query: when did england stop hanging drawing and quartering

pos: Hanged, drawn and quartered Charles I. Although the Act of Parliament defining high treason remains on the United Kingdom's statute books, during a long period of 19th-century legal reform the sentence of hanging, drawing, and quartering was changed to drawing, hanging until dead, and posthumous beheading and quartering, before being abolished in England in 1870. The death penalty for treason was abolished in 1998. During the High Middle Ages those in England guilty of treason were punished in a variety of ways, including drawing and hanging. In the 13th century other, more brutal penalties were introduced, such as disembowelling, burning, beheading and quartering. The

pos: High treason in the United Kingdom with a strict requirement for a minimum of two witnesses to the crime. In 1832 the death penalty was abolished for treason by forging seals and the Royal sign manual. In 1870, attainder was abolished. In the same year in England, and in 1949 in Scotland, posthumous drawing and quartering was abolished, and so the sole punishment was hanging. Beheading was abolished in 1973, by which time it had long been obsolete. By 1965, capital punishment had been abolished for almost all crimes, but was still mandatory (unless the offender was pardoned or the sentence commuted) for high treason until

neg: Hanged, drawn and quartered before the bill's third reading, failed by 127 votes to 23. Hanging, drawing, and quartering was abolished in England by the Forfeiture Act 1870, Liberal politician Charles Forster's second attempt since 1864 to end the forfeiture of a felon's lands and goods (thereby not making paupers of his family). The Act limited the penalty for treason to hanging alone, although it did not remove the monarch's right under the 1814 Act to replace hanging with beheading. Beheading was abolished in 1973, although it had long been obsolete. The death penalty for treason was abolished by the Crime and Disorder Act

neg: Treason Act 1814 Treason Act 1814 The Treason Act 1814 (54 Geo. III c. 146) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland which modified the penalty for high treason for male convicts. Originally the mandatory sentence for a man convicted of high treason (other than counterfeiting or coin clipping) was hanging, drawing and quartering. The 1814 Act changed this punishment and replaced it with death by hanging, followed by posthumous quartering. The Act was amended by the Forfeiture Act 1870 (in England) and the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1949 (in Scotland) so that the penalty

neg: Perp walk the 1757 drawing and quartering of Robert-François Damiens for his attempted assassination of King Louis XV. A detailed account of that procedure, the last execution by that method in French history, opens Foucault's book. In medieval England as well, those convicted of high treason were paraded through the streets in an open wagon to their executions. Originally they had been dragged by horses, but some arrived almost dead from that treatment, unable to live through the hanging, castration, disemboweling and drawing and quartering that followed. While being transported, they were often pelted with objects thrown at them by onlookers. "This

neg: Treason Act 1351 to a subject. The practical distinction was the consequence of being convicted: for a high treason, the penalty was death by hanging, drawing and quartering (for a man) or drawing and burning (for a woman), and the traitor's property would escheat to the Crown; in the case of a petty treason the penalty was drawing and hanging without quartering, or burning without drawing; and property escheated only to the traitor's immediate lord. The forfeiture provisions were repealed by the Forfeiture Act 1870, and the penalty was reduced to life imprisonment by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. A person was

neg: Oaten Hill Martyrs Oaten Hill Martyrs The Oaten Hill Martyrs (also known as the "Canterbury martyrs") were Catholic Martyrs who were executed by hanging, drawing and quartering at Oaten Hill, Canterbury, on 1 October 1588. These four were beatified by Pope Pius XI in 1929. Robert Wilcox was born in Chester, England in 1558 and entered the seminary at Rheims when he was twenty-five years old and was ordained on 20 April 1585. He was sent to England with other priests seeking to expand the Catholic faith and deal with the country's expanding Protestantism under Queen Elizabeth I. Wilcox arrived in England on

neg: William Gibson (martyr) Abbot, then at liberty, who endeavoured to procure a priest to reconcile him to the Church. When the clergyman had sufficient evidence, Gibson was arrested and, together with Knight and his two comrades, accused of attempting to persuade the clergyman to embrace Catholicism — an act of treason under the English Penal Laws. They were all found guilty, before (with the exception of Abbot, who was executed later) suffering hanging, drawing and quartering at York on 29 November 1596. Gibson was one of the Eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales beatified by Pope John Paul II on 22 November 1987

neg: Oaten Hill Martyrs relic at Olney, Buckinghamshire. He sent this manuscript to a priest, as a last token of his friendship, the day before he was taken from the prison. Oaten Hill Martyrs The Oaten Hill Martyrs (also known as the "Canterbury martyrs") were Catholic Martyrs who were executed by hanging, drawing and quartering at Oaten Hill, Canterbury, on 1 October 1588. These four were beatified by Pope Pius XI in 1929. Robert Wilcox was born in Chester, England in 1558 and entered the seminary at Rheims when he was twenty-five years old and was ordained on 20 April 1585. He was sent

neg: Treason Act 1814 which was the same as for other forms of high treason, was abolished in 1832, although it was still treason. Treason Act 1814 The Treason Act 1814 (54 Geo. III c. 146) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland which modified the penalty for high treason for male convicts. Originally the mandatory sentence for a man convicted of high treason (other than counterfeiting or coin clipping) was hanging, drawing and quartering. The 1814 Act changed this punishment and replaced it with death by hanging, followed by posthumous quartering. The Act was amended

neg: Dryburne Martyrs Holiday, Hogg and Duke were all sent on the English mission on 22 March 1590 but aroused suspicion by keeping together as a band and were arrested in County Durham soon after landing in the North of England. Given the 1585 Act making it a capital offence to be a Catholic priest in England the sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering was inevitable. The trial was at Durham and the sentence was carried out there. According to legend, "After the execution, it was noticed that a small stream near the site had completely dried up, and so the area is

neg: Wales in the Late Middle Ages Wales in the Late Middle Ages Wales in the Late Middle Ages covers the period from the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in late 1282 to the incorporation of Wales into the Kingdom of England by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542. After the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, his brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd carried on resistance for a few months, but was never able to control any large area. He was captured and executed by hanging, drawing and quartering at Shrewsbury in 1283. King Edward I of England now had complete control of Wales. The Statute of Rhuddlan was

neg: Thomas Gage (priest) rewarded with the rectorship of Acrise in Kent, he had won for himself general ridicule by a sermon he preached that summer in St Paul's, London, and published in October under the title "The Tyranny of Satan, discovered by the teares of a converted sinner [...] by Thomas Gage, formerly a Romish Priest, for the space of 38 yeares, and now truly reconciled to the Church of England". In December 1642 he testified against the priest Thomas Holland, whom he had known at St. Omer and Valladolid, and obtained a sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering which was effectively carried

