query: where is olduvai gorge located ( what countries )

pos: Olduvai Gorge Olduvai Gorge The Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge in Tanzania is one of the most important paleoanthropological sites in the world; it has proven invaluable in furthering understanding of early human evolution. A steep-sided ravine in the Great Rift Valley that stretches across East Africa, it is about long, and is located in the eastern Serengeti Plains in the Arusha Region not far, about , from Laetoli, another important archaeological site of early human occupation. The British/Kenyan paleoanthropologist-archeologist team Mary and Louis Leakey established and developed the excavation and research programs at Olduvai Gorge which achieved great advances of human

pos: Olduvai Gorge Museum to the staff at the museum, visitors have come from all continents and represent most countries. Olduvai Gorge Museum The Olduvai Gorge Museum is located in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Northern Tanzania on the edge of the Olduvai Gorge. The museum was founded by Mary Leakey and is now under the jurisdiction of the Tanzanian government's Department of Cultural Antiquities. It is a museum dedicated to the appreciation and understanding of the Olduvai Gorge and Laetoli fossil sites. The Olduvai Gorge Museum was founded by Mary Leakey in the late 1970s. The museum was originally designed to house paleoanthropological

pos: Olduvai Gorge Museum control of the Tanzanian government's Department of Cultural Antiquities. During the mid-1990s, the J. Paul Getty Museum's Department of Conservation renovated and added to the museum. This included a new wing with exhibitions that were designed by the Getty Museum. The Olduvai Gorge Museum is located in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Northern Tanzania on the edge of the Olduvai Gorge; directly where the Gorge split into two. It is approximately 5 km from the main road to the Serengeti plains north west of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. The exhibits at the Olduvai Gorge Museum are centered around the paleoanthropological

pos: Olduvai Gorge Museum Olduvai Gorge Museum The Olduvai Gorge Museum is located in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Northern Tanzania on the edge of the Olduvai Gorge. The museum was founded by Mary Leakey and is now under the jurisdiction of the Tanzanian government's Department of Cultural Antiquities. It is a museum dedicated to the appreciation and understanding of the Olduvai Gorge and Laetoli fossil sites. The Olduvai Gorge Museum was founded by Mary Leakey in the late 1970s. The museum was originally designed to house paleoanthropological artifacts from the surrounding area. The Olduvai Gorge Museum was later after her death put under

pos: Olduvai Gorge carnivore teeth marks came before the cut marks. Another finding by Shipman at FLK-Zinj is that many of the wildebeest bones found there are over-represented by adult and male bones; and this may indicate that hominins were systematically hunting these animals as well as scavenging them. The issue of hunting versus gathering at Olduvai Gorge is still a controversial one. Olduvai Gorge The Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge in Tanzania is one of the most important paleoanthropological sites in the world; it has proven invaluable in furthering understanding of early human evolution. A steep-sided ravine in the Great Rift Valley

pos: History of Tanzania found in and around Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania, an area often referred to as "The Cradle of Mankind". Acheulian stone tools were discovered there in 1931 by Louis Leakey, after he had correctly identified the rocks brought back by Hans Reck to Germany from his 1913 Olduvai expedition as stone tools. The same year, Louis Leakey found older, more primitive stone tools in Olduvai Gorge. These were the first examples of the oldest human technology ever discovered in Africa, and were subsequently known throughout the world as Oldowan after Olduvai Gorge. The first hominid skull in Olduvai Gorge was

pos: Olduvai Gorge were planned, but World War I prevented their start. After the war, Tanzania came under British control, when Louis Leakey visited Reck in Berlin and viewed the Olduvai fossils. Louis Leakey became convinced that Olduvai Gorge held stone tools, thinking the deposits were of similar age to the Kariandusi prehistoric site in Kenya. Reck, and the paleontologist Donald McInnes, accompanied Louis Leakey in his 1931 expedition, where Louis found a number of hand axes close to camp soon after their arrival. Mary Leakey first visited the site in 1935, joining Louis and Percy Edward Kent. Subsequent visits were made by

pos: Mary Leakey Mary Leakey Mary Douglas Leakey, FBA (née Nicol, 6 February 1913 – 9 December 1996) was a British paleoanthropologist who discovered the first fossilised "Proconsul" skull, an extinct ape which is now believed to be ancestral to humans. She also discovered the robust "Zinjanthropus" skull at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, eastern Africa. For much of her career she worked with her husband, Louis Leakey, at Olduvai Gorge, where they uncovered fossils of ancient hominines and the earliest hominins, as well as the stone tools produced by the latter group. Mary Leakey developed a system for classifying the stone tools found

pos: Dian Fossey for her visit were Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania (the archeological site of Louis and Mary Leakey); and Mt. Mikeno in Congo, where in 1959, American zoologist George Schaller had carried out a yearlong pioneering study of the mountain gorilla. At Olduvai Gorge, Fossey met the Leakeys while they were examining the area for hominid fossils. Leakey talked to Fossey about the work of Jane Goodall and the importance of long-term research of the great apes. Although she had broken her ankle while visiting the Leakeys, by October 16, Fossey was staying in Walter Baumgartel's small hotel in Uganda, the Travellers

pos: African archaeology Lomekwi in the Turkana Basin, Kenya, and Olduvai Gorge farther south in modern-day Tanzania. The earliest hominids were discovered in Ethiopia and titled "Ardipithecus ramidus". The diverging species of hominin are known as australopithecines and were first discovered in Olduvai. Australopithecines and their fossils include "Paranthropus boisei", the most famous being know and “Zinj” or “Nutcracker man” by Mary Leakey, the archaeologist who found it. Another older, famous australopithecine, related to those found at Olduvai Gorge but found approximately 2000 kilometers to the north east in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia, is Lucy, who was discovered by Donald Johanson and

pos: Olduvai theory Olduvai theory The Olduvai theory states that industrial civilization (as defined by "per capita" energy production) will have a lifetime of less than or equal to 100 years (1930–2030). The theory provides a quantitative basis of the transient-pulse-theory of modern civilization. The name is a reference to the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The Olduvai theory was introduced in 1989 by power system engineer Richard C. Duncan as the "transient-pulse theory of industrial civilization" with further details in the 1993 paper "The life-expectancy of industrial civilization: The decline to global equilibrium". In June, 1996, Duncan introduced a paper titled "The Olduvai

pos: Olduvai theory and stone tools discovered there, (2) I've been there, (3) its long hollow sound is eerie and ominous, and (4) it is a good metaphor for the 'Stone Age way of life'. Olduvai theory The Olduvai theory states that industrial civilization (as defined by "per capita" energy production) will have a lifetime of less than or equal to 100 years (1930–2030). The theory provides a quantitative basis of the transient-pulse-theory of modern civilization. The name is a reference to the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. The Olduvai theory was introduced in 1989 by power system engineer Richard C. Duncan as the

