query: who is the mars rover sojourner named after

pos: Sojourner (rover) just over by the time communication was lost. It was instructed to stay stationary until October 5, 1997 (sol 91) and then drive around the lander. The word "Sojourner" first appeared in print in the first Bible printed by Gutenberg in 1454-1455. It specifically deals with the travels of Abraham. It is found in the first chapter of Genesis. It means "traveler", and was selected in an essay contest won by Valerie Ambroise, a 12-year-old from U.S. state of Connecticut. It is named for abolitionist and women's rights activist Sojourner Truth. The second-place prize went to Deepti Rohatgi, 18, of

pos: Mars Pathfinder their essays how a planetary rover named for their heroine would translate these accomplishments to the Martian environment. Initiated in March 1994 by The Planetary Society of Pasadena, California, in cooperation with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the contest got under way with an announcement in the January 1995 issue of the National Science Teachers Association's magazine "Science and Children", circulated to 20,000 teachers and schools across the nation. The winning essay, which suggested naming the rover for Sojourner Truth, was selected from among 3,500 essays and was submitted by 12-year-old Valerie Ambroise of Bridgeport, CT. First runner-up was Deepti

pos: Sojourner (rover) just over by the time communication was lost. It was instructed to stay stationary until October 5, 1997 (sol 91) and then drive around the lander. The word "Sojourner" first appeared in print in the first Bible printed by Gutenberg in 1454-1455. It specifically deals with the travels of Abraham. It is found in the first chapter of Genesis. It means "traveler", and was selected in an essay contest won by Valerie Ambroise, a 12-year-old from U.S. state of Connecticut. It is named for abolitionist and women's rights activist Sojourner Truth. The second-place prize went to Deepti Rohatgi, 18, of

neg: Mars Pathfinder two ramps. The "Mars Pathfinder" entry descent and landing system design was used (with some modification) on the Mars Exploration Rover mission. Likewise, many design aspects of the "Sojourner" rover (e.g. the rocker-bogie mobility architecture and the navigation algorithms) were also successfully used on the Mars Exploration Rover mission. The "Sojourner" rover exit from the lander occurred on Sol 2, after its landing on July 4, 1997. As the next sols progressed it approached some rocks, which the scientists named "Barnacle Bill", "Yogi", and "Scooby-Doo", after famous cartoon characters. The rover made measurements of the elements found in those rocks

neg: Sojourner (rover) Sojourner (rover) Sojourner is the Mars Pathfinder robotic Mars rover that landed on in the Ares Vallis region, and explored Mars for around three months. It has front and rear cameras and hardware to conduct several scientific experiments. Designed for a mission lasting 7 sols, with possible extension to 30 sols, it was in fact active for 83 sols. The base station had its last communication session with Earth at 3:23 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time on . The rover needed the base station to communicate with Earth, despite still functioning at the time communications ended. "Sojourner" traveled a distance of

neg: Mars Pathfinder Rohatgi, 18, of Rockville, MD, who suggested Marie Curie. Second runner-up was Adam Sheedy, 15, of Round Rock, TX, who submitted the name of the late astronaut Judith Resnik, who perished in the 1986 "Challenger" space shuttle explosion. Other popular suggestions included Sacajewea and Amelia Earhart. Mars Pathfinder Mars Pathfinder (MESUR Pathfinder) is an American robotic spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars in 1997. It consisted of a lander, renamed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station, and a lightweight (10.6 kg/23 lb) wheeled robotic Mars rover named "Sojourner", which became the first rover to operate

neg: Sojourner (rover) and allowed command sequences to be generated using a graphical interface. The rover driver would wear 3D goggles supplied with imagery from the base station and move a virtual model with the spaceball controller, a specialized joystick. The control software allowed the rover and surrounding terrain to be viewed from any angle or position, supporting the study of terrain features, placing waypoints, or doing virtual flyovers. The rover had a mass of 11.5 kg (weighing about 25 pounds on Earth), which equates to a weight of 4.5 kgf (10 pounds) on Mars. Sojourner (rover) Sojourner is the Mars Pathfinder robotic

neg: Mars Pathfinder Mars Pathfinder Mars Pathfinder (MESUR Pathfinder) is an American robotic spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars in 1997. It consisted of a lander, renamed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station, and a lightweight (10.6 kg/23 lb) wheeled robotic Mars rover named "Sojourner", which became the first rover to operate outside the Earth–Moon system. Launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II booster a month after the "Mars Global Surveyor" was launched, it landed on July 4, 1997 on Mars's Ares Vallis, in a region called Chryse Planitia in the Oxia Palus quadrangle.

neg: Exploration of Mars with a roving probe on Mars on July 4, 1997. It consisted of a lander and a small wheeled robotic rover named Sojourner, which was the first rover to operate on the surface of Mars. In addition to scientific objectives, the Mars Pathfinder mission was also a "proof-of-concept" for various technologies, such as an airbag landing system and automated obstacle avoidance, both later exploited by the Mars Exploration Rovers. After the 1992 failure of NASA's Mars Observer orbiter, NASA retooled and launched Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). Mars Global Surveyor launched on November 7, 1996, and entered orbit on September 12,

neg: Husar-rover Husar-rover The HUSAR rover is part of the Hunveyor system. Like as Hunveyor (Hungarian UNiversity SURVEYOR) is an experimental university lander model, so the HUSAR is (Hungarian University Surface Analyser Rover) an experimental university rover model. This rover accompanies the Hunveyor as like Sojourner was accompanying the Mars Pathfinder lander. For the Hunveyor the Surveyor was the example, for the Husar-rover the Mars Pathfinder-Sojourner system was the example from the real space exploration world. The Hunveyor-Husar system is an educational work at Hungarian Universities, Colleges and High Schools. There are smaller and larger model-cars supported by onboard computer, camera and

neg: Jacob Matijevic 2012, just two weeks before his death. After his death, NASA decided to name a Mars hill, ""Matijevic Hill"", encountered by the ""Opportunity"" rover, and also a Mars rock, ""Jake Matijevic"", encountered by the ""Curiosity"" rover, in his honor for his many contributions to the Mars rover projects over the years. Jacob Matijevic Jacob (Richard) Matijevic, also known as "Jake" Matijevic, (3 November 1947 – 20 August 2012) was an American NASA engineer of Croatian origin who worked on Mars Exploration Rovers. Dr. Matijevic was involved in developing the ""Sojourner"", ""Spirit"", ""Opportunity"" and ""Curiosity"" rovers. For his contributions to the

neg: Mars rover Mars rover A Mars rover is a motor vehicle that propels itself across the surface of the planet Mars upon arrival. Rovers have several advantages over stationary landers: they examine more territory, and they can be directed to interesting features, they can place themselves in sunny positions to weather winter months, and they can advance the knowledge of how to perform very remote robotic vehicle control. There have been four successful robotically operated Mars rovers. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory managed the "Sojourner" rover, the "Opportunity" rover, "Spirit" rover, and, now the "Curiosity" rover. On January 24, 2016 NASA reported that

