query: during which type of stretching does viscoelastic creep occur

pos: Viscoelasticity with increasing temperature. Generally speaking, an increase in temperature correlates to a logarithmic decrease in the time required to impart equal strain under a constant stress. In other words, it takes less work to stretch a viscoelastic material an equal distance at a higher temperature than it does at a lower temperature. Extreme cold temperatures can cause viscoelastic materials to change to the glass phase and become brittle. For example, exposure of pressure sensitive adhesives to extreme cold (dry ice, freeze spray, etc.) causes them to lose their tack, resulting in debonding. When subjected to a step constant stress, viscoelastic

pos: Creep (deformation) viscoelastic materials. When a polymeric material is subjected to an abrupt force, the response can be modeled using the Kelvin-Voigt model. In this model, the material is represented by a Hookean spring and a Newtonian dashpot in parallel. The creep strain is given by the following convolution integral: where: When subjected to a step constant stress, viscoelastic materials experience a time-dependent increase in strain. This phenomenon is known as viscoelastic creep. At a time "t", a viscoelastic material is loaded with a constant stress that is maintained for a sufficiently long time period. The material responds to the stress with

neg: Creep (deformation) room temperatures. Aging glass windows are often erroneously used as an example of this phenomenon: measurable creep would only occur at temperatures above the glass transition temperature around . While glass does exhibit creep under the right conditions, apparent sagging in old windows may instead be a consequence of obsolete manufacturing processes, such as that used to create crown glass, which resulted in inconsistent thickness. Fractal geometry, using a deterministic Cantor structure, is used to model the surface topography, where recent advancements in thermoviscoelastic creep contact of rough surfaces are introduced. Various viscoelastic idealizations are used to model the surface

neg: Viscoelasticity until a time formula_33, after which the strain immediately decreases (discontinuity) then gradually decreases at times formula_34 to a residual strain. Viscoelastic creep data can be presented by plotting the creep modulus (constant applied stress divided by total strain at a particular time) as a function of time. Below its critical stress, the viscoelastic creep modulus is independent of stress applied. A family of curves describing strain versus time response to various applied stress may be represented by a single viscoelastic creep modulus versus time curve if the applied stresses are below the material's critical stress value. Viscoelastic creep is

neg: Creep (deformation) faster. The second way of graphically presenting viscoelastic creep in a material is by plotting the creep modulus (constant applied stress divided by total strain at a particular time) as a function of time. Below its critical stress, the viscoelastic creep modulus is independent of stress applied. A family of curves describing strain versus time response to various applied stress may be represented by a single viscoelastic creep modulus versus time curve if the applied stresses are below the material's critical stress value. Additionally, the molecular weight of the polymer of interest is known to affect its creep behavior. The

neg: Creep (deformation) brittle fracture, creep deformation does not occur suddenly upon the application of stress. Instead, strain accumulates as a result of long-term stress. Therefore, creep is a "time-dependent" deformation. The temperature range in which creep deformation may occur differs in various materials. Lead can creep at room temperature and tungsten requires a temperature in the thousands of degrees before creep deformation can occur, while ice will creep at temperatures near 0 °C (32 °F). As a general guideline, the effects of creep deformation generally become noticeable at approximately 35% of the melting point for metals and at 45% of melting point

neg: Broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy Broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy Broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy (BVS) is a technique for studying viscoelastic solids in both bending and torsion. It provides the ability to measure viscoelastic behavior over eleven decades (orders of magnitude) of time and frequency: from 10 to 10 Hz. BVS is typically either used to investigate viscoelastic properties isothermally over a large frequency range or as a function of temperature at a single frequency. It is capable of measuring mechanical properties directly over these frequency and temperature ranges; as such, it does not require time-temperature superposition or the assumption that material properties obey an Arrhenius-type temperature dependence.

neg: Creep (deformation) a strain that increases until the material ultimately fails. When the stress is maintained for a shorter time period, the material undergoes an initial strain until a time "t" at which the stress is relieved, at which time the strain immediately decreases (discontinuity) then continues decreasing gradually to a residual strain. Viscoelastic creep data can be presented in one of two ways. Total strain can be plotted as a function of time for a given temperature or temperatures. Below a critical value of applied stress, a material may exhibit linear viscoelasticity. Above this critical stress, the creep rate grows disproportionately

neg: Viscoelasticity materials experience a time-dependent increase in strain. This phenomenon is known as viscoelastic creep. At a time formula_32, a viscoelastic material is loaded with a constant stress that is maintained for a sufficiently long time period. The material responds to the stress with a strain that increases until the material ultimately fails, if it is a viscoelastic liquid. If, on the other hand, it is a viscoelastic solid, it may or may not fail depending on the applied stress versus the material's ultimate resistance. When the stress is maintained for a shorter time period, the material undergoes an initial strain

neg: Stress relaxation of time. The amount of relaxation which takes place is a function of time, temperature and stress level, thus the actual effect it has on the system is not precisely known, but can be bounded. Stress relaxation describes how polymers relieve stress under constant strain. Because they are viscoelastic, polymers behave in a nonlinear, non-Hookean fashion. This nonlinearity is described by both stress relaxation and a phenomenon known as creep, which describes how polymers strain under constant stress. Viscoelastic materials have the properties of both viscous and elastic materials and can be modeled by combining elements that represent these characteristics.

neg: Thermomechanical analysis to the viscous component of the properties. Analysis of the data is performed using the four component viscoelastic model where the elements are represented by combinations of springs and dashpots. The experiment can be repeated using different creep forces. The results for varying forces after the same creep time can be used to construct isochronal stress–strain curves. The creep and recovery experiment can be repeated under different temperatures. The creep–time curves measured at various temperatures can be extended using the time-temperature-superposition principle to construct a creep and recovery mastercurve that extends the data to very long and very short times.

