query: what are the different geographical features found on the earths surface

pos: Geographical feature Geographical feature Geographical features are naturally-created features of the Earth. Natural geographical features consist of landforms and ecosystems. For example, terrain types, physical factors of the environment) are natural geographical features. Conversely, human settlements or other engineered forms are considered types of artificial There are two different terms to describe habitats: ecosystem and biome. An ecosystem is a community of organisms interacting with its environment. In contrast, biomes occupy large areas of the globe and often encompass many different kinds of geographical features, including mountain ranges. Biotic diversity within an ecosystem is the variability among living organisms from all sources,

neg: Horyn River layer of tertiary sands, clay, marls and shellfish. Quaternary formations are represented by fluvioglacial sands and loams, as well as forests in which fertile gray forest soils and black earths are developed. Within the Polissya, moraine deposits are commonly found, usually loams with different composition of boulders, fluvioglacial sands and forest-like loams with surface cover of sod-podzolic soils; large areas are occupied by peatlands. Groundwater belongs to Devonian and Cretaceous deposits, and within the crystalline massif they are bound to cracks in crystalline rocks. Within the limits of Polissya, the depth of groundwater is insignificant. Most of the surface of

neg: GaiaZOO GaiaZOO GaiaZOO is a Dutch zoo located in Kerkrade. It opened in 2005 as GaiaPark with approximately 80 different species. As of 2014 the zoo hosts approximately 100 different species. GaiaZOO is named after Gaia, the Greek goddess of the Earth. It also refers to the Gaia hypothesis which proposes the Earth is one big living organism. This organism includes all Earths' fauna, flora, water, sky and surface. GaiaZOO hosts approximately 100 different species. Besides traditional zoo animals such as gorillas, rhinoceroses, lions, zebras ... GaiaZOO has some species which cannot be found in other Dutch zoos such as Amazon

neg: Super-Earth a lower black body temperature than the more absorbent (lower albedo) Earth. Earth's magnetic field results from its flowing liquid metallic core, but in super-Earths the mass can produce high pressures with large viscosities and high melting temperatures which could prevent the interiors from separating into different layers and so result in undifferentiated coreless mantles. Magnesium oxide, which is rocky on Earth, can be a liquid metal at the pressures and temperatures found in super-Earths and could generate a magnetic field in the mantles of super-Earths. That said, super-Earth magnetic fields are yet to be detected observationally. According to one

neg: Mister Fantastic the prehistoric era, fraught with dangers, which manifest in the form of the First Celestial Host. Reed searches for answers which can only be found in alternate timelines as the three find themselves in a super hero Hyborian-age civil war; Franklin and Valeria are the only ones available to confront the agents Osborn sent. Richards studies other parallel Earths to see if any found a peaceful solution to the Civil War, which resulted from the Superhuman Registration Act. Reed peers into different worlds, some more bizarre than our own, to see what they did differently. This is an insightful look

neg: Neolamprologus pulcher Tanzania, and Zambia. There are number of different geographical varieties. The variety known as the "daffodil" is very popular and is found along the steep rocky slopes of Kantalamba and Kambwinba. Like other Lamprologini cichlids, daffodil cichlids are highly variable and are found in all kinds of habitats. They are found both at the surface and in very deep waters, but all species are substrate spawners. They have a body that can be somewhat elongated to very elongated. Their colors tend to be brown, yellow, blue, black or a combination or all four. Black is usually a striping, either vertical

neg: Body of water on Earth. Note that there are some geographical features involving water that are not bodies of water, for example waterfalls, geysers and rapids. Body of water A body of water or waterbody (often spelled water body) is any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface. The term most often refers to oceans, seas, and lakes, but it includes smaller pools of water such as ponds, wetlands, or more rarely, puddles. A body of water does not have to be still or contained; rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are

neg: Surface weather analysis Surface weather analysis Surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map that provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations. Weather maps are created by plotting or tracing the values of relevant quantities such as sea level pressure, temperature, and cloud cover onto a geographical map to help find synoptic scale features such as weather fronts. The first weather maps in the 19th century were drawn well after the fact to help devise a theory on storm systems. After the advent of the telegraph, simultaneous

neg: Seascape also been adopted in England referring to the historic and archaeological character areas of the sea - a different but complementary methodological approach encompassing what lies beneath the sea surface. This use of the word departs from the focus on scenery and visual perception, relying instead just on cognitive perception (what lies beneath the sea surface is out of sight to most of us). The Welsh language already distinguishes between 'Morluniau' (seascape in the traditional sense of a picture, view or painting) and 'Morweddau' (seascape as a distinct, geographical area exhibiting particular characteristics and qualities). There is no such distinction

neg: Snakebite re-envenomation or creating a second person bitten, and generally is not recommended. The three types of venomous snakes that cause the majority of major clinical problems are vipers, kraits, and cobras. Knowledge of what species are present locally can be crucial, as is knowledge of typical signs and symptoms of envenomation by each type of snake. A scoring system can be used to try to determine the biting snake based on clinical features, but these scoring systems are extremely specific to particular geographical areas. Snakebite first aid recommendations vary, in part because different snakes have different types of venom. Some

neg: Body of water Body of water A body of water or waterbody (often spelled water body) is any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface. The term most often refers to oceans, seas, and lakes, but it includes smaller pools of water such as ponds, wetlands, or more rarely, puddles. A body of water does not have to be still or contained; rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are also considered bodies of water. Most are naturally occurring geographical features, but some are artificial. There are types that can be either. For

neg: Center of population Center of population In demographics, the centre of population (or population center) of a region is a geographical point that describes a centrepoint of the region's population. There are several different ways of defining such a "centre point", leading to different geographical locations; these are often confused. Three commonly used (but different) center points are: A further complication is caused by the curved shape of the Earth. Different centre points are obtained depending on whether the centre is computed in three-dimensional space, or restricted to the curved surface, or computed using a flat map projection. The mean center, or centroid,

neg: Seven Coloured Earths Seven Coloured Earths The Seven Coloured Earths are a geological formation and prominent tourist attraction found in the Chamarel plain of the Rivière Noire District in south-western Mauritius. It is a relatively small area of sand dunes comprising sand of seven distinct colours (approximately red, brown, violet, green, blue, purple and yellow). The main feature of the place is that since these differently coloured sands spontaneously settle in different layers, dunes acquire a surrealistic, striped colouring. Since the earth was first exposed, rains have carved beautiful patterns into the hillside, creating an effect of earthen meringue. The sands formed from

