query: what is the name of the virus that causes ebola

pos: Ebola virus disease Ebola virus disease Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time, some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an

pos: Taï Forest virus recently CIEBOV (for Cote d;Ivoire Ebola virus, Côte d'Ivoire Ebola virus, Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus or Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus). The virus received its final designation in 2010, when it was renamed Taï Forest virus (TAFV). A virus of the species "Taï Forest ebolavirus" is a Taï Forest virus (TAFV) if it has the properties of Taï Forest ebolaviruses and if its genome diverges from that of the prototype Taï Forest virus, Taï Forest virus variant Côte d'Ivoire (TAFV/CI), by ≤10% at the nucleotide level. TAFV is one of four ebolaviruses that causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans (in the literature

pos: Sudan virus when it was renamed Sudan virus (SUDV). A virus of the species "Sudan ebolavirus" is a Sudan virus (SUDV) if it has the properties of Sudan ebolaviruses and if its genome diverges from that of the prototype Sudan virus, Sudan virus variant Boniface (SUDV/Bon), by ≤10% at the nucleotide level. SUDV is one of four ebolaviruses that causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans (in the literature also often referred to as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, EHF). EVD due to SUDV infection cannot be differentiated from EVD caused by other ebolaviruses by clinical observation alone, which is why the clinical presentation

pos: Bundibugyo virus variant #811250 (BDBV/#811250), by ≤10% at the nucleotide level. BDBV is one of four ebolaviruses that causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans (in the literature also often referred to as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, EHF). EVD due to BDBV infection cannot be differentiated from EVD caused by other ebolaviruses by clinical observation alone, which is why the clinical presentation and pathology of infections by all ebolaviruses is presented together on a separate page (see Ebola virus disease). BDBV made its first appearance on August 1 of 2007, when a viral hemorrhagic fever outbreak began in the Bundibugyo and Kikyo townships

pos: Reston virus Reston virus Reston virus (RESTV) is one of six known viruses within the genus "Ebolavirus". Reston virus causes Ebola virus disease in non-human primates; unlike the other five ebolaviruses, it is not known to cause disease in humans, but has caused asymptomatic infections. Reston virus was first described in 1990 as a new "strain" of Ebola virus (EBOV). It is the single member of the species "Reston ebolavirus", which is included into the genus "Ebolavirus", family "Filoviridae", order "Mononegavirales". Reston virus is named after Reston, Virginia, US, where the virus was first discovered. RESTV was discovered in crab-eating macaques from

pos: Bundibugyo virus ebolavirus in 2008, albeit without differentiating this name from the suggested species "Bundibugyo ebolavirus". Another name introduced at the same time was Uganda ebolavirus. Later publications also referred to the virus as a novel "strain" of Ebola virus or as Bundibugyo Ebola virus. The abbreviations BEBOV (for Bundibugyo ebolavirus) and UEBOV (for Uganda ebolavirus) were briefly used before BDBV was established as the abbreviation for Bundibugyo virus. A virus of the species "Bundibugyo ebolavirus" is a Bundibugyo virus if it has the properties of Bundibugyo ebolaviruses and if its genome diverges from that of the prototype Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Bundibugyo virus

pos: Ebola virus Many Ebola vaccine candidates had been developed in the decade prior to 2014, but as of October 2014, none had yet been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans. A virus of the species "Zaire ebolavirus" is an Ebola virus (EBOV) if it has the properties of Zaire ebolaviruses and if its genome diverges from that of the prototype Ebola virus, Ebola virus variant Mayinga (EBOV/May), by ten percent or less at the nucleotide level. Ebola virus was first identified as a possible new "strain" of Marburg virus in 1976. At the same

pos: Sudan virus uncharacterized on a molecular level. However, its genomic sequence, and with it the genomic organization and the conservation of individual open reading frames, is similar to that of the other four known ebolaviruses. It is therefore currently assumed that the knowledge obtained for EBOV can be extrapolated to SUDV and that all SUDV proteins behave analogous to those of EBOV. Sudan virus Sudan virus (SUDV) is one of five known viruses within the genus "Ebolavirus" and causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans and other primates; it is the sole member of the species "Sudan ebolavirus". SUDV is a Select

pos: Ebola virus Ebola virus Ebola virus (; EBOV, formerly designated Zaire ebolavirus) is one of five known viruses within the genus "Ebolavirus". Four of the five known ebolaviruses, including EBOV, cause a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and other mammals, known as Ebola virus disease (EVD). Ebola virus has caused the majority of human deaths from EVD, and is the cause of the 2013–2015 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, which resulted in at least suspected cases and confirmed deaths. Ebola virus and its genus were both originally named for Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), the country

pos: Ebola virus disease treatment research the United States. Ebola virus disease treatment research Ebola virus disease (research) or simply Ebola, is a disease that affects humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses; there is no cure or specific "treatment" that is currently approved, treatment is primarily supportive in nature. In March 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a major Ebola outbreak in Guinea, a western African nation. The disease then rapidly spread to the neighboring countries of Liberia and Sierra Leone. The 2014 West African Ebola outbreak is the largest Ebola outbreak ever documented, and the first recorded in the region. The director of

pos: Ebola virus disease treatment research Ebola virus disease treatment research Ebola virus disease (research) or simply Ebola, is a disease that affects humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses; there is no cure or specific "treatment" that is currently approved, treatment is primarily supportive in nature. In March 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a major Ebola outbreak in Guinea, a western African nation. The disease then rapidly spread to the neighboring countries of Liberia and Sierra Leone. The 2014 West African Ebola outbreak is the largest Ebola outbreak ever documented, and the first recorded in the region. The director of the US National

pos: Ebola virus other subspecies level groupings. At present, ICTV does not officially recognize "Ebola virus" as a taxonomic rank, and rather continues to use and recommend only the species designation "Zaire ebolavirus". The prototype Ebola virus, variant Mayinga (EBOV/May), was named for Mayinga N'Seka, a nurse who died during the 1976 Zaire outbreak. Citations Ebola virus Ebola virus (; EBOV, formerly designated Zaire ebolavirus) is one of five known viruses within the genus "Ebolavirus". Four of the five known ebolaviruses, including EBOV, cause a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and other mammals, known as Ebola virus disease (EVD). Ebola

pos: Ebola virus disease FDA approved the LightMix (R) Ebola Zaire rRT-PCR test for patients with symptoms of Ebola. Bibliography Ebola virus disease Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time, some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has