neg: Viscoelasticity to its original form. The material creeps, which gives the prefix visco-, and the material fully recovers, which gives the suffix -elasticity. Linear viscoelasticity is when the function is separable in both creep response and load. All linear viscoelastic models can be represented by a Volterra equation connecting stress and strain: or where Linear viscoelasticity is usually applicable only for small deformations. Nonlinear viscoelasticity is when the function is not separable. It usually happens when the deformations are large or if the material changes its properties under deformations. An anelastic material is a special case of a viscoelastic material: an

neg: Standard linear solid model Standard linear solid model The standard linear solid (SLS) model, also known as the Zener model, is a method of modeling the behavior of a viscoelastic material using a linear combination of springs and dashpots to represent elastic and viscous components, respectively. Often, the simpler Maxwell model and the Kelvin–Voigt model are used. These models often prove insufficient, however; the Maxwell model does not describe creep or recovery, and the Kelvin–Voigt model does not describe stress relaxation. SLS is the simplest model that predicts both phenomena. Materials undergoing strain are often modeled with mechanical components, such as springs (restorative force

neg: Thermomechanical analysis immediate elongation or strain. During the constant force period the time dependent elastic response or viscoelasticity, together with the viscous response, result in further increase in strain. The force is removed rapidly, though the small alignment force is maintained. The recovery measurement time should be four times the creep time, so in this example the recovery time should be 4 h. Upon removal of the force the elastic component results in an immediate contraction. The viscoelastic recovery is exponential as the material slowly recovers some of the previously imparted creep strain. After recovery there is a permanent unrecovered strain due

neg: Fracture in polymers to determine the viscoelastic behavior of samples as a function of time. A classic case is when the rubber hose ruptures due to creep after many years of service. DMTA can be used for o-rings and gaskets to measure the creep rates. The term fatigue refers to the effect of cyclic or intermittent loads. Cyclic loading due to either oscillating mechanical stress or to alternate heating and cooling, is more detrimental than static loading. Under cyclic load the crack are initialized as localized sites within the part and these extend in size during cycling. Ultimately they expand and join to

neg: Posterior cruciate ligament laxity of the two sections makes the PCL susceptible to injury during hyperflexion, hyperextension, and in a mechanism known as a dashboard injury. Because ligaments are viscoelastic) they can handle higher amounts of stress only when the load is increased slowly. When hyperflexion and hyperextension occur suddenly in combination with this viscoelastic behavior, the PCL deforms or tears. In the third and most common mechanism, the dashboard injury mechanism, the knee experiences impact in a posterior direction during knee flexion toward the space above the tibia. These mechanisms occur in excessive external tibial rotation and during falls that induce a

neg: Geomathematics single crystalline ice, due to the stress being on the basal planes that are already blocked by other ice crystals. It can be mathematically modeled with Hooke’s Law to show the elastic characteristics while using Lamé constants. Generally the ice has its linear elasticity constants averaged over one dimension of space to simplify the equations while still maintaining accuracy. Viscoelastic polycrystalline ice is considered to have low amounts of stress usually below one bar. This type of ice system is where one would test for creep or vibrations from the tension on the ice. One of the more important equations

neg: Metal-halide lamp type of metal-halide lamp was developed, which, instead of a quartz (fused silica) arc tube as used in mercury vapor lamps and previous metal-halide lamp designs, use a sintered alumina arc tube similar to those used in the high pressure sodium lamp. This development reduces the effects of ion creep that plagues fused silica arc tubes. During their life, sodium and other elements tends to migrate into the quartz tube, because of high UV radiation and gas ionization, resulting in depletion of light emitting material that causes cycling. The sintered alumina arc tube does not allow the ions to creep

neg: Soft tissue of the impact will be absorbed by the tissues to reduce the effect of the impact or the pain level; subjects with more soft tissue thickness tended to absorb the impacts with less aversion. Soft tissues have the potential to undergo large deformations and still return to the initial configuration when unloaded, i.e. they are hyperelastic materials, and their stress-strain curve is nonlinear. The soft tissues are also viscoelastic, incompressible and usually anisotropic. Some viscoelastic properties observable in soft tissues are: relaxation, creep and hysteresis. In order to describe the mechanical response of soft tissues, several methods have been used.

neg: Mylonite of grains by milling does not occur, although this was originally thought to be the process that formed mylonites, which were named from the Greek μύλος "mylos", meaning mill. Mylonites form at depths of no less than 4 km. There are many different mechanisms that accommodate crystal-plastic deformation. In crustal rocks the most important processes are dislocation creep and diffusion creep. Dislocation generation acts to increase the internal energy of crystals. This effect is compensated through grain-boundary-migration recrystallization which reduces the internal energy by increasing the grain boundary area and reducing the grain volume, storing energy at the mineral grain

neg: Stress relaxation One viscoelastic model, called the Maxwell model predicts behavior akin to a spring (elastic element) being in series with a dashpot (viscous element), while the Voigt model places these elements in parallel. Although the Maxwell model is good at predicting stress relaxation, it is fairly poor at predicting creep. On the other hand, the Voigt model is good at predicting creep but rather poor at predicting stress relaxation (see Viscoelasticity). Stress relaxation calculations can differ for different materials: To generalize, Obukhov uses power dependencies: where formula_2 is the maximum stress at the time the loading was removed (t*), and n

neg: Season creep also been associated with an increase in length and severity of the wildfire season there. Season creep may also have adverse effects on plant species as well. Earlier flowering could occur before pollinators such as honey bees become active, which would have negative consequences for pollination and reproduction. Shorter and warmer winters may affect other environmental adaptations including cold hardening of trees, which could result in frost damage during more severe winters. "Season creep" was included in the 9th edition of the Collins English Dictionary published in London June 4, 2007. The term was popularized in the media after the

neg: Vaginal flatulence Vaginal flatulence Vaginal flatulence is an emission or expulsion of air from the vagina. It may occur during or after sexual intercourse or during other sexual acts, stretching or exercise. The sound is somewhat comparable to flatulence from the anus but does not involve waste gases and thus often does not have a specific odor associated. Slang terms for vaginal flatulence include vart, queef, and fanny fart (mostly British). Vaginal gas that involves strong odor or fecal matter may be a result of colovaginal fistula, a serious condition involving a tear between the vagina and colon, which can result from

neg: Creep (deformation) creep is controlled by dislocation movement; namely, since creep can occur by vacancy diffusion (Nabarro–Herring creep, Coble creep), grain boundary sliding, and/or dislocation movement, and since the first two mechanisms are grain-size dependent, Harper–Dorn creep must therefore be dislocation-motion dependent. However, Harper–Dorn creep is typically overwhelmed by other creep mechanisms in most situations, and is therefore not observed in most systems. The phenomenological equation which describes Harper–Dorn creep is: where: formula_19 is dislocation density (constant for Harper–Dorn creep), formula_20 is the diffusivity through the volume of the material, formula_21 is the shear modulus, formula_22 is the Burger's vector, formula_23 is

neg: Linear elasticity functions then obey a single differential equation which corresponds to the compatibility equations. Other solutions: Elastodynamics is the study of elastic waves and involves linear elasticity with variation in time. An elastic wave is a type of mechanical wave that propagates in elastic or viscoelastic materials. The elasticity of the material provides the restoring force of the wave. When they occur in the Earth as the result of an earthquake or other disturbance, elastic waves are usually called seismic waves. The wave equation of elastodynamics is simply the equilibrium equation of elastostatics with an additional inertial term: If the material

