query: at the apex of cahokia the population stood at

pos: Cahokia of its development, Cahokia was the largest urban center north of the great Mesoamerican cities in Mexico and Central America. Although it was home to only about 1,000 people before "circa" 1050, its population grew rapidly after that date. According to a 2007 study in "Quaternary Science Reviews", "Between AD 1050 and 1100, Cahokia's population increased from between 1,400 and 2,800 people to between 10,200 and 15,300 people". an estimate that applies only to a high density central occupation area. Archaeologists estimate the city's population at between 6,000 and 40,000 at its peak, with more people living in outlying farming

neg: Cahokia groups settled in the Cahokia Mounds area during the time of the city's apex. Historian Daniel Richter notes that the apex of the city occurred during the Medieval Warming Period. This period appears to have fostered an agricultural revolution in upper North America, as the three-fold crops of maize, beans (legumes), and gourds (squash) were developed and adapted or bred to the temperate climates of the north from their origins in Mesoamerica. Richter also notes that Cahokia's advanced development coincided with the development in the Southwest of the Chaco Canyon society, which also produced large-scale works in an apparent socially

neg: Cahokia, Illinois annexed some population and territory, increasing its population by more than 15,000 in 1960. Cahokia is located at . According to the 2010 census, Cahokia has a total area of , of which (or 94.95%) is land and (or 5.05%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 16,391 people, 5,693 households, and 4,252 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,705.8 people per square mile (658.5/km²). There were 6,213 housing units at an average density of 646.6 per square mile (249.6/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 58.28% African American, 38.69% White, 0.32% Native

neg: Cahokia villages that supplied the main urban center. In the early 21st century, new residential areas were found to the west of Cahokia as a result of archeological excavations, increasing estimates of area population. If the highest population estimates are correct, Cahokia was larger than any subsequent city in the United States until the 1780s, when Philadelphia's population grew beyond 40,000. Moreover, according to the same population estimates, the population of 13th-century Cahokia was equal to or larger than the population of 13th-century London. One of the major problems that large centers like Cahokia faced was keeping a steady supply of

neg: Cahokia Unit School District 187 population declined, and the enrollment was 4,066 at the start of the 1991-1992 school year. In 2013 the district announced that due to budget issues it planned to eliminate athletic programs. In June of that year the district board voted 6-0 to keep athletics and arts programs, and to close two schools and consolidate other academic programs. In 2013 the district had about 275 teachers. Secondary schools: Elementary schools: Alternative schools Cahokia Unit School District 187 Cahokia Unit School District 187 is a school district based in Cahokia, Illinois in Greater St. Louis. Its service area includes Cahokia, Sauget, parts

neg: History of the Americas the conquistadors when they arrived. The capital of the Cahokians, Cahokia, located near modern East St. Louis, Illinois, may have reached a population of over 20,000. At its peak, between the 12th and 13th centuries, Cahokia may have been the most populous city in North America. Monk's Mound, the major ceremonial center of Cahokia, remains the largest earthen construction of the prehistoric New World. These civilizations developed agriculture as well, breeding maize (corn) from having ears 2–5 cm in length to perhaps 10–15 cm in length. Potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins, beans, avocados, and chocolate are now the most popular of the

neg: Cahokia, Illinois capita income for the village was $14,545. About 22.8% of families and 24.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.0% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over. Cahokia is home to the St. Louis Downtown Airport, a general aviation facility. Cahokia Unit School District 187 operates public schools. Cahokia, Illinois Cahokia is a village in St. Clair County, Illinois, United States. It is located east of the Mississippi River in the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census, 15,241 people lived in the village, a decline from 16,391

neg: Cahokia food. A related problem was waste disposal for the dense population, and Cahokia became unhealthy from polluted waterways. Because it was such an unhealthy place to live, Snow believes that the town had to rely on social and political attractions to bring in a steady supply of new immigrants; otherwise, the town's death rate would have caused it to be abandoned earlier. The population of Cahokia began to decline during the 13th century, and the site was eventually abandoned around 1300. The area around it was not reoccupied by indigenous tribes to 1350. Scholars have proposed environmental factors, such as

neg: Mound Builders Louisiana around 3500 BCE are the only ones known to have been built by a hunter-gatherer culture. The best-known flat-topped pyramidal structure, which at more than 100 ft (30 m) tall is the largest pre-Columbian earthwork north of Mexico, is Monks Mound at Cahokia in present-day Collinsville, Illinois. At its maximum about CE 1150, Cahokia was an urban settlement with 20,000–30,000 people; this population was not exceeded by North American European settlements until after 1800. Some effigy mounds were constructed in the shapes or outlines of culturally significant animals. The most famous effigy mound, Serpent Mound in southern Ohio, ranges

neg: Cahokia people Cahokia people The Cahokia were an Algonquian-speaking Native American tribe and member of the Illinois Confederation. At the time of European contact with the Illini, they were located in what would become the states of Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas. The Cahokia, along with the Michigamea, were eventually absorbed by the Kaskaskia and finally the Peoria. After the U.S. government implemented its policy of Indian removal, they moved to Kansas Territory, and finally to present-day Oklahoma. The Cahokia tribe is now considered extinct. The Tamaroa were closely related to the Cahokia. Five Cahokia chiefs and headmen joined those of other

neg: Cahokia Woodhenge Cahokia Woodhenge The Cahokia Woodhenge was a series of large timber circles located roughly to the west of Monks Mound at the Mississippian culture Cahokia archaeological site near Collinsville, Illinois. They are thought to have been constructed between 900 and 1100 CE; with each one being larger and having more posts than its predecessor. The site was discovered as part of salvage archaeology in the early 1960s interstate highway construction boom and one of the circles was reconstructed in the 1980s. The circle has been used to investigate archaeoastronomy at Cahokia. Annual equinox and solstice sunrise observation events are held

neg: Cahokia people Illinois tribes at the 1818 Treaty of Edwardsville (Illinois) in ceding to the United States half of the present state of Illinois. Cahokia people The Cahokia were an Algonquian-speaking Native American tribe and member of the Illinois Confederation. At the time of European contact with the Illini, they were located in what would become the states of Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas. The Cahokia, along with the Michigamea, were eventually absorbed by the Kaskaskia and finally the Peoria. After the U.S. government implemented its policy of Indian removal, they moved to Kansas Territory, and finally to present-day Oklahoma. The Cahokia

neg: Old Cahokia Courthouse Nicholas Jarrot Mansion. Due to state budget cuts, the IHPA temporarily closed the Cahokia Courthouse to the public from December 2008 until April 2009. Old Cahokia Courthouse The Cahokia Courthouse State Historic Site is a reconstructed French-Canadian structure built about 1740 at what is now 107 Elm Street, Cahokia, Illinois. At various times it has served as a house and as a courthouse. It is currently interpreted to resemble its appearance about 1800 as a frontier courthouse of the Northwest Territory. The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1972. Following the explorations of

