query: what are the basic defining characteristics of a photon

pos: Photon Photon The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles). The photon has zero rest mass and always moves at the speed of light within a vacuum. Like all elementary particles, photons are currently best explained by quantum mechanics and exhibit wave–particle duality, exhibiting properties of both waves and particles. For example, a single photon may be refracted by a lens and exhibit wave interference with itself, and it can behave as a particle with

neg: Photon rocket is for known subatomic particles above what currently can be achieved at the Large Hadron Collider, but below the speed of light. Based on the relativistic rocket equation this also means two Planck masses of fuel are needed for every subatomic particle in payload in the ideal photon rocket to reach maximum velocity. Regardless of the photon generator characteristics, a unified theory on onboard photon rockets powered with nuclear fission and fusion can prove their engineering speed limits. In this unified theory, it is assumed that the propulsion system has a single stage. Suppose the total mass of the photon

neg: Photon structure function Photon structure function The photon structure function, in quantum field theory, describes the quark content of the photon. While the photon is a massless boson, through certain processes its energy can be converted into the mass of massive fermions. The function is defined by the process hadrons. It is uniquely characterized by the linear increase in the logarithm of the electronic momentum transfer log and by the approximately linear rise in , the fraction of the quark momenta within the photon. These characteristics are borne out by the experimental analyses of the photon structure function. Photons with high photon energy

neg: De Oratore to decide what a general does, determine who is a General and what that person does. Then he would give examples of generals, such as Scipio and Fabius Maximus and also Epaminondas and Hannibal. And if he were defining what a statesman is, he would give a different definition, characteristics of men who fit this definition, and specific examples of men who are statesmen, he would mention Publius Lentulus, Tiberius Gracchus, Quintus Cecilius Metellus, Publius Cornelius Scipio, Gaius Lelius and many others, both Romans and foreign persons. If he were defining an expert of laws and traditions ("iuris consultus"), he

neg: Ceramic engineering Their defining characteristics such as hierarchy, multifunctionality, and the capacity for self-healing, are currently being investigated. The basic building blocks begin with the 20 amino acids and proceed to polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polypeptides–saccharides. These, in turn, compose the basic proteins, which are the primary constituents of the ‘soft tissues’ common to most biominerals. With well over 1000 proteins possible, current research emphasizes the use of collagen, chitin, keratin, and elastin. The ‘hard’ phases are often strengthened by crystalline minerals, which nucleate and grow in a biomediated environment that determines the size, shape and distribution of individual crystals. The most important

neg: Quantum electrodynamics book). Later on, this will be corrected to include specifically quantum-style mathematics, following Feynman. The basic rules of probability amplitudes that will be used are: Suppose, we start with one electron at a certain place and time (this place and time being given the arbitrary label "A") and a photon at another place and time (given the label "B"). A typical question from a physical standpoint is: "What is the probability of finding an electron at "C" (another place and a later time) and a photon at "D" (yet another place and time)?". The simplest process to achieve this end

neg: Andrew Targowski Strategy and Architecture" (2003). He generalized the Enterprise Systems Approach through the classification of enterprises into the following categories; "industrial enterprise, service enterprise, electronic enterprise, virtual enterprise, value-creation enterprise, sustainable enterprise" and defined their basic characteristics. He also defined the evolution of the enterprise systems development and published these new approaches in his chapter on The Enterprise Systems Approach in the book "Social, Managerial, and Organizational Dimensions of Enterprise Information Systems"(2010) edited by Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha. Further work led him to defining the generic architecture of a service enterprise, what he published in his paper on The Architecture of Service

neg: Photon structure function quanta off quarks in QCD, the quark momenta are reshuffled partly from large to small values with increasing resolution. At the same time the radiation is damped moderately due to asymptotic freedom. The delicate interplay between photon splitting and damped gluon radiation re-normalizes the photon structure function to order unity, leaving the logarithmic behavior in the resolution untouched apart from superficially introducing the fundamental QCD scale , but tilting the shape of the structure function by damping the momentum spectrum at large . These characteristics, dramatically different from the proton parton density, are unique features of the photon structure function

neg: Photon structure function target photon splits into a nearly collinear quark-antiquark pair. The impinging electron is scattered off the quark to large angles, the scatter pattern revealing the internal quark structure of the photon. Quark and antiquark finally transform to hadrons. Photon structure function can be described quantitatively in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of quarks as constituents of the strongly interacting elementary particles, which are bound together by gluonic forces. The primary splitting of photons to quark pairs, cf. Fig. 1, regulates the essential characteristics of the photon structure function, the number and the energy spectrum of the quark constituents within the

neg: Photon sieve Photon sieve A photon sieve is a device for focusing light using diffraction and interference. It consists of a flat sheet of material full of pinholes that are arranged in a pattern which is similar to the rings in a Fresnel zone plate, but a sieve brings light to much sharper focus than a zone plate. The sieve concept, first developed in 2001, is versatile because the characteristics of the focusing behaviour can be altered to suit the application by manufacturing a sieve containing holes of several different sizes and different arrangement of the pattern of holes. Photon sieves have

neg: Monte Carlo method for photon transport development, and since 2008 there have been a few reports on the use of GPU for high-speed Monte Carlo simulation of photon migration. This basic approach can itself be parallelized by using multiple GPUs linked together. One example is the "GPU Cluster MCML," which can be downloaded from the authors' website (Monte Carlo Simulation of Light Transport in Multi-layered Turbid Media Based on GPU Clusters): http://bmp.hust.edu.cn/GPU_Cluster/GPU_Cluster_MCML.HTM Monte Carlo method for photon transport Modeling photon propagation with Monte Carlo methods is a flexible yet rigorous approach to simulate photon transport. In the method, local rules of photon transport are expressed as

neg: Single-photon source quantum mechanical characteristics. These characteristics include photon antibunching, so that the time between two successive photons is never less than some minimum value. This is normally demonstrated by using a beam splitter to direct about half of the incident photons toward one avalanche photodiode, and half toward a second. Pulses from one detector are used to provide a ‘counter start’ signal, to a fast electronic timer, and the other, delayed by a known no. of nanoseconds, is used to provide a ‘counter stop’ signal. By repeatedly measuring the times between ‘start’ and ‘stop’ signals, one can form a histogram of

