query: when did the 1 child policy start in china

pos: One-child policy before being eliminated at the end of 2015. The policy also allowed exceptions for some other groups, including ethnic minorities. The term one-child policy is thus a misnomer, because for nearly 30 years of the 36 years that it existed (1979-2015) about half of all parents in China were allowed to have a second child. Provincial governments could (and did) require the use of contraception, sterilizations and abortions to ensure compliance and imposed enormous fines for violations. Local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work. According to the Chinese government, 400million births

pos: Missing women of China China, there is a substantial gap between HIV knowledge and infrequent condom use. Based on a sample of 506 migrants, about half of them had multiple sex partners and 89% of these migrants did not use condoms. In 1965, fourteen years before the one-child policy was implemented, China's fertility rate was 6.39 births per women. After the one-child policy in 1979, the fertility rate dropped to 2.75 births per women and quickly continued to fall in the years to come. Initially, China's goal was to get the fertility rate down to the replacement level of 2.1 births per women, but

pos: Abortion in China Abortion in China Abortion in China is legal and is a government service available on request for women. In theory this does not apply to sex-selective abortion, although this remains the basis for some women's requests. In addition to virtually universal access to contraception, abortion was a common way for China to contain its population in accordance with its one-child policy, in existence from 1979 to 2015. In the early 1950s, the Chinese government made abortion illegal save when 1) the mother had a preexisting condition, such as tuberculosis or pernicious anemia, that would cause the pregnancy to be a

pos: Missing women of China or ill parents. With socioeconomic improvements, modernization and the rise in women's status, son preference has declined in many urban areas in China but has persisted in some strictly traditional families and rural areas, reasserting itself under the one-child policy. The greatest shortfalls of females appear in parts of rural China where there are instances of 140 male births for every 100 female. China implemented its one-child policy from 1979 onwards, whereby a couple can only have one child and couples that violate the policy face penalties. This policy aims to restrict births, and to encourage most families to have

pos: Sheng nu Similarly, "shengnan" (剩男) or "leftover men" has also been used. The one-child policy (Family Planning Program) and sex-selective abortions in China have caused a growing disproportion in the country's gender balance. Since 1979, when the one-child policy was introduced, approximately 20 million more men than women have been born, or 120 males to 100 females born, and by 2020, China is expected to have 24 million more men than women. The global average is 103 males to 107 females. According to "The New York Times", the State Council of the People's Republic of China (Central People's Government) issued an "edict"

pos: Health in China smaller, which indicates health in children has been promoted. Maternal Mortality Ratio isn't showed in the graph due to having insufficient data, but it did go down from 164.5(1980) to 26.5(2011). Created in 1979, under Deng Xiaoping, the One-Child Policy incentivized families to have children later and to only have one child or risk penalization. The One-Child Policy was a program created by the Chinese government as a reaction to the increasing population during the 1970s, that was thought to have negatively impacted China's economic growth. Implementation of the program included rewarding families who followed the program, fining families who

pos: One-China policy government, but as a way for Washington to conduct international relations in the region, which Beijing fails to state. At the height of the Sino-Soviet split and Sino-Vietnamese conflict, and at the start of the reform and opening of the PRC, the United States strategically switched diplomatic recognition from the Republic of China (ROC) to the People's Republic of China (PRC) on January 1, 1979. When President Jimmy Carter in 1979 broke off relations with the ROC in order to establish relations with the PRC, Congress responded by passing the Taiwan Relations Act that maintained relations, but stopped short of

pos: Fertility factor (demography) have the oldest and the largest human population control programs in the world. In China, a one-child policy was introduced between 1978 and 1980, and began to be formally phased out in 2015 in favor of a two-child policy. The fertility rate in China fell from 2.8 births per woman in 1979 to 1.5 in 2010. However, the efficacy of the one-child policy itself is not clear, since there was already a sharp reduction from more than five births per woman in the early 1970s, before the introduction of the one-child policy. It has thereby been suggested that a decline

pos: Economy of China and family size limitation an obligation. Since 1970, the efforts have been much more effective. The third family planning program continued until 1979 when the one child per family policy was implemented. By the early 1980s, China's population reached around 1 billion and by the early 2000s, surpassed 1.3 billion. In the 1980s, the average overall population growth was around 1.5%. In the 1990s, this fell to about 1%. Today it is about 0.6%. China's population growth rate is now among the lowest for a developing country, although, due to its large population, annual net population growth is still considerable.

pos: Prevalence of birth control use contraception. Since the policy was put into place in 1979, over 400 million births have been prevented. Because of various exemptions, fertility rate is about 1.7 children per woman, down from 5.9 in the 1960s. A strong preference for boys and free access to fetus sex determination and abortion has resulted in an artificially high proportion of males in both rural and urban areas. Beginning January 1, 2016, China officially abolished the one-child policy. The Chinese government decided to allow families to have a second child to supposedly grow a bigger work force and allow the aging population to

pos: Child abandonment at least one instance of a child being tossed from a window of a high rise apartment. Persons in cultures with poor social welfare systems who are not financially capable of taking care of a child are more likely to abandon them. Several American states are moving towards passing legislation to prevent rehoming of children post adoption. However, national legislation may be needed to protect children from being rehomed in all states. China’s One Child Policy: In 1979 China introduced its one-child policy which set up penalties for families that chose to have more than one child. Women were compelled

pos: Iron Fist Campaign Iron Fist Campaign The Iron Fist Campaign was a compulsory sterilization program conducted in the summer of 2010 by family planning officials in Puning, a county in Guangdong, China. In 1979, the Chinese government introduced the one-child policy, which legally prevents couples from having more than one child, though there are some exemptions. The policy was created to address the country's overpopulation issue and economic problems. By 2010, family planning efforts in Puning had diminished due to rapid economic growth in the area, as Guangdong had become the most successful manufacturing region in the People's Republic of China. However, local

