query: what native american tribe lived in the grand canyon

pos: Havasupai Havasu Falls. Havasupai The Havasupai people (Havasupai: "Havsuw' Baaja") are an American Indian tribe who have lived in the Grand Canyon for at least the past 800 years. "Havasu" means "blue-green water" and "pai" "people". Located primarily in an area known as Havasu Canyon, this Yuman-speaking population once laid claim to an area the size of Delaware (). In 1882, however, the tribe was forced by the federal government to abandon all but of its land. A silver rush and the Santa Fe Railroad in effect destroyed the fertile land. Furthermore, the inception of the Grand Canyon as a national

pos: Havasupai Havasupai The Havasupai people (Havasupai: "Havsuw' Baaja") are an American Indian tribe who have lived in the Grand Canyon for at least the past 800 years. "Havasu" means "blue-green water" and "pai" "people". Located primarily in an area known as Havasu Canyon, this Yuman-speaking population once laid claim to an area the size of Delaware (). In 1882, however, the tribe was forced by the federal government to abandon all but of its land. A silver rush and the Santa Fe Railroad in effect destroyed the fertile land. Furthermore, the inception of the Grand Canyon as a national park in

pos: Havasupai Havasu Falls. Havasupai The Havasupai people (Havasupai: "Havsuw' Baaja") are an American Indian tribe who have lived in the Grand Canyon for at least the past 800 years. "Havasu" means "blue-green water" and "pai" "people". Located primarily in an area known as Havasu Canyon, this Yuman-speaking population once laid claim to an area the size of Delaware (). In 1882, however, the tribe was forced by the federal government to abandon all but of its land. A silver rush and the Santa Fe Railroad in effect destroyed the fertile land. Furthermore, the inception of the Grand Canyon as a national

pos: Havasupai Indian Reservation during the summer months, and has an annual total of approximately 25,000. Havasupai Indian Reservation The Havasupai Indian Reservation is a Native American reservation for the Havasupai people, surrounded entirely by the Grand Canyon National Park, in Coconino county in Arizona, United States. It is considered one of America's most remote Indian reservations. The reservation is governed by a seven-member tribal council, led by a chairman who is elected from among the members of the council. The capital of the reservation is Supai, situated at the bottom of Cataract Canyon, one of the tributary canyons of the Grand Canyon. Havasupai

pos: Havasupai Indian Reservation Havasupai Indian Reservation The Havasupai Indian Reservation is a Native American reservation for the Havasupai people, surrounded entirely by the Grand Canyon National Park, in Coconino county in Arizona, United States. It is considered one of America's most remote Indian reservations. The reservation is governed by a seven-member tribal council, led by a chairman who is elected from among the members of the council. The capital of the reservation is Supai, situated at the bottom of Cataract Canyon, one of the tributary canyons of the Grand Canyon. Havasupai is a combination of the words "Havasu" (meaning "blue-green water") and "pai"

neg: San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona The San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona is a federally recognized tribe of Southern Paiute Indians in Coconino County, Arizona. The San Juan Southern Paiutes lived east of the Grand Canyon, in lands bounded by the San Juan and Colorado Rivers for centuries. Although they lived by the Hopi and Navajo people, the San Juan Southern Paiutes maintained their own distinct language and culture. Several of their communities were on what is now the Navajo Reservation in Arizona, Nevada, and Utah. The San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona is headquartered in

neg: History of the Grand Canyon area History of the Grand Canyon area The known human history of the Grand Canyon area stretches back 10,500 years, when the first evidence of human presence in the area is found. Native Americans have inhabited the Grand Canyon and the area now covered by Grand Canyon National Park for at least the last 4,000 of those years. Ancestral Pueblo peoples, first as the Basketmaker culture and later as the more familiar Pueblo people, developed from the Desert Culture as they became less nomadic and more dependent on agriculture. A similar culture, the Cinchona, also lived in the canyon area. Drought

neg: History of the Grand Canyon area are a few inches (7 to 8 cm) in height and made primarily from twigs of willow or cottonwood. This and other evidence suggests that these inner canyon dwellers were part of Desert Culture; a group of semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer Native American. The Ancestral Pueblo of the Basketmaker III Era (also called the Histatsinom, meaning "people who lived long ago") evolved from the Desert Culture sometime around 500 BCE. This group inhabited the rim and inner canyon and survived by hunting and gathering along with some limited agriculture. Noted for their basketmaking skills (hence their name), they lived in small communal

neg: Potatuck Potatuck The Potatuck tribe (also Pohtatuck, Pootatuck) were a Native American tribe that was a subgroup of the Paugussett Nation, historically located during and prior to the colonial era in western Connecticut, United States. They lived in what is present-day Newtown, Woodbury and Southbury of Fairfield County, and along the whole Housatonic River, including the Schaghticoke tribe. After losses due to epidemics and warfare, they merged in the early eighteenth century with other remnant Native American groups in the area, forming the Schaghticoke tribe. Its descendants are recognized as a tribe by the state of Connecticut. The Golden Hill Paugussett

neg: Canyon Records Toppah, Alex Smith & Kit Landry; Randy Wood; Jay & Tiinesha Begaye among many talented performers. Canyon also continues to work with artists in Pow-Wow music (Black Lodge, Northern Cree, Tha Tribe, Elk Soldier, Warscout) Native Church Music (Verdell Primeaux, Kevin Yazzie, Louie Gonnie, Gerald Primeaux) and chicken scratch (Thee Express, Southern Scratch). Canyon Records Canyon Records of Phoenix, Arizona has produced and distributed Native American music for 56 years. Canyon was founded in 1951 by Ray and Mary Boley, who had opened the first recording studio in Phoenix, Arizona Recording Productions, in 1948. The Boley's involvement with Native American

neg: San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona James was found guilty of stealing of almost $300,000 of tribal funds and money laundering. She was sentenced to two years in federal prison. San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona The San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe of Arizona is a federally recognized tribe of Southern Paiute Indians in Coconino County, Arizona. The San Juan Southern Paiutes lived east of the Grand Canyon, in lands bounded by the San Juan and Colorado Rivers for centuries. Although they lived by the Hopi and Navajo people, the San Juan Southern Paiutes maintained their own distinct language and culture. Several of their communities

neg: Clackamas people Clackamas people The Clackamas Indians are a tribe of Native Americans of the U.S. state of Oregon who traditionally lived along the Clackamas River in the Willamette Valley. Lewis and Clark estimated their population at 1800 in 1806. At the time the tribe lived in 11 villages and subsisted on fish and roots. By 1855, the 88 surviving members of the tribe were relocated to Grand Ronde, Oregon, first to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation; later they blended in the general population. Descendants of the Clackamas belong to the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon. Like others

