform efforts he witnessed in Britain could be duplicated in India. The Indian Reform

pos: Indian Reform Association ‘’Mad na garal’’(Wine or Poison) under the editorial management of Sivanath Sastri. After the collapse of the Indian Reform Association, Sen had formed an organisation of youth called Band of Hope. The social activities of this group under Vijay Krishna Goswami, won universal admiration. They started off with medical assistance to those suffering from epidemic malaria. Indian Reform Association The Indian Reform Association was formed on 29 October 1870 with Keshub Chunder Sen as president. It represented the secular side of the Brahmo Samaj and included many who did not belong to the Brahmo Samaj. The objective was to put

pos: Sulabh Samachar Sulabh Samachar Sulabh Samachar (, "Sulov Somachar") was a Bengali weekly, published from Kolkata, a pioneering journalistic venture in 19th century Bengal. Keshub Chunder Sen established the Indian Reform Association on returning from England in 1870. One of the things that impressed him was the immense power of the press, particularly the daily newspaper in England. The objective of the Cheap Literature section of the Association was to disseminate useful and scientific information amongst the masses by the publication of cheap and useful tracts. "Sulabh Samachar" was started on 16 November 1870. It was priced one pice (the smallest unit

pos: Sulabh Samachar the zamindari system and exploitation by the zamindars, abuses of the British administration, importance of science and scientific explanations in elementary form, diseases of the human body and their remedies, and prices of commodities, apart from general news from urban and rural areas. Sulabh Samachar Sulabh Samachar (, "Sulov Somachar") was a Bengali weekly, published from Kolkata, a pioneering journalistic venture in 19th century Bengal. Keshub Chunder Sen established the Indian Reform Association on returning from England in 1870. One of the things that impressed him was the immense power of the press, particularly the daily newspaper in England. The

pos: Indian National Association by nationalist Adi Dharma faction of Baboo Hemendranath Tagore was approved to voice the concerns of educated Indians to the British authorities on issues of discrimination, participation of Indians in the Indian Civil Service, and the political empowerment and representation of Indians. This resulted in a split, whereby Freemason Crown loyalists formed a breakaway association called the Indian Reform Association under Keshub Chunder Sen to "uplift the common people but only give them political representation when they are ready for it". In 1871 a branch was established by Adi Dharm faction in Oudh (modern Lucknow) by Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee for demanding

neg: American Indian Defense Association American Indian Defense Association The American Indian Defense Association (AIDA) was an organization founded in 1923 by social worker John Collier, that fought to protect religious freedom and tribal property for Native Americans in the United States. In the 1920s Antonio Luhan a member of the Taos Pueblo showed John Collier the poor living conditions in American Indian communities. In response to what he saw, Collier founded the American Indian Defense Association. For the next decade Collier headed Indian reform efforts, and in 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Collier as the new commissioner of Indian Affairs. Almost immediately Collier

neg: Indian Reform Association Association was formed to promote "the social and moral reformation of the natives of India." The comprehensive objective of the Association was to be served through five departments of activity – cheap literature, female improvement, education, temperance, and charity. The object of cheap literature was to disseminate useful scientific information amongst the masses through cheap journals and the publication of cheap and useful tracts. On 16 November 1870, the Indian Reforms Association started publishing a weekly newspaper, "Sulava Samachar" in Bengali, priced only one pice. It was the first of its kind in India in the line of journalistic venture.

neg: Julia Ward Howe co-leader with Lucy Stone of the American Woman Suffrage Association. Then, in 1870, she became president of the New England Women's Club. After her husband's death in 1876, she focused more on her interests in reform. She was the founder and from 1876 to 1897 president of the Association of American Women, which advocated for women's education. She also served as president of organizations like the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association and the New England Suffrage Association. In 1872 she became the editor of "Woman's Journal", a widely-read suffragist magazine founded in 1870 by Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell. She

neg: North American Indian Women's Association North American Indian Women's Association The North American Indian Women's Association is a non-profit educational and service association, which seeks to promote intertribal-communications, betterment of home, family life and community, betterment of health and education, awareness of Indian cultures, and fellowship among North American Indian people. NAIWA was founded in the summer of 1970 and was the first national Native American women's group. Marie Cox (Comanche), from Midwest City, Oklahoma served as founding president at the inaugural meeting, which was held in Fort Collins, Colorado. During the 1970s adoption reform was one of its greatest concerns. Cox's presidency was followed

neg: Sebastian Evans one illustrating the Robin Hood legend for the International Exhibition of 1862. While working for the Indian Reform Association, Evans had met John Bright, and at Birmingham he made the acquaintance of Joseph Chamberlain, who became a friend. In 1867 Evans left the glassworks to become editor of the "Birmingham Daily Gazette", a conservative newspaper. In 1868 he unsuccessfully contested Birmingham in the conservative interest in the general election and also helped to form the National Union of Conservative Associations. In the same year he took the degree of LL.D. at Cambridge. In 1870 Evans left the "Gazette" to pursue

neg: 1870 South Carolina gubernatorial election general election was held on October 10, 1870 and Robert Kingston Scott was reelected as governor of South Carolina. Turnout for the election was high as Radical Republicans sought to discourage any future attempts of an organized opposition by show of force at the polls. The devastating defeat suffered by the Union Reform Party led to its demise and it never again functioned as a political party. Moreover, the white men who had participated in the Union Reform effort felt that they had disrespected their honor through the association of blacks as their political equal. 1870 South Carolina gubernatorial election

neg: American Correctional Association American Correctional Association The American Correctional Association (ACA; called the National Prison Association before 1954) is a private, non-profit, non-governmental trade association and accrediting body for the corrections industry, the oldest and largest such association in the world. The organization was founded in 1870 and has a significant place in the history of prison reform in the U.S. ACA accredits over 900 prisons, jails, community residential centers (halfway houses) and various other corrections facilities in the U.S. and internationally, using their independently published standards manuals. Approximately 80 percent of all U.S. state departments of corrections and youth services are active

neg: Howard Crosby (minister) politics. He urged to excise reform and opposed total abstinence. He was one of the founders and the first president of the New York Society for the Prevention of Crime, and pleaded for better management of Indian affairs and international copyright. Among his publications are "The Lands of the Moslem" (1851), Bible Companion (1870), Jesus: His Life and Works (1871), True Temperance Reform (1879), True Humanity of Christ (1880), and commentaries on the book of Joshua (1875), Nehemiah (1877) and the New Testament (1885). He was also president of the American Philological Association and in 1871 gave a presidential address,