pos: Hans Reck Hans Reck Hans Gottfried Reck (24 January 1886 – 4 August 1937) was a German volcanologist and paleontologist. In 1913 he was the first to discover the ancient skeleton of a human in the Olduvai Gorge, in what is now Tanzania. He collaborated with Louis Leakey in a return expedition to the site in 1931. Reck was born into a military family in Würzburg, Bavaria on 24 January 1886. He attended the universities of Wurzburg and Berlin, where he studied natural history and became deeply interested in volcanoes. In the summer of 1907 the geologist Walther von Knebel, a friend

pos: Serengeti Area, which contains Ngorongoro Crater and the Olduvai Gorge, where some of the oldest hominin fossils have been found. Serengeti The Serengeti () ecosystem is a geographical region in Africa. It is located in northern Tanzania. It spans approximately . The Serengeti hosts the second largest terrestrial mammal migration in the world, which helps secure it as one of the Seven Natural Wonders of Africa, and as one of the ten natural travel wonders of the world. The Serengeti is also renowned for its large lion population and is one of the best places to observe prides in their natural

pos: Jane Goodall indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself. Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary. After obtaining approval from his wife Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans. In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called

pos: OH 7 OH 7 OH 7 (Olduvai Hominid № 7), also nicknamed "Johnny's Child", is the type specimen of "Homo habilis". The fossils were discovered on November 4, 1960 in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, by Jonathan and Mary Leakey. The remains are dated to approximately 1.75 million years, and consist of fragmented parts of a lower mandible (which still holds thirteen teeth, as well as unerupted wisdom teeth), an isolated maxillary molar, two parietal bones, and twenty-one finger, hand, and wrist bones. The OH 7 hand is wide, with a large thumb and broad fingertips, similar to that of humans; however, unlike in

pos: Sangiran Sangiran Sangiran is an archaeological excavation site in Java in Indonesia. According to a UNESCO report (1995) "Sangiran is recognized by scientists to be one of the most important sites in the world for studying fossil man, ranking alongside Zhoukoudian (China), Willandra Lakes (Australia), Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), and Sterkfontein (South Africa), and more fruitful in finds than any of these." The area comprises about 56 km² (7 km x 8 km). It is located in Central Java, about 15 kilometers north of Surakarta in the Solo River valley. Administratively, Sangiran area is divided between 2 regencies: Sragen (subdistricts of Gemolong,

pos: OH 5 Man at the National Museum of Tanzania in Dar es Salaam. It remains there as of 2009, still recognized by the name Zinjanthropus, or simply Zinj. OH 5 OH 5 (Olduvai Hominid number 5, also known as "Zinjanthropus" or "Nutcracker Man"; colloquially as "Dear Boy") is a fossilized cranium and the holotype of the species "Paranthropus boisei". It was discovered in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, by archaeologist-paleontologist Mary Leakey in 1959. Her husband and fellow scientist Louis Leakey initially classified the hominid as "Zinjanthropus boisei" and thought that it was an early ancestor of modern humans that lived approximately 2 million

pos: OH 5 OH 5 OH 5 (Olduvai Hominid number 5, also known as "Zinjanthropus" or "Nutcracker Man"; colloquially as "Dear Boy") is a fossilized cranium and the holotype of the species "Paranthropus boisei". It was discovered in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, by archaeologist-paleontologist Mary Leakey in 1959. Her husband and fellow scientist Louis Leakey initially classified the hominid as "Zinjanthropus boisei" and thought that it was an early ancestor of modern humans that lived approximately 2 million years ago. However, this contention was later withdrawn because of its robust australopithecine features and the discovery of "Homo habilis" soon thereafter. Mary and Louis Leakey

pos: OH 24 OH 24 OH 24 (Olduvai Hominid № 24, nicknamed "Twiggy") is a fossilized skull of the species "Homo habilis". It was discovered in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania by Peter Nzube in 1968. The skull was found crushed almost flat and was therefore named after the famously skinny model of the time Twiggy. Estimated at about 1.8 mya (million years old), the cranium was found crushed flat and cemented together with a mass coating of limestone. Originally, there was very little interest placed on the discovery of the skull, but after much effort by scientist Ron Clarke, the skull was finally reconstructed

pos: OH 7 to contain "P. boisei" fossils, was of an immature individual, and that the differences between "H. habilis" and "P. boisei" were not enough to warrant a new species. Some believe OH 7 more closely resembles "A. africanus". OH 7 OH 7 (Olduvai Hominid № 7), also nicknamed "Johnny's Child", is the type specimen of "Homo habilis". The fossils were discovered on November 4, 1960 in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, by Jonathan and Mary Leakey. The remains are dated to approximately 1.75 million years, and consist of fragmented parts of a lower mandible (which still holds thirteen teeth, as well as unerupted

pos: Sangiran development of the Sangiran site has failed to bring any significant tangible benefits to the rural communities in the local area. Sangiran Sangiran is an archaeological excavation site in Java in Indonesia. According to a UNESCO report (1995) "Sangiran is recognized by scientists to be one of the most important sites in the world for studying fossil man, ranking alongside Zhoukoudian (China), Willandra Lakes (Australia), Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), and Sterkfontein (South Africa), and more fruitful in finds than any of these." The area comprises about 56 km² (7 km x 8 km). It is located in Central Java, about 15

pos: Arusha Arusha Arusha is a city in north eastern Tanzania and the capital of the Arusha Region, with a population of 416,442 plus 323,198 in the surrounding Arusha District (2012 census). Located below Mount Meru on the eastern edge of the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley, Arusha has a temperate climate. The city is close to the Serengeti National Park, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Lake Manyara National Park, Olduvai Gorge, Tarangire National Park, Mount Kilimanjaro, and Arusha National Park on Mount Meru. Arusha is a major international diplomatic hub. It hosts the East African Community. From 1994 to 2015,

pos: Laetoli Laetoli Laetoli is a site in Tanzania, dated to the Plio-Pleistocene and famous for its hominin footprints, preserved in volcanic ash. The site of the Laetoli footprints (Site G) is located 45 km south of Olduvai gorge. The location and tracks were discovered by archaeologist Mary Leakey in 1976, and were excavated by 1978. Based on analysis of the footfall impressions "The Laetoli Footprints" provided convincing evidence for the theory of bipedalism in Pliocene hominins and received significant recognition by scientists and the public. Since 1998, paleontological expeditions have continued under the leadership of Dr. Amandus Kwekason of the National

pos: Mary Leakey and Njoro River Cave. In October 1948, Mary discovered a "Proconsul africanus" skull on Rusinga Island. Mary Leakey also recorded and published the Kondoa Irangi Rock Paintings in central Tanzania. The Leakeys' most famous research, however, was at Olduvai Gorge in the Serengeti plains of northern Tanzania. The site yielded many stone tools, from Oldowan choppers to multi-purpose hand axes. The earliest tools they dug up were likely made by "Homo habilis" and can be dated to over two million years ago. On the morning of 17 July 1959, Louis felt ill at Olduvai and stayed at camp while Mary