neg: White River Utes White River Utes White River Utes are a Native American band, made of two earlier bands, the Yampa from the Yampa River Valley and the Parianuche Utes who lived along the Grand Valley in Colorado and Utah. The Yampa ("Yapudttka", "Yampadttka", "Yamparka", "Yamparika") lived in the Yampa River Valley area and north of White River of the present-day state of Colorado near the Parianuche who lived to the south. They were called "root eaters". The tribe was relocated to the Uintah and Ouray Reservation. The Parianuche ("Pahdteeahnooch", "Pahdteechnooch", "Parianuc") lived in the Colorado River valley (or Grand Valley) in western

neg: Havasupai Indian Reservation for passage of congressional bill S. 1296, which would return the lands to the tribe. Finally, in 1975, the U.S. Congress passed the Grand Canyon National Park Enlargement Act, which was signed into law by President Gerald Ford on January 4, 1975. Among other things, the Act returned of plateau and canyon lands to the Havasupai, which is what forms the reservation today. The tribe still speaks Yuman, one of about 200 indigenous languages still spoken in North America. The tribe passed their Constitution on March 27, 1939. In it the governing body was defined as a seven-member tribal council,

neg: Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve Fire of 2018. For thousands of years the Chumash Native American tribe lived in the current Preserve's area. The Chumash had, prior to European involvement, at least one village on the land, Huwam, a multi-cultural village where Chumash, Tongva, and Tataviam peoples lived. On Bell Creek beside Escorpión Peak (Castle Peak) a large rocky mountain on the property of El Escorpion Park, is the reported site of this village. The peak is one of nine alignment points in Chumash territory and is essential to maintaining the balance of the natural world. A cave known as "The Cave of Munits" exists

neg: Grand Village of the Illinois Grand Village of the Illinois The Grand Village of the Illinois, also called Old Kaskaskia Village, is a site significant for being the best documented historic Native American village in the Illinois River valley. It was a large agricultural village of Native Americans of the Illinois confederacy, located on the north bank of the Illinois River near the present town of Utica, Illinois. French explorers Louis Joliet and Father Jacques Marquette came across it in 1673. The Kaskaskia, a tribe of the Illiniwek people (and later, other Illiniwek tribes) lived in the village. It grew rapidly after a mission and

neg: Lake Powell between Glen and Grand Canyons, however, Brower did not realize what he had gambled away. At the time, Brower had not actually been to Glen Canyon. When he later saw Glen Canyon on a river trip, Brower discovered that it had the kind of scenic, cultural, and wilderness qualities often associated with America's national parks. Over 80 side canyons in the colorful Navajo Sandstone contained clear streams, abundant wildlife, arches, natural bridges, and numerous Native American archeological sites. By then, however, it was too late to stop the Bureau and its commissioner Floyd Dominy from building Glen Canyon Dam. Brower

neg: Jay Silverheels episode of ABC's "The Brady Bunch", as a Native American who befriends the Bradys in the Grand Canyon, and in an episode of the short-lived "Dusty's Trail", starring Bob Denver of "Gilligan's Island". In the early 1960s, Silverheels supported the Indian Actors Workshop, where Native American actors refined their skills in Echo Park, Los Angeles. Today the workshop is firmly established. Jay Silverheels raised, bred and raced Standardbred horses in his spare time. Once, when asked about possibly running Tonto's paint horse Scout in a race, Jay laughed off the idea: "Heck, "I" can outrun Scout!" Married in 1945, Silverheels

neg: Clackamas people of the Chinookan peoples, they practiced head flattening. From infancy the head was compressed between boards, thus sloping the forehead backward. Other Chinookans of the lower Columbia River: Clackamas people The Clackamas Indians are a tribe of Native Americans of the U.S. state of Oregon who traditionally lived along the Clackamas River in the Willamette Valley. Lewis and Clark estimated their population at 1800 in 1806. At the time the tribe lived in 11 villages and subsisted on fish and roots. By 1855, the 88 surviving members of the tribe were relocated to Grand Ronde, Oregon, first to the Grand

neg: Missouria Missouria The Missouria or Missouri (in their own language, Niúachi, also spelled Niutachi) are a Native American tribe that originated in the Great Lakes region of United States before European contact. The tribe belongs to the Chiwere division of the Siouan language family, together with the Iowa and Otoe. Historically, the tribe lived in bands near the mouth of the Grand River at its confluence with the Missouri River; the mouth of the Missouri at its confluence with the Mississippi River, and in present-day Saline County, Missouri. Since Indian removal, today they live primarily in Oklahoma. They are federally recognized

neg: Grand Canyon the rim within the national park because of a late 1990s crash. The last aerial video footage from below the rim was filmed in 1984. However, some helicopter flights land on the Havasupai and Hualapai Indian Reservations within Grand Canyon (outside of the park boundaries). In 2007, the Hualapai Tribe opened the glass-bottomed Grand Canyon Skywalk on their property, Grand Canyon West. The Skywalk is about by road from Grand Canyon Village at the South Rim. The skywalk has attracted "thousands of visitors a year, most from Las Vegas". In 2016, skydiving at the Grand Canyon become possible with the

neg: Havasupai is elected from among the members of the council. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is the entity charged with law enforcement and protection for the Tribe, while the Indian Health Service clinic provides health care and emergency services. Havasupai is a dialect of the Upland Yuman language spoken by about 450 people on the Havasupai Indian Reservation in and around the Grand Canyon. It is the only Native American language in the United States spoken by 100% of its indigenous population. The Havasupai variety is nearly identical to the variety of the Hualapai, although the two groups are socially

neg: Posey War outbreaks of hostilities, such as the Bluff War in 1915 and the Bluff Skirmish of 1921. By 1923, Chief Posey and members of his band were already well known for their activities in the earlier conflicts. Between 1881 and 1921, Posey's band fought in several engagements against either the local Mormon settlers or other native American tribes. Posey was half Paiute and half Mexican himself though he married into the Ute Mountain tribe, his band included about 100 people, both Ute and Paiute men, women and children. They lived around the outskirts of Bluff, along Allen Canyon, where they could

neg: Grand Canyon Skywalk Grand Canyon Skywalk The Grand Canyon Skywalk is a horseshoe-shaped cantilever bridge with a glass walkway in Arizona near the Colorado River on the edge of a side canyon in the Grand Canyon West area of the main canyon. USGS topographic maps show the elevation at the Skywalk's location as and the elevation of the Colorado River in the base of the canyon as , and they show that the height of the precisely vertical drop directly under the skywalk is between and . Commissioned and owned by the Hualapai Indian tribe, it was unveiled March 20, 2007, and opened

neg: Tututni and other Rogue River Indians were removed from this area, forced to settle on the Coast Indian Reservation (the base of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz), considerably north of their traditional territory, or the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation, base of what is known as the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon. The several tribes at each of these reservations have intermarried and their descendants are counted as enrolled members of the consolidated tribes. Tututni Tututni tribe is a historic Native American tribe, one of Lower Rogue River Athabascan tribes from southwestern Oregon whomsigned the 1855 Coast Treaty,