neg: Indian National Association Prasanna Kumar Tagore in 1838. and the Adi Brahmo Sabha founded in 1866. In 1851 it took shape as the British Indian Association with Debendranath Tagore as its Honorary Secretary. In 1857 the Association supported the East India Company in the Sepoy Mutiny, calling for stern punishment for the rebels. In 1866 Pandit Navin Chandra Roy was appointed Secretary of the Association, a post which he held for 4 years, before he finally moved to Lahore in the course of his employment. Ramanath Tagore was the President from 1867 to 1877. After a stormy meeting in 1870 a resolution moved

neg: International Arbitration League International Arbitration League The International Arbitration League was a society of pacifists run by working class men. It was initially founded out of the British Workmen’s Peace Committee, by the Nobel Peace Prize winner Sir William Randal Cremer and fellows from the recently dissolved Reform League. In 1870 it became known as the Workmen's Peace Association, only later becoming the International Arbitration League. The organisation was run by men from working-class labouring backgrounds who were against increases in military spending or intervention in continental wars. It promoted a "high court of nations" and the development of international law. It was

neg: City College of Commerce and Business Administration Brahmo Samaj and the Brahmo Samaj of India. A number of radical and far-reaching social reforms like female education and total eradication of class distinctions led to the formation of the Indian Reform Association in 1870 and the enactment of the Indian Marriage Act, initially drafted as Brahmo Marriage Act, in 1872, which validated inter-caste marriage. Again, Keshab’s reverence towards all faiths allowed him to achieve a rich synthesis of all religions, which he proclaimed under the title of ‘New Dispensation’ (Navavidhan) on 25 January 1880. In spite of all such developments, a second schism took place in the Samaj

neg: Temple Israel (Columbus, Ohio) Temple Israel (Columbus, Ohio) Temple Israel is the oldest synagogue in Columbus, Ohio, and a founding member of the Union for Reform Judaism. Formed as early as 1846 as the Orthodox Bene Jeshurun congregation, its first religious leader was Simon Lazarus, a clothing merchant who founded what would become Lazarus department stores. Differences between traditionalists and reformers led to a split in 1868, and re-merger in 1870, as the Reform "B'nai Israel" (later Temple Israel). To accommodate growth, the congregation constructed buildings in 1870 and 1903–1904. Jerome Folkman started his tenure as the synagogue's longest-serving rabbi in 1947, and the

neg: Indian Reform League 1925. It had a women's wing known as the "Stri Sewa Sabha" (Women's Service League), founded in 1934, which carried out social work amongst Fiji Indian women. The League encouraged participation in sports, including in cricket, football, hockey and lawn tennis. In December 1927, it organised a schools football competition at Albert Park. Buoyed by the success of this tournament, the League met on 22 January 1928 and formed a Football Association committee which organised the first competition was on 26 May 1928 at the Marist Brothers High School ground. In 1936, the association was renamed, the Suva Football Association,

neg: Amalgamated Association of Miners Amalgamated Association of Miners The Amalgamated Association of Miners (AAM) was formed in 1869 in Lancashire, at a time of increasing industrial conflict in the British coalfields. The union was founded by Thomas Halliday and William Pickard, two miners' union agents who had grown disillusioned with the cautious approach of the Miners' National Union (MNU) of Alexander Macdonald. In contrast, they placed an emphasis on being a centralised union, offering systematic support for local strikes. Founded on 23 August 1869, Halliday served as its president, and he called a national conference for January 1870. The 1870 conference attracted delegates from

neg: Land Tenure Reform Association promote further reform and change. Besides modifications to land law, they proposed also to encourage co-operative agriculture and smallholders. Following a launch of a programme by Mill in July 1870, and organisational work in which Thomas Hare and Jacob Bright were involved, the Association held its first public meeting in 1871. A key plank of the Association's programme was taxation of the unearned increment. Mill's advocacy of this measure presaged more radical proposals of the 1880s. His views influenced Arthur Arnold, president of the Free Land League in 1885. In July 1870 "The Economist" argued that the LTRA's emphasis on

neg: Assembly of First Nations examples. Other groups formed to enter into Treaties with colonial governments. The Grand Indian Council of Ontario and Quebec was established in 1870 composed primarily of Ojibway and Iroquois. In 1915, the Allied Tribes of B.C. was formed by Peter Kelly and Andrew Paull to seek treaties and adequate-size reserves. After the First World War, the League of Indians in Canada was founded by a Mohawk veteran, Fred Ogilvie Loft (1862-1934). It became the antecedent of the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations and Indian Association of Alberta. In 1926, the Indian Defense League of America was formed by Chief Clinton

neg: Union Reform Party of South Carolina Union Reform Party of South Carolina The Union Reform Party of South Carolina was a political party of South Carolina during Reconstruction. Originally called the Citizen's Party, it was founded by reform-minded Republicans in the spring of 1870 to oppose the reelection of Governor Robert Kingston Scott. At the time, the electorate of South Carolina was predominantly composed of recently freed slaves who were unwilling to cast a vote for the Democratic Party. The white conservatives of the state recognized that the Democratic Party was a hopeless vehicle for power and instead sought to unite with the bolting Republicans. Not

neg: Kali Charan Banerjee imposed by the Colonial British Raj in Calcutta. He strongly advocated for and defended the Indian Christian nationality in 1870. At the age of 25, he started a newspaper called "The Bengal Christian Herald", later changed its name to "The Indian Christian Herald". In his own words as reported in "The Bengal Christian Herald": He was one of the active member of "Bengal Christian Association", the first Christian organisation for promotion of Christian Truth and Godliness, founded in 1876 by a group of Christians in Calcutta with an intention of creating a national and independent Indian church. Krishna Mohun Banerjee

neg: Weyanoke, Virginia railroad investments by Henry Morrison Flagler, who in 1870 founded Standard Oil Co. with John D. Rockefeller. Lewis' fortune was estimated at $120 million in the July 1993 issue of Virginia Business magazine. The Weyanoke Association was formed in Charles City County in 1996 to help mixed-race black and Indian individuals research, understand and celebrate their joint heritages. Ref: Hereward Records & he JJaily Press New Dominion, Ne t'apers, pg, 407; Tyler's Quarterly, Vol. 16, pg.-; William • Mary College Quarterly, Vol. 10, pg, 29). Weyanoke, Virginia Weyanoke is an unincorporated community in Charles City County, Virginia, United States. In

neg: Indian Reform Association womanly virtues and accomplishments. "Bamabodhini Patrika" meant for women had been established earlier in 1864. The women of the normal school started the Bamahitaishiny Sabha (Society for the welfare of women.) for mutual improvement and discussions of matters of common interest. Once the Sabha started, its proceedings were reflected in "Bamabodhini Patrika". In the course of time the school was replaced by the Victoria Institution. The third section dealing with education undertook to educate the labouring classes, and to instruct the middle classes in industrial arts. The Working Men’s Institution and the Industrial School were opened on 28 November 1870.