neg: Elite theory "Forbes" magazine article (published in December 2009) entitled "The World's Most Powerful People," in which "Forbes" purported to list the 67 most powerful people in the world (assigning one "slot" for each 100,000,000 of human population). The basic characteristics of this theory are that power is concentrated, the elites are unified, the non-elites are diverse and powerless, elites' interests are unified due to common backgrounds and positions and the defining characteristic of power is institutional position. Even when entire groups are ostensibly completely excluded from the state's traditional networks of power (historically, on the basis of arbitrary criteria such as

neg: Hiberno-English defining diphthongs of Hiberno-English: The following gliding vowel (diphthong) sounds are defining characteristics of Irish English: All diphthongs of various Hiberno-English dialects: Footnotes: Due to the local Dublin accent's phenomenon of "vowel breaking", may be realised in that accent as in a closed syllable, and, in the same environment, may be realised as . The defining "r"-coloured vowels of Hiberno-English: The following "r"-coloured vowel features are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English: All "r"-coloured vowels of various Hiberno-English dialects: Footnotes: Every major accent of Irish English is rhotic (pronounces "r" after a vowel sound). The local Dublin accent is the only one

neg: Norops "Norops" is classified as a clade or a genus, most taxonomists have agreed on what morphological characteristics warrant the placement of a species inside the group. Etheridge classified his beta anoles as species that shared the certain aspects of vertebral morphology; Nicholson "et al." went further by defining "Norops" as species that shared the following specific aspects of skeletal morphology: There is remarkable morphological variation within this clade, even relative to other clades in "Anolis"; however most "Norops" species share a set of similar characteristics that are readily observable even to the untrained eye; they are usually small to mid-size

neg: Educational research addressing the needs presented by this employer. The goal of this research is "to determine the applicability of educational theory and principles by testing hypotheses within specific settings". The following are several defining characteristics that were written by Gary Anderson to compare basic (academic) and applied (contract) research. The basis for educational research is the scientific method. The scientific method uses directed questions and manipulation of variables to systematically find information about the teaching and learning process. In this scenario questions are answered by the analysis of data that is collected specifically for the purpose of answering these questions. Hypotheses

neg: Quantum electrodynamics and published as Feynman (1985), "QED: The strange theory of light and matter", a classic non-mathematical exposition of QED from the point of view articulated below. The key components of Feynman's presentation of QED are three basic actions. These actions are represented in the form of visual shorthand by the three basic elements of Feynman diagrams: a wavy line for the photon, a straight line for the electron and a junction of two straight lines and a wavy one for a vertex representing emission or absorption of a photon by an electron. These can all be seen in the adjacent

neg: Photon upconversion Ni, Mo, Re, Os, and so on. There are three basic mechanism for photon upconversion in inorganic materials and at least two distinct mechanisms in organic materials. In inorganic materials photon upconversion occurs through energy transfer upconversion (ETU), excited-state absorption (ESA) and photon avalanche (PA). Such processes can be observed in materials with very different sizes and structures, including optical fibers, bulk crystals or nanoparticles, as long as they contain any of the active ions mentioned above. Organic molecules can upconvert photons through sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation (sTTA) and energy pooling. Upconversion should be distinguished from two-photon absorption and second-harmonic generation.

neg: Hollingsworth v. Perry is a disorder", directly leading to more discrimination. During cross-examination, he asserted that "sexual orientation is a combination of attraction, identity, and behavior, and that the complexities researchers face in defining sexual orientation are no different than those they face in defining other characteristics such as race". San Diego Republican mayor Jerry Sanders testified how he transitioned from believing that domestic partnership was an ideal compromise to believing that same-sex marriage was fundamental. "What hit me was that I had been prejudiced", he explained. During cross-examination, he agreed with the defendants that not all people who voted for Proposition 8

neg: Traditional Thai house The last type is a “middle period house” from the period of RAMA 5, and was improved from a basic LAN-NA house, with more complicated layers on the roof and more holes in the walls to make the doors and windows. It is decorated by using stained wood, an influence from western countries that traded with Thailand at that time, such as France or England. There are 3 types of southern stilt houses, RUEN KHRUENG PHOOK (Meeting house with rope), plank house and masonry house. The defining characteristics of the stilt houses of the southern region are the structure of

neg: How Art Made the World How Art Made the World How Art Made The World is a 2005 five-part BBC One documentary series, with each episode looking at the influence of art on the current day situation of our society. "The essential premise of the show," according to Nigel Spivey, "is that of all the defining characteristics of humanity as a species, none is more basic than the inclination to make art. Great apes will smear paint on canvas if they are given brushes and shown how, but they do not instinctively produce art any more than parrots produce conversation. We humans are alone in

neg: Bounded emotionality and boundaries among people in the organization. Additionally, the expression of emotions strengthens work relations because people bond over mutual feelings. Bounded emotionality is a broad framework for organizations to use when dealing with emotions. It has six defining characteristics. The characteristics are: intersubjective limitations, spontaneously emergent work feelings, tolerance of ambiguity, heterarchy of values, integrated self identity and authenticity, and community. Prior to Mumby and Putnam's specific articulation of bounded emotionality research and the role it plays in what is known about organizational emotion regulation, workplace emotion research focused on the relationship between emotion regulation, work performance and general

neg: 3D optical data storage of the laser fluence. Writing by two-photon absorption can also be achieved by the action of two lasers in coincidence. This method is typically used to achieve the parallel writing of information at once. One laser passes through the media, defining a line or plane. The second laser is then directed at the points on that line or plane that writing is desired. The coincidence of the lasers at these points excited two-photon absorption, leading to writing photochemistry. Another approach to improving media sensitivity has been to employ resonant two-photon absorption (also known as "1+1" or "sequential" two–photon absorbance). Nonresonant

neg: N-slit interferometric equation also has applications to other areas of optics. In this approach the probability amplitude for the propagation of a photon from a source to an interference plane , via an array of slits , is given using Dirac's bra–ket notation as This equation represents the probability amplitude of a photon propagating from to via an array of slits. Using a wavefunction representation for probability amplitudes, and defining the probability amplitudes as where and are the incidence and diffraction phase angles, respectively. Thus, the overall probability amplitude can be rewritten as where and after some algebra, the corresponding probability becomes where

neg: Data exploration data and an understanding of key characteristics. This is often followed by manual drill-down or filtering of the data to identify anomalies or patterns identified through the automated actions. Data exploration can also require manual scripting and queries into the data (e.g. using languages such as SQL or R) or using Excel or similar tools to view the raw data. All of these activities are aimed at creating a clear mental model and understanding of the data in the mind of the analyst, and defining basic metadata (statistics, structure, relationships) for the data set that can be used in further