neg: Dialect levelling where a higher-status person accommodates to a lower status person, is much rarer. This accommodation is thought to happen mainly among adults in Western societies, not children or adolescents, because in those societies children and adolescents have much more self-centred, narrower peer groups. In societies where standardisation is generally something that adults do, children and adolescents perform other kinds of levelling. Accommodation between individual speakers of different dialects takes place with respect to features that are salient, displaying phonetic or surface phonemic contrasts between the dialects. This process is mostly limited to salient features, geographical (distance), and demographic (population size)

neg: The Man of Steel (comics) him. Byrne accepted and presented DC with his proposal. With DC agreeing with 99% of the revision, Byrne was given the go-ahead for what became "The Man of Steel". The mini-series was designed to reboot the Superman mythos using the history-altering effects of "Crisis on Infinite Earths" as an explanation. Thus, for modern comics, "The Man of Steel" is the dividing point between the previous canon of the Silver Age, and the Modern Age. The two different versions are referred to in stories soon after and by fans as "pre-Crisis" and "post-Crisis," per "Crisis on Infinite Earths" being the major

neg: Crisis on Infinite Earths Universe, said "We look at it as the multiverse. We have our TV universe and our film universe, but they all co-exist. For us, creatively, it’s about allowing everyone to make the best possible product, to tell the best story, to do the best world. Everyone has a vision and you really want to let the visions shine through ... It's just a different approach." The storyline will inspire the 2019 Arrowverse crossover, also titled "Crisis on Infinite Earths". "Crisis on Infinite Earths" is the first installment in what became known as the "Crisis" trilogy. The second part of the

neg: Atmospheric temperature Atmospheric temperature Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere. It is governed by many factors, including incoming solar radiation, humidity and altitude. When discussing surface air temperature, the annual atmospheric temperature range at any geographical location depends largely upon the type of biome, as measured by the Köppen climate classification. In the Earth's atmosphere, temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the Earth's surface. The coldest temperatures lie near the mesopause, an area approximately 80 km above the surface. In contrast, some of the warmest temperatures can be found in the thermosphere,

neg: Australia Mars Analog Research Station Martian landscape. Springs, channels, and dry land are the geographical features the Mars Society Australia searched for. To find sites, an expedition crew drove out to different areas in Australia carefully examining the different environments. Abandoned landscapes were found which resembled the constraints that would have to be dealt with on Mars. For example, the curvature of the Dalhousie and Strangways mound springs resemble the springs created by volcanic and tectonic fissures on Mars. Also, the Henbury craters resemble Martian craters; the Henbury craters have internal swamps and on Mars, there are signs of water seepage in the craters. There

neg: GIS file formats various formats; from a standard file-based structure of TIFF, JPEG, etc. to binary large object (BLOB) data stored directly in a relational database management system (RDBMS) similar to other vector-based feature classes. Database storage, when properly indexed, typically allows for quicker retrieval of the raster data but can require storage of millions of significantly sized records. In a GIS, geographical features are often expressed as vectors, by considering those features as geometrical shapes. Different geographical features are expressed by different types of geometry: Each of these geometries are linked to a row in a database that describes their attributes. For

neg: Geology of Venus formed by processes of compression, expansion, and lateral movement. Another type of geographical feature, found in the lowlands, consists of "ridge belts" elevated several meters above the surface, hundreds of kilometers wide and thousands of kilometers long. Two major concentrations of these belts exist: one in Lavinia Planitia near the southern pole, and the second adjacent to Atalanta Planitia near the northern pole. Tesserae are found mainly in Aphrodite Terra, Alpha Regio, Tellus Regio and the eastern part of Ishtar Terra (Fortuna Tessera). These regions contain the superimposition and intersection of grabens of different geological units, indicating that these are

neg: The Multiversity with further details, explaining the reasoning behind the project: "The idea was to do seven books that would be #1 issues for seven different teams on seven different Earths. Each of these would be the bible for what could potentially be an entire comic line for each of these Earths." Originally, his co-writers (Geoff Johns, Mark Waid, and Greg Rucka) on "52" were to have participated in the project. In 2010, it was revealed that Morrison's frequent collaborators Cameron Stewart and Frank Quitely were, at the time, the only artists chosen for "The Multiversity". Quitely would illustrate "Pax Americana", featuring

neg: Keystone City story "Flash of Two Worlds", published in "The Flash" #123 (September 1961), and resumes his duties as the protector of Keystone City. Keystone City was located on Earth-Two in the same geographical area as Central City was on Earth-One, separated by a dimensional barrier. In the penultimate issue of "Crisis on Infinite Earths", when all parallel Earths have been merged into one, Keystone City and Central City become located beside one another and are named the "Twin Cities". Starting in the late 1980s, Keystone City becomes the home of Wally West, the third Flash. Most of Barry Allen's Rogues Gallery,

neg: Virtual globe Virtual globe A virtual globe is a three-dimensional (3D) software model or representation of the Earth or another world. A virtual globe provides the user with the ability to freely move around in the virtual environment by changing the viewing angle and position. Compared to a conventional globe, virtual globes have the additional capability of representing many different views on the surface of the Earth. These views may be of geographical features, man-made features such as roads and buildings, or abstract representations of demographic quantities such as population. On November 20, 1997, Microsoft released an "offline" virtual globe in the

neg: Place names in India Sanskrit names are also found because of the historical relationship of Sanskrit with Hinduism. Common suffix include mura. Some cities have different names in different languages Place names in India Place names in India are usually in Indian languages. However, a good number of place names are from European languages such as Portuguese, Dutch, English as well as Arabic. Since Indian Independence, several cities of India have reverted to pre-English names, most notably Mumbai (formerly Bombay) and Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). Most place names are named after prominent geographical features, such as rivers and lakes. Others are named after personalities like

neg: SVSlope for a specific failure surface is computed as the forces driving failure along the surface divided by the shear resistance of the soils along the surface. SVSLOPE implements a number of different searching algorithms to identify the critical slip surface. Algorithms for determining both circular and non-circular critical slip surfaces are implemented. Specified slip surfaces can also be employed. A library of slope stability benchmark models are distributed with the software. Free student versions of this software are available for teaching purposes. The developers of SVSLOPE have implemented all of the classic features traditionally found in slope stability software as

neg: Climate change will most likely facilitate the spread of pests and diseases, creating an additional threat to forest trees and their populations. To inhibit these problems human interventions, such as transfer of forest reproductive material, may be needed. Palynology is the study of contemporary and fossil palynomorphs, including pollen. Palynology is used to infer the geographical distribution of plant species, which vary under different climate conditions. Different groups of plants have pollen with distinctive shapes and surface textures, and since the outer surface of pollen is composed of a very resilient material, they resist decay. Changes in the type of pollen found

neg: Dialect continuum various variants. A common tool in these maps is an isogloss, a line separating areas where different variants of a particular feature predominate. In a dialect continuum, isoglosses for different features are typically spread out, reflecting the gradual transition between varieties. A bundle of coinciding isoglosses indicates a stronger dialect boundary, as might occur at geographical obstacles or long-standing political boundaries. In other cases, intersecting isoglosses and more complex patterns are found. Standard varieties may be developed and codified at one or more locations in a continuum, a process known as "ausbau", until they have independent cultural status, or autonomy.