neg: Grand Canyon Skywalk The Skywalk is the cornerstone of a larger plan by the Hualapai tribe, which it hopes will be the catalyst for a development to be called Grand Canyon West; it would open up a stretch along the canyon's South Rim and include hotels, restaurants, a golf course, casinos, and a cable car to ferry visitors from the canyon rim to the Colorado River, which has been previously inaccessible. Opponents within the tribe view the project as disturbing sacred ground. Supporters within the tribe counter that it is an opportunity to generate much-needed cash to combat serious problems that plague the

neg: Canyon Dreams Canyon Dreams Canyon Dreams is the thirtieth album, and the fourteenth soundtrack, by German band Tangerine Dream. It was recorded in 1986 and released in 1991 on compact disc and compact cassette formats. The music was written as a sound accompaniment for an eponymous scenic video film about the Grand Canyon by Jan Nickman, released by the record label Miramar. The album's tracks are divided into various episodes and related to the titles of the cuts. This album has musical influences from Native American cultures. Edgar Froese, Christopher Franke, and Paul Haslinger created sequenced, atmospheric soundscapes using a Native American

neg: Nacotchtank Nacotchtank The Nacotchtank were a native Algonquian people who lived in the area of what is now Washington, D.C. during the 17th century. Their principal village (also named Nacotchtank) was situated within the modern borders of the District of Columbia, on the eastern bank of a small river that still bears an anglicised variant of their name — the Anacostia. The Nacotchtank seem to have been associated with the larger Piscataway, whose "Tayac" or grand chief ruled over a loose confederacy of area tribes. Another closely related tribe was the Doeg, whose homeland was on what is now the Virginia

neg: Grand Canyon West Airport a rough stretch of dirt road. Plane, helicopter and bus tours are offered. The bus tours stop at Hualapai Ranch, Eagle Point and Guano Point. Eagle Point is home to the Grand Canyon Skywalk. Grand Canyon West Airport covers ; The airport has one runway: In the year ending June 30, 2006 the airport had 130,300 aircraft operations, average 357 per day: 63% air taxi, 37% airline and <1% general aviation. Grand Canyon West Airport Grand Canyon West Airport is a public airport northwest of Peach Springs, in Mohave County, Arizona. It is owned and operated by the Hualapai tribe

neg: Sears-Kay Ruin Sears-Kay Ruin The Sears-Kay Ruin are the remains of what once was a fortification of the Hohokam, an ancient Native-American tribe. The ruins are located in the area of the Tonto National Forest just outside of the town of Carefree, Arizona. On November 24, 1995, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The desert foothills in the area surrounding the town of Carefree, Arizona was inhabited by the members of the ancient Hohokam tribe. Hohokam is a Pima (O'odham) word used by archaeologists to identify a group of Native-Americans who lived in the Sonoran Desert of North

neg: Havasupai Indian Reservation U.S. Government. With the creation of the Grand Canyon National Park in 1919 the reservation was completely surrounded by National Park lands. By agreement with the federal government, the reservation and the trails which led down to it remained sovereign to Havasupai tribe. The tribe continually lobbied the United States to restore more of their ancestral land to them, although to no avail. In the 1950s a superintendent of the Grand Canyon, John McLaughlin, proposed to take over the reservation, but he was rebuffed by the tribe. Eventually the persistence of the tribe began to pay off. In 1968 the

neg: Manteo (Native American leader) as "The Lost Colony". On Sunday, August 13, 1587, Manteo was christened on Roanoke Island, making him the first Native American to be baptized into the Church of England. Very little is known of Manteo's early life. He was born into the Croatan tribe, a small Native American group living in the coastal areas of what is now North Carolina. They may have been a branch of the larger Roanoke people or allied with them. The Croatan lived in current Dare County, an area encompassing the Alligator River, Croatan Sound, Roanoke Island, and parts of the Outer Banks, including Hatteras

neg: Grand Canyon Adventure: River at Risk Grand Canyon Adventure: River at Risk Grand Canyon Adventure: River at Risk is a 2008 American documentary film directed by Greg MacGillivray and narrated by Robert Redford. It was released to IMAX 3D Theaters in 2008. Anthropologist Wade Davis and river advocate Robert F. Kennedy Jr journey down the Colorado River on a two-week expedition to highlight water conservation issues. Traveling by rafts, kayaks and wooden dories, they are accompanied by their daughters and guided by Shana Watahomigie, a Native American National Park ranger. The film explores America's drought and freshwater shortages, the impact on the river of damming, and

neg: Gaston, Oregon Gaston, Oregon Gaston is a city in Washington County, Oregon, United States. The population was 637 at the 2010 census. Prior to the arrival of European immigrants in the 1800s, little is known about Native American settlements in the Gaston area. What is known indicates that Native Americans in the area lived similarly to other Pacific Northwest tribes. In nearby Cherry Grove there are a few petroglyphs usually credited to the Atfalati tribe, which is a division of Kalapuya. Diseases such as smallpox, malaria and influenza which were brought to North America by European Settlers, decimated local native American population.

neg: Grand Canyon Skywalk there is no better caregiver and steward of the Grand Canyon than the tribe, and their approach to the land -- which is based on heavy use and economics." Tribal leaders counter that the 4.5 million people a year who visit the National Park portion are already overburdening an area and, further, that the tribe needs financial income. The skywalk attracts a reported 370,000 visitors per year and the tribe charges for rim-side weddings and stunt jumps, including one by Robbie Knievel. The tribe made a foray into opening a casino but it has not been able to generate sufficient

neg: Oriflamme Canyon Oriflamme Canyon Oriflamme Canyon is a steep mountain canyon, in San Diego County, California that descends from its head in the Laguna Mountains, at , in an arc northwestward then northeastward to join Rodriguez Canyon at the northwest end of Mason Valley, where Vallecito Wash has its source. This canyon was along the route of Native Americans across the mountains and desert between the Native American peoples of what is now mountain and coastal San Diego County, California and those on the Colorado River. It was later used by Spanish, Mexican and American travelers, including U. S. Army couriers and

neg: Potatuck Tribal Nation gained federal recognition in 2004, but it was revoked the following year after a state appeal and further Bureau of Indian Affairs review. In 2011, the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation was recognized by a state court as the governing authority and legitimate legal successor to the historic tribe. Potatuck The Potatuck tribe (also Pohtatuck, Pootatuck) were a Native American tribe that was a subgroup of the Paugussett Nation, historically located during and prior to the colonial era in western Connecticut, United States. They lived in what is present-day Newtown, Woodbury and Southbury of Fairfield County, and along the whole