neg: Rover (space exploration) The Marsokhod was a " heavy" Soviet rover (hybrid, with both controls telecommand and automatic) aimed at Mars, part of the Mars 4NM and scheduled to be released (after 1973 according to the plans of 1970) launched by a N1 rocket that never arrived to fly successfully. The Mars Pathfinder mission included "Sojourner", the first rover to successfully deploy on another planet. NASA, the space agency of the United States, launched Mars Pathfinder on 4 December 1996; it landed on Mars in a region called Chryse Planitia on 4 July 1997. From its landing until the final data transmission on

neg: Yogi Rock also suggested the past existence of water in the region. Yogi was also the first large rock reached by the "Sojourner" rover and was analyzed by an alpha proton X-ray spectrometer to determine its composition. Images of "Sojourner" approaching Yogi used in the opening credits of "" made that television program the first science fiction television or film production in history to use footage taken on another planet. Yogi Rock Yogi Rock is a rock on Mars that was discovered during the Mars Pathfinder mission in 1997, and named by Geoffrey A. Landis. The rocks found on the mission were

neg: Jacob Matijevic Jacob Matijevic Jacob (Richard) Matijevic, also known as "Jake" Matijevic, (3 November 1947 – 20 August 2012) was an American NASA engineer of Croatian origin who worked on Mars Exploration Rovers. Dr. Matijevic was involved in developing the ""Sojourner"", ""Spirit"", ""Opportunity"" and ""Curiosity"" rovers. For his contributions to the rover projects, NASA named several landmarks on the planet Mars (including ""Matijevic Hill"" and ""Jake Matijevic"" rock) after him. Dr. Matijevic was born and grew up in Chicago, Illinois and graduated from Mount Carmel High School. In 1969, he received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from the Illinois Institute of Technology,

neg: Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander is identical to that of the Mars Polar Lander, which had been intended to be the first of a series of low-cost "Mars Surveyor" landers sent to Mars. Prior to mission cancellation, cost overruns and technical problems caused the Lander design to be rescoped, and the planned large Athena rover was replaced by a small rover duplicating the "Sojourner" which was a part of the Mars Pathfinder mission. (The Athena did later make it to Mars, however, with two such rovers making up the Mars Exploration Rover Mission of 2004. The second of these, MER-B "Opportunity", landed at Mars Surveyor

neg: Mars landing 1997. Its landing site was an ancient flood plain in Mars' northern hemisphere called Ares Vallis, which is among the rockiest parts of Mars. It carried a tiny remote-controlled rover called Sojourner, which was the first acting Mars rover that traveled a few meters around the landing site, exploring the conditions and sampling rocks around it. Newspapers around the world carried images of the lander dispatching the rover to explore the surface of Mars in a way never achieved before. Until the final data transmission on September 27, 1997, "Mars Pathfinder" returned 16,500 images from the lander and 550 images

neg: Curiosity (rover) arm operations were cleared to continue, but drilling remained suspended indefinitely. The "Curiosity" team continued to perform diagnostics and testing on the drill mechanism throughout 2017. "Curiosity" has an advanced payload of scientific equipment on Mars. It is the fourth NASA unmanned surface rover sent to Mars since 1996. Previous successful Mars rovers are "Sojourner" from the Mars Pathfinder mission (1997), and "Spirit" (2004–2010) and "Opportunity" (2004–present) rovers from the Mars Exploration Rover mission. "Curiosity" is long by wide by in height, larger than Mars Exploration Rovers, which are long and have a mass of including of scientific instruments. In

neg: Mars rover to regain contact. Mars 2, Mars 3 were physically tethered probes; "Sojourner" was dependent on the Mars Pathfinder base station for communication with Earth; MER-A & B and "Curiosity" were on their own. Of these "Curiosity" is still active, and "Spirit", "Opportunity" and "Sojourner" completed their missions before losing contact. Seven rovers have been dispatched to Mars: "Examples Landed instrumentation" (Rovers) Mars rovers in development include: One experimental design, not proposed for any actual mission, is: NASA distinguishes between "mission" objectives and "science" objectives. Mission objectives are related to progress in space technology and development processes. Science objectives are met

neg: Lander (spacecraft) cancelled due to lack of funding. The U.S. Mars Pathfinder was launched in December 1996 and released the first acting rover on Mars, named "Sojourner", in July 1997. It failed in September 1997, probably due to electronics failure caused by the cold temperatures. Mars Pathfinder was part of the cancelled Mars Environmental Survey program with a set of 16 landers planned for 1999–2009. The Mars Polar Lander ceased communication on 3 December 1999, prior to reaching the surface, and is presumed to have crashed. The European Beagle 2 lander deployed successfully from the Mars Express spacecraft but the signal confirming

neg: Sojourner (rover) backscattered alpha particles. The rover had three cameras: two monochrome cameras in front, and a color camera in the rear. Each front camera had an array 484 pixels high by 768 wide. The optics consisted of a window, lens, and field flattener. The window was made of sapphire, while the lens objective and flattener were made of zinc selenide. The rover was imaged on Mars by the base station's IMP camera system, which also helped determine where the rover should go. "Sojourner" operation was supported by "Rover Control Software", which ran on a Silicon Graphics Onyx2 computer back on Earth,

neg: Crewed Mars rover rovers, because they need to know at least roughly where they are and where they are going to get to a destination. Dead reckoning was the method used by the Mars Pathfinder rover "Sojourner" for navigation. A GPS satellite network for Mars would mean a constellation of satellites in Mars orbit, but one alternative would be a surface based pseudo-satellites array. These devices would have to be emplaced with high precision, unless they were self-calibrating. An example of criteria for humaned Mars surface rover was expressed by NASA in the surface variant of the aforementioned SEV, in development in during

neg: Jacob Matijevic and, in 1973, earned a Ph.D. degree in mathematics from the University of Chicago under the supervision of Irving Kaplansky. In 1981, Dr. Matijevic began working at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, as a control systems engineer. In 1986, he worked in the telerobotics field and later, in 1992, began work with the Mars ""Sojourner"" rover. This rover was delivered to Mars by the Pathfinder spacecraft in 1996. Afterwards, Dr. Matijevic helped develop the ""Spirit"" and ""Opportunity"" rovers that began exploring Mars in 2004. He also helped develop the ""Curiosity"" rover that landed on Mars in August

neg: Jake Matijevic (rock) 2012. Matijevic was the surface operations systems chief engineer for the Mars Science Laboratory Project and the project's "Curiosity" rover. He was also a leading engineer for all of the previous NASA Mars rovers including "Sojourner", "Spirit" and "Opportunity". The rover team determined the rock to be a suitable target for the first use of "Curiosity"s contact instruments, the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) and the Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS). Analytical studies, performed on the rock by the "Curiosity" rover in October 2012, suggest the "Jake M" rock is an igneous rock but found to be high in elements

neg: Leah Gilliam the Hudson River, forging a connection between two radically different landscapes. Gilliam draws away from the idea of landscape art as the territory of painters and suggests that a new genre of landscape art arises in the response to the "impact of new media on cultural representation." An offshoot DVD was created by Gilliam, entitled "Springtime for Mars", providing a story about what happened to the Sojourner rover after it lost contact with us on 24 September 1997. In "Springtime for Mars" a young female hacker is able to reestablish contact with the rover and the story comes "full circle