neg: Broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy of operating frequencies. Broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy Broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy (BVS) is a technique for studying viscoelastic solids in both bending and torsion. It provides the ability to measure viscoelastic behavior over eleven decades (orders of magnitude) of time and frequency: from 10 to 10 Hz. BVS is typically either used to investigate viscoelastic properties isothermally over a large frequency range or as a function of temperature at a single frequency. It is capable of measuring mechanical properties directly over these frequency and temperature ranges; as such, it does not require time-temperature superposition or the assumption that material properties obey an

neg: Posterior cruciate ligament injury flexion. In this position, the PCL functions to prevent movement of the tibia in the posterior direction and to prevent the tilting or shifting of the patella. However, the respective laxity of the two sections makes the PCL susceptible to injury during hyperflexion, hyperextension, and in a mechanism known as a dashboard injury. Because ligaments are viscoelastic (p. 50 ) they can handle higher amounts of stress only when the load is increased slowly (p. 30 ). When hyperflexion and hyperextension occur suddenly in combination with this viscoelastic behavior, the PCL deforms or tears. In the third and most common

neg: Adhesion some flexibility, the molecules that are stringing across the gap can stop the crack from propagating. Another way to understand this phenomenon is by comparing it to the stress concentration at the point of failure mentioned earlier. Since the stress is now spread out over some area, the stress at any given point has less of a chance of overwhelming the total adhesive force between the surfaces. If failure does occur at an interface containing a viscoelastic adhesive agent, and a crack does propagate, it happens by a gradual process called “fingering”, rather than a rapid, brittle fracture. Stringing can

neg: Acetabular labrum a hip labrum tear. Stretching before exercise will affect the cartilage through "creep". It will place a constant load on the labrum, allowing fluid the leak out and deform to the applied load. This is significant for the viscoelasticity of the labrum. The hip labrum acts as a shock absorber, joint lubricator, stabilizer and pressure distributor. With this essential warm up, it is possible for it to be better prepared to prevent a hip labrum tear. Body weight squats are a great example of stretching and warming up the body to induce creep before exercise. Acetabular labrum The acetabular labrum

neg: Chip creep Chip creep Chip creep refers to the problem of an integrated circuit (chip) working its way out of its socket over time. This was mainly an issue in early PCs. Chip creep occurs due to thermal expansion, which is expansion and contraction as the system heats up and cools down. It can also occur due to vibration. While chip creep was most common with older memory modules, it was also a problem with CPUs and other main chips that were inserted into sockets. A example is the Apple III, where it's CPU would be dislodged and the user would need

neg: Creep (deformation) high creep resistance is primarily due to low stacking-fault energy in matrix, high anti-phase boundary energy in precipitates as well as thermally stable microstructure. This research is the first to discuss tensile creep on full scale specimens of high entropy alloys, which shows the potential of HESA at high temperature application. Creep (deformation) In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence of mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield

neg: Scope creep Scope creep Scope creep (also called requirement creep, or kitchen sink syndrome) in project management refers to changes, continuous or uncontrolled growth in a project’s scope, at any point after the project begins. This can occur when the scope of a project is not properly defined, documented, or controlled. It is generally considered harmful. It is related to but distinct from feature creep, because feature creep refers to features and project creep refers to the whole project. Scope creep can be a result of: Scope creep is a risk in most projects. Most megaprojects fall victim to scope creep (see

neg: Adhesion railway contact, followed by a region of slippage. The net result is that, during traction, the wheel does not advance as far as would be expected from rolling contact but, during braking, it advances further. This mix of elastic distortion and local slipping is known as "creep" (not to be confused with the creep of materials under constant load). The definition of creep in this context is: In analysing the dynamics of wheelsets and complete rail vehicles, the contact forces can be treated as linearly dependent on the creep (Kalker's linear theory, valid for small creepage) or more advanced theories can

neg: Scope creep game, but also expanded scope and resulted in sequels. Scope creep Scope creep (also called requirement creep, or kitchen sink syndrome) in project management refers to changes, continuous or uncontrolled growth in a project’s scope, at any point after the project begins. This can occur when the scope of a project is not properly defined, documented, or controlled. It is generally considered harmful. It is related to but distinct from feature creep, because feature creep refers to features and project creep refers to the whole project. Scope creep can be a result of: Scope creep is a risk in most

neg: Fracture in polymers number cause a fracture tip initialization to occur followed by its growth. Polymers are viscoelastic by nature, and exhibit mechanical hysteresis even at moderate strains due to continuous elongation and contraction. Some of this inelastic deformation energy is dissipated as heat within the polymer, and consequently the materials temperature will rise as a function of frequency, testing temperature, the stress cycle and the type of polymer. As the temperature within the polymer rises, the stiffness and yield strength will fall, and thermal failure becomes a possibility as deformation levels become excessive. Fracture mechanics in polymers has become an increasingly concerning

neg: Creep-testing machine temperature and it is more common when a material is exposed to high temperatures for a long time or at the melting point of the material. Creep machines are used to understand the creep of materials and determine which type can do the job better, which is important when making and designing materials for everyday uses. They most commonly test the creep of alloys and plastics for the understanding of their properties and advantages of one material's use over another. Researchers look to test objects with a creep machine to understand the process of metallurgy and the physical mechanical properties

neg: Women's Brigade (Broken Hill) tramp through the city's streets. And, under the circumstances, show to me the workingman that did not, and does not, applaud such acts, and I will show you a creature who lives but to creep and to cringe, and knows but little of the history of his class, or the damnable actions of its historic enemies. Women's Brigade (Broken Hill) The Women's Brigade was a labour protest organisation for women formed during the first of several strikes to occur in the mining town of Broken Hill, NSW, Australia between 1889-1920. As early as 1874, Australian women were engaging in direct

neg: Coble creep creep across grain boundaries and at high temperatures in alumina. Here he famously noticed a different creep mechanism that was more dependent on the size of the grain. [1] The strain rate in a material experiencing Coble creep is given by: where Both of these mechanisms occur at high temperature, but Coble creep is different in that it is more sensitive to grain size; in particular with smaller grain sizes the creep rate is greater. When considering the net diffusional creep rate, the sum of both diffusional rates is vital as they work in a parallel processes. Note that in