neg: Missiquoi of Missisquoi. It was recognized by the state of Vermont in 2012 after a nearly 40 year fight to be recognized by the state as a tribe. The tribe is currently organized by the Missisquoi Abenaki Tribal Council which is headquartered in Swanton, Vermont. Missiquoi The Missiquoi (or the Missisquoi or the Sokoki) are a Native American tribe located in the Wabanaki region of what now is northern Vermont and southern Quebec. This Algonquian group is a sub-group of the Abenaki who lived along the eastern shore of Lake Champlain at the time of the European incursion. Their name "Missiassik",

neg: Tangipahoa La Salle reached the village he said he saw that it was burned and that there were bodies laying in the village. La Salle wrote that when he asked the Bayogoula tribe what had happened they claimed that the Tangipahoa village was destroyed by the Houma people. The remaining Tangipahoa tribe members are believed to have reunited with the Acolapissa and eventually merged with the Bayogoula and then the Houma. Tangipahoa The Tangipahoa were a Native American tribe that lived just north of Lake Pontchartrain and between the Pearl River and the Mississippi River. The word Tangipahoa "(tonche pahoha)" is

neg: Buckey O'Neill Cabin Buckey O'Neill Cabin The Buckey O'Neill Cabin was built in 1890 by William "Buckey" O'Neill in what would become Grand Canyon National Park. O'Neill was, among many other things, a member of Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders, who had previously been an author, sheriff, and a judge in his native Arizona. He was killed in action in Cuba in 1898, but was instrumental in establishing what would eventually become the Grand Canyon Railroad. The cabin is the oldest extant structure on the South Rim. It was used as an office for tourist accommodations in the area during the 1890s, which eventually

neg: Navajo Nation who have the most members speaking a native language of nearly any tribe. Approximately half of its 340,000 members speak Navajo. He came to office supporting the Grand Canyon Escalade, a proposed project to increase tourism at the canyon, as well as initiatives to develop a rail port to export crops and coal from the reservation and to pursue clean coal technology. In December 2012, Ben Shelly led a delegation of Navajos overseas to Israel, where they toured the country as representatives for the Navajo people. In April 2013, Shelly's aide, Deswood Tome, led a delegation of Israeli agricultural specialists

neg: Topanga, California area by the Native American indigenous Tongva tribe, and may mean "a place above". It was the western border of their territory, abutting the Chumash tribe that occupied the coast from Malibu northwards. Bedrock mortars can be found carved into rock outcroppings in many locations. Topanga was first settled by Europeans in 1839. In the 1920s, Topanga Canyon became a weekend getaway for Hollywood stars with several cottages built for that purpose. The rolling hills and ample vegetation served to provide both privacy and attractive surroundings for the rich and famous. During the 1960s, Topanga Canyon became a magnet to

neg: Grand Canyon first Grand Canyon Skydiving operation opening up at the Grand Canyon National Park Airport, on the South Rim. In 2014, a developer announced plans to build a multimedia complex on the canyon's rim called the Grand Canyon Escalade. On 420 acres there would be shops, an IMAX theater, hotels and an RV park. A gondola would enable easy visits to the canyon floor where a "riverwalk" of "connected walkways, an eatery, a tramway station, a seating area and a wastewater package plant" would be situated. Navajo Nation President Ben Shelly has indicated agreement; the tribe would have to invest $65

neg: Grand Canyon the 1850s to locate suitable river crossing sites in the canyon. Building good relations with local Hualapai and white settlers, he found the Crossing of the Fathers, and the locations what would become Lees Ferry in 1858 and Pearce Ferry (later operated by, and named for, Harrison Pearce) – only the latter two sites suitable for ferry operation. He also acted as an advisor to John Wesley Powell before his second expedition to the Grand Canyon, serving as a diplomat between Powell and the local native tribes to ensure the safety of his party. In 1857, Edward Fitzgerald Beale was

neg: John Hance John Hance John Hance (1840 – January 8, 1919) is thought to be the first non-Native American resident of the Grand Canyon, US. He opened the first tourist trail in the canyon in the late nineteenth century. He started giving tours of the canyon after his attempts at mining asbestos failed, largely due to the expense of removing the asbestos from the canyon. "Captain" John Hance was said to be one of the Grand Canyon's most colorful characters, and it had been declared by one early visitor that "To see the canyon only and not to see Captain John Hance,

neg: Marion Boyd Allen portrait of Anna Vaughn Hyatt won the Newport Art Association's popular prize in 1919. From 1925 to 1936, she traveled to the American West and Canadian Rockies, sketching and painting landscapes, including national landmarks such as the Grand Canyon and Mt. Rainier. She climbed mountains and at times lived in isolated cabins to reach vantage points to paint her subjects. She also spent time in Arizona, driving up to one thousand miles across the desert and scaling long ladders to reach Native American ruins. She continued to exhibit her work and win awards, like the New Haven Paint and Clay

neg: Hopi House Hopi House Hopi House is located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, within Grand Canyon National Park in the U.S. state of Arizona. Built in 1904 as concessioner facilities at the South Rim were being developed, it is the first of eight projects at the Grand Canyon that were designed by architect Mary Colter, along with Bright Angel Lodge, Hermit's Rest, Lookout Studio, Phantom Ranch, Desert View Watchtower, Colter Hall and Victor Hall, (the latter two being employee dormitories). Hopi House was built by the Fred Harvey Company as a market for Native American crafts, made by artisans

neg: Paleontology in Arizona Cenozoic era when the state was inhabited by wildlife including camels, horses, mastodons, and giant ground sloths. Local Native Americans devised myths to explain fossils. By the mid-19th century the state's fossils had already come to the attention of trained scientists. Major local finds include the Petrified Forest, Permian fossil footprints, and fossil pterosaur footprints. The Triassic tree "Araucarioxylon arizonicum" is the Arizona state fossil. Arizona was covered by a shallow sea during the Precambrian. Stromatolites formed there. During the Proterozoic interval of Precambrian time, jellyfish lived in Arizona. Their fossils were preserved in what is now the Grand Canyon.