neg: Indian National Association Indian elected representation in legislatures. The Reform Association faction on July 26, 1876 established a "Bharat Sabha" with Bengali leaders like Surendranath Banerjee, Sivanath Sastri, Ananda Mohan Bose etc. and held its first annual conference in Calcutta. Initially under Sen it was pro-Crown. However, after the 2nd Brahmo Schism of 1878, the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj regrouped with Adi Brahmo Samaj to promote nationalism and freedom from British rule. From 1880 till 1890 a bitter battle for control of the Reform Association ensued between the pro-Sen and anti-Sen factions. After the death of Sen in 1884 the Reform Association also passed

neg: Louise Samuel Louise Samuel Dame Louise Victoria Samuel, (née Steibel; 1870 – 13 October 1925), sometimes called Louise Gilbert Samuel, was an English suffragist and charity worker. The daughter of Isaac Steibel, she married, in 1889, Gilbert Ellis Samuel, son of Edwin Samuel and brother of Sir Stuart Samuel and Herbert Samuel, Viscount Samuel. From its foundation in 1908 until its dissolution in 1918, she served as honorary secretary of the Conservative Women's Franchise Association, a non-militant women's suffrage movement. In 1919, she was elected to Chelsea Borough Council for the Municipal Reform Party. In August 1914, she co-founded the War Refugees'

neg: Indian Reform League which was one of the original Associations that formed the Fiji Indian Football Association. The Indian Reform League, with its Indian Christian power base came into conflict with another group of organised Indians, the Arya Samajis. Vishnu Deo accused the League of encouraging Indians to give up their culture and adopt European customs. Supporters of the League sued the pro-Arya Samaj newspaper, the Fiji Samachar, for libel but suit was withdrawn when its publisher Ram Singh apologised. Indian Reform League The Indian Reform League was formed in Fiji in 1924, following the refusal of the Suva Y.M.C.A. to admit Indians.

neg: Rewa F.C. Reform League for the Vriddhi Cup. The other two teams were from Suva. Dilkusha won the trophy and repeated its success in 1929 and 1930. Having won the trophy three times in a row, Dilkusha was allowed to permanently keep the trophy and the competition came to end. From 1931 to 1936, Rewa United Football Club took part in the Fletcher Challenge Cup organised by the Indian Reform League of Suva. In 1937, the Rewa Indian Football Association was formed. The Rewa Association was one of the founding members of the Fiji Indian Football Association in 1938, which in 1961

neg: Land Tenure Reform Association Land Tenure Reform Association The Land Tenure Reform Association (LTRA) was a British pressure group for land reform, founded by John Stuart Mill in 1868. The Association opposed primogeniture, and sought legal changes on entails. Its programme fell short of the nationalisation of land demanded by the contemporary Land and Labour League. The context of the formation of the Association was the aftermath of the Reform Act 1867. While the franchise had been extended, the Reform League that had pushed for the extension then collapsed as a political force. In parallel, Mill and Edmond Beales set up the Association to

neg: Jean-Baptiste André Godin where there were storage areas for the families. Godin developed the Familistère over 20 years, beginning soon after the 1848 Revolution and disruption in France. Through it all he worked for social reform. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, he helped defend the country. In 1871 Godin was elected deputy for Aisne, but retired in 1876 to devote himself to the management of the Familistère. In 1878 he founded the journal "Le Devoir" (Labor). In 1880 Godin created the association documents for the Familistère, converting it as he had long intended into a co-operative society, eventually to be owned by

neg: Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association The Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association (MWSA) was an American organization devoted to women's suffrage in Massachusetts. It was active from 1870 to 1919. The MWSA was founded in 1870 by suffrage activists Julia Ward Howe, Lucy Stone, Henry Browne Blackwell, and others. It was affiliated initially with the national American Woman Suffrage Association, which had been founded the previous year, and later became a chapter of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). One of its own affiliates was the Cambridge Political Equality Association. The MWSA lobbied for women to get the vote and the right

neg: Association of Reform Zionists of America Association of Reform Zionists of America The Association of Reform Zionists of America is the Zionist organization of the Reform movement in the United States. It was founded in 1978. ARZA was founded in 1978 after a resolution at the 1977 UAHC 54th General Assembly biennial convention. ARZA is a member of the American Zionist Movement and, by extension, is part of the World Zionist Organization. In 2015, ARZA sent 56 delegates to the 37th World Zionist Congress after winning 40% of the US vote held by AZM. This was the single largest faction of the US delegation. Between the

neg: Association of Reform Zionists of America previous AZM WZC election in 2006 and the 2015 election, ARZA sent 56 delegates to the 2006 35th WZC and to the 2010 36th WZC. Lay leadership "Current Chairman": Rabbi Bennett Miller (2012-present) "Former Presidents" Staff leadership "Current President": Rabbi Joshua Weinberg (2013-present) "Former Executive Directors" Association of Reform Zionists of America The Association of Reform Zionists of America is the Zionist organization of the Reform movement in the United States. It was founded in 1978. ARZA was founded in 1978 after a resolution at the 1977 UAHC 54th General Assembly biennial convention. ARZA is a member of the American

neg: National Indian Association National Indian Association The National Indian Association was formed in Bristol by Mary Carpenter. The London branch was formed the following year. After the death of Mary Carpenter, Elizabeth Adelaide Manning (E. A. Manning) became secretary and the organisation moved to London where its activities became synonymous with Manning. The "National Indian Association in Aid of Social Progress in India" was formed by Mary Carpenter in 1870 in Bristol. Its first objective was to improve education for Indian women. Carpenter had visited India in 1866 and she had written about her six months there. She was particularly concerned by the

neg: Isaac Hopper the American Anti-Slavery Society in New York. In 1845 he gave up his offices with the Anti-Slavery Society, and devoted the rest of his life to the Prison Association of New York, which sought reform in prisons and the justice system. His married daughter, Abigail Hopper Gibbons, by then also in New York, founded the Women's Prison Association, to work for prison reform. She also founded an asylum for women prisoners who had been released, to help with their re-entry to society, which she named for her father as the "Isaac T. Hopper Home." Hopper frequently visited the state capital

neg: National Indian Association had merged with the East India Association after India left the British Empire and it eventually became part of the Royal Society for India, Pakistan and Ceylon. National Indian Association The National Indian Association was formed in Bristol by Mary Carpenter. The London branch was formed the following year. After the death of Mary Carpenter, Elizabeth Adelaide Manning (E. A. Manning) became secretary and the organisation moved to London where its activities became synonymous with Manning. The "National Indian Association in Aid of Social Progress in India" was formed by Mary Carpenter in 1870 in Bristol. Its first objective was

