query: who introduced the region of terror in france

pos: History of France Safety—the "de facto" executive government—ever since April 1793, among others on 5 September reacted favorably, saying: let's "make terror the order of the day!" On 17 September, the National Convention passed the Law of Suspects, a decree ordering the arrest of all declared opponents of the current form of government and suspected "enemies of freedom". This decree was one of the causes for 17,000 death sentences until the end of July 1794, reason for historians to label those 10½ months 'the (Reign of) Terror'. On 19 September the Vendée rebels again defeated a Republican Convention army. On 1 October Barère

pos: Reign of Terror (film) Reign of Terror (film) Reign of Terror (also known as The Black Book) is a 1949 American drama film directed by Anthony Mann and starring Robert Cummings, Richard Basehart and Arlene Dahl. The film is set during the French Revolution. Plotters seek to bring down Maximilien Robespierre and end his bloodthirsty Reign of Terror. Already the most powerful man in France, Maximilien Robespierre (Richard Basehart) wants to become the nation's dictator. He summons François Barras (Richard Hart), the only man who can nominate him before the National Convention. Barras refuses to do so and goes into hiding. Meanwhile, patriot Charles

pos: Reign of Terror gave the central government more control over the actions of the representatives on mission. On 16 Pluviôse (4 February 1794), the National Convention decreed that slavery be abolished in all of France and French colonies. On 8 and 13 Ventôse (26 February and 3 March), Saint-Just proposed decrees to confiscate the property of exiles and opponents of the revolution, known as the Ventôse Decrees. By the end of 1793, two major factions had emerged, both threatening the Revolutionary Government: the Hébertists, who called for an intensification of the Terror and threatened insurrection, and the Dantonists, led by Georges Danton, who

pos: War in the Vendée was not until the social unrest and the fear of The Terror (a period between 1793–94 where tens of thousands of people were beheaded by use of guillotine) combined with the external pressures from the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) and the introduction of a levy of 300,000 on the whole of France, decreed by the National Convention in February 1793, that the region erupted. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy required all clerics to swear allegiance to it and, by extension, to the increasingly anti-clerical National Constituent Assembly. All but seven of the 160 bishops refused the oath,

neg: ISIL-related terror attacks in France assaulted a police officer at Notre-Dame de Paris. The officer and the attacker, a 40-year-old Algerian graduate student who had left a video, pledging allegiance to ISIL, were both injured. On 23 March 2018, the Carcassonne and Trèbes attack was conducted by a lone attacker who pledged allegiance to ISIL. 4 persons and the attacker were killed and 25 injured. ISIL-related terror attacks in France ISIL-related terror attacks in France refers to the terrorist activity of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in France, including attacks committed by ISIL-inspired lone wolves. The French military operation Opération Sentinelle has

neg: Terror! Robespierre and the French Revolution Terror! Robespierre and the French Revolution Terror! Robespierre and the French Revolution is a 2009 documentary broadcast on BBC Two in July 2009. In 1794, French revolutionary Maximilien Robespierre produced the world's first defense of "state terror" - claiming that the road to virtue lay through political violence. This film combines drama, archive and documentary interviews to examine Robespierre's year in charge of the Committee of Public Safety - the powerful state machine at the heart of Revolutionary France. Contesting Robespierre's legacy are Slavoj Žižek, who argues that terror in the cause of virtue is justifiable, and Simon Schama, who

neg: The Reign of Terror (Doctor Who) The Reign of Terror (Doctor Who) The Reign of Terror is the partly missing eighth serial in the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who", which was first broadcast on BBC1 in six weekly parts from 8 August to 12 September 1964. It was written by Dennis Spooner and directed by Henric Hirsch. In the serial, the First Doctor (William Hartnell), his granddaughter Susan (Carole Ann Ford), and teachers Ian Chesterton (William Russell) and Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) arrive in France during the period of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror, where they become involved with prisoners

neg: Mary Wollstonecraft in 1793, even though they were not married. After declaring war on Britain, France was blockaded by the Royal Navy, which caused shortages that worsened the problem of inflation. Imlay engaged in blockade-running, chartering ships to bring in food and soap from America into France, which explained why both he and Wollstonecraft were not arrested during the Reign of Terror. As the Terror began in France with arrests and executions occurring daily, Wollstonecraft came under suspicion as someone from a nation that was at war with France and who was known to be a friend of leading Girondins, which led

neg: War on Terror (film) Universe". War on Terror (film) War on Terror is an Austrian documentary film about the "War on Terror" initiated by U.S. president George W. Bush in 2001. The film features interviews with Manfred Nowak, who was United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture from 2004 to 2010, Amy Goodman, the host and co-founder of Democracy Now! and the U.S. historian Alfred W. McCoy. Two former detainees from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp are introduced in the film, Murat Kurnaz and Mustafa Ait Idir. It was theatrically released in Austria on December 9, 2011. "War on Terror" is the third film from

neg: War on Terror (film) War on Terror (film) War on Terror is an Austrian documentary film about the "War on Terror" initiated by U.S. president George W. Bush in 2001. The film features interviews with Manfred Nowak, who was United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture from 2004 to 2010, Amy Goodman, the host and co-founder of Democracy Now! and the U.S. historian Alfred W. McCoy. Two former detainees from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp are introduced in the film, Murat Kurnaz and Mustafa Ait Idir. It was theatrically released in Austria on December 9, 2011. "War on Terror" is the third film from "Parallel

neg: Terror Bay Gjoa Haven, who reported seeing a mast protruding from the ice in Terror Bay during a hunting trip in 2010. The bay was officially named by the Geographical Names Board of Canada in 1910. The bay was one of a series of landmarks along the waters explored by "Terror" and the route of Franklin's lost expedition named in honour of HMS "Terror" and the expedition's other ship HMS "Erebus", making the location of the wreck in a bay of the same name a coincidence. Terror Bay Terror Bay (Inuktitut name: ᐊᒥᑦᕈᖅ "Amitruq") is an Arctic waterway in the Kitikmeot Region,

neg: Companions of Jehu Companions of Jehu The Companions of Jehu were formed in the Lyon region of France in April 1795 to hunt down Jacobins implicated in the Reign of Terror. It is possible that they were founded by The Marquis de Besignan, who also founded royalist underground groups in Forez and Dauphiné with the Prince of Condé in 1796. Their victims are believed to have numbered at least in the hundreds. They were made famous by the 1857 novel "The Companions of Jehu" by Alexandre Dumas which presented a highly romanticised account of them. Jehu was an Old Testament character, immortalised in