neg: Definition of music Definition of music A definition of music endeavors to give an accurate and concise explanation of music's basic attributes or essential nature and it involves a process of defining what is meant by the term "music". Many authorities have suggested definitions, but defining music turns out to be more difficult than might first be imagined and there is ongoing debate. A number of explanations start with the notion of music as "organized sound" but they also highlight that this is perhaps too broad a definition and cite examples of organized sound that are not defined as music, such as human

neg: Time-bin encoding small subset of possible qubit measurements. Time-bin qubits do not suffer from depolarization or polarization mode-dispersion, making them better suited to fiber optics applications than polarization encoding. Photon loss is easily detectable since the absence of photons does not correspond to an allowed state, making it better suited than a photon-number based encoding. Time-bin encoding Time-bin encoding is a technique used in Quantum information science to encode a qubit of information on a photon. Quantum information science makes use of qubits as a basic resource similar to bits in classical computing. Qubits are any two-level quantum mechanical system; there are

neg: Friends meeting house Some Friends meeting houses were adapted from existing structures, but most were purpose-built. Briggflatts Meeting House in Cumbria, England is an example of the latter. The hallmark of a meeting house is extreme simplicity and the absence of any liturgical symbols. More specifically, though, the defining characteristics of the Quaker meetinghouse are simplicity, equality, community, and peace. Though never explicitly written or spoken about, these tenets (or “Testimonies”) of Quakerism were the basic, and only, guidelines for building a meetinghouse, as was seen through the continuity of the use of Testimonies within meetinghouse design. While meetinghouse design evolved over time

neg: Ann Masten colleagues emphasize behavioral-psychosocial and neurobiological characteristics of resilience and how combining the two allows for a better understanding of resilience. Masten argues that competence and resilience are present in all children, and that all children need basic encouragement and opportunities throughout development in order to succeed. Her projects aim to inform policy makers on how to create effective environments to foster children's positive development and success. Although definitions of resilience may vary across cultures due to different standards for defining competence, across contexts, resilience is associated with processes of self-regulation and with secure attachment relationships. In a longitudinal study of

neg: Structural violence in Haiti have been either mulattoes or of European-descent. Within Haiti, light skin, straight hair, and European surnames continue to be important and defining characteristics that separate the traditional elites and upper class citizens from the rest of the population. Structural violence in Haiti Haiti is impacted by structural violence, a form of dysfunction where social structures prevent certain groups of people from having access to basic human rights, like education and healthcare. This has resulted from its colonial history, and from decades of political instability and social unrest. Additionally, Haitians are financially impoverished and within Haiti, there exist social inequalities. In

neg: Sprechbund Sprechbund A sprechbund (; , "speech bond") refers to "shared ways of speaking which go beyond language boundaries" (Romaine, 1994:23). Thus people speaking different languages can share certain linguistic characteristics. This is a particularly useful concept for describing, for example, hip-hop music. Hip-hop has a number of defining characteristics including musical style, clothing, and association with minorities. It also has a number of defining linguistic characteristics like rapping, rhyme and human beatboxing. These are essentially linguistic features, but they can be used in any language – even genetically unrelated languages. Their combined use in different languages allows a kind of

neg: Chicago stepping basic pattern. Its tempo ranges 70 to 100 bpm. Its basic rhythm pattern consists of a double and two syncopated triples. The patterns start traditionally on the downbeat of one. The leader's footwork is started on their Left and finished on their Right. The follower's dance is naturally opposite. The dance bears similiar characteristics to New York Hustle and West Coast Swing. Chicago stepping Chicago-Style Stepping, (also known as Steppin') is an urban dance that originated in Chicago and continues to evolve while defining its unique style and culture within the context of mainstream Swing dance. Chicago-Style Stepping has gained

neg: Photon gas the piston. This process can be continued at a constant temperature until the photon gas is at a volume "V" . Integrating the force over the distance ("x" ) traveled yields the total work done to create this photon gas at this volume where the relationship "V = Ax" has been used. Defining The pressure is Integrating, the work done is just The amount of heat that must be added in order to create the gas is where "H" is the enthalpy at the end of the transformation. It is seen that the enthalpy is the amount of energy needed

neg: Principles of Islamic jurisprudence These schools share many of their rulings, but differ on the particular hadiths they accept as authentic and the weight they give to analogy or reason (qiyas) in deciding difficulties. Islamic law within the Sunni understanding draws from numerous sources. The most basic two sources indeed, the defining characteristics of Sunni Islam are the Qur'an, believed by Muslims to be the literal word of God, and the prophetic tradition including the statements and actions of Muhammad passed down through historically verifiable reports. consensus is also accepted by Sunni Muslims, though there is much differing over its exact definition. Analogical reason

neg: List mining as members of an online "community". Are they? To provide an answer to this question, characteristics of various types of communities need to be defined and considered. For example, if one defining characteristic of a community is "self-identification as community", then virtual groups often have this characteristic. However, if "geographic localization" or "legitimate political authority" are considered to be other defining characteristics of a community, then virtual groups rarely or never possess this characteristic. Of particular importance are virtual groups that, instead of being supportive, may endanger public health in some way. Examples would be mailing lists that attempt to

neg: Ballistic photon to distance) of ballistic photons in a scattering medium, often image processing techniques are applied to the raw captured ballistic images, to reconstruct high quality ones. The aim of ballistic imaging modalities is to reject non-ballistic photons and to retain ballistic photons carrying useful information. To perform this task, specific characteristics of ballistic photons vs. non-ballistic photons are used, such as "time of flight" through coherence gated imaging, collimation, wavefront propagation and polarization. Ballistic photon Ballistic photons are the light photons that travel through a scattering (turbid) medium in a straight line. Also known as ballistic light. If laser pulses

neg: Crisis frightening or fraught experience while in oriental cultures like China it means danger and opportunity (Chinese characters used are Wei and Chi). In general, crisis is the situation of a complex system (family, economy, society) when the system functions poorly, an immediate decision is necessary, but the causes of the dysfunction are not immediately identified. Crisis has several defining characteristics. Seeger, Sellnow, and Ulmer say that crises have four defining characteristics that are "specific, unexpected, and non-routine events or series of events that [create] high levels of uncertainty and threat or perceived threat to an organization's high priority goals." Thus