neg: Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers of operational commands to the rover at one time. A rover uses autonomy software to make decisions based on observations from its sensors. Each pair of images for stereo the "Sojourner" rover could generate 20 navigation 3D points (with the initial software version the craft landed with). The MER rovers can generate 15,000 (nominal) to 40,000 (survey mode) 3D points. With the exception of "Curiosity", each Mars rover has only one on-board computer. There are two identical on-board computers on "Curiosity", which is currently operating on its redundant computer, while its primary computer is being investigated for the reasons why

neg: Dave Lavery Lavery led NASA's Telerobotics Technology Development Program, responsible for the direction and oversight of robotics and planetary exploration within the organization. He and the program was responsible for the likes of the Mars Sojourner rover, which was the first rover he worked on, and the National Robotics Engineering Consortium. Lavery currently works at the NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC, as the Program Executive for Solar System Explorations. He oversees and is heavily involved with the Mars Exploration Rovers. Notably, he oversaw the mission of the Curiosity rover in 2012. Lavery is also the project manager for NASAs' Robotics Alliance Project

neg: Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment compared to Earth's. The mission launched on 5 May 2018 and landed on the surface of Mars at Elysium Planitia on 26 November 2018. The Principal Investigator for RISE is William Folkner of JPL, who led the 1997 investigation of Mars' core using the radio link between Earth and NASA's "Mars Pathfinder" (also included the "Sojourner" rover). RISE uses the spacecraft's radio connection with Earth to assess perturbations of Mars' rotation axis to within 10 centimeters. These measurements can provide information about the size and composition of Mars' core. The radio science equipment is largely the same as used for

neg: Donna Shirley destined to enter Mars' atmosphere. She served as mission analyst and later program manager for the Mariner 10 mission to Venus and Mercury. She led a research team studying a Mars rover. She was Mars Exploration Program manager, and led teams for Mars Pathfinder and Sojourner rover. In 1997, she was inducted into the Women in Technology Hall of Fame, and in 1998 she was inducted into the Oklahoma Aviation and Space Hall of Fame. Shirley officially retired as manager of the Mars Exploration Program on August 21, 1998. In 2000 she won the Washington Award and in 2003 was

neg: Miguel San Martín parent's farm, while he listened to the BBC on short wave reporting the arrival of the "Viking" mission to Mars. He started working for the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1985, where he participated in the "Magellan" mission to Venus and "Cassini" mission to Saturn. Later in the "Pathfinder" mission he was named Chief Engineer for the Guidance, Navigation, and Control system, which landed "Sojourner" rover. In the same role he was part of the "Spirit" and "Opportunity" missions in 2004. He helped to develop the Sky Crane system which landed "Curiosity" on Mars as part of the Mars Science

neg: Planetary Missions Program Office budget smaller than originally planned. Its final mission cost would reach US$224 million. "Mars Pathfinder" was also reassigned to the program as part of cuts to the Space Exploration Initiative Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) program, following the loss of its flagship "Mars Observer". Both "NEAR Shoemaker" and "Mars Pathfinder" were successfully launched in February and December 1996 respectively; the former achieved orbit around the asteroid 433 Eros in February 2000, and the latter landed on Mars and delivered the first operational Mars rover, "Sojourner", to the surface of the planet in July 1997. After "NEAR Shoemaker" and "Mars Pathfinder", the

neg: Husar-rover the lee-forms). We show one of our test-fields around Hunveyor and Husar. Husar rovers were built with Hunveyor-1, -2, and -4 landers, and they were independently built by the Husar-5 and Husar-6 groups at Budapest, Pécs, Székesfehérvár, Sopron and Dorog. Husar-rover The HUSAR rover is part of the Hunveyor system. Like as Hunveyor (Hungarian UNiversity SURVEYOR) is an experimental university lander model, so the HUSAR is (Hungarian University Surface Analyser Rover) an experimental university rover model. This rover accompanies the Hunveyor as like Sojourner was accompanying the Mars Pathfinder lander. For the Hunveyor the Surveyor was the example, for the

neg: Leah Gilliam 2002 at the New Museum of Contemporary Art. In the year 2000 Gilliam was also a recipient of the Creative Capital Emerging Fields Award. This solo exhibition was organized by Mark Tribe with Anne Ellegood, the Associate Curator for the New Museum of Contemporary Art."The installation consisted of a pseudo abandoned NASA command center with computer manipulated footage of Mars, obtained by Sojourner Rover[...] in NASA's 1997 Mars Pathfinder mission, combined with Gilliam's own video work and other found imagery." Some of the footage that is interspersed with the original Rover footage is digitally processed footage taken by Gilliam of

neg: Mars Pathfinder was used to heat the probe's electronics to slightly above the expected nighttime temperatures on Mars. With the failure of the battery, colder-than-normal temperatures may have caused vital parts to break, leading to loss of communications. The mission had exceeded its goals in the first month. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spotted "Pathfinder" lander in January 2007 (left). The name "Sojourner" was chosen for the "Mars Pathfinder" rover after a year-long, worldwide competition in which students up to 18 years old were invited to select a heroine and submit an essay about her historical accomplishments. The students were asked to address in

neg: Andrew Mishkin Andrew Mishkin Andrew Mishkin (born c. 1958 in Los Angeles) is a senior systems engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he coordinated the development of various robotic vehicles and their subsystems for more than 15 years. He was on the "Sojourner" rover team at its formation, eventually leading the team and commanding the rover during its exploration of Mars. In 1997 he received the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal and was also selected as one of "The 35 People Who Made the Year" in the December issue of Vanity Fair magazine. He grew up in West Los Angeles, graduated from

neg: Mars Science Laboratory In the event, MSL achieved a landing east and north of the center of the target. This location is near the mountain Aeolis Mons (a.k.a. "Mount Sharp"). The rover mission is set to explore for at least 687 Earth days (1 Martian year) over a range of . The Mars Science Laboratory mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, a long-term effort for the robotic exploration of Mars that is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of California Institute of Technology. The total cost of the MSL project is about US$2.5 billion. Previous successful U.S. Mars rovers include "Sojourner"

neg: Terra Prime Trek" video games. The baby in the episode was played by a pair of twins, whilst the pointed Vulcan ears were applied to the child in post production. The script requested two post production shots to be added as references to the American space program, which would have been shown as the shuttlepod landed on Mars. These included the Mars Exploration Rover "Sojourner" which appeared in the opening titles of "Enterprise", now lying dormant and covered in dust. A further shot showed a plaque which denoted the landing spot of the rover on board the Carl Sagan Memorial Station. Following

neg: MESUR first US lunar lander. After the loss of "Mars Observer", the MESUR program was shelved, and "Pathfinder" became part of the NASA Discovery Program. The MESUR Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II. After a 7-month voyage it landed on Ares Vallis, in a region called Chryse Planitia on Mars, on 4 July 1997. During its voyage the spacecraft had to accomplish four flight adjustments on 10 January, 3 February, 6 May and 25 June. The lander opened, exposing the rover called Sojourner that would go on to execute many experiments on the Martian