neg: Common raven physiology inhabiting higher altitudes and exposed to colder temperatures are usually larger than ravens living at lower latitudes or in warmer temperatures. Also, higher altitudes are associated with lower oxygen partial pressure, so ravens living at high elevations are confronted with reduced oxygen availability. To compensate for less ambient oxygen, common ravens undergo increased respiratory rates, enhanced oxygen loading of hemoglobin at the respiratory surface, and improved oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. Common ravens occupy a widespread geographical range and are found in many different habitats, including tundra, seacoasts, cliffs, mountainous forests, plains, deserts, and woodlands. Due to such a diverse habitat,

neg: Opportunity mission timeline the upper wall of the trench and the brightness of soil on the trench floor. By inspecting the sides and floor of a hole it dug, "Opportunity" found some things it had not imaged beforehand, including shiny round pebbles and soil so fine-grained that the rover's microscope could not make out individual particles. What is underneath is different from what is at the immediate surface. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Underlying the thin soil layer, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich

neg: Buried valley voids for water, especially when compared to silt or clay rich soil. After these valleys are formed and filled in, a layer of finer sediment such as silts and clays covers the top of the valley, burying the valley. Buried valleys are best known as being aquifers, and are often used to supply humans with potable water, as well as supply the agriculture and industrial fields with water. Buried valleys are difficult to measure and create models for, as they are normally buried deeply beneath the earths surface in geologically complex areas. There are several different methods that are used

neg: CFU-GEMM encourage the cell to choose a lineage to follow. The cells are characterized by expressing the cell surface markers CD33, CD34 and HLA-DR. These surface markers are proteins on the surface that are unique to specific cells and certain maturation periods, allowing researchers to differentiate between two different cells as well as what stage the cell is found in its developmental progression. The differentiation and proliferation of CFU-GEMM are promoted by growth factors, such as interleukins and cytokines. IL-3 and GM-CSF as single factors are equally active in stimulating CFU-GEMM, but the combination of both factors produces additive stimulatory effects

neg: Aluminosilicate hot-forming processes, of extremely tight gas-proof glass to metal seals. Characteristically, these glasses are free of alkali oxides and contain 15-25% AlO, 52-60% SiO and about 15% alkaline earths. Very high transformation temperatures and softening points are typical features. Main fields of application are glass bulbs for halogen lamps, high-temperature thermometers and thermally and electrically highly loadable film resistors. The AlO content of alkali aluminosilicate glasses is typically 10-25% and the alkali content over 10%. The high alkali content prepares the glass for ion exchange with bigger alkali ions in order to improve the surface compressive strength. Due to this

neg: Old Norse Gutnish. Old West and East Norse formed a dialect continuum, with no clear geographical boundary between them. For example, Old East Norse traits were found in eastern Norway, although Old Norwegian is classified as Old West Norse, and Old West Norse traits were found in western Sweden. Most speakers spoke Old East Norse in what is present day Denmark and Sweden. Old Gutnish, the more obscure dialectal branch, is sometimes included in the Old East Norse dialect due to geographical associations. It developed its own unique features and shared in changes to both other branches. The 12th-century Icelandic "Gray Goose

neg: Mare Acidalium quadrangle the climate was different. Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. Sometimes craters display layers. Since the collision that produces a crater is like a powerful explosion, rocks from deep underground are tossed unto the surface. Hence, craters can show us what lies deep under the surface. Large areas of Mare Acidalium display bright spots on a dark background. It has been suggested that the spots are mud volcanoes. More than 18,000 of these features, which have an average diameter of about 800 meters,

neg: Geographical renaming Geographical renaming Geographical renaming is the changing of the name of a geographical feature or area. This can range from the change of a street name to a change to the name of a country. Some names are changed locally but the new names are not recognised by other countries, especially when there is a difference in language. Other names may not be officially recognised but remain in common use. Many places have different names in different languages, and a change of language in official or general use has often resulted in what is arguably a change of name. There

neg: Neobodo of different marine areas. Areas include the Mediterranean Sea, Norwegian Sea, the Indian Ocean and around the Antarctic Peninsula. Throughout the numerous oceans, large fractions of small heterotrophic flagellates with few morphological features remain unidentified. Therefore there is a high possibility that there are many bodonids among the unidentified that have not yet been studied. Although "Neobodo" are surface organisms, typically found in surface waters, studies have shown their ability to tolerate deep water conditions. Due to advection or attachment to sinking particles, microbes from the surface of the ocean are continuously transported to deeper areas. The vast majority of

neg: Multiverse (DC Comics) the opposite of Earth-Two. Others retain most of what they were in the 52 multiverse such as Earth-5, Earth-10, or Earth-23. In addition, seven Earths remain undisclosed in composition or purpose, other than their creation by the Monitors for unknown reasons-Earths 14, 24, 25, 27, 28, 46 and 49. The Monitors are now described as a race of countless members and only 52 remained after the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" event, suggesting that there were Monitors for every world in the original Multiverse instead of just one. Several elements that have appeared across the history to what now is DC

neg: Archaeological site for further digging to find out the extent of the site. Archaeologist can also sample randomly within a given area of land as another form of conducting surveys. Surveys are very useful, according to Jess Beck, “it can tell you where people were living at different points in the past.” Geophysics is a branch of survey becoming more and more popular in archaeology, because it uses different types of instruments to investigate features below the ground surface. It is not as reliable, because although they can see what is under the surface of the ground it does not produce the

neg: Weather front cover onto a geographical map to help find synoptic scale features such as weather fronts. Surface weather analyses have special symbols which show frontal systems, cloud cover, precipitation, or other important information. For example, an "H" may represent high pressure, implying fair weather. An "L" on the other hand may represent low pressure, which frequently accompanies precipitation. Low pressure also creates surface winds deriving from high pressure zones. Various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map. In addition,

neg: Golsen v. Commissioner the case, the Tax Court may render different decisions, based on identical situations, for taxpayers that are differentiated only by the geographical area in which the Tax Court case is decided. Jack E. Golsen of Oklahoma City purchased what was purportedly a whole life insurance policy from Western Security Life Insurance Co. However, the tax court found that the loan structure of the policy was effectively a term life policy and subject to a 4% tax. The Tax Court, being a national institution, hears cases that can be appealed to the courts of appeals, which lie in different judicial circuits.