neg: Meadowbrook, Seattle the 20th century, more rapidly with the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway (c. 1886) providing easy access along what is now the Burke-Gilman Trail through adjacent Matthews Beach neighborhood and along the lake. A Little Germany neighborhood of several immigrant farmers grew up in the 1870s around where Nathan Hale High School now stands. The Blindheim family LaVilla Dairy, located on what is now the 10300 block of Fischer Place NE, and the orchards extending up the adjacent hill to the east are defining characteristics of Meadowbrook. The dairy operated from 1913 to 1929, although it was occupied until

neg: Semiconductor luminescence equations recombination, formula_8 that describes a correlated emission of a photon formula_9 when an electron with wave vector formula_10 recombines with a hole, i.e., an electronic vacancy. Here, formula_11 determines the corresponding electron–hole recombination operator defining also the microscopic polarization within semiconductor. Therefore, formula_12 can also be viewed as photon-assisted polarization. Many electron–hole pairs contribute to the photon emission at frequency formula_1; the explicit formula_14 notation within formula_12 denotes that the correlated part of the expectation value formula_16 is constructed using the cluster-expansion approach. The quantity formula_17 contains the dipole-matrix element for interband transition, light-mode's mode function, and vacuum-field amplitude. In

neg: San Martín Tilcajete can take often determines what is made. Male and female copal trees have different characteristics, which influence what is made. A detailed outline is drawn on the bark, defining the image with greater clarity and detail. The sculpting in earnest then begins. The wood is soft and damp when first cut, making it easier for craftsmen to shape, then is dried in the sun before being sanded. The carving alone takes up to a month. The figure is then left to dry for up to ten months, depending on its overall size and thickness. Modern paints are most often used

neg: Dark photon matter) and the Standard Model particles are virtually only limited by the creativity of the theorist and the constraints that have already been put on certain kinds of couplings. The arguably most popular basic model involves a single new broken U(1) gauge symmetry and kinetic mixing between the corresponding dark photon field formula_1 and the Standard Model hypercharge fields. The operator at play is formula_2, where formula_3 is the field strength tensor of the dark photon field and formula_4denotes the field strength tensor of the Standard Model weak hypercharge fields. This term arises naturally by writing down all terms allowed

neg: Nursing diagnosis NANDA-I has worked in this area for nearly 40 years to ensure that diagnoses are developed through a peer-reviewed process requiring standardised levels of evidence, definitions, defining characteristics, related factors and/or risk factors that enable nurses to identify potential diagnoses in the course of a nursing assessment. NANDA-I believes that it is critical that nurses are required to utilise standardised languages that provide not just terms (diagnoses) but the embedded knowledge from clinical practice and research that provides diagnostic criteria (definitions, defining characteristics) and the related or etiologic factors upon which nurses intervene. NANDA-I terms are developed and refined for

neg: Monte Carlo method for photon transport however for a pencil beam initialized at the origin, we can set the initial position and direction cosines as follows (isotropic sources can easily be modeled by randomizing the initial direction of each packet): The step size, "s", is the distance the photon packet travels between interaction sites. There are a variety of methods for step size selection. Below is a basic form of photon step size selection (derived using the inverse distribution method and the Beer–Lambert law) from which we use for our homogeneous model: where formula_3 is a random number and formula_4 is the total interaction coefficient (i.e.,

neg: Gharar the buyer does not know what he bought, or the seller does not know what he sold." To the Islamic scholar Al-Qarafi, "gharar" is "that which has a pleasant appearance and a hated essence". Among modern scholars of Islam, Mustafa Al-Zarqa has written that "Gharar is the sale of probable items whose existence or characteristics are not certain, due to the risky nature that makes the trade similar to gambling." Sami al-Suwailem, has used Game Theory to try and reach a more exact, measurable definition of Gharar, defining it as "a zero-sum game with unequal payoffs". While the word "Gharar"

neg: Real closed field smallest cardinality giving an unbounded sequence. For example, natural numbers are cofinal in the reals, and the cofinality of the reals is therefore formula_12. We have therefore the following invariants defining the nature of a real closed field "F": To this we may add These three cardinal numbers tell us much about the order properties of any real closed field, though it may be difficult to discover what they are, especially if we are not willing to invoke the generalized continuum hypothesis. There are also particular properties which may or may not hold: The characteristics of real closed fields become

neg: Western Indiana Community Foundation all these basic characteristics that makes WICF a true community foundation, although there are other types of community organizations in Fountain and Vermillion County that have some of these characteristics. The affiliates of the Western Indiana Community Foundation (Attica, Covington, Southeast Fountain, and Vermillion County Community Foundation) have endowment funds open to receive gifts. An Endowment Fund is a fund in which monetary gifts are placed and invested. The amounts contributed as donations are pooled together and endowed meaning the donations are locked in and never spent. The earnings on the donations (endowed funds) are what are issued as grants.

neg: Two-photon physics two-photon physics experiments can be used as ways to study the photon structure, or, somewhat metaphorically, what is "inside" the photon. There are three interaction processes: For the latter two cases, the scale of the interaction is such as the strong coupling constant is large. This is called "Vector Meson Dominance" (VMD) and has to be modelled in non-perturbative QCD. Two-photon physics Two-photon physics, also called gamma–gamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons. Normally, beams of light pass through each other unperturbed. Inside an optical material, and if the intensity of the

neg: Tanpura own cascading range of harmonics and, at the same time, builds up a particular resonance. According to this principle, tanpuras are attentively tuned to achieve a particular tonal shade relative to the tonal characteristics of the raga. These more delicate aspects of tuning are directly related to what Indian musicians call "raga svaroop", which is about how characteristic intonations are important defining aspects of a particular raga. The tanpura's particular setup, with the cotton thread as a variable focus-point, made it possible to explore a multitude of harmonic relations produced by the subtle harmonic interplay in time of its four

neg: Silicon drift detector Silicon drift detector Silicon drift detectors (SDDs) are X-ray radiation detectors used in x-ray spectrometry (XRF and EDS) and electron microscopy. Their chief characteristics compared with other X-ray detectors are: Like other solid state X-ray detectors, silicon drift detectors measure the energy of an incoming photon by the amount of ionization it produces in the detector material. This varying ionization produces varying charge, which the detector electronics measure for each incoming photon. In the SDD, this material is high purity silicon with a very low leakage current. The high purity allows for the use of Peltier cooling instead of the