pos: Zaire ebolavirus Zaire ebolavirus The species Zaire ebolavirus is a virological taxon included in the genus "Ebolavirus", family "Filoviridae", order "Mononegavirales". The species has a single virus member, Ebola virus (EBOV), and it is the type species for the genus "Ebolavirus". The members of the species are called Zaire ebolaviruses. The name "Zaire ebolavirus" is derived from "Zaire" and the taxonomic suffix "ebolavirus" (which denotes an ebolavirus species and refers to the Ebola River). According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the name "Zaire ebolavirus" is always to be capitalized, italicized, and

pos: Ebola virus disease Ebola virus disease Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time, some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an

neg: VP40 VP40 In molecular biology, VP40 is the name of a Viral matrix protein. Most commonly it is found in the "Ebola virus" (EBOV), a type of non-segmented, negative-strand RNA virus. Ebola virus causes a severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans, known as Ebola virus disease. The virus matrix protein VP40 is a major structural protein that plays a central role in virus assembly and budding at the plasma membrane of infected cells. VP40 proteins work by associating with cellular membranes, interacting with the cytoplasmic tails of glycoproteins and binding to the ribonucleoprotein complex. The VP40 monomer consists of

neg: VP40 the matrix protein VP40 is sufficient to generate virus-like particles ("no viral genetic material") in a mammalian host that are remarkably indistinguishable from live virus, from a morphological standpoint During and after the 2014-2016 West African Ebola virus epidemic treatment options were sought, among them were the VP40 matrix protein as a target for possible research that may ("or may not") lead to a therapeutic option. VP40 In molecular biology, VP40 is the name of a Viral matrix protein. Most commonly it is found in the "Ebola virus" (EBOV), a type of non-segmented, negative-strand RNA virus. Ebola virus causes a

neg: Ebola virus time, a third team introduced the name "Ebola virus", derived from the Ebola River where the 1976 outbreak occurred. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) identifies Ebola virus as species "Zaire ebolavirus", which is included into the genus "Ebolavirus", family "Filoviridae", order "Mononegavirales". The name "Ebola virus" is derived from the Ebola River—a river that was at first thought to be in close proximity to the area in Democratic Republic of Congo, previously called Zaire, where the 1976 Zaire Ebola virus outbreak occurred—and the taxonomic suffix "virus". In 2000, the virus name was changed to Zaire Ebola virus,

neg: 2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak is attempting to obtain and review Rwanda's public health rationale and relevant scientific information for implementing these measures. The sub-type "Zaire ebolavirus" has been confirmed in the current outbreak, from the family Filoviridae. It is a single stranded RNA virus, with a 60-90 percent mortality rate (the highest among the strains). An unusually high mortality has been reported in the local pig population. An investigation into potential causes is being considered. Multiple documented outbreaks of Ebola virus disease have occurred in the DRC, with the first being the 1976 outbreak. The virus took its name from the Ebola River near

neg: Reston virus in DeKalb County, two of the monkeys who had survived Reston virus infection were infected with a very large dose of the Ebola virus in an effort to produce an Ebola vaccine. One of the two monkeys remained resistant; the second died. The physical building in which the outbreak occurred was demolished on 30 May 1995 and a new building constructed in its place. Richard Preston's 1995 best-selling book, "The Hot Zone", dramatized the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Reston, Virginia. Reston virus Reston virus (RESTV) is one of six known viruses within the genus "Ebolavirus". Reston virus causes Ebola

neg: Ebola virus and in 2002 to species "Zaire ebolavirus". However, most scientific articles continued to refer to "Ebola virus" or used the terms Ebola virus and Zaire ebolavirus in parallel. Consequently, in 2010, a group of researchers recommended that the name "Ebola virus" be adopted for a subclassification within the species "Zaire ebolavirus", with the corresponding abbreviation EBOV. Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-Z (for Ebola virus Zaire) and ZEBOV (for Zaire Ebola virus or Zaire ebolavirus). In 2011, the ICTV explicitly rejected a proposal (2010.010bV) to recognize this name, as ICTV does not designate names for subtypes, variants, strains, or

neg: Ebola River it after the river so that the town would not be associated with the disease's stigma. Thus, the river is eponymous to the terms Ebola virus, "Ebolavirus", and Ebola virus disease (usually referred to as simply "Ebola"). Ebola River The Ebola River, also commonly known by its indigenous name Legbala, is the headstream of the Mongala River, a tributary of the Congo River, in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo It is roughly 250 km in length. The name Ebola is a French corruption of Legbala, its name in the Ngbandi language which means "white water". During the Belgian administration

neg: Sudan virus is always to be capitalized, but is never italicized, and may be abbreviated (with SUDV being the official abbreviation). Sudan virus was first introduced as a new "strain" of Ebola virus in 1977. Sudan virus was described as "Ebola haemorrhagic fever" in a 1978 WHO report describing the 1976 Sudan outbreak. In 2000, it received the designation Sudan Ebola virus and in 2002 the name was changed to Sudan ebolavirus. Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-S (for Ebola virus Sudan) and most recently SEBOV (for Sudan Ebola virus or Sudan ebolavirus). The virus received its final designation in 2010,

neg: Taï Forest virus first introduced as a new "strain" of Ebola virus in 1995. In 2000, it received the designation Côte d'Ivoire Ebola virus, and in 2002 the name was changed to Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus. (both times misspelling "Côte"). Other names circulating in the literature were the correct Côte d'Ivoire Ebola virus and Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus, and the jargon terms Ivory Coast Ebola virus and Ivory Coast ebolavirus. Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-CI (for Ebola virus Côte d'Ivoire or Ebola virus Côte d'Ivoire), EBOV-IC (for Ebola virus Ivory Coast), ICEBOV (for Ivory Coast Ebola virus or Ivory Coast ebolavirus) and most

neg: Bundibugyo virus an invention (as dictated in the 2013 trial: “Association for Molecular Pathology, et al., v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., et al.;” argued 04/15/2013 and decided 06/13/2013), but synthetic copies of natural materials "could" be patented and protected. If and/or how this ruling has affected the patent for the Bundibugyo strain of Ebola is unclear. Bundibugyo virus Bundibugyo virus ( ; BDBV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known Ebola virus (EBOV). BDBV causes severe disease in humans and (experimentally) in nonhuman primates, the Ebola hemorrhagic fever. BDBV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen

neg: Reston virus Reston virus is always to be capitalized, but is never italicized, and may be abbreviated (with RESTV being the official abbreviation). Reston virus was first introduced as a new "strain" of Ebola virus in 1990. In 2000, it received the designation Reston Ebola virus and in 2002 the name was changed to Reston ebolavirus. Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-R (for Ebola virus Reston) and most recently REBOV (for Reston Ebola virus or Reston ebolavirus). The virus received its current designation in 2010, when it was renamed Reston virus (RESTV). A virus of the species "Reston ebolavirus" is a

neg: Bundibugyo virus Bundibugyo virus Bundibugyo virus ( ; BDBV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known Ebola virus (EBOV). BDBV causes severe disease in humans and (experimentally) in nonhuman primates, the Ebola hemorrhagic fever. BDBV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and is listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group. Bundibugyo virus (abbreviated BDBV) was first described in 2008 as

neg: Taï Forest virus Taï Forest virus Taï Forest virus (; TAFV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known Ebola virus (EBOV). TAFV causes severe disease in primates, the Ebola hemorrhagic fever. TAFV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group. Taï Forest virus (abbreviated TAFV) was first described in 1995 as a new "strain" of

