query: when was dna first used in a criminal case

pos: DNA profiling of zoology, botany, and agriculture. The process of DNA profiling was developed in the United Kingdom in 1984 by geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys while working in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester. The process, developed by Jeffreys in conjunction with Peter Gill and Dave Werrett of the Forensic Science Service (FSS), was first used forensically in the solving of the murder of two teenagers, Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth, who had been raped and murdered in Narborough, Leicestershire, in 1983 and 1986 respectively. In the subsequent murder inquiry, led by Detective David Baker, the DNA contained within

pos: Minisatellite variability, Sir Alec Jeffreys developed DNA fingerprinting based on minisatellites, solving the first immigration case by DNA in 1985, and the first forensic murder case, the Enderby murders in the United Kingdom, in 1986. Minisatellites were subsequently also used for genetic markers in linkage analysis and population studies, but were soon replaced by microsatellite profiling in the 1990s. The term satellite DNA originates from the observation in the 1960s of a fraction of sheared DNA that showed a distinct buoyant density, detectable as a ‘satellite peak’ in density gradient centrifugation, and that was subsequently identified as large centromeric tandem repeats.

neg: Lalji Singh CCMB, Singh established that this Bkm-derived probe could be used to generate individual specific DNA Fingerprints of humans for forensic investigations; and in 1988, he used that probe for the first time to solve a case of parentage dispute in India. In 1991, Singh produced the first DNA fingerprinting based evidence in an Indian Court to settle a disputed paternity. This was followed by DNA fingerprinting based resolution of hundreds of civil and criminal cases, including cases such as the assassination case(s) of Beant Singh and Rajiv Gandhi, Naina Sahni Tandoor murder case, Swami Premananda case, Swami Shraddhananda case, and

neg: Alec Jeffreys the system more sensitive, more reproducible and amenable to computer databases. It soon became the standard forensic DNA system used in criminal case work and paternity testing worldwide. The development of DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) opened up new approaches to forensic DNA testing, allowing automation, greatly increased sensitivity and a move to alternative marker systems. The most commonly used markers are now variable microsatellites, also known as short tandem repeats (STRs), which Jeffreys first exploited in 1990 in the Mengele case. STR profiling was further refined by a team of scientists led by Peter Gill at

neg: Operation Family Secrets Fecarotta case. Agents Bourgeois and Hartnett went to visit Nick, whom they had put in jail a few years earlier, to pursue him as the suspect in the Fecarotta murder case. When the investigation team had a sample of DNA taken from Nick, his guilt became apparent. With his DNA matching that of the gloves used in the Fecarotta murder, Nick knew that he was going down and was willing to betray the criminal organization that he belonged to with his brother. Nick co-operated with the FBI for months by giving depositions about the murders that he witnessed, took part

neg: Yusuf Bey have conclusive DNA evidence identifying Bey as the father. Bey's first attorney in the criminal case was Andrew Dósa, who also represented him in a companion family law case for custody and support brought by the woman. Attorney Lorna Patton Brown represented Bey in the criminal case at the time of his death. On September 30, 2003, before trial began on the first case, Bey died from cancer at the age of 67 in Oakland, California. A series of civil claims, criminal investigations, and investigative reports in 2006 and 2007 uncovered claims of murder, widespread housing and welfare fraud, indentured

neg: DNA database database is called the National Criminal Investigation DNA Database (NCIDD). By July 2018, it contained 837,000+ DNA profiles. The database used 9 STR loci and a sex gene for analysis, and this was increased to 18 core markers in 2013. NCIDD combines all forensic data, including DNA profiles, advanced bio-metrics or cold cases. The Canadian national DNA database is called the National DNA Data Bank (NDDB) which was established in 1998 but first used in 2000. The legislation that Parliament enacted to govern the use of this technology within the criminal justice system has been found by Canadian courts to

neg: DNA paternity testing more evidence than an ordinary case in civil litigation, but much less than beyond a reasonable doubt required to convict a defendant in a criminal case. In recent years, immigration authorities in various countries, such as U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, France, and others have been requesting immigration petitioners and beneficiaries in a family-based immigration case to voluntarily take the DNA parentage test when primary documents such as birth certificate to prove biological relationship are missing or inadequate. In the U.S., immigration applicants bear the responsibility of arranging and paying for DNA testing. The U.S. immigration authorities require that the DNA

neg: DNA profiling sets of genes. There have been two cases of DNA profiling that falsely suggested that a mother was unrelated to her children. This happens when two eggs are fertilized at the same time and fuse together to create one individual instead of twins. In one case, a criminal planted fake DNA evidence in his own body: John Schneeberger raped one of his sedated patients in 1992 and left semen on her underwear. Police drew what they believed to be Schneeberger's blood and compared its DNA against the crime scene semen DNA on three occasions, never showing a match. It turned

neg: Murder of Marianne Vaatstra The murder was a cold case until it was reopened in 2012 with large-scale DNA profiling in the area around the crime scene. This led to the arrest of local farmer, Jasper Steringa, on 18 November of that year. He confessed to the rape and murder, and was sentenced to eighteen years' imprisonment. The case was one of the first in the country to be resolved mainly using DNA evidence and led to widespread debate about the use of DNA for criminal investigations. The population of Kollum was quick to blame inhabitants of the local asylum seekers' center for the