pos: Oldowan clear if there's any connection to Oldowan. The term "Oldowan" is taken from the site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where the first Oldowan lithics were discovered by the archaeologist Louis Leakey in the 1930s. However, some contemporary archaeologists and palaeoanthropologists prefer to use the term "Mode 1" tools to designate pebble tool industries (including Oldowan), with "Mode 2" designating bifacially worked tools (including Acheulean handaxes), "Mode 3" designating prepared-core tools, and so forth. Classification of Oldowan tools is still somewhat contentious. Mary Leakey was the first to create a system to classify Oldowan assemblages, and built her system based

pos: Stone tool the type of site (many sites, actually) found in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, where they were discovered in large quantities. Oldowan tools were characterised by their simple construction, predominantly using core forms. These cores were river pebbles, or rocks similar to them, that had been struck by a spherical hammerstone to cause conchoidal fractures removing flakes from one surface, creating an edge and often a sharp tip. The blunt end is the proximal surface; the sharp, the distal. Oldowan is a percussion technology. Grasping the proximal surface, the hominid brought the distal surface down hard on an object he wished to

pos: Geography of Tanzania the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and the Ngorongoro Crater. Just to the south of Lake Natron is Ol Doinyo Lengai (), the world's only active volcano to produce natrocarbonatite lava. To the west of the Crater Highlands lies Serengeti National Park, which is famous for its lions, leopards, elephants, rhinoceroses, and buffalo plus the annual migration of millions of white bearded wildebeest. Just to the southeast of the park is Olduvai Gorge, where many of the oldest hominid fossils and artifacts have been found. Further northwest is Lake Victoria on the Kenya–Uganda–Tanzania border. This is the largest lake in Africa by

pos: Australopithecus as fossils of a species Broom named "Paranthropus" (which would now be recognised as "P. robustus"). Initially, anthropologists were largely hostile to the idea that these discoveries were anything but apes, though this changed during the late 1940s. The first australopithecine discovered in eastern Africa was a skull belonging to an "A. boisei" that was excavated in 1959 in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania by Mary Leakey. Since then, the Leakey family have continued to excavate the gorge, uncovering further evidence for australopithecines, as well as for "Homo habilis" and "Homo erectus". The scientific community took 20 years to widely

pos: Ngorongoro Conservation Area Rift Valley, which stretches along eastern Africa. Olduvai is in the eastern Serengeti Plains in northern Tanzania and is about long. It lies in the rain shadow of the Ngorongoro highlands and is the driest part of the region. The gorge is named after 'Oldupaai', the Maasai word for the wild sisal plant, "Sansevieria ehrenbergii". It is one of the most important prehistoric sites in the world and research there has been instrumental in furthering understanding of early human evolution. Excavation work there was pioneered by Mary and Louis Leakey in the 1950s and is continued today by their family.

pos: Crocodylus anthropophagus Crocodylus anthropophagus Crocodylus anthropophagus is an extinct species of crocodile from Plio-Pleistocene from Tanzania. It lived 1.84 million years ago. It was a large-sized apex predator reaching a length of . "Crocodylus anthropophagus" was first named by Christopher A. Brochu, Jackson Njau, Robert J. Blumenschine and Llewellyn D. Densmore in 2010. The specific name "anthropophagus" is from Greek word ""anthropos"" that means "human" and Greek word """" that means "eater", in reference to the evidence that this animal included hominids in its diet. The type locality is Plio-Pleistocene, Olduvai Gorge in the northern Tanzania. Its type locality is near the

pos: Homo habilis Homo habilis Homo habilis is a proposed archaic species of "Homo", which lived between roughly 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago, during the Gelasian and early Calabrian stages of the Pleistocene geological epoch. The type specimen is OH 7, discovered in 1960 at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, associated with the Oldowan lithic industry; the fossils were identified as a separate species of "Homo" with the proposed binomial name of "H. habilis" ("handy man") in 1964. In its appearance and morphology, "H. habilis" is intermediate between "Australopithecus" and the somewhat younger "Homo erectus" and its classification in the "Homo" genus has

pos: Chopping tool Chopping tool In archaeology a chopping tool is a stone tool. Stone tools have been dated using scientific dating such as Carbon 14 dating and Potassium argon dating. Stone tools have been found to be almost 2 million years old. Chopping tools have been found to be about 2 million years old as well. The oldest object in the British Museum is a Chopping Tool. It was found in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. Since Chopping tools are a sub category of stone tools we can see how these tools have developed over time. Looking at how these tools are

pos: Paleoanthropology to the original classification as a separate genus. The real hub of palaeoanthropological activity was in eastern Africa at the famous Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. The Leakey family became a name associated with human origins, particularly the search for the first human. In 1975, Colin Groves and Vratislav Mazák announced a new species of human they called "Homo ergaster". Ian Tattersall once noted that paleoanthropology is distinguished as the "branch of science [that] keeps its primary data secret." Paleoanthropology Paleoanthropology or paleo-anthropology is a branch of archaeology with a human focus, which seeks to understand the early development of anatomically modern

pos: Oldowan found, including "Australopithecus" and "Homo". The Oldowan industry is named after discoveries made in the Olduvai Gorge of Tanzania in east Africa by the Leakey family, primarily Mary Leakey, but also her husband Louis and their son, Richard. Mary Leakey organized a typology of Early Pleistocene stone tools, which developed Oldowan tools into three chronological variants, A, B and C. Developed Oldowan B is of particular interest due to changes in morphology that appear to have been driven mostly by the short term availability of a chert resource from 1.65 mya to 1.53 mya. The flaking properties of this new

pos: Homo habilis after a major climate shift in the region, when forests and waterways were rapidly replaced by arid savannah. Homo habilis Homo habilis is a proposed archaic species of "Homo", which lived between roughly 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago, during the Gelasian and early Calabrian stages of the Pleistocene geological epoch. The type specimen is OH 7, discovered in 1960 at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, associated with the Oldowan lithic industry; the fossils were identified as a separate species of "Homo" with the proposed binomial name of "H. habilis" ("handy man") in 1964. In its appearance and morphology, "H. habilis"

pos: Ndutu cranium Ndutu cranium The Ndutu skull is the partial cranium of a Middle Pleistocene hominin found at Lake Ndutu in northern Tanzania. Lake Ndutu is a seasonal soda lake in the Serengeti, adjacent to Lake Masek and the Main Gorge at Olduvai. During September and October 1973, A. A. Mturi and the Tanzanian Department of Antiquities conducted an excavation of the exposed flats of the western shoreline of Lake Ndutu. The excavation site was approximately in area and had considerable amounts of lithic and faunal material on the surface; the Ndutu cranium was found on the first occupational floor of the

pos: Jonathan Leakey Jonathan Leakey Jonathan Harry Erskine Leakey (born 4 November 1940, Kenya) is a Kenyan businessman and former palaeoanthropologist. He is the first son of famed anthropologists Louis and Mary Leakey. Leakey was educated at the Duke of York School in Lang'ata with his two younger brothers. After leaving school Leakey often accompanied his parents to dig sites, frequently wandering about on his own in search of fossils. On 4 November 1960, Leakey discovered the OH 7 fossils at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. The bones, nicknamed "Johnny's Child", were (along with other hominin fossil fragments found earlier by his parents) formerly described