neg: Viking lander biological experiments help determine if their formation is of biological or geological origin. The Mars Orbiter Mission is also attempting —since late 2014— to detect and map methane on Mars' atmosphere. A press commentary argued that, if there was life at the Viking lander sites, it may have been killed by the exhaust from the landing rockets. That is not a problem for missions which land via an airbag-protected capsule, slowed by parachutes and retrorockets, and dropped from a height that allows rocket exhaust to avoid the surface. Mars Pathfinder's "Sojourner" rover and the Mars Exploration Rovers each used this landing technique

neg: Solander Point Solander Point Solander Point is at the north end of the west-southwestern ridgeline of Endeavour crater on the planet Mars. It is named after the Swedish scientist Daniel Solander, who was the first university-educated scientist to set foot on Australian soil at Botany Bay in 1770. Solander Point was visited in 2013 by the Mars Exploration Rover-B "Opportunity", a robotic rover that has been active on Mars since 2004. By early July 2013 "Opportunity" was approaching it from the North, after previously examining outcrops on the northwest edge of the crater, north of Solander. The rover drove south from "Cape

neg: Carl Sagan Trek" franchise. In an episode of "" entitled "Terra Prime", a quick shot is shown of the relic rover "Sojourner", part of the "Mars Pathfinder" mission, placed by a historical marker at Carl Sagan Memorial Station on the Martian surface. The marker displays a quote from Sagan: "Whatever the reason you're on Mars, I'm glad you're there, and I wish I was with you." Sagan's student Steve Squyres led the team that landed the rovers "Spirit" and "Opportunity" successfully on Mars in 2004. On November 9, 2001, on what would have been Sagan's 67th birthday, the Ames Research Center dedicated

neg: Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex is now known as Journey to Mars: Explorers Wanted with a focus on Mars exploration. The attraction, which employs large-scale video projections, dimensional exhibits and interactive experiences, is designed to immerse visitors into the adventure and unsolved challenges of future space exploration. The exhibit includes orbital docketing and lunar landing simulators, a full-sized development model of a crew vehicle, a model of a space exploration vehicle, and models of the Mars rover family: Curiosity, Spirit and Opportunity, and Sojourner. NASA Now is an exhibit that has a revolving display of spacecraft from NASA and its commercial partners. NASA Now, as

neg: Mars Pathfinder "petals". Designed to right itself from any initial orientation, the lander happened to roll right side up onto its base petal. 74 minutes after landing, the petals were deployed with "Sojourner" rover and the solar panels attached on the inside. The lander arrived at night at 2:56:55 Mars local solar time (16:56:55 UTC) on July 4, 1997. The lander had to wait until sunrise to send its first digital signals and images to Earth. The landing site was located at 19.30° north latitude and 33.52° west longitude in Ares Vallis, only 19 kilometres southwest of the center of the 200

neg: Edward C. Stone been principal investigator on nine NASA spacecraft missions and coinvestigator on five more. He was the P.I. for the Cosmic Ray System on the "Voyager 1" and "2" spacecrafts, an experiment to measure cosmic rays. Stone was the director of Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California from 1991 to 2001. During his tenure, the Mars Pathfinder and its "Sojourner" rover were successful. Other JPL missions in the period included "Mars Global Surveyor", Deep Space 1, TOPEX/Poseidon, NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) and the launches of "Cassini", "Stardust", and "2001 Mars Odyssey". Edward C. Stone Edward Carroll Stone (born January 23, 1936) is

neg: Materials Adherence Experiment was moving or stationary. Measurements taken at local 2pm showed a slightly higher obscuration rate over the first 20 days of the mission, at 0.33% per day. These findings were consistent with the decline in power output of the solar cells on "Sojourner" and the "Pathfinder" lander, which indicated a dust accumulation rate of 0.29% per day, and fairly close to the value predicted before "Pathfinder" landed (0.22% per day). Materials Adherence Experiment The Materials Adherence Experiment (MAE) was a material science experiment conducted during NASA's Mars Pathfinder mission. It consisted of a small module mounted to "Pathfinder's" rover "Sojourner"

neg: Martian soil body that encompasses surficial extraterrestrial telluric deposits." This definition emphasizes that soil is a body that retains information about its environmental history and that does not need the presence of life to form. Martian soil is toxic, due to relatively high concentrations of perchlorate compounds containing chlorine. Elemental chlorine was first discovered during localised investigations by Mars rover "Sojourner", and has been confirmed by "Spirit", "Opportunity" and "Curiosity". The "Mars Odyssey" orbiter has also detected perchlorates across the surface of the planet. The NASA "Phoenix" lander first detected chlorine-based compounds such as calcium perchlorate. The levels detected in the Martian

neg: Peter Smith (scientist) Planetary Laboratory, initially as a Research Assistant up the ladder to full professor with tenure. Smith worked on the Pioneer Venus mission of 1978 and the Pioneer Saturn mission of 1979, mapped the surface of Saturn's largest moon Titan using the Hubble Space Telescope in 1994, and became Project Manager for a descent camera on the Huygens probe that landed on Titan in 2005. Smith designed the cameras for Sojourner Rover of the Mars Pathfinder mission, the ill-fated Mars Polar Lander, and the subsequently cancelled Mars Surveyor Lander. He helped to build the microscope for the ill-fated Beagle 2, and

neg: Sojourner (rover) but not both at same time, which is known as half-duplex. The data was communicated in bursts of 2 kilobytes. The Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) is nearly identical to the one on Mars 96, and was a collaboration between the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Lindau, Germany (formally known as the Max Planck Institute For Aeronomy) and the University of Chicago in the United States. APXS could determine elemental composition of Mars rocks and dust, except for hydrogen. It works by exposing a sample to alpha particles, then measuring the energies of emitted protons, X-rays, and

neg: Terra Prime Carl Sagan Memorial Station and the Mars Exploration Rover "Sojourner" were included in a shot added in post production. "Terra Prime" received a Nielsen rating of 2.0/4% and it was praised by critics who described it as a "real" episode and there were suggestions that had "Enterprise" gone into a further season then the story could have acted as an ongoing subplot. It was ranked as the best episode of the series by "Empire" magazine. Commander T'Pol and Commander Tucker remain captives of Paxton, who continues to broadcast his demand on all channels and frequencies. Paxton's action has an unsettling

neg: Discovery and exploration of the Solar System Soviet "Lunokhod 1", which landed on the Moon in 1970. The first to visit another planet was Sojourner, which travelled 500 metres across the surface of Mars in 1997. The only manned rover to visit another world was NASA's Lunar rover, which traveled with Apollos 15, 16 and 17 between 1971 and 1972. Overview of some missions to the Solar System. See also the categories for missions to , , , and . Crewed exploration of the Solar System ended in 1972. The first human being to reach space (defined as an altitude of over 100 km) and to orbit