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic time and then become active months or years later, either in the same individual or in a sexual partner. In December 2016, the WHO announced that a two-year trial of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine appeared to offer protection from the strain of Ebola responsible for the West Africa outbreak. The vaccine has not yet been given regulatory approval, but it is considered to be so effective that 300,000 doses have already been stockpiled. Ebola virus disease (commonly known as "Ebola") was first described in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and what is now South

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic are more likely to come in direct contact with their blood or body fluids. In some places affected by the outbreak, care may have been provided in clinics with limited resources, and workers could be in these areas for several hours with a number of Ebola infected patients. According to the WHO, the high proportion of infected medical staff could be explained by a lack of adequate manpower to manage such a large outbreak, shortages of protective equipment or improper use of what was available, and "the compassion that causes medical staff to work in isolation wards far beyond the

neg: The Hot Zone effects of Ebola virus. In their memoir "Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC", former CDC scientists Joseph B. McCormick and Susan Fisher-Hoch lambasted Preston for claiming that Ebola dissolves organs, stating that although it causes great blood loss in tissues the organs remain structurally intact. McCormick and Fisher-Hoch also dispute Preston's version of the CDC's actions in the Reston virus incident. In January 1993, 20th Century Fox and producer Lynda Obst won a bidding war for the film rights to Preston's 1992 "New Yorker" article, which was being transitioned into the book. In response to being outbid, Warner Bros.

neg: Ebola virus disease undergo programmed cell death leading to an abnormally low concentration of lymphocytes in the blood. This contributes to the weakened immune response seen in those infected with EBOV. Endothelial cells may be infected within three days after exposure to the virus. The breakdown of endothelial cells leading to blood vessel injury can be attributed to EBOV glycoproteins. This damage occurs due to the synthesis of Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP), which reduces the availability of specific integrins responsible for cell adhesion to the intercellular structure and causes liver damage, leading to improper clotting. The widespread bleeding that occurs in affected people

neg: Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia recent re-emergence. It is in full accord with government calls for sustained vigilance…" "Part of WHO statement, 3 September 2015" After two months of going Ebola-free, on 20 November a new case was confirmed when a 15-year-old boy was diagnosed with Ebola<ref name="Liberia New Case 20/11/2015 LA Times">http://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-ebola-case-in-liberia-20151120-story.html</ref> and two family members subsequently tested positive as well. Health officials were concerned because the child had not recently travelled or been exposed to someone with Ebola and the WHO stated, "we believe that this is probably again, somehow, someone who has come in contact with a virus that had been persisting

neg: National Eye Institute therapies. Following the 2014 Ebola virus outbreak in Liberia, NEI investigators joined other researchers and investigators to be a part of the PREVAIL III (Partnership for Research on Ebola Virus in Liberia) study. Ebola survivors reported a variety of complaints such as headaches, joint and muscle pain, eye fatigue and blurry vision. Some reports indicate that survivors have uveitis. Uveitis is a group of inflammatory autoimmune eye disease that produces swelling and destroys eye tissue. This can reduce vision or lead to vision loss. It is unknown to researchers what the physical long term effects of survivors, including eye health.

neg: Emergent virus WHO. New emergent viruses are continually being discovered. Examples include: SARS, Avian influenza, H5N1, and Ebola. Emergent virus An emergent virus is a virus that has adapted and emerged as a new disease/pathogenic strain, with attributes facilitating pathogenicity in a field not normally associated with that virus. This includes viruses that are the cause of a disease which has notably increased in incidence; this is often a result of a wide variety of causes from both the influence of man and nature. Most emergent viruses can be categorized as zoonotic (an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans), this

neg: Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone At the time it was discovered, it was thought that Ebola virus is not endemic to Sierra Leone or to the West Africa region and this epidemic represents the first time the virus has been discovered there. However, some samples taken for Lassa fever testing turned out to be Ebola virus disease when re-tested for Ebola in 2014, showing that Ebola had been in Sierra Leone as early as 2006. In 2014 it was discovered that samples of suspected Lassa fever showed evidence of the Zaire strain of Ebola virus in Sierra Leone as early as 2006. Prior to the

neg: Ebola virus disease the animals, such as touching dead bodies and grooming, is not. Recovered gorilla carcasses have contained multiple Ebola virus strains, suggesting multiple introductions of the virus. Bodies decompose quickly and carcasses are not infectious after 3 to 4 days. Contact between gorilla groups is rare, suggesting that transmission among gorilla groups is unlikely, and that outbreaks result from transmission between viral reservoirs and animal populations.<ref name="doi10.1126/science.1092528"></ref> In 2012 it was demonstrated that the virus can travel without contact from pigs to nonhuman primates, although the same study failed to achieve transmission in that manner between primates. Dogs may become infected

neg: HAVCR1 the virus-receptor interaction. Recently, TIM-1 has been shown to be a receptor or cofactor for Ebola virus entry. TIM-1 binds to Ebola virus glycoproteins (GP) and mediates Ebola virus cellular entry by increasing Ebola virus infectivity in cell lines with a low susceptibility. Moreover, reducing expression of endogenous TIM-1 in highly permissive cell lines decreased Ebola virus infectivity. Furthermore, TIM-1 IgV domain specific antibody ARD5 inhibited Ebola virus infectivity, indicating that TIM-1 was critical for Ebola virus entry. Also, TIM-1 expression on human mucosal epithelial cells from the trachea, cornea and conjunctiva demonstrated the correlation of TIM-1 expression feature and