neg: John Amias of hanging, drawing and quartering was inevitable. It was carried out outside the city of York on 16 March 1589. Amias was beginning to address the assembled people, and explain that it was for religion, and not treason, that he suffered, but was not allowed to proceed. His fate was shared by a fellow priest, Robert Dalby. Both were beatified by Pope Pius XI on 15 December 1929. John Amias John Amias (died 1589) was a Roman Catholic priest who was martyred in England. He was beatified by Pope Pius XI in 1929. There is some doubt about his early

neg: Robert Dibdale Newgate. Given the 1585 Act making it a capital offence to be a Catholic priest in England, the terrible sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering was inevitable. It was carried out at Tyburn on 8 October 1586. His fate was shared by two fellow priests, John Adams and John Lowe. All three priests were beatified (the last stage prior to canonization) by Pope John Paul II on 22 November 1987. Robert Dibdale The Blessed Robert Dibdale (or Debdale) (ca. 1556 – 8 October 1586) was an English Catholic priest and martyr. Dibdale was born the son of John Dibdale of

neg: Richard Topcliffe putting up a notice or "titulus" on the gallows indicating the sufferer's name and offense, and making sure that the full rigors of the sentence — hanging, drawing, and quartering while still alive for those convicted of treason — were carried out. Under the law after 1585, merely being a priest in England was treason. The British literary critic Frank Kermode notes in "The Age of Shakespeare" that "Topcliffe's copy of a history of the Jesuit mission survives, with his gloating marginalia: beside the name of a missionary the words ‘I racked him,’ beside the name of someone hanged a

neg: Robert Dalby making it a capital offence to be a Catholic priest in England the terrible sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering was inevitable. It was carried out outside the city of York on 16 March 1589. His fate was shared by a fellow priest, known to us as John Amias. On arrival at the place of execution the prisoners prostrated themselves in prayer. Robert Dalby had to watch his fellow priest be hanged and quartered before his own turn came, but he displayed no hesitation in going to his death. Both priests were declared "Blessed" by Pope Pius XI on 15

neg: John Lowe (martyr) on the 11 May of that year. Given the 1585 Act making it a capital offence to be a Catholic priest in England the sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering was inevitable. It was carried out at Tyburn on the 8 October 1586. His fate was shared by two fellow priests, John Adams and Robert Dibdale. All three priests were beatified (the last stage prior to canonization) by Pope John Paul II on the 22 November 1987. Members of the Lowe family maintained their loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, losing privileges, titles

neg: Li Keyong Cunxiao's aid, Li Keyong defeated him and again attacked Zhen. Wang, in fear, agreed to stop aiding Li Cunxiao and agreed to supply Li Keyong's troops with food and reinforcements. Thereafter, Li Cunxiao became without outside aid, and soon was trapped inside Xing's city walls. He ran out of supplies in spring 894 and offered to surrender, and did actually do so when Li Keyong sent Lady Liu inside the city to escort him out. Li Keyong put Li Cunxiao under arrest and took him back to Taiyuan, ordering that he be publicly executed by drawing and quartering—but actually intending

neg: John Adams (Catholic martyr) an Act had been passed which made it a capital offence to be a Catholic priest in England. The sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering was carried out at Tyburn, London on 8 October 1586. His fate was shared by two fellow priests, John Lowe and Robert Dibdale, and possibly his own brother, a layman. This latter fact is not certain and the forename is not in any case known. All three priests were beatified (the last stage prior to canonization) by Pope John Paul II on 22 November 1987. John Adams (Catholic martyr) The Blessed John Adams (ca. 1543

neg: Treason in Arthurian legend of noble birth, while a death by hanging, drawing and quartering was reserved for those deemed “ignoble.” The English would also disembowel or burn the entrails of those executed for treason, in a practice distinct from the French. Those executed for treason in later medieval England would also often have their bodies put on display to symbolize their shamefulness and their “excision from the body politic.” Treason is a major feature throughout Arthurian romances. Knights constantly commit acts of treason as does Guinevere herself. The treason of Lancelot, Guinevere, Agravain and Mordred eventually destroy Arthur's court and his downfall is

neg: High treason in the United Kingdom Women were excluded from this type of punishment and instead were drawn and then burned at the stake, until this was replaced with hanging by the Treason Act 1790 and the Treason by Women Act (Ireland) 1796. The penalty for high treason by counterfeiting or clipping coins was the same as the penalty for petty treason (which for men was drawing and hanging without the torture and quartering, and for women was burning or hanging.) Individuals of noble birth were not subjected to either form of torture, but merely beheaded. Even commoners' sentences were sometimes commuted to beheading—a sentence not

neg: John Ballard (Jesuit) at Westminster Hall on 13 and 14 September 1586 and found guilty of treason and conspiracy against the Crown. They were executed by hanging, drawing and quartering in two batches on the 20 and 21 September. Ballard was executed on the first day along with the other main conspirators. The manner of their deaths was so bloody and horrific that it deeply shocked those who were present at the spectacle. When Elizabeth was told of the suffering the men had endured on the scaffold, and its effect on the many witnesses, she is said to have ordered that the remaining

neg: William Collingbourne chief justice William Hussey. The trial was held in early December at the Guildhall; Collingbourne was convicted of high treason and sentenced to death, Turburvyle sentenced to prison, apparently on a lesser charge. Collingbourne was subsequently executed at Tower Hill by hanging, drawing and quartering. A story by Tudor historian John Stow recounts his end: "After having been hanged, he was cut down immediately and his entrails were then extracted and thrown into the fire, and all this was so speedily done that when the executioners pulled out his heart he spoke and said, 'Oh Lord Jesus, yet more trouble!'"

