query: when did the currency of botswana first came in circulation

pos: Botswana pula 12% devaluation in May 2005, the pula remains one of the strongest currencies in Africa. In 1976, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 thebe and 1 pula. The 1 thebe was struck in aluminium, with the 5 thebe in bronze and the others in cupro-nickel. These coins were round except for the scalloped 1 pula. Bronze, dodecagonal 2 thebe coins were introduced in 1981 and discontinued after 1985. In 1991, bronze-plated steel replaced bronze in the 5 thebe, nickel-plated steel replaced cupro-nickel in the 10, 25 and 50 thebe and the 1 pula changed

pos: Botswana pula Botswana pula The pula is the currency of Botswana. It has the ISO 4217 code "BWP" and is subdivided into 100 "thebe". "Pula" literally means "rain" in Setswana, because rain is very scarce in Botswana — home to much of the Kalahari Desert — and therefore valuable and a blessing. The word also serves as the national motto of the country. A sub-unit of the currency is known as "thebe", or "shield", and represents defence. The names were picked with the help of the public. The pula was introduced in 1976, replacing the South African rand at par. Despite a

pos: Jersey pound that when the note was folded, the result was the resistance symbol "V" for victory. At Liberation in May 1945, the States stopped issuing notes. These notes were issued under the Currency Notes (Jersey) Law 1959. Designed by TDLR’s John White, they feature Pietro Annigoni’s portrait of Queen Elizabeth II. When the 10-pound note was issued in 1971, it featured the same image originally used on the back of the 10-shilling note of 1963, because the low-value note had been replaced by a coin. A new series of notes came into circulation on 5 August 1976. The new portrait of

pos: Private currency for private currencies. Now, s. 44(1) of the Australian "Reserve Bank Act 1959", prohibits this practice. In 1976, Wickrema Weerasooria published an article which suggested that the issuing of bank cheques violated this section, though some banks responded that since bank cheques were printed with the words "not negotiable" on them, the cheques were not intended for circulation and thus did not violate the statute. In Hong Kong, although the government issues currency, bank-issued private currency is the dominant medium of exchange. Most automated teller machines dispense private Hong Kong bank notes. In Scotland, the Bank of Scotland, Clydesdale Bank,

neg: Botswana pula series of notes was introduced on 23 August 2009 and contains for the first time, a 200-pula banknote. In response to the concern of the poor quality of the paper of the 10 pula banknote, the Bank of Botswana revealed a 10 pula banknote in polymer in November 2017 and was issued to the public on February 1, 2018. Due to hyperinflation in Zimbabwe in 2006 to 2008, the government has allowed circulation of foreign currency since September 2008. Local currency became obsolete on April 12, 2009. Several currencies, including the South African rand and Botswana pula circulate in Zimbabwe,

neg: Liechtenstein franc currency reform, the new currency had 100 rappens to the franc. This currency is still the official currency of Liechtenstein today. Prince Johann II had silver coins minted with denominations of franc, 1 franc, 2 francs and 5 francs. When Franz I came to power, he did not have any more of these denominations minted, because there were enough of his predecessor's silver coins in circulation. During his rule, gold coins with denominations of 10 francs and 20 francs were minted in 1930. They depict on the obverse side the bust of the prince, now facing to the right again.

neg: Korean currency when it became a floating currency, but was then immediately devalued at nearly half of its value because of the East Asian financial crisis. Korean currency Korean currency dates back as far as the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) when the first iron coins were minted. During that period, even though some imported Chinese currency was also in circulation, commodity currency such as grain and linen continued in general circulation. It was not until the beginning of the Joseon period that copper coins were minted for wide circulation. Jeohwa (저화/楮貨), which was made of standardized mulberry-bark paper early in the Joseon period,

neg: Korean currency Korean currency Korean currency dates back as far as the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) when the first iron coins were minted. During that period, even though some imported Chinese currency was also in circulation, commodity currency such as grain and linen continued in general circulation. It was not until the beginning of the Joseon period that copper coins were minted for wide circulation. Jeohwa (저화/楮貨), which was made of standardized mulberry-bark paper early in the Joseon period, become the first legal paper money and was used as a medium of exchange in place of coins until it disappeared in the early

neg: Yuan (currency) until 1949, including Communist issues from 1930. Most of the banknotes issued for use throughout the country bore the words "National Currency", as did some of the provincial banks. The remaining provincial banknotes bore the words "Local Currency". These circulated at varying exchange rates to the national currency issues. After the revolution, in addition to the denominations already in circulation, "small money" notes proliferated, with 1, 2 and 5 cent denominations appearing. Many notes were issued denominated in English in cash ("wén"). During the 1930s, several new currencies came into being in China due to the activities of the invading

neg: Alois von Reding to play in the Confederacy’s downfall. In a hope to reduce diminish war funding by reducing the currency in circulation, Talleyrand loaned 100,000 English Pounds for 2,53,000 francs i.e. for almost half the price given the then prevailing exchange rates. Talleyrand believed that once peace between the Confederacy and the Republicans was established, and when Reding came to power in a higher capacity, it would be easy to re-exchange the 100,000 English Pounds for the actual Pound-Franc exchange rate. Thus, doubling the amount of Francs in circulation. However, the current dearth of currency in circulation resulted in an extraordinary demand

neg: Demand Note for a paper currency, and the constitution explicitly prohibits states from making anything but gold or silver legal tender. As a result, the pre-civil war circulation of banknotes in the United States consisted of private issues, including issues by private federally chartered banks such as the First and the Second Bank of the United States. While the constitution did not explicitly grant the power to issue paper currency, it did grant the power to borrow money. Treasury Notes, as a form of debt, were an innovation to help bridge federal financing gaps when the government encountered difficulty selling a sufficient

neg: British Currency School British Currency School The British Currency School was a group of British economists, active in the 1840s and 1850s, who argued that the excessive issuing of banknotes was a major cause of price inflation. They believed that, in order to restrict circulation, issuers of new banknotes should be required to hold an equivalent value of gold as a reserve. This concept was also known as convertibility and the currency principle. They argued that prices were mostly based on quantity of currency in circulation, although proponents did acknowledge that prices were also affected by deposits. Therefore, by controlling prices banks could

neg: Pound sterling silver, named after its association with the currency. Sterling silver is harder than the 0.999 (99.9%) fine silver that was traditionally used, and so sterling silver coins did not wear down as rapidly as fine silver coins. The English currency was almost exclusively silver until 1344, when the gold noble was successfully introduced into circulation. However, silver remained the legal basis for sterling until 1816. During the time of Henry III, the pound sterling equalled the tower (weight) pound. In the 28th year of Edward I (around 1300), the tale (money) pound, or pound sterling, first began to differ from