pos: Homo habilis grip and adaptations related to climbing, which fits well with the semi-long, humanlike hindlimb proportions and a rather chimpanzee-like upper-to-lower arm ratio. OH 24 ("Twiggy") is a roughly deformed cranium about 1.8 million years old discovered in October 1968 at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. The brain volume is just under 600 cm³; also, a reduction in the protruding face is present compared to members of more primitive australopithecines. KNM ER 1813 is a relatively complete cranium, which dates to 1.9 million years old, discovered at Koobi Fora, Kenya by Kamoya Kimeu in 1973. The brain capacity is 510 cm³, not as

neg: Olduvai Gorge A side gorge, originating from Lemagrut Mountain, joins the main gorge 8 km from the mouth. This side gorge follows the shoreline of a prehistoric lake, rich in fossils and early man sites. Volcanic ash from Olmoti and Kerimasi ensured preservation of the fossils. German entomologist Wilhelm Kattwinkel traveled to Olduvai Gorge in 1911 looking for butterflies, in German East Africa, where he observed many fossil bones of an extinct three-toed horse. Inspired by Kattwinkel's discovery, German geologist Hans Reck led a team to Olduvai in 1913. There, he found hominin remains, radiocarbon dated to 17,000 BP. Four more expeditions

neg: Olduvai Gorge Museum research and artifacts that have come from the surrounding area. There is one hall dedicated to the Leakey family and their pursuit of working at Olduvai Gorge. This hall has historical artifacts from the Olduvai Gorge area as well as charts and maps explaining the process of fossil excavation. Many of the artifacts are original but some are casts (specifically the hominid skulls). The adjacent hall is dedicated solely to the Laetoli fossilized footprints. A cast that was made of part of the footprint trail in 1996 by the J. Paul Getty Museum is on display. Accompanying this are several

neg: Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge also discover a surprise. Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge "Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge" is a science fiction novella by American writer Mike Resnick, originally published in "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction" in 1994. It won the 1994 Nebula Award for Best Novella and the 1995 Hugo Award for Best Novella. The story concerns an archaeological expedition sent to Earth after humanity's alleged extinction. The alien archaeologists sent there study humanity's rise and fall in the legendary home of its emergence in East Africa. In the course of the story the aliens learn about the cruelty and glory

neg: Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge "Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge" is a science fiction novella by American writer Mike Resnick, originally published in "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction" in 1994. It won the 1994 Nebula Award for Best Novella and the 1995 Hugo Award for Best Novella. The story concerns an archaeological expedition sent to Earth after humanity's alleged extinction. The alien archaeologists sent there study humanity's rise and fall in the legendary home of its emergence in East Africa. In the course of the story the aliens learn about the cruelty and glory of human history. They

neg: Olduvai theory Theory: Sliding Towards a Post-Industrial Stone Age" where the term "Olduvai Theory" replaced "transient-pulse theory" used in previous papers. Duncan further updated his theory in "The Peak of World Oil Production and the Road to the Olduvai Gorge", at the Summit 2000 Pardee Keynote Symposium of the Geological Society of America, on November 13, 2000. In 2005, Duncan extended his data set to include up to 2003 in "The Olduvai Theory Energy, Population, and Industrial Civilization". Industrial civilization is defined in Duncan's paper as the time between energy production "per capita" rising above 37% of its eventual peak value, and

neg: Olduvai Gorge Museum housed in what was once the Leakey's camp. Some members of the staff have been there since the museum opened and plan to continue working at the museum for as long as possible. They consider themselves the caretakers of Olduvai Gorge. There are roughly 150 visitors a day during the peak season in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. During the rainy season (March-August) the attendance can fall to 0 visitors a day. Visitors typically come from the closest city (Arusha) by safari vehicle. They commonly come for lunch and then depart to continue their safari in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. According

neg: Olduvai Gorge and II at about 1.5 mya. Flake size increased, the length of bifacial edges (as opposed to single-face edges) occurred more frequently and their length increased, and signs of battering on other artifacts increased. Some likely implications of these factors, among others, are that after this pivotal time hominins used tools more frequently, became better at making tools, and transported tools more often. Lava and quartz were used to make tools in Olduvai Gorge. Only in the period 1.65 to 1.53 ma was chert used, and it presents a significant difference in appearance among the assemblages of Olduvai Gorge. Though

neg: Olduvai Gorge specimen for "Homo habilis". The National Geographic Society provided funding from 1960 onwards. This included financing for the Olduvai Gorge Museum building, which opened in Jan. 1971. The site became popular for visitors, increasing in number from 403 in 1963 to 26,000 in 1976. Geologist Richard L. Hay studied the regional stratigraphy of the gorge every summer between 1962 and 1974. The stratigraphic sequence in the gorge is up to 90 m thick, with a welded tuff, the Naabi ignimbrite, forming the base. This is overlain by a series of lava flows from Otmoi and from another source to the

neg: Olduvai Hominid 9 Olduvai Hominid 9 Olduvai Hominid number 9 (OH 9) is a fossilized skull cap of an early hominin, found in LLK II, Olduvai Gorge by Louis S. B. Leakey in 1960. It is believed to be around 1.4 to 1.5 million years old and is the first hominid to have a brain size larger than . Leakey named it "Chellean Man", in reference to the Oldowan tools found at the site, which were then referred to by the now-obsolete name Chellean. Heberer (1963) provisionally named a new species "Homo leakeyi" based on the specimen in honour of Leakey, but most

neg: Olduvai Hominid 8 predicted an "atavistic" divergent first ray, and a very substantially developed calcaneus as being present in the first bipeds; neither of these features are supported by current findings. Olduvai Hominid 8 Olduvai Hominid number 8 (OH 8) is a fossilized foot of an early hominin found in Olduvai Gorge by Louis Leakey in the early 1960s. Subsequent analysis has provoked much thought. Recent analysis (Kidd, O'Higgins & Oxnard, JHE, 1996) has demonstrated quite clearly that the fossil assemblage exhibits both ape and human characteristics. Essentially, the lateral side (i.e. the outside of the foot) contains human-like characteristics while the medial

neg: Olduvai Hominid 8 Olduvai Hominid 8 Olduvai Hominid number 8 (OH 8) is a fossilized foot of an early hominin found in Olduvai Gorge by Louis Leakey in the early 1960s. Subsequent analysis has provoked much thought. Recent analysis (Kidd, O'Higgins & Oxnard, JHE, 1996) has demonstrated quite clearly that the fossil assemblage exhibits both ape and human characteristics. Essentially, the lateral side (i.e. the outside of the foot) contains human-like characteristics while the medial side (i.e. the side towards the midline) contains ape-like features proximally, and human-like features distally. Specifically, the cuboid (laterally) is human-like, the talus and navicular (medially) are ape-like,