neg: Government the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is often called a federation. Proponents are often called federalists. Historically, most political systems originated as socioeconomic ideologies. Experience with those movements in power and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves. Certain major characteristics are defining of certain types; others are historically associated with certain types of government. This list focuses on differing approaches that political systems take to the distribution of sovereignty, and the autonomy of regions within the

neg: Two-photon absorption were standard dyes. In particular, laser dyes were used, since these have good photostability characteristics. However, these dyes tend to have 2-photon cross-sections of the order of 0.1–10 GM, much less than is required to allow simple experiments. It was not until the 1990s that rational design principles for the construction of two-photon-absorbing molecules began to be developed, in response to a need from imaging and data storage technologies, and aided by the rapid increases in computer power that allowed quantum calculations to be made. The accurate quantum mechanical analysis of two-photon absorbance is orders of magnitude more computationally intensive

neg: Unit testing first and then testing the sum of its parts, integration testing becomes much easier. Unit testing provides a sort of living documentation of the system. Developers looking to learn what functionality is provided by a unit, and how to use it, can look at the unit tests to gain a basic understanding of the unit's interface (API). Unit test cases embody characteristics that are critical to the success of the unit. These characteristics can indicate appropriate/inappropriate use of a unit as well as negative behaviors that are to be trapped by the unit. A unit test case, in and of

neg: Madison Symmetric Torus sufficiently short to avoid complicated plasma-wave interactions, including the bending of the beam. There are many high power molecular laser lines available in this wavelength range, and many commercially available detectors. What is Thomson Scattering? Thomson scattering is the result of a collision between a photon (an electromagnetic wave) and a charged particle, such as an electron. When an electron and photon "collide" the electron feels a Lorentz force from the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of the photon and is accelerated. This acceleration causes the electron to emit a different photon in a different direction. This emitted photon has

neg: Introduction to quantum mechanics characteristics to a photon that has only one of those characteristics. The problem that Einstein had with such an imagined situation was that if one of these photons had been kept bouncing between mirrors in a laboratory on earth, and the other one had traveled halfway to the nearest star, when its twin was made to reveal itself as either blue or red, that meant that the distant photon now had to lose its "purple" status too. So whenever it might be investigated after its twin had been measured, it would necessarily show up in the opposite state to whatever

neg: Community foundation is a combination of all these basic characteristics what makes true CF, although there are many other types of community organizations that have some of these characteristics. Families, individuals, businesses, and nonprofit groups establish funds within community foundations into which they can contribute a variety of assets to be used for charitable purposes. The people or organizations that establish the funds can then recommend that grants be distributed, in the name of the fund or anonymously, to qualified nonprofit groups and schools. In the USA the donor receives a charitable deduction in the year that gifts are made into their

neg: Production vehicle concept cars. Pre-production vehicles are followed by production vehicles in the mass production for distribution through car dealerships. Three lists within Wikipedia and the discussions on their talk pages illustrate the difficulty in defining what a production car is. These are: In the first two lists a "production car" is described as: The third list used the same description until April 2018. It was changed to the following after a vote based on suggestions by a Koenigsegg employee : The talk pages for all these lists continue to have ongoing discussions about the definitions. Production vehicle The characteristics of a

neg: TAUVEX IIA and ISRO and the downlink to be analyzed on-line to monitor the payload state of health. In most situations, TAUVEX would have been able to download all the detected photon events. However, in case of strong straylight or of many bright sources in the field of view, the collected event rate could overload the capacity of the telemetry link. In this case, TAUVEX would have stored the photon events in a solid state memory module (4 GB), from which the events are transmitted at the nominal 1 Mbit/s rate. The science of TAUVEX is based on its unique characteristics:

neg: The Utility of Force new paradigm of conflict at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, which he calls "war amongst the people", and that Western, industrialised armies are ill-suited to the new style of warfare. The defining characteristics of "war amongst the people" are that conflicts tend to be timeless, more political in nature, and fought between parties that are part of, and in amongst, the civilian population rather than between uniformed armies on a battlefield. To prove his theory, Smith provides a detailed history starting with Napoleon, who invented what Smith calls "industrial warfare"—the paradigm in which the

neg: Trans Europe Halles 1983 was the seed of what nowadays is Trans Europe Halles (TEH), the European-based network of cultural centres initiated by citizens and artists, that currently gathers together around eighty members and associated organisations in almost thirty countries. TEH members are cultural centres emerged from civil society initiatives that have a multidisciplinary artistic policy encouraging interaction between art forms, with an emphasis on contemporary art. One of the common and most defining characteristics of these centres is that they are based on industrial or commercial buildings that have been adapted to artistic and cultural uses. Besides this, they are very diverse

neg: Representative bureaucracy institutions, establishing the agencies’ mission and purpose. As they have so much influence on what the agency does, studies were done to see how different groups (race/ethnicity, sex) place importance on values or an agenda compared to others. The values that the agency heads hold regarding organizational objectives and goals are integral for them defining their jobs as state executives. The studies of 93 different state agencies found that there are differences between the attitudes and values of different ethnic groups, men, and women. Each group places different emphasis of importance on series of different characteristics of the organization. According

neg: Theory of relativity of gravitation whose defining feature is its use of the Einstein field equations. The solutions of the field equations are metric tensors which define the topology of the spacetime and how objects move inertially. Einstein stated that the theory of relativity belongs to a class of "principle-theories". As such, it employs an analytic method, which means that the elements of this theory are not based on hypothesis but on empirical discovery. By observing natural processes, we understand their general characteristics, devise mathematical models to describe what we observed, and by analytical means we deduce the necessary conditions that have to

neg: Software quality software testing practices and tools ensure that a piece of software behaves in compliance with the original design, planned user experience and desired testability, i.e. a piece of software's disposition to support acceptance criteria. The dual structural/functional dimension of software quality is consistent with the model proposed in Steve McConnell's Code Complete which divides software characteristics into two pieces: internal and external quality characteristics. External quality characteristics are those parts of a product that face its users, where internal quality characteristics are those that do not. One of the challenges in defining quality is that "everyone feels they understand it"

neg: Creative economy (economic system) for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) which designated 14 creative industries in 1998, later reduced to 12. Other developments at the turn of the century include Richard Florida’s creative class and Charles Landry’s creative city. The primary role of individual creativity as the defining source of the new economy was put forward by John Howkins in 2001. He prioritised creativity rather than either information or culture. He defined a creative product as an economic good, service or experience resulting from creativity and with the characteristics of being personal, novel and meaningful. He said its defining characteristics are twofold: it results