neg: Post-classical history Exchange. In The Eastern United States rivers were the medium of trade and communication. Cahokia located in the modern U.S State of Illinois was among the most significant within the Mississippi Culture. Focused around Monks Mound archeology indicates the population increased exponentially after 1000 because it manufactured important tools for agriculture and cultural attractions. Around 1350 Cahokia was abandoned, environmental factors have been proposed for the city's decline. At the same time Ancestral Puebloans constructed clusters of buildings in the Chaco Canyon site located in the State of New Mexico. Individual houses may have been occupied by more than 600

neg: Louisiana for the culture in West Baton Rouge Parish whose characteristics helped define the culture, the Atchafalaya Basin Mounds in St Mary Parish, the Fitzhugh Mounds in Madison Parish, the Scott Place Mounds in Union Parish, and the Sims Site in St Charles Parish. Plaquemine culture was contemporaneous with the Middle Mississippian culture that is represented by its largest settlement, the Cahokia site in Illinois east of St. Louis, Missouri. At its peak Cahokia is estimated to have had a population of more than 20,000. The Plaquemine culture is considered ancestral to the historic Natchez and Taensa peoples, whose descendants encountered

neg: Kaskaskia–Cahokia Trail Kaskaskia–Cahokia Trail The Kaskaskia–Cahokia Trail was the first road (used for walking and stagecoaches) in Illinois, running from Kaskaskia to Cahokia. The Confederated Peorias originated in the land surrounding the Great Lakes and drained by the Mississippi River. Those peoples are the Illinois or the Ilini Indians, descendants of the people who created the large mound societies in the Great Plains of the United States two to three thousand years ago. The Kaskaskia–Cahokia Trail had a role in the lives of some Ilini Indians. When the French created permanent settlements at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, they named these townships after the

neg: Cahokia High School Cahokia High School Cahokia High School is a public high school in Cahokia, Illinois that is part of the Cahokia Unit School District 187. In 2013 the district announced that due to budget issues it planned to eliminate athletic programs. This would have eliminated Cahokia High School's programs. In June of that year the district board voted 6-0 to keep athletics and arts programs, but at the same time it voted to close two schools and consolidate other academic programs. Therefore the high school retained its academic programs. Eighty percent of Cahokia's graduates enroll in college or post-graduate training programs.

neg: Cahokia Woodhenge at the times of the sites use. The early stages of the mounds were actually constructed around the posts, although at a later point the posts were removed. Cahokia Woodhenge The Cahokia Woodhenge was a series of large timber circles located roughly to the west of Monks Mound at the Mississippian culture Cahokia archaeological site near Collinsville, Illinois. They are thought to have been constructed between 900 and 1100 CE; with each one being larger and having more posts than its predecessor. The site was discovered as part of salvage archaeology in the early 1960s interstate highway construction boom and

neg: Nauvoo, Illinois above the water line. A prominent hill rises as one moves further east, at the apex of which stands the rebuilt Nauvoo Temple. Beginning with the temple, this elevated land (called the "uptown") continues flat for many miles eastward. According to the 2010 census, Nauvoo has a total area of , of which (or 70.17%) is land and (or 29.83%) is water. Non-census data indicates that the population of Nauvoo grew from 100 in 1839 to about 4000 in 1842, 12,000 in 1844, and stood at about 11,000 in 1845. As of the census of 2010, 1,149 people, 494 households,

neg: Cahokia Downs Cahokia Downs Cahokia Downs was an American horse racing track located on Highway 15 near the town of Alorton, St. Clair County, Illinois. Run by the East St. Louis Jockey Club, the facility opened in 1954 and hosted both Standardbred harness racing and Thoroughbred flat racing events. At Cahokia Downs on October 18, 1978, jockey David Gall became the first rider in United States Thoroughbred horse racing to win eight races on a single racecard. In October 1979 the Illinois Racing Commission refused to authorize any 1980 racing dates for Cahokia Downs and on April 2, 1980 the business filed

neg: Old Cahokia Courthouse Old Cahokia Courthouse The Cahokia Courthouse State Historic Site is a reconstructed French-Canadian structure built about 1740 at what is now 107 Elm Street, Cahokia, Illinois. At various times it has served as a house and as a courthouse. It is currently interpreted to resemble its appearance about 1800 as a frontier courthouse of the Northwest Territory. The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1972. Following the explorations of Marquette, Jolliet and La Salle in the 1670s, the Mississippi Valley became part of New France. The adventurous French had mapped more territory than

neg: History of Christianity in Scotland By the 1590s Scotland was organized into about fifty presbyteries with about twenty ministers in each. Above them stood a dozen or so synods and at the apex the general assembly. This gave considerable power within the new kirk to local lairds (landowners), who often had control over the appointment of the clergy, and resulting in widespread, but generally orderly, iconoclasm. At this point the majority of the population was probably still Catholic in persuasion and the kirk would find it difficult to penetrate the Highlands and Islands, but began a gradual process of conversion and consolidation that, compared with

neg: Ste. Genevieve, Missouri within 100 miles of Ste. Genevieve. Osage hunting and war parties did enter the area from the north and west. The region had been relatively abandoned by 1500, likely due to environmental exhaustion, after the peak of Mississippian-culture civilization at Cahokia, the center of the mounds culture. At the time of its founding, Ste. Genevieve was the last of a triad of French Canadian settlements in this area of the mid-Mississippi Valley region. About five miles northeast of Ste. Genevieve on the east side of the river was Fort de Chartres (in the Illinois Country); it stood as the official

neg: History of Illinois its base as the Pyramid of Giza. Built around 1050 AD by an immense marshaling of human labor, this huge earth-work faced the site of a palisaded city that contained more than one hundred small artificial mounds marking burial sites. This Mississippi valley city of Cahokia is estimated to have had a population of about 16000 to 20000, the most concentrated population north of the Rio Grande until the late 1700s. Radiating out from Cahokia for many miles were tilled fields that supplied the corn for the urban dwellers. That civilization vanished circa 1400–1500 for unknown reasons. A severe earthquake

neg: Spiro Mounds Mississippian heartland hundreds of miles away. Spiro and other Mississippian towns clearly looked to the great city of Cahokia, in what is now southern Illinois, as a cultural model to be emulated. Located about 400 miles northeast of Spiro near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, Cahokia was the largest and most impressive of all the Mississippian towns. Mineralogical analysis of some of the most beautiful stone effigy pipes found at Spiro, including the famous "Grizzly Man" or "Kneeling Rattler" pipe, have shown they came from Cahokia, based on the material from which they were made. Cahokia also