neg: Olduvai Gorge Museum charts and photographs describing and illustrating the process of the Laetoli Footprints creation. There is also a large illustration depicting three "Australopithecus afarensis" walking through the area 3.6 million years ago. In addition to these indoor museum exhibits there are also two outdoor lecture areas. These are utilized for orientation presentations given by museum staff. The Olduvai Gorge Museum staff consists of roughly 120 people. The museum has two curators Godfrey Olle Moita Maasai (on site) and Donatius Kamamba (off site Tanzanian Department of Cultural Antiquities). The staff mainly consists of people from the local Maasai tribe. The staff is

neg: Olduvai Gorge substantial evidence of hunting and scavenging has been discovered at Olduvai Gorge, it is believed by archaeologists that hominins inhabiting the area between 1.9 and 1.7 mya spent the majority of their time gathering wild plant foods, such as berries, tubers and roots. The earliest hominins most likely did not rely on meat for the bulk of their nutrition. Speculation about the amount of meat in their diets is inferred from comparative studies with a close relative of early hominins: the modern chimpanzee. The chimpanzee's diet in the wild consists of only about five percent as meat. And the diets

neg: Olduvai Gorge species, which eventually was named "Homo habilis". Its larger brain capacity and decreased teeth size pointed to "Homo" as the probable toolmaker. The oldest tools at Olduvai, found at the lowest layer and classified as Oldowan, consists of pebbles chipped on one edge. Above this layer, and later in time, are the true hand-axe industries, the Chellean and the Acheulean. Higher still (and later still) are located Levallois artifacts, and finally the Stillbay implements. Oldowan tools in general are called "pebble tools" because the blanks chosen by the stone knapper already resembled, in pebble form, the final product. Mary Leakey

neg: Olduvai Gorge knowledge and world-renowned status. "Homo habilis", probably the first early human species, occupied Olduvai Gorge approximately 1.9 million years ago (mya); then came a contemporary australopithecine, "Paranthropus boisei", 1.8 mya, then "Homo erectus", 1.2 mya. Our species "Homo sapiens", which is estimated to have emerged roughly 300,000 years ago, is dated to have occupied the site 17,000 years ago. The site is significant in showing the increasing developmental and social complexities in the earliest humans, or hominins, largely revealed in the production and use of stone tools. And prior to tools, the evidence of scavenging and hunting—highlighted by the presence

neg: Olduvai Gorge of gnaw marks that predate cut marks—and of the ratio of meat versus plant material in the early hominin diet. The collecting of tools and animal remains in a central area is evidence of developing social interaction and communal activity. All these factors indicate increase in cognitive capacities at the beginning of the period of hominids transitioning to hominin—that is, to human—form and behavior. Olduvai means "the place of the wild sisal", or Sansevieria, in Maasai. Twenty-five kilometers downstream of Lake Ndutu and Lake Masek, the gorge cuts into Pleistocene lake bed sediments up to a depth of 90 m.

neg: Olduvai Gorge of modern hunter-gatherers do not include a large amount of meat. That is, most of the calories in both groups' diets came from plant sources. Thus, it can be assumed that early hominins had similar diet proportions, (see the middle-range theory or bridging arguments—bridging arguments are used by archaeologists to explain past behaviors, and they include an underlying assumption of uniformitarianism.) Much of the information about early hominins comes from tools and debris piles of lithic flakes from such sites as FLK-Zinjanthropus in Olduvai Gorge. Early hominins selected specific types of rocks that would break in a predictable manner when

neg: Olduvai Gorge "worked", and carried these rocks from deposits several miles away. Archaeologists such as Fiona Marshall fitted rock fragments back together like a puzzle. She states in her article "Life in Olduvai Gorge" that early hominins, "knew the right angle to hit the cobble, or core, in order to successfully produce sharp-edged flakes ...". She noted that selected flakes then were used to cut meat from animal carcasses, and shaped cobbles (called choppers) were used to extract marrow and to chop tough plant material. Bone fragments of birds, fish, amphibians, and large mammals were found at the FLK-Zinj site, many of

neg: Olduvai Gorge associated with the early species "Homo habilis" and "Homo ergaster". Beginning 1.7 million years ago, early "Homo erectus" apparently inherited Oldowan technology and refined it into the Acheulean industry. Oldowan tools occur in Beds I–IV at Olduvai Gorge. Bed I, dated 1.85 to 1.7 mya, contains Oldowan tools and fossils of "Paranthropus boisei" and "Homo habilis", as does Bed II, 1.7 to 1.2 mya. "H. habilis" gave way to "Homo erectus" at about 1.6 mya, but "P. boisei" persisted. Oldowan tools continue to Bed IV at 800,000 to 600,000 before present (BP). A significant change took place between Beds I

neg: Olduvai Gorge the Leakeys in 1941, 1953, 1955 and 1957. Louis and Mary Leakey are responsible for most of the excavations and discoveries of the hominin fossils in Olduvai Gorge. In July 1959, at the FLK site (initials of Louis' first wife Frida Leakey, and K for "korongo", the Swahili language word for gully), Mary Leakey found the skull of "Zinjanthropus" or "Australopithecus boisei". In addition to an abundance of faunal remains the Leakeys found stone tools Mary classified as Oldowan. In May 1960, at the FLK North-North site, the Leakeys' son Jonathan found the mandible that proved to be the type

neg: Wilhelm Kattwinkel expedition of WB Sattler and G. Schulze were interned. Kattwinkel withdrew funding and never visited the Olduvai Gorge again. Kattwinkel launched a military hospital until 1918 and then took up teaching in Munich again in the course catalogs of Ludwig-Maximilians-University until the winter semester of 1934/35 as not associate professor of internal medicine and neurology. Since the 1920s, he also worked as a doctor at "Wiggers Sanatorium" in Partenkirchen. Louis Leakey, who was especially known for his discoveries in the Olduvai Gorge, falsely labeled William Kattwinkel as a "butterfly collector" who accidentally unearthed the fossils deposit. His misrepresentation was taken

neg: Louis Leakey Reck's collection of artifacts from Olduvai, he bet Reck he could find ancient stone tools at Olduvai within 24 hours. Louis received his PhD in 1930 at the age of 27. His first child, a daughter named Priscilla Muthoni Leakey, was born in 1931. His headaches and epilepsy returned, and he was prescribed Luminal, which he took for the rest of his life. In November 1931, Louis led an expedition to Olduvai whose members included Reck, whom Louis allowed to enter the gorge first. Leakey had bet Reck that Leakey would find Acheulean tools within the first 24 hours, which

neg: Ngorongoro Conservation Area an ecological burning program was implemented in the crater, which entails annual or biannual controlled burns of up to 20 percent of the grasslands. Maasai are now permitted to graze their cattle within the crater, but must enter and exit daily. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area also protects Oldurai or Olduvai Gorges , situated in the plains area. It is considered to be the seat of humanity after the discovery of the earliest known specimens of the human genus, "Homo habilis " as well as early hominidae, such as "Paranthropus boisei". The Olduvai Gorge is a steep-sided ravine in the Great