neg: Media of Botswana published Dikgang Tsa Gompieno (or Daily News, circulation 50,000 in 2002) in both English and Setswana and the privately owned Mmegi, circulation 15 000. The government also publishes, in a bilingual edition, the monthly magazine Kutlwano Magazine (circulation 25,000). In 2002, 4 independent newspapers were publishing on a weekly basis, with a total circulation of over 50,000. Mmegi, or The Reporter, is published in both Setswana and English with a weekly circulation of 24,000. The Constitution of Botswana ensures a free press and free speech, and the government is said to highly respect these rights. Media of Botswana Media in

neg: Currency of Uruguay at 1 new for 1000 old. Withdrawal of old notes of N$500 and under began immediately; notes of 100,000, 200,000, and 500,000 nuevos pesos remained legal tender (for 100, 200, and 500 pesos uruguayos) until 30 April 1996. The first banknote denominated in "pesos uruguayos moneda nacional", the $20 (dated 1994), did not appear in circulation until 22 February 1995. By the end of 1995, denominations of 10, 50, 100, 200, and 500 were in circulation. A $1000 was added in 1996, and a $2000 in 2003. A new series of notes began appearing in November 2006. Currency of Uruguay

neg: Korean mun 1000 mun). The mun was replaced in 1892 when the yang was introduced. The first definitive record of currency use in Korea appears in the Goryeo period (918–1392). Early in that period, even though some imported Chinese currency from the Song, and Tang dynasties were in circulation, commodity currency such as grain and linen continued in general circulation. In the 10th and 11th centuries, iron and copper coins along with silver vase-shaped coins were issued, but never widely circulated. King Sukjong of Goryeo created a new monetary system based on round copper coins with square holes as well as the

neg: Circulation (currency) Circulation (currency) In monetary economics, circulation is the continuing use of individual units of a currency for transactions. Thus currency in circulation is the total value of currency (coins and paper currency) that has ever been issued minus the amount that has been removed from the economy by the central bank. More broadly, money in circulation is the total money supply of a country, which can be defined in various ways always including currency and also including some types of bank deposits. Standard money is the basic currency circulating within a monetary system. It has legal recognition for prices and

neg: Alaskan parchment scrip for use in Russian America, to be printed on parchment for greater durability. The first issue of currency (12,000 rubles) did not arrive until 1816, and it was printed on a heavy card stock. A second issue arrived in 1822 printed on the same material. Given the climate of Alaska and constantly being outdoors, the currency did not survive long in circulation. Only four examples from the first two issues are known to exist: a 25 kopeck, 50 kopeck, and one ruble note from 1816 and a single one ruble note from 1822. Constantly needing to replace damaged and worn

neg: Jiaozi (currency) usually issued biannually. In the region of Liang-Huai (兩淮) these banknotes were referred to as Huaijiao (淮交) and were introduced in 1136 but their circulation stopped quickly after their introduction. Generally the lower the denominations of the Jiaozi the more popular they became, and as the government did not regulate their production their existence eventually lead to inflation. To combat counterfeiting, jiaozi were stamped with multiple banknote seals. The Jiaozi first came into usage in present-day Sichuan by a private merchant enterprise, these notes were issued to replace free much heavier iron cash coins (鐵錢) that circulated at the time.

neg: Currency Currency A currency (from , "in circulation", from ), in the most specific use of the word, refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins. A more general definition is that a currency is a "system of money" (monetary units) in common use, especially in a nation. Under this definition, US dollars, British pounds, Australian dollars, European euros and Russian ruble are examples of currency. These various currencies are recognized as stores of value and are traded between nations in foreign exchange markets, which determine the

neg: Currency with few options other than to create a local currency. The following table are estimates of the 15 most frequently used currencies in world payments from 2012 to 2018 by SWIFT. Related concepts Accounting units Lists Currency A currency (from , "in circulation", from ), in the most specific use of the word, refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins. A more general definition is that a currency is a "system of money" (monetary units) in common use, especially in a nation. Under this definition,

neg: Willmar Ministry in the Chamber on the question of producing a national currency. On 9 January 1852 a law was promulgated which ordered the production of copper money for the Grand Duchy. The first Luxembourgish currency was put in circulation in 1854. Willmar Ministry The Willmar Ministry was in office in Luxembourg from 2 December 1848 to 23 September 1853. The Constitution that resulted from the Revolution of 1848 came into force on 1 August 1848. On 28 September the first elections to the Chamber of Deputies took place. From the first meeting of the parliament, the Fontaine government had to face

neg: Society of the Mongol Empire was small at first, but the war against the southern Song dramatically increased circulation. With the defeat of the Song, their currency was taken out of circulation and could be exchanged with Mongol currency at a relatively high exchange rate. Regardless of persistent inflation after 1272, paper currency backed by limited releases of coins remained as the standard means of currency until 1345. Around 1345, rebellions, economic crisis, and financial mismanagement of paper currency destroyed the public's confidence in the bills. To initiate the transition from other forms of compensation to paper currency the government made refusing to accept the

neg: Currency of Uruguay issued by Banco Nacional of Buenos Aires for Provincia Oriental ("Eastern Province", i.e., Uruguay). All parties to the conflict used the Spanish dollar (Spanish "peso", Portuguese " patacão"), which circulated with a value of 8 Spanish reales or 960 Brazilian reis. Circulation consisted of coins from mints in Mexico, Potosí, Brazil, and Buenos Aires. During the turbulent period of conflict preceding independence, a considerable amount of poor-quality copper coin from both Buenos Aires and Brazil came into circulation. Peso (Patacón) = 8 Reales = 800 Centésimos de real (centavos) Onza de oro = 16 Pesos In 1828, Uruguay's currency was

neg: Czechoslovak koruna place, defining the new "koruna" as equal in value to the Austro-Hungarian krone. The first banknotes came into circulation the same year, the coins three years later, in 1922. This first koruna circulated until 1939, when separate currencies for Bohemia and Moravia and Slovakia were introduced, at par with the Czechoslovak koruna. These were the Bohemian and Moravian koruna and the Slovak koruna. The Czechoslovak koruna was re-established in 1945, replacing the two previous currencies at par. As a consequence of the war, the currency had lost much of its value. The koruna went through a number of further reforms.