neg: Hirabah of the hanging, drawing and quartering that medieval Europeans inflicted on traitors"). This was the only capital penalty permitted rulers by the Quran (in the case of murder the killer's fate was in the hands of the victim's next of kin not the judge during the early years of Islam "when enemies of the faith and political rebels often looked frighteningly similar" the crime had broader application including apostasy from Islam but was "gradually narrowed" to apply only to "highway robbery in the open county." The choice of crucifixion and its method is subject to "complex and contested rules" in

neg: Anne Boleyn III, adultery on the part of a queen was a form of treason (because of the implications for the succession to the throne) for which the penalty was hanging, drawing and quartering for a man and burning alive for a woman, but the accusations, and especially that of incestuous adultery, were also designed to impugn her moral character. The other form of treason alleged against her was that of plotting the king's death, with her "lovers", so that she might later marry Henry Norris. Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland, sat on the jury that unanimously found Anne guilty. When

neg: Lingchi Auguste Chapdelaine was killed by "lingchi"; in reality he was beaten to death. As Western countries moved to abolish similar punishments, some Westerners began to focus attention on the methods of execution used in China. As early as 1866, the time when Britain itself moved to abolish its own cruel method of hanging, drawing, and quartering, Thomas Francis Wade, then serving with the British diplomatic mission in China, unsuccessfully urged the abolition of "lingchi". "Lingchi" remained in the Qing dynasty's code of laws for persons convicted of high treason and other serious crimes, but the punishment was abolished as a

neg: Mazzatello would then be slit with a knife. Along with drawing and quartering (sometimes, but not always, after a hanging), "mazzatello" was reserved for crimes that were considered "especially loathsome". A variation of this method appears in Alexandre Dumas' novel "The Count of Monte Cristo" as "la mazzolata" and "mazzolato", when a prisoner sentenced to execution is bludgeoned on the side of his head with a mace. Mazzatello Mazzatello (abbreviated mazza) was a method of capital punishment used by the Papal States from the late 18th century to 1870 involving the infliction of head trauma. The method was named after the

neg: Entertainment in Europe, watching or participating in the punishment of criminals or social outcasts was an accepted and popular form of entertainment. Many forms of public humiliation also offered local entertainment in the past. Even capital punishment such as hanging and beheading, offered to the public as a warning, were also regarded partly as entertainment. Capital punishments that lasted longer, such as stoning and drawing and quartering, afforded a greater public spectacle. "A hanging was a carnival that diverted not merely the unemployed but the unemployable. Good bourgeois or curious aristocrats who could afford it watched it from a carriage or

neg: Drawn and Quarterly Drawn and Quarterly Drawn and Quarterly is a publishing company based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, specializing in comics. It publishes primarily comic books, graphic novels and comic strip collections. The books it publishes are noted for their artistic content, as well as the quality of printing and design. The name of the company is a pun on "drawing", "quarterly", and the practice of hanging, drawing and quartering. Initially it specialized in underground and alternative comics, but has since expanded into classic reprints and translations of foreign works. "Drawn and Quarterly" was the company's flagship quarterly anthology during the 1990s. It

neg: Thomas Sherwood (martyr) was removed. Racked with a view to extracting details of houses where Mass was celebrated, Thomas kept silent. As a result, he was then thrown into a dungeon to rot, where he endured hunger and cold for three winter months. All attempts by St Thomas More's son-in-law, William Roper, to smuggle money to him were unsuccessful. His story then finished with a hasty trial, and the inevitable sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering, carried out at Tyburn on 7 February 1579, when he was 27 years of age. He is said to have been a small man, witty, cheerful and

neg: Hanged, drawn and quartered nature of their presence when he wrote "near the end of the bridge, on the suburb side, were stuck up the heads of thirty gentlemen of high standing who had been beheaded on account of treason and secret practices against the Queen." The practice of using London Bridge in this manner ended following the hanging, drawing, and quartering in 1678 of William Staley, a victim of the fictitious Popish Plot. His quarters were given to his relatives, who promptly arranged a "grand" funeral; this incensed the coroner so much that he ordered the body to be dug up and set

neg: High treason in the United Kingdom state. Hanging, drawing and quartering was the usual punishment until the 19th century. The last treason trial was that of William Joyce, "Lord Haw-Haw", who was executed by hanging in 1946. Since the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 became law, the maximum sentence for treason in the UK has been life imprisonment. High treason today consists of: "See the English History section below for detail about the offences created by the 1351 Act." In addition to the crime of treason, the Treason Felony Act 1848 (still in force today) created a new offence known as "treason felony", with a maximum

neg: Monmouth County Gaol the prison walls."The message being that would-be criminals would be deterred from crime simply by knowing how dreadful prison fare actually was. Prisoners were so weakened by this diet however, that in 1853, when typhus broke out, they were unable to resist the disease which quickly spread killing at least one prisoner. The three Chartist leaders, John Frost, Zephaniah Williams, William Jones, and others were imprisoned in the gaol after conviction at Shire Hall, Monmouth for treason on 16 January 1840. Their sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering was eventually commuted, by the Prime Minister Lord Melbourne, to transportation to

neg: High treason in the United Kingdom 1998. By section 36 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 the maximum punishment for high treason became life imprisonment. "(See also Treason Act 1814.)" The last beheading of a peer for high treason was that of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat in 1747. The last execution by burning for high treason was that of Catherine Murphy in 1789. The last sentences of hanging, drawing and quarterings were those on the Cato Street Conspirators in 1820, (but the drawing and quartering were omitted by royal command). One of the last executions for high treason was that of John Amery, the

neg: William Knight (martyr) drawing and quartering at York on 29 November 1596. Knight was about 24 years old when he died. Knight was one of the eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales beatified by Pope John Paul II on 22 November 1987 during a trip to Great Britain. William Knight (martyr) The Blessed William Knight (1572 – 29 November 1596) was an English layman put to death for his Roman Catholic faith at York, England. With him also suffered the Blesseds George Errington of Herst, Northumberland; William Gibson of Ripon; and Henry Abbot of Howden, Yorkshire. Knight, apparently a secret convert to the

neg: 1794 Treason Trials the constitution, to depose the King, and put him to death; and for that purpose, and "with Force and Arms", they conspired to excite insurrection and rebellion" (emphasis in original). Initially the men were confined to the Tower of London, but they were eventually moved to Newgate prison. Those charged with treason faced the brutal punishment of hanging, drawing and quartering if convicted: each would have been "hanged by the neck, cut down while still alive, disembowelled (and his entrails burned before his face) and then beheaded and quartered". The entire radical movement was also on trial; there were supposedly

neg: Richard Gwyn (martyr) supremacy." The three were also accused of trying to make converts. Despite their defences and objections to the dubious practices of the court Gwyn and Hughes were found guilty. At the sentencing Hughes was reprieved and Gwyn condemned to death by hanging, drawing and quartering. This sentence was carried out in the Beast Market in Wrexham on 15 October 1584. Just before Gwyn was hanged he turned to the crowd and said, "I have been a jesting fellow, and if I have offended any that way, or by my songs, I beseech them for God's sake to forgive me." The