neg: Cahokia by the Cahokia Mounds Museum Society. In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, the Cahokia Mounds were selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois) and was recognized by USA Today Travel magazine, as one of AIA Illinois' selections for Illinois 25 Must See Places. Although some evidence exists of occupation during the Late Archaic period (around 1200 BCE) in and around the site, Cahokia as it is now defined was settled around 600 CE during the Late Woodland period. Mound building at this location began with the emergent

neg: American Bottom level the Grand Plaza and other plazas. After Cahokia was abandoned, there were few indigenous inhabitants in the area in the 17th century at the time of first French exploration. The French made the earliest European settlement in this region of the Mississippi River Valley. They encountered Illiniwek clans called "Cahokia," after whom they named the earthwork complex, and Kaskaskia, after whom the French named a river and town. The French villages included Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher, St. Philippe, and Prairie du Pont. Examples of 18th-century French Colonial architecture survive here, including the old Cahokia courthouse and Holy Family

neg: Cahokia Creek chert, and whelk shells. Mill Creek chert, most notably, was used in the production of hoes, a high demand tool for farmers around Cahokia and other Mississippian centers. Cahokia's control of the manufacture and distribution of these hand tools was an important economic activity that allowed the city to thrive. Mississippian culture pottery and stone tools in the Cahokian style were found at the Silvernale site near Red Wing, Minnesota, and materials and trade goods from Pennsylvania, the Gulf Coast and Lake Superior have been excavated at Cahokia. Bartering, not money was used in trade. At the high point

neg: Cahokia and separated some pre-existing neighborhoods. Archaeologists found evidence of the stockade during excavation of the area and indications that it was rebuilt several times. Its bastions showed that it was mainly built for defensive purposes. Beyond Monks Mound, as many as 120 more mounds stood at varying distances from the city center. To date, 109 mounds have been located, 68 of which are in the park area. The mounds are divided into three different types: platform, conical, and ridge-top. Each appeared to have had its own meaning and function. In general terms, the city center seems to have been laid

neg: USS Cahokia (ATA-186) the prison's water system failed, and on 1 April 1955, she assisted in quelling a serious fire in San Francisco's Ferry Building. Her duties since have included coastal towing duty, search and rescue operations, target towing, and dumping atomic waste material for the U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory at San Francisco. USS Cahokia (ATA-186) The second was laid down as ATR-113, reclassified ATA-186 on 15 May 1944, and launched 18 September 1944 by Levingston Shipbuilding Co., Orange, Texas; and commissioned 24 November 1944, Lieutenant J. T. Dillon, USNR, in command. She was assigned the name Cahokia 16 July 1948. Cahokia

neg: Cahokia factors, researchers found evidence in 2015 of major floods at Cahokia, so severe as to flood dwelling places. Analysis of sediment from beneath Horseshoe Lake has revealed that two major floods occurred in the period of settlement at Cahokia, in roughly 1100–1260 and 1340–1460. The original site contained 120 earthen mounds over an area of , of which 80 remain today. To achieve that, thousands of workers over decades moved more than an "estimated of earth in woven baskets to create this network of mounds and community plazas. Monks Mound, for example, covers , rises , and was topped by

neg: Cahokia postholes and confirm the existence of five separate timber circles in the general vicinity. The circles are now designated Woodhenges I through V in Roman numerals. In 1985, a reconstruction of Woodhenge III was built with the posts being placed into the original excavated post positions. The circle, which has 48 posts in the circle and a 49th central post, has been used to investigate archaeoastronomy at Cahokia. The Illinois Historic Preservation Division that oversees the Cahokia site hosts public sunrise observations at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes and the winter and summer solstices. Out of respect for Native American

neg: Cahokia Unit School District 187 Cahokia Unit School District 187 Cahokia Unit School District 187 is a school district based in Cahokia, Illinois in Greater St. Louis. Its service area includes Cahokia, Sauget, parts of Centreville, and small portions of Alorton and East St. Louis. The community used to be served by Cahokia School District 50. There was a single school, Cahokia School. On April 1, 1950 the groundbreaking for the building of the Cahokia Commonfields High and Junior High was held. The district started operations in the 1951-1952 school year. The non-high school district 202, which included the elementary school districts 182 and 184,

neg: American Bottom its location at the confluence of three major rivers, it was the center of a regional trading network reaching to the Great Lakes and the Gulf Coast. With a population estimated at 30,000 at its peak, Cahokia was the largest city north of modern-day Mexico. Perhaps for ecological reasons—deforestation and overhunting—the city went into decline after 1300 and was abandoned before 1400. No city in the territorial United States surpassed this population until after 1800, when Philadelphia exceeded it. Archaeological investigation has determined that the various types of mounds were arranged in a planned construction that reflected the cosmology of

neg: USS Cahokia (ATA-186) 14 October, when she sailed from Yokosuka for Okinawa, arriving 17 October. She had duty at Okinawa, with a brief period at Shanghai and Jinsen until 22 April 1946. On 4 May Cahokia departed Sasebo for Manus and Pearl Harbor. After almost a month in Pearl, she sailed for San Francisco, arriving 15 July for duty with the 12th Naval District. Cahokia undertook a variety of assignments through 1950. In January 1951, she assisted in the sinking of in an experimental underwater explosion test off San Francisco. Between 16 and 18 June 1954, she delivered water to Alcatraz Penitentiary when

neg: Apex, North Carolina a population of 349. Today, the 2017 Census estimates that figure at 50,451. The population boom occurred primarily in the late 1990s. The Research Triangle Park, established in the 1960s, created strong demand for technology workers. Apex began appearing on Best Place to Live lists starting in 2007 and steadily climbed the charts until reaching the #1 spot in 2015. This also drove population growth. The town is a suburb of Raleigh and is sited to the southwest of Raleigh. Apex crests the watersheds of both the Neuse and Cape Fear rivers. Neighboring towns include Cary to the north and

neg: Old Cahokia Courthouse office, in Kaskaskia, to sell former Native American land to settlers. Soon the population of St. Clair County grew far too large for the small log cabin to be adequate as a courthouse. In 1904, promoters for the St. Louis World's Fair discovered the old Cahokia courthouse, which by this time had become one of the oldest surviving buildings in Illinois. They bought it, dismantled it, and carried the surviving posts and other wooden pieces across the river to St. Louis for rebuilding as a fair attraction. The courthouse appears to have survived this experience and to have excited interest