neg: Crespin Carlier was one of his disciples. Another pupil was Pierre Thierry (1604-1665) who renovated the organ at Saint-Gervais. Thierry worked with Carlier between 1634 and 1635 at St. Nicholas-des-champs. Citations Sources Crespin Carlier Crespin Carlier (or Crépin Carlier) (c. 1560 - 1636) was a French organ builder who had great influence on the development of organs in France. He was a contemporary and colleague of Matthijs Langhedul, another great organ builder who introduced Flemish and Walloon styles to France. Crespin Carlier was born in Laon in the Picardy region of northern France around 1560. Carlier's family had been involved in building

neg: Jančić's rebellion they increased the terror against the population, and Kraljević fled to Austria. While planning the operation, Jančić turned to Austria and France for help, but without any success. In the dilemma of whether to start an uprising without proper planning, he was forestalled by a progress of events. Peasants took up arms on 23 September 1809, in the region of Gradiška, beginning from Mašići. The fighting began on 25 September, and on the night of 25–26 September, the Ottomans, who had gathered a strong army, captured Jančić in his house. The rest of the rebels, without any commander, were afraid

neg: Eliezer Livneh Middle East. When Israel's nuclear activities were exposed in "The New York Times" in December 1960, he was joined by several members of the Nuclear Energy Committee, who resigned when Israel's cooperation with France made the Atomic project practical. The committee argued that Israel's security relies not on the attainment of a nuclear bomb but rather on the nuclear proliferation of the entire region. It was also argued that attaining a nuclear bomb would cause an intensified Arab effort to attain one as well, thus resulting in a balance of terror that might jeopardize the Zionist enterprise. The committee acted

neg: Crespin Carlier Crespin Carlier Crespin Carlier (or Crépin Carlier) (c. 1560 - 1636) was a French organ builder who had great influence on the development of organs in France. He was a contemporary and colleague of Matthijs Langhedul, another great organ builder who introduced Flemish and Walloon styles to France. Crespin Carlier was born in Laon in the Picardy region of northern France around 1560. Carlier's family had been involved in building organs since the sixteenth century. He was based in Lille from 1590 to 1600, when he moved to Rouen. He is recorded to have done work in Courtrai in 1585,

neg: ISIL-related terror attacks in France ISIL-related terror attacks in France ISIL-related terror attacks in France refers to the terrorist activity of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in France, including attacks committed by ISIL-inspired lone wolves. The French military operation Opération Sentinelle has been ongoing in France since the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks. Prior to the attacks, the 2005 French riots occurred. They have been controversially interpreted, mostly by the foreign press, as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in Vaulx-en-Velin in 1979, and in Vénissieux

neg: Companions of Jehu city of Toulon from 17–23 May 1795, and the Companions of the Sun were particularly associated with the repression and reprisals which took place after the army under General Pactod regained control of the city. Companions of Jehu The Companions of Jehu were formed in the Lyon region of France in April 1795 to hunt down Jacobins implicated in the Reign of Terror. It is possible that they were founded by The Marquis de Besignan, who also founded royalist underground groups in Forez and Dauphiné with the Prince of Condé in 1796. Their victims are believed to have numbered at

neg: Nostradamus in popular culture come out of the sky" in 1999 and 7 months "to resuscitate the great King from Angoumois." But the phrase "d'effraieur" (of terror) in fact occurs nowhere in the original printing, which merely uses the word "deffraieur" (defraying, hosting), and Nostradamus sometimes uses the word "ciel" simply to mean 'region', rather than 'sky'. On the basis of Nostradamus's by now well-known technique of projecting past events into the future, Lemesurier suggests that X.72 therefore refers back to the restoration to health of the captive Francis I of France (who was Duke of Angoulême) following a surprise visit to his cell

neg: Charlie Hebdo shooting in the Île-de-France region, in Strasbourg and in Reims. Police detained several people during the manhunt for the two main suspects. A third suspect voluntarily reported to a police station after hearing he was wanted, and was not charged. Police described the assailants as "armed and dangerous". France raised its terror alert to its highest level and deployed soldiers in Île-de-France and Picardy regions. At 10:30 CET on 8 January, the day following the attack, the two primary suspects were spotted in Aisne, north-east of Paris. Armed security forces, including the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group (GIGN) and the Force d'intervention

neg: AfPak not please people in Pakistan, for understandable reasons." AfPak AfPak (or Af-Pak) was a neologism used within U.S. foreign policy circles to designate Afghanistan and Pakistan as a single theater of operations. Introduced in 2008, the neologism reflected the policy approach introduced by the Obama administration, which regarded the region of Afghanistan and Pakistan as having a single, dominant political and military situation that required a joint policy in the War on Terror. Following sharp criticism from Pakistan, condemning the hyphenation of the country's geopolitics with Afghanistan, the U.S. government stopped using the term in 2010. In 2017, the Trump

neg: AfPak AfPak AfPak (or Af-Pak) was a neologism used within U.S. foreign policy circles to designate Afghanistan and Pakistan as a single theater of operations. Introduced in 2008, the neologism reflected the policy approach introduced by the Obama administration, which regarded the region of Afghanistan and Pakistan as having a single, dominant political and military situation that required a joint policy in the War on Terror. Following sharp criticism from Pakistan, condemning the hyphenation of the country's geopolitics with Afghanistan, the U.S. government stopped using the term in 2010. In 2017, the Trump administration expanded its Afghan policy to a regional

neg: Navigo card Navigo card The Navigo card (), formerly called the Navigo pass, is a means of payment for public transportation introduced in the Île-de-France region (whose capital is the city of Paris) in 2001. It is implemented as a contactless smart card using the Calypso standard, and enables authenticated access at turnstiles by scanning the card at an electronic reader. Cards are available either attached to an account for those who live or work in the Île-de-France region (known simply as "Carte Navigo"), or can be issued on the spot to anyone at a station ("Carte Navigo Découverte"). While the account-based

neg: Passenger 57 that "Bruce Payne steals the plane—and the movie". DVD was released in Region 1 in the United States on May 27, 1998 and Region 2 in the United Kingdom on April 26, 1999, it was distributed by Warner Home Video. Passenger 57 Passenger 57 is a 1992 American action thriller film directed by Kevin Hooks. The film stars Wesley Snipes and Bruce Payne. Its success made Snipes a popular action hero icon. It also introduced Snipes' famous line: "Always bet on black." International psychopath terrorist Charles Rane (Payne), known as "The Rane of Terror", is caught by the FBI and

neg: David Shafer (politician) to Life, which gave him its Pro-Life Hero Award. He sponsored a resolution that passed in 2007 apologizing for Georgia's eugenics laws and blaming them on Social Darwinism. In 2008, he denounced atrocities in the Darfur region of Sudan as genocide and introduced legislation preventing Georgia pension funds from investing in companies that sell weapons to the Sudanese government. In 2009, he introduced and won passage of a resolution expressing support for the State of Israel in defense against terror attacks from the Gaza Strip. Shafer drew national attention in 2008 with a resolution asserting that Georgia's northern border was