neg: Ardvreck Castle tale concerning the castle is that on 30 April 1650 James, Marquis of Montrose was captured by the Laird of Assynt and held at the castle before being transported to Edinburgh for trial and execution. Montrose was a Royalist, fighting on the side of King Charles against the Covenanters. Montrose was executed on 21 May 1650, by hanging, drawing and quartering. Archibald, Marquis of Argyll, a covenanter and Montrose's rival, was himself executed in 1661 after the restoration of the monarchy. Clan MacKenzie attacked and captured Ardvreck Castle in 1672, and then took control of the Assynt lands. In 1726

neg: Robert Anderton confirmed, and a proclamation was published, explaining their guilt. They were taken back to the Isle of Wight near the spot where they had landed and executed by hanging, drawing, and quartering on 25 April 1586. He was beatified by Pope Pius XI in 1929. Robert Anderton Robert Anderton (c. 1560 – 25 April 1586) was an English Roman Catholic priest and martyr. He has been declared 'Blessèd' by the Roman Catholic Church. His feast day is 25 April. Robert Anderton was born in Lancashire about 1560. around 1560. He probably attended Brasenose College and graduated from Oxford University in

neg: Clan Sempill the queen to be held in Loch Leven Castle. He also led the vanguard of the Regent Moray's army at the Battle of Langside in 1568 and was rewarded with a charter to the abbey lands of Paisley. After the Regent was murdered in 1570 Sempill was imprisoned for a year. (See: Robert Sempill, 3rd Lord Sempill). Robert's son, John Sempill, was castigated by John Knox as Sempill "the dancer". John was accused of treason and attempting to assassinate Regent Morton and was sentenced to death by hanging, drawing and quartering. However the sentence was commuted to imprisonment and he

neg: John Duckett where they were the cause of crowds of Catholics gathering. On these and on others who encountered them they made an impression by their cheerfulness and sanctity. He was brought to trial on 4 September and given the inevitable and terrible sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering the day after. It was carried out at Tyburn in London on 7 September 1644. His fate was shared by Ralph Corby. Both priests were declared Blessed (the last stage prior to sainthood) by Pope Pius XI on 15 December 1929. John Duckett John Duckett (1603 – 7 September 1644) was an English

neg: Samuel Romilly for all crimes, but in the following year he tried again and succeeded (except for treason and murder). Also in 1814 he succeeded in abolishing hanging, drawing and quartering. Romilly's efforts made his reputation. In 1818, he was returned at the head of the poll for the city of Westminster. He died shortly afterwards. Romilly married Anne Garbett, daughter of Francis Garbett, of Knill Court, Herefordshire, in 1798. They had two sons, Sir John Romilly, a distinguished lawyer and politician who was ennobled as Baron Romilly in 1866, and Frederick Romilly, a politician. On 29 October 1818 Lady Romilly died

neg: Hanged, drawn and quartered 1998, enabling the UK to ratify protocol six of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1999. In some of the places where the American War of Independence developed into a fierce civil war among American factions, there are recorded cases of both sides resorting to hanging, drawing, and quartering - both Loyalists and Patriots finding reasons to construe their opponents as being "traitors" deserving of such a fate. The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution's prohibition of "Cruel and Unusual Punishments" clearly (and successfully) aimed at preventing any further such usage on American soil. Footnotes Notes Bibliography Hanged,

neg: Decapitation of severed heads and other body parts on pikes, etc., as a method to support conquest, territorial expansion, pillage and looting. Heads were displayed to terrify various peoples into submission, such as enslaved Africans, Tasmanians, Chinese, and Celts. Historically, beheading was typically used for noblemen, while commoners would be hanged; eventually, hanging was adopted as the standard means of non-military executions. The last actual execution by beheading was of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat on 9 April 1747, while a number of convicts (typically traitors sentenced to drawing and quartering, a method which had already been discontinued) were beheaded posthumously

neg: John Popham (judge) School which opened in 1604 and still exists to this day. In 1595 Popham presided over the trial of the Jesuit Robert Southwell and passed sentence of death by hanging, drawing and quartering. He also presided over the trials of Sir Walter Raleigh (1603) and the conspirators of the Gunpowder Plot, including Guy Fawkes (1606). He was also involved in the trial at Fotheringhay Castle of Mary, Queen of Scots (1587) which resulted in her execution. While working as the messenger to the Queen, Popham was imprisoned by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex with his henchman. Ever stoic, Popham

neg: Palace of Westminster detonate during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605. If successful, the explosion would have destroyed the Palace, killing the King, his family and most of the aristocracy. However, the plot was discovered and most of the conspirators were either arrested or killed while trying to evade capture. The survivors were tortured in the Tower of London, tried for high treason in Westminster Hall, convicted and gruesomely executed by hanging, drawing and quartering. Since then, the cellars of the Palace have been searched by the Yeomen of the Guard before every State Opening of Parliament, a traditional precaution

neg: Battle of Paoli Month. The Annals of the Age Cannot Produce such another Scene of Butchery... There were no Geneva Conventions in place at that time, although most Western powers subscribed to an informal but generally recognized "Laws of War" which were intended to rein in some of the worst abuses of both prisoners and the civil population in war time. Moreover, George III had declared the colonies to be in rebellion, and thus traitors to the Crown, which denied the prisoners POW status and carried a maximum penalty of death by "hanging, drawing and quartering", a form of execution which dated from

neg: Anne Line House on Old Bailey Lane on 26 February 1601 and was so weak from fever that she was carried to the trial in a chair. She told the court that so far from regretting having concealed a priest, she only grieved that she "could not receive a thousand more." Sir John Popham, the judge, sentenced her to death for the felony of assisting a seminary priest. Line was hung on 27 February 1601. She was executed immediately before two priests, Fr. Roger Filcock and Fr. Mark Barkworth, who received the more severe sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering. At the

neg: Crucifixion to two slaves who murdered their mistress). Classical Islamic jurisprudence applies the verse 5:33 chiefly to highway robbers, as a "hadd" (scripturally prescribed) punishment. The preference for crucifixion over the other punishments mentioned in the verse or for their combination (which Sadakat Kadri has called "Islam's equivalent of the hanging, drawing and quartering that medieval Europeans inflicted on traitors") is subject to "complex and contested rules" in classical jurisprudence. Most scholars required crucifixion for highway robbery combined with murder, while others allowed execution by other methods for this scenario. The main methods of crucifixion are: Most classical jurists limit the