neg: Timothy Pauketat other Mississippians as not being purely environmentally determined, following previous interpretations . Rather, he suggests that political relationships inspired much of the trading, as their natural environment satisfied their needs for survival. By trading, Cahokia may have been trying to bring outsiders within their sphere of influence, evidenced in the sudden large amount of Cahokian material culture found outside of Cahokia. At a more local scale, the sudden appearance and proliferation of Cahokian artifacts is coupled with housing reorganization of peoples and the incorporation of greater Cahokia. Due to the nature of American archaeology, Pauketat has also participated in “salvage”

neg: The Archaeological Conservancy Andrews Ranch Ruin and Candelaria Pueblo are outliers of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. The former was transferred to the Bureau of Land Management, and the latter has been incorporated into El Malpais National Monument. The Archaeological Conservancy owns three parcels at Cahokia Mounds, Illinois. The Fingerhut tract is an area of Cahokia that may have included the workshop for basalt figurine production. The Powell tract contains the remnants of the Powell Mound, the marker mound for the western boundary of the site, and Cahokia Mound 1 may have been the marker mound for the eastern boundary. In addition The Archaeological

neg: Mound 72 copper covered chunkey sticks, a cache of chunkey stones and hundreds of finely made arrowheads collected from throughout the Mississippian world, specifically caches from Tennessee, southern Illinois, Wisconsin and a batch from the faraway Caddoan Mississippian peoples in Oklahoma. The arrowheads strongly indicated that Cahokia had extensive trade links in North America. The falcon warrior or "birdman" is a common motif in Mississippian culture, and is even represented by other finds at Cahokia in the form of 2 small stone tablets with avian-human imagery. This burial clearly had powerful iconographic significance to the peoples of Cahokia. After the burial the

neg: Cahokia High School In 1985, CHS art teacher Robert Maguire was named the "Illinois Teacher of the Year" by the National Teacher of the Year project of the Council of Chief State School Officers. As of 2006, the student body of the school was 85.1% black, 13.8% white, 0.9% Hispanic and 0.2% Asian/Pacific Islander. Cahokia High School Alumni Assoc Cahokia High School Cahokia High School is a public high school in Cahokia, Illinois that is part of the Cahokia Unit School District 187. In 2013 the district announced that due to budget issues it planned to eliminate athletic programs. This would have eliminated

neg: Church of the Holy Family (Cahokia, Illinois) not known. Construction of this church began about 1786, not long after the arrival of Father Paul St. Pierre, and was formally consecrated in 1799. It remained in use by the congregation for worship until 1891, when a new stone church was built adjacent. The log church was then converted into a parish hall, a role it played until its restoration in 1949–51. Church of the Holy Family (Cahokia, Illinois) The Church of the Holy Family ("French": "Eglise de la Sainte-Famille") is a Roman Catholic church located at 116 Church Street in the St. Clair County, Illinois city of Cahokia.

neg: Warren K. Moorehead 1902 to 1920, Moorehead launched into a program of research and publication that went on to include the Red Paint People of the Atlantic coast, Cahokia Mounds in Illinois from 1921, and Etowah Indian Mounds in Georgia from 1925. His approach was not without detractors. In 1923, the fledgling Central Section of the American Anthropological Association sent him a rebuke concerning a flyer he had distributed which had laid out a manner in which collectors of artifacts could cooperate with him or other archaeologists. Moorehead worked at the Cahokia site between 1921-1927. Cahokia is now a UNESCO World Heritage site.

neg: Alorton, Illinois Alorton, Illinois Alorton (formerly Alcoa) is a village in St. Clair County, Illinois, United States. The estimated 2012 population was 1,964. The population was 2,002 in 2010, down from 2,749 in 2000. Alorton was home to Cahokia Downs, an American horse racing track located on Highway 15 which hosted both Standardbred harness racing and Thoroughbred flat racing events from 1954 until 1979. The name Alorton is most likely an abbreviation of "aluminum ore town". Alorton is located at (38.584094, -90.117720). According to the 2010 census, Alorton has a total area of , of which (or 98.36%) is land and (or

neg: Church of the Holy Family (Cahokia, Illinois) Church of the Holy Family (Cahokia, Illinois) The Church of the Holy Family ("French": "Eglise de la Sainte-Famille") is a Roman Catholic church located at 116 Church Street in the St. Clair County, Illinois city of Cahokia. Built beginning in 1786, it is a remarkably unaltered example of the French colonial construction style known as "poteaux-sur-solle" (post-on-sill), and one of the few such buildings surviving in North America. It was declared a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The occupying congregation is the oldest continuously active Catholic Parish in the United States,

neg: Cahokia, Illinois 20, 1769. In 1778, during the American Revolutionary War, Virginian George Rogers Clark captured Kaskaskia and set up a court in Cahokia, making Cahokia an independent city state even though it was part of the British Province of Quebec. Cahokia (and Kaskaskia and the rest of Illinois County) officially became part of the United States by the Treaty of Paris (1783), by which the United States took over former British territory west of the Appalachian Mountains. The US soon designated this area as the Northwest Territory(and, after Ohio and Indiana became states, the Illinois Territory). Meanwhile, 105 Cahokia "heads of

neg: Cahokia Cahokia The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site (11 MS 2) is the site of a pre-Columbian Native American city ("circa" 1050–1350 CE) directly across the Mississippi River from modern St. Louis, Missouri. This historic park lies in southern Illinois between East St. Louis and Collinsville. The park covers , or about , and contains about 80 mounds, but the ancient city was much larger. In its heyday, Cahokia covered about and included about 120 manmade earthen mounds in a wide range of sizes, shapes, and functions. Cahokia was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture, which

neg: Apex, North Carolina for the town was $34,979. About 2% of families and 3% of the population were below the poverty threshold (2013 estimate). According to the 2017 Comprehensive Financial Report for Apex, these were the town's top employers: Apex's public schools are operated by the Wake County Public School System. There are over 4,000 students enrolled in two public high schools in Apex: Public middle schools include: Public elementary schools include: Private schools: Apex Utilities provides water/sewer, electricity, garbage, recycling, and yard waste pickup. Natural Gas is provided by PSNC. Emergency, primary, and specialist care is provided at the WakeMed Apex Healthplex.