neg: Ma Man-fai Festival. He was also a founder of various civic organisations including the Sino-British Club of Hong Kong, Hong Kong City Hall Committee, Hong Kong Music Association and Hong Kong Caritas Career Association. He served as an interpreter for Governor Alexander Grantham. In January 1949, he co-founded the Reform Club of Hong Kong with other expatriates to push for constitutional reform as initiated by the Young Plan and the Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association with a Chinese-oriented membership. In 1953, he founded the United Nations Association of Hong Kong (UNAHK) to promoted the United Nations values to Hong Kong residents, especially

neg: Howard League for Penal Reform contracts in order to perform its work with young people in custody. The Howard League's Chief Executive is Frances Crook, who joined the charity as Director in 1986. The Howard League Centre for Penal Reform, the charity's headquarters since 2000, was officially opened by Betty Boothroyd in November 2001. The Centre is located in north London. In 1921, the Howard Association merged with the Penal Reform League to become the Howard League for Penal Reform. The Penal Reform League had been founded in 1907 with Arthur St John as Secretary. The new organisation was led by Margery Fry, who had

neg: Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam in a mosque known as "Masjid Bakan" inside Mochi Gate, Lahore, by Khalifa Qazi Hameed-ud-Din. It was one of the positive effects of the Aligarh Movement, founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. The association is composed of Muslim intellectuals and politicians seeking to reform Muslim society and work on its development. Some of its most prominent members included the famous poet Sir Muhammad Iqbal, who recited his first poems at the sessions of the Anjuman. Its purpose is the educational uplift of Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. In addition to numerous other charitable services, the Anjuman runs: Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam The

neg: Johan Augustinussen and teacher, and sat in parliament from 1833 until his death in 1870. Augustinussen became one of Ueland's faithful friends in parliament, and from the beginning he was considered to be a supporter of the farmer's alliance. Anton Christian Bang wrote in 1909 that "[Augustinussen's] party comrades among the Uelandian farmer opposition considered him to be among their most prudent and trusted men." With Johan Sverdrup and the Reform Association in 1859, and not to mention Søren Jaabæk's Farmer's Friends Association from 1865, radicalization grew. To begin with they had support from Ueland and Augustinussen. Halvdan Koht mentions three who

neg: Indian Pharmacist Association Indian Pharmacist Association The Indian Pharmacist Association (IPA) is the professional body for pharmacists of India. Members include hospital pharmacists, manufacturing pharmacists, teachers and clinical pharmacists. Founded in 2011, the association is a member of the Global Health Workforce Alliance (WHO). The IPA is emerging as one of the largest organizations of pharmacists in India. The main objective of IPA is proper placement of pharmacists to play a role in the health care sector in India. Indian Pharmacist Association (IPA) recently organised a national conference on Indian pharmacists at Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences in Delhi. The theme for

neg: Fiji Indian organisations D. Patel and Vishnu Deo was its secretary. The Association made representations to England and India opposing the proposal for a purely nominated system of choosing members to the Legislative Council. In 1935, the Association protested to restrictions to Indian immigration to Fiji. The Indian Reform League was formed in Fiji in 1924, following the refusal of the Suva Y.M.C.A. to admit Indians. Its founder was A.W. McMillan of the New Zealand Y.M.C.A and educated Indians and Government clerks and interpreters. Its aim was to carry out social work and apply pressure for social reform, like changes to marriage laws.

neg: Congo Reform Association Congo Reform Association The Congo Reform Association was a movement formed with the declared intention to aid the exploited and impoverished workforce of the Congo by drawing attention to their plight. The association was founded in March, 1904, by Dr. Henry Grattan Guinness (1861–1915), Edmund Dene Morel, and Roger Casement. The Congo Reform Association exposed gross and rampant abuses of labour and by public servants in King Leopold II of Belgium's Congo Free State, leading to the annexation of Congo by Belgium in 1908. In the background, a Swedish missionary, Mr. , and Rev. J. Murphy of the American Baptist

neg: Kennedy Mong'are Okong'o Bogichora Women Football club which was later converted to Nyamira County starlets which has graduated to the National Women's league. Kennedy Mong'are served as chairman of the Kenya African Students association (KASA) during his 3rd year of Law (1997). He founded the Kenya Law Students Association-Indian Chapter and became its president. In 2002, he became the secretary General of the Kenya Republican Reform party (KRRP). In 2005, he became the organizing secretary of NARC Kenya which was headed by Charity Ngilu. Mong'are Okong'o has exercised leadership through his membership of various committees in the senate. He currently serves in the

neg: Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha to this magazine. Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha (DBJS), also known as the South Indian Jain Association, is a religious and social service organization of the Jains in India. The organization is headquartered at Sangli, Maharashtra, India. The association is credited with being one of the first Jain associations to start reform movements among the Jains in modern India. The organization mainly seeks to represent the interests of the native Jains of Maharashtra (Marathi Jains), Karnataka (Kannada Jains) and Goa. The organization was founded in 1899. It was originally found to represent the Jains of the southern

neg: Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha (DBJS), also known as the South Indian Jain Association, is a religious and social service organization of the Jains in India. The organization is headquartered at Sangli, Maharashtra, India. The association is credited with being one of the first Jain associations to start reform movements among the Jains in modern India. The organization mainly seeks to represent the interests of the native Jains of Maharashtra (Marathi Jains), Karnataka (Kannada Jains) and Goa. The organization was founded in 1899. It was originally found to represent the Jains of the southern Maratha Country of

neg: Indian Pharmacist Association the conference was ‘Challenges Today and Tomorrow.’ Different associations representing various states participated in the conference. Indian Pharmacist Association The Indian Pharmacist Association (IPA) is the professional body for pharmacists of India. Members include hospital pharmacists, manufacturing pharmacists, teachers and clinical pharmacists. Founded in 2011, the association is a member of the Global Health Workforce Alliance (WHO). The IPA is emerging as one of the largest organizations of pharmacists in India. The main objective of IPA is proper placement of pharmacists to play a role in the health care sector in India. Indian Pharmacist Association (IPA) recently organised a national

neg: Indian National Congress moderates led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new extremists who advocated agitation, and regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who tried to mobilise Hindu Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity displayed in the annual public Ganapati festivals he inaugurated in western India, was prominent among the extremists. Congress included a number of prominent political figures. Dadabhai Naoroji, a member of the sister Indian National Association, was elected president of the party in 1886 and was the first Indian Member of Parliament in the British House of

