query: who is considered the father of information architecture

pos: Information architecture Information architecture Information architecture (IA) is the structural design of shared information environments; the art and science of organizing and labelling websites, intranets, online communities and software to support usability and findability; and an emerging community of practice focused on bringing principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape. Typically, it involves a model or concept of information that is used and applied to activities which require explicit details of complex information systems. These activities include library systems and database development. Information architecture is considered to have been founded by Richard Saul Wurman. Today there is a growing network

neg: Information architecture of active IA specialists who constitute the Information Architecture Institute. "Information architecture" has somewhat different meanings in different branches of Information systems or Information technology: The difficulty in establishing a common definition for "information architecture" arises partly from the term's existence in multiple fields. In the field of systems design, for example, information architecture is a component of enterprise architecture that deals with the information component when describing the structure of an enterprise. While the definition of information architecture is relatively well-established in the field of systems design, it is much more debatable within the context of online information systems

neg: Eric Reiss Eric Reiss Eric Reiss (born 1954) is an American business and Information architecture theorist, consultant and author, known for his work in the field of information architecture, usability, and service design. In 2010, he was named in a blog as "One of the Top 10 European Content Strategists to Watch". Born in San Antonio, Texas in 1954, his family relocated to St. Louis prior to his first birthday when his father accepted a position at Washington University School of Medicine. Reiss is the son of two prominent physicians who played pivotal roles in bringing about the nuclear test-ban treaty of

neg: Peter Morville Peter Morville Peter Morville is president of Semantic Studios, an information architecture and findability consulting firm. He may be best known as an influential figure and "founding father" of information architecture, having coauthored the best-selling book in the discipline, "Information Architecture for the World Wide Web". For over a decade, he has advised such clients as AT&T, Dow Chemical, Ford, the IMF, the Library of Congress, and Microsoft. Morville was a co-founder and past president of the Information Architecture Institute, and has served on their advisory board. He delivers keynotes and seminars at international events, and his work has been

neg: Ralph Twitchell Ralph Twitchell Ralph Spencer Twitchell (July 27, 1890 – January 30, 1978) was one of the founding members of the Sarasota School of Architecture. He is considered the father of the group of modernist architecture practitioners, that includes Paul Rudolph and Jack West, and other modernist architects who were active in the Sarasota area in the 1950s and 1960s like Ralph and William Zimmerman, Gene Leedy, Mark Hampton, Edward “Tim” Seibert, Victor Lundy, William Rupp, Bert Brosmith, Frank Folsom Smith, James Holiday, Joseph Farrell and Carl Abbott. He bridged the more traditional architecture of his early work in Florida during

neg: Iteraplan Iteraplan iteraplan is a tool to manage Enterprise architecture with focus on the IT landscape. The aim of iteraplan is to quickly introduce EAM into an organisation, enable tool support for managing the enterprise architecture and facilitate collaboration between different EA relevant stakeholders, such as enterprise architects, project managers, IT staff. With iteraplan different fields of enterprise architecture can be analysed. The focus not only lies on IT relevant parts, but the whole company is considered, like business architecture, information system architecture and technical architecture. The best practice meta-model is structured as follows. After capturing the as-is state of the

neg: View model analyses performed. Products provide a way for visualizing architecture data as graphical, tabular, or textual representations. Views provide the ability to visualize architecture data that stem across products, logically organizing the data for a specific or holistic perspective of the architecture. The Three-schema approach for data modeling, introduced in 1977, can be considered one of the first view models. It is an approach to building information systems and systems information management, that promotes the conceptual model as the key to achieving data integration. The Three schema approach defines three schemas and views: At the center, the conceptual schema defines the

neg: Jaap Schekkerman business, such as computers, operating systems and networks. Schekkerman had witnessed a growing importance of Enterprise Architecture. He explained: Recent Surveys of CEO’s, CIO’s and other executives provide some evidence of the growing importance of Enterprise Architecture over the last few years. In one of the most recent studies of the Institute For Enterprise Architecture Developments (IFEAD), Enterprise Architecture was ranked near the top of the list of most important issues considered by CEO’s and CIO’s. Apparently, this suggests the significance of the overarching framework within which the various aspects of decision-making and development are considered: including Business Architecture, Information

neg: Feral information systems information systems are sometimes referred to as shadow systems. Reasons for feral information systems include: poor training practices in IT firms, inadequate systems, complex political relationships and a host of related issues. Recent research has linked feral information systems to poor operational planning. Feral information systems A feral information system is part of an information system developed by individuals and groups to help with day-to-day activities that is not condoned by management. It is called "feral" because it circumvents existing information technology systems or works around key system architecture. It is important to note that feral information systems are considered

neg: Addison Hutton he became fond of the "solid necessities of building" and enjoyed working alongside his father. Like his father, Addison would vary between carpenting and school. A young man named Robert Grimacy gave him lessons in architecture; it was then that Addison Hutton considered it to be a possible direction in his own life. Addison Hutton studied architecture with Samuel Sloan, who was a leading Philadelphia architect and author of books on house designs. He supervised construction of the Sloan-designed Longwood in Natchez, MS (1859–62), until construction was abandoned during the American Civil War (stranding Hutton, a pacifist, in the Deep

neg: Feral information systems Feral information systems A feral information system is part of an information system developed by individuals and groups to help with day-to-day activities that is not condoned by management. It is called "feral" because it circumvents existing information technology systems or works around key system architecture. It is important to note that feral information systems are considered part of the experience of performing work duties. A feral information system can be written for a variety of reasons. The general reason given is that they are ways of working around existing management information systems in order to support day-to-day work. Feral

neg: Maarten van Severen Maarten van Severen Maarten Van Severen (5 June 1956, Antwerp, Belgium – 21 February 2005, Ghent, Belgium) was a Belgian furniture designer and interior architect. He came from an artistic family: his father was the abstract painter Dan Van Severen while his brother, Fabian Van Severen, is also a designer. Maarten Van Severen started out studying architecture in Ghent, designing furniture from 1986 onward. He is considered one of the few Belgian designers who have achieved international success. The son of an abstract painter, Maarten Van Severen chose to study architecture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Ghent). He

neg: Swissôtel Amsterdam Swissôtel Amsterdam Swissôtel Amsterdam is a four-star luxury hotel in Amsterdam, the capital city of the Netherlands, and is managed by the Switzerland-based hotel chain Swissôtel Hotels & Resorts. Swissotel Amsterdam is located near Dam Square, in the heart of Amsterdam’s historic city centre. The hotel was partly built in the 19th and finished in the 20th century. Designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage who is considered the "Father of Modern Architecture" http://www.mediamatic.net/2121/nl/hendrik-p-berlage ,and takes heavy influence from the Neo-Romanesque brickwork architecture. The hotel officially opened in August 1986. Behind its historical façade of the early centuries, there are 111 guest