pos: History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989) political re-education not only for students but also for insubordinate party cadre and government officials. Zhao Ziyang would be placed under house arrest until his death some 16 years later, and due to the subject still being largely taboo in China, Zhao has not yet been politically rehabilitated. In 1979, the Chinese government instituted a one child policy to try to control its rapidly increasing population. The policy, while controversial, is widely approved by the Chinese people, and has resulted in a dramatic decrease in child poverty. The law currently applies to about a third of the mainland Chinese, and

pos: History of the People's Republic of China as talismans. However, the path of modernization and market-oriented economic reforms that China started since the early 1980s appears to be fundamentally unchallenged. Even critics of China's market reforms do not wish to see a backtrack of these two decades of reforms, but rather propose corrective measures to offset some of the social issues caused by existing reforms. In 1979, the Chinese government instituted a one child policy to try to control its rapidly increasing population. The controversial policy resulted in a dramatic decrease in child poverty. The law currently applies to about a third of mainland Chinese, with plans

neg: One-child policy the number of twins born per year was estimated to have doubled. The one-child policy has played a major role in improving the quality of life for women in China. With the one-child policy, the gender equality start to be emphasized in China. Women have the same opportunity to be educated like men. For thousands of years, girls have held a lower status in Chinese households. However, the one-child policy's limit on the number of children has prompted parents of women to start investing money in their well-being. As a result of being an only child, women have increased opportunity

neg: Two-child policy the change in the existing law to a two-child policy citing a statement from the Communist Party of China. The new policy allowing Chinese couples to have two children was proposed in order to help address the aging issue in China. On December 27, 2015, the new law was passed in the session of the National People's Congress Standing Committee, which governs country's laws, effective from January 1, 2016. In 2018, about two years after the new policy reform, China is facing new ramifications from the two-child policy. Since the revision of the one-child policy, 90 million women have become

neg: Missing women of China the fertility rate continued to fall and it is now at 1.6 births per women. Demographers warn that fertility rates this low can hinder the development of a country and China has started to change their policies in order to increase their fertility rate and avoid any future adversaries. In 2015, the Chinese government decided to change the one-child policy and implemented a two-child policy. Some researchers argue that son preference along with the one-child policy are one of the many contributing factors to an imbalanced sex ratio that has left millions of unmarried men unable to marry and start

neg: Family planning policy October 2015, it was reported that the existing law would be changed to a two-child policy, citing a statement from the Communist Party of China. The new law became effective from 1 January 2016, following its passage in the standing committee of the National People's Congress on 27 December 2015. Family planning policy The family planning policy, which is based on the two-child policy and the one-child policy, is a population planning policy of China. It was introduced from the 1950s "recommendation", and evolved to the one-child policy introduced between 1978 and 1980 and began to be formally phased out

neg: One-child policy lawmakers, 24 political advisors, 112 entrepreneurs and 6 senior intellectuals. Some of the offending officials did not face penalties, although the government did respond by raising fines and calling on local officials to "expose the celebrities and high-income people who violate the family planning policy and have more than one child". Also, people who lived in the rural areas of China were allowed to have two children without punishment, although the family is required to wait a couple of years before having another child. The one-child policy has been challenged for violating a human right to determine the size of

neg: One-child policy were prevented, starting from 1970 a decade before the start of the one child policy. Some scholars have disputed this claim, with Martin King Whyte and Wang "et al" contending that the policy had little effect on population growth or the size of the total population. China has been compared to countries with similar socioeconomic development like Thailand and Iran, along with the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which achieved similar declines of fertility without a one-child policy. However, a recent demographic study challenged these scholars by showing that China's low fertility was achieved two or three decades

neg: One-child policy sign of the relaxation of authoritarian control in China. A reporter for CNN said, "It was not a sign that the party will suddenly start respecting personal freedoms more than it has in the past. No, this is a case of the party adjusting policy to conditions. ... The new policy, raising the limit to two children per couple, preserves the state's role." The abolition may not achieve a significant benefit, as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation analysis indicated: "Repealing the one-child policy may not spur a huge baby boom, however, in part because fertility rates are believed to be declining

neg: Lu Decheng released after 9 years and left China for Canada in 2006. Lu worked for the bus company in Liuyang, Hunan, China. His family had deep roots in the Communist Party, his grandmother was a martyr’s widow. His mother died when he was a young boy. His father remarried shortly after her death. At 19, Lu and his first wife, Qiuping, ran away together because their parents did not approve of their relationship. In 1982 Qiuping found out she was pregnant. As an unmarried 18-year-old, Qiuping’s pregnancy was considered illegal. The One Child Policy in China makes having children in China

neg: One-child policy earlier than would be expected given its level of development, and that more than 500 million births were prevented between 1970 and 2015 (a calculation based on an alternate model of fertility decline proposed by the scholars themselves), some 400 million of which may have been due to one-child restrictions. In addition, by 2060 China's birth planning policies may have averted as many as 1 billion people in China when one adds in all the eliminated descendants of the births originally averted by the policies. Although 76% of Chinese people said that they supported the policy in a 2008 survey,

neg: Economy of China time, according to statistics released by China's National Bureau of Statistics in January 2013, the size of the labor force, people aged 15 to 59, in China shrank slightly to 937.27 million people, a decrease of 3.45 million from 2011. This trend, resulting from China's one-child policy of population control, is anticipated to continue to at least 2030. On 29 October 2015, Xinhua, China's state news agency, reported a change in the existing law to a two-child policy, citing a statement from the Communist Party of China, and the new law is effective from 1 January 2016 after it was

neg: Demographics of China did not. Through this policy, the increasing population got temperate after the penalties were made. Couples with only one child were given a "one-child certificate" entitling them to such benefits as cash bonuses, longer maternity leave, better child care, and preferential housing assignments. In return, they were required to pledge that they would not have more children. In the countryside, there was great pressure to adhere to the one-child limit. Because the rural population accounted for approximately 60% of the total, the effectiveness of the one-child policy in rural areas was considered the key to the success or failure of