neg: Singapore Portrait Series currency notes Singapore Portrait Series currency notes The Portrait Series of currency notes is the fourth and current set of notes to be issued for circulation in Singapore. It was first introduced on 9 September 1999 by the Board of Commissioners of Currency Singapore (BCCS), whose role was since taken over by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) post-merger. This series features the portrait of Yusof bin Ishak, the first president of Singapore. The design has been simplified and new security features were introduced. Polymer versions of this series were released for general circulation by MAS as of 4 May 2004. The

neg: Shield nickel abolishing the three-cent note and authorizing bronze cents and two-cent pieces, with low intrinsic values, to be struck. These new coins initially proved popular, though the two-cent piece soon faded from circulation. On March 3, 1865, Congress passed legislation authorizing the Mint to strike three-cent pieces of 75% copper and 25% nickel. In 1864, Congress had authorized a third series of fractional currency notes. The five-cent note was to bear a portrait of "Clark", but Congress was appalled when the issue came out not bearing a portrait of William Clark, the explorer, but Spencer M. Clark, head of the Currency

neg: Seigniorage the person receives less than one ounce of gold. Seigniorage occurred. If the value of the currency relative to gold has increased, then the person receives more than one ounce of gold. Seigniorage did not occur. Seigniorage, therefore, is the positive return on issuing notes and coins, or "carry" on money in circulation. The opposite, "cost of carry (demurrage)", is not regarded as a form of seigniorage. Ordinarily seigniorage is only an interest-free loan (for instance of gold) to the issuer of the coin or paper money. When the currency is worn out, the issuer buys it back at face

neg: Coins of the Canadian dollar Canada's currency museum, while the other is in a private collection. The rarity stems from the fact the federal government chose not to proceed with producing a "silver dollar" in 1911. The 1911 coin sets were originally planned to include the $1, but the sets came with an empty gap where the $1 coin was supposed to be. Canada wouldn't issue a $1 circulation coin until the 1935, when it issued a circulating dollar commemorating George V Silver Jubilee. Among numismatists, the 1921 50-cent coin is considered the rarest Canadian circulation coin and is known as The King of Canadian

neg: History of the United States dollar in the United States today, though rarely seen in circulation. Both United States Notes and Federal Reserve Notes are parts of the national currency of the United States, and both have been legal tender since the gold recall of 1933. Both have been used in circulation as money in the same way. However, the issuing authority for them came from different statutes. United States Notes were created as fiat currency, in that the government has never categorically guaranteed to redeem them for precious metal - even though at times, such as after the specie resumption of 1879, federal officials were

neg: Tuscan florin Tuscan florin The Tuscan florin (Italian: "fiorino") was the currency of Tuscany between 1826 and 1859. It was subdivided into 100 quattrini (singular: "quattrino"), a local currency made by four pennies (from the Latin: "quater denarii"). There was an additional denomination called the paolo, worth 40 quattrini, in circulation. During the Napoleonic Wars, Tuscany was annexed by France and the French franc was introduced, together with its satellite Italian lira. Previous Tuscan pound did not disappear, but a big confusion was created between the old pound (called "lira" in Italian) and the new lira. So, when Duke Leopold II rose

neg: North Korean won horse statue and a rising sun were introduced into circulation during the 1979 currency reform to allow greater flexibility for vendors by eliminating the 50 chon banknote and large amounts of "small change" coinage carried. In 1987, 1 won coins featuring the Grand People's Study House were introduced, but did not fully replace the 1 won note which remained legal tender. When the historic 2.16 peg to the dollar was abandoned in 2001 to allow for greater convertibility the coins began to lose value. After 2003, these coins were rarely seen in circulation but were still redeemable. Later, a new

neg: Fijian dollar and brown colour scheme. The new $5 note, the first banknote from the “Flora and Fauna” design series, entered into circulation on 2 April 2013. Fijian dollar The Fijian dollar (currency sign: FJ$, $; currency code: FJD) has been the currency of Fiji since 1969 and was also the currency between 1867 and 1873. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively FJ$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents. Fiji followed the pattern of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand in that when it adopted the decimal system, it decided

neg: Iraqi Swiss dinar Iraqi Swiss dinar The Swiss dinar was the Iraqi currency in circulation prior to the 1990 Gulf War. The reason for the adjective "Swiss" is unknown, but there are two possible explanations. The first possible explanation is that the printing plates for the currency came from Switzerland, although the notes were actually printed in the United Kingdom. After the war, subject to economic sanctions authorised by United Nations resolutions, continued importing of the "Swiss" notes was prohibited, and the Central Bank of Iraq began domestic printing of a new Iraqi dinar. The second possible explanation is that prior to the

neg: Yuan (currency) Japanese. The pre-existing, national currency yuan came to be associated only with the Nationalist, Kuomintang government. In 1935, the Kuomintang Government enacted currency reforms to limit currency issuance to four major government controlled banks: the Bank of China, Central Bank of China, Bank of Communications and later the Farmers Bank of China. The circulation of silver yuan coins was prohibited and private ownership of silver was banned. The banknotes issued in its place were known as fabi () or "Legal tender". A new series of base metal coins began production in 1936 following the reforms. The Japanese established two collaborationist

neg: Currency of Uruguay Currency of Uruguay This is an outline of Uruguay's monetary history. For the present currency of Uruguay, see Uruguayan peso. Uruguay's currency was initially that common to all of Spanish America. During the struggle over this region, initially between Spain and Portugal, then between Argentina and Brazil, the coinage of both contestants circulated. When the area was annexed to Brazil in 1821 as Provincia Cisplatina, the Portuguese (Brazilian) administration put notes of Banco do Brazil into circulation. This was the first paper money to circulate in Uruguay. Then, in 1826–1828, Argentine troops fighting against Brazil were paid in one-peso notes

neg: United States two-dollar bill obverse of the note featured a borderless portrait of Thomas Jefferson to left and wording in the entire center. The reverse featured a World War I battleship. Beginning in the 1950s, production of $2 bills began to decrease. The relative scarcity of the bills led some to start saving any they found, with the inevitable result that the notes became rarer in circulation. Currently, the circulation of $2 bills accounts for around 1% of the U.S. currency in circulation. "(6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm)" In 1928, when all U.S. currency was changed to its current size,