neg: Hemagglutination if agglutination does not occur, the blood is type A. If agglutination does not occur with either antibodies that bind to type A or type B antigens, then neither antigen is present on the blood cells, which means the blood is type O. In blood grouping, the patient's serum is tested against RBCs of known blood groups and also the patient's RBCs are tested against known serum types. In this way the patient's blood group is confirmed from both RBCs and serum. A direct Coombs test is also done on the patient's blood sample in case there are any confounding

neg: Creep feeding low price at market. Creep-feeding is also not recommended for heifers, as excessive weight gain early in life can cause fatty deposits in the calf's udder, resulting in poor milk production in the adult animal. Creep-fed calves show a very high percentage of marbling at slaughter. Creep feed in calves is usually offered in a way that allows for calves to free-feed. Creep feeding piglets rarely actually increases their weaning weight, but it does produce pigs who eat more later in life. The younger the age at which creep feed is offered, the stronger the effect is. Creep feeding is

neg: Thick-skinned deformation is crustal flow. This type of deformation is only able to occur when the crustal material is heated to a very high temperature, approximately 2/3 of its melting temperature. When this occurs in a collisional zone then the rock can be deformed by creep and will behave similarly to a fluid over the long periods of geologic time. Thick-skinned deformation Thick-skinned deformation is a geological term which refers to crustal shortening that involves basement rocks and deep-seated faults as opposed to only the upper units of cover rocks above the basement which is known as thin-skinned deformation. While thin-skinned deformation

neg: Larson–Miller relation its absolute value. Typically a 5% increase in absolute temperature will increase the rate of creep by a factor of ten. The equation was developed during the 1950s while Miller and Larson were employed by GE performing research on turbine blade life. Larson–Miller relation The Larson–Miller relation, also widely known as the Larson–Miller parameter and often abbreviated LMP, is a parametric relation used to extrapolate experimental data on creep and rupture life of engineering materials. F.R. Larson and J. Miller proposed that creep rate could adequately be described by the Arrhenius type equation: Where r is the creep process rate,

neg: Creep (deformation) The creep increases with increasing applied stress, since the applied stress tends to drive the dislocation past the barrier, and make the dislocation get into a lower energy state after bypassing the obstacle, which means that the dislocation is inclined to pass the obstacle. In other words, part of the work required to overcome the energy barrier of passing an obstacle is provided by the applied stress and the remainder by thermal energy. Nabarro–Herring (NH) creep is a form of diffusion creep, while dislocation glide creep does not involve atomic diffusion. Nabarro-Herring creep dominates at high temperatures and low stresses.

neg: Viscoelasticity relaxation pseudo-data with the conjugate relaxation model for the same times of the original data. Finally, fit the pseudo data with the Prony series. The secondary bonds of a polymer constantly break and reform due to thermal motion. Application of a stress favors some conformations over others, so the molecules of the polymer will gradually "flow" into the favored conformations over time. Because thermal motion is one factor contributing to the deformation of polymers, viscoelastic properties change with increasing or decreasing temperature. In most cases, the creep modulus, defined as the ratio of applied stress to the time-dependent strain, decreases

neg: Viscoelasticity Specifically, viscoelasticity is a molecular rearrangement. When a stress is applied to a viscoelastic material such as a polymer, parts of the long polymer chain change positions. This movement or rearrangement is called creep. Polymers remain a solid material even when these parts of their chains are rearranging in order to accompany the stress, and as this occurs, it creates a back stress in the material. When the back stress is the same magnitude as the applied stress, the material no longer creeps. When the original stress is taken away, the accumulated back stresses will cause the polymer to return

neg: English wheel that the metal in the middle of the work piece stretches relative to the edge of the piece. If the middle stretches too much, the operator can recover the shape by wheeling the edge of the piece. Wheeling the edge has the same effect in correcting mis-shape due to over-stretching in the middle, as does shrinking directly on the overstretched area by the use of heat shrinking or Eckold-type shrinking. This is because the edge holds the shape in place. Shrinking the edge prior to wheeling aids the formation of shape during wheeling, and reduces the amount of stretching and

neg: Extended length conditioning flexibility and faster warm up. They also encourage prevention of injuries developed during muscle stretching. Extended length conditioning exercises help people to stay safe and maintain their flexibility gains. They also add to the overall strength of the individuals. Extended length conditioning can lead to injuries if the individual fails to warm up properly just like the case with other similar exercises. Injuries can occur when the movement is jerky during ELC exercises. Extended length conditioning Extended length conditioning (ELC) also known as "end range conditioning" is a type of physical exercise that strengthens the body muscles through a wide

neg: Kinesiological stretching Kinesiological stretching Kinesiological Stretching is a type of neuromuscular physical exercise meant for stretching a particular muscle. Named after Kinesiology, this technique is used to get more flexibility, range of motion and strength at the same time with the view of attaining new range of flexibility functional and applicable to leg lifts, kicks, split jumps, dance, gymnastic, yoga, cheerleading, ballet, martial art techniques etc. This neuromuscular technique is widely used to minimize the risk of muscle injuries during stretching done to attain muscle flexibility. Kinesiological stretching isolates muscles' actions one by one. It concentrates mainly on the muscles which are

neg: Activator appliance growth. 2nd View - This view was presented by Egil Peter Harvold (1974), Donald Woodside (1973) and Selmer-Olsen, Herren (1953). This view completely disregarded the Myotatic reflex as the basis to describe the functional adaptation. Proponents of this view believed that Viscoelastic Properties of Muscle and stretching of soft tissues was the primary way of functional adaptation. They believed in creating the construction bite opening which was beyond the postural rest position. They believed that the mandible would be engaged more if the bite is opened more. Activator consists of acrylic components and wire components. Activator appliance initially started out

neg: Crystallization of polymers are usually hard and brittle because of the low mobility of their molecules. Increasing the temperature induces molecular motion resulting in the typical rubber-elastic properties. A constant force applied to a polymer at temperatures above T results in a viscoelastic deformation, i.e., the polymer begins to creep. Heat resistance is thus given for amorphous polymers just below the glass transition temperature. Relatively strong intermolecular forces in semicrystalline polymers prevent softening even above the glass transition temperature. Their elastic modulus changes significantly only at high (melting) temperature. It also depends on the degree of crystallinity: higher crystallinity results in a harder

neg: Viscoelasticity concrete (neglecting its aging), numerous metals at a temperature close to their melting point. The Kelvin–Voigt model, also known as the Voigt model, consists of a Newtonian damper and Hookean elastic spring connected in parallel, as shown in the picture. It is used to explain the creep behaviour of polymers. The constitutive relation is expressed as a linear first-order differential equation: This model represents a solid undergoing reversible, viscoelastic strain. Upon application of a constant stress, the material deforms at a decreasing rate, asymptotically approaching the steady-state strain. When the stress is released, the material gradually relaxes to its undeformed

neg: Crystallization of polymers of voids in the amorphous phase, drives yielding. As done in crystalline materials, particles can be added to semi-crystalline polymers to change the mechanical properties. In crystalline materials the addition of particles works to impede dislocation motion and strengthen the material. However, for many semi-crystalline polymers particle fillers weaken the material. It has been suggested that for particles to have a toughening effect in polymers the interparticle matrix ligament thickness must be smaller than a certain threshold. Crystalline polymers polypropylene and polyethylene display particle strengthening. Plastics are viscoelastic materials meaning that under applied stress, their deformation increases with time (creep).