neg: Grand Canyon Escalade Grand Canyon Escalade The Grand Canyon Escalade was a proposed entertainment complex on the eastern rim of the Grand Canyon within the boundaries of the Navajo Nation. Located to the north of the confluence of the Colorado River and the Little Colorado River, the project was touted by Scottsdale based developers as a way to bring money to the tribe. There was significant opposition to the project from those who wanted to preserve the area. Strong opposition also came from members of the Navajo Nation from the surrounding region who cited numerous ecological, economic, and spiritual concerns with the proposal,

neg: Kansas Kansas Kansas is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita. Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name (natively "") is often said to mean "people of the (south) wind" although this was probably not the term's original meaning. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the western part of the state were

neg: Canyon Records Canyon Records Canyon Records of Phoenix, Arizona has produced and distributed Native American music for 56 years. Canyon was founded in 1951 by Ray and Mary Boley, who had opened the first recording studio in Phoenix, Arizona Recording Productions, in 1948. The Boley's involvement with Native American music began when Ray was asked by the Phoenix Little Theater to record a Navajo singer named Ed Lee Natay. Boley was so taken with what he heard that he recorded a collection of songs titled "Natay, Navajo Singer", an album still in active release. To promote the album, the Boleys took a

neg: History of Marshfield, Massachusetts History of Marshfield, Massachusetts Native Americans lived in Marshfield for thousands of years before the white settlers came. These people included members of the Wampanoag Tribe of the Algonquin nation and members of the Massachusetts Tribe. Evidence of Native American habitation extending back to 9,000 to 10,000 B.C. has been found extensively in the area. Native American roads were well established in the town by the time of English settlement in the 17th century. These Native American roads are still in use today, comprising the town's main roads. A hauntingly beautiful, pre-historic Native American road - extending between three rivers-

neg: Illinois Country at the Grand Village of the Illinois. Over the next decades missions, trade posts, and forts were established in the region. By 1714, the principal European, non-native inhabitants were "Canadien" fur traders, missionaries and soldiers, dealing with Native Americans, particularly the group known as the Kaskaskia. The main French settlements were established at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Sainte Genevieve. By 1752, the population had risen to 2,573. From the 1710s to the 1730s, the Fox Wars between the French, French allied tribes and the Meskwaki (Fox) Native American tribe occurred in what is now northern Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and Michigan, in

neg: History of the Grand Canyon area in search of a route from Santa Fe, New Mexico to Monterey, California. Also in 1776, Fray Francisco Garces, a Franciscan missionary, spent a week near Havasupai, unsuccessfully attempting to convert a band of Native Americans. He described the canyon as "profound". James Ohio Pattie and a group of American trappers and mountain men were probably the next Europeans to reach the canyon in 1826, although there is little supporting documentation. The signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ceded the Grand Canyon region to the United States. Jules Marcou of the Pacific Railroad Survey made the first

neg: History of the Grand Canyon area 1920 and bought William Wallace Bass out of business. An area of almost 310 square miles (800 km²) adjacent to the park was designated as a second Grand Canyon National Monument on December 22, 1932. Marble Canyon National Monument was established on January 20, 1969, and covered about 41 square miles (105 km²). An act signed by President Gerald Ford on January 3, 1975, doubled the size of Grand Canyon National Park by merging these adjacent national monuments and other federal land into it. That same act gave Havasu Canyon back to the Havasupai tribe. From that point, the park

neg: Cayuse people Cayuse people The Cayuse are a Native American tribe in what is now the state of Oregon in the United States. The Cayuse tribe shares a reservation and government in northeastern Oregon with the Umatilla and the Walla Walla tribes as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. The reservation is located near Pendleton, Oregon, at the base of the Blue Mountains. The Cayuse called themselves the Liksiyu in the Cayuse language. Originally located in present-day northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington, they lived adjacent to territory occupied by the Nez Perce and had close associations with them.

neg: Tawakoni Tawakoni The Tawakoni (also Tahuacano) are a Southern Plains Native American tribe, closely related to the Wichitas. They historically spoke a Wichita language of the Caddoan language family. Currently, they are enrolled in the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes, a federally recognized tribe. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Tawakoni lived in villages in what is now Oklahoma and Texas. In his 1719 expedition, French explorer Jean Baptiste Bénard de La Harpe encountered a Tawakoni village in present-day Muskogee County, Oklahoma. The French wrote that the Tawakoni raised maize and tobacco. La Harpe negotiated a peace treaty between the

neg: Little people (mythology) to tribe there are variations of what the little people's mannerisms were like, and whether they were good or evil may be different. One of the common beliefs is that the little people create distractions to cause mischief. They were believed to be gods by some. One North American Native tribe believed that they lived in nearby caves. The caves were never entered for fear of disturbing the little people. Legends of physical remains of tiny people being found in various locations in the western United States, particularly Montana and Wyoming, typically describe the remains as being found in caves

neg: Missiquoi Missiquoi The Missiquoi (or the Missisquoi or the Sokoki) are a Native American tribe located in the Wabanaki region of what now is northern Vermont and southern Quebec. This Algonquian group is a sub-group of the Abenaki who lived along the eastern shore of Lake Champlain at the time of the European incursion. Their name "Missiassik", which "Missisquois" is derived, means "place of flint" in the Abenaki language; or alternatively, from ""Masipskoik" a word that means "place where there are boulders", more specifically "boulders point." Today, the Missisiquoi tribe is known as the St. Francis-Sokoki Band of the Abenaki Nation

neg: Crow Canyon Archaeological Center Crow Canyon Archaeological Center Crow Canyon Archaeological Center is a research center and "living classroom" located in southwestern Colorado, USA, which offers experiential education programs for students and adults. Crow Canyon is a center for archaeological research, education, and preservation of the history of the Ancient Pueblo peoples, who lived on and in the cliff dwellings of Mesa Verde more than seven centuries ago. Established by private cultural initiatives that continue the work of American benefactors, the center provides hands-on programs for people to experience archaeological excavation of Native American sites. Crow Canyon is the result of work in experiential

neg: Lake Billy Chinook Lake Billy Chinook Lake Billy Chinook is a reservoir in Jefferson County in the U.S. state of Oregon. Created by the Round Butte Dam in 1964, Lake Billy Chinook lies in a canyon at the confluence of the Crooked, Deschutes, and Metolius rivers near Culver and Madras. It was named for Billy Chinook, a Native American of the Wasco tribe who traveled alongside American explorers John C. Frémont and Kit Carson in their expeditions of 1843 and 1844. The canyon in which Lake Billy Chinook lies was carved by the three rivers that flow into the lake. The Deschutes Formation

neg: Grand Canyon These volcanic rocks are the youngest in the canyon. The Ancestral Puebloans were a Native American culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the United States. They were the first people known to live in the Grand Canyon area. The cultural group has often been referred to in archaeology as the Anasazi, although the term is not preferred by the modern Puebloan peoples. The word "Anasazi" is Navajo for "Ancient Ones" or "Ancient Enemy". Archaeologists still debate when this distinct culture emerged. The current consensus, based on terminology defined by the Pecos Classification, suggests their emergence was around

neg: Buckey O'Neill Cabin one of the guest accommodations of the Bright Angel lodge. The Buckey O'Neill Cabin was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1975. It is included in the Grand Canyon Village National Historic Landmark District. Buckey O'Neill Cabin The Buckey O'Neill Cabin was built in 1890 by William "Buckey" O'Neill in what would become Grand Canyon National Park. O'Neill was, among many other things, a member of Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders, who had previously been an author, sheriff, and a judge in his native Arizona. He was killed in action in Cuba in 1898, but