neg: Banking in Azerbaijan National bank started to function as independent banks in the world. The first president of the National Bank was appointed after adoption of these laws. With the independence of the banking system, "manat" - the national currency of the Republic was put into circulation (1992). Strenuous political conditions and serious violations in the economy were observed during the period when the market economy-oriented banking system was set up in Azerbaijan. It put the banking system into difficult situation. As a result, organization and managing principles in the banking system were violated. In general, the banking service did not meet the

neg: Demand Note of 1815 which, like the Demand Notes, did not bear interest and were intended to circulate as currency – and thus are also candidates for "the first U.S. paper money". However, only $3,392,994 were issued, and these were rapidly exchanged for bonds. In witness to the limited circulation achieved by these notes, only two issued uncancelled examples of the Small Treasury Notes are known today vs. almost 1000 examples of the Demand Notes. Federal finances had not yet recovered from the Panic of 1857 when the election of President Lincoln, in 1860, made it even more difficult for the federal

neg: British Military Administration (Malaya) limited exports to Japan were dramatically reduced. During the occupation the Japanese replaced the Malayan dollar with their own version. Prior to occupation, in 1941, there was about Malaya $219 million in circulation. Japanese currency officials estimated that they had put $7,000 to $8,000 million into circulation during occupation. Some Japanese army units had mobile currency printing presses and no record was kept of the quantity or value of notes printed. When Malaya was liberated there was $500 million of uncirculated currency held by the Japanese in Kuala Lumpur. The unrestrained printing of banknotes in the final months of the

neg: Salvadoran colón with the farm's name and were used as payment to employees, the sheets only had value in the farm store that issued it, so it created a kind of monopoly. During the existence of the Central American Federation, the monetary system did not change with respect to the colonial system and continued using silver by weight as the main currency with circulation of macaques and property sheets. Once the federation dissolved, the Salvadoran government decreed the issuance of the first national currency, "Reales", gold coins engraved with an "R" and the "Escudos (Shields)" were silver coins with an "E" engraved.

neg: Scenes of Canada money" and the "rainbow series", and stating that multicoloured banknotes were returning to Canada since the Bank of Canada had assumed the role as the country's only banknote supplier in 1935. Some retailers did not believe that the $20, the first banknote of the series issued into circulation, was real currency. Because of wearing from use, the average banknote had a life expectancy of between nine and twelve months before being withdrawn from circulation. In June 1987, the Bank of Canada announced that the $1 banknote would be replaced by the loonie, a $1 coin with a longer lifespan that

neg: Malaysian ringgit were identical in size and composition to those of the former Malaya and British Borneo dollar. Though the Malayan currency union coins were withdrawn, they still appear in circulation on very rare occasion. Minting of the first sen series ended in 1989, when the second series was introduced. The older coins remain legal tender as of 2018, but have steadily declined in number and are seldom seen in circulation. The second series of sen coins entered circulation in late 1989, sporting completely redesigned observes and reverses, but predominantly retaining the design of edges, diameters and composition of the previous series'

neg: International status and usage of the euro concerns with banking secrecy, the EU and Andorra signed a monetary agreement on 30 June 2011 which made the euro the official currency in Andorra and allowed them to mint their own euro coins as early as 1 July 2013, provided they comply with the agreement's terms. However, the first Andorran euro coins did not enter into circulation until January 2015. Outside the EU, there are currently three French territories and a British territory that have agreements to use the euro as their currency. All other dependent territories of eurozone member states that have opted not to be a part

neg: Currency of Colombia Cundinamarca, where it was still legal tender for public debts. There was considerable speculation in these coins in Bogotá, where they came to form the bulk of circulation. Consequently, a law of 7 April 1864 restored legal tender status, in payment of public debts, to all coin less than .900 fine (but not in the State of Panamá) and budgeted 80,000 pesos to re-coin .666 fine silver (for which purpose a third mint opened at Medellín). In 1864 the government planned to establish a national bank, but this did not work out. So the Banking Law of 6 May 1865

neg: French franc decimal currency, following Russia's conversion in 1704, and the third country to adopt a decimal coinage, also following the United States in 1787. France's first decimal coinage used allegorical figures symbolizing revolutionary principles, like the coinage designs the United States had adopted in 1793. The circulation of this metallic currency declined during the Republic: the old gold and silver coins were taken out of circulation and exchanged for printed assignats, initially issued as bonds backed by the value of the confiscated goods of churches, but later declared as legal tender currency. The withdrawn gold and silver coins were used to

neg: Kyrgyzstani som them. Belarus became the last of the former Soviet republics that did not issue coins for general circulation until the July 1, 2016 revaluation of their currency. This move came with growing demand from vendors for coins, especially from slot machine industries and those desiring a more efficient system for collecting fare money. The coins were issued in denominations of 10 and 50 tiyin (also spelt tyiyn and tyin) made of brass-plated steel, and 1, 3 and 5 som, made of nickel-plated steel. A nickel-plated steel 10 som coin was issued a year later for 2009. All coins are minted

neg: Andorra and the euro Andorra and the euro Andorra has a monetary agreement with the EU allowing it to make the euro its official currency, and permitting it to issue euro coins from 1 July 2013. They planned to issue their first coins by March or April 2014. On 23 December coins were delivered for pre-booked customers at the Government Administration Building, and actual circulation began on 15 January 2015. Andorra did not have an official currency before adopting the euro, and unlike its two larger neighbours, France and Spain, which surround it, it is not a member of the EU. However it "de

neg: Botswana pula along with the Zimbabwean Bond Coins. The word "Pula" also serves as part of the national motto of the Kingdom of Lesotho. As in Botswana, it means "rain" in the Sotho language and is considered a synonym for blessing. The Botswana Pula became widely known internationally through numerous references in the "No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency" by Alexander McCall Smith, making it possible for readers worldwide to get an idea of the Pula's purchasing power. Botswana pula The pula is the currency of Botswana. It has the ISO 4217 code "BWP" and is subdivided into 100 "thebe". "Pula" literally means

neg: Constitution of Botswana Constitution of Botswana The present Constitution of Botswana commenced on September 30, 1966. Before colonial rule was established in Botswana, a traditional constitution - a body of laws known as "molao" - was used by tribal chiefs, or diKgosi, of the Botswana people. During the early years of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, some non-Botswana also came to be ruled by these laws. Protectorate administrators kept elements, though not all, of this traditional constitution; much of it has lapsed today. In 1959, a Constitutional Committee of the Joint Advisory Council drew up the Protectorate's first formal constitution, which came into operation in