neg: Homo habilis impressive as other early specimen and forms of "H. habilis" discovered. KNM ER 1805 is a specimen of an adult "H. habilis" made of three pieces of cranium dating to 1.74 million years old from Koobi Fora, Kenya, discovered in 1974. Previous assumptions were that this specimen belongs to "H. erectus" based on the degree of prognathism and overall cranial shape. One set of fossil remains (OH 62, for "Olduvai Hominid specimen 62"), discovered by Donald Johanson and Tim White in Olduvai Gorge in 1986, included the important upper and lower limbs, specifically the humerus and femur. Their finding stimulated

neg: Olduvai theory sustain in the face of limits on fossil fuel resources such as oil, coal, and natural gas. However, advances in renewable energy have reduced dependence on fossil fuels. For example, in 2015 Sweden produced approximately 8,153 kWh of electricity per capita per year (5.01 boe/c/yr) from renewable resources, with the exclusion of hydropower; Sweden's theoretical maximum electric generation capacity from renewable resources, including hydropower, is estimated to be 24,472 kWh per capita per year (15.03 boe/c/yr) at the current population level. In justification of his reference to Olduvai Gorge, Duncan writes: …(1) it is famous for the myriad hominid fossils

neg: Arusha Region geographical features include the Monduli Mountains, Mount Loolmalasin, Mount Longido, and the Olduvai Gorge. The city of Arusha, the capital of the region, is located at the southern foot of Mount Meru. The majority of Arusha residents live in the city and the surrounding southeastern part of Arusha Region. Arusha Region is divided into one city and six districts, each administered by a council. According to the 2012 national census, the Arusha Region had a population of 1,694,310. The region is inhabited by various ethnolinguistic groups and communities. Among these are the Iraqw, Arusha, Maasai, Wameru, Sonjo, Chagga, Pare, and

neg: Middle Awash Project Plateau to the south. The study area is bounded in the south by Gewane town and the Arso River and the north end touches the Talalak River. The rift margin marks the western end of the study area, while the Gewane-Adaitu highway lies on its east. Middle Awash is much larger than other nearby sites, such as Olduvai Gorge and Hadar. This is because the fossil potential is spaced out across the area. In fact, not even a quarter of the area contains any possibility of bearing fruit. Fossils found in the Middle Awash are located in small, scattered windows.

neg: Louis Leakey urban centers, instituted military law and rounded up the committees. Following Louis' suggestion, thousands of Kikuyu were placed in re-education camps and resettled in new villages. The rebellion continued from bases under Mt. Kenya until 1956, when, deprived of its leadership and supplies, it had to disperse. The state of emergency lasted until 1960. In 1963 Kenya became independent, with Jomo Kenyatta as prime minister. Beginning in 1951, Louis and Mary began intensive research at Olduvai Gorge. A trial trench in Bed II at BK in 1951 was followed by a more extensive excavation in 1952. They found what Louis

neg: Doomer humanity will be in a state of overshoot after oil depletion makes modern farming methods economically non-viable. Doomers also hold a wide range of theories about the collapse of complex societies and systems. The influences of Paul R. Ehrlich and the Club of Rome are present in the doomer movement, as are some of the more recent works by Joseph Tainter who wrote "The Collapse of Complex Societies" in 1988, and Richard C. Duncan who presented his Ph.d. "The Peak of World Oil Production and the Road to the Olduvai Gorge" in 1989 (now known as the Olduvai theory). The

neg: Louis Leakey At that time he discovered the Acheulean site of Kariandusi, which he excavated in 1928. On the strength of his work there, he obtained a post-graduate research fellowship at St. John's College and returned to Cambridge in 1929 to classify and prepare the finds from Elmenteita. His patron and mentor at Cambridge was now Arthur Keith. While cleaning two skeletons he had found, he noticed a similarity to one found in Olduvai Gorge by Professor Hans Reck, a German national, whom Louis had met in 1925 in Germany while on business for Keith. The geology of Olduvai was known. In

neg: Oldowan and used for the originally speculative purposes described above. He found that the marks were characteristic of the use and matched marks on prehistoric tools. Studies of the cut marks on bones using an electron microscope produce a similar result. Abbevillian is a currently obsolescent name for a tool tradition that is increasingly coming to be called Oldowan. The label Abbevillian prevailed until the Leakey family discovered older (yet similar) artifacts at Olduvai Gorge (a.k.a. Oldupai Gorge) and promoted the African origin of man. Oldowan soon replaced Abbevillian in describing African and Asian lithics. The term Abbevillian is still used

neg: Olduvai Gorge a stone circle, many tools and fossil bones, and ranges in age from 1.75 mya to 1.9 mya. Bed II consists of 21-35 m of clay and sandstone Olduvai Lake and stream deposits. Manuports are abundant at the MNK (Mark Nicol Korongo) site in addition to a chert nodule quarry containing over 14,000 pieces, including gneiss and lava anvils and hammerstones. Hand axes were found at the EF-HR (Evelyn Fuchs-Hans Reck) and TK (Thiongo Korongo) sites. The BK (Bell's Korongo) site contained an "Australopithecus boisei" deciduous molar and canine. The distinctly red Bed III consists of 6-10 m of clays,

neg: Abbevillian town of Chelles, a suburb of Paris. They are similar to those found at Abbeville. Later anthropologists substituted Abbevillian for Chellean, the latter which is no longer in use. Abbevillian tool users were the first archaic humans in Europe, classified as either late Homo erectus as Homo antecessor or as as Homo heidelbergensis. The label Abbevillian prevailed until the Leakey family discovered older (yet similar) artifacts at Olduvai Gorge (a.k.a. Oldupai Gorge), starting in 1959, and promoted the African origin of man. Olduwan (or Oldowan) soon replaced Abbevillian in describing African and Asian paleoliths. The term Abbevillian is still used,

neg: Omo River Pliocene and Pleistocene, have been excavated by French and American teams. Fossils belonging to the genera "Australopithecus" and "Homo" have been found at several archaeological sites, as well as tools made from quartzite, the oldest of which date back to about 2.4 million years ago. Because of this, the site was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. When they were discovered, it was thought that the tools might have been part of a so-called pre-Oldowan industry, even more primitive than what was found in the Olduvai Gorge. Later research has shown that the crude looks of the tools

neg: Gregory Rift and again in 1919. His 1896 book "The Great Rift Valley" is considered a classic. Gregory was the first to use the term "rift valley", which he defined as "a linear valley with parallel and almost vertical sides, which has fallen owing to a series of parallel faults". In 1913 the German geologist Hans Reck made the first study of the strata in the Olduvai Gorge to the west of the Crater Highlands. He brought a large collection of mammalian fossils back to Berlin. In 1928 Louis Leakey, the anthropologist, visited Berlin, where he saw that some of Reck's materials