neg: DNA profiling suspect actually volunteered to come to a police station and give a DNA sample. After providing the sample, the suspect walked free without further interrogation or detainment. Later confronted with an exact match to the forensic profile, the suspect pleaded guilty to criminal trespass at the first court date and was sentenced to two years probation. In Italy a familiar DNA search has been done to solve the case of the murder of Yara Gambirasio whose body was found in the bush three months after her disappearance. A DNA trace was found on the underwear of the murdered teenage near

neg: Richard J. Schmidt served of his 50 year sentence, Schmidt was unanimously denied parole by the three-member State Board at a June hearing in Baton Rouge. Richard J. Schmidt Richard J. Schmidt is an American former physician who was convicted by a Louisiana court in 1998 of attempted murder. The case marked the first time in forensic history that viral DNA was used to prove a link between two people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in a criminal trial. In 1994 Schmidt used a sample of blood taken from one of his AIDS-infected patients to inject into

neg: Richard J. Schmidt Richard J. Schmidt Richard J. Schmidt is an American former physician who was convicted by a Louisiana court in 1998 of attempted murder. The case marked the first time in forensic history that viral DNA was used to prove a link between two people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in a criminal trial. In 1994 Schmidt used a sample of blood taken from one of his AIDS-infected patients to inject into his lover and former colleague, Janice Trahan, infecting her with HIV. Six months later Ms. Trahan, a nurse, was diagnosed with HIV. Convinced

neg: DNA profiling DNA profiling DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics, which are as unique as fingerprints. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding. DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspects' profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime. It is also used in parentage testing, to establish immigration eligibility, and in genealogical and medical research. DNA profiling has also been used in the study of animal and plant populations in the fields

neg: DNA profiling establish the right of succession to British titles. Cases: DNA profiling DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics, which are as unique as fingerprints. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding. DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspects' profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime. It is also used in parentage testing, to establish immigration eligibility, and in genealogical and medical research. DNA profiling has also been used in the

neg: Murder of Rocío Wanninkhof In their investigation of this case the police discovered DNA which matched DNA found at the scene of the murder of Rocío. A woman soon told police that she suspected her ex-husband and when the police questioned him it was soon discovered that it was, indeed, his DNA. His name was Tony Alexander King and he was an English immigrant who, with his wife and daughter had come to live in southern Spain. It turned out he had a long criminal history and had served time in England for sexual crimes before changing his name and settling in Spain. Dolores'

neg: DNA database less evidential value than a DNA match made without the use of a DNA database. Research shows that DNA databases of criminal offenders reduce crime rates. A centralised DNA database for storing DNA profiles of individuals that enables searching and comparing of DNA samples collected from a crime scene against stored profiles. The most important function of the forensic database is to produce matches between the suspected individual and crime scene bio-markers, and then provides evidence to support criminal investigations, and also leads to identify potential suspects in the criminal investigation. Majority of the National DNA databases are used for

neg: Kerry Max Cook perform DNA tests on physical evidence found at the murder scene. McPeak also filed a motion to recuse Judge Jack Skeen, the former district attorney who prosecuted Cook's first two trials, as Skeen would be the one to hear the DNA-testing motion. On April 9, 2012, Administrative Judge John Ovard of Dallas granted Cook's request for DNA testing but denied his plea to move the case out of Smith County, where prosecutors who originally tried his case were found by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals to have committed "egregious prosecutorial misconduct." Cook's battle to clear his name has been

neg: Jim Petro general to argue a case in front of the United States Supreme Court in over thirty years; he won the case by a vote of nine to zero. As Ohio's Attorney General he successfully defended the law banning late term abortions in the state. As attorney general, Petro also launched an effort that added 210,000 criminal DNA profiles from Ohio to the national Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). On January 30, 2006, Petro announced that Joy Padgett would be his running mate for the Governor's position. Padgett, a Republican state senator from Coshocton, Ohio, was selected after Petro's first running

neg: Phantom of Heilbronn of DNA may not be used in criminal proceedings to determine few personal attributes of a suspect other than sex. The investigations were concentrated in a special task force "parking lot" at the Heilbronn police department. In January 2009, the reward for clues regarding the whereabouts of the person was increased to €300,000. The existence of the "Phantom" had been doubted earlier, but in March 2009, the case took a new turn. Investigators discovered the DNA sequence on the burned body of a male asylum-seeker in France - an anomaly, since the sequence was of a female. They subsequently came

neg: BRT Laboratories of biological relationship between a petitioner and his or her beneficiary. DNA testing can be used to prove a relationship if documents are absent or challenged. The US Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) offices accept DNA testing results from AABB accredited laboratories only. BRT's Forensics division offers services in serology screening, DNA profiling, and case review. These services are contracted by government agencies, defense counsel, and private citizens or organizations for several applications. Government agencies contract BRT’s Forensic division for criminal and “no-suspect” casework. The Laboratory offers STR analysis and Y-STR analysis

neg: Use of DNA in forensic entomology Use of DNA in forensic entomology Use of DNA in forensic entomology refers to the focus in forensics on one of the three aspects of forensic entomology. The three aspects are urban, stored product and medico-criminal entomologies. This article focuses on medico-criminal entomology and how DNA is analyzed with various blood-feeding insects. To extract a blood meal from the abdomen of an insect to isolate and analyze DNA, the insect must first be killed by placing it in 96% ethanol. The killed insect can be stored at -20 °C until analysis. When it is time for analysis, the DNA must