neg: Materials Adherence Experiment Materials Adherence Experiment The Materials Adherence Experiment (MAE) was a material science experiment conducted during NASA's Mars Pathfinder mission. It consisted of a small module mounted to "Pathfinder's" rover "Sojourner" that examined the effects of Martian surface dust on solar cells. Using solar power on the Martian surface is challenging because the Martian atmosphere has a significant amount of dust suspended in it. In addition to blocking sunlight from reaching Mars's surface, dust particles gradually settle out of the air and onto objects. As "Pathfinder" was NASA's first Mars surface mission to be solar-powered, the effect of Martian dust settling

neg: Sojourner (rover) to Mars. 0.22 square meters of solar cells could produce a maximum of about 15 watts on Mars, depending on conditions. The cells were GaAs/Ge (Gallium Arsenide/Germanium) and capable of about 18 percent efficiency. They could survive down to about −140° Celsius (−220 °F). Its central processing unit (CPU) is an 80C85 with a 2 MHz clock, addressing 64 Kbytes of memory. It has four memory stores; the previously mentioned 64 Kbytes of RAM (made by IBM) for the main processor, 16 Kbytes of radiation-hardened PROM (made by Harris), 176 Kbytes of non-volatile storage (made by Seeq Technology), and 512

neg: Sojourner (rover) Rockville, who proposed Marie Curie, a Nobel Prize-winning Polish chemist. Third place went to Adam Sheedy, 16, of Round Rock, TX, who chose Judith Resnik, a United States' astronaut and shuttle crew-member. The rover was also known as "Microrover Flight Experiment" abbreviated MFEX. "Sojourner" has solar panels and a non-rechargeable battery, which allowed limited nocturnal operations. Once the batteries were depleted, it could only operate during the day. The batteries are lithium-thionyl chloride (LiSOCl2) and could provide 150 watt-hours. The batteries also allowed the health of the rover to be checked while enclosed in the cruise stage while en route

neg: Mars Pathfinder about one meter (yard) and generally registered winds from the West. The "Sojourner" rover had an Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APXS), which was used to analyze the components of the rocks and soil. The rover also had two black-and-white cameras and a color one. These instruments could investigate the geology of the Martian surface from just a few millimeters to many hundreds of meters, the geochemistry and evolutionary history of the rocks and surface, the magnetic and mechanical properties of the land, as well as the magnetic properties of the dust, atmosphere and the rotational and orbital dynamics of the

neg: ILC Dover variety of inflatable habitats, airlocks, and shelters for use in earth orbit and lunar / planetary exploration. Lunar habitat projects include the X-Hab Lunar Habitat, the InFlex Lunar Habitat, the Toroidal Lunar Habitat, and the Expandable Lunar Habitat. ILC has also worked on the Antarctic Habitat Planetary Analog Study, the Lawrence Livermore Inflatable Space Station, and the Minimum Function Habitat. For decades, ILC has worked on the design and manufacture of inflatable airbag systems. ILC's most notable accomplishments are the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Exploration Rover (MER) airbags which helped land the Sojourner, Spirit & Opportunity rovers on the surface

neg: Discovery Program and the panel assessed a number of concepts that could be implemented as low-cost programs, with 'Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous' (NEAR) as the first mission to be implemented. On February 17, 1996, NEAR became the first mission to launch in the Discovery Program. The Mars Pathfinder launched on December 4, 1996, demonstrated a number of innovative, economical, and highly effective approaches to spacecraft and planetary mission design such as the inflated airbags that allowed the "Sojourner" rover to endure the landing. Note that the two Mars Exploration Rovers, "Opportunity" and "Spirit", were not a part of the Discovery Program, although

neg: Rover (space exploration) 27 September 1997, Mars Pathfinder returned 16,500 images from the lander and 550 images from "Sojourner", as well as data from more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks and soil and extensive data on winds and other weather factors. Beagle 2 was designed to explore Mars with a small "mole" (Planetary Undersurface Tool, or PLUTO), to be deployed by the arm. PLUTO had a compressed spring mechanism designed to enable it to move across the surface at a rate of 20 mm per second and to burrow into the ground and collect a subsurface sample in a cavity in its

neg: Mars Pathfinder failed after 7 October, with a final data transmission received from Pathfinder at 10:23 UTC on September 27, 1997. Mission managers tried to restore full communications during the following five months, but the mission was terminated on March 10, 1998. During the extended operation a high-resolution stereo panorama of the surrounding terrain was being made, and the Sojourner rover was to visit a distant ridge, but the panorama was only about one-third completed and the ridge visit had not begun when communication failed. The on-board battery—designed to operate for one month—may have failed after repeated charging and discharging. The battery

neg: BYU Mars Rover BYU Mars Rover The BYU Mars Rover is a student designed, built and run project overseen and funded primarily by the Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Physics departments at Brigham Young University. The rover competes annually in the University Rover Challenge (URC) near Hanksville, Utah at the Mars Desert Research Station, and is currently being evaluated for research use. The BYU Mars Rover project is currently in its twelfth year, after being started by BYU Physics Professor Dr. David Allred when he announced the upcoming URC in his second semester physics class. After deciding to compete in the first URC,

neg: Columbia Hills (Mars) Columbia Hills (Mars) The Columbia Hills are a range of low hills inside Gusev crater on Mars. They were observed by the Mars Exploration Rover "Spirit" when it landed within the crater in 2004. They were promptly given an unofficial name by NASA since they were the most striking nearby feature on the surface. The hills lie approximately away from the rover's original landing position. The range is named to memorialize the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster. On February 2, 2004, the individual peaks of the Columbia Hills were named after the seven astronauts who died in the disaster. "Spirit" spent

neg: Northwest Passage Drive Expedition for the longest distance driven continuously on sea-ice in a road vehicle: . The "HMP Okarian" was originally named "Moon-1 Humvee Rover" and painted yellow, to distinguish it from the red-colored "Mars-1 Humvee Rover" already is use on the Haughton-Mars Project. The "Moon-1" was subsequently renamed "Okarian", in reference to the "Okarians" imagined by Edgar Rice Burroughs in "The Warlord of Mars", a race of Yellow Martians who migrated to the North Pole of Mars and lived there in domed cities. The Northwest Passage Drive Expedition is captured in the 2016 documentary film "Passage to Mars" directed by Jean-Christophe Jeauffre,

neg: Jake Matijevic (rock) Jake Matijevic (rock) Jake Matijevic (or Jake M) is a pyramidal rock on the surface of Aeolis Palus, between Peace Vallis and Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp"), in Gale crater on the planet Mars. The approximate site coordinates are: . The rock was encountered by the "Curiosity" rover on the way from Bradbury Landing to Glenelg Intrique in September 2012 and measures about height and width. The rock was named by NASA after Jacob Matijevic (1947–2012), a mathematician-turned-rover-engineer, who played a critical role in the design of the six-wheeled rover, but died just days after the "Curiosity" rover landed in August

neg: Tony Spear he began to manage the development and implementation of the microwave instruments for the NASA SEASAT mission, including the first synthetic aperture imaging radar to fly in space. For the next 11 years, Spear worked in various capacities for the Magellan probe mission. After leading JPL's initial studies of NASA's "faster, better, cheaper" fixed-priced, low-cost, quick-reaction Discovery program missions, Tony Spear began working as the project manager for the Mars Pathfinder mission. He managed the landing of the Pathfinder shuttle and the Sojourner rover with astounding successes. Said Daniel S. Goldin of Spear, "Tony Spear was a legendary project manager