neg: Archaeology of Azerbaijan simple in the early stages of culture, but it was improved in later stages. Labor tools of Guruchay culture are closely related to labor tools of the Olduvai Gorge of Africa. However, there are differences in the typology of labor tools. During the investigations, the period of Guruchay culture began about 1.2 million years ago and continued until 700,000 years ago in Azerbaijan. To study of Paleolithic monuments of Azerbaijan began in the 1950s. The Paleolithic camp was discovered in Damcılı cave located in Dashsalahli village of Gazakh region by S. N. Zamyatin and Mammadali Huseynov during archaeological investigations in

neg: Olduvai Gorge sandstones and conglomerates signifying intermittent dry lake conditions. Few fossils are present and only isolated stone tools, indicating a sparse early man presence. Bed IV is a distinctly different unit from Bed II in the eastern portion of the gorge. There, it is 5-8 m thick and composed of clays, and stream deposited sandstones and conglomerates. Four distinct tool-bearing levels are evident, including 500 handaxes and cleavers at the HK (Hopwood's Korongo) site, while phonolite handaxes and an elephant bone handaxe were found at the HEB (Heberer's Gully) site. The WK (Wayland's Korongo) site contained a "Homo erectus" pelvis and

neg: Olduvai Gorge V, with Bed I being the oldest and lowest in the sequence. The Bed IV interval was later distinguished as consisting of Bed IV and the Masek Beds, while Bed V was totally reclassified as the Ndutu Bed and the Naisiuiu Bed. The 20-46 m thick Lower Pleistocene Bed I sediments above the basalt consist of layers of Olmoti tuff and lake sediment claystone. Four well-preserved living sites of note are located within Bed I, the FLK and FLK North-North sites mentioned above, plus DK and FLK North. The DK site (Donald McInnes' first initial plus k for "korongo") has

neg: The Trimates Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. From there, she obtained work as a secretary, but acting on her friend's advice she telephoned Louis Leakey with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals. The call was far-reaching in its impact. Leakey was looking for a chimpanzee researcher but he kept the idea to himself for a time. Instead, he insisted Goodall could work for him as a secretary. After obtaining his wife Mary Leakey's approval, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge, where he confessed his plans. The

neg: Human evolution shape was rounded, unlike that of chimpanzees and gorillas, and more like a modern human brain. Also, the specimen showed short canine teeth, and the position of the foramen magnum (the hole in the skull where the spine enters) was evidence of bipedal locomotion. All of these traits convinced Dart that the Taung Child was a bipedal human ancestor, a transitional form between apes and humans. During the 1960s and 1970s, hundreds of fossils were found in East Africa in the regions of the Olduvai Gorge and Lake Turkana. The driving force of these searches was the Leakey family, with

neg: Sansevieria ehrenbergii the gorge as "Olduvai Gorge". The Maasai have used "S. ehrenbergii" for antiseptics, natural bandages, rope, baskets, roofs and clothes. They were also useful for stitching and sewing as well as patching and repairing leatherwork. To make the rope, the leaves were cut, then taken and left to soak in water until the outer layer had split and rotted down which would allow it to be easily separated from the fibrous matter inside. They were then removed from the water and taken to a hard flat surface to be beaten with heavy clubs until the fibres were loosened. The fibrous

neg: Olduvai Gorge were found in Bed I and the lower portion of Bed II, which makes them contemporaries of "Australopithecus boisei". "Homo erectus" remains were found in the upper portions of Bed II, making them contemporaries of "Australopithecus boisei", but not of "Homo habilis". Louis Leakey first described the Oldowan stone tool industry in 1951. The Leakeys determined that choppers were the most common stone tool found at the site, amounting to over half of the total number, and identified 11 Oldowan sites in the gorge, 9 in Bed I, and 2 in Bed II. They also identified the Developed Oldowan as

neg: Jane Goodall Institute (Hong Kong) the fragile biosphere. Goodall was interested in animals from her youth; this prompted noted anthropologist Louis Leakey to hire her as his assistant/secretary. He invited her to accompany him and his wife, Mary Leakey, to dig at Olduvai Gorge. Eventually he asked Jane to study the chimpanzees of Gombe Stream National Park (then known as Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve). She arrived at Gombe in July, 1960. Leakey arranged for Goodall to return to the UK where she earned a doctorate in ethology from the University of Cambridge in 1964. Along with Dian Fossey, famous for living with gorillas, and Biruté

neg: Olduvai Gorge south. The oldest fossils are found on this surface, dated at 1.89 mya, while stone tools have been dated at 1.7 mya through the first use of K-Ar dating by Garniss Curtis. In addition, fission track dating and paleomagnetism were used to date the deposits, while amino acid dating and Carbon-14 dating were used to date the bones. Hominid fossils and stone tools are found continuously throughout the entire exposed sequence in the gorge. Faulting between 100 to 30 kya, formed the Olbalbal Depression northwest of Ngorongoro. Reck identified five main layers of deposition, which he labelled Beds I through

neg: Tallulah River The primary tributaries of the Tallulah River in Rabun County are Coleman River and Persimmon Creek. The upper Tallulah River Basin is as scenic as it is rugged. The highest elevations are found in North Carolina on Standing Indian Mountain, elevation 5,499 feet, where the Tallulah River headwaters are located. After coming into Georgia and passing through the old mining and logging town of Tate City, Georgia in eastern Towns County, the river enters into to what some people call Tallulah’s upper gorge or the Rock Mountain Gorge. This upper "gorge" is far less dramatic that the more famous Tallulah

neg: Tourism in Tanzania of animals.The Serengeti National Park is the most popular park in the country and had the chance to host more than 330,000 visitors in 2012. The north is also home to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area includes the Ngorongoro Crater, which is an extinct volcanic caldera with lions, hippopotamus, elephants, various types of antelope, the endangered black rhinoceros, and large herds of wildebeest and zebra. The Crater also holds the Olduvai Gorge, it is considered to be the seat of humanity after the discovery of the earliest known specimens of the human genus, Homo habilis as well

neg: Royal Gorge Route Railroad Royal Gorge Route Railroad The Royal Gorge Route Railroad is a heritage railroad located in Cañon City, Colorado. The railroad transits the Royal Gorge on a 2-hour scenic and historic train ride along what is considered to be the most famed portion of the former Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. The 1950s-era train departs the Santa Fe Depot in Cañon City daily. In the late 1870s, miners descended on the upper Arkansas River valley of Colorado in search of carbonate ores rich in lead and silver. The feverish mining activity in what would become the Leadville district attracted the

neg: Olduvai Hominid 9 subsequent workers have regarded it as "H. ergaster", or as "H. erectus" where "H. ergaster" is considered a junior synonym. Phillip Tobias provisionally named a new subspecies, "H. erectus olduvaiensis", in 1968 based on the specimen, but this has not seen continued use. To the extent that proponents of the use of "H. ergaster" define "ergaster" as a separate lineage, equivalent to "African "H. erectus"", rather than a pure chronospecies, the assignment of OH 9 to "H. erectus sensu stricto" by Colin Groves supports subsuming "H. ergaster" into "H. erectus". Olduvai Hominid 9 Olduvai Hominid number 9 (OH 9) is