neg: Data architect Data architect A "data architect" is a practitioner of data architecture, an information technology discipline concerned with designing, creating, deploying and managing an organization's data architecture. Data architects define how the data will be stored, consumed, integrated and managed by different data entities and IT systems, as well as any applications using or processing that data in some way. It is closely allied with business architecture and is considered to be one of the four domains of enterprise architecture. According to the Data Management Body of Knowledge, the data architect “provides a standard common business vocabulary, expresses strategic data requirements,

neg: Content centric networking the content (or payload), and information used to cryptographically validate the message – all contained in nested TLVs. The specification of CCNx 1.0 is available at: http://blogs.parc.com/ccnx/specifications/ Content centric networking In contrast to IP-based, host-oriented, Internet architecture, content centric networking (CCN) emphasizes content by making it directly addressable and routable. Endpoints communicate based on named data instead of IP addresses. CCN is characterized by the basic exchange of content request messages (called "Interests") and content return messages (called "Content Objects"). It is considered an information-centric networking (ICN) architecture. The goals of CCN are to provide a more secure, flexible and

neg: Toros Toramanian Toros Toramanian Toros Toramanian (; 1864 – March 1, 1934) was a prominent Armenian architect and architectural historian. He is considered "the father of Armenian architectural historiography." Toramanian was born in 1864, in the town of Şebinkarahisar (Շապին-Գարահիսար in Armenian), Ottoman Empire. He studied architecture at Academy of fine arts in Constantinople, and later at Sorbonne, Paris, and then he worked on the detailed study of the remains of medieval Armenian architectural monuments. Toramanian's scientific work paved the way for the great scholar, Josef Strzygowski, who, after a long and detailed study of Christian architecture reached the conclusion that Armenian

neg: Ralph Twitchell maximum economy of means, clear geometry, and honesty in details. Twitchell and Rudolph parted ways in 1951. Between 1953-1954, Twitchell partnered with another "Sarasota School" architect, Jack West, and between 1959-1965 with his son, Tollyn Jules Twitchell. Ralph Twitchell died in Sarasota, Florida, on January 30, 1978. Ralph Twitchell Ralph Spencer Twitchell (July 27, 1890 – January 30, 1978) was one of the founding members of the Sarasota School of Architecture. He is considered the father of the group of modernist architecture practitioners, that includes Paul Rudolph and Jack West, and other modernist architects who were active in the Sarasota

neg: Zachman Framework etc. related to those items. In the 1980s John Zachman had been involved at IBM in the development of business system planning (BSP), a method for analyzing, defining and designing an information architecture of organizations. In 1982 Zachman had already concluded that these analyses could reach far beyond automating systems design and managing data into the realms of strategic business planning and management science in general. It may be employed in the (in that time considered more esoteric) areas of enterprise architecture, data-driven systems design, data classification criteria, and more. In the 1987 article "A Framework for Information Systems Architecture"

neg: Jaap Schekkerman Architecture, Information-Systems Architecture (Data Architecture), Technology Infrastructure Architecture and things like Software Architecture. The various decisions related to business development and technology innovations need to be considered in a systemic manner within the framework of various architectures. Choices of methods and techniques have to be made in the context of the goals and objectives... The "How to Survive in the Jungle of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks" started with a general introduction of the principles of enterprise architecture and the EA practice in the US and in Europe. Subsequently, this book compares 14 of the most popular Enterprise Architecture Frameworks of that

neg: Igor Goldkind SUBVERSIONfactory. In 2014, after living abroad for 30 years, he returned to San Diego to care for his mother. Goldkind has lectured at Liverpool University, Liverpool College, St. Martins School of Design, and the London College of Printing. With experience in gameplay as information interface, Linked Open Data, and semantic web architecture, he is considered by his contemporaries to be an expert in the growing fields of Information Architecture, Usability Standards, and User Experience. Actively engaged in many of the grassroots arts and culture movements currently developing in San Diego, Goldkind continues to write on the often controversial subjects of

neg: Louis Sullivan Louis Sullivan Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, and has been called the "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. Along with Wright and Henry Hobson Richardson, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture". "Form follows function" is attributed to him

neg: Media management organization (or architecture) of product, service and information flows, and the sources of revenues and benefits for suppliers and customers." According to Wirtz, "a business model is a simplified and aggregated representation of the relevant activities of a company. It describes how marketable information, products and/or services are generated by means of a company's value-added component. In addition to the architecture of value creation, strategic as well as customer and market components are considered in order to realize the overriding objective of generating and preserving a competitive advantage." The business model as an integrated management tool consists of further partial

neg: Enterprise architecture framework all subsequent works of Zachman used the term "Information Systems Architecture". In 1986, the PRISM architecture framework was developed as a result of the research project sponsored by a group of companies, including IBM, which was seemingly the first published EA framework. In 1987, John Zachman, who was a marketing specialist at IBM, published the paper, "A Framework for Information Systems Architecture". The paper provided a classification scheme for artifacts that describe (at several levels of abstraction) the what, how, where, who, when and why of information systems. Given IBM already employed BSP, Zachman had no need to provide planning

neg: Salvatore Fergola Salvatore Fergola Salvatore Fergola (1799 – 7 March 1874) was an Italian painter, mainly of landscapes or vedute in and around his native Naples. He is considered an exponent of the School of Posillipo. He was born in Naples. He was the son of the engraver of landscapes, Luigi Fergola and his wife, Teresa Conti. Salvatore was educated in literature and architecture. He became a follower of Jakob Philipp Hackert, who had also mentored his father. Like his father, and other painters such as Giacinto Gigante, he worked for some time in the Royal Topographic office. He was heavily patronized

neg: Someshvara III was a noted historian, scholar and poet. He authored the Sanskrit encyclopedic text "Manasollasa" touching upon such topics as polity, governance, astronomy, astrology, rhetoric, medicine, food, architecture, painting, poetry and music – making his work a valuable modern source of socio-cultural information of the 11th- and 12th-century India. He also authored, in Sanskrit, an incomplete biography of his father Vikramaditya VI, called "Vikramankabhyudaya." His scholarly pursuits was the reason he held such titles as "Sarvadnya-bhupa" ("lit", "the king who knows everything") and "Bhulokamala" ("the king who is lord of all living beings"). Someshvara III is credited with composing "" ()