neg: Fracture in polymers been analyzed. The low strength of polymers compared to theoretically predicted values are mainly due to the many microscopic imperfections found in the material. These defects namely dislocations, crystalline boundaries, amorphous interlayers and block structure can all lead to the non-uniform distribution of mechanical stress. Taking into account the viscoelastic path at small strain based on thermally activated rate processes. When strain attains higher values, high enough to lead to failure, its slope versus time exhibits an abrupt change. At this specific time the creep function appears a minimum. In most cases DMTA (Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis) can be used

neg: Creep (deformation) chemical hardening due to hydration which stiffens the microstructure, and multi-year aging, caused by long-term relaxation of self-equilibrated micro-stresses in the nano-porous microstructure of the C-S-H. If concrete is fully dried it does not creep, though it is difficult to dry concrete fully without severe cracking. Though mostly due to the reduced yield strength at higher temperatures, the collapse of the World Trade Center was due in part to creep from increased temperature. The creep rate of hot pressure-loaded components in a nuclear reactor at power can be a significant design constraint, since the creep rate is enhanced by the

neg: Retardation time when presetting the stress, eg, when performing creep tests. Retardation time Retardation is the delayed response to an applied force or stress and can be described as "delay of the elasticity" Ideal elastic materials show an immediate deformation after applying a jump-like stress, and an immediate reformation after removing the stress afterwards in the jump-like form again. For viscoelastic samples, this elastic behaviour occurs with a certain time delay. The term "relaxation time" has been described. It is used in combination with tests presetting the strain (deformation) or strain rate (shear rate), eg, when performing relaxation tests. On the other

neg: Creep (deformation) exponent of strain rate behavior, and A is a mechanism-dependent constant. A and n are from the following form of the general steady-state creep equation: formula_31 Where formula_32 is the strain rate, and formula_14 is the tensile stress. For the purposes of this mechanism, the constant A comes from the following expression, where A' is a dimensionless, experimental constant, μ is the shear modulus, b is the Burgers' Vector, k is Boltzmann's Constant, T is absolute temperature, formula_34 is the diffusion coefficient, and Q is the diffusion activation energy: formula_35 Creep can occur in polymers and metals which are considered

neg: Instant noodle instant noodles. During pressing by heavy blades, the continuous gluten structure is ruptured at certain points and does not return to its original shape, but the remaining gluten structures are strong enough to keep it hanging; therefore, wavy noodle strands are formed and maintained during processing. Other than the physical springiness, the selection of ingredients also ensures the high elasticity of instant noodles. Instant noodles require wheat flour with high protein content to ensure noodle strands are broken during processing, which will make a more viscoelastic noodle dough and result in more elastic noodles. Furthermore, potato starch is a key

neg: Herring–Nabarro creep Herring–Nabarro creep Nabarro–Herring creep is a mode of deformation of crystalline materials (and amorphous materials) that occurs at low stresses and held at elevated temperatures in fine-grained materials. In Nabarro–Herring creep (NH creep), atoms diffuse through the crystals, and the creep rate varies inversely with the square of the grain size so fine-grained materials creep faster than coarser-grained ones. NH creep is solely controlled by diffusional mass transport. This type of creep results from the diffusion of vacancies from regions of high chemical potential at grain boundaries subjected to normal tensile stresses to regions of lower chemical potential where the

neg: Doughnut shear rate, and n is the flow index. Many factors affect dough rheology including the type of ingredients, the amount of the ingredients, or the force applied during mixing. Dough is usually described as a viscoelastic material, meaning that its rheology depends on both the viscosity and the elasticity. The viscosity coefficient and the flow index are unique to the type of dough being analyzed, while the tangentic stress and the shear rate are measurements obtained depending on the type force being applied to the dough. In South Africa, an Afrikaans variation known as the "koeksister" is popular. Another variation,

neg: Feature creep Feature creep Feature creep, creeping featurism or featuritis is the excessive ongoing expansion or addition of new features in a product, especially in computer software and consumer and business electronics. These extra features go beyond the basic function of the product and can result in software bloat and over-complication, rather than simple design. The most common cause of feature creep is the desire to provide the consumer with a more useful or desirable product, in order to increase sales or distribution. However, once the product reaches the point at which it does everything that it is designed to do, the

neg: Microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys size after four hours of annealing at 1,0427 degrees Celsius. Under stress and temperature ranges 1.2-.85% and .5-.64Tm respectively, the steady creep rates were consistently less than 10 s. This stability was credited to the mechanistic creep process and the alloy’s core–shell-type structures. The scientists determined that the copper alloy creep occurred in dislocation climb areas under levels of relatively larger stress, claiming that any diffusion creep occurring was negligible. The core–shell-type nanostructures prevented coarsening by securing grain boundaries, a mechanism known as Zener pinning. In these structures more interfacial bonding interactions were possible, increasing strength. Oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic

neg: Creep (deformation) Creep (deformation) In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence of mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of the material. Creep is more severe in materials that are subjected to heat for long periods, and generally increases as they near their melting point. The rate of deformation is a function of the material's properties, exposure time, exposure temperature and the applied structural load. Depending on the magnitude

neg: Superalloy axis, since γ phase was transported out of the vertical channels and into the horizontal ones. After conducting unaxial creep deformation of <001> orientated CMSX-4 single crystal superalloy at 1105 °C and 100 MPa, Reed et al. has established that rafting is beneficial to creep life since it delays evolution of creep strain. In addition, rafting would occur quickly and suppress the accumulation of creep strain until a critical strain is reached. For superalloys operating at high temperatures and exposed to corrosive environments, the oxidation behavior is of paramount concern. Oxidation involves chemical reactions of the alloying elements with oxygen