neg: Criticism of the War on Terror majorities supported the U.S.-led War on Terror in Britain, France, Germany, Japan, India and Russia, according to a sample survey conducted by the Pew Research Center. By 2006, supporters of the effort were in the minority in Britain (49%), Germany (47%), France (43%) and Japan (26%). Although a majority of Russians still supported the War on Terror, that majority had decreased by 21%. Whereas 63% of Spaniards supported the War on Terror in 2003, only 19% of the population indicated support in 2006. 19% of the Chinese population still supports the War on Terror and less than a fifth of

neg: Terror Fabulous several years away from the spotlight, he returned in 2005 with a performance at the Portmore Awards show. He currently resides in Bridgeview, Portmore, St. Catherine, Jamaica, where lives a quiet comfortable life. Terror Fabulous Cecil Campbell (born 20 December 1974), better known as Terror Fabulous is a Jamaican dancehall deejay, who had success in the 1990s. Campbell was introduced to producer Dave Kelly after completing a course in electrical engineering. His recording career began in the early 1990s, with singles such as "Gwaney Gwaney" and "Dorothy", and he was signed by East West Records. After his debut album, the

neg: Château d'Alleuze it as two stars ("worth a detour"), "There can scarcely be another beauty spot in the Auvergne as romantic as the site of this castle." List of castles in France Château d'Alleuze The Château d'Alleuze is a ruined castle situated in the commune of Alleuze, in the Cantal "département" of France. Built in the 13th century by the constables of Auvergne, it belonged to the bishops of Clermont. During the Hundred Years War it was seized for the English by Bernard de Garlan. For seven years, he sowed terror throughout the region, pillaging and holding to ransom. To avoid troubles

neg: Colonialism be problematic for European countries, where the majority population may express hostility to ethnic minorities who have immigrated from former colonies. Cultural and religious conflict have often erupted in France in recent decades, between immigrants from the Maghreb countries of north Africa and the majority population of France. Nonetheless, immigration has changed the ethnic composition of France; by the 1980s, 25% of the total population of "inner Paris" and 14% of the metropolitan region were of foreign origin, mainly Algerian. Encounters between explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced new diseases, which sometimes caused local epidemics

neg: Terror of the Autons Terror of the Autons Terror of the Autons is the first serial of the eighth season of the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". It was broadcast in four weekly parts on BBC1 from 2 to 23 January 1971. The serial is set in various locations in England. In the serial, the alien time traveller the Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee) and the organisation UNIT work to stop the time travelling rival of the Doctor's the Master (Roger Delgado) from using a radio telescope to summon an invasion force of the incorporeal intelligence the Nestenes to Earth. The serial introduced

neg: Roman Polanski actress who had already been in a number of European films. He offered her the starring role, which she accepted. Her father was Klaus Kinski, a leading German actor, who had introduced her to films. Because the role required having a local dialect, Polanski sent her to London for five months of study and to spend time in the Dorset countryside to get a flavor of the region. In the film, Kinski starred opposite Peter Firth and Leigh Lawson. "Tess" was shot in the north of France instead of Hardy's England and became the most expensive film made in France

neg: Antar Yahia welder by profession, both of Algerian, Chaoui descent. His parents emigrated to Alsace from the village of Sedrata in the Aurès region in eastern Algeria. In 1985, Yahia's parents decided to move the family back to Algeria as they found it difficult to cope with life in France. They lived in Algeria briefly before again returning to France. Yahia is married to Karima Ziani who is the twin sister of fellow Algerian football player Karim Ziani. He was introduced to the game at the age of 10, when he decided to visit his elder brothers who were playing football. He

neg: Terror Inc. (Aug. 1988), Chichester and co-writer Margaret Clark introduced a green-skinned killer who acted as the enforcer for the Ravenscore crime family, one of the books' recurring villains. According to Chichester, Marvel contacted him about bringing Shreck from the Shadowline books into the mainstream Marvel Universe to serve as a platform for reinventing and reintroducing the company's 1970s horror characters, such as Werewolf by Night and Morbius, the Living Vampire, but subsequent publishing plans changed directions. The series "Terror, Inc." was set for 15 issues but only ran for 13 issues, cover-dated July 1992 to July 1993. Terror next appeared in

neg: Terror Fabulous Terror Fabulous Cecil Campbell (born 20 December 1974), better known as Terror Fabulous is a Jamaican dancehall deejay, who had success in the 1990s. Campbell was introduced to producer Dave Kelly after completing a course in electrical engineering. His recording career began in the early 1990s, with singles such as "Gwaney Gwaney" and "Dorothy", and he was signed by East West Records. After his debut album, the Patrick Roberts/Donovan Germain-produced "Gwaney Gwaney" in 1992, his album "Yaga Yaga", produced by Kelly and released in 1994, included his hit duet with Nadine Sutherland on "Action" (a number 43 hit in the

neg: Gilles Kepel Terror in France / The Rise of Jihad in the West (2017 – original French 2015) that dealt with the Terror attacks by Jihadists in France and put them in perspective. In 2016, La Fracture, based on radio chronicles on France Culture in 2015-16, analyzed the impact of Jihadi terror in the wake of the Massive attacks on French and European soil. It puts them in perspective with the rise of Extreme-right parties in Europe and questions the very fracture of Politics in the Old Continent. In February 2016 he was appointed Chairman of the newly founded Program of Excellence

neg: Second White Terror words. The Chamber voted, sentencing Marshal Ney and the Comte de la Bédoyère to death for treason, while 250 people were given prison sentences and some others exiled, including Joseph Fouché, Lazare Carnot, and Cambacérès. The surviving "regicides" who had voted for the execution of Louis XVI in 1792 were exiled. Second White Terror The Second White Terror occurred in France in 1815. Following the return of Louis XVIII to power, people suspected of having ties with the governments of the French Revolution or of Napoleon suffered arrest. Several hundred were killed by angry mobs, or executed after a quick

neg: Terry Nation introduced the character of Davros, the creator of the Daleks, who went on to appear in further storylines. Nation also wrote two non-Dalek scripts for "Doctor Who", "The Keys of Marinus" in 1964, which introduced the Voord and "The Android Invasion" in 1975, which introduced the Kraal. During this time, Nation also wrote scripts for series such as "The Avengers", "The Baron", "The Champions", "Department S", "The Persuaders!" and "The Saint". Nation's work on "Doctor Who" was the subject of the documentary "Terror Nation", a special feature on the BBC DVD release of the serial "Destiny of the Daleks". Having

neg: Red Terror century France: "The present generation resembles the Jews whom Moses led through the wilderness. It must not only conquer a new world, it must also "perish" in order to make room for the people who are fit for a new world", but noted that neither Marx nor Engels encouraged mass murder. Robert Conquest was convinced that "unprecedented terror must seem necessary to ideologically motivated attempts to transform society massively and speedily, against its natural possibilities". Orlando Figes' view was that Red Terror was implicit, not so much in Marxism itself, but in the tumultuous violence of the Russian Revolution. He