neg: Missing women of China in traditional China as families favored sons to care for them the rest of their lives. The government has implemented policies in attempt to help with the situation such as creating a single-child policy but has had almost reverse effects. Daughters are viewed as "marrying out" and leaving their families, whereas men are financially loyal to their families. Girls are in return viewed as a burden to raise, among many neighboring countries to China. The Quan Han Shu mentions that no festivities were held when a daughter was born into a prosperous family, and the poor people did not even

neg: Christian and Missionary Alliance Appeal policy implemented that mandates denomination-wide zero-tolerance when there is a finding of sexual abuse of a child or vulnerable adult. A child protection training program which every overseas Alliance worker is required to attend was set up. Child Protection and Safety policies were published on the Alliance Web site. Christian and Missionary Alliance The Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA, also CMA) is an evangelical Protestant denomination within the holiness movement of Christianity. Founded by Rev. Albert Benjamin Simpson, an ordained minister of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, in 1887, the C&MA did not start off as a denomination, but

neg: Bobai County Bobai County Bobai (; Zhuang: "") is a county of Guangxi, China. It is under the administration of Yulin city. Bobai was the home town of the linguist Wang Li, who described the Bobai dialect with its unusually large number of tones. The county is served by the Yulin–Tieshangang Railway. The railway opened for freight service in May 2015. Passenger service to the new Bobai Station will start on April 1, 2016. In May 2007, Bobai was the site of large protests held by local people against China's one-child policy, and triggered the protest in Yangmei, Rongxian. The small office

neg: Forced abortion of Feng Jianmei think tank that advises the Chinese ruling cabinet, was published in the group's newspaper, "China Economic Times". In the letter they called for "adjustments" to be made to the one-child policy "as soon as possible". The group advised that "an opening up of the two-child option to all should be considered." Demographer Liang Zhongtang said the letter was likely the start of a gradual shift in policy, but that a sudden shift was very unlikely. Although there was no explicit mention of Feng Jianmei in the letter, multiple news sources drew a connection between the timing of the two events.

neg: Women in China to have been caused by the one-child policy. The policy not only limits the number of births a family can have and it does not only cause gender imbalance but it also put pressures to women. Women are mostly blamed when giving birth to a baby girl as if they chose the gender of their baby. Women were subjected to forced abortions if they appear to be having a baby girl This situation led to higher female infanticide rates and female deaths in China. The one-child policy stole the freedom the women have in deciding how to live their lives

neg: Bangladesh Armed Forces These commandos were later absorbed into the Bangladesh Navy. The Mukti Bahini received assistance from the Indian Government soon after the start of Bangladesh Liberation war. The Soviet Union and the US were also drawn in the Cold War politics in the region. The US policy of the Nixon Administration, guided by then US National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger was courting Pakistan to open ties with China, hence could not support the Bangladeshi struggle for independence. However, Nixon's policy did supply emergency relief assistance to India and diplomatic support to Pakistan. On 21 November 1971, when the natural climate was

neg: Health in China resisted the policy, offering birth control/ contraceptives, and in some cases forced abortions. The policy was unevenly implemented throughout China and was easier established in urban areas rather than rural, because of ideals about family size and gender preferences. Prior to the One-Child Policy, the Chinese government had encouraged families to have more children in order to increase the future workforce, however, this promotion made the population of China in the 1970s increase at an alarming rate. Additionally, voluntary programs, involving family planning and contraceptive use, were proposed before the One-Child Policy was fully enforced. The One-Child Policy was successful

neg: Son preference in China declined. Overall, the biggest impact of the one-child policy on the child's gender is not the first child born, but the second child, and this is the most important reason for the gender imbalance in Chinese population. Because, if a family is allowed to have two children, majority of families will choose to let the first child be born naturally (both men and women), but when they have a second child, they will consider the issue of gender selection. The United Nations proposes improvements in gender equality in China. Son preference in China has also attracted social or international attentions.

neg: Nationality law of the People's Republic of China Hong Kong and Macao) is a Chinese national at birth as per Article 4. However, due to the previous enforcement of the One-Child Policy in Mainland China, some children, whose births were in violations of the local birth-planning policies (e.g. born as the second or third child to the parents), did not have their births registered despite Article 7 of the Household Registration Ordinance requires the birth of a child to be registered within one month from the date of birth. As their births were not registered, they are not eligible for hukou. The reason for not registering is either

neg: Affirmative action in China Affirmative action in China In the People's Republic of China, the government had instated affirmative action policies for ethnic minorities called Youhui zhengce () or Shaoshu minzu jiafen ( in College Entrance Examination) when it began in 1949 and still had impact until today. The policies giving preferential treatment to ethnic minorities in China. For example, Minority ethnic groups in China are not subjected to its well-publicized One-child policy. Three principles are the basis for the policy: equality for national minorities, territorial autonomy, and equality for all languages and cultures. No taxes in minority regions are required to be sent

neg: Missing women of China gradually turned into a one-son policy. Some view such a policy as disrespectful of pregnant women and discriminatory against them, as the policy forces some women to undergo an abortion. Under the tradition of son preference and the one-child policy, missing females in China are formed through sex-selective abortion, discrimination in care for females, and non-registration of girls at birth. The combined factors of son preference, the one-child policy and the availability of prenatal sex-identification technology have allowed prenatal discrimination to spread since the mid-1980s in both urban and rural areas in China where abortion is legal. This technological progress

neg: Family planning policy Family planning policy The family planning policy, which is based on the two-child policy and the one-child policy, is a population planning policy of China. It was introduced from the 1950s "recommendation", and evolved to the one-child policy introduced between 1978 and 1980 and began to be formally phased out in 2015. The policy allowed many exceptions and ethnic minorities were exempt. In 2007, 36% of China's population was subject to a strict one-child restriction, with an additional 53% being allowed to have a second child if the first child was a girl. Provincial governments imposed fines for violations, and