neg: History of the Grand Canyon area geologic observations of the canyon and surrounding area in 1856. Jacob Hamblin (a Mormon missionary) was sent by Brigham Young in the 1850s to locate easy river crossing sites in the canyon. Building good relations with local Native Americans and white settlers, he discovered Lee's Ferry in 1858 and Pierce Ferry (later operated by, and named for, Harrison Pierce)—the only two sites suitable for ferry operation. In 1857 Edward Fitzgerald Beale led an expedition to survey a wagon road from Fort Defiance, Arizona to the Colorado River. On September 19 near present-day National Canyon they came upon what May Humphreys

neg: Thoreau, New Mexico largest Native American tribe in the United States. Its culture and history are strong in Thoreau. The Navajo Nation operates a Chapter House here, and many Navajo (or Diné) residents speak their native language. Thoreau is a local trading center for artisans, who create through rug weaving, sandpainting, silversmithing, potterymaking, and making turquoise jewelry. Anasazi archaeological sites connecting with Chaco Canyon can be found in and around the town. Thoreau, New Mexico Thoreau () is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,863 at the 2000 census. It is majority Native American, primarily

neg: Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington stickgames in June. The Sauk-Suiattle language (Lushootseed) belongs to the Salishan family of Native American languages; dialects of Lushotseed have traditionally been spoken by several Salishan groups. Several of these languages are endangered, as speakers are a decreasing number of elders. Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington Sauk-Suiattle, or "Sah-Ku-Me-Hu," is a federally recognized Native American tribe in western Washington state in the United States. The tribe historically lived along the banks of the Sauk, Suiattle, Cascade, Stillaguamish, and Skagit rivers, in the area known as Sauk Prairie at the foot of Whitehorse Mountain in the North Cascade Range. The Sauk-Suiattle

neg: Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles regional tribe of the indigenous peoples of California, for thousands of years. A spring-fed stream flowed year-round providing water. The reliable water attracted colonial Spanish ranchers who started sheep grazing on the hillsides in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. After the Mexican–American War and U.S. statehood, the area was settled by Americans interested in water rights. Travel up the canyon was at first made on foot or by mule. Built in 1907, an 82-mile dirt road, later named Laurel Canyon Boulevard ran up the canyon where it divided at what is now Lookout Mountain Road. The left road

neg: Mandan the cultures of the three tribes. The bridge was opened to traffic September 2, 2005, and was officially opened in a ceremony on October 3. Mandan The Mandan are a Native American tribe of the Great Plains who have lived for centuries primarily in what is now North Dakota. They are enrolled in the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation. About half of the Mandan still reside in the area of the reservation; the rest reside around the United States and in Canada. The Mandan historically lived along both banks of the Upper Missouri River and two of

neg: Mandan Mandan The Mandan are a Native American tribe of the Great Plains who have lived for centuries primarily in what is now North Dakota. They are enrolled in the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation. About half of the Mandan still reside in the area of the reservation; the rest reside around the United States and in Canada. The Mandan historically lived along both banks of the Upper Missouri River and two of its tributaries—the Heart and Knife rivers— in present-day North and South Dakota. Speakers of Mandan, a Siouan language, they developed a settled, agrarian culture. They

neg: Hainai Hainai Hainai (Caddo: Háynay) is the name of a Native American tribe that lived in what is now east Texas. The Hainai (also sometimes called Aynais, Aynay, Ainai, Ioni, and Ayonai) were the leading group in the Hasinai confederacy. They were a part of are Caddo Nation, and traditionally lived on the Neches and Angelina rivers to the west of present-day Nacogdoches. In 1805, the group was reported to consist of 80 warriors by Dr. John Sibley, the Indian agent of the United States at Natchitoches, Louisiana. In 1837 the Republic of Texas makes reference to the Hainai in connection

neg: Kathlamet Kathlamet The Kathlamet people are a tribe of Native American people with a historic homeland along the Columbia River in what is today southwestern Washington state. The Kathlamet people originally spoke the Kathlamet language, a dialect of the Chinookan language. They were also called "Guasámas, or Guithlamethl, by the Clackamas", and "Kwillu'chini, by the Chinook." Lewis and Clark reported "that about 300 Cathlamet occupied nine plank houses on the south side of the Columbia River", and lived between Tongue Point and Puget Island in Clatsop County, Oregon. On the north side, they lived "from the mouth of Grays Bay to

neg: Grand Canyon years, the area has been continuously inhabited by Native Americans, who built settlements within the canyon and its many caves. The Pueblo people considered the Grand Canyon a holy site, and made pilgrimages to it. The first European known to have viewed the Grand Canyon was García López de Cárdenas from Spain, who arrived in 1540. The Grand Canyon is a river valley in the Colorado Plateau that exposes uplifted Proterozoic and Paleozoic strata, and is also one of the six distinct physiographic sections of the Colorado Plateau province. It is not the deepest canyon in the world (Kali Gandaki

neg: In the House of Stone and Light name of the Grand Canyon, "the house of stone and light", in the lyrics and the title; the Grand Canyon is where the Havasupai tribe considers its tribal land to be and is sacred to the tribe. In the House of Stone and Light "In the House of Stone and Light" is a song by British musician Martin Page. The song was released in July 1994 from the album of the same name. The song peaked at number 14 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 pop singles chart in 1995 and reached number one on the "Billboard" Adult Contemporary chart.

neg: Bat Cave mine at Bat Cave, and on the South Rim in the Hualapai Indian Reservation. Guano Point is still a popular stop for air tours from Las Vegas, Nevada. Tourists can inspect the remnants of the old mining operation. Tour operators pay use-fees to the Hualapai tribe, and the tribe offers a barbecue lunch near the old tramway head house, as part of their Grand Canyon West business venture. Bat Cave mine The Bat Cave guano mine, located in the western Grand Canyon of Arizona at river mile 266, above Lake Mead, was an unusual, expensive and noteworthy mining operation. The natural

neg: Brighty of the Grand Canyon Brighty, forever wild, forever free." Brighty of the Grand Canyon Brighty of the Grand Canyon is a 1953 children's novel by Marguerite Henry and a 1966 film of the same name based on the novel. They present a fictionalized account of a real-life burro named "Brighty", who lived in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River from about 1892 to 1922. Brighty first appears in the annals of history in 1890 in Flagstaff, Arizona, in the possession of two men who were on their way to the Grand Canyon. He is next recorded on the South Rim where he and

neg: Brighty of the Grand Canyon Brighty of the Grand Canyon Brighty of the Grand Canyon is a 1953 children's novel by Marguerite Henry and a 1966 film of the same name based on the novel. They present a fictionalized account of a real-life burro named "Brighty", who lived in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River from about 1892 to 1922. Brighty first appears in the annals of history in 1890 in Flagstaff, Arizona, in the possession of two men who were on their way to the Grand Canyon. He is next recorded on the South Rim where he and his owners were seen to