neg: Murder of Angela Samota another girl the night of the murder. The victim’s at-the-time boyfriend was also reportedly a suspect. The case remained unsolved until 2008. In 2006, then-Dallas police detective Linda Crum, tasked with the case, used the DNA evidence from blood, semen, and fingernail samples to try and find a match among persons with a criminal record. In 2008, the results pointed to Donald Bess who, at the time of Samota's murder, was out on parole while serving a 25-year sentence. Sheila Wysocki, who went to SMU and was a room mate of Samota, has subsequently claimed that the case was re-opened

neg: Maryland v. King the DNA sequence. The sequence modification allows governments, like Maryland's, to identify the alleles, versions of some loci or gene, of a person in the DNA. The collection of genetic markers allows for high precision identification of a suspected criminal from the DNA samples found at crime scenes or on victims. The genetic markers from an individual are searched against all other felons and arrestees in the database when police are attempting to compile evidence by the use of blood, saliva, skin, or other bodily fluids. "Maryland v. King" presented competing issues regarding social ethics and the law. The case

neg: The Case of: JonBenét Ramsey Spitz, James Fitzgerald, former Scotland Yard criminal behavior analyst Laura Richards, and Stan Burke. The team examined the theory about an outsider depositing DNA on JonBenet's panties and concluded that this trace amount of evidence could have been transferred when the panties were made and packaged. The team used modern equipment and an interview with the 911 dispatcher, Kimberly Archuleta, to examine the 911 call and claimed that there were three voices on the tape: Patsy, John and Burke. They believed one of the three voices was a boy. At the end of the call, the 911 dispatcher heard Patsy

neg: DNA database material, such as markers that identify various genetic diseases, physical and behavioral traits, could be used for discriminatory profiling and its collection may constitute an invasion of privacy. Also, DNA can be used to establish paternity and whether or not a child is adopted. Nowadays, the privacy and security issues of DNA database has caused huge attention. Some people are afraid that their personal DNA information will be let out easily, others may define their DNA profiles recording in the Databases as a sense of "criminal", and being falsely accused in a crime can lead to having a "criminal" record

neg: Jeff Davis 8 in which local law enforcement were implicated in the murders. Statements from two female inmates portrayed suspects working with the sheriff's office to dispose of evidence in the Lopez case. However, the sergeant who took the statements was forced out of his job, and the allegations were ignored by law enforcement. Sheriff's office chief criminal investigator, Warren Gary, was also accused of purchasing a truck suspected of being used to transport a body for the purpose of discarding evidence. In 2009, the sheriff ordered that every investigator working the Jeff Davis 8 case be swabbed for DNA in response to

neg: Joseph Maskell when you say bad things about people?" However, the story has been questioned after a 2017 DNA test did not link the Cesnik case to Maskell. However it does not rule out Maskells knowledge or involvement. In 1992, the first sexual abuse allegation against Maskell was made public by Wehner. He was removed from the ministry that year and sent for evaluation and "treatment" at The Institute of Living. He was reinstated in 1993 after the Archdiocese claimed it was unable to corroborate the allegation through an internal investigation. On September 8, 1993, criminal charges regarding the allegation was filed

neg: DNA profiling within the segment. MiniSTR analysis however will just target the STR location, and this results in a DNA product that is much smaller. By placing the primers closer to the actual STR regions, there is a higher chance that successful amplification of this region will occur. Successful amplification of these STR regions can now occur and more complete DNA profiles can be obtained. The success that smaller PCR products produce a higher success rate with highly degraded samples was first reported in 1995, when miniSTR technology was used to identify victims of the Waco fire. In this case the fire

neg: Statute of limitations obtain dismissal of the charge. The statute of limitations in a criminal case only runs until a criminal charge is filed and a warrant is issued, even if the defendant is a fugitive. When the identity of a defendant is not known, some jurisdictions provide mechanisms to initiate charges and thus stop the statute of limitations from running. For example, some states allow an indictment of a "John Doe" defendant based upon a DNA profile derived from evidence obtained through a criminal investigation. Although rare, a grand jury can issue an indictment in absentia for high-profile crimes to get around

neg: Peggy Hettrick murder case and there was no criminal investigation that would begin. The arrest of Dr. Hammond, and his subsequent suicide, was information withheld from Dr. Meloy and the other experts, and the FBI was not informed of this case by Larimer County to reconsider their profiling of Mr. Masters from 1987. The DNA testing that led to the 2008 overturning of Masters' conviction also implicated Hettrick's sometime boyfriend, Matt Zoellner, a young used car salesman, who testified at Masters' trial. Zoellner was initially a suspect in 1987, but was quickly ruled out. Officials plan to renew the investigation. Colorado law had no

neg: DNA database forensic purposes. The Interpol DNA database is used in criminal investigations. Interpol maintains an automated DNA database called DNA Gateway that contains DNA profiles submitted by member countries collected from crime scenes, missing persons, and unidentified bodies. The DNA Gateway was established in 2002, and at the end of 2013, it had more than 140,000 DNA profiles from 69 member countries. Unlike other DNA databases, DNA Gateway is only used for information sharing and comparison, it does not link a DNA profile to any individual, and the physical or psychological conditions of an individual are not included in the database.