neg: Naujawan Bharat Sabha Naujawan Bharat Sabha Naujawan Bharat Sabha (NBS, sometimes spelled Nau Jawan Bharat Sabha, with the acronym NJBS) (translation: "Youth Society of India") was a left-wing Indian association that sought to foment revolution against the British Raj by gathering together worker and peasant youths. It was founded by Bhagat Singh in March 1926 and was a more public face of the Hindustan Republican Association. The NBS comprised members from the Hindu, Muslim and Sikh communities and organised lectures, public meetings and protests. It did not gain widespread support because of its radical ideas relating to religion and to agrarian reform. Attendance

neg: Blue Reform peace, reformism, effectiveness and patriotism. Blue Reform Blue Reform (Finnish: "Sininen tulevaisuus", shortened to SIN, Swedish: "Blå framtid", lit. "blue future") is a Finnish conservative political party. Blue Reform was founded by the 19 MPs who left the Finns Party on 13 June 2017 in protest against Jussi Halla-aho having been elected party leader. The new parliamentary group of these defectors was initially called "New Alternative" (, "uv;" , "na"). The party's current name was announced on 19 June. The association of this name was officially registered on 3 July 2017. The Blue Reform is chaired by Sampo Terho, the

neg: Blue Reform Blue Reform Blue Reform (Finnish: "Sininen tulevaisuus", shortened to SIN, Swedish: "Blå framtid", lit. "blue future") is a Finnish conservative political party. Blue Reform was founded by the 19 MPs who left the Finns Party on 13 June 2017 in protest against Jussi Halla-aho having been elected party leader. The new parliamentary group of these defectors was initially called "New Alternative" (, "uv;" , "na"). The party's current name was announced on 19 June. The association of this name was officially registered on 3 July 2017. The Blue Reform is chaired by Sampo Terho, the Minister for European Affairs, Culture

neg: J. R. Black of Hansard and Black declared bankruptcy, but that same year Black founded his own newspaper, the "Japan Gazette", a successful daily evening paper offering coverage of the reform movements of the Bakumatsu. He then founded "The Far East", in 1870, with a view to promoting "goodwill and brotherhood between the outer world and the subjects of the most ancient imperial dynasty of the world". The first issue appeared on 30 May 1870. "The Far East" provided articles on the history, arts, and manners and customs of Japan and was remarkable in that it was illustrated with pasted-in, original photographs, at

neg: Indian Football Association so that it looks beautiful to the tourists who would come to watch football in Kolkata to watch the 2017 Under 17 World Cup. Indian Football Association The Indian Football Association (Bengali: ভারতীয় ফুটবল এসোসিয়েশন), abbreviated as IFA, is the organization that administers association football in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the oldest Football Association in India and was founded in 1893. Among the founders was former England international Elphinstone Jackson. Contrary to the name, the association does not administer the game in India, a task that falls to the All India Football Federation (AIFF). However, before

neg: Indian Orthopaedic Association select committee was unanimously approved at the General Body meeting in 1967. This was later registered under the Indian Societies Act. At the 1986 Agra ASI conference, the IOA became independent of ASI. Sixteen regional chapters were formed. Indian Orthopaedic Association The Indian Orthopaedic Association was founded in 1955 and as on 2013 had over 9,000 members. The first surgeons who focused on orthopedic surgeries in India were Dr. R J Katrak, Dr. N S Narasimha Aiyar and Dr. S R Chandra. After World War II, Dr Mukhopadhaya and Dr. K S Grewal suggested forming an association during the annual

neg: Indian National Association Indian National Association The Indian National Association also known as Indian Association was the first avowed nationalist organization founded in British India by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876. The objectives of this Association were "promoting by every legitimate means the political , intellectual and material advancement of the people". The Association attracted educated Indians and civic leaders from all parts of the country, and became an important forum for India's aspirations for independence. It later merged with the Indian National Congress. Its origins are from the Zamindari "Sabha" (Association) founded by Dwarkanath Tagore and his illustrious cousin

neg: Indian Actors Association eleven dollars and hour. The Indian Actors Association was also able to empower Indians and spur formation of reform groups. Many Indian actors shared the belief that the best way to address the struggle of Indian actors in Hollywood was to become a part of Hollywood to set the record straight. One of these groups was National League for Justice to American Indians (NLJAI). The association created a book, Screen Land’s First Americans. The book was filled with twenty unnumbered pages of paintings and portraits of chiefly Indian actors. The book features the officers, directors and lady auxiliary of the

neg: Hisar (city) a Sessions Division in 1915. It is headed by Chief Judicial Magistrate. The district court has a bar association which was founded in 1870. Hisar elects its member to the legislative assembly for Hisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) and a member to the parliament for Hisar Lok Sabha constituency. It serves as the headquarters of 33rd Battalion of Border Security Force and 3rd Battalion of Haryana Armed Police. The 33rd Armoured Division of Indian Army is stationed at Hisar and is a part of I Corps. In 1996, Brigade of the Guards arrived here for conversion to mechanized profile and the

neg: Edward Baines (1774–1848) paid a year). Baines found that in Leeds a £10 franchise would give the vote to the middle classes but still exclude the working classes: the results of Baines' investigation were reported by Russell in parliamentary debate as showing that "the £10 qualification does not admit any person who may not safely be intrusted with the elective franchise". As the reform crisis of 1831-2 developed, Radicals (who wanted a more thorough-going reform: significantly wider suffrage, annual parliaments and the secret ballot) broke away from the Leeds reform organisation (the Leeds Association, set up by Baines and his associates) and founded

neg: Pia Opera Pastore In 1870 the Vincentian nuns, or Daughters of Charity were called to start the activity of Pia Opera Pastore; one year later they founded the Association Figlie di Maria (the Virgin Mary's Daughters), soon approved by the superior General, which adopted the Statute that was in force in Italy and continued its activity until 2000. On 29 July 1900 the Association "Dame di Carità" (that is Ladies of Charity) was founded by Sister Margherita Castets, Mother Superior of Opera Pia: it was formed by women who wanted to devote themselves to the comfort of sick people, the outcasts and the

neg: Indian Psychiatric Society Indian Psychiatric Society Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS) is the largest association of Indian Psychiatrists. It was founded in 1929 under the banner of Royal Medico Psychological Association. Its current president is Dr Ajit Bhide. The organisation holds its origins in 1929, when Berkeley Hill founded the Indian Association for Mental Hygiene. In 1935, the Indian division of the Royal Medico Psychological Association was formed due to the efforts of Banarasi Das. In 1946, Dr. Nagendra Nath De consulted Major R. B. Davis of the Hospital for Mental Disease, Kanke, Ranchi and Brigadier Thomas Arthur Munro, Advisor in Psychiatry to the

neg: Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association The Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association () is a pro-Beijing political organisation established in 1949 in Hong Kong. It was one of the three pillars of the pro-Communist leftist camp throughout most of the time in Hong Kong under colonial rule (the others two being the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions and Chinese General Chamber of Commerce). It was first founded in May 1949 by a group of Chinese professionals and intellectuals in response to the then Governor Mark Aitchison Young's plan of constitutional reform. The founding members included barristers Mok Ying-kwai and Percy