neg: Olduvai theory will show no growth from 1979 to circa 2008"". Duncan has responded to this criticism in a 2009 essay entitled The Olduvai Theory - Toward Re-Equalizing the World Standard of Living. The response is that certain non-OPEC countries such as China and India have increased their "per capita" energy usage whilst efficiency improvements within the USA & OPEC have reduced their requirements for energy without impacting the quality of life. The theory is then re-assessed from the standpoint OPEC, non-OPEC and USA energy consumption. Proponents note that the current trend of increasing "per capita" energy consumption may be difficult to

neg: Rusinga Island beds of Olduvai Gorge. Rusinga Island Rusinga Island, with an elongated shape approximately 10 miles (16 km) from end to end and 3 miles (5 km) at its widest point, lies in the eastern part of Lake Victoria at the mouth of the Winam Gulf. Part of Kenya, it is linked to Mbita Point on the mainland by a causeway. The local language is Luo, although the ancestors of the current inhabitants were Suba people who came in boats several hundred years ago from Uganda as refugees from a dynastic war. Many Rusinga place names betray Suba origins, including the

neg: Fission track dating for the deposits at Olduvai Gorge. A number of datable minerals occur as common detrital grains in sandstones, and if the strata have not been buried too deeply, these minerals grains retain information about the source rock. Fission track analysis of these minerals provides information about the thermal evolution of the source rocks and therefore can be used to understand provenance and the evolution of mountain belts that shed the sediment. This technique of detrital analysis is most commonly applied to zircon because it is very common and robust in the sedimentary system, and in addition it has a relatively

neg: Hand axe that may have occurred: patina, shine, wear and tear, mechanical, thermal and / or physical-chemical changes such as cracking, in order to distinguish these factors from the scars left during the tool's manufacture or use. The raw material is an important factor, because of the result that can be obtained by working it and in order to reveal the economy and movement of prehistoric humans. In the Olduvai Gorge the raw materials were most readily available some ten kilometres from the nearest settlements. However, flint or silicate is readily available on the fluvial terraces of Western Europe. This means that

neg: Gail Ashley lifetime achievements. Gail has two children with her first husband, Stuart Ashley. Gail Ashley divorced from her first husband, Stuart, at the age of 41. She remarried to her current husband, Jeremy Delaney. Gail Ashley Gail Ashley, "née" Mowry, (born 29 January 1941) is an American sedimentologist. She is known for her detailed studies of the sediments laid down in the Olduvai Gorge, focused on the water supplies available to early humans. She participated in many projects over the years over multiple disciplines such as meteorology, oceanography, paleoanthropology, and archaeology. She has also held many prominent positions in the fields

neg: Gail Ashley Gail Ashley Gail Ashley, "née" Mowry, (born 29 January 1941) is an American sedimentologist. She is known for her detailed studies of the sediments laid down in the Olduvai Gorge, focused on the water supplies available to early humans. She participated in many projects over the years over multiple disciplines such as meteorology, oceanography, paleoanthropology, and archaeology. She has also held many prominent positions in the fields of sedimentology and geology, including the presidency of the Geological Society of America, the second woman to be so. Ashley was born Gail Mowry in Leominster, Massachusetts, on January 29, 1941. Her interest

neg: Human evolution Kromdraai and Swartkrans, and around Lake Turkana in Kenya. The earliest member of the genus "Homo" is "Homo habilis" which evolved around . "Homo habilis" is the first species for which we have positive evidence of the use of stone tools. They developed the Oldowan lithic technology, named after the Olduvai Gorge in which the first specimens were found. Some scientists consider "Homo rudolfensis", a larger bodied group of fossils with similar morphology to the original "H. habilis" fossils, to be a separate species while others consider them to be part of "H. habilis"—simply representing intraspecies variation, or perhaps even

neg: Paranthropus boisei South Africa. In 1993, A. Amzaye found fossils of "P. boisei" at Konso, Ethiopia. The partial skull is designated as KGA10-525 and is dated to 1.4 million years ago. It is the biggest skull specimen ever found of "P. boisei". The oldest specimen of "P. boisei" was found in Omo, Ethiopia, and dates to 2.3 million years ago, classified as (L. 74a-21), while the youngest specimen from Olduvai Gorge dates to 1.2 million years ago and is classified as OH 3 and OH 38. Almost all primates and hominids are or were dietary generalists, meaning that they ate a wide

neg: Magnetic anomaly carried away from the ridge by the motions of the tectonic plates. Every few hundred thousand years, the direction of the magnetic field reverses. Thus, the pattern of stripes is a global phenomenon and can be used to calculate the velocity of seafloor spreading. In the "Space Odyssey" series by Arthur C. Clarke, a series of monoliths are left by extraterrestrials for humans to find them. One near the crater Tycho is found by its unnaturally powerful magnetic field and named "Tycho Magnetic Anomaly 1" (TMA-1). One orbiting Jupiter is named TMA-2, and one in the Olduvai Gorge is found

neg: Canyon canyon in the world. The Capertee Valley in Australia is commonly reported as being the second largest (in terms of width) canyon in the world. Some canyons have notable cultural significance. Evidence of early humanoids has been discovered in Africa's Olduvai Gorge. In the southwestern United States, canyons are important archeologically because of the many cliff-dwellings built in such areas, largely by the ancient Pueblo people who were their first inhabitants. The following list includes only the most notable canyons of the world, arranged by continent and then country. Venus has many craters and canyons on its surface. The troughs

neg: Oldowan Leakey's finds at Olduvai Gorge by at least ten years, his descriptions nonetheless represented the scholarly acceptance of this technology as legitimate. These findings were cited as being from the location of the Vaal River, at Vereeniging, and Breuil noted the distinct absence of a significant number of cores, suggesting a "portable culture". At the time, this was considered very significant, as portability supported the conclusion that the Oldowan tool-makers were capable of planning for future needs, by creating the tools in a location which was distant from their use. The Swartkrans site is a cave filled with layered fossil-bearing

neg: Oldowan Fossil chimpanzees have been found in Kenya. The forests of central and western Africa are a stable environment containing food in abundance for animals such as chimpanzees, and any species living in such an environment would have been under little pressure to evolve further. Eastern Africa is a land of often harsh and unstable environments, and resources are correspondingly scarcer and more difficult to get. Species living in the latter environment would be under greater pressure to evolve and change as needed to survive. A facility for tool-using would contribute to the species' chances of survival. Even though Olduvai Gorge

neg: Olduvai Gorge which were scarred with marks. These likely were made by hominins breaking open the bones for marrow, using tools to strip the meat, or by carnivores having gnawed the bones. Since several kinds of marks are present together, some archaeologists including Lewis Binford think that hominins scavenged the meat or marrow left over from carnivore kills. Others like Henry Bunn believe the hominins hunted and killed these animals, and carnivores later chewed the bones. This issue is still debated today, but archaeologist Pat Shipman provided evidence that scavenging was probably the more common practice; she published that the majority of