neg: Paul Fort because it is a plea for world friendship. He died on 20 April 1960 in France and is buried in the Cimetière de Montlhéry, in Montlhéry, Essonne "département", in the Île-de-France, Region of France. He frequented the café Voltaire, the headquarters of the Symbolist Poets breaking with the naturalistic scene including prevails Théâtre Libre created in 1887 by André Antoine in 1887, which caused his expulsion from high school. Willing to offer a scene to Maurice Maeterlinck, who he admired in drama, he created in 1889, with Lugné-Poe, the Art Theater that became the Théâtre Libre. The theatre introduced the

neg: Reign of Terror and Sardinia, began attacking France from all directions besieging and capturing ports and retaking ground lost to France. With so many similarities to the first days of the Revolutionary Wars, the French government with threats on all sides, unification of the country became a top priority. As the war continued and the Reign of Terror began, leaders saw a correlation between using terror and achieving victory. Well phrased by Albert Soboul, “terror, at first an improvised response to defeat, once organized became an instrument of victory.” The threat of defeat and foreign invasion may have helped spur the origins of

neg: Western imperialism in Asia from Constantinople to Baghdad and the Persian Gulf in the latter, while it built a railroad from the north of the country to the south, connecting the Caucasus with the Persian Gulf in the former. Germany wanted to gain economic influence in the region and then, perhaps, move on to India. This was met with bitter resistance by the United Kingdom, Russia, and France who divided the region among themselves. The 16th century brought many Jesuit missionaries to China, such as Matteo Ricci, who established missions where Western science was introduced, and where Europeans gathered knowledge of Chinese society, history,

neg: Barrel bombs in Palestine and Israel Israel in 1948, the region was administered by Britain according to a mandate by the League of Nations in 1922. The period was "characterized by Arab rioting and anti-Jewish violence" and in response militant Jewish organizations were formed. The most prominent was Irgun who, along with other militant Zionist groups, began a strategy of challenging British authority through violence and terror in the hopes the British would leave the region. "The Irgun and Lehi were the first postmodern terrorist movement", according to terrorism expert Bruce Hoffman. According to Erskine Childers, they created new tactics and weapons of terror including the

neg: France 3 Limousin Poitou-Charentes France 3 Limousin Poitou-Charentes produces daily news programmes for its two sub-regions - programming for the Limousin sub-region is produced in Limoges, with the Poitou-Charentes sub-region receiving programming from Poitiers. Each sub-region produces a 27-minute bulletin ("midi-pile") at 1200 CET during "12|13" and a main half-hour news broadcast at 1900 during "19|20". Three 10-minute local bulletins serving the Limoges, Atlantique (in and around La Rochelle) and Pays de Corrèze areas are broadcast during "19|20" at 1845 CET. On 5 January 2009, a 5-minute late night bulletin was introduced, forming part of "Soir 3". France 3 Limousin Poitou-Charentes has an annual

neg: Terror (politics) revolution. Counterrevolutionary terror is usually referred to as ""white terror"". Notable examples are the terror campaigns in France (1794–1795), in Russia (1917–20), in Hungary (1919–1921), and in Spain. Modern examples of counter-revolutionary terror include Operation Condor in South America. David Forte states that the primary difference between terror and terrorism is that while terror can be neutrally evil (i.e., random violence committed by robbers, rapists, and even military personnel), terrorism has the additional political or moral dimension, being the systematized use of randomly focused violence by organized groups against non-combatants to effect a political objective. However Charles Tilly defines "terror"

neg: France 3 Provence-Alpes 1992, "FR3 Méditerranée" was rebranded "France 3 Méditerranée". France 3 Méditerranée produces daily news programmes for its two sub-regions - programming for the Côte d'Azur sub-region is produced in Antibes, with the Provence-Alpes sub-region receiving programming from Marseille. Each sub-region produces a 27-minute bulletin ("midi-pile") at 1200 CET during "12|13" and a main half-hour news broadcast at 1900 during "19|20". Three 10-minute local bulletins for the Marseille, Côte Varoise and Nice areas are broadcast during "19|20" at 1845 CET. On 5 January 2009, a 5-minute late night bulletin was introduced, forming part of "Soir 3". On some weekends and holiday

neg: Michael Ledeen whole region into a cauldron and destroy the War on Terror." "One can only hope that we turn the region into a cauldron, and faster, please. If ever there were a region that richly deserved being cauldronized, it is the Middle East today. If we wage the war effectively, we will bring down the terror regimes in Iraq, Iran, and Syria, and either bring down the Saudi monarchy or force it to abandon its global assembly line to indoctrinate young terrorists." "That's our mission in the war against terror." Ledeen specifically called for the deposition of Saddam Hussein's regime by

neg: Auguste Nefftzer Auguste Nefftzer Auguste Nefftzer (3 February 1820 – 20 August 1876) was a French journalist, who was known for founding the publications "Revue Germanique" in 1858 and "Le Temps" 1861, as well as his translation of "Life of Jesus" and "L'ami Fritz". Nefftzer's writings introduced G.W.F. Hegel to France. Auguste Nefftzer was born in Colmar, France, which is in the Haut-Rhin department of the Alsace region. The city of Colmar placed a memorial plaque on the front of Nefftzer's home, which is located in the old city. He studied Protestant theology at the University of Strasbourg. While studying theology, Nefftzer

neg: Paul Masson Paul Masson Paul Masson (1859 – 1940) was an early pioneer of California viticulture and successful popularizer of Californian sparkling wine. Masson emigrated from the Burgundy region of France in 1878 to California, United States, where he met Charles Lefranc, one of a number of French immigrants who had expanded the viticulture introduced into the Santa Clara Valley by the Catholic mission fathers. Masson went back to France in 1880, but later returned to California due to the depression in the French wine industry caused by the Phylloxera plague. According to the Paul Masson company web site, in 1892 Masson's

neg: Reign of Terror interests of everyone rather than a few factions. Drawing from the idea of a general will, Robespierre felt that the French Revolution could result in a Republic built for the general will but only once those who fought this ideal were expelled. Those who resisted the government were deemed "tyrants" fighting against the virtue and honor of the general will. The leaders felt their ideal version of government was threatened from the inside and outside of France, and terror was the only way to preserve the dignity of the Republic created from French Revolution. Robespierre's ideology was not strictly derived

neg: Alsace the Kaiser and not to the German state, France would allow no plebiscite, as granted by the League of Nations to some eastern German territories at this time, because the French regarded the Alsatians as Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles. Policies forbidding the use of German and requiring French were promptly introduced. In order not to antagonize the Alsatians, the region was not subjected to some legal changes that had occurred in the rest of France between 1871 and 1919, such as the 1905 French law on the separation