neg: Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia returned and went into quarantine. Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia An epidemic of Ebola virus disease occurred in Liberia from 2014 to 2015, along with the neighbouring countries of Guinea and Sierra Leone. The first cases of virus were reported by late March 2014. The Ebola virus, a biosafety level four pathogen, is an RNA virus discovered in 1976. Before the outbreak of the Ebola epidemic the country had 50 doctors for its population of 4.3 million. The country's health system was seriously weakened by a civil war that ended in 2003. Researchers generally believe that a two-year-old boy, later

neg: Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia An epidemic of Ebola virus disease occurred in Liberia from 2014 to 2015, along with the neighbouring countries of Guinea and Sierra Leone. The first cases of virus were reported by late March 2014. The Ebola virus, a biosafety level four pathogen, is an RNA virus discovered in 1976. Before the outbreak of the Ebola epidemic the country had 50 doctors for its population of 4.3 million. The country's health system was seriously weakened by a civil war that ended in 2003. Researchers generally believe that a two-year-old boy, later identified as Emile Ouamouno, who

neg: Jack Ryan (character) Ebola virus, a kidnapping attempt on his youngest daughter Katie, and an assassination attempt on himself through an Iranian sleeper agent disguised as a Secret Service bodyguard; with the U.S. overwhelmed by a multitude of crises, he believes that he can invade Saudi Arabia with little military opposition from the U.S. While the attempt on Katie was swiftly averted by the FBI and the Secret Service, the Ebola epidemic causes Ryan to declare martial law and enforce a travel ban that becomes instrumental in killing the virus, since it cannot survive in the American environment due to its fragile nature.

neg: Ebola River Ebola River The Ebola River, also commonly known by its indigenous name Legbala, is the headstream of the Mongala River, a tributary of the Congo River, in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo It is roughly 250 km in length. The name Ebola is a French corruption of Legbala, its name in the Ngbandi language which means "white water". During the Belgian administration these names were interchangeable along with the French names "Eau Blanche" and rarely "L'Ébola". In 1976, Ebola virus (EBOV) was first identified in Yambuku, 60 miles from the Ebola River, but Professor Peter Piot decided to name

neg: History of Africa instability is often accompanied by undemocratic government. See also 2014 Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone, 2014 Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea, and 2014 Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia The first historical studies in English appeared in the 1890s, and followed one of four approaches. 1) The territorial narrative was typically written by a veteran soldier or civil servant who gave heavy emphasis to what he had seen. 2) The "apologia" were essays designed to justify British policies. 3) Popularizers tried to reach a large audience. 4) Compendia appeared designed to combine academic and official credentials. Professional scholarship appeared around

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic August, a well-known Nigerian physician, Ameyo Adadevoh, died. Mbalu Fonnie, a licensed nurse-midwife and nursing supervisor at the Kenema hospital in Sierra Leone, with over 30 years of experience, died after contracting Ebola while caring for a fellow nurse who was pregnant and had the disease. Fonnie was also a co-author of a study that analyzed the genetics of the Ebola virus; five others contracted Ebola and died while working on the same study. Basing their choice on "the person or persons who most affected the news and our lives, for good or ill, and embodied what was important about

neg: Ebola virus disease mean of 3 days." The virus responsible for the initial outbreak, first thought to be Marburg virus, was later identified as a new type of virus related to marburgviruses. Virus strain samples isolated from both outbreaks were named "Ebola virus" after the Ebola River, near the first-identified viral outbreak site in Zaire. Reports conflict about who initially coined the name: either Karl Johnson of the American CDC team or Belgian researchers. Subsequently, a number of other cases were reported, almost all centered on the Yambuku mission hospital or close contacts of another case. In all, 318 cases and 280 deaths

neg: Bundibugyo ebolavirus Bundibugyo ebolavirus The species Bundibugyo ebolavirus ( ) is the taxonomic home of one virus, Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), that forms filamentous virions and is closely related to the infamous Ebola virus (EBOV). The virus causes severe disease in humans in the form of viral hemorrhagic fever and is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and is listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic Sierra Leone."<ref name="/Voice of America"></ref> In September 2015, the WHO issued pregnancy guidance information entitled, "Interim Guidance on Ebola Virus Disease in Pregnancy." It has been suggested that the loss of human life was not limited to Ebola victims alone. Many hospitals had to shut down, leaving people with other medical needs without care. A spokesperson for the UK-based health foundation, the Wellcome Trust, said in October 2014 that "the additional death toll from malaria and other diseases [is] likely to exceed that of the outbreak itself". Dr Paul Farmer stated: "Most of Ebola's victims may well be dying from

neg: Ebola virus disease in Nigeria story of the treatment of Patrick Sawyer by Adadevoh and other medical staff, and the successful containment of the outbreak. Ebola virus disease in Nigeria Ebola virus disease in Nigeria occurred in 2014, a small part of the epidemic of Ebola virus disease (commonly known as "Ebola") beginning in Guinea that represented the first outbreak of the disease in a West African country. Previous outbreaks had been confined to countries in Central Africa. On 25 March 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that Guinea's Ministry of Health had reported an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in four southeastern districts,

neg: Ebola virus disease in Nigeria Ebola virus disease in Nigeria Ebola virus disease in Nigeria occurred in 2014, a small part of the epidemic of Ebola virus disease (commonly known as "Ebola") beginning in Guinea that represented the first outbreak of the disease in a West African country. Previous outbreaks had been confined to countries in Central Africa. On 25 March 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that Guinea's Ministry of Health had reported an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in four southeastern districts, with suspected cases in the neighbouring countries of Liberia and Sierra Leone being investigated. In Guinea, a total of 86

neg: Post-Ebola virus syndrome Post-Ebola virus syndrome Post-Ebola virus syndrome (or post-Ebola syndrome) is a post-viral syndrome affecting those who have recovered from infection with Ebola. Symptoms include joint and muscle pain, eye problems, including blindness, various neurological problems, and other ailments, sometimes so severe that the person is unable to work. Although similar symptoms had been reported following previous outbreaks in the last 20 years, health professionals began using the term in 2014 when referring to a constellation of symptoms seen in people who had recovered from an acute attack of Ebola disease. Researchers have been aware of a group of symptoms that