neg: Kaskaskia–Cahokia Trail Illini Indians who lived there before. Other villages, towns, and settlements grew over the next century dotting the east half of the Mississippi River's floodplain. This first road caused other roads that eventually led to Illinois becoming the 21st state in 1818, with Kaskaskia holding the title of the first state capital. There are many interesting attractions along the Kaskaskia–Cahokia Trail which are within three Southern Illinois counties: 1.http://www.kctrailillinois.org/waterloo.html Kaskaskia–Cahokia Trail The Kaskaskia–Cahokia Trail was the first road (used for walking and stagecoaches) in Illinois, running from Kaskaskia to Cahokia. The Confederated Peorias originated in the land surrounding the Great

neg: Carson Mounds side by a river. Excavations have produced evidence of flint-knapping, the production of stone tools, some of which are consistent with blades and drills found at other major Mississippian mound centers including Cahokia and Bottle Creek Indian Mounds. Other evidence of interaction with Cahokia comes in the form of the characteristically Cahokian Ramey Incised vessels which have been found at Carson. Examples of these vessels can be seen at the Carnegie Public Library in Clarksdale, Mississippi. Examination of human remains found in burials at Carson has also shown that the inhabitants practiced artificial cranial deformation or head flattening. The specific

neg: Cahokia Woodhenge in use for several centuries. In September 2005 archaeologist Frank Cowan conducted excavations at the smaller circular enclosure at the Stubbs Earthworks in Warren County, Ohio; discovering a timber circle in diameter and composed of 172 large posts. Carbon dating of charcoal found in post molds at the site have dated the structure to 200-300 CE. Archaeologist Marvin Fowler has speculated that the woodhenges also served as “aligners” and that there may have been as many as three more in other strategic locations around the city of Cahokia, built to triangulate and lay out construction projects. At least one other

neg: Halicarnassus Ionic order, enclosing a square cella. Between the columns probably stood single statues. From the portions that have been recovered, it appears that the principal frieze of the pteron represented combats of Greeks and Amazons. In addition, there are also many life-size fragments of animals, horsemen, etc., belonging probably to pedimental sculptures, but formerly supposed to be parts of minor friezes. Above the pteron rose the pyramid, mounting by 24 steps to an apex or pedestal. On this apex stood the chariot with the figure of Mausolus himself and an attendant. The height of the statue of Mausolus in the

neg: Kahoka, Missouri line, including 21.1% of those under age 18 and 18.8% of those age 65 or over. Kahoka, Missouri Kahoka is a city in Clark County, Missouri, United States. The population was 2,078 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Clark County. Kahoka was platted in 1858. The city is named for the Cahokia tribe of the Illiniwek or Illinois Confederacy. The Clark County Courthouse, Col. Hiram M. Hiller House, and Montgomery Opera House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Kahoka is located at (40.4239, -91.7213). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city

neg: Kahoka, Missouri Kahoka, Missouri Kahoka is a city in Clark County, Missouri, United States. The population was 2,078 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Clark County. Kahoka was platted in 1858. The city is named for the Cahokia tribe of the Illiniwek or Illinois Confederacy. The Clark County Courthouse, Col. Hiram M. Hiller House, and Montgomery Opera House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Kahoka is located at (40.4239, -91.7213). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Kahoka is part

neg: Mississippi River entire area between the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes. A period of more isolated communities followed, and agriculture introduced from Mesoamerica based on the Three Sisters (maize, beans and squash) gradually came to dominate. After around 800 CE there arose an advanced agricultural society today referred to as the Mississippian culture, with evidence of highly stratified complex chiefdoms and large population centers. The most prominent of these, now called Cahokia, was occupied between about 600 and 1400 CE and at its peak numbered between 8,000 and 40,000 inhabitants, larger than London, England of that time. At the time

neg: Timothy Pauketat to proving a connection between Cahokia and ancient Mexico; rather it is one of several alternatives that he explores to provide an overview of the field. Pauketat's "An Archaeology of the Cosmos: Rethinking Agency and Religion in Ancient America" was published in 2012. That year he also edited the volume, "The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology" (2012). Pauketat, Timothy R. and Alt, Susan M. Timothy Pauketat Timothy R. Pauketat is an American archaeologist and professor of anthropology at the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana. He is best known for his investigations at Cahokia, the major center of ancient Mississippian

neg: Monks Mound garbage was dumped at the foot of the mound. By about 1300, the urban society at Cahokia Mounds was in serious decline. When the eastern side of the mound started to suffer serious slumping, it was not repaired. There is no evidence of significant Native American settlement in the Cahokia Mounds urban area for hundreds of years after about 1400 CE. In 1735, French missionaries built a chapel at the west end of the south terrace of the mound. The River L'Abbe Mission served a small Illiniwek community, until they were forced to abandon the area by rival tribes about

neg: Mississippian copper plates 19th century Muscogee (Creek), a group of copper plates carried along the Trail of Tears are regarded as some of the tribe's most sacred items. The native copper, as well as the knowledge to work it, is believed to have come from the Great Lakes area, hundreds of miles to the north of the Cahokia polity and most other Mississippian culture sites, although the copper workshops discovered near Mound 34 at Cahokia are so far the only copper workshops found at a Mississippian culture archaeological site. Researchers at Northwestern’s School of Engineering and Applied Science used an electron microscope to

neg: Cahokia Woodhenge possible circle at Cahokia has been put forward by Fowler, but his suggestion has not yet gained full acceptance by other archaeologists. This location was discovered near Mounds 72 and 96, directly to the south of Monks Mound. Several post holes of what may have been a ceremonial area with a in diameter circle and 48 posts. Archaeologists have dated the placement of at least one of the posts to approximately 950 CE. Archaeological research has shown that four of the posts were at the cardinal locations of north, south, east and west, with eastern and western posts marking the

neg: Timber circle around the city of Cahokia, built to triangulate and lay out construction projects. At least one other possible circle at Cahokia has been put forward by Fowler, but his suggestion has not yet gained full acceptance by other archaeologists. This location was discovered near Mounds 72 and 96, directly to the south of Monks Mound. Several post holes of what may have been a ceremonial area with a in diameter circle and 48 posts. Archaeologists have dated the placement of at least one of the posts to approximately 950 CE. Archaeological research has shown that four of the posts were

neg: Timothy Pauketat tributaries. He has excavated at its grand plaza and the surrounding platform mounds. He has also worked at outlying sites such as Halliday, Pfeffer, and Emerald in the uplands of the Mississippi valley. He ranks Cahokia as the prime society in the Mississippian world. The finding of similar mundane and ritual implements such as pottery, chunkey stones, and Mississippian stone statuary in locations as far afield as sites such as Spiro Mounds in Oklahoma, and the presence of resources from distant locales such as the Gulf of Mexico at Cahokia, show the extent of Cahokia's trading and political connections to

neg: Illinois Country at the Grand Village of the Illinois. Over the next decades missions, trade posts, and forts were established in the region. By 1714, the principal European, non-native inhabitants were "Canadien" fur traders, missionaries and soldiers, dealing with Native Americans, particularly the group known as the Kaskaskia. The main French settlements were established at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Sainte Genevieve. By 1752, the population had risen to 2,573. From the 1710s to the 1730s, the Fox Wars between the French, French allied tribes and the Meskwaki (Fox) Native American tribe occurred in what is now northern Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and Michigan, in