neg: Kären Wigen than just the ways in which societies are stretched across the earth's surface. They also include the contested, arbitrary, power-laden, and often inconsistent ways in which those structures are represented epistemologically." The anthropologist Rita Kipp in reviewing the book wrote: Kipp confessed "I found myself in a defensive mood during much of this book, and sometimes bored with what I thought I already knew about Eurocentrism, Orientalism, and the social construction of all scholarly categories and boundaries. The total effect, however, is finally arresting." The geographical historian James M. Blaut, however, while praising the usefulness of the book, called it

neg: Geographical feature ponds, parks and woods, mills, manor houses, moats, and churches may be considered part of a settlement. Engineered geographic features include highways, bridges, airports, railroads, buildings, dams, and reservoirs, and are part of the anthroposphere because they are man-made geographic features. Cartographic features are types of abstract geographical features, which appear on maps but not on the planet itself, even though they are located on the planet. For example, the Equator is shown on maps of the Earth, but it does not physically exist. It is a theoretical line used for reference, navigation, and measurement. Geographical feature Geographical features are

neg: Mapping of Venus different surface features". It can be explained by three reasons: Thus, in Hansen's mapping scheme (2005), plains are defined as flow from different local origins in regional mapping. The quadrangles mapping and classification of geological units by different groups of researchers are mainly based on regional units mapped locally. Different groups have their own grouping of units, which are not fully coherent with others work and the proposed global stratigraphy. Also, there are some regional features being classified regionally. The United States Geological Survey defines sixty two cartographic quadrangles for the surface of Venus, with V-1 as the north pole

neg: Geographical distance Geographical distance Geographical distance is the distance measured along the surface of the earth. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude. This distance is an element in solving the second (inverse) geodetic problem. Calculating the distance between geographical coordinates is based on some level of abstraction; it does not provide an "exact" distance, which is unattainable if one attempted to account for every irregularity in the surface of the earth. Common abstractions for the surface between two geographic points are: All abstractions above ignore changes in

neg: Volcanology of Canada eruptions have claimed many lives. Volcanic activity has been responsible for many of Canada's geological and geographical features and mineralization, including the nucleus of North America called the Canadian Shield. Volcanism has led to the formation of hundreds of volcanic areas and extensive lava formations across Canada, indicating volcanism played a major role in shaping its surface. The country's different volcano and lava types originate from different tectonic settings and types of volcanic eruptions, ranging from passive lava eruptions to violent explosive eruptions. Canada has a rich record of very large volumes of magmatic rock called large igneous provinces. They

neg: Spatial distribution Spatial distribution A spatial distribution is the arrangement of a phenomenon across the Earth's surface and a graphical display of such an arrangement is an important tool in geographical and environmental statistics. A graphical display of a spatial distribution may summarize raw data directly or may reflect the outcome of more sophisticated data analysis. Many different aspects of a phenomenon can be shown in a single graphical display by using a suitable choice of different colours to represent differences. One example of such a display could be observations made to describe the geographic patterns of features, both physical and human

neg: Surface weather analysis only somewhat abated. This is typically the case along the California coast, for example. If enough moisture exists, thunderstorms can form along sea breeze fronts that then can send out outflow boundaries. This causes chaotic wind/pressure regimes if the steering flow is weak. Like all other surface features, sea breeze fronts lie inside troughs of low pressure. Surface weather analysis Surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map that provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations. Weather maps are created by plotting or tracing

neg: Common surface features of Mars incised "channel" linking the two, giving the whole gully an hourglass shape. They are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters. On the basis of their form, aspects, positions, and location amongst and apparent interaction with features thought to be rich in water ice, many researchers believed that the processes carving the gullies involve liquid water. However, this remains a topic of active research. Gullies are found on some dunes. These are somewhat different than gullies in other places, like the walls of craters. Gullies on dunes seem to keep the same width for a

neg: Seven Coloured Earths "Coloured Earth", and "" in French. This phenomenon can also be observed, on a smaller scale, if one takes a handful of sands of different colours and mixes them together, as they'll eventually separate into a layered spectrum. The place has become one of Mauritius' main tourist attractions since the 1960s. Nowadays, the dunes are protected by a wooden fence and visitors are not allowed to climb on them, although they can look at the scenery from observation outposts placed along the fence. Curio shops in the area sell small test-tubes filled up with the coloured earths. Seven Coloured Earths

neg: Plasmodium minasense and host pathology: The only known host is the lizard "Kentropyx calcarata" This species was described by Telford in 1979. Geographical occurrence: Found in Panama, Central America. Clinical features and host pathology: The only known host is the lizard "Anolis capito" This species was described by Leger and Mouzels in 1917 Geographical occurrence: Found in coastal South America. Clinical features and host pathology: The only known host is the lizard "Iguana iguana" This species was described by Telford in 1973 Geographical occurrence: Found in Panama, Central America. Clinical features and host pathology: The only known host is the lizard "Ameiva

neg: Plasmodium minasense ameiva" This is recognised as the type species. It was described by Carini and Rudolphi in 1912 in a lizard "Mabuya agilis". Geographical occurrence: Found in Brazil, Central America. Clinical features and host pathology: Known hosts include the lizards "Mabuya agilis" and "Mabuya mabouya". This species was described by Telford in 1979. Geographical occurrence: Found in Guyana, South America. Clinical features and host pathology: The only known host is the lizard "Plica umbra" Geographical occurrence: Found in Venezuela, South America. Clinical features and host pathology: The only known host is the lizard "Tupinambis teguixin" Plasmodium minasense Plasmodium minasense is a