neg: American Tort Reform Association American Tort Reform Association The American Tort Reform Association (ATRA), founded in 1986, is an organization that advocates for tort reform. Its membership consists of more than 300 businesses, corporations, municipalities, associations, and professional firms. The ATRA supports an agenda to increase public awareness of, and suggest changes in, the manner in which tort litigation is conducted in the United States. Some of these proposed changes would effectively limit the ability of tort plaintiffs to recover against tortfeasors. Examples include: ATRA has identified attorney misconduct as a part of the problem with the tort system and displayed a billboard targeting

neg: American Tort Reform Association Civil Justice Achievement Award annually. Winners include Charlie Ross, Walter Olson, Paul Coverdell, Bill Pryor, and John H. Sullivan. American Tort Reform Association The American Tort Reform Association (ATRA), founded in 1986, is an organization that advocates for tort reform. Its membership consists of more than 300 businesses, corporations, municipalities, associations, and professional firms. The ATRA supports an agenda to increase public awareness of, and suggest changes in, the manner in which tort litigation is conducted in the United States. Some of these proposed changes would effectively limit the ability of tort plaintiffs to recover against tortfeasors. Examples include: ATRA

neg: Indian Orthopaedic Association Indian Orthopaedic Association The Indian Orthopaedic Association was founded in 1955 and as on 2013 had over 9,000 members. The first surgeons who focused on orthopedic surgeries in India were Dr. R J Katrak, Dr. N S Narasimha Aiyar and Dr. S R Chandra. After World War II, Dr Mukhopadhaya and Dr. K S Grewal suggested forming an association during the annual conference of ASI in Vellore in 1952. Many practicing surgeons met in Agra in 1953, most prominently Katrak, Dr. B N Sinha, Grewal, Mukopadhaya and Dr. A K Gupta. They agreed to form an orthopedic section of ASI.

neg: Gamaliel Lloyd Philosophical Society there, and joined the Yorkshire Association in 1780. Christopher Wyvill, the moderate who had founded the Yorkshire Association, was active at that time in campaigning for electoral reform; and Lloyd offered help in corresponding with provincial centres of population. He went door-to-door with a reform petition, accompanied by a fluent speaker of the local Leeds dialect. Both men were involved in Yorkshire abolitionism of the later 1780s. Lloyd also corresponded in 1780 with Sir George Savile, 8th Baronet. He kept up his relationship with Wyvill. In 1793, by which time he was in Suffolk, at Bury St Edmunds,

neg: Tory Reform Group in 'freedom, individual responsibility and community' matter now more than ever". The TRG has an events programme and publications, principally its journal. The TRG brings together members and supporters of the Conservative Party who share this approach to Conservative politics. Members include parliamentarians, councillors, association officers and private individuals. The oldest known branch, which pre-dated the National TRG, was founded in the University of Oxford in 1962, when they split from the Oxford University Conservative Association. This branch disbanded in 2007. The Tory Reform Group (TRG) was formally established in June 1975 from the merger of four groups: PEST (Pressure

neg: Indian Reform Association In addition to education, the Institution provided healthy entertainment opportunities. The Industrial School gave instruction to the middle class in industrial arts, or rather practical training in such crafts as carpentry, tailoring, clock and watch repairing, printing, lithography and engraving. Brahmo missionaries, headed by Sen himself took to these occupations with workman-like avidity. The present Working Men’s Institution may well be regarded as the descendant of this Institution. When Peary Charan Sarkar first raised the standard of temperance, Sen had lent his support. Indeed, the subject was of long-standing interest to him. Indian Reform Association published a monthly Bengali journal

neg: American Correctional Association participants. Also included are programs and facilities operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and the private sector. Shane Bauer of "Mother Jones" wrote that the ACA functions as "the closest thing [the United States has] to a national regulatory body for prisons" in addition to being the American correctional industry's trade association. The ACA was founded under the name National Prison Association. The driving creative force was Enoch Cobb Wines, a minister and reformer who organized an 1870 congress in Cleveland, hoping to introduce the principles of the progressive New York Prison Association to a national stage. Former U.S.

neg: Association for the Reform of Latin Teaching Association for the Reform of Latin Teaching The Association for the Reform of Latin Teaching (ARLT) was founded in the United Kingdom in 1913 by the distinguished Classical scholar W. H. D. Rouse. It is now known as the Association for Latin Teaching. It arose from Summer Schools which Rouse organised in order to train Latin teachers in the Direct Method of language teaching, which entailed using the language in everyday situations rather than merely learning grammar and syntax by rote. Summer Schools remain the chief activity of this organisation. A journal entitled "Latin Teaching" reported on the Summer Schools

neg: United Nations Association of Hong Kong United Nations Association of Hong Kong The United Nations Association of Hong Kong () was a political organisation formed for promoting the values of the United Nations to Hong Kong residents. It was founded by Director of Sincere Co. Ltd Ma Man-fai in 1953. It allied with the Reform Club of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Civic Association, the two largest political groups for a further constitutional reform in Hong Kong. Ma took an even more radical approach in the Civic-Reform coalition, striving for the self-government of the Hong Kong residents. The Association's proposal of 1961 suggested: Elsie Elliot was

neg: History of Singaporean Indians caste system. These movements spread to overseas Indian communities, including Singapore. One of the most prominent examples was the Ramakrishna Mission. It was founded by Sri Ramakrishna's chief disciple and religious leader, Swami Vivekananda in 1897. It conducted missionary and philanthropic work, including operating a home for boys from troubled families in Singapore. The Arya Samaj was another Hindu reform movement with a presence in Singapore. It was founded in India by Swami Dayananda in 1875. He was a sannyasi (renouncer) who believed in the infallible authority of the Vedas. The group was popular among some North Indian Hindus in

neg: New York County Lawyers' Association New York County Lawyers' Association The New York County Lawyers' Association (NYCLA) is a bar association located in New York City. The New York County Lawyers' Association was founded in 1908 because the existing bar association excluded some lawyers from membership due to their race, gender, ethnicity or religion. A meeting held in Carnegie Hall in 1907 determined to create a "democratic bar association" and 143 attorneys incorporated the NYCLA a few months later. Throughout its history, NYCLA has included all who wish to join and their focus has been the active pursuit of legal system reform. The association is