neg: Bank of Albania balancing the currency in circulation and credit within the economy. This role is important because allowing too much currency into circulation will end up leading to inflation and allowing less currency in circulation will prevent the economy to grow. As acting currency manager, the Bank of Albania pursues to reach equilibrium between two extremes, which is to promote economic growth by maintaining price stability. Another role of the Bank of Albania is that it acts as the fiscal agent to the most important client in the country, which is the Albanian Government. Since being the central Bank of Albania, the

neg: Malayan dollar the Controller of Finance and Accounts of the Army Pay Corps, and currency was put into circulation against payment in sterling by the War Office to the account of the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Malaya. It was decided that no value whatever should be accorded the Japanese banana money then in circulation, as it had been estimated that during the three and a half years occupation the Japanese had issued a minimum of 4,000 million dollars' worth of currency against a normal 1941 circulation of about 220 million (Donnison p. 223). The pay service made available currency notes from

neg: Circulation (currency) Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI). The table below shows the statistics as of 31 December 2016 in billions of US dollars using the exchange rate at the end of the year. The total value is $4,687 billion. China is not part of the calculation and may be over a trillion dollars today. That leaves over 160 countries not calculated. The calculation also does not include Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ripple, whose total value in circulation exceeds one hundred billion dollars. Circulation (currency) In monetary economics, circulation is the continuing use of individual units of a currency for

neg: History of money circulation in Azerbaijan circulation of Russian currency, gradually to the new national currency. At the same time, the economic policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in this field was connected with the international recognition of national currency – manat. For this reason, having felt the support of the French government (partially, considering the French as an international language), the Republic considered that it is needed to inscribe the words on 500 manat banknotes in French language. The second money emission in Azerbaijan was issued in 1920 on behalf of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). Within the framework of this emission, the first

neg: Vanuatu vatu end of the official circulation of the Australian dollar in Vanuatu. Vanuatu's first post colonial coin was a 50 vatu coin introduced in 1981 and commemorated independence. It was struck in cupro-nickel like previous issues and was released into circulation, though originally its release was targeted more towards collectors. Shortly thereafter, in 1983, 1, 2, 5, vatu coins were released in aluminum bronze and 10, 20, and 50-vatu coins were introduced in cupro-nickel, replacing the coinage of the New Hebrides Franc as the new circulation currency. This also replaced the Australian currency that was circulating in the British controlled islands.

neg: Miss Earth Botswana winner of Miss Earth Botswana represents the country at Miss Earth. On occasion, when the winner does not qualify (due to age), a runner-up is sent. The pageant is based in Gaborone and organized by its pageant director, Beatrice Barrows. Botswana did not compete in 2009 and 2013. Miss Earth Botswana 2009, Tumisang Sebina, was unable to compete in the international pageant since she did not meet the Miss Earth minimum height requirement. This caused organisers to change the local pageant rules that exclude anyone below the required height, ensuring that Botswana would be represented internationally. Miss Earth Botswana The

neg: Neutral Moresnet is no record of Neutral Moresnet taking a hostile international stance. Many immigrants settled in Moresnet so they would be exempt from military service, but in 1854 Belgium began to conscript its citizens who had moved to Moresnet, and Prussia did likewise in 1874. From then on, the exemption applied only to descendants of the original inhabitants. Neutral Moresnet did not have its own currency. The French franc was legal tender. The currencies of Prussia (and then Germany, after 1871), Belgium and the Netherlands were also in circulation. In 1848 local currency began circulating, though these coins were not considered

neg: Bermudian dollar pounds, shillings, and pence as the sole legal tender. The pound sterling remained the official currency of Bermuda until 1970, though the Government of Bermuda did issue its own pound banknotes. With US and Canadian coins regularly appearing in circulation in Bermuda and the possibility of the devaluation of the pound sterling, Bermuda was compelled to adopt its own decimal currency. On 6 February 1970, Bermuda introduced a new decimal currency in the form of a dollar. The nascent Bermudian dollars circulated in conjunction with the new British decimal coinage a year before it was introduced in the United Kingdom.

neg: Irish pound show prices in Irish pounds beneath the price in Euro for up to five years after the changeover, enabling people to see the price in old currency and check whether prices had been improperly inflated. Irish pound The Irish pound () was the currency of Ireland until 2002. Its ISO 4217 code was IEP, and the usual notation was the prefix £ (or IR£ where confusion might have arisen with the pound sterling or other pounds). The Irish pound was superseded by the euro on 1 January 1999. Euro currency did not begin circulation until the beginning of 2002. The

neg: Early American currency to reform the currency by removing the old bills from circulation and issuing new ones, without success. By May 1781, Continentals had become so worthless that they ceased to circulate as money. Franklin noted that the depreciation of the currency had, in effect, acted as a tax to pay for the war. For this reason, some Quakers, whose pacifism did not permit them to pay war taxes, also refused to use Continentals, and at least one Yearly Meeting formally forbade its members to use the notes. In the 1790s, after the ratification of the United States Constitution, Continentals could be

neg: Coins of Australia Coins of Australia Australian coins refers to the coins which are or were in use as Australian currency. During the early days of the colonies that formed Australia, foreign currency was used, but in 1910, a decade after federation, Australian coins were introduced. Australia used pounds, shillings and pence until 1966, when it adopted the decimal system with the Australian dollar divided into 100 cents. With the exception of the first Proclamation Coinage and the holey dollars, all Australian coins remain legal tender despite being withdrawn from circulation. For many years after the first Australian colony, New South Wales, was

neg: In God We Trust approved by President Dwight Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declared "In God We Trust" must appear on American currency. This phrase was first used on paper money in 1957, when it appeared on the one-dollar silver certificate. The first paper currency bearing the phrase entered circulation on October 1, 1957. The 84th Congress later passed legislation (P.L. 84-851), also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto. Some groups and people have expressed objections to its use, citing its religious reference that violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. These groups

neg: Ukrainian hryvnia 2–16, both hryvnia and karbovanets were used in circulation, but merchants were required to give change only in hryvnias. All bank accounts were converted to hryvnia automatically. During the transition period, 97% of karbovanets were taken out of circulation, including 56% in the first 5 days of the currency reform. After 16 September 1996, the remaining karbovanets were allowed to be exchanged to hryvnias in banks. The hryvnia was introduced during the period when Victor Yushchenko was the chairman of National Bank of Ukraine. However, the first banknotes issued bore the signature of the previous National Bank chairman, Vadym Hetman,