neg: Native American Composers Apprenticeship Project NACAP is a winner of Arizona Governor's Arts Award for Arts in Education and in 2011 was presented with a National Arts and Humanities Youth Program Award by First Lady Michelle Obama. Native American Composers Apprenticeship Project Founded in 2001, the Native American Composers Apprenticeship Project (NACAP) is an outreach program of the Grand Canyon Music Festival that is dedicated to teaching Native American young people to compose concert music. Each year, young musicians work with a Native American composer and a string quartet in residence in partnership with their school's music program. For the 2011 season, the Sphinx Organization's

neg: Native American Composers Apprenticeship Project Native American Composers Apprenticeship Project Founded in 2001, the Native American Composers Apprenticeship Project (NACAP) is an outreach program of the Grand Canyon Music Festival that is dedicated to teaching Native American young people to compose concert music. Each year, young musicians work with a Native American composer and a string quartet in residence in partnership with their school's music program. For the 2011 season, the Sphinx Organization's Catalyst Quartet participated as NACAP's first Fellowship Ensemble. In 2007 New York's WNYC aired a feature about the project on its program Soundcheck, narrated by Ralph Farris of the string quartet ETHEL.

neg: Grand Canyon Suite Camden, New Jersey. The suite was released on eight 78 RPM records in 1932. The movements recorded were "Sunrise", "Painted Desert", "On the Trail", "Sunset", and "Cloudburst". RCA Victor also separately recorded 2 - 12" 33 1/3 long playing recordings for their short lived "Program Transcription" series (L-35001 and L-35002). Grand Canyon Suite The Grand Canyon Suite is a suite for orchestra by Ferde Grofé, composed between 1929 and 1931. It was initially titled Five Pictures of the Grand Canyon. It consists of five movements, each an evocation in tone of a particular scene typical of the Grand Canyon. Paul

neg: Grand Canyon Village, Arizona Historic Landmark District, designated for its outstanding implementation of town design. Grand Canyon Village is located at (36.049228, -112.156629). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,460 people, 651 households, and 345 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 108.6 people per square mile (41.9/km²). There were 791 housing units at an average density of 100.8 per square mile (22.7/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 73.70% White, 1.58% Black or African American, 18.84% Native American, 0.89%

neg: Toro Canyon, California a population of 1,508. The population density was 422.0 people per square mile (162.9/km²). The racial makeup of Toro Canyon was 1,388 (92.0%) White, 7 (0.5%) African American, 7 (0.5%) Native American, 14 (0.9%) Asian, 1 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 73 (4.8%) from other races, and 18 (1.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 293 persons (19.4%). The Census reported that 1,508 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 620 households, out of which 138 (22.3%) had children under the

neg: History of the Grand Canyon area also created a noise problem, so the number of flights over the park has been restricted. Havasupai–Hualapai language History of the Grand Canyon area The known human history of the Grand Canyon area stretches back 10,500 years, when the first evidence of human presence in the area is found. Native Americans have inhabited the Grand Canyon and the area now covered by Grand Canyon National Park for at least the last 4,000 of those years. Ancestral Pueblo peoples, first as the Basketmaker culture and later as the more familiar Pueblo people, developed from the Desert Culture as they became less

neg: Grand Canyon West Airport Grand Canyon West Airport Grand Canyon West Airport is a public airport northwest of Peach Springs, in Mohave County, Arizona. It is owned and operated by the Hualapai tribe and is on the Hualapai Indian Reservation. Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 137,771 commercial passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2017. The FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2007–2011 classified it as "commercial service - primary" because it has over 10,000 passenger boardings per year. Passengers can fly from Las Vegas or drive (120 miles from Las Vegas) which includes newly paved road that was previously

neg: Alonso del Castillo Maldonado For almost seven years they lived in poverty among hostile Native Americans, until the three men managed to reunite with Cabeza de Vaca in September 1534, somewhere west of the Sabine River. Cabeza de Vaca taught his companions the Native American art of medicine. In August 1535, the men fled from the Avavare tribe, with whom they were living as medicine men. They fled inland, crossing what is now Texas (being, apparently, the first Europeans to do so) until they arrived in El Paso in late 1535. Finally, they headed south, and in late 1535 they explored the territory of

neg: Nacono might have been divisions of the Nacono tribe. Nacono The Nacono were a Native American tribe from eastern Texas. Today they are part of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe in Oklahoma. The Nacono were part of the Hasinai branch of the Caddo Confederacy. They historically lived in villages along the Neches and Angelina Rivers, near present day Cherokee and Houston Counties. Their environment includes mixed woodlands and savannas. Early 18th century Spanish explorer Domingo Ramón recorded his observations of the Nocono in his 1716 Diary. He observed that the tribe lived near the San Francisco de

neg: Grand Canyon Depot Grand Canyon Depot Grand Canyon Depot, also known as Grand Canyon Railroad Station, was constructed in 1909-10 for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway at the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, in what is now Grand Canyon National Park. It is one of three remaining railroad depots in the United States built with logs as the primary structure material. The station is within of the rim of the canyon, opposite the El Tovar Hotel, also built by the railroad. The depot is designated a National Historic Landmark. The Santa Fe Railway obtained the rights to develop the South

neg: Laguna Canyon Aliso Creek, whose watershed borders Laguna Canyon to the east, formed the tribal boundary between the Tongva and Acjachemen. Laguna Canyon Creek was a seasonal stream but the Laguna Lakes, formed by springs arising from a minor fault zone, stayed year round. A Native American path ran through the canyon to the present-day Laguna Beach area, where they fished and collected abalone and limpets. The Tongva lived in villages of 50-100 people, in huts made of brushes and tules on a wooden framework. When Spanish explorers arrived in the mid-18th century, they named the canyon "Cañada de las Lagunas", referring

neg: Boucher Trail hiking. The trail is named for Grand Canyon prospector and guide Louis Boucher, who lived in a cabin he built alongside Boucher Creek while mining in the area. He lived alone while in the canyon, making supply runs to the south rim from time to time. Because of his solitude, he was often labeled as a hermit, and is often credited as being the hermit referenced by canyon features of the same name, including the Hermit Trail. Boucher Trail The Boucher Trail is a hiking trail of the South Rim in Grand Canyon National Park, located in the U.S. state

neg: Grand Canyon: The Hidden Secrets the Grand Canyon and Grand Canyon National Park. There, the film is promotionally titled the Grand Canyon Movie. Grand Canyon: The Hidden Secrets Grand Canyon: The Hidden Secrets is a 34-minute American short documentary IMAX feature film that was theatrically released on June 16, 1984. The film was created, directed, and written by American filmmaker Kieth Merrill and was produced by Destination Cinema. The music is composed by Bill Conti. The IMAX film was followed by "The Making of Grand Canyon: The Hidden Secrets", a 24-minute making-of documentary short released on January 11, 1999, but produced by Destination Cinema in