neg: Photon structure function to display the structure function in units of the fine-structure constant . The basic theoretical features discussed above are impressively verified by the data. The increase of with , shown in Fig. 2 at = 4.3 GeV and 39.7 GeV, is obviously quite different from the behaviour of the proton structure function, which falls with rising , and it demonstrates nicely the influence of the photon splitting to quark pairs. The predicted log dependence of is clearly demonstrated in Fig. 3, here plotted for data with 0.3 0.5. In both figures the data are compared to theoretical calculations, the curves

neg: Hainuwele is typical of cultures based on basic plant cultivation as opposed to cultures of hunter-gatherers, as well as complex agricultural cultures such as those based on the cultivation of grain. Jensen identifies the veneration of Dema deities in the context of many different cultures worldwide. He assumes that it dates back to the Neolithic revolution in the early history of mankind. One of the main characteristics of Dema deities is that they are killed by early immortal men (‘Dema’) and hacked to pieces which are strewn about or buried. Jensen found versions of the basic pattern of what could be

neg: Time-bin encoding that the path length difference must vary by much less than the wavelength of light during the experiment. This usually requires active temperature stabilization. If the photon takes the short path, it is said to be in the state formula_1; if it takes the long path, it is said to be in the state formula_2. If the photon has a non-zero probability to take either path, then it is in a coherent superposition of the two states: These coherent superpositions of the two possible states are called qubits and are the basic ingredient of Quantum information science. In general, it

neg: Star Trek: Adventure Gaming in the Final Frontier full character creation and additional combat rules like random initiative. The basic rules are just what the word implies, but they are complete. They were deliberately written for newcomers to the hobby. Michael J. Scott eliminated much of the guesswork found in earlier RPGs as to how the parts fit together. A section on preparing to play and explanations of the six very familiar characteristics opens up the basic segment of the rules, followed by movement, hand-to-hand, and ranged combat rules, a sequence of play for the “action phase,” and a list of twenty personalities along with their characteristic values.

neg: Microservices Microservices-based architectures enable continuous delivery and deployment. There is no industry consensus yet regarding the properties of microservices, and an official definition is missing as well. Some of the defining characteristics that are frequently cited include: A microservices-based architecture: A workshop of software architects held near Venice in May 2011 used the term "microservice" to describe what the participants saw as a common architectural style that many of them had been recently exploring . In May 2012, the same group decided on "microservices" as the most appropriate name. James Lewis presented some of those ideas as a case study in

neg: Pulse repetition frequency the Type 7 GCI radar had a basic carrier frequency of 209 MHz (209 million cycles per second) and a PRF of 300 or 500 pulses per second. A related measure is the pulse width, the amount of time the transmitter is turned on during each pulse. The PRF is one of the defining characteristics of a radar system, which normally consists of a powerful transmitter and sensitive receiver connected to the same antenna. After producing a brief pulse of radio signal, the transmitter is turned off in order for the receiver units to hear the reflections of that signal

neg: Seriality (gender studies) are equally powerless and oppressed, rather than generating specific questions about oppression that can be empirically investigated. Judith Butler goes as far as to argue that the very act of defining such a gender category is what produces the normalizations that privilege some viewpoints and exclude others. Thinking of "woman" as a series solves these conceptual problems. It allows one to meaningfully use the category while avoiding the mistake of falsely essentializing women as a group. An essentialist approach attempts to define "woman" by common biological characteristics – evidently false when one considers, for instance, transgender, bigender or intersex people,

neg: Crouzon syndrome This syndrome is caused by a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 ("FGFR2"), located on chromosome 10. Breaking down the name, "craniofacial" refers to the skull and face, and "dysostosis" refers to malformation of bone. Now known as Crouzon syndrome, the characteristics can be described by the rudimentary meanings of its former name. What occurs is that an infant's skull and facial bones, while in development, fuse early or are unable to expand. Thus, normal bone growth cannot occur. Fusion of different sutures leads to abnormal patterns of growth of the skull. A defining characteristic of Crouzon syndrome

neg: Supreme executive organ (Austria) provides neither an intensional nor an extensional definition. Article 19 of the Federal Constitutional Law contains what appears to be a taxative enumeration of supreme executive organs, but this list is universally dismissed as specious and useless. The defining characteristics of supreme executive organs and the consequences of membership to the class have been established by case law and academic scholarship. A supreme organ does not take orders () from any other part of the executive branch and cannot be overruled by any other part of the executive branch. Its decisions are final. If an organ has been declared supreme

neg: Scilloideae globular to flattened, and occasionally aril. The seed coat usually contains phytomelan (phytomelanin), one of the defining characteristics of the order, a black pigment present in the seed coat, creating a dark crust. Chromosomes: Chromosome size varies widely, from 1.2 to 18 µm in length, karyotype bimodal or trimodal. The basic chromosome number is also very variable (X = 2, 6, 7, 10, 15, 17, etc.). When treated as a subfamily, the name Scilloideae is derived from the generic name of the type genus, "Scilla", and is attributed to Gilbert Thomas Burnett in 1835. When treated as a family, the

neg: Schwinger limit QED, however, non-elastic photon–photon scattering becomes possible when the combined energy is large enough to create virtual electron–positron pairs spontaneously, illustrated by the Feynman diagram in the adjacent figure. A single plane wave is insufficient to cause nonlinear effects, even in QED. The basic reason for this is that a single plane wave of a given energy may always be viewed in a different reference frame, where it has less energy (the same is the case for a single photon). A single wave or photon does not have a center of momentum frame where its energy must be at minimal

neg: Mechanical screening there is a group of terms that identify and define what screening is. Terms like blinding, contamination, frequency, amplitude, and others describe the basic characteristics of screening, and those characteristics in turn shape the overall method of dry or wet screening. In addition, the way a deck is vibrated differentiates screens. Different types of motion have their advantages and disadvantages. In addition media types also have their different properties that lead to advantages and disadvantages. Finally, there are issues and problems associated with screening. Screen tearing, contamination, blinding, and dampening all affect screening efficiency. Like any mechanical and physical entity