neg: Herbert A. Simon several modern-day scientific domains such as artificial intelligence, information processing, decision-making, problem-solving, organization theory, and complex systems. He was among the earliest to analyze the architecture of complexity and to propose a preferential attachment mechanism to explain power law distributions. Herbert Alexander Simon was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on June 15, 1916. His father, Arthur Simon (1881–1948), was an electrical engineer who had come to the United States from Germany in 1903 after earning his engineering degree from the Technische Hochschule of Darmstadt. An inventor who was granted "several dozen patents", his father also was an independent patent attorney. His

neg: Computer-aided engineering fields such as automotive, aviation, space, and shipbuilding industries. In regard to information networks, CAE systems are individually considered a single node on a total information network and each node may interact with other nodes on the network. CAE systems can provide support to businesses. This is achieved by the use of reference architectures and their ability to place information views on the business process. Reference architecture is the basis from which information model, especially product and manufacturing models. The term CAE has also been used by some in the past to describe the use of computer technology within engineering

neg: Sweep (book series) since Hunter was a child. Hunter receives information about the whereabouts of his parents, which inevitably lead him to Canada. There he finds his father, Daniel Niall, and discovers that his mother died just before Yule, when he was training Morgan. Hunter soon discovers that his father is talking to his mother (who is dead) using a Bith Dearc which is the use of what is considered to be a form of dark magick, against the wishes of Hunter's mother. Hunter must attempt to stop his father from doing this, while investigating a witch by the name of Justine Courceau,

neg: Eric Reiss Conversation" (), "Speaker Camp" () and commentary to the online Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction. Reiss was President of the Information Architecture Institute for two terms and was a founder of the European Information Architecture Summit and served as Chair from 2005-2014. Reiss is active in the information architecture/usability/user experience/service design scene. In recent years, Reiss has also been an outspoken critic of innovationists who do not differentiate between innovation and invention. Reiss argues that innovation is a later stage than invention and that it is always a planned activity and never accidental. Articles, a selection: Eric Reiss Eric Reiss (born

neg: Enterprise information security architecture any organization of significant size. More and more companies are implementing a formal enterprise security architecture process to support the governance and management of IT. However, as noted in the opening paragraph of this article it ideally relates more broadly to the practice of business optimization in that it addresses business security architecture, performance management and process security architecture as well. Enterprise Information Security Architecture is also related to IT security portfolio management and metadata in the enterprise IT sense. Enterprise information security architecture Enterprise information security architecture (EISA) is a part of enterprise architecture focusing on information security throughout

neg: Enterprise information security architecture practice of business optimization in that it addresses business security architecture, performance management and security process architecture as well. Enterprise information security architecture is becoming a common practice within the financial institutions around the globe. The primary purpose of creating an enterprise information security architecture is to ensure that business strategy and IT security are aligned. As such, enterprise information security architecture allows traceability from the business strategy down to the underlying technology. Enterprise information security architecture was first formally positioned by Gartner in their whitepaper called “"Incorporating Security into the Enterprise Architecture Process"”. This was published on 24 January

neg: Social information architecture on the web. Wodtke, Christina and Govella, Austin Information Architecture: Blueprints for the Web (2009) Second Edition, Published by New Riders Social information architecture Social information architecture is a sub-domain of information architecture which deals with the social aspects of conceptualizing, modeling and organizing information. Social Information Architecture, also known as Social iA has become more relevant because of the rise of Social Media and Web 2.0 in recent times. There are different approaches to the explanation of Social iA. Architects designing a physical community space, have to consider how the architecture will shape social interactions. A long hallway of

neg: Eldon Davis Eldon Davis Eldon Carlyle Davis (February 2, 1917 – April 22, 2011) was an American architect, considered largely responsible for the creation of Googie architecture, a form of modern architecture originating in Southern California. Googie architecture is largely influenced by Southern California's car culture and the Space Age of the mid-20th century. Davis was a founding partner of the Armet & Davis architectural firm which championed Googie architecture, including the original Norms Restaurant, a Googie coffee shop designed by Davis. For his work, the "Los Angeles Times" called Davis, "the father of the California coffee shop." Eldon Davis was born

neg: Social information architecture = social architecture. All major brands use information architecture to market their products online, it is then commonly wrapped under the umbrella phrase 'digital strategy'. Information architecture used for strategic purposes encompasses brand SEO, strategic placement of virals, social media presence etc. Charities, news outlets and social dialogue forums can make a much more specific use of the same tools for positive and important social purposes. Social Information Architecture is perceived as the socially conscious wing of commercial information architecture and function to exchange information and ideas between people and groups. Social iA can pick up on conflicting issues that

neg: Information technology architecture Information technology architecture Information technology architecture is the process of development of methodical information technology specifications, models and guidelines, using a variety of Information Technology notations, for example UML, within a coherent Information Technology architecture framework, following formal and informal Information Technology solution, enterprise, and infrastructure architecture processes. These processes have been developed in the past few decades in response to the requirement for a coherent, consistent approach to delivery of information technology capabilities. They have been developed by information technology product vendors and independent consultancies, based on real experiences in the information technology marketplace and collaboration amongst industry stakeholders,

neg: Enterprise information security architecture process. The organization must design and implement a process that ensures continual movement from the current state to the future state. The future state will generally be a combination of one or more Enterprise information security architecture frameworks is only a subset of enterprise architecture frameworks. If we had to simplify the conceptual abstraction of enterprise information security architecture within a generic framework, the picture on the right would be acceptable as a high-level conceptual security architecture framework. Other open enterprise architecture frameworks are: Enterprise information security architecture is a key component of the information security technology governance process at

neg: Vaijnath Mohiniraj Pundlik Vaijnath Mohiniraj Pundlik Vaijnath Mohiniraj Pundlik (Born 23 December 1913 - Death 9 March 2009) was an Indian architect, considered an important figure of South Asian architecture and noted for his contributions to the evolution of architectural discourse in India. He is known for his contributions to the architecture of Indian Parliament at Delhi. Vaijnath Mohiniraj Pundlik was born in Parli Vaijnath, India. His father was working in postal and telegram department. His father had a transferable job and had service at many places in Maharashtra. Vaijnath Mohiniraj Pundlik studied his schooling at Pandharpur and Parbhani. At that time, Parbhani

neg: Trusted system less trusted when taken together?') is given in. The IBM Federal Software Group has suggested that provides the most useful definition of trust for application in an information technology environment, because it is related to other information theory concepts and provides a basis for measuring trust. In a network centric enterprise services environment, such notion of trust is considered to be requisite for achieving the desired collaborative, service-oriented architecture vision. See also, The Trusted Systems Project, a part of the Global Information Society Project (GISP), a joint research project of the World Policy Institute (WPI) and the Center for Advanced