neg: Maury AOC strong blue cheeses. For dessert, aged Maury, much like Banyuls, is recognized as a suitable pairing for chocolate. Viticulture was likely first introduced to the area by the Ancient Greeks who settled the coast of southern France in 600 BC. Wines from the area were well known by the time of the Romans. Much of Maury's history is influenced by its location as part of the Roussillon region which was part of the Kingdom of Majorca (and later Crown of Aragon) until 1642, when a revolt against the Spanish crown brought French forces into the region. The 1659 Treaty of

neg: Atheism was a restructuring and subordination of the clergy with respect to the state through the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Attempts to enforce it led to anti-clerical violence and the expulsion of many clergy from France, lasting until the Thermidorian Reaction. The radical Jacobins seized power in 1793, ushering in the Reign of Terror. The Jacobins were deists and introduced the Cult of the Supreme Being as a new French state religion. Some atheists surrounding Jacques Hébert instead sought to establish a Cult of Reason, a form of atheistic pseudo-religion with a goddess personifying reason. The Napoleonic era further institutionalized

neg: Le Vieux Cordelier However, later numbers of the journal introduced criticisms of the Revolutionary Tribunal, the Committee of Public Safety, and Robespierre himself. The third number of the "Vieux Cordelier", appearing 25 Frimaire (15 December 1793), purported to quote without comment passages from the Annals of the Roman historian Tacitus concerning the oppressive reign of the emperor Tiberius. While more likely drawn from the "Discourses on Tacitus" published in 1737 by Thomas Gordon, these terse portraits - describing a civilization turned sick by fear and brutality - were effective in drawing a powerful parallel between Rome under Tiberius and France during the Terror.

neg: The Reign of Terror (Doctor Who) BBC wiped them from archives. It later received several print adaptations and home media releases, with animated versions of the missing episodes constructed using off-air recordings. The Doctor, his granddaughter Susan Foreman and her teachers Ian Chesterton and Barbara Wright arrive outside Paris in 18th-century France and venture to a nearby farmhouse. They find it is being used as a staging post in an escape chain for counter-revolutionaries during the Reign of Terror. They are discovered by two counter-revolutionaries, D'Argenson and Rouvray, who knock the Doctor unconscious and hold the others at gunpoint. A band of revolutionary soldiers surrounds the

neg: Hezbollah The United States and France listed the entire group as a terrorist organization although the United Kingdom listed Hezbollah's military wing as well. Russia has considered Hezbollah a legitimate sociopolitical organization, and the People's Republic of China remains neutral, and maintains contacts with Hezbollah. In May 2013, France and Germany released statements that they will join other European countries in calling for a EU-blacklisting of Hezbollah as a terror group. The following entities have listed Hezbollah as a terror group: The following countries that do not consider Hezbollah a terror organization: The United States Department of State has designated Hezbollah

neg: 2014 Norway terror threat with the public divided in the middle on making the arming permanent. 2014 Norway terror threat On 24 July 2014, a suspected imminent terror attack by Islamic extremists targeting Norway was disclosed by Norwegian authorities. The suspected plot prompted a public terror alert announcement and unprecedented short-term security measures being introduced in Norway in late July. On 24 July, Minister of Justice Anders Anundsen and the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST) went public with information of a suspected imminent terror attack targeting Norway, said to be planned to strike "within days". The date of the suspected attack was reported by

neg: 2014 Norway terror threat 2014 Norway terror threat On 24 July 2014, a suspected imminent terror attack by Islamic extremists targeting Norway was disclosed by Norwegian authorities. The suspected plot prompted a public terror alert announcement and unprecedented short-term security measures being introduced in Norway in late July. On 24 July, Minister of Justice Anders Anundsen and the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST) went public with information of a suspected imminent terror attack targeting Norway, said to be planned to strike "within days". The date of the suspected attack was reported by news outlets as 28 July, the date of the Muslim holiday Eid

neg: Coupe de France was introduced and, two years later, the penalty shootout was instituted. Following the 1974–75 season, replays were scrapped. There are a total of 14 rounds in the competition. However, rounds in the competition are determined through each region in France with one of the main reasons being to reduce travel costs. Depending on the region, the number of rounds may vary from four to as many as eight with each region sending a set number of clubs to the 7th round. The regions conduct rounds of matches up until the 7th round when professional clubs enter the competition. All of

neg: Spanish destroyer Terror and her fellow destroyers were towed part of the way. Cervera's ships reached French-owned Martinique in the Lesser Antilles on 10 May 1898. While the other ships loitered in international waters, "Furor" and "Terror" went into Fort-de-France to ask for coal. France was neutral and would not supply coal. Moreover, the American auxiliary cruiser had just left port, and French officials announced that in accordance with international law and France's neutrality, the destroyers, as belligerents, could not leave port until 48 hours after "Harvard" had left, i.e., on 13 May 1898. "Terror" had become immobilized with engine problems, so the

neg: 1998 World Cup terror plot with warnings to stay away from the Stade de France. Other items retrieved included bulletproof vests and explosives manuals. The match itself became marred with controversy, and was eventually stopped with 15 minutes left playing after Algerian fans stormed the field. 1998 World Cup terror plot From March to May 1998, a terror plot against the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France was uncovered by European law enforcement. More than 100 people were arrested in seven countries as a result of the plot. Organised by the Algerian Armed Islamic Group (GIA) and backed by al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, the

neg: White Noise (novel) releases a black noxious cloud over Jack's home region, prompting an evacuation. Frightened by his exposure to the toxin, Gladney is forced to confront his mortality. An organization called SIMUVAC (short for "simulated evacuation") is also introduced in Part Two, an indication of simulations replacing reality. In part three of the book, "Dylarama", Gladney discovers that Babette has been cheating on him with a man she calls "Mr. Gray" in order to gain access to a fictional drug called Dylar, an experimental treatment for the terror of death. The novel becomes a meditation on modern society's fear of death and

neg: France–United Kingdom relations Revolution was initially popular with many Britons, both because it appeared to weaken France and was perceived to be based on British liberal ideals. This began to change as the Jacobin faction took over, and began the Reign of Terror (or simply the Terror, for short). The French were intent on spreading their revolutionary republicanism to other European states, including Britain. The British initially stayed out of the alliances of European states which unsuccessfully attacked France trying to restore the monarchy. In France a new, strong nationalism took hold enabling them to mobilise large and motivated forces. Following the execution

neg: History of the Catholic Church in France the peasants, who clung to their religion and faith, and the fanatics of the Revolution, who, in the name of patriotism threatened, as they said, by the priests, were overturning the altars. According to the locality in which they happened to be, the propagandists either encouraged or hindered this violence against religion; but even in the every bitterest days of the terror, there was never a moment when Catholic worship was suppressed throughout France. When Robespierre had sent the partisans of Hébert and of Danton to the scaffold, he attempted to set up in France what he called la religion