neg: High treason and punished judicially for acts of espionage, assassination, or sabotage, though in contemporary times, foreign spies are usually repatriated in exchange for spies of the mentioned nation held by another nation. High treason is considered a very serious – often the most serious possible – crime, by the civil authorities. Originally it was punished by hanging, drawing and quartering. A conviction by a Canadian court for high treason results in a mandatory life sentence (albeit with the possibility of parole after 25 years). Until the 19th century, counterfeiting coins was considered high treason in the United Kingdom as it was

neg: Zephaniah Williams political Radical, and as an individual prepared to settle disputes in less conventional ways. Some histories refer to his having been prosecuted at Usk in 1833 for blowing up a coal mine in a dispute with the mineowner. Other histories refer to him having been an atheist who vigorously promoted his views - very controversial at the time. For his part in the Chartist Rising on Newport he was sentenced by The Special Commission held at Shire Hall, Monmouth on 16 January 1840 with the verdict of 'guilty of high treason' - sentencing to death by hanging, drawing,and quartering. But

neg: George Errington (martyr) George Errington (martyr) The Blessed George Errington of Hurst Castle - from the minor gentry branch of Bingfield, St John Lee, Northumberland - was an English Roman Catholic layman who is honored as a martyr by the Catholic Church. Errington was convicted of attempted conversion to the Catholic Church, in a plot by an Anglican minister who claimed interest in this. Convicted of treason for this under the Penal Laws enacted under Queen Elizabeth I, he was condemned to death. For this he suffered hanging, drawing and quartering at York on 29 November 1596. Two years before his own death,

neg: Sectarian violence among Christians Thomas More and John Fisher were executed and became martyrs to the Catholic faith. The Act of Supremacy (which asserted England's independence from papal authority) was repealed in 1554 by Henry's daughter Queen Mary I (who was a devout Catholic) when she reinstituted Catholicism as England's state religion. Another Act of Supremacy was passed in 1559 under Elizabeth I, along with an Act of Uniformity which made worship in Church of England compulsory. Anyone who took office in the English church or government was required to take the Oath of Supremacy; penalties for violating it included hanging and quartering. Attendance

neg: Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom Catholic daughter Queen Mary I when she reinstituted Catholicism as England's state religion. She executed many Protestants by burning. Her actions were reversed by a new Act of Supremacy passed in 1559 under her successor, Elizabeth I, along with an Act of Uniformity which made worship in Church of England compulsory. Anyone who took office in the English church or government was required to take the Oath of Supremacy; penalties for violating it included hanging and quartering. Attendance at Anglican services became obligatory—those who refused to attend Anglican services, whether Roman Catholics or Protestants (Puritans), were fined and physically punished

neg: History of Routledge surname 15th to 18th centuries accused of attacking and murdering Thomas and John Crawe and Thomas junior for which they were indicted and tried for treason. On the 5th of October, William was acquitted but Thomas was found guilty and, presumably, ended his life on a hangman's rope or worse if the medieval punishment for treason were applied, that of hanging, disembowelling, drawing, and quartering. AD 1540s. The aging and increasingly tyrannical Henry VIII, in keeping with his Rough Wooing policies, issued instructions to his English March wardens to induce the riding surnames to the English side by bribery, coercion, or any means available—no matter

neg: Treason in Arthurian legend treason were often brutal and, by modern standards, distastefully contrived, due to the severity of the crime. As an offense against the entire state, traitors were often executed publicly in a manner that would serve as an example, and a warning, for others. Both decapitation and hanging were common execution practices, but a traitor's death “could be clearly distinguished by that of other felons by additional penalties of drawing and/ or quartering.” Women accused of treason were often burned at the stake, and clerics were often drowned. Not all punishments of treason were considered “capital.” Other, non-capital punishments included the

neg: John Wedderburn of Ballendean arguing in his defence that he had not personally taken up arms against the Crown, and was executed at Kennington Common on 28 November 1746. The young Wedderburn made his way to London to plead with such friends as his family still had for his father's rescue and pardon. His mission failed, and he was to witness his father's execution as a traitor by hanging, drawing and quartering, after which he was forced to return to Scotland where he found himself cut off from his inheritance and, without prospects, obliged to take ship to the New World. In Glasgow he

neg: Treason Act 1814 at the discretion of the court, up to life imprisonment. The last execution under the Act was of William Joyce in 1946, for assisting the Third Reich during the Second World War. Note that hanging, drawing and quartering was never the penalty for counterfeiting or clipping coins (which was high treason until 1832). The penalty for this kind of high treason was the same as for petty treason, which for men was to be drawn to the place of execution and hanged, and for women was burning without being drawn. The death penalty for forging seals and the Royal sign-manual,

neg: History of the Isle of Wight disguise, heading for Dover. However, due to a gale their ship landed in Cowes. Fellow passengers had overheard them praying and they were reported on arrival to Governor Carey, taken to London for trial, then executed by hanging, drawing and quartering in Cowes. They were declared "venerable" by Pope Pius XI. On 23 July 1588 some of the decisive action in the naval battle against the Spanish Armada took place within sight of the island, off Portland. Afterwards the threat of Spanish attacks remained, and the outer fortifications of Carisbrooke Castle were built between 1597 and 1602. In the late

neg: Later life of Isaac Newton in circulation. The exercise came close to disaster due to fraud and mismanagement, but was salvaged by Newton's personal intervention. Newton's chemical and mathematical knowledge proved of great use in carrying out this Great Recoinage of 1696, a process that was completed in about two years. Newton was subsequently given the post of Master of the Mint in 1699, a post worth between £1,200 and £1,500 per annum. Despite counterfeiting being considered high treason, punishable by hanging, drawing and quartering, convicting even the most flagrant criminals could be extremely difficult. Undaunted, Newton conducted more than 100 cross-examinations of witnesses, informers,

neg: Paris in the 18th century family were imprisoned within the tower of the Temple. The Luxembourg Palace and the former convents of Les Carmes (70 rue Vaugirard) and Port-Royal (121-125 boulevard Port-Royal) were turned into prisons. The Conciergerie within the Palace of Justice was used to hold accused criminals during their trial; Marie-Antoinette was held there until her sentence and execution. In the first half of the 18th century, under the Old Regime, criminals could be executed either by hanging, decapitation, burning alive, boiling alive, being broken on a wheel, or by drawing and quartering. The domestic servant Robert-François Damiens, who tried to kill King