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic timeline of reported cases and deaths West African Ebola virus epidemic timeline of reported cases and deaths In March 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) "reported" a major Ebola outbreak in Guinea, a western African nation, the disease then rapidly spread to the neighboring countries of Liberia and Sierra Leone with smaller outbreaks occurring in Senegal, Nigeria, and Mali; the resulting West African Ebola virus epidemic is the largest Ebola outbreak (cases and deaths) ever documented. Researchers believe that a 2-year-old boy who lived in the village of Meliandou, Guéckédou Prefecture, Guinea was the index case of the current Ebola virus disease epidemic. The boy died

neg: 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak independent event, with no relationship to the outbreak in West Africa. <br> This was the country’s seventh Ebola outbreak since 1976. The first case of Ebola disease ever recorded occurred in August 1976 in Yambuku, a small village in Mongala District in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as Zaire). The first victim of the disease was the village school headmaster, who had toured an area near the Central African Republic border along the Ebola river in mid-August. On 8 September, he died of what would become known as Ebola virus disease. Subsequently, a number of other cases

neg: 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak the investigation is ongoing. Results from virus sequencing of samples from the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo have shown that the virus is the Zaire species in a lineage most closely related to a virus from the 1995 Ebola outbreak in Kikwit. The Zaire species of the virus is indigenous to the area. When the outbreak was first reported there were fears that an ongoing epidemic in West Africa may have spread to the DRC, however results from virus characterization, together with findings from the epidemiological investigation, showed that the outbreak in DRC is a distinct and

neg: Post-Ebola virus syndrome massive cytokine storm that can cause bleeding throughout the body, including the brain, which may explain various neurological symptoms that have been reported. According to a review by Brainard, et al., Ebola virus was identified in almost 3 out of 4 seminal fluid samples (18 survivors) almost 4 months after initial infection, with the last positive samples being more than 6 months (203 days) after infection had occurred. Another aspect of survivors of the Ebola virus, is that it could become sexually transmitted, as the virus is present in semen nine months after the individuals are declared free of Ebola.

neg: Ebola virus disease in Spain Ebola virus disease in Spain In 2014, Ebola virus disease in Spain occurred due to two patients with cases of the disease contracted during the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa; they were medically evacuated. A failure in infection control in the treatment of the second patient led to an isolated infection of Ebola virus disease in a health worker in Spain itself. The health worker survived her Ebola infection, and has since been declared infection-free. On 5 August 2014, the Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God confirmed that Brother Miguel Pajares, who had been volunteering in Liberia, had

neg: Ebola virus disease they bud. The mature progeny particles then infect other cells to repeat the cycle. The genetics of the Ebola virus are difficult to study because of EBOV's virulent characteristics. It is believed that between people, Ebola disease spreads only by direct contact with the blood or other body fluids of a person who has developed symptoms of the disease. Body fluids that may contain Ebola viruses include saliva, mucus, vomit, feces, sweat, tears, breast milk, urine and semen. The WHO states that only people who are very sick are able to spread Ebola disease in saliva, and whole virus has

neg: Favipiravir human airway cells, casting doubt on its efficacy in influenza treatment. The drug appears to be effective in a mouse model of Ebola virus disease, but its efficacy against human Ebola infection is unproved. During the 2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak, it was reported that a French nurse who contracted Ebola while volunteering for MSF in Liberia recovered after receiving a course of favipiravir. A clinical trial investigating the use of favipiravir against Ebola virus disease was started in Guéckédou, Guinea, during December 2014. Preliminary results showed a decrease in mortality rate in patients with low-to-moderate levels of Ebola

neg: Dougbeh Chris Nyan was terminated. In an interview Nyan mentioned he was never told what raised the FDA's disapproval. When the FDA removed his name from a scientific research paper and the development of a medical test he filed a complaint against FDA. Congressman Lamar Smith, Chairman of the US Oversight Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, initiated an inquiry process. After two years, in October 2016, the FDA returned the patent documents to Nyan. Nyan invented a rapid diagnostic test that detects Ebola, HIV, Zika, Plasmodium (Malaria), Yellow Fever virus, Dengue virus, Hepatitis B, C, and E, and West Nile virus. The

neg: TKM-Ebola TKM-Ebola TKM-Ebola was an experimental antiviral drug for Ebola disease that was developed by Arbutus Biopharma (formerly Tekmira Pharmaceuticals Corp.) in Vancouver, Canada. The drug candidate was formerly known as Ebola-SNALP. TKM-Ebola is a combination of small interfering RNAs targeting three of the seven proteins in Ebola virus: Zaire Ebola L polymerase, Zaire Ebola membrane-associated protein (VP24), and Zaire Ebola polymerase complex protein (VP35). By down-regulating these three proteins, TKM-Ebola inhibits virus replication and eliminates the infection. The drug was effective in rhesus monkeys infected with Ebola. After the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014, the new variant responsible

neg: Post-Ebola virus syndrome Liberia's capacity to appropriately benefit from the upsurge in research opportunities during the post-EVD period. Funding should be dedicated to developing a critical mass of skilled researchers who can lead clinical research programmes that are locally relevant, ethical, and methodologically sound." <br> Post-Ebola virus syndrome Post-Ebola virus syndrome (or post-Ebola syndrome) is a post-viral syndrome affecting those who have recovered from infection with Ebola. Symptoms include joint and muscle pain, eye problems, including blindness, various neurological problems, and other ailments, sometimes so severe that the person is unable to work. Although similar symptoms had been reported following previous outbreaks in

neg: Executive Orders the assassination attempt on the President, is swiftly averted by the FBI and the Secret Service. However, the Ebola epidemic causes the President to declare martial law and enforce a travel ban in an effort to contain the virus. The epidemic later burns out due to the virus being fragile that it cannot spread effectively. Meanwhile, CIA operatives John Clark and Domingo Chavez are tasked with investigating the origin of the virus in Africa, where they later find out about Daryaei's involvement, connecting the whole puzzle of seemingly unrelated global crises that are baffling the United States. Ryan then deploys

neg: Lloviu cuevavirus Lloviu virus (variant Bat86) by <30% at the nucleotide level. Lloviu cuevavirus The species Lloviu cuevavirus ( ) is the taxonomic home of a virus that forms filamentous virion, "Lloviu virus" (LLOV). The species is included in the genus "Cuevavirus". LLOV is a distant relative of the commonly known Ebola virus and Marburg virus. The species "Lloviu cuevavirus" is a virological taxon (i.e. a man-made concept) included in the genus "Cuevavirus", family "Filoviridae", order "Mononegavirales". The species has a single virus member, Lloviu virus. The name "Lloviu cuevavirus" is derived from "Cueva del Lloviu" (the name of a Spanish cave

neg: Ebola virus cases in the United States been cured of Ebola. President Obama announced the formation of rapid response teams to travel to hospitals with newly diagnosed patients. A second set of teams will prep hospitals in cities deemed most likely to see an Ebola virus case. Three of those teams are already operating. In announcing the formation of the teams, President Obama explained, "We want a rapid response team, a SWAT team essentially, from the CDC to be on the ground as quickly as possible, hopefully within 24 hours, so that they are taking the local hospital step by step through what needs to be done.”