neg: First White Terror First White Terror The White Terror was a period during the French Revolution in 1795, when a wave of violent attacks swept across much of France. The victims of this violence were people identified as being associated with the Reign of Terror – followers of Robespierre and Marat, and members of local Jacobin clubs. The violence was perpetrated primarily by those whose relatives or associates had been victims of the Great Terror, or whose lives and livelihoods had been threatened by the government and its supporters before the Thermidorean Reaction. Principally these were, in Paris, the Muscadins, and in the

neg: Terror in Rome Terror in Rome Terror in Rome () is a 1976 Italian "poliziottesco" film. written and directed by Sergio Grieco and Massimo Felisatti, credited as Segri & Ferrara. It is loosely inspired by the Circeo Massacre, in which three young men abducted, and then raped and tortured, two young women over a two-day period. "Terror in Rome" was filmed at Cave Film Studio in Rome and on location in Rome. "Terror in Rome" was distributed theatrically in Italy by C.I.A. on 12 August 1976. The film grossed a total of 518,107,310 lire domestically. It was released in France in 1979 as

neg: First White Terror and on that region's specific history. Lists of those persecuted, as well as existing judicial and police records, indicate that a strong majority of accusations made did not arise from actions during the Reign of Terror at all but rather from personal or regional grudges. First White Terror The White Terror was a period during the French Revolution in 1795, when a wave of violent attacks swept across much of France. The victims of this violence were people identified as being associated with the Reign of Terror – followers of Robespierre and Marat, and members of local Jacobin clubs. The

neg: Abu Qatada Court cleared him of being involved in the thwarted plot aimed at the millennium celebrations in 2000, as previous evidence were overturned. In February 2001, Abu Qatada was arrested and questioned in connection with a German terror cell. There was insufficient evidence against him, and all charges were dropped. Tapes of his sermons were later discovered in a Hamburg flat used by the 9/11 hijackers. The Home Office stated that Abu Qatada was the spiritual guide to the 9/11 ringleader Mohamed Atta. In the wake of 9/11, new anti-terror legislation was quickly introduced in the UK. Abu Qatada, who had

neg: Golden Age of Mexican cinema found some remarkable works. Chano Urueta, a prolific director who began in the silent era, had had their approaches with the supernatural in "Desecration" (1933) and "The Sign of Death" (1939), however his greatest contributions come with "The Amazing Beast" (1952), film that first introduced the wrestlers in the genre. Other works in the genre would "La Bruja" (1954), "Ladrón de Cadáveres" (1956), the trilogy "El Jinete sin cabeza" (1957), the terror western, "The Baron of Terror" (1962) and "The Living Head"(1963). Fernando Mendez was the most prolific filmmaker in the Horror films of the era. His most successful film

neg: Eyes of Terror Region 1 DVD under the title "Visions of Terror" on November 16, 2006 by Sterling Home Entertainment and March 27, 2012 by Fisher Klingenstein Films. Eyes of Terror Eyes of Terror (also known as Visions of Terror and Visions of Murder II) is a 1994 American made-for-television thriller film and a sequel to "Visions of Murder" (1993) starring Barbara Eden reprising her role as psychic psychologist Dr. Jesse Newman. Directed by Sam Pillsbury from a teleplay written by Duane Poole, "Eyes of Terror" was shot on location in San Jose, California and premiered as part of "The NBC Friday Night

neg: Republican marriage by many authors writing about the Terror, who would elaborate on them, for example by adding the claim that the two victims were a priest and a nun. The use of the term appears to be a mockery of the concept of "republican marriage" as an actual "secular" marriage. Books describe parents horrified to learn that their children planned a "republican marriage" instead of being married in a church. As one source describes the institution: Republican marriage Republican marriage () was a method of execution that allegedly occurred in Nantes during the Reign of Terror in Revolutionary France and "involved

neg: Marshal one of the Great Dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire (when the title was not "Marshal of France" but "Marshal of the Empire") A Marshal of France displays seven stars and is equivalent to a six star general in armies of other countries. The marshal also receives a baton, a blue cylinder with stars, formerly fleurs-de-lis during the monarchy and Eagles during the First French Empire. It has the Latin inscription: "Terror belli, decus pacis", which means "terror in war, ornament in peace". The position in the French Navy ("Marine nationale") equivalent to the "Marshal of France"

neg: State terrorism them. Aristotle wrote critically of terror employed by tyrants against their subjects. The earliest use of the word "terrorism" identified by the "Oxford English Dictionary" is a 1795 reference to tyrannical state behavior, the "reign of terrorism" in France. In that same year, Edmund Burke famously decried the "thousands of those hell-hounds called terrorists" who he believed threatened Europe. During the Reign of Terror, the Jacobin government and other factions of the French Revolution used the apparatus of the state to kill and intimidate political opponents, and the Oxford English Dictionary includes as one definition of terrorism "Government by intimidation

neg: Red Terror Trotsky also introduced and provided ideological justification for many of the future features characterizing the Bolshevik system, such as "militarization of labor" and concentration camps. The Red Terror was significant as the first of numerous Communist terror campaigns that followed in Russia and many other countries. It also unleashed the Russian Civil War according to historian Richard Pipes. Menshevik Julius Martov wrote about Red Terror: The beast has licked hot human blood. The man-killing machine is brought into motion ... But blood breeds blood ... We witness the growth of the bitterness of the civil war, the growing bestiality of

neg: Strike Hard Campaign against Violent Terrorism Xi Jinping, the Chinese government began scaling up its military presence in the region and introducing more stringent restrictions on Uyghur civil liberties. In response to growing tensions between Han Chinese and the Uighur population of Xinjiang itself, the recruitment of Uighurs to fight in the Syrian civil war, and several terrorist attacks orchestrated by Uighur separatists, in early 2014, Chinese authorities in Xinjiang launched the renewed "strike hard" campaign around New Year. It included measures targeting cell phones, computers, and religious materials belonging to Uyghurs. The government simultaneously announced a "people's war on terror" and local government introduced new

neg: Historiography of the Volyn tragedy postulates that anti-Polish terror may have been planned, it had as its main purpose to chase out the Poles. Torzecki states that the raid by Sydir Kovpak introduced a significant destabilizing factor to the region and initiated the formation of Ukrainian National Defence - the group which first initiated the anti-Polish actions. The discussions between the Polish and Ukrainian sides were doomed to failure because they were based on tactical considerations. Although Torzecki states that in 1943-44 the attempts to curtail the conflict between Ukrainian and Polish nationalism were doomed to failure, in his opinion it was OUN-UPA that could