neg: Motorcycle helmet in the opposite direction, stretching the tissue near the impact site and squeezing the tissue on the other side of the head. Blood vessels linking the brain to the inside of the skull may also break during this process, causing dangerous bleeding. Another hazard, susceptibility of the brain to shearing forces, plays a role primarily in injuries that involve rapid and forceful movements of the head, such as in motor vehicle accidents. In these situations rotational forces such as might occur in whiplash-type injuries are particularly important. These forces, associated with the rapid acceleration and deceleration of the head, are

neg: Creep and shrinkage of concrete high creep sensitivity. Other forms have been introduced into the design codes and standard recommendations of engineering societies. They are simpler though less realistic, especially for multi-decade creep. Creep and shrinkage can cause a major loss of prestress. Underestimation of multi-decade creep has caused excessive deflections, often with cracking, in many of large-span prestressed segmentally erected box girder bridges (over 60 cases documented). Creep may cause excessive stress and cracking in cable-stayed or arch bridges, and roof shells. Nonuniformity of creep and shrinkage, caused by differences in the histories of pore humidity and temperature, age and concrete type in various

neg: Creep (deformation) creep, thus, Coble creep will be more important in materials composed of very fine grains. For Coble creep "k" is related to the diffusion coefficient of atoms along the grain boundary, "Q" = "Q"(grain boundary diffusion), "m" = 1, and "b" = 3. Because "Q"(grain boundary diffusion) < "Q"(self diffusion), Coble creep occurs at lower temperatures than Nabarro–Herring creep. Coble creep is still temperature dependent, as the temperature increases so does the grain boundary diffusion. However, since the number of nearest neighbors is effectively limited along the interface of the grains, and thermal generation of vacancies along the boundaries is

neg: Labia stretching an ideal, and that it is often done by older women to girls, it has been compared to female genital mutilation (FGM) and child abuse. Elongated labia are perceived to facilitate orgasm and female ejaculation, and are considered to enhance sexual pleasure for both partners. Women who have unequally long labia may increase the size of the shorter to achieve symmetry. They also swell inwards, partially blocking the entrance to the vagina. The practice of labia stretching itself does not cause sexually transmitted infections (including HIV). Such infections generally occur later in life through sexual activity. Some writers have asserted

neg: Mantle convection of this general mantle flow pattern , and is consistent with other studies that suggest long-term stability of the LLSVP regions of the lowermost mantle that form the base of these upwellings. Since the mantle is primarily composed of olivine ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4), the rheological characteristics of the mantle are largely those of olivine. Additionally, due to the varying temperatures and pressures between the lower and upper mantle, a variety of creep processes can occur with dislocation creep dominating in the lower mantle and diffusional creep occasionally dominating in the upper mantle. However, there is a large transition region in creep processes

neg: Creep-testing machine of a metal, test the development of alloys, receive data from the loads that are derived and to find out whether a sample or material is within the boundary of what they are testing. The basic design of a creep machine is the furnace, loading device and support structure. The main type of creep testing machine that is most commonly used is a constant load creep testing machine.The constant load creep machine consists of a loading platform, foundation, fixture devices and furnace. The fixture devices are the grips and pull rods. Creep machines are most commonly used in experiments to

neg: Rust (fungus) on the life cycle of the particular pathogen. The following are examples of disease management plans used to control macrocyclic and demicyclic diseases: Macrocyclic Disease: Developing a management plan for this type of disease depends largely on whether the repeating stage (urediniospores) occur on the economically important host plant or the alternate host. For example, the repeating stage in white pine blister rust disease does not occur on white pines but on the alternate host, "Ribes" spp. During August and September "Ribes" spp. give rise to teliospores which infect white pines. Removal of the alternate host disrupts the life cycle

neg: Brachial plexus injury brachial plexus between the clavicle and the first rib. Although injuries can occur at any time, many brachial plexus injuries happen during birth: the baby's shoulders may become impacted during the birth process causing the brachial plexus nerves to stretch or tear. Obstetric injuries may occur from mechanical injury involving shoulder dystocia during difficult childbirth, the most common of which result from injurious stretching of the child's brachial plexus during birth, most often during vaginal birth, but occasionally Caesarean section. The excessive stretch results in incomplete sensory and/or motor function of the injured nerve. Injuries to the brachial plexus result

neg: Dynamic quartz recrystallization belts or near intrusions. Previous research has outlined several dislocation creep regimes present in experimental conditions. Two main mechanisms for altering grain boundaries have been defined. The first is the process by which quartz softens as temperature increases, providing a means for internal stress reduction by migration of dislocations in the crystal lattice, known as dislocation creep. These dislocations concentrate into walls, forming new grain boundaries. The other process involves differences in stored strain energy between neighboring grains, resulting in migration of existing grain boundaries. The extent to which these occur is a function of strain rate and temperature, those

neg: Still's murmur the setting of Still’s murmur the results are normal, since Still’s murmur is not associated with any sort of cardiovascular pathology. Still's murmur does not represent any sort of disorder and does not present a health risk, so no treatment is necessary. Still's murmurs may occur in as many as a third of all children. This type of murmur occurs most often in children two to seven years of age, but can occur in younger or older children. In most cases, the innocent Still's murmur is present on and off during childhood and resolves on its own by young adulthood.

neg: Rheometer been segregated according to their applicability to viscosity ranges. Materials with a viscosity range from approximately 0.01 to 1 Pa.s. (most polymer solutions)are best characterized with capillary breakup rheometers, opposed jet devices, or contraction flow systems. Materials with a viscosity range from approximately 1 to 1000 Pa.s. are used in filament stretching rheometers. Materials with a high viscosity >1000 Pa.s., such as polymer melts, are best characterized by constant-length devices. Extensional rheometry is commonly performed on materials that are subjected to a tensile deformation. This type of deformation can occur during processing, such as injection molding, fiber spinning, extrusion, blow-molding,

neg: Morelet's crocodile to the Cuban and the larger American crocodiles. Morelet's crocodile can be found in freshwater habitats in Central America and along the Gulf of Mexico stretching through Belize, Guatemala, and to Mexico. The Belizean pine forests are an example of the type of ecoregion in which they occur. In their freshwater habitats, they prefer isolated areas that are secluded. This species of crocodile can mainly be found in freshwater swamps and marshes, which are located inland, and in large rivers and lakes. Both of these habitats are forested to help add cover. The Morelet can also be found along the

neg: Silly Putty Silly Putty Silly Putty is a toy based on silicone polymers that have unusual physical properties. It bounces, but it breaks when given a sharp blow, and it can also flow like a liquid. It contains a viscoelastic liquid silicone, a type of non-Newtonian fluid, which makes it act as a viscous liquid over a long time period but as an elastic solid over a short time period. It was originally created during research into potential rubber substitutes for use by the United States in World War II. The name "Silly Putty" is a trademark of Crayola LLC. Other names

neg: Strapping but over time polyester has replaced almost all of its use. One application that still uses this type of strap is cold room applications, because it does not creep as much as the other types of plastic. Corded and woven strapping are available in several constructions, primarily involving polyester and rayon. Some types are reusable. Because this system uses a buckle for a joint, corded and woven strapping can have a larger system strength than steel banding. Corded polyester strapping also has a higher elongation than other strapping systems, which gives it an ideal memory for sea and rail shipments.