neg: 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak affected 315, killing 254. In 2003 there was an outbreak that affected 143 and killed 128, a death rate of 90%, the highest Ebola death rate ever recorded up to that date. The table below indicates the outbreaks that have occurred since 1976: 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak In 2014, an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) occurred. Genome sequencing has shown that this outbreak was not related to the 2014–15 West Africa Ebola virus epidemic, but was of the same EBOV species. It began in August 2014 and

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic itself to [become] less deadly, but more contagious and that's something we are afraid of." Also, while extremely unlikely, researchers remained concerned that, given the time, the virus could morph into an airborne pathogen. A 2015 study suggested that accelerating the rate of mutation of the Ebola virus could make the virus less capable of infecting humans. In this animal study, the virus became practically non-viable, consequently increasing survival. The initial infection is believed to occur after an Ebola virus is transmitted to a human by contact with an infected animal's body fluids. Evidence strongly implicates bats as the reservoir

neg: Ebola Medal for Service in West Africa the Ebola virus. Ebola Medal for Service in West Africa The Ebola Medal for Service in West Africa, known simply as the Ebola Medal, is a service medal for issue to the Armed Forces and to civilians, working either for Her Majesty's Government or for non-governmental organisations, in support of the British Government's response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa between March 2014 and March 2016. The medal is the first medal awarded by the UK Government for a humanitarian crisis response. The medal was manufactured by Worcestershire Medal Service. The name of the recipient (name and title if

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic sexually. Over time, studies have suggested that the virus can persist in seminal fluid, with a study released in September 2016 suggesting that the virus may survive more than 530 days after infection. In September 2014, the WHO had reported: "No formal evidence exists of sexual transmission, but sexual transmission from convalescent patients cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that live Ebola virus can be isolated in seminal fluids of convalescent men for 82 days after onset of symptoms. Evidence is not available yet beyond 82 days." In April 2015, following a report that the Ebola virus had been

neg: 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak In 2014, an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) occurred. Genome sequencing has shown that this outbreak was not related to the 2014–15 West Africa Ebola virus epidemic, but was of the same EBOV species. It began in August 2014 and was declared over in November of that year, after 42 days without any new cases. This is the 7th outbreak there, three of which occurred during the period of Zaire. The outbreak was traced to a woman living in Ikanamongo Village in the

neg: Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone school by radio program, that will be transmitted on 41 of the local radio stations as well as on the only local TV station. September through October is the malaria season, which may complicate efforts to treat Ebola. For example, one Freetown doctor did not immediately quarantine herself because she thought she had malaria not Ebola. The doctor was eventually diagnosed with Ebola and died in September 2014. Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone An Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone occurred in 2014, along with the neighbouring countries of Guinea and Liberia. On March 18, 2014 Guinean health officials

neg: Marburg virus distinct. Niemann–Pick C1 (NPC1) cholesterol transporter protein appears to be essential for infection with both Ebola and Marburg virus. Two independent studies reported in the same issue of "Nature" showed that Ebola virus cell entry and replication requires NPC1. When cells from patients lacking NPC1 were exposed to Ebola virus in the laboratory, the cells survived and appeared immune to the virus, further indicating that Ebola relies on NPC1 to enter cells. This might imply that genetic mutations in the NPC1 gene in humans could make some people resistant to one of the deadliest known viruses affecting humans. The same

neg: Post-Ebola virus syndrome blindness, and uveitis. Although there is some progress that may potentially help Ebola survivors, adequate funding and further research is required to help provide more answers about post-Ebola syndrome. Studies from previous outbreaks reveal that the virus is able to survive for months after recovery in some parts of the body such as the eyes and testes, where the immune system cannot reach. It is not known if the neurologic symptoms seen in survivors are a direct result of the virus or, instead, triggered by the immune system’s response to the infection. It is known that Ebola can trigger a

neg: Ebola virus where it was first described, and was at first suspected to be a new "strain" of the closely related Marburg virus. The virus was renamed "Ebola virus" in 2010 to avoid confusion. Ebola virus is the single member of the species "Zaire ebolavirus", which is the type species for the genus "Ebolavirus", family "Filoviridae", order "Mononegavirales". The natural reservoir of Ebola virus is believed to be bats, particularly fruit bats, and it is primarily transmitted between humans and from animals to humans through body fluids. The EBOV genome is a single-stranded RNA approximately 19,000 nucleotides long. It encodes seven structural

neg: Lloviu cuevavirus Lloviu cuevavirus The species Lloviu cuevavirus ( ) is the taxonomic home of a virus that forms filamentous virion, "Lloviu virus" (LLOV). The species is included in the genus "Cuevavirus". LLOV is a distant relative of the commonly known Ebola virus and Marburg virus. The species "Lloviu cuevavirus" is a virological taxon (i.e. a man-made concept) included in the genus "Cuevavirus", family "Filoviridae", order "Mononegavirales". The species has a single virus member, Lloviu virus. The name "Lloviu cuevavirus" is derived from "Cueva del Lloviu" (the name of a Spanish cave in which "Lloviu cuevaviruses" were first discovered) and the taxonomic

neg: Lloviu virus Lloviu virus Lloviu virus ( ; LLOV) is a virus distantly related to the well-known pathogens Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Lloviu virus is the sole member of the species "Lloviu cuevavirus", which is included genus "Cuevavirus", family "Filoviridae", order "Mononegavirales". The name Lloviu virus is derived from "Cueva del Lloviu", the name of a Spanish cave in which it was first discovered. According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the name Lloviu virus is always to be capitalized (because "Lloviu" is a proper noun), but is never italicized, and

neg: Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea Xinhua report, it is the only officially authorized and approved Ebola vaccine for clinical use to date. Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea An epidemic of Ebola virus disease in Guinea represents the first ever outbreak of Ebola in a West African country. Previous outbreaks have been confined to several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The epidemic, which began with the death of a two-year-old boy in 2013, is now part of a larger Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa which has spread through Guinea and the neighboring countries of Liberia and Sierra Leone, with minor outbreaks occurring in Senegal, Nigeria, and

neg: Ebolavirus in mammals indicate that the family itself is at least tens of millions of years old. The genus "Ebolavirus" has been organized into five species; however, the nomenclature has proven somewhat controversial, with many authors continuing to use common names rather than species names when referring to these viruses. In particular, the generic term "Ebola virus" is widely used to refer specifically to members of the species "Zaire ebolavirus". Consequently, in 2010, a group of researchers recommended that the name "Ebola virus" be adopted for a subclassification within the species "Zaire ebolavirus" and that similar common names be formally adopted