neg: Social information architecture other: collaboration, distraction, communalism. Still, physical spaces can be flexibly repurposed and worked around if the inhabitants desire a social dynamic not instantly afforded by the space. Office doors can be left open to invite easier interaction. Partitions can be raised between adjacent desks to limit distraction and increase privacy. That’s physical architecture. The information architectures of online communities are far more deterministic and far less flexible. They literally define the social architecture by pre-specifying in immutable computer code what information you have access to, who you can talk to, where you can go. In the online world, information architecture

neg: Shyoltozero century building, which is considered to be a monument of Karelian wooden architecture. The museum also includes the Tuchin House that is located behind the Melkin House. During the Continuation War, it was the home of Dmitry Tuchin and his wife Mariya, who accommodated Soviet partisans in their house. Also a woman of Finnish extraction, Sylvi Paaso, lived in this house for eight months and radioed information on the movements of the Finnish troops to the Soviet military. The novel "The Operation in the Vacuum Zone" by Oleg Tikhonov tells about this period. Shyoltozero Shyoltozero (; ; ; ) is

neg: Treasury Information System Architecture Framework Treasury Information System Architecture Framework The Treasury Information System Architecture Framework (TISAF) is an early 1990s Enterprise Architecture framework to assist US Treasury Bureaus to develop their Enterprise Information System Architectures (EISAs). The TISAF was developed by the US Department of the Treasury in 1997, and let to the development of the Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework, released in 2000. The TEAF represents the second-generation framework for Treasury. TISAF was the first-generation framework. The Treasury Information System Architecture Framework (TISAF) consists of a list of goals and objectives for planning Treasury information technology a set of architectural principles for developing information

neg: Information technology architecture for example the Open Group. Best practice Information Technology architecture encourages the use of open technology standards and global technology interoperability. Information Technology Architecture can also be called a high-level map or plan of the information assets in an organization, including the physical design of the building that holds the hardware. Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson, and James Rumbaugh are accredited with developing the first Unified Modeling Language (UML), a widely used technology modeling language. IBM was an early developer of formal solution and infrastructure architecture methodologies for information technology. Information technology architecture Information technology architecture is the process of development

neg: William Hayward (architect) succeeded William Lumby as Surveyor for the Lincolnshire County County Committee, which had responsibility for Lincoln Castle and the prison. Howard Colvin considered Hayward to be "a competent designer in the ‘Regency’ style" and that from the re-construction of Kirton in Holland church in 1804 "had an understanding of Gothic architecture quite remarkable at that date". William Hayward (architect) William Haywood (died probably in 1823) was an architect who worked in Lincoln, England. His father John who died in 1817 was mayor of Lincoln twice and worked as a mason. Haywood succeeded his father as mayor after his death in

neg: Enterprise information security architecture Enterprise information security architecture Enterprise information security architecture (EISA) is a part of enterprise architecture focusing on information security throughout the enterprise. The name implies a difference that may not exist between small/medium-sized businesses and larger organizations. Enterprise information security architecture (EISA) is the practice of applying a comprehensive and rigorous method for describing a current and/or future structure and behavior for an organization's security processes, information security systems, personnel and organizational sub-units, so that they align with the organization's core goals and strategic direction. Although often associated strictly with information security technology, it relates more broadly to the security

neg: Controlled vocabulary began to adopt the thesauri type term "Broader term" and "Narrow term". The terms are chosen and organized by trained professionals (including librarians and information scientists) who possess expertise in the subject area. Controlled vocabulary terms can accurately describe what a given document is actually about, even if the terms themselves do not occur within the document's text. Well known subject heading systems include the Library of Congress system, MeSH, and Sears. Well known thesauri include the Art and Architecture Thesaurus and the ERIC Thesaurus. Choosing authorized terms to be used is a tricky business, besides the areas already considered

neg: Social information architecture Social information architecture Social information architecture is a sub-domain of information architecture which deals with the social aspects of conceptualizing, modeling and organizing information. Social Information Architecture, also known as Social iA has become more relevant because of the rise of Social Media and Web 2.0 in recent times. There are different approaches to the explanation of Social iA. Architects designing a physical community space, have to consider how the architecture will shape social interactions. A long hallway of offices creates an utterly different dynamic than desks with arranged in an open space. One might foster individuality, privacy, propriety; the

neg: The Open Group Architecture Framework both Data Architecture and Applications Architecture. Additional clarity can be added between steps B and C in order to provide a complete information architecture. Performance engineering working practices are applied to the Requirements phase, and to the Business Architecture, Information System Architecture, and Technology architecture phases. Within Information System Architecture, it is applied to both the Data Architecture and Application Architecture. The Enterprise Continuum is a way of classifying solutions and architectures on a continuum that range from generic foundation architectures through to tailored organization-specific both within and outside the Architecture Repository. These include architectural models, architectural patterns, architecture descriptions,

neg: Gevher Nesibe were designed and built by an architect named Üstad Ömer. The entryway inscription, a common feature of Islamic architecture that usually records the architect's name, is missing, but the information is preserved in written sources elsewhere. Today, Gevher Nesibe is also the namesake of a magnificent complex at Kayseri comprising the former hospital, an adjoining medrese devoted primarily to medical studies, and a mosque in Kayseri, Turkey. The complex ("külliye" in Turkish) that she endowed, is considered one of the preeminent monuments of Seljuk architecture. The hospital was built between 1204 and 1206, and the medrese, whose construction started immediately

neg: House of Sinodi-Popov House of Sinodi-Popov The House of Sinodi-Popov () is an object of cultural heritage located at 84 in the city of Taganrog, Rostov Oblast. Monument of architecture. In the middle of the 18th century, Sinodi-Popov ancestors traded near the Temernik River and on the cape Tagan-Roge. The Berdyansk merchant Georgy Semyonovich Sinodi-Popov who was born in 1755 is considered the Taganrog Sinodi-Popov ancestor. In the 1840s down the street Greek, 84, Sinodi-Popov family built the new house. There is no reliable and exact information about the origin of a double surname of these people. In the metrics book of 1853

neg: Core architecture data model to exchange information and data. Core architecture data model Core architecture data model (CADM) in enterprise architecture is a logical data model of information used to describe and build architectures. The CADM is essentially a common database schema, defined within the US Department of Defense Architecture Framework DoDAF. It was initially published in 1997 as a logical data model for architecture data. Core architecture data model (CADM) is designed to capture DoDAF architecture information in a standardized structure. CADM was developed to support the data requirements of the DoDAF. The CADM defines the entities and relationships for DoDAF architecture data