neg: Water on Mars present throughout the year. Deposits of water ice and layers of frost have been found in many different locations on the planet. As more and more of the surface of Mars has been imaged by the modern generation of orbiters, it has become gradually more apparent that there are probably many more patches of ice scattered across the Martian surface. Many of these putative patches of ice are concentrated in the Martian midlatitudes (≈30–60° N/S of the equator). For example, many scientists think that the widespread features in those latitude bands variously described as "latitude dependent mantle" or "pasted-on terrain"

neg: Rare Earths Trade Dispute against China, which led China to drop the export quotas in 2015. The rare earth elements (or rare earths) are 17 elements that have magnetic and conductive properties. They are used extensively in electronic gadgets such as cellphones, and in national defense equipment. Despite their name, the elements are not so rare, as they can be found widely. However, they are not often found in economically exploitable concentrations. Their mining is also environmentally hazardous. The rare earths were discovered and first put to industrial use in the United States. But lower labor costs and less strict environmental regulations in China

neg: Martian surface to 1.0 for a body that reflects all sunlight. Different parts of a planet’s surface (and atmosphere) have different albedo values depending on the chemical and physical nature of the surface. No topography is visible on Mars from Earth-based telescopes. The bright areas and dark markings on pre-spaceflight-era maps of Mars are all albedo features. (See Classical albedo features on Mars.) They have little relation to topography. Dark markings are most distinct in a broad belt from 0° to 40° S latitude. However, the most prominent dark marking, Syrtis Major Planum, is in the northern hemisphere, outside this belt. The

neg: Phosphor thermometry earths. Such fibers are useful for temperature measurement. If the excitation source is periodic rather than pulsed, then the time response of the luminescence is correspondingly different. For instance, there is a phase difference between a sinusoidally varying light emitting diode (LED) signal of frequency "f" and the fluorescence that results (see figure). The phase difference varies with decay time and hence temperature as: formula_3 The second method of temperature detection is based on intensity ratios of two separate emission lines; the change in coating temperature is reflected by the change of the phosphorescence spectrum. This method enables surface temperature

neg: Amenthes quadrangle crater is like a powerful explosion, rocks from deep underground are tossed unto the surface. Hence, craters can show us what lies deep under the surface. One crater in the Amenthes quadrangle is believed to be a source of nakhlite meteorites. A team of researchers found that these particular meteorites came from four different eruptions of lava because they showed different ages. The ages were measured by comparing isotopes of the element Argon. Since the ages vary from 93 to 1322 million years, the authors concluded that volcanoes grow much more slowly on Mars than the Earth. Many of the

neg: Callisto (moon) structures—together with associated fractures, scarps and deposits—are the only large features to be found on the surface. Callisto's surface can be divided into several geologically different parts: cratered plains, light plains, bright and dark smooth plains, and various units associated with particular multi-ring structures and impact craters. The cratered plains constitute most of the surface area and represent the ancient lithosphere, a mixture of ice and rocky material. The light plains include bright impact craters like Burr and Lofn, as well as the effaced remnants of old large craters called palimpsests, the central parts of multi-ring structures, and isolated patches

neg: Surface wave detection by animals Surface wave detection by animals Surface wave detection by animals is the process by which animals, such as surface-feeding fish are able to sense and localize prey and other objects on the surface of a body of water by analyzing features of the ripples generated by objects' movement at the surface. Features analyzed include waveform properties such as frequency, change in frequency, and amplitude, and the curvature of the wavefront. A number of different species are proficient in surface wave detection, including some aquatic insects and toads, though most research is done on the topminnow/surface killifish "Aplocheilus lineatus." The fish

neg: Peggy Pascoe American West, 1874–1939, found a geographical focus in the western United States, What Comes Naturally offers a consideration of how interracial marriages were variously policed by different states and geographical regions at different times in American history. Spanning the long century between the 1860s – when the word “miscegenation,” from miscere (to mix) and genus (species) came into popular usage and the watershed Loving v. Virginia case in 1967, Pascoe draws together legal theory, court testimony, oral history, and media archives to show the long and complicated history of miscegenation law in the U.S, and to give a sense of

neg: Geographical centre An alternative to defining the geographical centre as the centroid is to define it as the point farthest from the boundary of the country (either the sea, or, in the case of constituent countries, a land border); this is similar to the pole of inaccessibility (place furthest from a coastline). These methods can give quite different results. Geographical centre In geography, the centroid of the two-dimensional shape of a region of the Earth's surface (projected radially to sea level or onto a geoid surface) is often known as its geographical center. There has long been debate over the methods of

neg: Chemokine receptor desired location within the organism. Chemokine receptors are divided into different families, CXC chemokine receptors, CC chemokine receptors, CX3C chemokine receptors and XC chemokine receptors that correspond to the 4 distinct subfamilies of chemokines they bind. Four families of chemokine receptors differ in spacing of cysteine residues near N-terminal of the receptor. Chemokine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors containing 7 transmembrane domains that are found predominantly on the surface of leukocytes. Approximately 19 different chemokine receptors have been characterized to date, which share many common structural features; they are composed of about 350 amino acids that are divided into a

neg: Albedometer Albedometer An albedometer is an instrument used to measure the albedo (reflecting radiation) of a surface. An albedometer is mostly used to measure the reflectance of earths surface. Often it consists of two pyranometers: one facing up towards the sky and one facing down towards the surface. From the ratio of incoming and reflecting radiation the albedo can be calculated. The measurement of surface albedo of earths surface happens by using two pyranometers. The upfacing pyranometer measures the incoming global solar radiation. The downward facing pyranometer measures the reflected global solar radiation. The ratio of the reflected to the global

neg: Rhine-Ruhr cities and metropolitan areas like the Randstad, the Flemish Diamond and the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region. The metropolitan area is named after the Rhine and Ruhr rivers, which are the region's defining geographical features and historically its economic backbone. The largest cities in the Rhine-Ruhr area are Cologne, with over 1 million inhabitants, followed by Düsseldorf, Dortmund and Essen, which each have a population of over 500,000. There are many different sub-definitions of what belongs to the Rhine-Ruhr area, but the metropolitan area itself has officially defined borders with Hamm in the east, Mönchengladbach in the west and Bonn in

neg: Niedernberg the peripheral mountain zone of the Odenwald. The soil composition is what one would expect from this: throughout the even areas it is overwhelmingly sands and loamy layers. In the west are also found layers of loam at the surface, although these quickly yield to bunter. Particularly as of the mid 20th century, there was an extensive gravel quarrying operation. Owing to its geographical location, Niedernberg has since yore had to deal repeatedly with wintertime floods in which, in particular, land near the Main has been involved. Since this especially great danger from rising floods came about from icejams, in