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic lack of water and sanitation in most districts of Conakry pose a serious risk that the epidemic escalates into a crisis. People do not think to wash their hands when they do not have enough water to drink." One study showed that once people had heard of the Ebola virus disease, hand washing with soap and water improved, though socio-demographic factors influenced hygiene. A number of organisations enrolled local people to conduct public awareness campaigns among the communities in West Africa. "... what we mean by social mobilization is to try to convey the right messages, in terms of prevention

neg: Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea An epidemic of Ebola virus disease in Guinea represents the first ever outbreak of Ebola in a West African country. Previous outbreaks have been confined to several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The epidemic, which began with the death of a two-year-old boy in 2013, is now part of a larger Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa which has spread through Guinea and the neighboring countries of Liberia and Sierra Leone, with minor outbreaks occurring in Senegal, Nigeria, and Mali. In 2015, Guinea was declared free of Ebola transmission by the U.N. World Health Organization. Researchers

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic in his blood, his semen revealed Ebola virus RNA closely matching the strain that infected the woman. However, "doctors don't know if there was any fully formed (and therefore infectious) virus in the guy's semen." It is known that a male's testes are protected from the body's immune system to protect the developing sperm, and it is thought that this same protection may allow the virus to survive in the testes for an unknown time. On 14 September 2015, the body of a girl who had died in Sierra Leone tested positive for Ebola and it was suspected that she

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic was not helpful and may even kill a patient when not properly managed. They also said that they were concerned about further risk to already overworked staff. While experts have studied the mortality rates of different treatment settings, and given the wide differences in variables that affected outcomes, adequate information had not yet been gathered to make a definitive statement about what constituted optimal care in the West African setting. Paul Farmer of Partners in Health, an NGO that only as of January 2015 had begun to treat Ebola patients, strongly supported IV therapy for all Ebola patients stating: "What

neg: Mayinga N'Seka the nun's blood or fluids. 22-year-old N'Seka was preparing to travel to Europe to study advanced nursing on a scholarship at the time of her death. N'Seka was born in 1954. The variant of the Ebola virus that infected N'Seka was originally named "Zaïre virus strain Mayinga" (now Ebola virus variant Mayinga; EBOV/May), and is the prototype virus for the species "Zaire ebolavirus", which is itself the type species for the genus "Ebolavirus". N'Seka's blood has also been used all over the world in procuring various strain frequencies and structures about Ebola virus. Mayinga N'Seka Mayinga N'Seka (1954 – October

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic timeline of reported cases and deaths information cross-checked from multiple sources on the day it was reported. The data may be inaccurate for the following reasons: Notes: West African Ebola virus epidemic timeline of reported cases and deaths In March 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) "reported" a major Ebola outbreak in Guinea, a western African nation, the disease then rapidly spread to the neighboring countries of Liberia and Sierra Leone with smaller outbreaks occurring in Senegal, Nigeria, and Mali; the resulting West African Ebola virus epidemic is the largest Ebola outbreak (cases and deaths) ever documented. Researchers believe that a 2-year-old boy who lived in

neg: Sudan virus Sudan virus Sudan virus (SUDV) is one of five known viruses within the genus "Ebolavirus" and causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans and other primates; it is the sole member of the species "Sudan ebolavirus". SUDV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group. The first known outbreak of EVD occurred due to Sudan

neg: Ebola virus disease in Spain in the treatment of other patients. Medical staff in Madrid protested about the lack of effective protective equipment and safety precautions. It was reported on October 17 that all the other people suspected of being infected in Spain had tested negative for the Ebola virus. On October 20 it was announced that Teresa Romero had tested negative for the Ebola virus, suggesting she may have cleared the virus from her system. On November 1, it was announced that she was Ebola-free, and had been moved out of the isolation ward into a normal hospital bed to finish the process of

neg: Ebola virus disease in the United Kingdom had allowed an incorrect temperature to be recorded during the screening process upon returning to the UK from Sierra Leone in 2014. Following a hearing in September 2016, the charges against her were dismissed after the disciplinary panel was told that she had been impaired by illness at the time. Healthcare workers who sustained needlestick injuries in January 2015 while caring for Ebola patients were put under medical observation, but not found to have contracted the Ebola virus. Ebola virus disease in the United Kingdom Ebola virus disease in the United Kingdom, includes an aid worker returning from treating victims

neg: RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine an outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2018, the ZEBOV vaccine was used, and what was once contact tracing which numbered 1,706 individuals (ring vaccination which totaled 3,330) was reduced to zero on 28 June 2018. The outbreak will complete the required 42-day cycle on 24 July. RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus (rVSV-ZEBOV) is an experimental vaccine for protection against Ebola virus disease. As of April 2017, ring vaccination with rVSV-ZEBOV appeared to be somewhat effective, but the extent of efficacy was uncertain. When used in ring-vaccination, rVSV-EBOV has shown a high level of

neg: Ebola virus disease last at least 10 years, but it is unclear whether they are immune to additional infections. EVD in humans is caused by four of five viruses of the genus "Ebolavirus". The four are Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV) and one simply called Ebola virus (EBOV, formerly Zaire Ebola virus). EBOV, species "Zaire ebolavirus", is the most dangerous of the known EVD-causing viruses, and is responsible for the largest number of outbreaks. The fifth virus, Reston virus (RESTV), is not thought to cause disease in humans, but has caused disease in other primates. All five viruses