neg: Circulation (currency) settlement. According to Karl Marx circulation is a process which is established by capital and formed from wealth. The amount of money in circulation varies according to a number of factors. For example, there is more demand at Christmas time when commercial activity is high. Notes and coins stored in warehouses are ordered by banks and sent to them so they may increase supply. Gold coins are the traditional kind of coin placed into circulation. Some coins enter circulation before a die defect in their design is discovered and they are removed. If a coin is in circulation for a

neg: Currency of Ecuador in October 1862. These were the last coins produced at the Quito mint. In February 1863 the mint equipment gave out and the government did not attempt to replace it. Besides, Banco de Guayaquil had no wish to continue minting: in minting 35,580 pesos, it had suffered a loss of 6,776 pesos (19%). Thus, after 1863, all Ecuadorian coin was minted abroad. To keep coin in circulation, President Gabriel García Moreno prohibited the export of coin 666 fine. The circulation of various kinds of tokens became common. Imbabura Province, in the north, was authorized to allow the free circulation of

neg: Katlego Kai Kolanyane-Kesupile Katlego Kai Kolanyane-Kesupile Katlego Kai Kolanyane-Kesupile (born January 1988, also known as Kat Kai Kol-Kes) is a performance artist, musician, writer and LGBT activist from Botswana. She is known for being the first public figure from the country to openly identify as a transgender person. She is also the first person from Botswana to be named a TED Fellow. Kolanyane-Kesupile was born in January 1988 in Francistown. She is the first transgender person to come out openly in Botswana, which she did in 2013. Kolanyane-Kesupile attended Clifton Primary School. She went to a boarding school in Durban when she was

neg: History of Chinese currency early re-unification period. This currency also experienced rapid inflation and issues were suspended in 1450 although notes remained in circulation until 1573. It was only in the very last years of the Ming dynasty when Li Zicheng threatened Beijing in 1643 and 1644 that printing took place again. For most of the Ming China had a purely private system of currency for all important transactions. Silver, which flowed in from overseas, began to be used as a currency in the Far South province of Guangdong where it spread to the lower Yangzi region by 1423 when it became legal tender

neg: Lombardo-Venetian pound weight. For political purposes the name on these coins (the most popular in circulation) was changed from "Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia" to the "Austrian Empire". When metropolitan Austria decimalized in 1857, the change did not immediately affected the Kingdom, where old pounds were minted again in 1858. Only in 1862, after the loss of Lombardy to the newborn Italian State, did the remaining part of the Austrian territories adopt the general coinage of the Empire. The Lombardy-Venetia florin (equal to the Austro-Hungarian gulden) became the basic unit of currency, and was divided in 100 "soldi"; only subunits were specifically produced for

neg: Society of the Mongol Empire when the Song dynasty started replacing their copper coinage with paper currency. When the Mongols invaded Song China they started issuing their own Mongolian bills in 1227. This first attempt by the Mongols did not last long because the notes issued expired after several years and were inconsistent throughout the parts of the Mongol Empire that issued them. In 1260, Kublai Khan created the Yuan Mongol's first unified paper currency with notes that did not have any expiration date. To validate the currency, it was made fully exchangeable to silver and gold and was accepted as tax payments. Currency distribution

neg: Currency future system of fixed exchange rates. Some commodity traders at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) did not have access to the inter-bank exchange markets in the early 1970s, when they believed that significant changes were about to take place in the currency market. The CME established the International Monetary Market (IMM) and launched trading in seven currency futures on May 16, 1972. The CME actually now gives credit to the International Commercial Exchange (not to be confused with ICE) for creating the currency contract, and state that they came up with the idea independently of the International Commercial Exchange. Today, the

neg: Currency mostly paper, but Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation developed the world's first polymer currency in the 1980s that went into circulation on the nation's bicentenary in 1988. Now used in some 22 countries (over 40 if counting commemorative issues), polymer currency dramatically improves the life span of banknotes and prevents counterfeiting. Currency use is based on the concept of lex monetae; that a sovereign state decides which currency it shall use. Currently, the International Organization for Standardization has introduced a three-letter system of codes (ISO 4217) to define currency (as opposed to simple names or currency signs), in

neg: Double-spending Double-spending Double-spending is a potential flaw in a digital cash scheme in which the same single digital token can be spent more than once. Unlike physical cash, a digital token consists of a digital file that can be duplicated or falsified. As with counterfeit money, such double-spending leads to inflation by creating a new amount of copied currency that did not previously exist. This devalues the currency relative to other monetary units or goods and diminishes user trust as well as the circulation and retention of the currency. Fundamental cryptographic techniques to prevent double-spending, while preserving anonymity in a transaction,

neg: Double-spending exceed those thresholds and continued double-spending for three days. Double-spending Double-spending is a potential flaw in a digital cash scheme in which the same single digital token can be spent more than once. Unlike physical cash, a digital token consists of a digital file that can be duplicated or falsified. As with counterfeit money, such double-spending leads to inflation by creating a new amount of copied currency that did not previously exist. This devalues the currency relative to other monetary units or goods and diminishes user trust as well as the circulation and retention of the currency. Fundamental cryptographic techniques

neg: United States one-dollar bill 1935) when it was first issued as a Federal Reserve Note (previously, one dollar bills were Silver Certificates). The inclusion of the motto, "In God We Trust," on all currency was required by law in 1955, and first appeared on paper money in 1957. An individual dollar bill is also less formally known as a one, a single, a buck, a bone, and a bill. The Federal Reserve says the average life of a $1 bill in circulation is 5.8 years before it is replaced because of wear. Approximately 42% of all U.S. currency produced in 2009 were one-dollar bills.