neg: Heihaizi Heihaizi Heihaizi () or "black child" is a term applied in China. The term denotes children born outside the One child policy, or generally children who are not registered in the national household registration system. The desire for China to expand and grow economically following the Cultural Revolution became the driving force behind the One-Child policy because such a goal could not be achieved without slowing population growth and limiting the population to 1.1–1.2 billion by 2000. Implementation of the One-child policy included incentivizing families using privileges regarding education, living accommodations, and access to health care as well as monetary

neg: Child Development Index halve its child mortality rate over 1990-2006. Much of this progress is because of China's significant improvement, where almost two-thirds of the region's children live. China has made tremendous progress in increasing people's incomes; nonetheless 417,000 children under the age of 5 years still died in China in 2006 alone. Countries like Malaysia and Thailand did even better in all 3 of the areas the CDI measures. But, as in other regions of the world, government policy plays an important role in children's lives. For example, Myanmar saw almost no improvement at all. And in many countries, the poorest, most

neg: One-child policy the family planning policy of China. Among the second-born children, 47 were female. Five (1.18%) of the births surveyed were neither the firstborn nor second-born child in the family. Four of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China. Among the children born who were neither firstborn nor second-born, two were female. In October 2015, the Chinese news agency Xinhua announced plans of the government to abolish the one-child policy, now allowing all families to have two children, citing from a communiqué issued by the Communist Party "to improve the balanced development of population"an apparent reference

neg: Missing women of China a family. Scholars and journalists from outside of China argue that simply dropping the one-child policy will help raise the number of girls born into China and thus raise the future fertility rate. Even though the two-child policy is now in act, couples are still choosing to remain a single-child household due to expensive childcare and women's increasing hesitance to leave their careers to raise a family. Large numbers of missing women also contribute to the problem of population ageing in China. Since females and males together are responsible for the social reproduction, a shortfall of women will lead to

neg: One-China policy Lee appeared to drift away from the One-China formulation, leading many to believe that he was actually sympathetic to Taiwan independence. In 1999, Lee proposed a special state-to-state relations for mainland China-Taiwan relations which was received angrily by Beijing, which ended semi-official dialogue until June 2008, when ARATS and SEF met, and in which President Ma Ying-jeou reiterated the 1992 Consensus and the different interpretation on "One China". After the election of Chen Shui-bian in 2000, the policy of the ROC government was to propose negotiations without preconditions. While Chen did not explicitly reject Lee's two states theory, he did

neg: Demographics of China of family income, and in the cities a child did not become an economic asset until he or she entered the work force at age sixteen. Couples with only one child were given preferential treatment in housing allocation. In addition, because city dwellers who were employed in state enterprises received pensions after retirement, the sex of their first child was less important to them than it was to those in rural areas. Numerous reports surfaced of coercive measures used to achieve the desired results of the one-child policy. The alleged methods ranged from intense psychological pressure to the use of

neg: Child Soldiers Prevention Act memo written by about a dozen officials at the United States Department of State said that Rex Tillerson, the Secretary of State, breached the CSPA when he decided in June to exclude Afghanistan, Iraq, and Myanmar from the list altogether. The memo, which was sent through the Dissent Channel, was sent to Brian Hook, the Director of Policy Planning. On September 1, 2017, Hook responded to the memo by acknowledging that the three countries did use child soldiers but said it was necessary to distinguish between governments "making little or no effort to correct their child soldier violations...and those which

neg: Aowen Jin UK's top emerging artists. Aowen was part of Goldsmith's graduate exhibition at Free Range Shows in 2006, titled 'Textile Collective'. In 2010, Jin interviewed 300 Chinese women for her "Made in China: One Child" exhibition, which was exhibited in London and at the 2010 Shanghai Expo. The exhibition explored both positive and negative impacts of China's One Child Policy, especially on the first generation of women born under the policy. The show created extensive discussion about the policy in the British press, including on BBC Impact Asia, BBC China, BBC Woman's Hour, Stylist and The Times. Following the One Child

neg: Shanghai marriage market their family lineage is very important within Chinese culture. As the children of the One Child Policy start to become of typical marriage age, the so-called marriage "market" of China has wavered in stability, particularly for males in China. The University of Kent predicts that by the year 2020, 24 million men will be unmarried and unable to find a wife. The marriage market at People's Square has existed since 2004. As of April, 2013, it costs approximately $3.20 USD for an advertisement that is displayed for five months, and marriage brokers provide full access to phone numbers for a

neg: One-child policy it is that policy which has been misnomered since as the "one-child policy." Thus, it is misleading to suggest that Song Jian was either the inventor or architect of the policy that China had in place from 1985-2015. The one-child policy was originally designed to be a One-Generation Policy. It was enforced at the provincial level and enforcement varied; some provinces had more relaxed restrictions. The one-child limit was most strictly enforced in densely populated urban areas. Beginning in 1980, the official policy granted local officials the flexibility to make exceptions and allow second children in the case of "practical

neg: One-child policy don't start having more children, they're going to have a vastly diminished workforce to support a huge aging population." China's ratio is about five working adults to one retiree; the huge retiree community must be supported, and that will dampen future growth, according to Fong. Since the citizens of China are living longer and having fewer children, the growth of the population imbalance is expected to continue, as reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation which referred to a United Nations projections forecast that "China will lose 67million working-age people by 2030, while simultaneously doubling the number of elderly. That could

neg: Wulipu in the family. (All of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China.) Among the firstborn children, 157 were female. 107 (25.24%) of the births were the second-born child in the family. 90 of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China. Among the second-born children, 47 were female. Five (1.18%) of the births surveyed were neither the firstborn nor second-born child in the family. Four of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China. Among the children born who were neither firstborn nor second-born, two were female.