neg: Château d'Alleuze Château d'Alleuze The Château d'Alleuze is a ruined castle situated in the commune of Alleuze, in the Cantal "département" of France. Built in the 13th century by the constables of Auvergne, it belonged to the bishops of Clermont. During the Hundred Years War it was seized for the English by Bernard de Garlan. For seven years, he sowed terror throughout the region, pillaging and holding to ransom. To avoid troubles from any Garlan successors, the inhabitants of Saint-Flour burned down the castle in 1405. Monseigneur De la Tour, owner of the castle, was very upset with this gesture, and obliged

neg: France 3 Midi-Pyrénées in Toulouse, with the Languedoc-Roussillon sub-region receiving programming from Montpellier. Each sub-region produces a 27-minute bulletin ("midi-pile") at 1200 CET during "12|13" and the main news at 1900 during "19|20". Six 10-minute local bulletins serving the Toulouse, Pays Catalan, Montpellier, Quercy-Rouergue, Tarn and Pays Gardois areas are broadcast during "19|20" at 1845 CET. On 5 January 2009, a 5-minute late night bulletin was introduced, forming part of "Soir 3". On some weekends and holiday periods, as well as during major events, the Midi-Pyrénées and Languedoc-Roussillon news bulletins are combined into pan-regional "Sud" editions. France 3 Midi-Pyrénées France 3 Midi-Pyrénées is

neg: Terror Bay Terror Bay Terror Bay (Inuktitut name: ᐊᒥᑦᕈᖅ "Amitruq") is an Arctic waterway in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in the south western side of King William Island. The entrance to the bay is marked by Fitzjames Island on the west and Irving Islands to the east. The Bay opens to Queen Maud Gulf. In 2016, Arctic Research Foundation researchers on board the "Martin Bergmann" announced that they had found the wreck of HMS "Terror", one of the ships of John Franklin's lost expedition in Terror Bay, led there by a tip from Inuk crewman Sammy Kogvik, from

neg: David Ushery David Ushery David Ushery (born June 5, 1967) is an American television news anchor at WNBC News 4 New York, NBC’s flagship owned and operated station. Ushery co-anchors the 11 a.m. and 5 p.m. newscasts. An integral member of the NBC 4 New York News team, Ushery has covered many of the largest and most visible breaking news stories across the Tri-State region and around the world - including the terror attacks in Manchester, England, Orlando Florida and Paris France. Ushery was born and raised in Bloomfield, Connecticut, the only child of Solomon Ushery and Winifred Ushery. The journalism bug

neg: Yoram Cohen reconnaissance company. In 1982, after finishing his compulsory service in the IDF, he started working at Shin Bet; his first post was security officer for the field coordinators. After studying an Arabic course and having been sent to the Shin Bet field coordinators course, he became, in 1983, field coordinator of Binyamin Region, and in 1989 the field coordinator of Ramallah Region. In 1991 he was appointed head of the Operative Desk in Yehuda Region, and in 1996 he was appointed head of the Terror Prevention Division in Yehuda Region. Between 1999–2001 he served as head of the Arab-Iranian Terror

neg: Louis Antoine de Saint-Just apogee – the so-called "Great Terror" – the danger of a counterstrike by his enemies became almost inevitable. Saint-Just, however, remained unshakable in his alliance with Robespierre. The French victory at Fleurus, and others which followed, reduced the need for national security during the war which had been predicated as a justification for the Terror. "The excuse for the Terror was at an end." Opponents of the Terror used Saint-Just's own words against him by demanding a full implementation of the constitution of 1793. With political combat reaching a fever pitch, the Committee introduced a bill to establish a newer

neg: Émile Coué 1947. Émile Coué Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (; 26 February 1857 – 2 July 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a popular method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. Considered by Charles Baudouin to represent a second Nancy School, Coué treated many patients in groups and free of charge. Coué's family, from the Brittany region of France and with origins in French nobility, had only modest means. A brilliant pupil in school, he initially intended to become an analytical chemist. However, he eventually abandoned these studies, as his father, who was a railroad worker,

neg: Émile Coué Émile Coué Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (; 26 February 1857 – 2 July 1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a popular method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. Considered by Charles Baudouin to represent a second Nancy School, Coué treated many patients in groups and free of charge. Coué's family, from the Brittany region of France and with origins in French nobility, had only modest means. A brilliant pupil in school, he initially intended to become an analytical chemist. However, he eventually abandoned these studies, as his father, who was a railroad worker, was

neg: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aix substituted the Goddess of Reason. In 1795, after the Terror, when Reason was deposed and Religion restored, Aix was served by one of the Vicars General of Constitutional Bishop Roux, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Aubert, who was appointed Bishop of "Bouches du Rhône" on 29 April 1798. After the signing of the Concordat of 1801 with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, Pope Pius VII demanded the resignation of all bishops in France, in order to leave no doubt as to who was a legitimate bishop and who was a Constitutional imposter. He then immediately abolished all of the dioceses in France, for the same

neg: Brussels ISIL terror cell and terrorist activity. Abdelhamid Abaaoud (8 April 1987 – 18 November 2015) was a Belgian-Moroccan Islamic terrorist, who had spent time in Syria, known as a place where radical groups operate and train. He was suspected of having organized multiple terror attacks in Belgium and France, and is known to have masterminded in the November 2015 Paris attacks. Prior to the Paris attacks, there was an international arrest warrant issued for Abaaoud for his activities in recruiting individuals to Islamic terrorism in Syria. Salah Abdeslam (born 15 September 1989) is a Belgian-born French national of Moroccan descent. He is accused

neg: Decentralisation in France General De Gaulle. In 2002 and 2004 the second stage of Territorial Decentralisation was set in motion by Jean-Pierre Raffarin. The 2003 (28 March) change to the Constitution introduced the principle of financial autonomy of territorial Collectivities and saw the introduction of the words Region and Decentralisation in the French Constitution. The changes also introduced the possibility of holding local referenda and the right to petition. The changes to the Constitution put in place the financial autonomy of the three levels of local government (commune, department and Region) and the transfer to the regions of new responsibilities in 2004 and

neg: Spillover of the Syrian Civil War Islamist attacks occurred in France, beginning with the Île-de-France attacks on 7 January 2015, between the French Government and ongoing terrorist acts committed by jihadist terror groups like AQAP and ISIL, or isolated individuals who sympathise with the jihadist movement. Since 2015 and until July 2016, eight Islamic terrorist incidents have occurred in France, including fatal attacks in Île-de-France, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier and Paris. The November 2015 attacks in Paris were motivated by ISIL as a "retaliation" for the French role in Syrian Civil War and Iraqi War. A majority of attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh since October 2015 have been

neg: Mount Erebus observed to be in eruption), by polar explorer Sir James Clark Ross, who named it and its companion, Mount Terror, after his ships, "Erebus" and "Terror" (which were later used by Sir John Franklin on his disastrous Arctic expedition). Present with Ross on the Erebus was the young Joseph Hooker, future president of the Royal Society and close friend of Charles Darwin. Erebus is a dark region in Hades in Greek mythology, personified as the Ancient Greek primordial deity of darkness, the son of Chaos. The mountain was surveyed in December 1912 by a science party from Robert Falcon Scott's