neg: Spalting such as "Trametes versicolor" (Fr.) Pil., is so concentrated in an area that a visual effect is created. Both strength and weight loss occur with white rot decay, causing the "punky" area often referred to by woodworkers. Brown rots, the "unpleasing" type of spalting, do not degrade lignin, thus creating a crumbly, cracked surface which cannot be stabilized. Both types of rot, if uncontrolled, will render wood useless. Dark dotting, winding lines and thin streaks of red, brown and black are known as zone lines. This type of spalting does not occur due to any specific type of fungus, but

neg: Herring–Nabarro creep mass transport occurs by diffusion along the surface of single crystals or the grain boundaries in a polycrystal. For a general expression of creep rate, the comparison between Nabarro–Herring and Coble creep can be presented as follows: G is the shear modulus. The diffusivity is obtained form the tracer diffusivity, formula_43. The dimensionless constant formula_44 depends intensively on the geometry of grains. The parameters formula_45, formula_46 and formula_47 are dependent on creep mechanisms. Nabbaro-Herring creep does not involve the motion of dislocations. It predominates over high-temperature dislocation-dependent mechanisms only at low stresses, and then only for fine-grained materials. Nabarro–Herring creep

neg: Soft tissue injury of joints. Sprains are commonly seen in vulnerable areas such as the wrists, knees and ankles. They can occur from movements such as falling on an outstretched hand or a twisting of the ankle or foot. The severity of a sprain can be classified: A strain is a type of acute injury that occurs to the muscle or tendon. Similar to sprains, it can vary in severity, from a stretching of the muscle or tendon to a complete tear of the tendon from the muscle. Some of the most common places that strains occur are in the foot, back of

neg: Baker's cyst some exercises can help relieve pain, and a physiotherapist may instruct on stretching and strengthening the quadriceps and/or the patellar ligament. Baker's cyst A Baker's cyst, also known as a popliteal cyst, is a type of fluid collection behind the knee. Often there are no symptoms. If symptoms do occur these may include swelling and pain behind the knee, or knee stiffness. If the cyst breaks open, pain may significantly increase with swelling of the calf. Rarely complications such as deep vein thrombosis, peripheral neuropathy, ischemia, or compartment syndrome may occur. Risk factors include other knee problems such as osteoarthritis,

neg: Red Sea Rift decompressions which occurred due to uplift related to the gradual stretching and thinning of the crust as rifting continued. Stretching and thinning can take place either according to a symmetrical, pure shear, extension model, or due to an asymmetric, detachment-delamination model. Basaltic dykes are also injected during the stretching and thinning. As the basaltic injections become restricted to a narrow axial zone, true seafloor spreading initiates with the Vine-Matthews-type magnetic anomaly stripes. Axial propagation of the oceanic rift occurs, resulting in a continuous axis of spreading. The rift may be intersected by a shear or fracture zone, which act as

neg: Stretching Also, the longer the duration of static stretching, the more exhausted the muscle becomes. This type of stretching has been shown to have negative results on athletic performance within the categories of power and speed. Dynamic stretching, because it is movement-based, may not isolate the muscle group as well or have an intense of a stretch, but it is better at increasing the circulation of blood flow throughout the body which in turn increases the amount of oxygen able to be used for an athletic performance. This type of stretching has shown better results on athletic performances of power and

neg: Mantle convection creep, crystal structures reorient into lower stress orientations. This does not happen under diffusional creep, thus observation of preferred orientations in samples lends credence to the dominance of dislocation creep. Mantle convection Mantle convection is the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's surface. The Earth's surface lithosphere, which rides atop the asthenosphere (the two components of the upper mantle), is divided into a number of plates that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite plate boundaries. Accretion occurs as mantle is added to the

neg: Dynamic mechanical analysis analysis where a sinusoidal force (stress σ) is applied to a material and the resulting displacement (strain) is measured. For a perfectly elastic solid, the resulting strain and the stress will be perfectly in phase. For a purely viscous fluid, there will be a 90 degree phase lag of strain with respect to stress. Viscoelastic polymers have the characteristics in between where some phase lag will occur during DMA tests. When the stress is applied and the strain lags behind, the following equations hold: where Consider the purely elastic case, where stress is proportional to strain. We have <br> formula_6

neg: Creep and shrinkage of concrete associated relaxation function with a Maxwell chain model). The history integrals such as Eq. 1 then disappear from the constitutive law, the history being characterized by the current values of the internal state variables (the partial strains or stresses of the Kelvin or Maxwell chain). Conversion to a rate-type form is also necessary for introducing the effect of variable temperature, which affects (according to the Arrhenius law) both the Kelvin chain viscosities and the rate of hydration, as captured by formula_107. The former accelerates creep if the temperature is increased, and the latter decelerates creep. Three-dimensional tensorial generalization of Eqs.