neg: Son preference in China natural level; by 2000, this number had soared to 120, even in provinces such as Anhui, Jiangxi, and Shaanxi. Reached 130. As a result, more than 35 million female populations “evaporate” from society. Although China is not the only country that is affected by high population-specific ratios, Chinese problems are the most serious; and the one child policy is even worse.The government reinforced the idea that boys are more valuable than girls through provide the extra compensation for family who have only one daughter. Clearly, in some rural area in China, it was allowed to have a second child when

neg: One-child policy to what Amartya Sen first called 'Missing Women', or the 100million girls 'missing' from the populations of China (and other developing countries) as a result of female infanticide, abandonment, and neglect". The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation offered the following summary as to the long term effects of sex-selective abortion and abandonment of female infants: Anthropologist G. William Skinner at the University of California, Davis and Chinese researcher Yuan Jianhua have claimed that infanticide was fairly common in China before the 1990s. General: One-child policy China's one-child policy was part of a birth planning program designed to control the size of its

neg: One-child policy to the country's female-to-male sex ratioand to deal with an aging population according to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The new law took effect on 1 January 2016 after it was passed in the standing committee of the National People's Congress on 27 December 2015. The rationale for the abolition was summarized by former "Wall Street Journal" reporter Mei Fong: "The reason China is doing this right now is because they have too many men, too many old people, and too few young people. They have this huge crushing demographic crisis as a result of the one-child policy. And if people

neg: China resulting in what was actually a "1.5"-child policy from the mid 1980s to 2015 (ethnic minorities were also exempt from one child limits). The next major loosening of the policy was enacted in December 2013, allowing families to have two children if one parent is an only child. In 2016, the one-child policy was replaced in favor of a two-child policy. Data from the 2010 census implies that the total fertility rate may be around 1.4, although due to underreporting of births it may be closer to 1.5-1.6. According to one group of scholars, one-child limits had little effect on

neg: Demographics of China Demographics of China The demographics of China demonstrate a large population with a relatively small youth component, partially a result of China's one-child policy. China's population reached the billion mark in 1982. By 2017, China's population had reached 1.411 billion, the largest of any country in the world. According to the 2010 census, 91.51% of the population was Han Chinese, and 8.49% were minorities. China's population growth rate is only 0.59%, ranking 159th in the world. China conducted its sixth national population census on 1 November 2010. Unless otherwise indicated, the statistics on this page pertain to mainland China only;

neg: Heihaizi may significantly reduce the number of heihaizi, due to the fact that parents will no longer need to hide a second child. Heihaizi Heihaizi () or "black child" is a term applied in China. The term denotes children born outside the One child policy, or generally children who are not registered in the national household registration system. The desire for China to expand and grow economically following the Cultural Revolution became the driving force behind the One-Child policy because such a goal could not be achieved without slowing population growth and limiting the population to 1.1–1.2 billion by 2000. Implementation

neg: Globalization and women in China families would rather pay the hefty fines for excess birth. In 2011, city couples who both came from one-child families were allowed to have a second child, while couples in rural areas could have a second if just one of them came from a one-child family. In 2013, the further revision of the Planned Birth Policy allowed couples in which either parent had no siblings to have two children. In 2015, China allowed all couples to have two children, abolishing its decades-long one-child policy for urban families. Another instance of population control is the prevalence of female infanticide. People in

neg: One-child policy was an only child. This mainly applied to urban couples, since there were very few rural only children due to long-standing exceptions to the policy for rural couples. The coastal province of Zhejiang, one of China's most affluent, became the first area to implement this "relaxed policy" in January 2014. The relaxed policy has been implemented in 29 out of the 31 provinces, with the exceptions of Xinjiang and Tibet. Under this policy, approximately 11million couples in China are allowed to have a second child; however, only "nearly one million" couples applied to have a second child in 2014, less

neg: Two-child policy Two-child policy A two-child policy is a government-imposed limit of two children allowed per family or the payment of government subsidies only to the first two children. It has previously been used in Vietnam. In British Hong Kong in the 1970s, citizens were also highly encouraged to have two children as a limit (although it was not mandated by law), and it was used as part of the region's family planning strategies. Since 2016, it has been implemented in China, replacing the country's previous one-child policy. During the 1970s, Chinese citizens were encouraged to have only one child. The ongoing

neg: Space policy demonstrating independence and the readiness to assume global responsibilities. Initially developed as defence or scientific projects, they now also provide commercial infrastructures on which important sectors of the economy depend and which are relevant in the daily life of citizens... Europe needs an effective space policy to enable it to exert global leadership in selected policy areas in accordance with European interests and values." Although Chairman Mao Zedong planned after Russia's Sputnik 1 launch to place a Chinese satellite in orbit by 1959 to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), China did

neg: Crawford School of Public Policy practices that promote environmental sustainability. Quentin Grafton is the Director of CWEEP. The Children's Policy Centre undertakes inter-disciplinary research on issues relating to children's policy. The centre aims to contribute to both policy and scholarship, focusing on children's participation; child protection; and overcoming child poverty and disadvantage. Associate Professor Sharon Bessell is the Director of the centre. The China Economy and Business Program is home to the strongest concentration of research outside China on the Chinese economy. The program a is joint undertaking of the Crawford School and the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies with the program administered

neg: Sex-selective abortion one child policy, which, within the country's deeply patriarchal culture, resulted in an unbalanced birth sex ratio. The one child policy was enforced very aggressively throughout the years, including through forced abortions and forced sterilizations, but it has been gradually loosened in recent years, and formally abolished in 2015. China's strong son preference is well documented in documentaries such as "The Dying Rooms" (1995) and "" (2012). When sex ratio began being studied in China in 1960, it was still within the normal range. However, it climbed to 111.9 by 1990 and to 118 by 2010 per its official census.