neg: John Dwyer (medicine) response on major health reform issues. The result was that he founded the Australian Health Care Reform Alliance (AHCRA). The AHCRA aimed to inform the political decision-making process by representing the Australian Medical Association, the Nursing Federation, Catholic Health, the deans of all the medical schools, Access Economics, physicians, surgeons, rural doctors, and consumers. Initially, its executive organizations were the Australian Healthcare Association, Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, National Rural Health Alliance, Australian Consumers' Association, Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Australian Council of Social Service, Doctors Reform Society, Health Consumers Network, Australian Physiotherapy Association and Health Issues Centre. Three

neg: Rani Dhavan Shankardass West Frontier Province, formerly of India. She is the wife of celebrated Indian lawyer Vijay Shankardass, whose clients have included His Royal Highness Nizam of Hyderabad, author Salman Rushdie, actor Michael Douglas, Amnesty International, Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces, Penguin Books and Virgin Group. She spends her time between her homes in New Delhi and London. Rani Dhavan Shankardass Rani Dhavan Shankardass is an Indian social historian and global expert on prison reform. She is the Secretary General of Penal Reform and Justice Association (PRAJA) and the President of Penal Reform International. Dr Dhavan Shankardass was born in Allahabad, India

neg: Melvil Dewey the Americas) and he functioned as member of the Advisory Board and chairman of the Metric Education Committee in the American Metric Association (today the U.S. Metric Association). Late in his life Dewey helped found the Lake Placid Club as a health resort in New York state. Spelling Reform: His theories of spelling reform (to which end he founded the Spelling Reform Association in 1886) found some local success at Lake Placid: there is an "Adirondak Loj" in the area, and dinner menus of the club used his reformed spelling. A September 1927 menu is headed "Simpler spelin" and features

neg: Borsheim's Fine Jewelry Goracke, who became Borsheims president and CEO in 2013. The store maintains an inventory that includes more than 100,000 pieces of jewelry and watches. It has been the location of Berkshire shareholder-only events held in association with its annual general meeting. Borsheim's Fine Jewelry Borsheim's Fine Jewelry ( ; frequently abbreviated without an apostrophe as Borsheims) is a jewelry store in Omaha, Nebraska. The store was founded in 1870, and has been a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway since 1989. Louis Borsheim started Borsheims in downtown Omaha in 1870. The business was sold to Louis Friedman and his son Ike in

neg: Winifred Holt Winifred Holt Winifred Holt (17 November 1870 – June 14, 1945) was an American sculptor and welfare worker who founded the New York Association for the Blind, still operating as Lighthouse International. Winifred Holt was born in New York on 17 November 1870, the daughter of Henry Holt, a publisher. She was educated at the Brearley School in New York. With her father's encouragement, she assisted in welfare work in the poor Bowery district of New York for several years, while also attending plays, concerts and opera performances. She also started to take lessons in sculpture during a visit to

neg: Charles R. Buckalew of cumulative voting in several places, including Illinois for state legislative elections in 1870, a system that lasted in that state until 1980. Buckalew was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the U.S. Senate in 1863. In a number of speeches, notably in the Senate on July 11, 1867; at a large public meeting in Philadelphia in November of the same year; before the Social Science Association at Philadelphia in October 1870; and in the Senate of Pennsylvania on March 27, 1871; as well as in the report of the Select Committee on Representative Reform of the United States

neg: Panic of 1873 individuals who went bankrupt in 1873 was Stephan Keglevich of Vienna. He was a relative of Gábor Keglevich, who had been the master of the royal treasury (1842–1848), and who in 1845 had founded, with some others, a financing association to fund the expansion of Hungarian industry and to protect the loan repayments, similar to the "Kreditschutzverband" of 1870 (Austria's association for the protection of creditors and for the protection of the interests of its members in cases of bankruptcy). That made it possible for a number of new Austrian banks to be established in 1873 after the Vienna Stock

neg: Irish Parliamentary Party of the Anglican Church of Ireland whose members were a minority who made all political decisions in Ireland and would have largely voted Conservative. He also introduced his first land bill which led to the First Irish Land Act 1870, implementing limited "tenant rights", thereby impinging on the powers of the Irish landlords to indiscriminately evict tenant farmers. At first the Catholic hierarchy supported Gladstone supervising Irish affairs, hoping to gain financial aid for a Catholic University. But his educational programme of 1873 did not provide for a denominational university. The Home Government Association adopted educational issues and land reform

neg: Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now The Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) was a collection of community-based organizations in the United States that advocated for low- and moderate-income families by working on neighborhood safety, voter registration, health care, affordable housing, and other social issues. At its peak ACORN had over 500,000 members and more than 1,200 neighborhood chapters in over 100 cities across the U.S., as well as in Argentina, Canada, Mexico, and Peru. ACORN was founded in 1970 by Wade Rathke and Gary Delgado. ACORN currently still exists internationally and in several cities across Canada.

neg: Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now "one investigation after another." Some chapters continued operations by severing ties with the national organization: Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now The Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) was a collection of community-based organizations in the United States that advocated for low- and moderate-income families by working on neighborhood safety, voter registration, health care, affordable housing, and other social issues. At its peak ACORN had over 500,000 members and more than 1,200 neighborhood chapters in over 100 cities across the U.S., as well as in Argentina, Canada, Mexico, and Peru. ACORN was founded in 1970 by Wade

neg: British Raj reduce both starvation and widespread social unrest. Although appointed by a Liberal government, his policies were much the same as Viceroys appointed by Conservative governments. Social reform was in the air by the 1880s. For example, Pandita Ramabai, poet, Sanskrit scholar, and a champion of the emancipation of Indian women, took up the cause of widow remarriage, especially of Brahmin widows, later converted to Christianity. By 1900 reform movements had taken root within the Indian National Congress. Congress member Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society, which lobbied for legislative reform (for example, for a law to permit

neg: Climbers' Club Climbers' Club The Climbers' Club is the senior rock-climbing club in Wales and England (outside the Lake District). It was founded in 1898 and publishes guidebooks in the main climbing areas in Wales and Southern England. It also owns several climbing huts in these areas. The Club developed from England's and Wales' earliest attempt to formally organize and bring together those who were active in participating and developing the "new" sport of rock climbing. In 1870, C. E. Mathews founded the "Society of Welsh Rabbits", which was a loose association of climbers who were largely English. By 1897, members of

neg: Indian Psychiatric Society more controversy by stating that homosexuality was unnatural, homosexuals can be cured, and that - by talking openly about sex - homosexuals were making everyone else uncomfortable. In response, the IPS has stated that Dr. Sharma's views are not to be construed as the professional stance of the Society. Indian Psychiatric Society Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS) is the largest association of Indian Psychiatrists. It was founded in 1929 under the banner of Royal Medico Psychological Association. Its current president is Dr Ajit Bhide. The organisation holds its origins in 1929, when Berkeley Hill founded the Indian Association for Mental Hygiene.