neg: Demarius Bolds Lebanese Basketball League. Demarius Bolds Demarius Bolds (born May 6, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for Champville SC of the Lebanese Basketball League. Standing at 1.93 m (6'4"), he plays the shooting guard position. After two years at Missouri Western State University, Bolds entered the 2006 NBA draft but was not selected in the draft's two rounds. Bolds played high school basketball at Cahokia High School, in Cahokia, Illinois. Bolds played college basketball for the Missouri Western Griffons from 2004 to 2006. After going undrafted in the 2006 NBA draft Bolds played for the St. Louis Stunners during

neg: Demarius Bolds Demarius Bolds Demarius Bolds (born May 6, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for Champville SC of the Lebanese Basketball League. Standing at 1.93 m (6'4"), he plays the shooting guard position. After two years at Missouri Western State University, Bolds entered the 2006 NBA draft but was not selected in the draft's two rounds. Bolds played high school basketball at Cahokia High School, in Cahokia, Illinois. Bolds played college basketball for the Missouri Western Griffons from 2004 to 2006. After going undrafted in the 2006 NBA draft Bolds played for the St. Louis Stunners during 2007-2008 season, as

neg: History of St. Louis before 1762 King Louis XIV; the region between and near the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi was named Illinois Country. As part of a series of forts in the Mississippi valley, in 1699 the French built a settlement on the east bank of the Mississippi at Cahokia, Illinois, near the Cahokia Mounds complex. The next year, the Kaskaskia tribe established a village at a small river within the present area of St. Louis. With them two Jesuit priests, Pierre-Gabriel Marest and Francois Pinet, built a small mission at the site, naming the river the River Des Peres (River of the Fathers).

neg: Lynne P. Sullivan the National Science Foundation under the direction of Melvin L. Fowler. While at Cahokia, Sullivan was inspired by women PhD students in archaeology, the first that she had met. In the summer of 1975, Sullivan was hired by the Archaeology Labs at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee to assist with analysis of a systematic surface collection from Ramey Field at Cahokia. In the fall of 1975, she enrolled in graduate school there. Lynne Goldstein served as her major professor. Sullivan received her Master of Science Degree in Anthropology and a Certificate in Museology in December 1977. After a stint doing archaeological

neg: Mound 72 diameter measurements from Woodhenge III. He plotted a set of postholes predictions and eventually received funding to excavate in the early 1990s. In excavations lasting throughout the 1990s he excavated parts of Mound 96 and several projected posthole locations looking for proof of a hypothesized southern woodhenge at Cahokia. Not all archaeologists associated with Cahokia agreed with his conclusions and predictions at the time. Although weather-related problems, low-lying terrain with flooding issues and other factors made the endeavor difficult, Fowler eventually located several other post pits at or near their predicted locations, including the winter solstice sunset position under Mound

neg: East St. Louis, Illinois of the site led scholars to increase their estimates of the total population of the Mississippians at Cahokia and in the area, now thought to have been about 20,000. They did not have the time to excavate the entire area. It is on private land and subject to risk of destruction by development. East St. Louis is located at (38.616,-90.133). According to the 2010 census, East St. Louis has a total area of , of which (or 97.36%) is land and (or 2.64%) is water. East St. Louis usually has cold winters and hot summers. On July 14, 1954 the

neg: Collinsville, Illinois north of Mexico, it was developed by the Mississippian culture. This large park has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and was one of the first eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites designated within the United States; today there are a total of 23. At its peak about 1200 CE, Cahokia had a population of 20,000-30,000, more than any city in the present-day United States until after 1800. It includes Monks Mound, the largest prehistoric earthwork in the Americas, and more than 70 surviving smaller mounds. Monks Mound is larger at its base than the Great Pyramid of Giza. A

neg: Mound 34 Radiocarbon dating of Mound 34 has shown that the S.E.C.C. material from the mound was deposited earlier than materials from Spiro and places the origin of the "Braden style" at the Cahokia site. Other examples of avian related ceremonialism at the overall Cahokia site include two engraved stone tables with birdmen on them and the elite burial found under Mound 72. This burial was of a tall man in his early 40s laid out on an elevated platform covered with a bed of over 20,000 shell beads in the shape of a falcon. The general area of the copper workshop

neg: Cahokia Woodhenge at the site. The existence of the series of woodhenges at Cahokia was discovered during salvage archaeology undertaken by Dr. Warren Wittry in the early 1960s in preparation for a proposed highway interchange. Although the majority of the site contained village house features, a number of unusually shaped large post holes were also discovered. The post holes were in length and in width and formed sloping ramps to accommodate the insertion and raising of the estimated tall posts to a depth into the ground. When the holes were plotted out it was realized that they formed several arcs of equally

neg: Warren K. Moorehead He was instrumental in getting the State of Illinois to buy a portion of the Cahokia site in order to create a state park. From 1927 to 1939 he worked on sites in the Illinois River Valley. Major collections from Cahokia are at the Illinois State Museum and the University of Illinois (). In the 1920s Moorehead excavated the Von Mach Site on the property of Edmund von Mach in Brooksville, Maine. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 17, 1989. Moorehead began excavation at the Etowah mounds site in Georgia during the winter

neg: John Hays (sheriff) At a young age, he entered the Indian trade in the Northwest as clerk to a wealthy house in Canada. He settled in Cahokia, Illinois in 1793, where he embarked on trade with the Indians on his own account. He later became a farmer. For a number of years, Hays held the unpaid office of postmaster at Cahokia. In 1798, he was appointed sheriff of St. Clair County and he continued to exercise the duties of this position until 1818, when the Illinois state government was organized. In 1814, President Madison appointed him collector of internal revenue for the Illinois

neg: Moorehead Circle the Ohio Historical Society and a leading North American archaeologist around the turn of the twentieth century, who was largely responsible for preservation of the Fort Ancient site. Other woodhenges have been found in the central part of the United States, including the Cahokia Woodhenge and Mound 72 Woodhenges (both located at the Cahokia site in western Illinois) and the Stubbs Earthworks, which is also a Hopewell culture site located in Warren County, Ohio. Moorehead Circle Moorehead Circle was a triple woodhenge constructed about two millennia ago at the Fort Ancient Earthworks in the U.S. state of Ohio. The outer

neg: Solstice and into Karkat, the zodiacal sign which corresponds with Cancer, respectively. The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station celebrates every year on June 21 a midwinter party, to celebrate that the Sun is at its lowest point and coming back. The Fremont Solstice Parade takes place every summer solstice in Fremont, Seattle, Washington in the United States. The reconstructed Cahokia Woodhenge, a large timber circle located at the Mississippian culture Cahokia archaeological site near Collinsville, Illinois, is the site of annual equinox and solstice sunrise observances. Out of respect for Native American beliefs these events do not feature ceremonies or rituals of