neg: Demographics of China to keep the total population within 1.2 billion through the year 2000, on the premise that the Four Modernizations program would be of little value if population growth was not brought under control. The one-child policy was a highly ambitious population control program. Like previous programs of the 1960s and 1970s, the one-child policy employed a combination of public education, social pressure, and in some cases coercion. The one-child policy was unique, however, in that it linked reproduction with economic cost or benefit. Under the one-child program, a sophisticated system rewarded those who observed the policy and penalized those who

neg: Son preference in China their first child is a girl. Therefore, from this perspective, Chinese government seems to default the trend of son preference at that time. In other words, the implementation of this policy has become unbalanced, the most efficiency in the urban area and the weakest in the remote area in China. In addition, when this measure is implemented, economic sanctions will be imposed on those who violate the law, and some employment benefits will be provided to those who comply with the regulations. Nevertheless, although the result of this policy achieved the desire effect, the Chinese overall rate of natural increase

neg: One-child policy survey period. 424 children were born during the survey period resulting in a birth rate of 8.82%. During the same period, 63 people died, resulting in death rate of 1.31%. Of the births in the survey, 406 (95.75%) were in compliance with the family planning policy of China. 312 (73.58%) of the births were the firstborn in the family. (All of these births were in compliance with the family planning policy of China.) Among the firstborn children, 157 were female. 107 (25.24%) of the births were the second-born child in the family. 90 of these births were in compliance with

neg: Son preference in China Developing the woman status may let son preference decreased potentially.The issue of women’s rights and patriarchal issues has also become a major concern of the representatives of the Chinese National Committees in 2017. In recent years, the Chinese government has always attached great importance to the rights and interests of women, especially the series of targeted measures taken in recent years to significantly improve the status of women. It is worth mentioning that Chinese one child policy contribute to sex imbalance in China as well. One child policy is a kind of family planned policy, which means one family just

neg: One-child policy it was controversial outside of China. Effective from January 2016, the birth planning policy became a universal two-child policy that allowed each couple to have two children. During the period of Mao Zedong's leadership in China, the birth rate fell from 37 per thousand to 20 per thousand. Infant mortality declined from 227 per thousand births in 1949 to 53 per thousand in 1981, and life expectancy dramatically increased from around 35 years in 1948 to 66 years in 1976. Until the 1960s, the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible because of Mao's belief that population

neg: Health in China in halting China's increasing population and decreased both the birth rate and population, However, the harsh enforcement of the policy created long-term changes to some of China's health indicators. For instance, favoring males over female children lead to many forced abortions, infanticide and abandoned female children which have lead to an imbalance of men to women in China. Additionally, birth rates and rate of natural increase have decreased as a result of the One-Child Policy Other Consequences of the One-Child Policy include difficulties accessing education and employment as a result of being an undocumented birth. China's dependency ratio is unfavorable

neg: Social welfare in China programme participants." A law approved February 2013 will mandate a nationwide minimum wage at 40% average urban salaries to be phased in fully by 2015. China introduced the one-child policy decades ago, and this has helped reduce the strain on the government resources and economy. At present, the rules are modified and people can have more than one child, provided they pay a fee. This fee goes into funding necessary infrastructure or anything else the government deems fit. Furthermore, for many of the minority groups, there are some benefits available. In the early 1950s, when the definition and identification of

neg: One-child policy meaning of informed consent in China. Furthermore, in 2003, China revised its marriage registration regulations and couples no longer have to submit to a pre-marital physical or genetic examination before being granted a marriage license. The United Nations Population Fund's (UNFPA) support for family planning in China, which has been associated with the One-Child policy in the United States, led the United States Congress to pull out of the UNFPA during the Reagan administration, and again under George W. Bush's presidency, citing human rights abuses and stating that the right to "found a family" was protected under the Preamble in

neg: Demographic dividend to China’s one-child policy. As a result, China is currently aging at an unprecedented rate. China will be older than the United States by 2020 and than Europe by 2030. Combined with the sex-selective abortions widely practiced as a result of the one-child policy – China will have 96.5 million men in their 20s in 2025 but only 80.3 million young women. China’s future demography holds many challenges for the Chinese government. Demographic dividend the Demographic dividend, as defined by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) means, "the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age

neg: Sex-selective abortion policy. Research by Junhong (2001) found that many parents are willing to pay to ensure that their child is male (especially if their first child is female), but will not do the same to ensure their child is female. Likely, fear of the harsh monetary punishments of the One-Child Policy make ensuring a son's birth a smart investment. Therefore, son's cultural and economic importance to families and the large expenses associated with multiple children are primary factors leading to China's disparate sex ratio. In 2013, China announced plans to formally change the One-Child policy, making it less stringent. The National

neg: HIV/AIDS in China incidence from 1 percent at the start of the decade to about 20 percent in 2003 – which underlines the strong case for an early and aggressive policy response. An increase in diagnoses might mean that HIV testing has become more easily available than in preceding years, or that the stigma associated with HIV has declined, encouraging more to get tested. The subtypes of HIV-1 found in China include B, Thai B, A, C, D, E, F, G, and BC and BB recombinants. However, the epidemiological distribution and relative importance of these subtypes need further study. China's HIV/AIDS epidemic can

neg: Childless Hundred Days Childless Hundred Days Childless Hundred Days (百日无孩) is a campaign of mass forced abortion in Shen County and Guan County in Shandong, China. The campaign started in 1 May, 1991 and ended in 10 August, 1991. It was designed to reduce local population growth, under the national One-child policy. The campaign was initiated by the local Party Committee Secretary Zeng Zhaoqi (曾昭起) and Bai Zhigang (白志刚). During the campaign, local officials were asked to perform forced abortion on any pregnant woman in these areas regardless of pregnancy terms or whether the unborn child is the first child of the family.