neg: Göhrde Murders DNA pattern in old, failed, rootless hairs can only be completely isolated with a 60 percent probability. The criminal investigation was still on the assumption that the two hairs were suitable to identify the perpetrators. In 2014, however, it was stated that the case would not be reopened to capacity reasons. In June 2017 it was announced that there is a DNA trace result from the crime scene of a murder case from a 2015 case in Hanover. However, because of another murder and the conviction of a 27-year-old man named Leger, no traces were confirmed. Decisive evidence for the

neg: National Forensic DNA Database of South Africa National Forensic DNA Database of South Africa The National Forensic DNA Database of South Africa (NFDD) is a national DNA database used in law enforcement in South Africa. The Criminal Law (Forensic Procedures) Amendment Act No. 37 of 2013 (the "DNA Act") provides for the expansion and administration of such a database in South Africa, enabling the South African Police Service (SAPS) to match forensic DNA profiles derived from samples collected at crime scenes with forensic DNA profiles of offenders convicted of, and suspects arrested for, offences listed in a new Schedule 8 of the amended Criminal Procedure Act of

neg: Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and incidents had hid inside Hartlaub's van and was waiting to kill him. He shot him with a MAC-11 9-mm semi-automatic pistol fitted with a homemade silencer. Bond's DNA profile analyzed by the FBI matched the bloodstains found in Yee's car and based on this they were able to use it as key evidence. This was one of the first cases of DNA being used for criminal conviction. The trial and legal wrangling lasted nearly two years and ended in long prison terms for all three Hells Angels members, who may remain in prison on sentences up to life. Sixteen members and

neg: Thomas Haynesworth them "powerless to act". Peter Neufeld of the Innocence Project said, It's much harder when you don't have the smoking gun of DNA. This is the very first time in the history of the Innocence Project where the attorney general and two local prosecutors joined us in seeking an exoneration, yet it nevertheless took nine months, two trips to the Court of Appeals and six judges to ensure the relief that was obvious to everyone. The case caused law enforcement and criminal justice officials to re-assess the reliability of eyewitness identifications. Neufeld of the Innocence Project said the dissenting judges

neg: World's End Murders to police. Speculation that the killings had been the work of two men was heightened when it was revealed that the knots used to tie the girls' hands behind their backs were of different types. In May 1978, Lothian and Borders Police announced that they were scaling down the investigation. In 1997, Lothian and Borders Police's cold case unit instructed further forensic work to be undertaken in the case, reflecting improvements in DNA profiling technology since the murders occurred. This resulted in the isolation of a DNA profile of a male, found on both girls. The DNA of the original

neg: Dwight E. Adams and validated the DNA testing procedures ultimately used in the FBI and throughout the world." Adams’ research into reliability of DNA through validation enabled the FBI to be the first public crime laboratory to offer DNA testing for criminal casework. Adams would go on to be the first FBI Agent to testify in cases in which DNA evidence would be admitted in US Courts. He would testify over 130 times at all levels of Federal and State courts. In 1994 through 1996, Adams left the FBI Laboratory to go back into the field in the Newark, NJ field office. While

neg: Baneheia murders Viggo Kristiansen said in the same interview that he felt sorry for his mother and his family about what they had to read about him in the papers. In 2008, Kristiansen filed a motion to re-open his case. Kristiansen had also gotten a new lawyer, Sigurd Klomsæt. In 2009, Sigurd Klomsæt sued the Criminal investigation chief in Kristansand, Arne Pedersen, since both the police in Kristiansand and a middle manager from the forensics institute, Bente Mevåg, had informed that the DNA material had been destructed. The case was dismissed by the special unit for police cases. In 2010, when Bente

neg: Alec Jeffreys resolving paternity and immigration disputes. The method can also be applied to non-human species, for example in wildlife population genetics studies. Before his methods were commercialised in 1987, his laboratory was the only centre in the world that carried out DNA fingerprinting, and was consequently very busy, receiving inquiries from all over the globe. Jeffreys's DNA method was first put to use in 1985 when he was asked to help in a disputed immigration case to confirm the identity of a British boy whose family was originally from Ghana. The case was resolved when the DNA results proved that the

neg: DNA profiling cases in the UK and United States, and has also been used as a tool to exonerate the falsely accused. Darryl Hunt was wrongly convicted in connection with the rape and murder of a young woman in 1984 in North Carolina. Hunt was exonerated in 2004 when a DNA database search produced a remarkably close match between a convicted felon and the forensic profile from the case. The partial match led investigators to the felon's brother, Willard E. Brown, who confessed to the crime when confronted by police. A judge then signed an order to dismiss the case against Hunt.

neg: Forensic identification permanent. These creases are valuable when individualizing the owner. The concept of no two fingerprints are alike is also applied to foot creases. Foot creases can grow as early as 13 weeks after conception when the volar pads begin to grow and when the pads regress, the creases remain. When foot crease identification is used in a criminal case, it should be used in conjunction with morphology and friction ridges to ensure precise identification. There is record of foot crease identification used in a criminal case to solve a murder. Sometimes with marks left by the foot with ink, blood,

neg: Faith Hedgepeth homicide she had struggled with her killer. The DNA taken from the semen was matched to DNA elsewhere at the scene. The released records included the recording of Rosario's 9-1-1 call and two pieces of evidence that were seen as potentially helpful in narrowing down the killer's identity. The DNA profile was also used later to generate an image of the potential suspect. "Investigators have excellent evidence in this case," Chief Blue said when the documents were released. "This is not a cold case. It has been and remains an active investigation." "News & Observer" reporter Tom Gasparoli, who covered the