neg: Economy of the Confederate States of America have increased the velocity of circulation, and counterproductively channeled inflationary pressures into other areas of the economy. Three successive monetary reforms encouraged holders of treasury notes to exchange these notes for bonds by imposing deadlines on their convertibility. Confederate efforts aimed at precipitating the conversion of currency into bonds did temporarily suppress currency depreciation. These acts also triggered upsurges in commodity prices, however, because note holders rushed to spend the currency before their exchange rights were reduced. Blockade runners made much more profit by importing liquor, fancy dresses, and other luxuries instead of munitions. Tobacco and cotton, which found few

neg: Kyrgyz Republic commemorative currency have also won numerous regional and international awards. Commemorative coins are minted in several locations including, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Poland, Russia (Saint Petersburg Mint), Slovakia and the United Kingdom (Pobjoy Mint), while the commemorative notes are printed in the United States (Crane Currency). On 11 August 1995, the central bank issued its first collectible coins to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Epic of Manas, despite coins not being in general circulation at that time. Since then, over the years, the central bank has increased the frequency of issuance of commemorative currencies. The central bank reached its first major milestone when

neg: Botswana national rugby union team Botswana national rugby union team The Botswana national rugby union team represents Botswana in the sport of rugby union. Botswana have thus far not played in a Rugby World Cup, but have participated in qualifying tournaments. They are currently ranked 77th in the world. Botswana played their first ever international on September 7, 1996 against Zimbabwe, losing 130 to 10. Their first win came in 2001 in a match against Swaziland, winning 13 points to 3. Also in 2001 they participated in African qualifying tournaments for the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia. In 2004 Botswana won four internationals in

neg: Finnish markka Finnish markka The Finnish markka (, , currency code: FIM) was the currency of Finland from 1860 until 28 February 2002, when it ceased to be legal tender. The markka was replaced by the euro (€), which had been introduced, in cash form, on 1 January 2002, after a transitional period of three years when the euro was the official currency but only existed as 'book money'. The dual circulation period – when both the Finnish markka and the euro had legal tender status – ended on 28 February 2002. The markka was divided into 100 pennies (, with numbers

neg: Japanese currency Kan'ei Tsuho coins in 1670. The material for the coinage came from gold and silver mines across Japan. To this effect, gold mines were newly opened and exploited, such as the Sado gold mine or the Toi gold mine in Izu Peninsula. Regarding diamond coins, the "Kan'ei Tsūhō" coin (寛永通宝) came to replace the Chinese coins that had been in circulation in Japan, as well as those that were privately minted, and became the legal tender for small denominations. "Yamada Hagaki", Japan's first notes, were issued around 1600 by Shinto priests also working as merchants in the Ise-Yamada (modern Mie

neg: Rhetorical circulation two factors are always out of balance. When we apply economic theories such as this one to rhetoric, some changes are inevitable. Richard Lanham has postulated an economics of "attention" rather than monetary currency. When we consume and forward texts, we "pay" attention to them. But with the unbalanced nature of use and exchange values in texts, circulation can be difficult to predict. We cannot know, for instance, the exchange value of a text, when understood as its relative value as compared to others in the marketplace of attention. Because of this, some theorists consider circulation to be separate from

neg: Tourism in Egypt of December 2016. The Central Bank of Egypt controls the circulation of currency. As of May 2009, the currency notes in circulation have a denomination of EGP 200, 100, 50, 20, 5, 1 and Piastres 50, 25. There is no limit on the amount of currency which the visitors may bring to Egypt, however, they must declare the currency and amount upon arrival and departure with bank receipts. There may be restrictions on the amount of currency that can be taken outside of Egypt so it is best to check with your hotel or a local bank to confirm the

neg: Currency of Spanish America of vellón coin in Spain had driven gold and silver from circulation. After the failure of numerous attempts to correct this situation, the currency finally underwent a major reform on October 14, 1686, when Spain devalued silver by ≈20% and adopted a dual coinage standard. The old silver standard ("plata vieja") was maintained in the American colonies, but a new devalued silver ("plata nueva") was adopted for circulation in Spain itself. The old piece of eight was valued at 10 reales of the new silver coin. The new 8-real coin was known as "peso sencillo", the old piece of eight

neg: Mudflation the valuation of the game currency. Often the problem can be traced back to those running the game, who have set up a policy to give away the game currency to its members as a game function, with little to no way to actually remove money from the economy. This policy causes an ever-increasing amount of game currency in circulation and a subsequent decline in value. Removal of currency from circulation is substantially harder than introducing it as a reward for player actions. Players actively pursue awards and tend to accumulate them; the currency reward will only be given up

neg: Coat of arms of Botswana Coat of arms of Botswana The coat of arms of Botswana was adopted on 25 January 1966. The centre shield is supported by two zebras. The shape of the shield is that of traditional shields found in Southern Africa. On the top portion of the shield are three cogwheels that represent industry. The three waves symbolize water, and reminds the viewer of the motto of the nation: "pula", which means simply "rain", but also good luck, and is the name of the nation's currency. This motto also highlights the importance of water to Botswana. The motto is found at the

neg: Sterilization (economics) surplus to prevent currency appreciation. Assume that a country's currency is depreciating. To prevent this, the country's central bank may decide to intervene in the foreign exchange market. To prop up the value of the nation's currency, the central bank may resort to creating artificial demand for its currency. It can do this by using some of its foreign exchange reserves to buy local currency. The resulting demand stops the currency's depreciation but also acts to reduce the domestic "money supply" in two ways. First the bank is directly removing some of the nation's currency from circulation as it buys

neg: Flag of Botswana protectorate. When Botswana's national flag was created in 1966, it was symbolically designed to contrast with the flag of South Africa, since the latter country was ruled under an apartheid regime. Hence, the black stripe with the white frame came to epitomize the peace and harmony between the people of African and European descent who reside in Botswana. The new flag was first hoisted at midnight on September 30, 1966, the day Botswana became an independent country. The colours of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The light blue represents water—specifically, in its form of rain, as it

neg: Macau the unit of currency is the pataca, which is currently pegged to the Hong Kong dollar at a rate of HK$1 = MOP1.03. The name pataca is a Portuguese word which was applied to the Mexican dollars that were the main circulating coin in the wider region in the second half of the 19th century. In 1894, the pataca was introduced in both Macau and Portuguese Timor as a unit of account for the Mexican dollar and the other silver dollar coins in circulation. However, the pataca was not the official currency when it was first enacted. In 1901, it

neg: Cash (currency) 1023 the 交子 paper money currency occur to adapt the economical climate change of globalization brought by fair trade via silk road, although metal coins were still in circulation. After the introduction of a unified currency system in 1889, cash continued to be used as a subunit of the yuan with 1000 cash being equal to one yuan. Coins continued to be denominated in cash until the 1920s nationally and for a time thereafter regionally. Cash ("văn") was a currency unit for copper coinage in Vietnam until the introduction of the French Indochina piastre in 1885 when it became a

neg: Botswana national netball team Botswana national netball team The Botswana national netball team represent Botswana in international netball tests. Botswana competed in the 2007 World Netball Championships, their first appearance at a World Championships, finishing tenth. They also came second at the 2008 Nations Cup, and finished 13th at the 2011 World Championships in Singapore. As of 7 March 2018, Botswana are 21st in the INF World Rankings. On 15 June 2011, the Botswana Netball Association (BONA) announced an initial 15-member squad for the 2011 World Netball Championships in Singapore, held from 3–10 July. From the initial squad, twelve players were chosen represent Botswana