neg: Concealing birth 242 of the Canadian "Criminal Code" (injury to, or death of, a child due to its mother neglecting to obtain assistance in child birth with intent that it should not live or to conceal its birth). (English) (French) Section 243 of that Code (concealing the dead body of a child with intent to its conceal birth). A birth could have been concealed when there was a violation of the country's previous one-child policy in the People's Republic of China. In England and Wales, and in Northern Ireland, section 60 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 creates the offence

neg: Australia–Taiwan relations China to seek an ‘upgrade in Sino-Australian exchanges on defence and strategic issues as a ‘confidence-building’ measure.’ This culminated in an agreement in 1997 to start a range of annual PRC-Australia talks focused on security within the Asia Pacific region. In addition, there were agreements for the exchange of military professionals and officials to attend each other's strategic studies Institutes. When Howard visited the PRC, he not only stressed Australia's stand on the One-China policy, but also emphasised that Australia's national interests would be decided independently of US policy direction. In the later 1990s, Australia's relations with Taiwan were largely

neg: One-child policy just to the one-child policy, but includes births prevented by predecessor policies implemented one decade before, stating that "there are many different numbers out there but it doesn't change the basic fact that the policy prevented a really large number of births". This claim is disputed by Wang Feng, director of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy, and Cai Yong from the Carolina Population Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Wang claims that "Thailand and China have had almost identical fertility trajectories since the mid 1980s", and "Thailand does not have a one-child policy." China's Health Ministry has

neg: Edward Zigler the future course of the Head Start program, and helped to construct the Family and Medical Leave Act . In 1978, Zigler founded the Bush Center for Child Development and Social Policy at Yale University with funding from the Bush Foundation of Minnesota. The focus of the center is to use the findings of empirical research on child development to inform public policy efforts to improve children's lives. The center was renamed as the Edward Zigler Center for Child Development and Social Policy in 2005. In 2000, Dr. Zigler received the 6th Annual Heinz Award in Public Policy. Zigler is

neg: Forced abortion of Feng Jianmei United States House of Representatives convened a hearing on the one-child policy prompted by Feng's story. In his opening remarks, chairman Chris Smith called the one-child policy "a nightmarish 'brave new world' ... where women are psychologically wounded, girls fall victim to sex-selective abortion ... and most children grow up without brothers or sisters, aunts or uncles or cousins". He said that because of Feng, people were "finally seeing the gruesome reality of China's one-child policy". Congressman Joseph R. Pitts agreed, saying, "It now seems that consensus in China is building towards reforming the policy." Committee witnesses called for a

neg: School attacks in China (2010–12) a 60 cm knife, killing 3 children and 1 teacher at a kindergarten in Zibo, Shandong province. Of the injured, 3 other children and 4 teachers were taken to the hospital. After being caught Fang confessed to the crime. There was no known motive. Since the start of the year, a total of 27 people had died and at least 80 were injured in various knife attacks. Eight children, all aged four or five, were hurt in Minhang District, Shanghai when an employee at a child-care centre for migrant workers slashed the children who were 3 to 4 years old

neg: Women in China "the birth of a first child who has developed a non-hereditary disability that will make it difficult to perform productive labour later in life, the fact that both husband and wife are themselves single children, a misdiagnosis of barrenness in the wife combined with a passage of more than five years after the adoption of a child, a remarrying husband and wife who have between them only one child." The law was relaxed in 2015. The preference for sons coupled with the one-child-policy have led to a high rate of sex selective abortion in China. Mainland China has a highly

neg: Air route authority between the United States and China it did operate some non-stop flights in the past), was applying for additional Detroit–China authority. Such application was denied in the past due to the limited number of new route authority but that now there is more leeway with more flights permitted by treaty. The DOT selected Detroit–Shanghai over Detroit–Beijing. The DOT noted that Delta was not awarded its route application because it would not have much experience in the Chinese market when the 2009 award was to start, given that it would only begin Atlanta–Shanghai service on March 30, 2008. The Atlanta–Shanghai Delta service was suspended on September 1,

neg: Delia Davin in economic and political life and a relatively unchallenged structure of gender and generational relationships in the family." During the following years, Davin wrote articles and chapters that analyzed marriage migration, domestic service, and welfare entitlements for Chinese women workers. Her jointly edited book "China’s One Child Family Policy" (1985) was one of the first studies of the early effects of that policy. The review in "The China Journal" called the essays, though written when the policy was relatively new, "a timely review of the policy's origins, problems, and prospects." In 1999, after tracking the changes of the post-Mao economic

neg: Forced abortion Forced abortion A forced abortion may occur when the perpetrator causes abortion by force, threat or coercion, or by taking advantage of woman's incapability to give her consent, or where she gives her consent under duress. This may also include the instances when the conduct was neither justified by medical or hospital treatment. Like forced sterilization, forced abortion may include a physical invasion of female reproductive organs. Forced abortions associated with administration of the one-child policy have occurred in the People's Republic of China; they are a violation of Chinese law and are not official policy. They result from government

neg: Center for Law and Social Policy 1972 to start the program and Nancy Duff Campbell joined her in 1978. In 1981, the two decided to turn the program into the separate National Women's Law Center. In 1982, under a new executive director, Alan W. Houseman, the Center for Law and Social Policy shifted its focus from general public-interest law to anti-poverty policy, particularly child and family poverty. The organization advocates for public policies that will improve the lives of low-income people. The organization is non-partisan and non-profit. It focuses on policy solutions in the areas of child care and early education, child welfare, post-secondary education, workforce

neg: Family planning can be found in the enforcement of this rule; people living in rural areas of China were, in some cases, permitted to have more than one child, but had to wait several years after the birth of the first one. However, the people in rural areas of China were more hesitant in accepting this policy. China's population policy has been credited with a very significant slowing of China's population growth which had been higher before the policy was implemented. However, the policy has come under criticism that it has resulted in the abuse of women. Often implementation of the policy

neg: Duke University Center for Child and Family Policy Duke University Center for Child and Family Policy The Duke University Center for Child and Family Policy was established on July 1, 1999, with Kenneth A. Dodge, William McDougall Professor of Public Policy and Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience, as its director. The center brings scientific research on children and families into the policymaking arena. The Center for Child and Family Policy grew out of discussions among a group of Duke faculty members from different disciplines who were interested in child development and child policy. The group, which included John Coie (psychology), Phil Costanzo (psychology), Philip J. Cook (public policy

neg: Shidu (bereavement) Shidu (bereavement) Shidu () is a phenomenon denoting the loss of a parent's only child. The parents who have lost their only child are known as "shidu fumu" (), or simply as shidu parents. As a result of the one-child policy, the number of shidu parents is expected to increase in China over the coming years. According to official figures, there have been at least one million families who lost their only child since the implementation of the one-child policy to the end of 2010 and it is expected to rise with 76,000 per year. In a society where parents