neg: Ronny Rieken a 9-year-old. During Easter day of 1988, as a result of a mass DNA screening, Rieken was arrested and convicted. Rieken agreed to the saliva test because his brother-in-law had suggested he should go. He was the first murderer in Germany to undergo a saliva examination and thereby transferred, contributing significantly to the public and legal acceptance of this method. As early as April 1998, when the search for Rieken was still in full swing, the DNA analysis files, a composite application by the Land Criminal Police Offices and the Federal Criminal Police, commenced operations. In Rieken's trial before the

neg: Eye for an Eye (1996 film) DNA tests reveal the killer, Robert Doob, a delivery man with a criminal record. At the trial it is clear Doob is guilty, but because the defense did not receive a sample of the DNA evidence, the judge dismisses the case. Karen and Mack are dumbstruck as Doob walks free. When Doob launches an antagonizing apology at Karen it causes Mack to snap and furiously attack Doob, but is overpowered by guards and Doob walks out unharmed. Mack is desperate to return to a normal life, but Karen cannot stop thinking of Doob. She finds the apartment where he lives,

neg: Richard L. Samuels Richard L. Samuels Richard L. Samuels (born August 13, 1926 - died April 14, 2001 in Flossmoor) was a Cook County Circuit judge at the Sixth Municipal District Courthouse in Markham, Illinois for nearly 30 years. His most (in)famous Case was the high profiled rape case against Gary Dotson during the 1970s and 1980s. Dotson is the first American man who was to be exonerated of a criminal conviction by DNA evidence. Samuels ordered Dotson back to prison, after the victim, Cathleen Mae Webb, of the alleged 1977 rape, recanted. Later Samuels upheld Dotson's conviction, because "he believed the victim's

neg: Eric Lander of Verastem, biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing drugs to treat cancer by targeting cancer stem cells. In 1989, Lander provided expert testimony in a criminal case: "People v. Castro" in New York. He showed that the then-current method of interpreting DNA evidence was flawed, and liable to give false positive matches, implicating innocent defendants. Two of the defense lawyers in that case, Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck, went on to found the Innocence Project, an organization which uses DNA analysis to exonerate wrongly-convicted prisoners. Lander is a member of the board of directors. Lander was named one of

neg: Göhrde Murders detective from Lüneberg was incidentally entrusted with the case in such a way as to occasionally follow up on hints. In July 2009, there was another, possibly last investigation approach: after the two hairs were secured in the vehicle of one of the victim pairs (the Reinolds), which were neither assigned to the victims nor the environment. The Kriminalpolizei now wanted to isolate DNA patterns from the two hairs with the help of the now advanced DNA analysis methods and compare them with the data stored at the Federal Criminal Police Office. The problem of DNA analysis was that the

neg: Cyanidioschyzon merolae and plants. Most of its genes are intronless. As is the case with most model organisms, genetic tools have been developed in "C. merolae". These include methods for the isolation of DNA and RNA from "C. merolae", the introduction of DNA into "C. merolae" for transient or stable transformation, and methods for selection including a uracil auxotroph that can be used as a selection marker. Several methods, derived from cyanobacterial protocols, are used for the isolation of DNA from "C. merolae". The first is a hot phenol extraction, which is a quick extraction that can be used to isolate DNA

neg: Virus actual virus that is synthesised, but rather its DNA genome (in case of a DNA virus), or a cDNA copy of its genome (in case of RNA viruses). For many virus families the naked synthetic DNA or RNA (once enzymatically converted back from the synthetic cDNA) is infectious when introduced into a cell. That is, they contain all the necessary information to produce new viruses. This technology is now being used to investigate novel vaccine strategies. The ability to synthesise viruses has far-reaching consequences, since viruses can no longer be regarded as extinct, as long as the information of their

neg: Mitochondrial DNA Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Patricia Lynne Rorrer, mitochondrial DNA was admitted into evidence in the State of Pennsylvania for the first time. The case was featured in episode 55 of season 5 of the true crime drama series Forensic Files (season 5). Mitochondrial DNA was first admitted into evidence in California, United States, in the successful prosecution of David Westerfield for the 2002 kidnapping and murder of 7-year-old Danielle van Dam in San Diego: it was used for both human and dog identification. This was the first trial in the U.S. to admit canine DNA. The remains of King Richard

neg: DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 D.C. Code § 22-4151(1)-(46). These qualifying offense include, for example, arson, aggravated assault, burglary, kidnaping, robbery, attempted robbery, and carjacking. Id. Once a DNA sample is entered into the CODIS database, the information can be released only (1) "to criminal justice agencies for law enforcement identification purposes;" (2) "in judicial proceedings;" (3) "for criminal defense purposes, to a defendant, who shall have access to samples and analyses performed in connection with the case in which such defendant is charged;" or (4) "if personally identifiable information is removed, for a population statistics database, for identification research and protocol development purposes, or

neg: Ashikaga murder case for exposing the miscarriage of justice. In 2010 and 2011 he reported strong evidence, including DNA evidence, that the perpetrator had been found, and gave this information to the police, but no arrest was made. The reasoning given for the refusal is that the alleged perpetrator's DNA does not match that of the culprit previously found in the Ashikaga case. Shimizu professes that the DNA testing methods used in the case were flawed, and that arresting the perpetrator would require the prosecutor's office to acknowledge this. However, the same testing methods were also used in the Iizuka case, in which