neg: Information architecture structural, and orderly principles to make something work — the thoughtful making of either artifact, or idea, or policy that informs because it is clear." Information architecture Information architecture (IA) is the structural design of shared information environments; the art and science of organizing and labelling websites, intranets, online communities and software to support usability and findability; and an emerging community of practice focused on bringing principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape. Typically, it involves a model or concept of information that is used and applied to activities which require explicit details of complex information systems. These

neg: Quadrant (architecture) houses in fashionable spa towns such as Buxton. Henry Currey's "Quadrant", built to rival the architecture of Bath, is considered one of Buxton's finest buildings. Quadrant (architecture) Quadrant in architecture refers to a curve in a wall or a vaulted ceiling. Generally considered to be an arc of 90 degrees - one quarter of a circle, or a half of the more commonly seen architectural feature - a crescent. The quadrant curve in architecture was a feature popularised by Palladio who used it often for the wings and colonnades which linked his classical style villas to their service wings and

neg: ArchiMate Archimate Framework: It divides the enterprise architecture into a business, application and technology layer. In each layer, three aspects are considered: active elements that exhibit behavior (e.g. Process and Function), an internal structure and elements that define use or communicate information. One of the objectives of the ArchiMate language is to define the relationships between concepts in different architecture domains. The concepts of this language therefore hold the middle between the detailed concepts, which are used for modeling individual domains (for example, the UML for modeling software products), and BPMN, which is used for business process modeling. ArchiMate is partly

neg: Toros Toramanian architecture had a significant role in the development of Byzantine and later of West European architecture. In 1920, during the Turkish–Armenian War, Toramanian lost a great part of his scientific study. He died in 1934 in Yerevan and was buried on the bank of Hrazdan river. Toros Toramanian Toros Toramanian (; 1864 – March 1, 1934) was a prominent Armenian architect and architectural historian. He is considered "the father of Armenian architectural historiography." Toramanian was born in 1864, in the town of Şebinkarahisar (Շապին-Գարահիսար in Armenian), Ottoman Empire. He studied architecture at Academy of fine arts in Constantinople, and later

neg: Information Based Architecture United Kingdom. In 2003 and 2004 the office received a scholarship for research from the Netherlands Foundation for Visual Arts, Design and Architecture. Information Based Architecture's most important project to date is the Canton tower. Information Based Architecture Information Based Architecture (IBA) is a partnership between architects Mark Hemel and Barbara Kuit, set up in London in 1998. IBA is translated into Chinese as; 信基. (xin 4) (ji 1): meaning 'trustworthy architecture founded on information'. The practice specializes in large-scale architectural and urban projects. Having won several high profile competitions, the most famous one being the design for the Canton

neg: El Salvador valuable information of the Great American Interchange, in which the Central American isthmus landbridge played the title primordial role. At the same time, it is considered the richest vertebrate paleontological site in Central America and one of the largest accumulations of proboscideans in the Americas. Sophisticated civilization in El Salvador dates to its settlement by the indigenous Lenca people; theirs was the first and the oldest indigenous civilization to settle in El Salvador. The Lenca were succeeded by the Olmecs, who eventually also disappeared, leaving their monumental architecture in the form of the pyramids still extant in western El Salvador.

neg: Treasury Information System Architecture Framework and depict building blocks of an information system as a set of services categorized by functional areas. Key changes from TISAF 1997 to Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework (TEAF) 2000 are summarized below: Treasury Information System Architecture Framework The Treasury Information System Architecture Framework (TISAF) is an early 1990s Enterprise Architecture framework to assist US Treasury Bureaus to develop their Enterprise Information System Architectures (EISAs). The TISAF was developed by the US Department of the Treasury in 1997, and let to the development of the Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework, released in 2000. The TEAF represents the second-generation framework for Treasury. TISAF

neg: Treasury Information System Architecture Framework existing and needed applications and related information technology required to execute and support the business functions. According to Treasury guidance, the architecture's infrastructure component (i.e., its systems specifications and standards) should be derived from the other three components. In addition, the guidance states that each element of the architecture must be integrated and traceable, and the relationships between them must be explicit. The Information Architecture is the "what" of information systems which defines and organizes all information needed to perform business operations and describes the relationships among this information. The Functional Architecture is the "how" of information systems which defines

neg: Architecture of Interoperable Information Systems Architecture of Interoperable Information Systems The Architecture of Interoperable Information Systems (AIOS) is a reference architecture for the development of interoperable enterprise information systems. If enterprises or public administrations want to engage in automated business processes with other organizations, their IT systems must be able to work together, i.e. they need to be interoperable. The AIOS represents a generic building plan for these organizations to develop interoperable information systems by systematically adjusting and extending their internal information systems. The AIOS was described in a doctoral thesis and is based on the results of various research projects on interoperability. It is

neg: Perkūnas as cognates. Finnish Perkele, a name of Ukko, is considered a loan from Baltic. Another connection is that of "terpikeraunos", an epithet of Zeus meaning ""who enjoys lightning"". The name survives in Modern Baltic as Lithuanian "perkūnas" ("thunder"), "perkūnija" ("thunderstorm"), and the Latvian "pērkons" ("thunder"), "pērkona negaiss" ("thunderstorm" or "Pērkons' storm"). Alternative names in Latvian are Pērkoniņš (diminutive), Pērkonītis (diminutive), Pērkona tēvs (thunder father), Vecais tēvs (Old father). Most information about Perkūnas comes from folklore songs, legends, and fairy tales. Because most of them were collected rather late in the 19th century, they represent only some fragments of the whole

neg: History of business architecture architectural plan, which is a "to be" picture of where one wants to go and how to get there, not just a picture of the status quo. Cees J. Schrama. (1988) of the European IFIP Technical Committee on Information Systems IFIP TC8 presented the opinion, that "business architecture is required to provide a solid base for the total development process." He pictured another model consisted of elements such as information processing architecture and network architecture, and explained: [Business architecture] contains the fundamentals for the information processing architecture, where process data, support systems and network architecture are performed. In business architecture

neg: Dynamic Diagrams information architecture and information design (see Further Reading). Dynamic Diagrams Dynamic Diagrams is an information design consultancy based in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. Its services include information architecture and design for web sites and applications, as well as diagramming complex processes, systems, and data to help clients explain and sell their ideas. The company provides visual design capabilities supported by research and analysis to understand user and business needs. Dynamic Diagrams was founded in 1990 by Paul Kahn and Krzysztof Lenk, who first worked together to design the hypertext system Intermedia (hypertext) at Brown University’s Institute for Research in