neg: Peter Coogan 1939 (not to be confused with the similarly named Marvel hero), in imitation of Superman. The presiding Judge Learned Hand identified three defining characteristics in his ruling, which form a key part of Coogan's argument: Peter Sanderson, noted Marvel Comics historian and author of the "Comics in Context" blog at QuickStopEntertainment, while not agreeing completely with Coogan's points, nevertheless states that the book "should become a basic text for study of the superhero genre," recommending it to all fans of the genre. Peter Coogan Peter M. Coogan () is the director of the Institute for Comics Studies and co-founder and

neg: Tsk Tsk Tsk Factory collective, the group provided experimental music (Brophy on drums or synthesiser), films, videos, and live theatrical performances exploring his aesthetic and cultural interests, often on a minimal budget. → ↑ → were often seen as working with Roland Barthes theory of The Death of The Author. They were primarily interested in demystifying creative practices and analysing cultural phenomenons, stripping them down to their most basic defining characteristics. Musically the group touched upon a wide range of experimental styles including minimalism, punk rock, muzak, krautrock and disco, usually with no vocalist, which frustrated countless music audiences. Although they were regularly

neg: Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology passive state, but an active process." An additional essay by Peikoff, based on Rand's theory and edited by her, criticizes the analytic–synthetic distinction, arguing that it stems from a wrong theory of what is included in the meaning of a concept. A concept, Rand and Peikoff maintain, includes "all" the characteristics possessed by the referents, not just the defining characteristics. The 1990 edition of "Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology" includes 200 pages of discussion between Rand and philosophy professionals, culled from tape recordings of the five "Workshops in Objectivist Epistemology" that Rand conducted in late 1969 through early 1970. The most

neg: Software quality often technology-related and depend heavily on the context, business objectives and risks. Some may consider respect for naming conventions while others – those preparing the ground for a knowledge transfer for example – will consider it as absolutely critical. Critical Programming Errors can also be classified per CISQ Characteristics. Basic example below: Newer proposals for quality models such as Squale and Quamoco propagate a direct integration of the definition of quality attributes and measurement. By breaking down quality attributes or even defining additional layers, the complex, abstract quality attributes (such as reliability or maintainability) become more manageable and measurable. Those

neg: Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment it was conclusively shown that a photon could begin its life in an experimental configuration that would call for it to demonstrate its particle nature, end up in an experimental configuration that would call for it to demonstrate its wave nature, and that in these experiments it would always show its wave characteristics by interfering with itself. Furthermore, if the experiment was begun with the second beam-splitter in place but it was removed while the photon was in flight, then the photon would inevitably show up in a detector and not show any sign of interference effects. So the presence

neg: The Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill of hatred that is based on race, ethnicity, gender or religion, and that constitutes incitement to cause harm." This exclusion is one of many considerations noted in the preamble of The Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill. The Act begins by defining certain key terms found within the text and proceeds to detail the purpose of the Act as follows: The Act then explains what characteristics of an offence constitute a hate crime, as follows: Hate speech, according to the Act, is an offence directed at any of the aforementioned characteristics, excluding 12 and 13. Although

neg: Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation The latter interpretation is the option for a single-photon Fock state. Dirac explains this in the context of the double-slit experiment: The probability for a photon to be in a particular polarization state depends on the probability distribution over the fields as calculated by the classical Maxwell's equations (in the Glauber-Sudarshan P-representation of a one-photon Fock state.) The expectation value of the photon number in a coherent state in a limited region of space is quadratic in the fields. In quantum mechanics, by analogy, the state or probability amplitude of a single particle contains the basic probability information. In general,

neg: Basic Law of Saudi Arabia Basic Law of Saudi Arabia The Basic Law of Saudi Arabia (alternative name: Basic System of Governance; Arabic: , "") is a constitution-like charter divided into nine chapters, consisting of 83 articles. The constitution of Saudi Arabia is "the Holy Qur'an, and the Sunna (Traditions)" of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, (as stated in Article One of the Basic Law), but the Basic Law contains many characteristics of what might be called a constitution in other countries ("The Law of Governance", "Rights and Duties"). The Basic Law is in accordance with the Salafi understanding of Sharia and does not override Islamic

neg: Magnetometer with a 0.01 nT to 0.02 nT standard deviation while sampling once per second. The "optically pumped caesium vapour magnetometer" is a highly sensitive (300 fT/Hz) and accurate device used in a wide range of applications. It is one of a number of alkali vapours (including rubidium and potassium) that are used in this way, as well as helium. The device broadly consists of a photon emitter containing a caesium light emitter or lamp, an absorption chamber containing caesium vapour, a "buffer gas" through which the emitted photons pass and a photon detector, arranged in that order. The basic principle

neg: Classical order America, "The American Builder's Companion", written in the early 19th century by the architect Asher Benjamin, influenced many builders in the eastern states, particularly those who developed what became known as the Federal style. The last American re-interpretation of Vignola's "Regola", was edited in 1904 by William Robert Ware. The break from the classical mode came first with the Gothic revival, then the development of modernism during the 19th century. The Bauhaus promoted pure functionalism, stripped of superfluous ornament, and that has become one of the defining characteristics of modern architecture. There are some exceptions. Postmodernism introduced an ironic use

neg: Learning also what they learn. Active learning is a key characteristic of student-centered learning. Conversely, passive learning and direct instruction are characteristics of teacher-centered learning (or traditional education). The research works on the human learning process as a complex adaptive system developed by Peter Belohlavek showed that it is the concept that the individual has that drives the accommodation process to assimilate new knowledge in the long-term memory, defining learning as an intrinsically freedom-oriented and active process. As a student-centered learning approach, the unicist reflection driven learning installs adaptive knowledge objects in the mind of the learner based on a cyclic

neg: Zero-order hold is "not" what a DAC does in reality, the DAC output can be modeled by applying the hypothetical sequence of dirac impulses, "x"("t"), to a linear, time-invariant filter with such characteristics (which, for an LTI system, are fully described by the impulse response) so that each input impulse results in the correct constant pulse in the output. Begin by defining a continuous-time signal from the sample values, as above but using delta functions instead of rect functions: The scaling by formula_6, which arises naturally by time-scaling the delta function, has the result that the mean value of "x"("t") is equal

neg: Definition of music called musicology. Composer Iannis Xenakis in "Towards a Metamusic" (chapter 7 of "Formalized Music") defined music in the following way : Definition of music A definition of music endeavors to give an accurate and concise explanation of music's basic attributes or essential nature and it involves a process of defining what is meant by the term "music". Many authorities have suggested definitions, but defining music turns out to be more difficult than might first be imagined and there is ongoing debate. A number of explanations start with the notion of music as "organized sound" but they also highlight that this