neg: S and Marper v United Kingdom charged, if criminal proceedings were discontinued, or if the person was later acquitted of any crime, their DNA profile could nevertheless be kept permanently on record. The majority of the Council of Europe member states allow the compulsory taking of fingerprints and DNA samples in the context of criminal proceedings; however the United Kingdom (specifically, England, Wales and Northern Ireland) was the only member state that expressly permitted the systematic and indefinite retention of such DNA profiles. In contrast, DNA samples taken in Scotland when individuals are arrested must be destroyed if the individual is not charged or convicted. The

neg: Stephen Sedley has provoked considerable debate about the role of government in collecting and keeping DNA samples. At present criminal suspects detained by the police in the UK are automatically given cheek swabs and their DNA kept, in perpetuity, by the government. This has created the situation where different races are differently represented in the United Kingdom National DNA Database. On the grounds that this situation is indefensible, Lord Justice Sedley discussed the case for a blanket DNA collection policy, including collecting samples from all visitors to the UK. Ian McEwan said of "Ashes and Sparks: Essays On Law and Justice" (Cambridge

neg: John E. McCarthy committee released a statement calling for Catholic parents to embrace their gay and lesbian children, McCarthy praised their action. McCarthy was considered more liberal than his successors, according Tara Trower Doolittle, an editor at the local paper. He opposed the death penalty and racial injustice both in Houston and in Austin, long before others. He used his influence with the legislature and individual Catholic lawmakers to reform the criminal justice system. He made the case to abolish the death penalty years before DNA testing was available to prove innocence. He was known to pressure decision makers at the Texas State

neg: Alex Simpson (attorney) don’t occur,” he said. In response to the case of a man who was cleared of a sex crime conviction brought about by eyewitness identification, after DNA testing exonerated him, Simpson said, “This happens all the time. The No. 1 factor in wrongful convictions across the country is mistaken eyewitness identification.” Simpson claims that “DNA has become the foremost technique for conclusively identifying and excluding criminal suspects in cases where biological material is left at a crime scene,” and that proper DNA analysis is “not debatable” as proof. He praised the exoneration of his client Uriah Courtney (see above) as

neg: Alex Simpson (attorney) “a tremendous win for criminal justice. It showed how DNA testing should work – with cooperation from prosecutors and law enforcement to find evidence and run DNA profiles against the database.” Simpson has argued that the law should specify that evidence for convicted persons must be preserved even after all appeals have been exhausted, because scientific methods (such as for DNA) may evolve to an extent that might lead to the future exoneration of the convicted person. Simpson, in evoking the Uriah Courtney case (see above), has advocated for California bill SB980, which would allow streamlining of DNA testing. “Over

neg: Criminal case of Lisa F. anger; beginning on 18 January there were demonstrations in several parts of Germany, amongst others in front of the Bundeskanzleramt in Berlin on 23 January. In June 2017 the culprit Ismet S. was convicted to a suspended sentence of two years in jail. Criminal case of Lisa F. In the alleged criminal case of Lisa F., a 13 year old Russian-German girl was reported missing for over a day in Berlin in January 2016 and, after returning, she first claimed that she had been kidnapped and raped by three strangers. The case has been promptly used by Russian officials and

neg: National Forensic DNA Database of South Africa 1977. DNA profiling has been used in South African law enforcement since 1998, albeit without a legal framework prior to the commencement of the DNA Act. The DNA Criminal Intelligence Database (DCID) was developed by SAPS and is administered by the Biology Unit of the SAPS Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL). The repository of DNA Profiles held by the FSL prior to the commencement of the DNA Act comprises two indices, namely a Casework Index containing forensic DNA profiles derived from biological samples collected from crime scenes and a Reference Index containing forensic DNA profiles of known people, including victims, suspects,

neg: DNA bank DNA bank DNA banking is the secure, long term storage of an individual’s genetic material. DNA is most commonly extracted from blood, but can also be obtained from saliva and other tissues. DNA banks allow for conservation of genetic material and comparative analysis of an individual's genetic information. Analyzing an individual's DNA can allow scientists to predict genetic disorders, as used in preventative genetics or gene therapy, and prove that person's identity, as used in the criminal justice system. There are multiple methods for testing and analyzing genetic information including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reactions (PCR).

neg: Jim Petro mate, Hamilton County Commissioner Phil Heimlich, dropped out of the campaign to run for re-election as Commissioner of Hamilton County. Petro was defeated in the May 2, 2006 primary by Ken Blackwell, Ohio's then-Secretary of State. Petro became the first attorney general in the country to intervene in a case spearheaded by the Innocence Project, a non-profit legal clinic that pioneered the use of DNA testing to prove wrongful conviction. The case exonerated Clarence Elkins, a family man with no prior criminal record who had been sentenced to life in prison for the murder of his mother-in-law. After his involvement

neg: Donor conceived person case was in 2005, when it was revealed in New Scientist magazine that an enterprising 15-year-old used information from a DNA test and the internet to identify and contact his genetic father, who was a sperm donor. In 2018, it was reported that DNA testing has led to a significant increase in donor-conceived people finding their siblings and sperm donors. Donor conceived person A donor offspring, or donor conceived person, is conceived via the donation of sperm (sperm donation) or ova (egg donation), or both, either from two separate donors or from a couple. In the case of embryo donation,