neg: Skagit River up of high peaks and low valleys. The highest points in the basin are two volcanoes: Mount Baker, elevation , and Glacier Peak, elevation . Most of the basin lies above . The river completes its course at sea level where it meets the Puget Sound. The river takes its name from the Skagit tribe, a name used by Europeans and Americans for two distinct Native American peoples, the Upper Skagit and Lower Skagit. Native people have lived along the Skagit for thousands of years. Archaeological evidence indicates that ancestors of the Upper Skagit tribe lived in the area now

neg: Hackensack people Hackensack people Hackensack was the exonym given by the Dutch colonists to a band of the Lenape, or "Lenni-Lenape" ("original men"), a Native American tribe. The name is a Dutch derivation of the Lenape word for what is now the region of northeastern New Jersey along the Hudson and Hackensack rivers. While the Lenape people occupied much of the mid-Atlantic area, Europeans referred to small groups of native people by the names associated with the places where they lived. The territory of the Hackensack was variously called Ack-kinkas-hacky, Achkinhenhcky, Achinigeu-hach, Ackingsah-sack, among other spellings (translated as "place of stony ground"

neg: Coquille Indian Tribe common to the Native Americans of the Pacific Coast. Coquille Indian Tribe The Coquille Indian Tribe is the federally recognized Native American tribe of the Coquille people who have traditionally lived on the southern Oregon Coast. In 1855, Joel Palmer, Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs, negotiated a treaty with the Coquille and surrounding tribes that set aside of coastline extending from the Siltcoos River to Cape Lookout form the Coastal (or Siletz) Indian Reservation near present-day Florence. The Coquille people were forcibly marched to the reservation in 1856; however, the treaty was never ratified by Congress. Disease and overcrowding were

neg: Santiago Creek is uncertain where the boundary was that divided Santiago Creek within the native territories. Archaeological evidence suggests that the upper portions of the creek were settled by Native Americans, and some historical accounts including those of the Spanish settlers, mention the Acjachemen lived in the canyon of upper Santiago Creek. These first inhabitants of the Santiago Creek Canyon lived in semi-permanent villages close to running water. The upper canyon was in the Acjachemen homelands, while the lower (northwestern) part of the watershed, likely downstream of present-day Irvine Lake, was in the Tongva homelands. The Native Americans had been drawn to

neg: San Antonio de Pala Asistencia tribe. Pala (a derivation of the native term "Pale", meaning water) was essentially a small "rancho" surrounded by large fields and herds. The Pala site had been noted by Father Juan Mariner and Captain Juan Pablo Grijalva on an exploratory trip in 1795, when they went up the San Diego River, and then through Sycamore Canyon to the Santa Maria Valley (or Pamó Valley) and into what they named "El Valle de San José", now known as Warner Springs. Once Mission San Luis Rey began to prosper, it attracted the attention of numerous mountain Native Americans in the area, who

neg: Palm Springs, California winter due to its natural hot springs. Native-American petroglyphs can be seen in Tahquitz-, Chino- and Indian Canyons. The Cahuilla’s irrigation ditches, dams and house pits can also be seen here. Ancient petroglyphs, pictographs and mortar holes can be seen in Andreas Canyon. The mortar holes were used to grind acorns into meals. The Agua Caliente (“Hot Water”) Reservation was established in 1876 and consists of 31,128 acres. 6,700 acres are located by Downtown Palm Springs. The Native-American land is on long lease land and next to one of California’s highend communities, making the tribe one of the wealthiest in

neg: Grand Canyon 1200 during the Basketmaker II Era. Beginning with the earliest explorations and excavations, researchers have believed that the are ancestors of the modern Pueblo peoples. In addition to the Ancestral Puebloans, a number of distinct cultures have inhabited the Grand Canyon area. The Cohonina lived to the west of the Grand Canyon, between 500 and 1200 . The Cohonina were ancestors of the Yuman, Havasupai, and Hualapai peoples who inhabit the area today. The Sinagua were a cultural group occupying an area to the southeast of the Grand Canyon, between the Little Colorado River and the Salt River, between approximately

neg: Frederick W. von Egloffstein the Cañon of the Grand River", which had been produced during the Gunnison expedition. He then traveled to the Gunnison River and located sites which duplicated the vistas shown in the Egloffstein engravings of the nineteenth century. It is now presumed that Congressional staffers working on the 1861 Grand Canyon report misfiled the Egloffstein works, assuming that his "Grand Caňon" engravings must refer to The Grand Canyon expedition. In 1861 Egloffstein, who had moved to New York City, helped organize what became the 103rd New York Volunteer Infantry, of which he was elected colonel. His American military career was quickly

neg: Ute people and sage were used in purification ceremonies conducted in sweat lodges. Yarrow was also used as a medicine by the Utes. There were many plants found in Provo Canyon that were used by Utes as medicine. Ute people Ute people () are Native Americans of the Ute tribe and culture and are among the Great Basin classification of Indigenous People. They have lived in the regions of present-day Utah and Colorado for centuries, hunting, fishing and gathering food. In addition to their home regions within Colorado and Utah, their hunting grounds extended into Wyoming, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. They had

neg: Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians band even though Little Shell broke away from them in 1893 and lived apart with other warriors until his death in 1906. The lineage of the group has been documented by a leading scholar at the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks. Because the tribal chief has a hereditary tradition, the band has been mistakenly identified with only one family, Due to its checkered history in the 1990s, it is not currently recognized as a Native American tribe by the US federal government nor by North Dakota. Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians (Ojibwe: Aniibiminani-ziibiwininiwag)

neg: Mariche people them in the fight against the Spanish conquistadors during the 1560s and 1570s. Mariche people Mariche is the name of a former native Venezuelan tribe. Not much information from them as a tribe has survived to the present day. It is known that their descendants lived in what is now called Filas de Mariches, distrito Sucre, Estado Miranda and in the area of El Hatillo both near Caracas, Venezuela, where they lived very close to several Karina (Carib) tribes. Reports by some scholars claim that Mariche natives inhabited a site called Guayana long before the discovery of South America by

neg: Crow Canyon Archaeological Center Ute Mountain Ute Tribe resulted in special Native American programs on campus and deep and lasting relationships with Ute Neighbors. Survey work in the areas west of the campus resulted in the identification and naming of sites (Smithsonian Numbers). Many bear the names of the schools across the US whose students identified them. By the early 80s, Crow Canyon was well known for its educational programs and its archaeological research. The Bergers needed capital to improve the campus and to free them of 24/7/365 responsibility. They learned of the Foundation for Illinois Archaeology and its fledgling program at Kampsville, Illinois.