neg: Mars Science Laboratory landing site location was an elliptical area . Gale Crater's diameter is . The landing location for the rover was less than from the center of the planned landing ellipse, after a journey. NASA named the rover landing site Bradbury Landing on sol , August 22, 2012. According to NASA, an estimated 20,000 to 40,000 heat-resistant bacterial spores were on "Curiosity" at launch, and as much as 1,000 times that number may not have been counted. Mars Science Laboratory Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011, which successfully

neg: BYU Mars Rover senses nearby obstacles. An InertialSense µINS Development Kit provides position, heading, velocity, and acceleration data using GPS and IMU data. BYU Mars Rover The BYU Mars Rover is a student designed, built and run project overseen and funded primarily by the Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Physics departments at Brigham Young University. The rover competes annually in the University Rover Challenge (URC) near Hanksville, Utah at the Mars Desert Research Station, and is currently being evaluated for research use. The BYU Mars Rover project is currently in its twelfth year, after being started by BYU Physics Professor Dr. David Allred

neg: Emilio Gatti method gave rise to scientific developments and to implementations throughout the world and is currently used in high differential linearity analog-to-digital converters (ADC). In 1997, the scientific mission for the NASA Pathfinder Mars exploration employed the Sojourner (rover) on which a spectrometer Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) – used to analyse the composition of the soil – is installed, in whose electronics the sliding scale method, called "“"The Gatti correction"”", is implemented to arrive at the required high linearity. Research undertaken throughout his career led to the theoretical synthesis of the optimal filters for processing the signals of nuclear detectors

neg: Mars to Mars by the Soviet Union, the United States, Europe, and India to study the planet's surface, climate, and geology. , Mars is host to eight functioning spacecraft: six in orbit—"2001 Mars Odyssey", "Mars Express", "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter", "MAVEN", "Mars Orbiter Mission" and "ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter"—and two on the surface—Mars Science Laboratory "Curiosity" (rover) and "InSight" (lander). Another rover, "Opportunity", is inactive now, but NASA still hopes to reestablish contact with it. The public can request images of Mars via the "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter" HiWish program. The Mars Science Laboratory, named "Curiosity", launched on November 26, 2011, and reached

neg: Peter Tsou also introduced the use of aerogel as one of the capture media and flight qualified variable density aerogel for space flight. He is the principal investigator for a series of Shuttle Sample Return Experiments and Mir Sample Return Experiment with silica aerogel he made at JPL. He continues to develop improved techniques to identify, remove and study particles captured in aerogel. Dr. Tsou was responsible for inventing an integrated aerogel thermal-structural design for the Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Rover, another breakthrough for space thermal insulation. Dr. Tsou has donated several samples of aerogel for display at JPL's museum, located on their

neg: Victoria (crater) the rover set off towards its next major destination, the crater Endeavour. Victoria (crater) Victoria is an impact crater on Mars located at 2.05°S, 5.50°W in the Meridiani Planum extraterrestrial plain, lying situated within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region of the planet Mars. This crater was first visited by the Mars Exploration Rover "Opportunity". It is roughly 730 metres wide, nearly eight times the size of the crater Endurance, visited by "Opportunity" from sols 951 to 1630. It is informally named after "Victoria" – one of the five ships of Ferdinand Magellan and the first ship to circumnavigate the

neg: Intel 8085 early 2000s, including CRRES, Polar, FAST, Cluster, HESSI, the Sojourner Mars Rover, and THEMIS. The Swiss company SAIA used the 8085 and the 8085-2 as the CPUs of their PCA1 line of programmable logic controllers during the 1980s. Pro-Log Corp. put the 8085 and supporting hardware on an STD Bus format card containing CPU, RAM, sockets for ROM/EPROM, I/O and external bus interfaces. The included Instruction Set Reference Card uses entirely different mnemonics for the Intel 8085 CPU, as the product was a direct competitor to Intel's Multibus card offerings. The 8085 CPU is one part of a family of

neg: Unmanned NASA missions Sagan Memorial Station, was a small rover called Sojourner that executed many experiments on the Martian surface. It was the second project from NASA's Discovery Program. The mission was directed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology, responsible for NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Stardust is a 300-kilogram robotic space probe launched by NASA on February 7, 1999 to study the asteroid 5535 Annefrank and collect samples from the coma of comet Wild 2. The primary mission was completed January 15, 2006, when the sample return capsule returned to Earth. Stardust intercepted comet Tempel 1

neg: Opportunity (rover) and mission sols, which are Mars days counted from its landing and typical of Mars surface mission time reporting. Topographic lines and various feature names are also common Opportunity (rover) Opportunity, also known as MER-B (Mars Exploration Rover – B) or MER-1, is a robotic rover active on Mars since 2004. Launched on July 7, 2003 as part of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover program, it landed in Meridiani Planum on January 25, 2004, three weeks after its twin "Spirit" (MER-A) touched down on the other side of the planet. With a planned 90 sol duration of activity (slightly more than

neg: Exploration of Mars over the Pacific Ocean. The NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission with its rover named "Curiosity", was launched on November 26, 2011, and landed on Mars on August 6, 2012 on Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater. The rover carries instruments designed to look for past or present conditions relevant to the past or present habitability of Mars. NASA's MAVEN is an orbiter mission to study the upper atmosphere of Mars. It will also serve as a communications relay satellite for robotic landers and rovers on the surface of Mars. MAVEN was launched 18 November 2013 and reached Mars on 22 September

neg: Glenelg, Mars Glenelg, Mars Glenelg, Mars (or "Glenelg Intrigue") is a location on Mars near the Mars Science Laboratory ("Curiosity rover") landing site ("Bradbury Landing") in Gale Crater marked by a natural intersection of three kinds of terrain. The location was named "Glenelg" by NASA scientists for two reasons: all features in the immediate vicinity were given names associated with Yellowknife in northern Canada, and Glenelg is the name of a geological feature there. Furthermore, the name is a palindrome, and as the "Curiosity" rover is planned to visit the location twice (once coming, and once going) this was an appealing feature

neg: Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover The Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover (HX-1) is a planned project by China to deploy an orbiter and rover on Mars. The mission is planned to be launched in July or August 2020 with a Long March 5 heavy lift rocket. Its stated objective is to search for evidence of both current and past life, and assessing the planet's environment. China's Mars program started in 2009 in a partnership with Russia. However, the Russian spacecraft Fobos-Grunt carrying a Chinese orbiter Yinghuo-1 crashed on 15 January 2012, days after lift-off.