neg: Common surface features of Mars into a vapor that expands in an explosion that produces a cone or ring. Features like these are found in Iceland, when lavas cover water-saturated substrates. Some features look like volcanoes. Some of them may be mud volcanoes where pressurized mud is forced upward forming cones. These features may be places to look for life as they bring to the surface possible life that has been protected from radiation. Linear ridge networks are found in various places on Mars in and around craters. Ridges often appear as mostly straight segments that intersect in a lattice-like manner. They are hundreds of

neg: Venus the surface is relatively young, approximately 300–600 million years old. Venus has some unique surface features in addition to the impact craters, mountains, and valleys commonly found on rocky planets. Among these are flat-topped volcanic features called "farra", which look somewhat like pancakes and range in size from across, and from high; radial, star-like fracture systems called "novae"; features with both radial and concentric fractures resembling spider webs, known as "arachnoids"; and "coronae", circular rings of fractures sometimes surrounded by a depression. These features are volcanic in origin. Most Venusian surface features are named after historical and mythological women. Exceptions

neg: Ismenius Lacus quadrangle the impact. Sometimes craters will display layers in their walls. Since the collision that produces a crater is like a powerful explosion, rocks from deep underground are tossed unto the surface. Hence, craters are useful for showing us what lies deep under the surface. The Ismenius Lacus quadrangle contains several interesting features such as fretted terrain, parts of which are found in Deuteronilus Mensae and Protonilus Mensae. Fretted terrain contains smooth, flat lowlands along with steep cliffs. The scarps or cliffs are usually 1 to 2 km high. Channels in the area have wide, flat floors and steep walls. Many

neg: Atmospheric temperature the average temperature of the Earth based on surface, near-surface or tropospheric measurements. These temperature records and measurements are typically acquired using the satellite or ground instrumental temperature measurements, then usually compiled using a database or computer model. Long-term global temperatures in paleoclimate are discerned using proxy data. Atmospheric temperature Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere. It is governed by many factors, including incoming solar radiation, humidity and altitude. When discussing surface air temperature, the annual atmospheric temperature range at any geographical location depends largely upon the type of biome, as measured

neg: Mapping of Venus Mapping of Venus The mapping of Venus refers to the process and results of human description of the geological features of the planet Venus. It involves surface radar images of Venus, construction of geological maps, and the identification of stratigraphic units, volumes of rock with a similar age. Satellite radar provides imagery of the surface morphology by using the physical properties of wave reflection. Long wavelength microwaves are used to penetrate the thick, cloudy atmosphere of Venus and reach to the surface. Different surface features reflect waves with different strengths of signal, producing images from which the maps are constructed.

neg: Maine Archaeological Survey site 21.26 radiocarbon dating methods to about 1,000 BCE. The site was visited by state archaeologists in 1991, who mapped, photographed, and took surface plaster prints of the images. The images found at the site are stylistically consistent with others found further north, on the Canadian Shield, and are not obviously related stylistically to petroglyphs found elsewhere in Maine. They are among a small number of examples in Maine of what are believed to be non-mortuary shamanistic practices. Variations in the artwork that have survived the weathering process suggest that sites like this were repeatedly visited, possibly by different individuals, over unknown

neg: Climate as complex networks monthly averaged reanalysis and atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model (AOGCM) surface air temperature (SAT) data. The pattern of the local daily fluctuations of climate fields such as temperatures and geopotential heights is not stable and hard to predict. Surprisingly, Berezin et al. found that the observed relations between such fluctuations in different geographical regions yields a very robust network pattern that remains highly stable during time. Ludescher et al. found evidence that a large-scale cooperative mode—linking the El Niño basin (equatorial Pacific corridor) and the rest of the ocean—builds up in about the calendar year before the warming event. On

neg: Human just part of the original African genetic variety with them. African populations harbor genetic alleles that are not found in other places of the world. All the common alleles found in populations outside of Africa are found on the African continent. Geographical distribution of human variation is complex and constantly shifts through time which reflects complicated human evolutionary history. Most human biological variation is clinally distributed and blends gradually from one area to the next. Groups of people around the world have different frequencies of polymorphic genes. Furthermore, different traits are non-concordant and each have different clinal distribution. Adaptability varies

neg: X-ray crystal truncation rod reciprocal space. Performing a rodscan in this way requires accurate coordinated motion of the sample and the detector along different axes. To achieve this motion, the sample and detector are mounted in an apparatus called a four-circle diffractometer. The sample is rotated in the plane bisecting the incoming and diffracted beam and the detector is moved into the position necessary to capture the diffracted CTR intensity. Surface features in a material produce variations in the CTR intensity, which can be measured and used to evaluate what surface structures may be present. Two examples of this are shown in Fig. 3.

neg: Harvard Medical African Expedition (1926-1927) However, it was the geographical element that overlaid the entire venture as Liberian interior was all but entirely unknown to the West - meaning the Dr. Strong and his company had to make the maps as they journeyed; for the current ones, they found, were grossly inaccurate: ""The greater part of the country has not been surveyed from a geographical standpoint, and most of the prominent features are inaccurately placed on the various maps obtainable ... The sources and courses of rivers, the heights of mountains, and the situations and positions of towns are usually hypothetical. We found that names

neg: Dialect levelling all three zones were analysed. A few of the dialect features are the following: The study found that "the ratio of dialect features showing overall loss to dialect features investigated decreases with increasing geographical distribution" (Hinskens pp: 43). In other words, the wider the distribution of the dialectal feature, the less likely that it will level with the standard language. For example, dialectal features found in all three zones, such as /t/ deletion, were maintained, and features such as the postlexical ɣ-weakening, which occurs only in the Ripuarian dialects (A-zone), were lost. Of the 21 features that are analysed, 14

neg: GURPS Alternate Earths alternative science and retro-futuristic style; its technological development followed a completely different path in the 20th century than did our world (flying cars are ubiquitous, but the transistor has yet to be developed). "GURPS Alternate Earths" was published by Steve Jackson Games in 1996, and written by Kenneth Hite, Craig Neumeier and Michael S. Schiffer. Rick Swan reviewed "GURPS Alternate Earths" for "Dragon" magazine #236 (December 1996). He called the book an "off-the-wall, one-of-a-kind" game supplement which turned out to be one of "the best in many a moon". He stated that ""Alternate Earths" presents six parallel worlds with haywire