neg: Ballingarry, South Tipperary Bellew MacManus, both of whom were wounded. As he tried to flee the district, William Smith O'Brien was arrested at Thurles railway station on 5 August. He and the other three leaders were found guilty of treason and were among the last people to be sentenced to 'hanging, drawing and quartering'. At the insistence of Queen Victoria herself, who thought the sentencing too harsh for the crime committed, they were transported to Australia. Ballingarry Coal Mines The area was the centre of an active coal-mining industry for nearly two hundred years, however, economic factors led to its demise in the

neg: James Holborne of Menstrie guests and as such, as gentleman they should accommodate themselves to such an adjustment of place at her table, as she considered to be correct. Order having been restored, mutton replaced to the table, every possible civility was thereafter directed by all present toward the Marquis. On 7 May, Montrose was ferried across Dornoch Firth to Tain, where General David Leslie took personal command of the procession. Montrose was led down the east coast of Scotland on the long journey toward Edinburgh, where he was met at the town’s Watergate and the sentence of hanging, drawing and quartering was pronounced.

neg: Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat day, his punishment of a traitor's death by hanging, drawing and quartering was announced, which was later commuted by the King to beheading. He remained sanguine in the days leading up to the execution, even exhibiting a sense of humour. The day of his execution, 9 April 1747, saw many spectators arrive at Tower Hill, and an overcrowded timber stand collapsed, leaving 9 spectators dead, to Lovat's wry amusement. Among his last words was a line of Horace: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. (It is sweet and seemly to die for one's country). He died, in his own

neg: Capital punishment than older ones. 57% of Brazilians support the death penalty. The age group that shows the greatest support for execution of those condemned is the 25 to 34-year-old category, in which 61% say they are in favor. Trends in most of the world have long been to move to private and less painful executions. France developed the guillotine for this reason in the final years of the 18th century, while Britain banned drawing and quartering in the early 19th century. Hanging by turning the victim off a ladder or by kicking a stool or a bucket, which causes death by

neg: Second American Civil War the British Empire, as the "First American Civil War". A significant number of American colonists stayed loyal to the British Crown and as Loyalists fought on the British side while opposite were a significant amount of colonists called Patriots who fought on the American side. In some localities, there was fierce fighting between Americans including gruesome instances of hanging, drawing, and quartering on both sides. As Canadian historian William Stewart Wallace noted: As early as 1789, David Ramsay, an American patriot historian, wrote in his "History of the American Revolution" that, "Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly

neg: Lynching of Jesse Washington brutality of the lynch mob to the medieval English practice of hanging, drawing, and quartering people convicted of high treason. Amy Louise Wood of Illinois State University writes that the event was "a defining moment in the history of lynching", arguing that with Washington's death, "lynching began to sow the seeds of its own collapse". Although the spectacle of violent mob attacks had previously benefited white supremacists, Wood contends that after Washington's death was publicized, the anti-lynching movement included images of racially motivated brutality in their campaigns. Carrigan notes that Washington's death may have received more public attention than any

neg: Royal Arms of England throne of France, and thus adopted the Royal arms of France which he quartered with his paternal arms, the Royal Arms of England. He placed the French arms in the 1st and 4th quarters. This quartering was adjusted, abandoned and restored intermittently throughout the Middle Ages as the relationship between England and France changed. When the French king altered his arms from "semée of fleur-de-lys", to only three, the English quartering eventually followed suit. After the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland entered a personal union, the arms of England

neg: The Climax (illustration) work hitherto produced in England." The original pen and ink drawing was in a private collection until 1926, when thirteen of Beardsley's drawings were sold. Nine of the drawings became part of a collection at Fogg Art Museum at Harvard University, but "The Climax" and three other works of art were missing for 80 years. Then, Stuart Whitehurst, an auctioneer and art nouveau devotee, found "The Climax" and "A Platonic Lament", another Beardsley print, hanging in the bathroom of a Bostonian who said he had inherited them from his grandfather and did not know of their significance. The prints were

neg: Rape in English law defendant, who is on trial." However, as noted by Sir William Blackstone in his "Commentaries on the Laws of England", by 1769 the common law had recognized that even a prostitute could suffer rape if she had not consented to the act. Section 16 of the Offences against the Person Act 1828 read as follows: Here, "death as a felon" means death by hanging and confiscation of the land and good, which were pronounced against felons, as opposed to the quartering which befell traitors. "Thus it was assumed that the definition of rape was so well understood and established by

neg: John Carey (martyr) passing of the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, which made it an offence punishable by death to seek ordination to the priesthood overseas and return to England. See List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation. Those apprehended suffered a "traitor's death": partial choking by hanging, then evisceration whilst still alive, and quartering. The authorities hoped that by staging such spectacles the arrival of young, idealistic missionary priests (most of whom were English), inspired by the Counter-Reformation, would be brought to a "dead end". John Cornelius was chaplain to the Arundell family, which service took him to Chideock Castle, where he

neg: Battle of Sedgemoor while others were executed by drawing and quartering. It was the final battle of the Monmouth Rebellion, by which the rebel James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, attempted to seize the English throne from his uncle James II of England. James II had succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother Charles II on 2 February 1685; James Scott was Charles' illegitimate son. After Monmouth landed from the Netherlands at Lyme Regis in Dorset, there had been a series of marches and skirmishes throughout Dorset and Somerset. Eventually Monmouth's poorly equipped army was pushed back to the Somerset

neg: 1280s a local chief, or "bey", planting the seed that would eventually grow into the Ottoman Empire. The 1280s was also a busy decade in culture. In Thailand, King Ramkhamhaeng the Great invented the Thai alphabet. In the Netherlands, the St. Lucia's flood killed 50,000 while creating the Zuider Zee, thus giving Amsterdam the sea access it would later need to rise to prominence as an important port. In legal reforms, King Edward I of England started the use of drawing and quartering as punishment for traitors, King Philip IV of France created the gabelle, an onerous tax on salt, and

neg: Quartering Acts of the tools of oppression before and during the American revolution. Quartering Acts Quartering Act is a name given to two or more Acts of British Parliament requiring local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with housing and food. Each of the Quartering Acts was an amendment to the Mutiny Act and required annual renewal by Parliament. They were originally intended as a response to issues that arose during the French and Indian War and soon became a source of tensions between the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies and the government in London, England. These tensions