neg: Single-photon avalanche diode the avalanche process. Therefore, it is possible to observe output pulses when the SPAD is in complete darkness. The resulting average number of counts per second is called "dark count rate" and is the key parameter in defining the detector noise. It is worth noting that the reciprocal of the dark count rate defines the mean time that the SPAD remains biased above breakdown before being triggered by an undesired thermal generation. Therefore, in order to work as a single-photon detector, the SPAD must be able to remain biased above breakdown for a sufficiently long time (e.g., a few milliseconds,

neg: World Internet Project the world, the WIP conducts detailed research, generates a wealth of publications and holds annual conferences looking at the impact of these new technologies. The WIP carries out detailed panel surveys that aim to study how the Internet is used in people's everyday lives and what implications this has. Each member institution conducts regular sample surveys of internet use and non-use in the its country, including a series of core questions agreed-upon by the WIP. The critical defining characteristics of this research are that it is longitudinal, enables cross-country comparison and includes both internet users and non-users. The WIP publishes

neg: Nature with which many people associate nature and beauty. Reasons why this association exists, and what the association consists of, are studied by the branch of philosophy called aesthetics. Beyond certain basic characteristics that many philosophers agree about to explain what is seen as beautiful, the opinions are virtually endless. Nature and wildness have been important subjects in various eras of world history. An early tradition of landscape art began in China during the Tang Dynasty (618–907). The tradition of representing nature "as it is" became one of the aims of Chinese painting and was a significant influence in Asian art.

neg: Semantic feature-comparison model to which the object is being described in order to fully comprehend the deliverable. The second concept explains how memory can alter the way we perceive representations of something, by determining the sequence in which the information is processed based on previous experiences. The main features of the model, as discussed by Smith et al. (1974), are the defining features and the characteristic features. Defining features refer to the characteristics that are essential elements of the category, the non-negotiable, so to speak. For example, the 'bird' category includes such defining features as 'they have wings', 'feathers', 'they lay eggs', etc.

neg: W. E. B. Du Bois eugenicists were openly racist, defining Blacks as "a lower race". Du Bois opposed this view as an unscientific aberration, but still maintained the basic principle of eugenics: that different persons have different inborn characteristics that make them more or less suited for specific kinds of employment, and that by encouraging the most talented members of all races to procreate would better the "stocks" of humanity. As the United States prepared to enter World War I in 1917, Du Bois's colleague in the NAACP, Joel Spingarn, established a camp to train African Americans to serve as officers in the United States

neg: Virtual law firm by Andrew Woolley. The term became more clearly defined in 2004 in an article written by Joe Kashi defining exactly what it meant to be a virtual law firm. Virtual law firms are also often referred to as “cloud-based law firms”. The concept has since spread globally and is finding favour with clients seeking higher quality service, value, and mobility. According to earlier sources, a virtual law firm has the following characteristics: The advent of technology used in virtual law firms such as project management software, Virtual Law Offices and cloud computing have made it far easier for legal practices

neg: Shapiro - Senapathy Algorithm eukaryotic organism groups for the first time. He also created the first exon detection method by defining the basic characteristics of an exon as the sequence bounded by an acceptor and a donor splice sites that had S&S scores above a threshold, and by an ORF that was mandatory for an exon. An algorithm for finding complete genes based on the identified exons was also described by Dr. Senapathy for the first time. Dr. Senapathy demonstrated that only deleterious mutations in the donor or acceptor splice sites that would drastically make the protein defective would reduce the splice site score

neg: Husky Formation Phylum Mollusca. Marine, freshwater and terrestrial specimens are common. Characteristics of Mollusca include bilateral symmetry, non-segmented, cephalization, complete digestive tract, triploblastic and a reduced coelom. Distinguishing characteristics of Class Bivalvia include a greatly reduced head, laterally compressed foot and a laterally compressed body and shell forcing the mantle to overhang the body. These defining characteristics represent adaptions for burrowing in a soft substration, which explains the presence of Bivalves in soft sediment along The Husky Formation. Not all modern day bivalves are soft bottom dwellers, as much diversity has occurred within the class due to adaptions necessary for survival suggesting

neg: Organizing Knowledge Cognitively mammals to amphibians to fish. Limited concepts can lead to two things: Theorists believe that creating a concept includes learning the distinct features and characteristics that are present in all examples of a concept. A good way to know if something is part of a concept is to identify the defining features of the concept and see if the object or event in question shares those defining features. For example, an animal must eat food, a plant must grow, and a vertebrate must have a spine. So, every example of an animal must have the defining feature or eating food,

neg: Parallel adoption visualizing the process which is intended to provide a complete overview of all the steps involved in the parallel adoption, but emphasis will be laid on the unique characteristics of parallel adoption. Some common characteristics, especially defining an implementation strategy, that go for all four generic kinds of adoption are described in Adoption (software implementation). Besides parallel adoption, three other generic kinds of adoption can be identified. The choice for a specific adoption method depends on the organizational characteristics; more insight on this topic will be provided below. The three other adoption methods are: , Phased adoption and Pilot adoption.

neg: Fast neutron therapy at the Gershenson Radiation Oncology Center at Karmanos Cancer Center/Wayne State University (KCC/WSU) in Detroit bears some similarities to the CNTS at the University of Washington, but also has many unique characteristics. This unit was decommissioned in 2011. While the CNTS accelerates protons, the KCC facility produces its neutron beam by accelerating 48.5 MeV deuterons onto a beryllium target. This method produces a neutron beam with depth dose characteristics roughly similar to those of a 4MV photon beam. The deuterons are accelerated using a gantry mounted superconducting cyclotron (GMSCC), eliminating the need for extra beam steering magnets and allowing the

neg: Debt intolerance percent; and, 19 percent of the episodes happen at levels of debt below 40 percent of GNP The phenomenon of defaults occurring at relatively low levels of debt may be evidence that for some countries, particularly developing countries, the "safe" threshold of external debt-to-GNP is particularly low. Thus, in order to understand default decisions in these countries, it becomes essential to understand what the determinants of the "safe" threshold are. The debt intolerance hypothesis highlights two key characteristics of debt intolerant countries defining the ‘safe’ threshold: the history of defaults and the levels of inflation. Many countries that have defaulted