neg: Coins of the Indian rupee when the Unity in diversity series was launched. Cupro-Nickel coins are not minted anymore. Ferritic Stainless Steel coins of Two and Five Rupee denominations are currently in production. In 2004, RBI issued a series in denominations of 1 rupee, followed by 2 rupee and 10 rupee in 2005. These issues however came into circulation in 2006, and created a controversy over their design. 10 rupee coins were the first bimetallic coins issued in India, and because of the controversy and being minted in only one mint, most of the coinage never found its way into circulation. The ones which did

neg: Imelda Molokomme Botswana, "It would seem women have given up and surrendered to the cause. Numbers were higher before and after the period when women returned from the World Conference on Women held in Beijing 1995". Molokomme runs a consultancy company in Botswana which trains and coaches women in politics and unions. Molokomme married at the age of 17. She is the mother of Botswana's first woman Attorney General, Athaliah Molokomme. Imelda Molokomme Imelda Mishodzi Molokomme is a feminist activist and community developer from Botswana, "well known for her active role in the gender agenda". Molokomme married at 17, and did not

neg: Botswana national football team Botswana national football team The Botswana national football team, nicknamed 'The Zebras' (Setswana: "Dipitse") is the national football team of Botswana and is controlled by the Botswana Football Association. They have never qualified for the World Cup but they did qualify for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations for the first time in their history. Although Botswana have entered the FIFA World Cup preliminary stages five times, it took them nearly eleven years after playing their first match to register their first victory which was a 4–1 victory in the African pre-preliminary qualifying rounds for Germany 2006 against Lesotho. The

neg: Currency of Venezuela prohibited further circulation of any kind of macuquina, and macuquina was withdrawn and exchanged, 100,000 pesos in French coin being distributed to the provinces to facilitate this operation. The monetary law of March 29, 1842 was based on the peso fuerte of 10 reales or 100 centavos. It provided for a national copper coinage (minted at London), which was legal tender for all debts public and private. When these coins were put into circulation, the legal tender status of copper cents (centavos) from the United States was revoked (October 12, 1844). The first bank to issue paper money was the

neg: Greenback Party for the withdrawal of $10 million in United States Notes within the first 6 months and an addition $4 million per month thereafter. Substantial contraction of the physical money supply followed. About $44 million in greenback currency was successfully withdrawn from circulation before a recession in 1867 helped fuel opposition in Congress to the deflationary redemption program. In February 1868 Congress terminated the Redemption Act and a state of what is today known as gridlock emerged, during which Congress refused to either formally leave the gold standard or to redeem its non-gold currency in circulation. Secretary of the Treasury of

neg: Portuguese Indian rupia Portuguese Indian rupia The rupia was the currency of Portuguese India sometime after 1668 until 1958. Prior to 1668, the currency unit was "Xerafim" ("xerafin", "xeraphin"). In 1666, the Portuguese administration struck a silver coin calling it double "xerafin" and this was declared equal to a rupia in circulation in India outside of Portuguese possessions. A "xerafim" was a convertible subunit of "rupia", and it was unique to Portuguese colonies in India. One rupia equalled two xerafims. In decades that followed, the double "xerafin" came to be known in Goa and other Portuguese Indian territories simply as rupia (or Portuguese

neg: Moldovan leu creation of the independent republic of Moldova. It replaced the temporary cupon currency at a rate of 1 leu = 1000 cupon. In Transnistria, an unrecognized state claimed in whole by Moldova, the Transnistrian ruble is used instead. The currency is not honoured by Moldova or any other state. In November 1993 the National Bank of Moldova (NBM) issued and put into circulation its first coins of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 bani made in aluminum and 1 and 5 lei coins made from nickel-plated steel. The 1 and 5 lei coins were later withdrawn from circulation in 1995.

neg: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Botswana The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Botswana The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints reported 3,235 members in 13 congregations in June 2017 in Botswana. The first branch of the LDS Church in Botswana was organized in 1983. LDS missionaries were not sent to Botswana until 1990 and the church did not receive official recognition until 1991. Among the early converts in Botswana was Kwasi Agyare Dwomoh, a Ghanaian architect employed by the government of Botswana. Dwomoh and his family joined the Church in September 1990. He became the first branch president in August 1991, and

neg: Mosadi Seboko the "birthright equity"; since she was the first born, she should have precedence in becoming kgosikgolo. Seboko had many critics because she was a woman. Her uncle Tumelo wanted Tsmiane Mokgosi, a cousin of Mosadi, to become kgosikgolo instead, and other members of the kgotla tried to delay her installation by saying that she did not have the skills to lead the traditional leopard hunt or to engage in the "rainmaking" ritual, both of which were necessary to prove a kgosikgolo's legitimacy. Mosadi rebutted the arguments, saying that many of those traditions fell into disuse when Christianity came to Botswana.

neg: Legal tender and Pakistan in 1947, the Pakistani rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with the word "Pakistan". New coins and banknotes were issued in 1948. The Gulf rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf rupee (XPGR), was introduced by the Government of India as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India Amendment Act of 1 May 1959. This creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain put on India's foreign reserves by gold smuggling. Two states, Kuwait and

neg: Botswana National Olympic Committee Botswana National Olympic Committee Botswana National Olympic Committee is the National Olympic Committee representing Botswana. It is also the body responsible for Botswana's representation at the Commonwealth Games. The Botswana National Olympic Committee (BNOC) has facilitated Botswana's participation at the Summer Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980 and the country has never missed an edition since then. Botswana recorded their best performance at the Summer Olympic Games in London in 2012, when Nijel Amos won the country their only medal to date; a silver medal. While Botswana did not win any medal at the inaugural Youth Olympic Games in Singapore

neg: Currency of Maldives first coins were of silver and fairly coarse. Later, coins of copper and lead were put into circulation. Gold coins were also struck by Sultan Hassan Nooraddin (1779-1799). Said to be the finest struck at the Maldive mint, the two denominations of gold coins issued by Sultan Hassan Nooraddin, known as the "mohori" and "bai mohori", were never put into circulation. The Maldivian unit of currency is the rufiyaa (ISO 4217 code MVR, symbol "Rf."), introduced in 1947. The rufiyaa is divided into 100 laari. On 1 February 2009, the exchange rate with the US dollar was USD1.00 = MVR12.80.