neg: Missing women of China increased contraceptive use. In attempt to really decrease the population, China's family planning policies actually emphasize birth control and many forms are available both in urban and rural areas for free. The strict implications of the one-child policy did allow for many women to receive birth control methods however it typically only benefits those who are married. The young population who is not covered are not married and therefore fall into the gap of unintended pregnancy. The National Population and Family Planning Commission did however over see China's views by making improvements with the increased access to birth control, and

neg: Sheng nu as the National Population and Family Planning Commission has been moving towards phasing out the one-child policy in favour of an "appropriate and scientific family planning policy (one-child policy)" where the child limit may be increased. He Feng in "The China Daily" points out, "the sheng nu phenomenon is nothing like the feminist movement in the West, in which women consciously demanded equal rights in jobs and strived for independence." Rather, the change has been "subtle" and that "perhaps decades later, will be viewed as symbolic of China's social progress and a turning point for the role of women in

neg: One-child policy the government. In 2013, Deputy Director Wang Peian of the National Health and Family Planning Commission said that "China's population will not grow substantially in the short term". A survey by the commission found that only about half of eligible couples wish to have two children, mostly because of the cost of living impact of a second child. In November 2013, following the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, China announced the decision to relax the one-child policy. Under the new policy, families could have two children if one parent, rather than both parents,

neg: One-child policy billion by 2080. In spite of some criticism inside the party, the plan (also referred to as the Family Planning Policy) was formally implemented as a temporary measure on 18 September 1980. The plan called for families to have one child each in order to curb a then-surging population and alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems in China. Although a recent and often-repeated interpretation by Greenhalgh claims that Song Jian was the central architect of the one-child policy and that he "hijacked" the population policymaking process, that claim has been refuted by several leading scholars, including Liang Zhongtang, a leading

neg: A Mother's Ordeal A Mother's Ordeal A Mother's Ordeal: One Woman's Fight Against China's One-child Policy is a book written by Steven W. Mosher, President of Population Research Institute. The book is written in biographical style that takes the reader from the earliest memories of Chi-An, a Chinese female born on the year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (1949), through to her seeking asylum in the United States due to her pregnancy, which was illegal due to China's one-child policy. With names changed to prevent retribution by the Communist Party of China (CPC), Mosher writes in the first person

neg: Missing women of China only one child, especially in urban areas. However, the policy was not enforced among the country's ethnic minorities, and a number of exceptions were made among the majority Han population. The one-child policy was designed to control population throughout China, emphasizing limitations for families and creating deprivation among couples. The implications resulted in increased underreporting of female births, female infanticide, sex selective abortion, and the underreported adoption of baby girls. Families not only risk their health but are at risk for punishment by law as well as health institutions who participating in sex selective abortion. Increased abandonment of babies, especially

neg: All-China Women's Federation in the One-Child Policy. The ACWF was responsible for publicizing the policy and its content, but questioned if the policy respected the rights of women. In the end, the ACWF settled on requesting that its cadres comply with the law to set a good example for the country, to promote the One-Child policy to the Chinese women, and to strongly condemn any coercive action related to the policy. The ACWF also expanded its legal training for cadres, strengthened its finances, became involved with gay rights, fought employment discrimination and female trafficking, and introduced legislation to meet the challenges faced by

neg: Son preference in China can have one child, and family will get the financial penalty if they violate the policy. To be clear, one child policy implemented by Chinese central government from late 1970s to 2016. The original intention of this policy was to control the growth rate of Chinese large population. Although this policy was introduced as a long term and temporary policy and aim to reduce the number of family members, this measure was not uniform to some extent. In the early 1980s, the sex ratio of births was 108 (the ratio of male to female was 108:100), slightly higher than the

neg: Urbanization in China Urbanization in China Urbanisation in China increased in speed following the initiation of the reform and opening policy. By the end of 2017, 59.4% of the total population lived in urban areas, a dramatic increase from 26% in 1990. By 2010, the OECD, based on Functional Urban Area (FUA), estimates there are currently 17 megacities in China. China's increase in urbanization was one of the several functions of the surpluses produced from the agricultural sectors in Chinese (farming and pastoral dependency). This judgment is based on (1) the fact that not until the end of the Qing Period did Chinese

neg: History of modernisation theory development of a modernised state. China was late in modernisation and has thus had many other countries as examples to base its model of modernisation off of. The One-Child Policy has also been a technique to contribute or even force the modernisation of China. Instigated in 1978, the one-child policy has created a generation known as "singletons" or "little emperors" ("xiao huangdi"). "The Chinese state enforced a rapid fertility transition designed to cultivate a generation of "high-quality" people with resources and ambition to join the global elite." These little emperors are expected to compete with the first-world countries having no

neg: Daniel Ortega opened. When seeking office, Ortega threatened to cut ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan) in order to restore relations with the People's Republic of China (as in the period from 1985 to 1990). But he did not do so. In 2007 Ortega stated that Nicaragua did not accept the One China Policy of the PRC government and that Nicaragua reserved the right to maintain official diplomatic relations with Taiwan. He reassured President Chen Shui Bian in 2007 that Nicaragua would not break diplomatic relations with Taiwan. He explained that during the Reagan administration the United States imposed sanctions on

neg: Childless Hundred Days The policy led to mass panic and dramatic reduction of local population in 1991. Childless Hundred Days Childless Hundred Days (百日无孩) is a campaign of mass forced abortion in Shen County and Guan County in Shandong, China. The campaign started in 1 May, 1991 and ended in 10 August, 1991. It was designed to reduce local population growth, under the national One-child policy. The campaign was initiated by the local Party Committee Secretary Zeng Zhaoqi (曾昭起) and Bai Zhigang (白志刚). During the campaign, local officials were asked to perform forced abortion on any pregnant woman in these areas regardless of