neg: Archaeological site their research and add more to what has already been found. Traditionally, sites are distinguished by the presence of both artifacts and features. Common features include the remains of hearths and houses. Ecofacts, biological materials (such as bones, scales, and even feces) that are the result of human activity but are not deliberately modified, are also common at many archaeological sites. In the cases of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic eras, a mere scatter of flint flakes will also constitute a site worthy of study. Different archaeologists may see an ancient town, and its nearby cemetery as being two different sites,

neg: Geographical pole poles wander slightly on its surface. The Earth's North and South Poles, for example, move by a few metres over periods of a few years. As cartography requires exact and unchanging coordinates, the averaged locations of geographical poles are taken as fixed "cartographic poles" and become the points where the body's great circles of longitude intersect. Geographical pole A geographical pole is either of the two points on a rotating body (planet, dwarf planet, natural satellite, sphere...etc) where its axis of rotation intersects its surface. As with Earth's North and South Poles, they are usually called that body's "north pole"

neg: Feature recognition CAD can be specified either as a collection of surfaces or as volumes. Surface features can be used to describe manufacturing tolerances or locating surfaces in assembly design. Volumetric features on the other hand, can be used in tool path generation, etc. Manufacturing information (particularly in machining) is better portrayed by using volumetric features. The first published work on features was for the original boundary representation modelling system, BUILD, and was performed by Lyc Kyprianou. Soon other work followed based on different solid representations. Overviews on the work on features can be found in Shah et al.; Subrahmanyam and Wozny;

neg: Border line. The Kármán line is a peak point at the altitude of 62 mi (100 km) above the earths surface, setting a boundary between the earths atmosphere and outer space. Airspace regulations are set by nations and local governments within an airspace, regulations of airspace differ by country and location. An open border is the deregulation and or lack of regulation on the movement of persons between nations and jurisdictions, this does not apply to trade or movement between privately owned land areas. Most nations have open borders for travel within their nation of travel, examples of this include the

neg: Heureka (science center) with species of conifers from the northern hemisphere. The area in front of Heureka features a permanent bedrock exhibition, which contains both common and rare types of rocks found in Finland’s bedrock. The rocks are situated to reflect their distribution throughout different geographical provinces of Finland. Leading up to the front entrance, visitors are also greeted by perennial gardens that were planted in accordance with the historical classification system designed by Carolus Linnaeus. The front of the entrance is tiled in Penrose tiling. The hemispheric-shaped planetarium primarily presents films dealing with astronomy. Until 2007, the theatre was called the Verne

neg: International Geographical Union an international agreement on different aspects with global impacts. The 2016 charter features e.g. important geography education research questions and policy recommendations. In the 1992 charter there is also information on geographic questions, key concepts, approaches and the selection of spatial examples. International Geographical Union The International Geographical Union (IGU; , UGI) is an international geographical society. The first International Geographical Congress was held in Antwerp in 1871. Subsequent meetings led to the establishment of the permanent organization in Brussels, Belgium, in 1922. The International Geographical Union adheres to the International Council for Science (ICSU) and the International Social Science

neg: Chemokine molecule. Chemokine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors containing 7 transmembrane domains that are found on the surface of leukocytes. Approximately 19 different chemokine receptors have been characterized to date, which are divided into four families depending on the type of chemokine they bind; CXCR that bind CXC chemokines, CCR that bind CC chemokines, CX3CR1 that binds the sole CX3C chemokine (CX3CL1), and XCR1 that binds the two XC chemokines (XCL1 and XCL2). They share many structural features; they are similar in size (with about 350 amino acids), have a short, acidic N-terminal end, seven helical transmembrane domains with three intracellular

neg: Pastos Grandes at the surface. What drives the loss of carbon dioxide and thus the oversaturation is not clear but may involve photosynthesis by algae. Algae and diatoms grow within the open waters in Pastos Grandes, the diatoms being represented by oligohaline species such as some "Fragilaria" and "Navicularia" species. Different water surfaces are dominated by different diatom species, distinctions that are only partly mediated by different salinities. Animal species found within the lakes include amphipods, elmids and leeches in freshwater and by "Cricotopus" in saltwater. Additional animals are "Euplanaria dorotocephala", Chironomidae, Corixidae, Cyclopoida, Ephydridae, Harpacticoida, Orchestidae, Ostracoda and Tipulidae species. Similar

neg: Surface stress clean meaning there are atoms sitting on a flat surface (adsorbates), charge density would then be modified leading to a different surface stress state compared with a perfect clean surface. Surface stresses normally calculated by calculating the surface free energy and its derivative with respect to elastic strain. Different methods have been used such as first principles, atomistic potential calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. Most of calculations are done at temperature of 0 K. Following are tables of surface stress and surface free energy values of metals and semiconductors. Details of these calculations could be found in the attached references.

neg: Borosilicate glass High-grade borosilicate flat glasses are used in a wide variety of industries, mainly for technical applications that require either good thermal resistance, excellent chemical durability, or high light transmission in combination with a pristine surface quality. Other typical applications for different forms of borosilicate glass include glass tubing, glass piping, glass containers, etc. especially for the chemical industry. In addition to about 75% SiO and 8–12% BO, these glasses contain up to 5% alkaline earths and alumina (AlO). This is a subtype of slightly softer glasses, which have thermal expansions in the range (4.0–5.0) × 10 K. Glasses containing 15–25%

neg: Surface modification examples can be found in semiconductor industry and biomaterial research. Plasma processing technologies are successfully employed for polymers surface functionalization. S Konda, Flame‐based synthesis and in situ functionalization of palladium alloy nanoparticles, AIChE Journal, 2018, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aic.16368 Surface modification Surface modification is the act of modifying the surface of a material by bringing physical, chemical or biological characteristics different from the ones originally found on the surface of a material. This modification is usually made to solid materials, but it is possible to find examples of the modification to the surface of specific liquids. The modification can be done by different

neg: Union Moraine road cuts indicates that the clayey till is present there, but is generally less than , thus within the leached portion of the soil profile. The stagnant ice features on the surface of the Trafalgar Formation in east central Indiana take on a different appearance north of the boundary of the Lagro Formation. Patches of low relief disintegration hummocks that characterize the surface of the Trafalgar Formation are drained internally; in contrast similar features that have been recognized on the Lagro are part of an embryonic surface drainage system. The differences in lithology clearly correlate with differences in permeability. In