neg: Niterói the region, France Antarctique. The region was avoided by the Portuguese because of the hostility of the Tupinamba. The region developed under the command of Villegaignon, who planned to build a city in the region. After a while, Calvinists who had immigrated from France to the colony returned to France, where they accused Villegaignon of prejudice against Protestants and of maladministration. The French navigator had to return to France to explain himself. Following the absence of the French leader, the Portuguese crown began noticing that the bay of Rio de Janeiro would make a strategic scale for the Atlantic route

neg: Anders Anundsen year, Anundsen introduced temporary general arming of the Norwegian police due to a heightened terror risk. Although initially introduced for four weeks, the period was later extended to an additional two months due to continued high terror threat. In order to alleviate a shortage of Norwegian prison spaces, Anudsen in 2014 signed a deal with the Netherlands to rent prison spaces in the country, with prisoners to be sent to the Netherlands during 2015. The deal would apply to prisoners with long-term sentences, and foreign citizens set to be deported from Norway. By late 2014 Anundsen became the subject of

neg: Hamza bin Laden Afghanistan and Pakistan. In September 2007, it was reported that he was again in the tribal belt that encompasses the Pakistan/Afghanistan border region taking a senior role with al-Qaeda forces. In July 2008, "The Sun" published a translation of a poem said to be written by Hamza, which had been published on an extremist Islamic Web site. In the poem Hamza wrote "Accelerate the destruction of America, Britain, France and Denmark." In response British MP Patrick Mercer dubbed Hamza bin Laden the "Crown Prince of Terror". Hamza bin Laden was implicated in the 2007 assassination of the former Pakistani Prime

neg: War on Terror funds the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA). Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS) is the name of the military operation conducted by the U.S. and partner nations in the Sahara/Sahel region of Africa, consisting of counter-terrorism efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa. The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists (affiliated to al-Qaeda) advancing into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard time maintaining full control over their country. The fledgling government requested support from the international community on combating the Islamic militants. In January 2013, France intervened on behalf

neg: Monnet Plan area returned to German administration on January 1, 1957, but France retained the right to mine from its coal mines until 1981. As a protectorate, the Saar area was economically integrated with France and nominally politically independent but security and foreign policy was dictated from France. In addition, France maintained a High Commissioner in the Saar with wide-ranging powers. The mining and steel industries were the main industries in the region. In 1946 France had claimed ownership of the mines, and also introduced a customs-border between the Saar and the rest of Germany. In 1947 the "Regie des Mines de

neg: Toulouse and Montauban shootings another in a Montauban shopping centre. All three of the soldiers killed were, like Merah, second generation Frenchmen of North African family origin. On 19 March, four people, including three children, were killed at the Ozar Hatorah Jewish day school in Toulouse. Four other persons were wounded. Thereafter, France raised its "Vigipirate," the terror alert system, to the highest level in the Midi-Pyrénées region and surrounding departements. The United Nations, many governments around the world, and the French Council of the Muslim Faith condemned the attacks. Police identified the shooter as Mohammed Merah, a 23-year-old French petty criminal of Algerian

neg: War on Terror was established in Djibouti at Camp Lemonnier. It contains approximately 2,000 personnel including U.S. military and special operations forces (SOF) and coalition force members, Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150). Task Force 150 consists of ships from a shifting group of nations, including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The primary goal of the coalition forces is to monitor, inspect, board and stop suspected shipments from entering the Horn of Africa region and affecting the United States' Operation Iraqi Freedom. Included in the operation is the training of selected armed forces units of the

neg: Belgium in "the long nineteenth century" out by an Austrian counterattack in the Battle of Neerwinden the following year. In June 1794, French revolutionary troops expelled Holy Roman forces from the region for the last time after the Battle of Fleurus. The French government voted to formally annex the territory in October 1795 and it was split into nine provincial "départements" within France. French rule in the region was marked by the rapid implementation and extension of numerous reforms which had been passed in post-Revolution France since 1789. Administration was organized under the French model, with meritocratic selection. Legal equality and state secularism were also introduced.

neg: Mehmed Fuad Pasha viewpoint that these conflicts were “local sectarian characteristics that Ottoman reform ultimately would discipline.” He was sent by Sultan Abdulmecid along with the new Western-style army to work with a newly established International Commission (Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia) to bring stability to the region. Fuad began what some have called a “reign of terror” in which he executed hundreds of the accused pillagers, arrested Druze leaders, and sentenced them to death after a trial in a military court for “failing to protect the Christians”. His rather strict reaction to the Mount Lebanon crisis reflected a push towards modernity

neg: Second White Terror Second White Terror The Second White Terror occurred in France in 1815. Following the return of Louis XVIII to power, people suspected of having ties with the governments of the French Revolution or of Napoleon suffered arrest. Several hundred were killed by angry mobs, or executed after a quick trial at a drum head court-martial. Historian John B. Wolf argues that Ultra-royalists—many of whom had just returned from exile—were staging a counter-revolution against the French Revolution, and also against Napoleon's revolution. The period is named after the First White Terror that occurred during the French Revolution in 1795, when people

neg: 2010 European terror plot 2010 European terror plot The 2010 European terror plot was an alleged al-Qaeda plot to launch "commando-style" terror attacks on the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. The existence of the plot was revealed in late September 2010 after it was disrupted by intelligence agencies. Thought to be ordered by Osama bin Laden himself the plot led to an unprecedented increase in Drone attacks in Pakistan and travel advisories from several countries to their citizens to be careful while traveling in Europe. The existence of the plot was revealed by several media sources including Sky News on 28 September 2010. Intelligence

neg: 2010 European terror plot Europe. Swedish foreign ministry also called on its citizens traveling to rest of Europe to be on alert. 2010 European terror plot The 2010 European terror plot was an alleged al-Qaeda plot to launch "commando-style" terror attacks on the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. The existence of the plot was revealed in late September 2010 after it was disrupted by intelligence agencies. Thought to be ordered by Osama bin Laden himself the plot led to an unprecedented increase in Drone attacks in Pakistan and travel advisories from several countries to their citizens to be careful while traveling in Europe. The

neg: Mahra Sultanate humanitarian crisis in the rest of the country in the form of food and water shortages, which is the reason why thousands of refugees and internally displaced people are seeking refuge in Al-Mahra. Al-Mahra does not have terrorism issues but the rest of Yemen has become a well-established breeding ground for Al-Qaida affiliates who use the country as a training facility for would-be terrorists. There has been one terror-related incident in Al-Mahra where terrorists had been seeing fleeing to the region, but since this incident there have been no more terror related activities thanks to efforts made by local people