neg: NIST Enterprise Architecture Model information storage shifted to electronic means, this became more and more difficult. One of the first overall approaches to building information systems and systems information management from the 1970s was the three-schema approach. It proposes to use three different views in systems development, in which conceptual modelling is considered to be the key to achieving data integration: At the center, the conceptual schema defines the ontology of the concepts as the users think of them and talk about them. The physical schema according to Sowa (2004) "describes the internal formats of the data stored in the database, and the external

neg: Business process management implementation (BPMN, enterprise architecture, Business Motivation Model). BPM is now considered a critical component of operational intelligence (OI) solutions to deliver real-time, actionable information. This real-time information can be acted upon in a variety of ways – alerts can be sent or executive decisions can be made using real-time dashboards. OI solutions use real-time information to take automated action based on pre-defined rules so that security measures and or exception management processes can be initiated. Because "the size and complexity of daily tasks often requires the use of technology to model efficiently" when resources in technology became increasingly widespread with

neg: Asturian architecture central arch were re-used from Visigothic origins in the 7th century. On the outside of the church, it is worth noting the large number of buttresses (32) which seem in some cases to have a merely aesthetic function. Nearby this church is the Asturian Pre-Romanesque Information Centre, located in the old Norte de la Cobertoria Railway Station. This comprises the reign of Alfonso III, who came to the throne at the age of 18, on the death of his father, Ordoño I, marking the zenith of the kingdom of Asturias. Expansion against Islam led him to conquer Oporto and Coimbra

neg: Holism in science given type of information or implement specific mental operations. The controversy was epitomized with the existence of a language area in the brain, nowadays known as the Broca's area. Architecture is often argued by design academics and those practicing in design to be a holistic enterprise. Used in this context, holism tends to imply an all-inclusive design perspective. This trait is considered exclusive to architecture, distinct from other professions involved in design projects. Some economists use a causal holism theory in their work. That is they view the discipline in the manner of Ludwig Wittgenstein and claim that it can't

neg: Shared-nothing architecture scaling is huge. While there is no single point of contention within the software/hardware components of SN systems, information from disparate nodes may still need to be reintegrated at some point. Such points occur wherever an information system that is outside the SN architecture queries information from disparate nodes within the SN architecture for a single purpose. Examples of such external nodes might be: Shared-nothing architecture A shared-nothing architecture (SN) is a distributed-computing architecture in which each node is independent and self-sufficient, and there is no single point of contention across the system. More specifically, none of the nodes share

neg: Data lineage produced the input of T, while a downstream actor is one that consumes the output of T . Containment relationships are always considered while creating the links. The graph consists of three types of links or edges. The simplest link is an explicitly specified link between two actors. These links are explicitly specified in the code of a machine learning algorithm. When an actor is aware of its exact upstream or downstream actor, it can communicate this information to lineage API. This information is later used to link these actors during the tracing query. For example, in the MapReduce architecture,

neg: Harold M. McClelland the large USAF unit (301 or more members) which has demonstrated "sustained superior performance and professional excellence while managing core communications and information functions and for contributions that most improved communications and information support to Air Force and (or) DoD operations and missions." Harold M. McClelland Harold Mark McClelland (November 4, 1893 – November 19, 1965) was a United States Air Force (USAF) major general who is considered the father of Air Force communications. He founded and led the 19th Bombardment Group in the early 1930s, commanded Rockwell Field for a year then was groomed for higher leadership, becoming the

neg: Riverview High School (Sarasota, Florida) where the plan for relocating the parking lot was proposed. The office of architect Carl Abbott, FAIA, who is considered a member of the Sarasota School of Architecture, released information about a co-operative effort by the "Save Riverview Committee", the Florida Association of Architects, and the Sarasota Architectural Foundation, at which the documentary "Site Specific: The History of Regional Modernism", by Susan Szenasy, editor in chief of "Metropolis" magazine, was previewed on March 24 at Burns Court Cinema in Sarasota. In the film, Szenasy explored the historic significance of Riverview High School and featured expressions of the concern of architects

neg: Effat University in its founding, from raising funds, developing the curriculum, overseeing construction to the hiring of faculty and staff. Sara bint Faisal is the chair of the board of founders and board of trustees, while Lolowah is vice chair and general supervisor of the university. Effat University is considered the first private woman college in Saudi Arabia. Effat University consists of the following departments: Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Science, and Information Systems departments Architecture, Visual and Digital Production, and Design departments Finance, Marketing, Human Resources Management, Operation and Information Management, and Entrepreneurship English and Translation and Psychology departments Masters in

neg: Master of Information Management designed for students who want to follow technology director career paths. Master of Information Management A Master of Information Management (MIM) is an interdisciplinary degree program designed to provide studies in strategic information management, knowledge management, usability, business administration, information systems, information architecture, information design, computer sciences, policy, ethics, and project management. The degree is relatively new and has typically been developed alongside other, more established programs in university Schools of Information. The MIM degree has emerged to address the growing and unique need for information professionals who understand the conflux of multiple organizational issues across several disciplines. The MIM

neg: Content centric networking Content centric networking In contrast to IP-based, host-oriented, Internet architecture, content centric networking (CCN) emphasizes content by making it directly addressable and routable. Endpoints communicate based on named data instead of IP addresses. CCN is characterized by the basic exchange of content request messages (called "Interests") and content return messages (called "Content Objects"). It is considered an information-centric networking (ICN) architecture. The goals of CCN are to provide a more secure, flexible and scalable network thereby addressing the Internet's modern-day requirements for secure content distribution on a massive scale to a diverse set of end devices. CCN embodies a security

neg: Architecture domain architecture as well as the domains of information architecture, information systems architecture, or security architecture (a cross-cutting concern): Note that the applications architecture is about the application portfolio, not the internal architecture of a single application - which is often called the application architecture. Many EA frameworks combine data and application domains into a single layer, sitting below the business (usually a human activity system) and above the technology (the platform IT infrastructure). There are many variations on this theme. Architecture domain An architecture domain in enterprise architecture is a broad view of an enterprise or system. It is a

neg: Informative modelling Informative modelling Informative modelling is an interdisciplinary methodological approach linking information technologies with architectural analysis and modelling (at various scales, from architectural elements to buildings and structures). Informative modelling aims at improving the way information and evidences about how architectural objects evolved through time can be visually displayed. Informative modelling applies to the study of historic architecture, where objects have most often been widely transformed, and consequently where what is known about objects remains partial. As a consequence, whereas in traditional architectural modelling a realistic representation of objects is considered as an end, in the informative modelling methodology the representation