neg: Imishli physical-geographical features Imishli physical-geographical features Imishli region situated in Mil - Mughan steppe and Kura - Araz lowland was settled in 1930 and named Garadonlu. Later in 1938 the center of the region was moved to Imishli village. Since that period the region gained the name Imishli. There are different opinions about the etymology of the word Imishli. The name was associated with the "Imashli" tribes who lived in the territory. The region locates in Kura - Araz lowland, in the Northern part of Mil steppe and Western part of Mughan steppe. Kura River divides the area of Mil steppe and Shirvan

neg: Melica minuta Melica minuta Melica minuta is a species of grass that can be found in North Africa, Western Asia, on Iberian Peninsula and in Southeast Europe. The species is perennial and have long culms. Both the leaf-sheaths and the leaf-blades have glabrous surface. The other features are different though; Leaf-sheaths are tubular and are closed on one end while leaf-blades are wide and are hairy as well. The eciliated margin have a ligule that is long. The panicle is linear, open, nodding, and is long with the main branches of the panicle are spread out. They carry 7–30 fertile spikelets. Spikelets

neg: Melica minuta fleshy, oblong and truncate. They also grow together, have 2 lodicules and 3 anthers. The fruits have caryopsis, are long with additional pericarp and linear hilum. Melica minuta Melica minuta is a species of grass that can be found in North Africa, Western Asia, on Iberian Peninsula and in Southeast Europe. The species is perennial and have long culms. Both the leaf-sheaths and the leaf-blades have glabrous surface. The other features are different though; Leaf-sheaths are tubular and are closed on one end while leaf-blades are wide and are hairy as well. The eciliated margin have a ligule that is

neg: Self-cleaning surfaces in a patterned surface. X-ray sources are beneficial over UV-visible light sources as the shorter wavelengths enable production of smaller features. Plasma treatment of surfaces is essentially a dry etching of the surface. This is achieved by filling a chamber with gas, such as oxygen, fluorine, or chlorine, and accelerating ions species from an ion source through plasma. The ion acceleration towards the surface forms deep grooves within the surface. In addition to the topography, plasma treatment can also provide surface functionalization by using different gases to deposit different elements on surfaces. Surface roughness is dependent on the duration of

neg: Exonym and endonym geographical features, the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names defines: For example, "India", "China", "Egypt", and "Germany" are the English-language exonyms corresponding to the endonyms "Bharat", "中国" ("Zhōngguó"), "مَصر" ("Masr"), and "Deutschland", respectively. Chinese, Persian, Turkish, Arabic, and German are exonyms in English for the languages that are endonymously known as "中文" ("Zhōngwén"), "فارسی" ("Fārsi"), "Türkçe", "العَرَبِيَّة" ("al-Arabiyah"), and "Deutsch", respectively. Exonyms may derive from different roots, as in the case of Germany for "Deutschland", or they may be cognate words which have diverged in pronunciation or orthography, or they may be fully or partially translated (a calque)

neg: Seven Coloured Earths the decomposition of volcanic rock (basalt) gullies into clay, further transformed into ferralitic soil by total hydrolysis; the two main elements of the resulting soil, iron and aluminium, are responsible for red/anthracite and blue/purplish colours respectively. The different shades of colour are believed to be a consequence of the molten volcanic rock cooling down at different external temperatures (hence rates), but the causes of their consistent spontaneous separation are yet to be fully clarified. The name "Seven Coloured Earth(s)" is a descriptive—rather than an official—name. Sources report many variations of this name, including "Chamarel Seven Coloured Earths", "Chamarel Coloured Earth(s)",

neg: Amazonas Region of Bongará, Luya and Chachapoyas present a very hilly geographical configuration, that gives them mountain range characteristics. They have been called the Amazonian Andes. Amazonas has a primarily agrarian economy. It also features mining and energy, specifically, hydropower and oil development. The department has excellent and favorable conditions in both: climate and pastures availability for the agricultural-livestock development. The information about structure of the agricultural surface, size of the agricultural units, main cultivations and cattle population is taken from what was recorded in the III National Agricultural Census 1994 (III CENAGRO), made by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática

neg: Relict (geology) a fragment of ancient soil or sediment found in a younger stratum. A relict sediment is an area of ancient sediment which remains unburied despite changes in the surrounding environment. In pedology, the study of soil formation and classification, ancient soil found in the geologic record is called a paleosol, material formed in the distant past on what was then the surface. A relict paleosol is still found on the surface, and yet is known to have been formed under conditions radically different from the present climate and topography. In mineralogy, a relict mineral is a surviving mineral from a

neg: Exoplanet compounds may form which do not match those created under terrestrial conditions. Compounds may form with greater viscosities and high melting temperatures which could prevent the interiors from separating into different layers and so result in undifferentiated coreless mantles. Forms of magnesium oxide such as MgSiO could be a liquid metal at the pressures and temperatures found in super-Earths and could generate a magnetic field in the mantles of super-Earths. Hot Jupiters have been observed to have a larger radius than expected. This could be caused by the interaction between the stellar wind and the planet's magnetosphere creating an electric

neg: Parallel universes in fiction the idea in major crossover storylines, such as "Crisis on Infinite Earths" and "Infinite Crisis", where Marvel has a series called "What If..." that's devoted to exploring alternative realities, which sometimes impact the "main" universe's continuity. DC's version of "What If..." is the Elseworlds imprint. DC Comics series "52" heralded the return of the Multiverse. "52" was a mega-crossover event tied to "Infinite Crisis" which was the sequel to the 1980s "Crisis on Infinite Earths". The aim was to yet again address many of the problems and confusions brought on by the Multiverse in the DCU. Now 52 Earths exist

neg: Planetary surface The term "landing" is used to describe the collision of an object with a planetary surface and is usually at a velocity in which the object can remain intact and remain attached. In differentiated bodies, the surface is where the crust meets the planetary boundary layer. Anything below this is regarded as being sub-surface or sub-marine. Most bodies more massive than super-Earths, including stars and gas giants, as well as smaller gas dwarfs, transition contiguously between phases, including gas, liquid, and solid. As such, they are generally regarded as lacking surfaces. Planetary surfaces and surface life are of particular interest

neg: Casius quadrangle is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. If one measures the diameter of a crater, the original depth can be estimated with various ratios. Because of this relationship, researchers have found that many Martian craters contain a great deal of material; much of it is believed to be ice deposited when the climate was different. Sometimes craters expose layers that were buried. Rocks from deep underground are tossed onto the surface. Hence, craters can show us what lies deep under the surface. Many areas on Mars experience the passage of giant dust devils. These dust