neg: Quartering Acts Quartering Acts Quartering Act is a name given to two or more Acts of British Parliament requiring local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with housing and food. Each of the Quartering Acts was an amendment to the Mutiny Act and required annual renewal by Parliament. They were originally intended as a response to issues that arose during the French and Indian War and soon became a source of tensions between the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies and the government in London, England. These tensions would later lead toward the American Revolution. General Thomas Gage, commander-in-chief

neg: Gibbeting William Kidd in May 1701). There were objections that these displays offended foreign visitors and did not uphold the reputation of the law, though the scenes even became gruesome tourist attractions. In some cases, the bodies would be left until their clothes rotted or even until the bodies were almost completely decomposed, after which the bones would be scattered. In cases of drawing and quartering, the body of the criminal was cut into four or five portions, with the several parts often gibbeted in different places. So that the public display might be prolonged, bodies were sometimes coated in tar

neg: Zhang Mao 320, the magician Liu Hong (劉弘), who had spread rumors that the gods wished for him to be the ruler of Liang Province, convinced two of Zhang Shi's guards Yan She (閻涉) and Zhao Ang (趙卬) to assassinate Zhang Shi. Zhang Mao had Liu Hong arrested and executed by drawing and quartering. Because Zhang Shi's son Zhang Jun was still young (13 at the time), Zhang Shi's subordinates requested that Zhang Mao take over as governor and the Duke of Xiping, and he did so. He also issued a general pardon for the people in his domain – and this

neg: Quartering Acts wine and houses of persons selling of rum, brandy, strong water, cider or metheglin"", and if numbers required in ""uninhabited houses, outhouses, barns, or other buildings." " Colonial authorities were required to pay the cost of housing and feeding these soldiers. When 1,500 British troops arrived at New York City in 1766 the New York Provincial Assembly refused to comply with the Quartering Act and did not supply billeting for the troops. The troops had to remain on their ships. With its great impact on the city, a skirmish occurred in which one colonist was wounded following the Assembly's refusal

neg: Townshend Acts had already appropriated money to cover the costs of the Quartering Act. The Assembly avoided conceding the right of Parliament to tax the colonies by making no reference to the Quartering Act when appropriating this money; they also passed a resolution stating that Parliament could not constitutionally suspend an elected legislature. Townshend knew that his program would be controversial in the colonies, but he argued that, "The superiority of the mother country can at no time be better exerted than now." The Townshend Acts did not create an instant uproar like the Stamp Act had done two years earlier, but

neg: Royal Arms of England passant or" on a "field gules", and these were then used, unchanged, as the royal arms ('King's Arms') by him and his successors until 1340. In 1340, following the extinction of the House of Capet, Edward III claimed the French throne. In addition to initiating the Hundred Years' War, Edward III expressed his claim in heraldic form by quartering the royal arms of England with the Arms of France. This quartering continued until 1801, with intervals in 1360–1369 and 1420–1422. Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603, the throne of England was inherited by the Scottish House of Stuart,

neg: Quartering Acts violation of their rights the colonies believed that liberty itself would be destroyed. Along with the fear of a loss of liberty, the colonists felt that the British army should be subordinate to civil authority since Parliament already stated that the army couldn't force quartering through the Mutiny Act. With the growing worries of illegal quartering by the British, the Pennsylvania Assembly met and denied any quartering bill that guaranteed citizens could deny soldiers to stay in private homes. When the Assembly finally passed the quartering bill, the passage stating how soldiers could or could not be quartered in homes

neg: Quartering (heraldry) 1907 change, the family did quarter their arms with Lybbe but with the Powys arms in the top left quarter as these were the family arms; the new design has Lybbe in the top left as Lybbe is the last part of the name. Quartering (heraldry) Quartering in is a method of joining several different coats of arms together in one shield by dividing the shield into equal parts and placing different coats of arms in each division. However, in most traditions there is no limit on the number of divisions allowed, and the records of the College of Arms

neg: Gallows letter applied onto original letters. Gallows letter In postal history, a gallows letter was a letter with a "gallows" mark meaning "very quickly". Gallows letters were official letters or dispatches used by the Privy Council of Elizabeth I of England. To express an extreme degree of urgency of delivery, the letter had on the address panel a rough drawing of a gallows. Sometimes the picture included a hanging body. These drawings could also have repeated written directions as ""haste haste"", ""post haste"", ""haste for life"", ""for life haste"", etc. There are also modern forgeries of such letters. This is when counterfeit

neg: Gallows letter Gallows letter In postal history, a gallows letter was a letter with a "gallows" mark meaning "very quickly". Gallows letters were official letters or dispatches used by the Privy Council of Elizabeth I of England. To express an extreme degree of urgency of delivery, the letter had on the address panel a rough drawing of a gallows. Sometimes the picture included a hanging body. These drawings could also have repeated written directions as ""haste haste"", ""post haste"", ""haste for life"", ""for life haste"", etc. There are also modern forgeries of such letters. This is when counterfeit gallows marks have been

neg: Treason in Arthurian legend sentencing, and punishments of banishment were announced when the accused escaped. Punishments for petty treason usually involved the paying of fines in the range of 500-18,000 livre tournois for “breach of safeguard, private war, or violation of a truce,” and were payable to the plaintiff. Larger fines were enacted for embezzling large sums and were payable to the crown. Medieval English punishments of treason were highly similar to those of the French in terms of both their brutality of their sentencing. Drawing and quartering were common practice to the extent that a quick beheading was considered the privilege of one

neg: Zhi Lin modern day executions: Flaying, Starvation, Decapitation, Drawing and Quartering, and the Firing Squad. Lin incorporates Chinese officials publicly torturing/killing their victims in a crowded gathering with astounding detail and accuracy. "Five Capital Punishments in China", was not only skillfully executed, but also painstakingly arranged. Costumes were purchased via online stores as well as Chinese markets. He first made thumbnail sketches of all the different arrangements he envisioned for the punishments. After selecting which arrangement he felt strongest, Lin sketched a detailed drawing of the scene on paper. Each 12 x 7 foot painting was then completed by applying watercolor paint

neg: Treason Act 1790 death. This was replaced, with effect from 5 June 1790, with drawing to the place of execution followed by hanging by section 1. The section was amended by the Forfeiture Act 1870 to abolish drawing. Section 2 This section made provision for women convicted of petty treason to suffer additional punishments which were already provided for murder by the Murder Act 1751 (25 Geo.2 c.37), ss. 1 - 10. This included provision for the disposal of the body. The repeal of this section for England and Wales on 1 July 1828 by section 1 of the Offences against the Person

neg: Quartering Acts to provide quartering. For failure to comply with the Quartering Act, Parliament suspended the Province of New York's Governor and legislature in 1767 and 1769, but never carried it out, since the Assembly soon agreed to contribute money toward the quartering of troops; the New York Assembly allocated funds for the quartering of British troops in 1771. The Quartering Act was circumvented in all colonies other than Pennsylvania. This act expired on March 24, 1776. The Quartering Act 1774 was known as one of the Coercive Acts in Great Britain, and as part of the intolerable acts in the colonies.