neg: Oregon State University Mars Rover Rover is design concept 3.2. Oregon State University Mars Rover The OSU Mars Rover is a student-organized project, which designs, builds, and tests a remotely operated terrestrial rover every year. The rover competes in the University Rover Challenge (URC), hosted by the Mars Society. The team is composed of students in Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Software Engineering, and Science at Oregon State University. The University Rover Challenge, hosted by the Mars Society, is an international competition to design a mobile robotic platform that can perform several tasks. Each task is worth 100 points. 2008 was the first time the Mars

neg: Maxon Motor chosen by the NASA for the Mars rover projects Sojourner, Spirit and Opportunity. Maxon Motor has its headquarters, along with a production plant, in Sachseln, in the Swiss Canton of Obwalden. The company gives its name to the railway station, Ewil Maxon, which adjoins the plant and has frequent connections to the city of Lucerne and beyond. Besides its Sachseln plant, Maxon Motor has production facilities at Sexau in Germany, Veszprém in Hungary and Cheonan in South Korea. Sales operations exist in Switzerland, Germany, United Kingdom, United States, Australia, Spain, Italy, Benelux, India, Japan, Mainland China, Taiwan and South Korea,

neg: Oregon State University Mars Rover Oregon State University Mars Rover The OSU Mars Rover is a student-organized project, which designs, builds, and tests a remotely operated terrestrial rover every year. The rover competes in the University Rover Challenge (URC), hosted by the Mars Society. The team is composed of students in Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Software Engineering, and Science at Oregon State University. The University Rover Challenge, hosted by the Mars Society, is an international competition to design a mobile robotic platform that can perform several tasks. Each task is worth 100 points. 2008 was the first time the Mars Rover competed in the URC

neg: Victoria (crater) Victoria (crater) Victoria is an impact crater on Mars located at 2.05°S, 5.50°W in the Meridiani Planum extraterrestrial plain, lying situated within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region of the planet Mars. This crater was first visited by the Mars Exploration Rover "Opportunity". It is roughly 730 metres wide, nearly eight times the size of the crater Endurance, visited by "Opportunity" from sols 951 to 1630. It is informally named after "Victoria" – one of the five ships of Ferdinand Magellan and the first ship to circumnavigate the globe – and formally named after Victoria, Seychelles. Along the edges of

neg: Yellowknife Bay, Mars the Glenelg member and began its journey to Mount Sharp. NASA scientists estimated this drive would take the rover a year to complete. Yellowknife Bay, Mars Yellowknife Bay is a geologic formation in Gale Crater on the planet Mars. NASA's Mars Science Laboratory Rover, named "Curiosity", arrived at the low lying depression on December 17, 2012, 125 sols, or martian days, into its 668 sol planned mission on the planet. Primary mission goals of the Mars Science Laboratory were to assess the potential habitability of the planet and whether or not the Martian environment is, or has ever been, capable

neg: Mars Society Red Rover Goes to Mars contest and organization of a Mars colonization negotiation game (Columbia Memorial Negotiations). In 2007 MSP organized the first Mars Festival, a two-day event which drew 600 visitors, with Discovery Channel as the main sponsor. Mars Festival 2008 was smaller due to the efforts being made in other projects, particularly the Polish URC rover, named Skarabeusz. The flagship MSP project is the Polish Martian habitat, based on a design by Janek Kozicki. It has three inflatable modules attached and a usable surface of 900 m². The habitat is to be located close to a large town,

neg: Oregon State University Mars Rover taking first place. The overall design consisted of a prefabricated chassis and a gasoline motor. The rover had a robotic arm that could drill and an onboard camera system. The Team Lead for the 2008 Mars Rover Team was Matt Shuman. This Mars Rover is design concept 1.0. The 2009 Mars Rover took fourth place in the URC. The overall design consisted of an aluminum box chassis, with 4 thin rubber wheels. The Team Lead for the 2009 Mars Rover Team was Ryan Albright. This Mars Rover is design concept 2.0. The 2010 Rover took first place in the URC,

neg: Missouri University of Science and Technology occasionally receive help from technicians to fabricate parts. The Missouri University of Science and Technology Electromagnetic Compatibility Consortium is a broad partnership of digital electronics companies committed to funding electromagnetic compatibility research. The S&T Mars Rover design team finished in first place at the 2017 international University Rover Challenge competition held June 1–3, 2017, in Hanksville, Utah. Missouri S&T's Mars Rover, named Gryphon, was designed and built by the students. The team developed custom circuitry for the rover, machined the aluminum and carbon-fiber support structure, developed durable wheels for terrain mobility, and 3-D printed gears used in the rover. Missouri

neg: Star Trek: Enterprise poster by Dan Madsen at the "Star Trek Communicator" magazine. Eaves gave copies of this poster to Braga and Berman, with Berman suggesting the possibility that this could be a good concept for an opening sequence. The aim of the sequence was to follow the evolution of exploration, flight and space flight. As suggested by Eaves' poster, it included real-world vessels such as HMS "Enterprise", "Spirit of St. Louis", the Bell X-1, the Space Shuttle "Enterprise" amongst others in addition to the Mars rover "Sojourner" and the International Space Station. "Star Trek" vessels featured included two new designs by Eaves

neg: Materials Adherence Experiment on solar cells were not well understood before the mission. It was predicted at the time that dust particles in the Martian atmosphere would settle on the solar cells powering "Pathfinder", blocking sunlight from striking them and slowly causing "Pathfinder" to lose power. Since knowing how the settling of dust out of Mars's atmosphere would affect solar cell performance would be critical to subsequent solar-powered missions on Mars, the MAE was included aboard the "Sojourner" rover to measure the degradation in performance of a solar cell as dust settled. The MAE consisted of a small gallium-arsenide solar cell mounted underneath

neg: Ultrasonic/sonic driller/corer those being: NASA originally developed a prototype of the USDC in 2000, which weighed in at 1.5 pounds, or .7 kilograms. NASA has not discussed further development of the drill, but has mentioned that the drill could be downsized even further to fit in the palm of a hand. A second drill was developed to fit onto the Sojourner Rover, which had a drill head that weighed in at one pound alone, or .4 kilograms. The USDC was originally designed by NASA to bore through rock. The drill has been equipped on both of the Mars rovers to collect samples

neg: Mars Pathfinder contain mostly the minerals orthopyroxene (magnesium-iron silicate), feldspars (aluminum silicates of potassium, sodium, and calcium), quartz (silicon dioxide), with smaller amounts of magnetite, ilmenite, iron sulfide, and calcium phosphate. The embedded computer on board the "Sojourner" rover was based around the 2 MHz Intel 80C85 CPU with 512 KB of RAM and 176 KB of flash memory solid-state storage, running a cyclic executive. The computer of the "Pathfinder" lander was a Radiation Hardened IBM Risc 6000 Single Chip (Rad6000 SC) CPU with 128 MB of RAM and 6 MB of EEPROM and its operating system was VxWorks. The mission was

neg: Home Plate (Mars) Home Plate (Mars) Home Plate is a plateau roughly 90 m across within the Columbia Hills, Mars. It is informally named for its similarity in shape to a baseball home plate. Home Plate is a rocky outcrop that appears to show layered feature. The plateau has been extensively studied by "Spirit", one of the Mars Exploration Rovers, since 2006. The rover became stuck in loose granular material alongside the northeast side of the plateau. The rover last communicated with Earth on March 22, 2010. "Spirit" arrived at Home Plate on sol 744 (February 7, 2006) and has completed a scientific