neg: South African Class 14C 4-8-2, 3rd batch All four batches were delivered with Type LP tenders with a coal capacity of and a water capacity of . During 1920, it was found necessary to restay most of the fireboxes on the early orders of the Class 14C. Their reversing gear was of the single cylinder type and tended to creep. D.A. Hendrie, at the time the Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the South African Railways (SAR), therefore fitted oil cylinders and installed his Hendrie reversing gear, which was manufactured in the Pretoria workshops during 1922. Modifications were also made to the finger bars and rocking grate cylinders

neg: Larson–Miller relation Larson–Miller relation The Larson–Miller relation, also widely known as the Larson–Miller parameter and often abbreviated LMP, is a parametric relation used to extrapolate experimental data on creep and rupture life of engineering materials. F.R. Larson and J. Miller proposed that creep rate could adequately be described by the Arrhenius type equation: Where r is the creep process rate, A is a constant, R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and formula_2 is the activation energy for the creep process. Taking the natural log of both sides: With some rearrangement: Using the fact that creep rate is

neg: Deformation mechanism map only as accurate as the number of experiments and calculations undertaken in their creation. For a given stress and temperature, the strain rate and deformation mechanism of a material is given by a point on the map. By comparing maps of various materials, crystal structures, bonds, grain sizes, etc., studies of these materials properties on plastic flow can be conducted and a more complete understanding of deformation in materials is obtained. Above the theoretical shear strength of the material, a type of defect-less flow can still occur, shearing the material. Dislocation motion through glide (any temperature) or creep (at high

neg: Kinesiological stretching a hurry. Engaging in the stretching method without completing the required motion properly can lead to muscle strains or tears. Kinesiological stretching Kinesiological Stretching is a type of neuromuscular physical exercise meant for stretching a particular muscle. Named after Kinesiology, this technique is used to get more flexibility, range of motion and strength at the same time with the view of attaining new range of flexibility functional and applicable to leg lifts, kicks, split jumps, dance, gymnastic, yoga, cheerleading, ballet, martial art techniques etc. This neuromuscular technique is widely used to minimize the risk of muscle injuries during stretching done

neg: Soft tissue injury Soft tissue injury A soft tissue injury (STI) is the damage of muscles, ligaments and tendons throughout the body. Common soft tissue injuries usually occur from a sprain, strain, a one off blow resulting in a contusion or overuse of a particular part of the body. Soft tissue injuries can result in pain, swelling, bruising and loss of function. A sprain is a type of acute injury which results from the stretching or tearing of a ligament. Depending on the severity of the sprain, the movement on the joint can be compromised since ligaments aid in the stability and support

neg: Slow earthquake opposed to "normal earthquakes" occur in a matter of seconds. Several slow-earthquake events around the world appear to have triggered major, damaging seismic earthquakes in the shallower crust (e.g., 2001 Nisqually, 1995 Antofagasta). Conversely, major earthquakes trigger "post-seismic creep" in the deeper crust and mantle. Every five years a year-long quake of this type occurs beneath the New Zealand capital, Wellington. It was first measured in 2003, and has reappeared in 2008 and 2013. It lasts for around a year each time, releasing as much energy as a magnitude 7 quake. Slow earthquake A slow earthquake is a discontinuous, earthquake-like

neg: Cost of living CPI inflation rate to maintain purchasing power. The widely recognized problem known as bracket-creep can also occur in countries where the marginal tax brackets themselves are not indexed—COLA increases simply place more dollars into higher tax rate brackets. (Only under a flat tax system would a percentage gain on gross income translate into a comparable inflation-offsetting gain at the after-tax level.) Some salaries and pensions in the United States with a COLA (they vary by type) include: Pensions in Canada with a COLA include: For 2018, the Social Security Cost of Living Adjustment ("COLA") is 2.0% (a significant increase over

neg: Deformation (mechanics) remain even after stresses have been removed. One type of irreversible deformation is plastic deformation, which occurs in material bodies after stresses have attained a certain threshold value known as the "elastic limit" or yield stress, and are the result of slip, or dislocation mechanisms at the atomic level. Another type of irreversible deformation is viscous deformation, which is the irreversible part of viscoelastic deformation. In the case of elastic deformations, the response function linking strain to the deforming stress is the compliance tensor of the material. Strain is a measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in the

neg: Creep (deformation) the initiation of creep fracture. Solute drag creep is one kind of mechanisms for power law creep (PLC), involving both dislocation and diffusional flow. Solute drag creep is observed in certain metallic alloys. Their creep rate increases during the first stage of creep before a steady-state, which can be explained by a model associated with solid-solution strengthening. The size misfit between solute atoms and edge dislocations could restrict dislocation motion. The flow stress required for dislocations to move is increased at low temperatures due to immobility of the solute atoms. But solute atoms are mobile at higher temperatures, so the

neg: Viscoelasticity to understanding how a material exhibiting viscoelasticity will perform. Viscoelasticity Viscoelastisity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain when stretched and immediately return to their original state once the stress is removed. Viscoelastic materials have elements of both of these properties and, as such, exhibit time-dependent strain. Whereas elasticity is usually the result of bond stretching along crystallographic planes in an ordered solid, viscosity is the result of the diffusion of atoms

neg: Viscoelasticity Viscoelasticity Viscoelastisity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain when stretched and immediately return to their original state once the stress is removed. Viscoelastic materials have elements of both of these properties and, as such, exhibit time-dependent strain. Whereas elasticity is usually the result of bond stretching along crystallographic planes in an ordered solid, viscosity is the result of the diffusion of atoms or molecules inside an amorphous material. In the nineteenth

neg: Human herpesvirus 6 comes from the Greek word herpein, meaning "to creep." Herpesviruses are 'to creep' in that they may enter a latent stage, inactively infecting their human host. Since its discovery in 1993, this phenomenon has been found among all of the betaherpesviruses. Other betaherpesviruses establish latency as a nuclear episome, which is a circular DNA molecule (analogous to plasmids). For HHV-6, latency is believed to occur exclusively through the integration of viral telomeric repeats into human subtelomeric regions. Only one other virus is known to achieve latency in this fashion. This phenomenon is possible as a result of the telomeric repeats

neg: Motorcycle armor because hard armour by itself does not provide impact/shock abosorption qualities. The use of viscoelastic materials in motorcycle armor has allowed for hand (glove) elbow, knee, shoulder, tail-bone, and back armor to be manufactured in a soft and pliable state at rest. Upon the introduction of shock the armor adopts extremely rigid and protective properties. Examples of this armor are SAS-TEC, SW, D3O, Rukka APS air, EXO-TEC and TF armor. They are currently being used in jackets, trousers and suits by manufacturers such as REV'IT!, Firstgear, BMW Apparel, Scorpion, Rukka, Klim, Aerostich and Worse for Wear respectively. Viscoelastic armor is

neg: Quartz crystal microbalance on all overtone orders) one may assume that (1-"Z"/"Z")≈1. c) Complex samples are often laterally heterogeneous. d) Complex samples often have fuzzy interfaces. A "fluffy" interface will often lead to a viscoelastic correction and, as a consequence, to a non-zero Δ("w"/2) as well as an overtone-dependent Sauerbrey mass. In the absence of such effects, one may conclude that the outer interface of film is sharp. e) When the viscoelastic correction, as discussed in (b), is insignificant, this does by no means imply that the film is not swollen by the solvent. It only means that the (swollen) film is much