neg: Lotus case occurring in high seas. The principle has also been used in arguments against the reasons of the United States of America for opposing the existence of the International Criminal Court (ICC). In the court Turkish side was represented by Mahmut Esat Bozkurt, the Minister of Justice. In 1934, when Turkey adopted the formal surname system, Mahmut Esat chose the surname "Bozkurt" suggested by Kemal Atatürk as a reminiscence of the case. Lotus case The "Lotus" case concerns a criminal trial which was the result of the 2 August 1926 collision between the S.S. "Lotus", a French steamship (or steamer), and

neg: Criminal case of Lisa F. Criminal case of Lisa F. In the alleged criminal case of Lisa F., a 13 year old Russian-German girl was reported missing for over a day in Berlin in January 2016 and, after returning, she first claimed that she had been kidnapped and raped by three strangers. The case has been promptly used by Russian officials and media to accuse Germany of tolerating and covering up child abuse which in turn provoked demonstrations of Russian Germans in several cities in Germany. The kidnapping story has been shortly after proven to be false by police after analysis of mobile phone logs

neg: Intercalation (biochemistry) Intercalation (biochemistry) In biochemistry, intercalation is the insertion of molecules between the planar bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This process is used as a method for analyzing DNA and it is also the basis of certain kinds of poisoning. There are several ways molecules (in this case, also known as "ligands") can interact with DNA. Ligands may interact with DNA by covalently binding, electrostatically binding, or intercalating. Intercalation occurs when ligands of an appropriate size and chemical nature fit themselves in between base pairs of DNA. These ligands are mostly polycyclic, aromatic, and planar, and therefore often make good nucleic

neg: Oligonucleotide of DNA or RNA that are complementary to a chosen sequence. In the case of antisense RNA they prevent protein translation of certain messenger RNA strands by binding to them. Antisense DNA can be used to target a specific, complementary (coding or non-coding) RNA. If binding takes place this DNA/RNA hybrid can be degraded by the enzyme RNase H. The use of morpholino-antisense oligonucleotides for gene knockdowns in vertebrates, which is now a standard technique in developmental biology and is used to study altered gene expression and gene function, was first developed by Janet Heasman using Xenopus. . The antisense

neg: Peggy Hettrick murder case requirement that evidence be preserved, and shields liability to authorities who destroy evidence after criminal trials are complete. Partially as a result of this case, Colorado lawmakers passed H.B. 1397, which requires the preservation of all evidence that may contain DNA that is collected in cases resulting in a conviction for a Class 1 felony or a sex offense. The evidence must be preserved for the life of the defendant, after which the evidence may be destroyed. If charges have not been filed, DNA evidence must be preserved for the length of the investigation. In June 2008, after a six-month

neg: Polymerase chain reaction Polymerase chain reaction Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used in molecular biology to make many copies of a specific DNA segment. Using PCR, a single copy (or more) of a DNA sequence is exponentially amplified to generate thousands to millions of more copies of that particular DNA segment. PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical laboratory and clinical laboratory research for a broad variety of applications including biomedical research and criminal forensics . PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983 while he was an employee of the Cetus Corporation. He was

neg: National Anticorruption Directorate institutions. DNA has exclusive and unlimited jurisdiction in fighting high-level corruption, including in pursuing members of parliament. Through subsequent legislative amendments, DNA's jurisdiction concerning low-level corruption has been eliminated, more precisely corruption cases concerning city mayors, police agents and notaries. Any corruption case can be investigated by the DNA if the one who commits the crime falls into one of these categories: The DNA also has the authority to investigate criminal offences directed against the financial interests of the European Union, regardless of the value of the damage. Moreover, the DNA can investigate crimes of macroeconomic significance if they caused

neg: DNA encryption Court of Human Rights decided, in the case of S and Marper v United Kingdom (2008), that the government must present sufficient justification for differential treatment of DNA profiles of those in the criminal justice system compared to that of non-convicted individuals; essentially, there must be no abuse of retained biological materials and DNA-information. The decision highlighted several existing issues with the current system that poses privacy risks for the individuals involved: the storage of personal information with genetic information, the storage of DNA profiles with the inherent capacity to determine genetic relationships, and fundamentally, the act of storing of

neg: DNA nanotechnology used to characterize the structure of the complexes. Nucleic acid structures can be directly imaged by atomic force microscopy, which is well suited to extended two-dimensional structures, but less useful for discrete three-dimensional structures because of the microscope tip's interaction with the fragile nucleic acid structure; transmission electron microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy are often used in this case. Extended three-dimensional lattices are analyzed by X-ray crystallography. The conceptual foundation for DNA nanotechnology was first laid out by Nadrian Seeman in the early 1980s. Seeman's original motivation was to create a three-dimensional DNA lattice for orienting other large molecules, which would

neg: Race (human categorization) more likely to lead to arrest compared to dating or divorced couples. More research is needed to understand agency and community factors that influence police behavior and how discrepancies in IPV interventions/ tools of justice can be addressed. Recent work using DNA cluster analysis to determine race background has been used by some criminal investigators to narrow their search for the identity of both suspects and victims. Proponents of DNA profiling in criminal investigations cite cases where leads based on DNA analysis proved useful, but the practice remains controversial among medical ethicists, defense lawyers and some in law enforcement. Similarly,

neg: Lytic cycle amounts of viral components. In the case of DNA viruses, the DNA transcribes itself into messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that are then used to direct the cell's ribosomes. One of the first polypeptides to be translated destroys the host's DNA. In retroviruses (which inject an RNA strand), a unique enzyme called reverse transcriptase transcribes the viral RNA into DNA, which is then transcribed again into RNA. Once the viral DNA has taken control it induces the host cell's machinery to synthesize viral DNA, protein and starts multiplying. The biosynthesis is (e.g. T4) regulated in three phases of mRNA production followed