neg: Gusev (Martian crater) dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars. Gusev crater was one of three candidates for a landing site for Mars 2020 as of 2017. Specifically, Colombia Hills is being targeted, which was previously explored by Spirit rover. Previously Gusev crater was selected and soft-landed on by the Spirit rover, which after several years of activity stopped communicating in 2010 Other landing site candidates for the Mars 2020 rover, by 2017, were Northeast Syrtis (Syrtis Major)and Jezero crater. Gusev (Martian crater) Gusev is a crater on the planet Mars and is located at and

neg: Yellowknife Bay, Mars Yellowknife Bay, Mars Yellowknife Bay is a geologic formation in Gale Crater on the planet Mars. NASA's Mars Science Laboratory Rover, named "Curiosity", arrived at the low lying depression on December 17, 2012, 125 sols, or martian days, into its 668 sol planned mission on the planet. Primary mission goals of the Mars Science Laboratory were to assess the potential habitability of the planet and whether or not the Martian environment is, or has ever been, capable of supporting life. The site was chosen after much study of the region by previous missions. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter observed morphological features

neg: Bathurst Inlet (rock) Bathurst Inlet (rock) Bathurst Inlet is a rock on the surface of Aeolis Palus, between Peace Vallis and Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp"), in Gale crater on the planet Mars. The rock was encountered by the "Curiosity" rover on the way from Bradbury Landing to Glenelg Intrique on September 30, 2012 and was named after Bathurst Inlet, a deep inlet located along the northern coast of the Canadian mainland. The "approximate" site coordinates are: . The NASA rover team had assessed the rock to be a suitable target for one of the first uses of "Curiosity's" contact instruments, the Mars Hand

neg: Mars Exploration Rover Endeavour Crater, eight years after landing. The orbital spectroscopy of this crater rim show the signs of phyllosilicate rocks, indicative of older sedimentary deposits. Mars Exploration Rover NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission is an ongoing robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, exploring the planet Mars. It began in 2003 with the launch of the two rovers: MER-A "Spirit" and MER-B "Opportunity"—to explore the Martian surface and geology; both landed on Mars at separate locations in January 2004. Both rovers far outlived their planned missions of 90 Martian solar days: MER-A "Spirit" was active until 2010,

neg: Opportunity (rover) Opportunity (rover) Opportunity, also known as MER-B (Mars Exploration Rover – B) or MER-1, is a robotic rover active on Mars since 2004. Launched on July 7, 2003 as part of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover program, it landed in Meridiani Planum on January 25, 2004, three weeks after its twin "Spirit" (MER-A) touched down on the other side of the planet. With a planned 90 sol duration of activity (slightly more than 90 earth days), "Spirit" functioned until getting stuck in 2009 and ceased communications in 2010, while "Opportunity" was active as of June 10, 2018 when a dust storm

neg: Geoffrey A. Landis for dust removal from the arrays. He was a member of the Rover team on the Mars Pathfinder mission, and named the Mars rock, "Yogi". He is a member of the science team on the 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers mission, where his work includes observations of Martian dust devils, atmospheric science measurements, and observation of frost on the equator of Mars. He was also a member of the Mars ISPP Propellant Precursor experiment team for the Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander mission, an experiment package to demonstrate manufacture of oxygen from the Martian atmosphere. (which was cancelled after the failure of

neg: Rover (space exploration) month on the Moon), and was unable to move after the end of the second lunar night, though it continued to gather useful information for some months afterward. In October 2015, "Yutu" set the record for the longest operational period for a rover on the Moon. On 31 July 2016, "Yutu" ceased to operate after a total of 31 months, well beyond its original expected lifespan of three months. "Opportunity" is a robotic rover on the planet Mars, active since 2004. It is the remaining rover in NASA's ongoing Mars Exploration Rover Mission. Launched from Earth on July 7, 2003,

neg: Matvey Gusev pictures of the moon and the sun - including sunspots - while at the Vilnius observatory. He died in Berlin, Germany in 1866. A major crater on Mars is named Gusev crater after him, and it is famed as the landing site of the Mars Exploration Rover "Spirit". Matvey Gusev Matvey Matveyevich Gusev () ( in Vyatka, Russia– in Berlin, Germany) was a Russian astronomer who worked at Pulkovo Observatory near St. Petersburg from 1850 to 1852 and then at Vilnius Observatory. In 1860 he founded the first scientific journal dedicated to math and physics in Russia: "Vestnik matematicheskikh nauk"

neg: Opportunity mission timeline Opportunity mission timeline Opportunity, MER-B (Mars Exploration Rover – B), is a robotic rover active on the planet Mars since 2004. Launched on July 7, 2003, "Opportunity" landed on Mars' Meridiani Planum on January 25, 2004 at 05:05 Ground UTC (about 13:15 Mars local time), three weeks after its twin "Spirit" (MER-A), also part of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission, touched down on the other side of the planet. While "Spirit" became immobile in 2009 and ceased communications in 2010, "Opportunity" remains active as of December 11, 2017, having already exceeded its planned 90 sol (Martian days) duration of activity

neg: Cape Tribulation (Mars) Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter detected clay minerals at this location. Along Cape Tribulation, at the west end of Marathon Valley is a shallow crater about 110 feet (34 meters) long and about 80 feet (24 meters) wide, named "Spirit of Saint Louis" after the record-break aircraft. Within its center is a rock spire and the regolith in the crater has a darkened hue. The crater is on the outer edge of the Western rom of Endeavour crater. The MER-B rover reached it in April 2015 and took panoramic color photos of the site. Additional NASA team named features: Cape Tribulation (Mars)

neg: Mars Exploration Rover 25, 2011, bringing the elapsed mission time to 6 years 2 months 19 days, or over 25 times the original planned mission duration. In recognition of the vast amount of scientific information amassed by both rovers, two asteroids have been named in their honor: 37452 Spirit and 39382 Opportunity. The mission is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which designed, built, and is operating the rovers. On January 24, 2014, NASA reported that current studies by the remaining rover "Opportunity" as well as by the newer Mars Science Laboratory rover "Curiosity" will now be searching for evidence of

neg: Oregon State University Mars Rover Mars Rover Team was Florian Kapsenberg. This Mars Rover is design concept 3.1. The 2012 Mars Rover includes designs based on past entries, including: a 6-wheel drive system with individual steering control for each wheel; an Analog video transmission/receiving system capable of 1-channel transmission/receiving, with a main camera and several pinhole cameras; a robotic arm with 3-degrees of freedom giving it the ability to service equipment, clear solar panels, and check voltage; and refinement of the chassis, suspension, electrical housing and camera systems to reduce weight. The Team Lead for the 2012 Mars Rover Team is John Zeller. This Mars

neg: Bopolu (crater) Bopolu (crater) Bopolu is an impact crater located within the Meridiani Planum extraterrestrial plain of Mars. Bopulu was seen by Opportunity rover in 2010 in the distance, and with some of its rim visible. Bopoplu was officially named in 2006 along with 31 Mars craters. Research has indicated that the impact that is thought to have created Bopulu went so deep that it went through existing layers and ejected older material from Mars' Noachian period. Bopulu is a diameter wide crater south of the Opportunity MER-B landing site, a rover which operated in the region starting in 2004 and therefore