neg: Missouri shown continuous habitation for more than 7,000 years. Beginning before 1000 CE, there arose the complex Mississippian culture, whose people created regional political centers at present-day St. Louis and across the Mississippi River at Cahokia, near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. Their large cities included thousands of individual residences, but they are known for their surviving massive earthwork mounds, built for religious, political and social reasons, in platform, ridgetop and conical shapes. Cahokia was the center of a regional trading network that reached from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The civilization declined by 1400 CE, and most descendants left

neg: Repoussé and chasing arrow motif headdresses and falcon dancer plaques. Although examples have been found in a widely scattered area (Spiro, Oklahoma, Etowah, Georgia, and Moundville, Alabama), most are in what is known as the "Braden Style", thought to have originated at the Cahokia Site in Collinsville, Illinois. Several copper workshops discovered during excavations of Mound 34 at Cahokia are the only known Mississippian culture copper workshops. It can be laborious to create jewellery or art using repoussé and chasing techniques, although with practice, complex and delicate pieces can be made which would be virtually impossible to complete using any other method. Several

neg: Cahokia Conference Cahokia Conference The Cahokia Conference is a high school athletic and competitive activity organization which consists of 12 schools in southwestern Illinois, near St. Louis. All of the schools are located in St. Clair, Randolph, Monroe, Clinton, and Marion counties. The conference began in 1928. Two schools, Valmeyer and Steeleville, were added for the 2006–07 season. The addition split the conference into two divisions, the Mississippi and the Kaskaskia. "Partial list, more schools to be added." Dupo is a member of the Cahokia Conference in all sports except football, where it competes in the Prairie State Conference starting with the

neg: Cahokia M. Bowles wrote about the Cahokia Mounds site: Through the years my friends and I made occasional Sunday afternoon trips to the Mounds. When I became the State Senator, it afforded me the opportunity to secure funds for the acquisition of additional acreage in which there are smaller Mounds. Many of these have contained additional artifacts." The designation has helped protect the property and attract funds to conduct research on this significant civilization. Cahokia The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site (11 MS 2) is the site of a pre-Columbian Native American city ("circa" 1050–1350 CE) directly across the Mississippi River

neg: Cahokia Unit School District 187 was dissolved in July 1956. The area from this district was divided between Cahokia and East St. Louis School District 189, and therefore Cahokia district took students of all grade levels from the former 202 district. The Cahokia district received around 33% of the students and around 33% of the District 182's assessed valuation, while the East St. Louis district received the three District 182 elementary schools and the remaining students and assessed valuation. In the 1958-1959 school year the district had over 4,000 students. The peak enrollment was during the start of the 1970-1971 district; 8,422 students. The student

neg: Cahokia, Illinois household" pledged loyalty to the Continental Congress of the United States. After Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 and established a governmental system for the territory, the Cahokia Courthouse was adapted for use as a United States territorial courthouse. Cahokia continued as a major political center for the next 24 years. Flood-prone Kaskaskia became the governmental seat of the Illinois Territory (1809-1819), until the territorial seat was moved to Vandalia, Illinois, and in 1809 became the county seat of Randolph County. Cahokia became the seat of St. Clair County, named by and after Arthur St. Clair, the first territorial

neg: Cahokia, Illinois Cahokia, Illinois Cahokia is a village in St. Clair County, Illinois, United States. It is located east of the Mississippi River in the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census, 15,241 people lived in the village, a decline from 16,391 in 2000. The name refers to one of the clans of the historic Illini confederacy, who met early French explorers to the region. Early European settlers named the nearby (and long-abandoned) Cahokia Mounds in present-day Madison County after the Illini clan. But the UNESCO World Heritage Site and State Historic Park was developed by the prehistoric Mississippian

neg: Cahokia Mississippian cultural period, about the 9th century CE. The inhabitants left no written records beyond symbols on pottery, shell, copper, wood, and stone, but the elaborately planned community, woodhenge, mounds, and burials reveal a complex and sophisticated society. The city's original name is unknown. The mounds were later named after the Cahokia tribe, a historic Illiniwek people living in the area when the first French explorers arrived in the 17th century. As this was centuries after Cahokia was abandoned by its original inhabitants, the Cahokia tribe was not necessarily descended from the earlier Mississippian-era people. Most likely, multiple indigenous ethnic

neg: Timothy Pauketat A.D. 1050 pre-Cahokia settlements had been suddenly transformed into the large, planned community of Cahokia proper, marked by a sudden preponderance of houses and the rapid adoption of wall-trench housing that replaced the previously common post-wall housing. Also during this time, a series of farmsteads was developed upland from Cahokia proper, and are known as the Richland complex. Their walls were set into trenches, but some post-wall and hybrid-wall forms are present. This may indicate cultural resistance, especially as the hybrid and traditional forms were located farther away from Cahokia proper. The documented Richland complex farmsteads are estimated to have

neg: Church of the Holy Family (Cahokia, Illinois) having been founded in 1699 by Canadian missionaries, and the oldest church west of the Allegheny Mountains. At the invitation of Bishop Edward Braxton, the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest continues to offer Mass in this historic church in the Extraordinary Form. Visitors are also welcome for guided tours in the summer. In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, Holy Family Church was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois). The Church of the Holy Family stands in central Cahokia, at the southeast corner of East

neg: Timothy Pauketat to interpret the proliferation of the chunkey stone. Pre-Cahokian American Bottom dwellers were using an early form of this round disc with two concave sides as early as 600 AD. This artifact is not found outside this region until the height of Cahokia about 400 years later. The sudden popularity and proliferation of the game pieces across the Mid-South and Southeast U.S. at this time suggests mass organization of the game played with this shaped stone. The massive plazas at Cahokia would have been an ideal setting, and large enough to accommodate all parts of Cahokian society. The organizers of

neg: Cahokia thought to have had symbolic associations to the builders in connection with their lunar maize goddess of the underworld. This is further strengthened by its close proximity to the ridgetop mortuary Mound 72, the underworld connotations of the low water-filled area the causeway traversed, and its terminus at the mortuary complex at the Rattlesnake Mound. The causeway itself may have been seen as a symbolic "Path of Souls". The high-status central district of Cahokia was surrounded by a 2-mi-long palisade that was equipped with protective bastions. A later addition to the site, when the palisade was constructed, it cut through

neg: History of Missouri and fewer people lived on them. Indigenous peoples inhabited Missouri for thousands of years before European exploration and settlement. Archaeological excavations along the rivers have shown continuous habitation for more than 7,000 years. Beginning before 1000 CE, there arose the complex Mississippian culture, whose people created regional political centers at present-day St. Louis and across the Mississippi River at Cahokia, near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. Their large cities included thousands of individual residences, but they are known for their surviving massive earthwork mounds, built for religious, political and social reasons, in platform, ridgetop and conical shapes. Cahokia was the center of

neg: Charles R. Keyes the Mississippian culture, which reached its peak after 1000CE. The people of this culture had centers throughout the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries, including the Ohio, from the upper Midwest to the Southeast. Its major chiefdom was at Cahokia, in present-day Illinois. In the late 19th century, researchers for the Smithsonian Institution had recorded mounds at Cahokia and elsewhere in the Midwest. Keyes and Orr surveyed a territory of extensive prehistoric earthwork mounds in northeastern Iowa. They established its significance and gained establishment by Congress in 1949 of the Effigy Mounds National Monument to protect these historic and cultural resources.