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic virus. By 9 July 3 more cases were discovered, bringing the total number of new cases to 5, all from the same area. On 14 July, a woman died of the disease in the county of Montserrado, bringing the total to 6. On 20 July, the last patients were discharged, and on 3 September 2015, Liberia was declared Ebola-free again. After two months of being Ebola-free, a new case was confirmed on 20 November 2015, when a 15-year-old boy was diagnosed with the virus<ref name="Liberia New Case 20/11/2015 LA Times"></ref> and two family members subsequently tested positive as well. Health

neg: Taï Forest virus Ebola virus. It is the single member of the species "Taï Forest ebolavirus", which is included into the genus "Ebolavirus", family "Filoviridae", order "Mononegavirales". The name Taï Forest virus is derived from "Parc National de Taï" (the name of a national park in Côte d'Ivoire, where it was first discovered) and the taxonomic suffix "virus". According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the name Taï Forest virus is always to be capitalized, but is never italicized, and may be abbreviated (with TAFV being the official abbreviation). Taï Forest virus was

neg: Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea control the spread of the Ebola virus would include forbidding Ebola patients from leaving their homes, border control, travel restrictions, and hospitalization for individuals suspected to be infected until cleared by laboratory results. He also banned the transporting of the dead between towns. Good disease tracing is important to prevent the outbreak from spreading. Previous Ebola outbreaks have occurred in remote areas making containment easier; the current outbreak struck in an area that lies at the centre of both a highly-mobile and densely populated region which has made tracking more difficult: "This time, the virus is traveling effortlessly across borders

neg: Ebola virus disease in Spain recuperation from her illness. The WHO declared Spain Ebola-free on 2 December, 42 days after Teresa Romero was shown to be free of Ebola on 21 October. In July 2018, a Spanish team from the in Madrid announced the discovery of an antibody and the development of a prototype vaccine against five strains of Ebola, including the most common and deadliest. Ebola virus disease in Spain In 2014, Ebola virus disease in Spain occurred due to two patients with cases of the disease contracted during the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa; they were medically evacuated. A failure in infection

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic the genus "Ebolavirus". Of the four disease-causing viruses, Ebola virus (formerly and often still called the Zaire virus) is the most dangerous and is the species responsible for the epidemic in West Africa. Since the discovery of the viruses in 1976, when outbreaks occurred in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo (then called Zaire), Ebola virus disease had been confined to areas in Central Africa, where it is endemic. With the current outbreak, it was initially thought that a new species endemic to Guinea might be the cause, rather than being imported from Central to West Africa. However, further

neg: Mononegavirales found in the genomes of crustaceans, mosquitoes, ticks, and plants. Mononegavirales The order Mononegavirales is the taxonomic home of numerous related viruses. Members of the order that are commonly known are, for instance, Ebola virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, and rabies virus. All of these viruses cause significant disease in humans. Many very important pathogens of nonhuman animals and plants are also members of this order. The order "Mononegavirales" is a virological taxon that was created in 1991 and emended in 1995, 1997, 2000, 2005, 2011, 2016, 2017, and 2018. The name "Mononegavirales" is

neg: Mononegavirales Mononegavirales The order Mononegavirales is the taxonomic home of numerous related viruses. Members of the order that are commonly known are, for instance, Ebola virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, and rabies virus. All of these viruses cause significant disease in humans. Many very important pathogens of nonhuman animals and plants are also members of this order. The order "Mononegavirales" is a virological taxon that was created in 1991 and emended in 1995, 1997, 2000, 2005, 2011, 2016, 2017, and 2018. The name "Mononegavirales" is derived from the Greek adjective "μóνος" ["monos"] (alluding to the

neg: NPC1 virus infection: a series of independent studies have presented evidence that Ebola virus enters human cells after binding to NPC1. When cells from Niemann Pick Type C patients lacking this transporter were exposed to Ebola virus in the laboratory, the cells survived and appeared impervious to the virus, further indicating that Ebola relies on NPC1 to enter cells. The same studies described similar results with Marburg virus, another filovirus, showing that it too needs NPC1 to enter cells. In one of the studies, NPC1 was shown to be critical to filovirus entry because it mediates infection by binding directly to

neg: West African Ebola virus epidemic special concern is recent research that shows some Ebola survivors experience a so-called "post-Ebola Syndrome", with symptoms so severe that survivors may require medical care for months and even years. As the main epidemic was coming to an end in December 2015, the UN announced that 22,000 children had been orphaned, losing one or both parents to Ebola. On 29 March 2016, the Director-General of WHO terminated the Public Health Emergency of International Concern status of the West African Ebola virus epidemic. Researchers generally believe that a one-year-old boy, later identified as Emile Ouamouno, who died in December 2013 in

neg: Uíge Province and continuing into 2005, Uige Province was the centre of an outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever, a disease closely related to Ebola. It was caused by Marburg virus which is an African RNA virus that causes green monkey disease. Now thought to be under control, there were 374 cases with 88% deaths. According to the United Nations, it was, at the time, the world's worst epidemic of any kind of hemorrhagic fever. Uige Province is located in northeastern Angola. It is bounded on the north by the Democratic Republic of Congo, on the west by the Zadi River, east by

neg: Ebola virus of unmodified mice survived this long. In another study, small molecules were shown to inhibit Ebola virus infection by preventing viral envelope glycoprotein (GP) from binding to NPC1. Hence, NPC1 was shown to be critical to entry of this filovirus, because it mediates infection by binding directly to viral GP. When cells from Niemann–Pick Type C individuals lacking this transporter were exposed to Ebola virus in the laboratory, the cells survived and appeared impervious to the virus, further indicating that Ebola relies on NPC1 to enter cells; mutations in the NPC1 gene in humans were conjectured as a possible mode

neg: 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak were reported, almost all centered on the Yambuku mission hospital or having close contact with other cases. A total of 318 cases and 280 deaths (an 88% fatality rate) resulted from this outbreak, which, along with an outbreak in Sudan that had begun a few weeks previously, were the first outbreaks of Ebola ever recorded. The virus responsible for the initial outbreak, named after the nearby Ebola river, was first thought to be Marburg virus but was later identified as a new type of virus related to Marburg. A second major outbreak of Ebola occurred in Kikwit in 1995; it

neg: NPC1 the viral envelope glycoprotein. A later study confirmed the findings that NPC1 is a critical filovirus receptor that mediates infection by binding directly to the viral envelope glycoprotein and that the second lysosomal domain of NPC1 mediates this binding. In one of the original studies, a small molecule was shown to inhibit Ebola virus infection by preventing the virus glycoprotein from binding to NPC1. In the other study, mice that were heterozygous for NPC1 were shown to be protected from lethal challenge with mouse adapted Ebola virus. Together, these studies suggest NPC1 may be potential therapeutic target for an Ebola

neg: Ebola virus disease in Mali one-celled parasite spread by mosquitos. Mali is part of the "meningitis belt" in West Africa and the disease becomes more common in the dry season between December and June. Mali has also experienced outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis. Tuberculosis, which is a bacterial disease (not a virus like Ebola), is also a leading cause of disease in Mali. Following the Ebola outbreak, many doctors and nurses that work at the Pasteur Clinic in Bamako are facing the stigma of Ebola, regardless of not having been in contact with any of the admitted Ebola patients. A nurse held out at her house