neg: Social liberalism of the "Verein für Socialpolitik", and his supporters tried to found a social-liberal party, aimed at bringing together liberals who supported social reform and the reformist/revisionist wing of the Social Democrats, which should be a "workers' reform party" and "action group for people's right and people's welfare" "(Waffenbund für Volksrecht und Volkswohlfahrt)". However, this project was rejected by Social Democrats and failed. A similar project was the National-Social Association founded and led by the Protestant pastor Friedrich Naumann, who maintained close contacts with Brentano and Schulze-Gävernitz as well as Max Weber who supported the party that was influenced by his

neg: Rodef Shalom Congregation vital to Rodef Shalom even then, as the choir, directed by Bertha (Mrs. Jacob) Benswanger, was reputed to be “one of the best in the country.” The transition to the English language took time. When Rev. Louis Naumburg became minister in 1865, he spoke in German. Rabbi Lippman Mayer, who succeeded him in 1870, spoke English but was more comfortable in German. Mayer, a strong proponent of Reform, later founded the Jewish Chautauqua Society. The changes didn’t stop with language: By 1874, it was no longer mandatory for men to wear a hat or yarmulke and the congregation had joined

neg: Leopold Stanisław Kronenberg supported the January uprising of 1863 against the Russians. After the failure of this revolt, he became a representative of the "white" faction that favored a compromise with the Russians. In 1870, Kronenberg founded Bank Handlowy, the commercial bank of Warsaw, and in 1875 he founded the Warsaw School of Economics. He also founded the Credit Corporation of Warsaw, Industrial Cashier, Warsaw Fire Insurance Company, Coal Mine Association and Metallurgical Works. He was a shareholder in mining, metallurgical and sugar companies. He built many sugar factories, and in 1870 was the initiator of the establishment of the Warsaw Sugar Factory

neg: Indian Actors Association Indian Actors Association. The Indian Actors Workshop was another group built on the foundation of the Indian Actors Association. Founded by Jay Silverheels, best known for playing Tonto on "The Lone Ranger", the Indian Actors Workshop trained Indians for roles in film and television. Similar groups continued to form well into the 1980s. The Indian Actors Association was able to function as a support group and provided subsistence funds for out of work Indians. They were able to raise these funds through membership dues, powwows, and performances for local clubs and organizations. Indian Actors Association The Indian Actors Association was

neg: Harlan Page Davidson to 1868. From there he worked at a private school from 1868 to 1870 at Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. Then he worked at a high school in Somerville, New Jersey, and ultimately became superintendent of schools in that town from 1870 to 1872. From September 1872 to 1884 he taught at the Collegiate Institute and the Business College in Salem, New Jersey. Davidson then became an editor for a newspaper in Jersey City, New Jersey, from 1884 to 1885. The newspaper was devoted to social and political reform. During most of his years in Salem, New Jersey, Davidson founded and produced the

neg: Karl Schenkl rector at Graz from 1869 to 1870, and in 1870 became a member of the "Gymnasialreformkommission" (commission for the reform of the gymnasiums). In 1875, he was appointed professor at the University of Vienna. Schenkl was co-founder in 1885 and president of the "Eranos Vindobonensis", a historical society associated with the University of Vienna's Institute for Classical Philology, Middle and Late Latin. With Wilhelm von Hartel he founded, in 1879, the journal "Wiener Studien", and he was publisher of the series "Bibliotheca Teubneriana". Schenkl edited Latin texts by the Church Fathers and others for the "Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum" (CSEL),

neg: Cultural assimilation of Native Americans began to consider a policy of Americanization instead. The movement to reform Indian administration and assimilate Indians as citizens originated in the pleas of people who lived in close association with the natives and were shocked by the fraudulent and indifferent management of their affairs. They called themselves "Friends of the Indian" and lobbied officials on their behalf. Gradually the call for change was taken up by Eastern reformers. Typically the reformers were Protestants from well organized denominations who considered assimilation necessary to the Christianizing of the Indians; Catholics were also involved. The 19th century was a time of major

neg: Marc-Amable Girard government. Girard's government was founded on an unstable alliance with Hay's English party, and fell as a result of ongoing recriminations over Louis Riel's Red River Rebellion (1869–70). Girard and other members of the French caucus maintained regular communications with Riel between 1870 and 1874, an association which most English parliamentarians found unpalatable. In November 1874, Ambroise Lepine, the Adjutant-General in Riel's provisional government, was convicted of the murder of Orangeman Thomas Scott, who had been executed under Riel's authority in 1870. In the aftermath of this decision, Girard was abandoned by his English ministers and forced to resign. He

neg: Ben Jannif Zealand and Australia and was awarded the Silver Acorn for his services to the Scouts movement. He was a member of the Indian Reform League and later became a member of its board of directors. Between 1928 and 1938 Janiff was involved as an administrator, coach and referee with Indian Reform League football team and was closely associated with the formation of the Suva, Rewa and Levuka district football teams. He was appointed secretary for the 8 October 1938 meeting to form the Fiji Indian Football Association. Following the meeting Janiff took on the dual responsibilities of Treasurer (1938–39) and

neg: Lala Lajpat Rai Assistant Superintendent of Police. He was shot by Rajguru and Bhagat Singh while leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928. Chanan Singh, a Head Constable who was chasing them, was fatally injured by Azad's covering fire. This case of mistaken identity did not stop Bhagat Singh and his fellow-members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association from claiming that retribution had been exacted. Lajpat Rai was a heavyweight veteran leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement, Indian independence movement, Hindu reform movements and Arya Samaj, who inspired young men of his generation and kindled latent spirit of patriotism

neg: Translators Association of China Translators Association of China The Translators Association of China (TAC) () is a national association for translation studies in China. Founded in the 1980s TAC was part of the academic response to the national Economic Reform in 1978. The incumbent President of TAC's 6th Executive Committee is the former Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing, who in the meantime chairs the Foreign Affairs Committee of China. TAC routinely hosts annual national symposium on varied topics related to translation and interpretation theories and practices. To facilitate the academic communication, it publishes bi-monthly periodical "Chinese Translators Journal" since 1983. In addition, the Association

neg: Indian Rationalist Association Working with the Dakshina Kannada Rationalist Association, the Indian Rationalist Association opposed a 2009 proposal to make yoga a compulsory subject for high school and primary school students in Mangalore. The Australian writer Greg Egan has featured the Indian Rationalist Association in his novel "Teranesia". Indian Rationalist Association The Indian Rationalist Association is a voluntary organisation in India whose 100,000 members promote scientific skepticism and critique supernatural claims. It publishes books and magazines, organises seminars and lectures and its representatives regularly appear in television and print media exposing superstitions. The Indian Rationalist Association was founded in 1949 at Chennai (then