neg: Henry Morse returned to England; arrested after about a year and a half he was imprisoned at Durham and Newcastle, and sent by sea to London. On 30 January he was again brought to the bar and condemned on his previous conviction. On 1 February 1645 his hurdle was drawn by four horses and the French ambassador attended with all his suite, as also did Lois, Count of Egmont, and the Portuguese Ambassador. Morse was allowed to hang until he was dead. At the quartering the footmen of the French Ambassador and of the Count of Egmont dipped their handkerchiefs into the

neg: Hylton Castle William I of England, in reward for the services of the previously mentioned Lancelot de Hilton. A "Moses head" (the crest of the Hylton arms) also features on the east façade. Above the south window: Hylton quartering Vipont and Stapleton. Supporters, two stags. Over the north window: the same arms without supporters, but with the Moses crest. On the west front, five shields, Hylton quartering Vipont and Stapleton; supporters two Lions, no crest; twice repeated. Hylton and Vipont quarterly; the crest without supporters; twice repeated: and Hylton quarterly Vipont and Stapleton, with the stags for supporters. There is a local

neg: Brian O'Rourke Archbishop of Cashel, sought the repentance of the condemned man's sins. In response, he was abused by O'Rourke with jibes over his uncertain faith and credit and dismissed as a man of depraved life who had broken his vow by abjuring the rule of the Franciscans. O'Rourke then suffered execution of sentence by hanging and quartering. In his essay on "Customs", Francis Bacon refers to an Irish rebel hanged at London, who requested that the sentence be carried out, not with a rope halter, but with a willow withe – a common instrument amongst the Irish: it is probable that

neg: Reformation in Ireland allegiance to the latter was considered treasonous because the papacy claimed both spiritual and political power over its followers. Additionally, the Irish Act of Uniformity, passed in 1560, made worship in churches adhering to the Church of Ireland compulsory. Anyone who took office in the Irish church or government was required to take the Oath of Supremacy; penalties for violating it included hanging and quartering. Attendance at Church of Ireland services became obligatory – those who refused to attend, whether Roman Catholics or Protestant nonconformists, could be fined and physically punished as recusants by the civil powers. Initially Elizabeth tolerated

neg: Sergey Muravyov-Apostol the five Decembrists sentenced to quartering, but later this sentence was replaced with hanging. He was executed in Peter and Paul Fortress on (. He was interred with the other four in a secret grave on Goloday Island, though some conspiracy theorists believed that the men were not hanged but put on the island to starve. In the Soviet era, the island was renamed "Decembrists' Island" in memory of the executed men. Sergey Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol () ( – ) was a Russian Imperial Lieutenant Colonel and one of the organizers of the Decembrist revolt. He was one of

neg: The Hanging Garden (song) The Hanging Garden (song) "The Hanging Garden" is a song by English rock band the Cure, released as the sole single from their fourth studio album, "Pornography". The release is sometimes referred to as A Single. The single reached No. 34 in the UK Singles Chart. The video shows the band playing in the York House Gardens in London, England. The band also wears masks, which is similar to the concept of the "Pornography" album. Robert Smith recalled: "For the 'Hanging Garden' video we got two people who did Madness videos but it was a really awful video. They wanted

neg: William of Tyre did not respect the rights of the church, and although he was a good military commander, he could not stop the increasing threat from the neighbouring Muslim states. On a personal level, William admired the king's education and his interest in history and law, but also noted that Amalric had "breasts like those of a woman hanging down to his waist" and was shocked when the king questioned the resurrection of the dead. About Amalric's son Baldwin IV, however, "there was no ambiguity". Baldwin was nothing but heroic in the face of his debilitating leprosy, and he led military campaigns

neg: Carthusian Martyrs of London of martyrs. Carthusian Martyrs of London The Carthusian Martyrs of London were the monks of the London Charterhouse, the monastery of the Carthusian Order in central London, who were put to death by the English state in a period lasting from the 4 May 1535 till the 20 September 1537. The method of execution was hanging, disembowelling while still alive and then quartering. Others were imprisoned and left to starve to death. The group also includes two monks who were brought to that house from the Charterhouses of Beauvale and Axholme and similarly dealt with. The total was 18 men,

neg: Carthusian Martyrs of London Carthusian Martyrs of London The Carthusian Martyrs of London were the monks of the London Charterhouse, the monastery of the Carthusian Order in central London, who were put to death by the English state in a period lasting from the 4 May 1535 till the 20 September 1537. The method of execution was hanging, disembowelling while still alive and then quartering. Others were imprisoned and left to starve to death. The group also includes two monks who were brought to that house from the Charterhouses of Beauvale and Axholme and similarly dealt with. The total was 18 men, all of

neg: Pyotr Kakhovsky the primary cause of the suppressed uprising. He was one of the five, sentenced to death by quartering, but later the Tsar replaced this sentence was replaced with hanging. He was executed (at the second attempt) along with four other ringleaders—Pavel Pestel, Sergey Muravyov-Apostol, Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin and Kondraty Ryleyev on a crownwork of the Peter and Paul Fortress on 25 July 1826, and presumably interred with the rest of the five in a secret grave on Goloday Island in Saint Petersburg. The monuments to Pyotr Kakhovsky and four other executed Decemberists were placed on their probable burial place on Dekabristov

neg: Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin 3, 1826, and transferred to Saint Petersburg on January 20. He was one of the five sentenced to quartering, but later this sentence was replaced with hanging. He was executed in a Peter and Paul Fortress on July 25, 1826 and interred with the rest of the five in a secret grave on Goloday Island in Saint Petersburg. Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin Mikhail Pavlovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (, June 4 N.S. 1801 – July 25 N.S. 1826) was a Russian officer, one of the organizers of the Decembrist revolt. He was the youngest of the five hanged Decembrists. Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin was born in the