neg: Adam P. Leighton House Adam P. Leighton House The Adam P. Leighton House is an historic house at 261 Western Promenade in Portland, Maine. Built in 1903, it is a fine local example of Colonial Revival architecture, and is further prominent as home to Adam P. Leighton, who was "considered the father of the American postcard industry", and served as the Mayor of Portland from 1908-09. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The Leighton House is located in Portland's Portland's West End, near the northern end of the Western Promenade, a public park. It is set overlooking

neg: Architecture of Interoperable Information Systems collaborative information systems, starting with the business requirements definition and going all the way down to the code level. Apart from the construction aspect, thereby also a multi-dimensional interoperability description is provided, facilitating the synchronization of collaborating systems on each level. Similar to for example ARIS and OMG's MDA three levels are used: Architecture of Interoperable Information Systems The Architecture of Interoperable Information Systems (AIOS) is a reference architecture for the development of interoperable enterprise information systems. If enterprises or public administrations want to engage in automated business processes with other organizations, their IT systems must be able to work

neg: Federated architecture are different areas where independently solved problems can reduce complexity and increase agility. Federated architecture as database architecture was first introduced by Denis Heimberger 1982 and 1985 with the title: A Federated Architecture for Information Management: "This federated database architecture allows a collection of database systems (components) to unite into a loosely coupled federation in order to share and exchange information. The term federation refers to the collection of constituent databases participating in a federated database." Federated architecture Federated architecture (FA) is a pattern in enterprise architecture that allows interoperability and information sharing between semi-autonomous de-centrally organized lines of business

neg: Enterprise architecture framework inseparable from information system architecture, which is natural, since business people need information to make decisions and carry out business processes. In 2011, the TOGAF 9.1. specification says: "Business planning at the strategy level provides the initial direction to enterprise architecture." Normally, the business principles, business goals, and strategic drivers of the organization are defined elsewhere. In other words, Enterprise Architecture is not a business strategy, planning or management methodology. Enterprise Architecture strives to align business information systems technology with given business strategy, goals and drivers. The TOGAF 9.1 specification clarified, that, "A complete enterprise architecture description should contain all

neg: Enterprise information security architecture 2006. Since this publication, security architecture has moved from being a silo based architecture to an enterprise focused solution that incorporates business, information and technology. The picture below represents a one-dimensional view of enterprise architecture as a service-oriented architecture. It also reflects the new addition to the enterprise architecture family called “Security”. Business architecture, information architecture and technology architecture used to be called BIT for short. Now with security as part of the architecture family it has become BITS. Security architectural change imperatives now include things like The practice of enterprise information security architecture involves developing an architecture security framework

neg: Darwin Information Typing Architecture like Swordfish Translation Editor or Fluenta DITA Translation Manager, a tool designed to implement the translation workflow suggested by the article "Using XLIFF to Translate DITA Projects" published by the DITA Adoption TC at OASIS. The DITA standard is maintained by OASIS. The latest (current) version is 1.3, approved December 2015. An errata document for DITA 1.3 was approved in October 2016. Example of conditionalized text: Darwin Information Typing Architecture The Darwin Information Typing Architecture or Document Information Typing Architecture (DITA) is an XML data model for authoring and publishing. It is an open standard that is defined and maintained

neg: Tamworth Post Office Post Office is aesthetically significant because it is a fine example of the Victorian Italianate style with Free Classical influence on the clock tower, and makes an important aesthetic contribution to the civic precinct in Tamworth. Tamworth Post Office is also associated with the Colonial Architect's Office under James Barnet, a key practitioner of the Victorian Italianate style of architecture. Tamworth Post Office has potential to yield information regarding late nineteenth-century clock tower mechanisms and archaeological information about the previous use of the site. Tamworth Post Office is also considered to be significant to the Tamworth community's sense of place.

neg: Monastery of San Miguel de Escalada Monastery of San Miguel de Escalada San Miguel de Escalada is a monastery in the province of León, Spain, located 10 km from the Way of St. James pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela. The building is an example of Mozarabic art and architecture or Repoblación art and architecture. An inscription that has disappeared but was published by Father Risco in 1786 gave information about the church's consecration in 951 by Bishop Genadio of Astorga, around the time of the founding of the Kingdom of León. It was constructed on a site dedicated to Saint Michael, probably a Visigothic church:

neg: Darwin Information Typing Architecture Darwin Information Typing Architecture The Darwin Information Typing Architecture or Document Information Typing Architecture (DITA) is an XML data model for authoring and publishing. It is an open standard that is defined and maintained by the OASIS DITA Technical Committee. The name derives from the following components: Topics can be reused across multiple publications. Fragments of content within topics can be reused through the use of content references ("conref" or "conkeyref"), a transclusion mechanism. The latest version of DITA (DITA 1.3) includes five specialized topic types: "Task", "Concept", "Reference", "Glossary Entry", and "Troubleshooting". Each of these five topic types is

neg: Senate House (University of Madras) Senate House (University of Madras) The Senate House is the administrative centre of the University of Madras in Chennai, India. It is situated in Wallajah Road, along Marina Beach. Constructed by Robert Chisholm between 1874 and 1879, the Senate building is considered to be one of the best and oldest examples of Indo-Saracenic architecture in India. Robert Chisholm was a 19th-century British architect who is considered to be one of the pioneers of Indo-Saracenic architecture. Initially designing buildings using the Renaissance and Gothic styles of architecture, Chisholm switched over to Indo-Saracenic with the construction of the PWD buildings of the

neg: Cyril Mountfort Cyril Mountfort Cyril Julian Mountfort (5 October 1853 – 23 November 1920) was a New Zealand ecclesiastical architect. He was the second son of Benjamin Mountfort. Mountfort was born on 5 October 1853; his surname is recorded as 'Mountford' on his birth certificate with registration number 1853/725. He was educated at Christ's College and then studied architecture under his father, the prominent New Zealand architect, Benjamin Mountfort. Mountfort worked in the same style and areas as his father, but is considered to be the lesser architect, lacking the originality of his father. He worked chiefly in the Gothic revival style

neg: Federated architecture Federated architecture Federated architecture (FA) is a pattern in enterprise architecture that allows interoperability and information sharing between semi-autonomous de-centrally organized lines of business (LOBs), information technology systems and applications. This is an approach to the coordinated sharing and exchange of information which is organized by models, which are describing common concepts and behavior. The pattern emphasizes a controlled sharing and exchange of information among autonomous components by communication via messages. Highest possible autonomy shall be given to the different cooperating components. In return they are expected to adhere to common models by using defined interfaces. "Complex architectures are extremely