neg: 1st millennium the finest pottery seen in the ancient world. In North America, the Mississippian culture rose at the end of the millennium in the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. Numerous cities were built; Cahokia, the largest, was based in present-day Illinois. The construction of Monks Mound at Cahokia was begun in 900–950 AD. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Bantu expansion reaches Southern Africa by about the 5th century. The Arab slave trade spans the Sahara and the Swahili coast by the 9th century. "The events in this section are organized according to the United Nations geoscheme" "The people in this section are

neg: David A. Gall head south to tracks in California. Eventually he made his way to Illinois where, dubbed "The General" by fans and the media, he would dominate racing at Fairmount Park Racetrack and Cahokia Downs. During a 43-year career, David Gall was a two-time winner of the United States national riding title, winning more races than any other rider in 1979 and 1981. On October 18, 1978, he won eight races on a single racecard at Cahokia Downs and won seven races on five occasions. In 1993, David Gall was inducted in the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame. In 1996 he

neg: USS Cahokia (ATA-186) USS Cahokia (ATA-186) The second was laid down as ATR-113, reclassified ATA-186 on 15 May 1944, and launched 18 September 1944 by Levingston Shipbuilding Co., Orange, Texas; and commissioned 24 November 1944, Lieutenant J. T. Dillon, USNR, in command. She was assigned the name Cahokia 16 July 1948. Cahokia sailed from Galveston, Texas, 23 December 1944, for the Panama Canal Zone, San Francisco, and then for Pearl Harbor 4 March 1945, and assumed towing duty between Ulithi, Manus, Leyte, the Russell Islands, and Okinawa, until 8 September when she arrived in Tokyo Bay. She supported the occupation of Japan until

neg: Peterstown House Peterstown House The Peterstown House is a historic building located at 275 N. Main St. in Waterloo, Illinois. The saltbox building was constructed in the mid-1830s; an addition was placed on its north side around the 1860s. Emory Peter Rogers, for whom the house and surrounding neighborhood were named, was the first owner of the building. The building served as an inn and stagecoach stop along the Kaskaskia-Cahokia Trail, which was the first road in Illinois. The stagecoach route connected the French settlements at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. The Peterstown House is the only intact inn which still stands along the

neg: American Bottom by UNESCO as one of only eight World Heritage Sites in the United States. The most prominent structure is Monks Mound, rising ten stories high at the center of the complex and fronting on a Grand Plaza. Monks Mound is the largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in the Americas, and the complex is the largest earthwork north of Mexico. The engineering of the mounds showed that their builders had an expert knowledge of the varying soils and their capacities. Cahokia was a complex, planned, and designed urban center with a residential population, farming, and artisan production of refined crafts and goods. With

neg: Des Peres, Missouri (with Lee Falk) and original illustrator. The Lodge is an upscale, state of the art community center that includes indoor and outdoor aquatic facilities, fitness center, gymnasium, and meeting rooms. Des Peres, Missouri Des Peres () is a city in west St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 8,373 at the 2010 census. The first inhabitants of Des Peres were the Cahokia, the Kaskaskia, the Michigamea, the Moingwena, and the Tamaroa tribes. The Osage Nation lived in the area around Des Peres. The Osage were members of the Dhegiha Sioux group of tribes. This group also included the

neg: Trempealeau, Wisconsin Trempealeau, Wisconsin Trempealeau is a village located along the Mississippi River in Trempealeau County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 1,529 at the 2010 census. The village is located within the Town of Trempealeau. An ancient Native American site with earthwork mounds, also known as Trempealeau, has been studied near the village through archeological excavations in the 21st century. It is theorized as a possible mission site or colony of Cahokia, the major center of Mississippian culture from 1000CE to 1450CE located 500 miles to the south in present-day Illinois near St. Louis, Missouri. Studies have been

neg: Des Peres, Missouri Des Peres, Missouri Des Peres () is a city in west St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 8,373 at the 2010 census. The first inhabitants of Des Peres were the Cahokia, the Kaskaskia, the Michigamea, the Moingwena, and the Tamaroa tribes. The Osage Nation lived in the area around Des Peres. The Osage were members of the Dhegiha Sioux group of tribes. This group also included the Ponca tribe, Quapaw tribe, Kansas tribe, and Omaha tribe. Des Peres is thought to be the oldest white settlement in Missouri, founded about December 3, 1700 by some Kaskaskia Native

neg: Twin Mounds Site that when Wickliffe was slowly abandoned around 1300, the population had been slowly relocating to the Twin Mounds Site. A rare Cahokia made "Missouri flint clay" human effigy pipe was found during excavations at the site. Twin Mounds Site The Twin Mounds Site (15BA2) (also known as the Nolan Site) is a Mississippian culture archaeological site located near Barlow in Ballard County, Kentucky, just north of the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The site consists of two large platform mounds around a central plaza and a large thick midden area. The site was occupied from 1200 to about

neg: Ethnic groups in London At the 2011 census, the total Asian population of London stood at 1,511,546. This is a rise of 60% from the 2001 census, when the population stood at 947,425. Outer London has a greater Asian population than Inner London: The Asian population of London is noticeably concentrated in East and West London. Harrow has the highest Indian population, Redbridge has the highest Pakistani population and Tower Hamlets has the highest Bangladeshi and Chinese population. Newham has the highest total Asian population in London. The twenty London boroughs with the highest total Asian population (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese and Other Asian)

neg: Apex, North Carolina During the 1990s, the town's population quadrupled to over 20,000, placing new demands upon Apex's infrastructure. Apex has continued to grow in recent years. A sizable shopping center was built at the intersection of Highway 55 and US 64, and several new neighborhoods have been built as the town grows toward the west. In October 2006, a chemical explosion and fire in a waste processing facility prompted one of the largest evacuations in U.S. history. There were few serious injuries, and residents were soon able to return home. In 2009, a federal court approved a $7.85M settlement to compensate Apex