neg: History of numerical control using open source hardware designs. The same basic architecture has allowed manufacturers, such as Sherline and Taig, to produce turnkey lightweight desktop milling machines for hobbyists. The easy availability of PC based software and support information of Mach3, written by Art Fenerty, lets anyone with some time and technical expertise make complex parts for home and prototype use. Fenerty is considered a principal founder of Windows-based PC CNC machining. Eventually, the homebrew architecture was fully commercialized and used to create larger machinery suitable for commercial and industrial applications. This class of equipment has been referred to as Personal CNC. Parallel

neg: Lawrence Scarpa Lawrence Scarpa Lawrence Scarpa (born October 28, 1959) is an architect based in Los Angeles, California. He used conventional materials in unexpected ways and is considered a pioneer and leader in the field of sustainable design. Scarpa was born into a Jewish-Italian family in Queens, New York. After his mother's death from cancer in 1967, the family moved to Miami, Florida. As a child, Scarpa became interested in architecture while helping his father after school with small construction projects that his father undertook to supplement his regular income as a mailman. While on job sites with his father, Scarpa would

neg: Web content lifecycle Web content lifecycle The web content lifecycle is the multi-disciplinary and often complex process that web content undergoes as it is managed through various publishing stages. Authors describe multiple "stages" (or "phases") in the web content lifecycle, along with a set of capabilities—such as records management, digital asset management, collaboration, and version control—that may be supported by various technologies and processes. One recognized technology for managing the web content lifecycle is a web content management system. Concepts often considered in the web content lifecycle include project management, information management, information architecture, and, more recently, content strategy, website governance, and semantic

neg: Information Based Architecture Information Based Architecture Information Based Architecture (IBA) is a partnership between architects Mark Hemel and Barbara Kuit, set up in London in 1998. IBA is translated into Chinese as; 信基. (xin 4) (ji 1): meaning 'trustworthy architecture founded on information'. The practice specializes in large-scale architectural and urban projects. Having won several high profile competitions, the most famous one being the design for the Canton Tower also called the 'Guangzhou TV astronomical and Sightseeing Tower'. This project is generally recognised as one of the most complex projects in the world today. IBA can be typified as both 'experimental' and 'progressive'.

neg: Wilhelm Böckmann Wilhelm Böckmann Wilhelm Böckmann (January 29, 1832 – October 22, 1902) was a German architect who worked briefly as a foreign advisor to the government of Meiji period Japan. Böckmann was born in Elberfeld, near Wuppertal, Germany where his father was a teacher of mathematics. He initially entered the Gymnasium to follow in his father’s footsteps, but dropped out after two years to complete an apprenticeship as a carpenter. In 1854, he entered the Bauakademie, in Berlin, an architectural school housed in what is considered one of the forerunners of modern architecture due to its theretofore uncommon use of red

neg: Charles E. Peterson Charles E. Peterson Charles Emil Peterson (1906–2004) is widely considered to be a seminal figure in professionalizing the practice of historic preservation in the United States. He is referred to as the "founding father" of the professional advocation of historic preservation, the "godfather of preservation," and an "extraordinary preservationist" who made important contributions to the knowledge of early American building practices, helped create the profession of the preservation architect, and passionately advocated for the retention and restoration of the American built heritage. According to Jacques Dalibard, a professor at McGill University School of Architecture, "with James Marston Fitch, I cannot

neg: Loudoun House Loudoun House The Loudoun House, located in Lexington, Kentucky, is considered one of the largest and finest examples of Gothic Revival architecture in the state. Designed by New York architect Alexander Jackson Davis, the house was built in 1851 for Francis Key Hunt (1817–1879), who was named after his mother's cousin, Francis Scott Key. The home was built on 50 acres of land given to Hunt and his wife, Julia Warfield, by her parents upon their marriage. Following the death of his father during a cholera epidemic, Hunt inherited more than a million dollars and set to building the Loudoun

neg: Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman Manikya Bahadur (19 August 1908 – 17 May 1947) was a king (or "maharaja") of Tripura State. He was succeeded by his son, Maharaja Kirat Bikram Kishore, who was the nominal king for two years till the state's merger into India in 1949. Since he was a minor during this time, the state was governed by a Council of Regency headed by his mother. Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman is considered the father of modern architecture in Tripura, as the entire planning of present-day Tripura was initiated during his rule. He is also

neg: Health Informatics Service Architecture Generic Common Services (GCS) Generic Common Services are those middleware components are those middleware components responsible for supporting the generic functionality and information requirements that are non-specific to the healthcare domain, and may be broadly relevant to any information system in the business domain. Health Informatics Service Architecture The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Standard Architecture for Healthcare Information Systems (ENV 12967), Health Informatics Service Architecture or HISA is a standard that provides guidance on the development of modular open information technology (IT) systems in the healthcare sector. Broadly, architecture standards outline frameworks which can be used in the development

neg: Architecture of Interoperable Information Systems embodied by the Zachman Framework. Architecture is defined as the “fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its components, their relationships to each other and the environment, and the principles governing its design and evolution”. Sinz defines an information system architecture as the building plan of an information system in the sense of a specification and documentation of its components and their relationships covering all relevant viewpoints as well as the constructions rules for the creation of the building plan. Accordingly, an Architecture of Interoperable Information Systems can be defined as the building plan of a cross-organizational information system, which

neg: Roger Evernden generic alternative to the Zachman Framework. Evernden (1996) explained: In his 1996 paper Evernden also showed "how the structure of IFW has been populated by industry-wide models and supported by a distinctive methodology. A detailed discussion of each of the six dimensions of the IFW architecture is presented." Evernden is co-author, with Elaine Evernden, of "Information First: Integrating Knowledge and Information Architecture for Business Advantage", which was first published in 2003, expanding the concepts of Information FrameWork (IFW). "Information First" outlines an approach to enterprise architecture that uses eight factors common to all enterprise architecture frameworks that can be combined

neg: Core architecture data model Core architecture data model Core architecture data model (CADM) in enterprise architecture is a logical data model of information used to describe and build architectures. The CADM is essentially a common database schema, defined within the US Department of Defense Architecture Framework DoDAF. It was initially published in 1997 as a logical data model for architecture data. Core architecture data model (CADM) is designed to capture DoDAF architecture information in a standardized structure. CADM was developed to support the data requirements of the DoDAF. The CADM defines the entities and relationships for DoDAF architecture data elements that enable integration within

neg: Technical data management system and weak information systems may be summarized as follows: The architecture of a weak information system is composed of: The integration layer comprises the following sub-layers: In some countries, such as in the US, record and document management are considered very vital functions, and much stress is given in the management of Technical Archives. Records and documents coming under the public domain are governed by appropriate laws. However, this has not been so in many underdeveloped and developing nations. For example, India enacted the ' Public Records Act' in 1993. However, many in the country are not aware of the