neg: Audrey McGinn CIP, Inocente! is “a nonprofit public advocacy and education program focused on the release of the wrongfully convicted and reforming laws that lead to wrongful conviction and incarceration.” McGinn spent four months in the summer of 2010 in Concepción, Chile, working with Chilean attorneys to establish Inocente! She gave lectures to law students and legal professionals at Chilean universities to educate them on the use of DNA evidence in criminal cases and how it can lead to wrongful incarcerations. "DNA evidence can be crucial in innocence cases,” said McGinn. “We already found one case in Chile where DNA evidence could

neg: DNA encryption children. This decision rendered as constitutional and supported by a compelling public interest by the Federal Constitutional Court in 2001, despite some criticism that the right of informational self-determination was violated. The court did mandate that DNA information and samples must be supported by evidence that the individual can commit a similar crime in the future. To address the legal uncertainty, the Act on Forensic DNA Analysis of 2005 introduced provisions that included exact and limited legal grounds for the use of DNA based information in criminal proceedings. Some sections order that DNA samples may only be used if they

neg: DNA database and thus finding some new drugs or effective treatments in controlling these diseases. It is often collaborated with the National Health Service. A national DNA database is a DNA database maintained by the government for storing DNA profiles of its population. Each DNA profile based on PCR and uses STR (Short Tandem Repeats) analysis. They are generally used for forensic purposes which includes searching and matching of DNA profiles of potential criminal suspects. In 2009 Interpol reported there were 54 police national DNA databases in the world at the time and 26 more countries planned to start one. In Europe

neg: Timothy Wilson Spencer prepared for trial. Spencer first came to trial in Arlington, Virginia, on July 11, 1988, for the rape, burglary and murder of Susan Tucker. He was represented by Carl Womack and Thomas Kelley. Spencer was convicted and sentenced to death, following the presentation of DNA evidence linking him to the Tucker crime scene, the first case in Virginia in which DNA was successfully used to prove an offender's identity. Following his conviction for the Tucker murder, Spencer again went on trial, this time in Richmond, for the rape, burglary and murder of Debbie Davis. DNA evidence in the form of

neg: Phantom of Heilbronn to the conclusion that the mysterious criminal did not exist and that the laboratory results were due to contamination of the cotton buds used for DNA probing. Although sterile, the swabs are not certified for human DNA collection. The cotton swabs used by many state police departments were found to have been contaminated before shipping. It was found that the contaminated swabs all came from the same factory, which employs several Eastern European women who fit the type the DNA was assumed to match. Bavaria, although a region central to the crimes, obtained their swabs from a different factory. They

neg: National Forensic DNA Database of South Africa founded by attorney Vanessa Lynch following the unsolved murder of Lynch's father, John Lynch, in 2004. The DNA Project advocates the establishment and expansion of a national forensic DNA database and hence earlier identification of criminal suspects. It has campaigned for the passing of the DNA Bill, donated laboratory equipment to the FSL, funded the UK Forensic Science Service's diagnostic review of South Africa's FSL, initiated DNA forensic awareness training programs, and developed a post-graduate forensic analyst qualification. National Forensic DNA Database of South Africa The National Forensic DNA Database of South Africa (NFDD) is a national DNA database used

neg: DNA profiling justice records. Investigators rule out family members' involvement in the crime by finding excluding factors such as sex, living out of state or being incarcerated when the crime was committed. They may also use other leads from the case, such as witness or victim statements, to identify a suspect. Once a suspect has been identified, investigators seek to legally obtain a DNA sample from the suspect. This suspect DNA profile is then compared to the sample found at the crime scene to definitively identify the suspect as the source of the crime scene DNA. Familial DNA database searching was first

neg: Liviu Dragnea indicted for abuse of public office and forgery allegedly committed during his time as Teleorman County Council president. In November 2017, the DNA opened a third case against Dragnea, based on information compiled by the European Anti-Fraud Office. He is alleged to have formed part of a criminal conspiracy, formed in 2001 involving, the fraudulent redirection of EU funds worth €20 million. In March 2018, RISE Project and "Folha de São Paulo" revealed that Liviu Dragnea would have been investigated in Brazil for money laundering. According to Federal Prosecutor Carlos Wagner Barbosa Guimarães, Dragnea would have used intertwines – "oranges"

neg: Cyanidioschyzon merolae suitable for amplification by DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR), wherein phenol is added to whole cells and incubated at 65 °C to extract DNA. If purer DNA is required, the CTAB (Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) method may be employed. In this method, a high-salt extraction buffer is first applied and cells are disrupted, after which a chloroform-phenol mixture is used to extract the DNA at room temperature. Total RNA may be extracted from "C. merolae" cells using a variant of the hot phenol method described above for DNA. As is the case for DNA and RNA, the protocol for protein

neg: R v Rodgers and was a clear articulation of the legislature's intent. R v Rodgers R v Rodgers, 2006 SCC 15, [2006] 1 S.C.R. 554, is a case decided by the Supreme Court of Canada on the constitutionality of the collection of blood samples from prisoners. The Court upheld the Criminal Code provision allowing for retroactive DNA samples of prisoners without notice. Dennis Rodgers was a convicted sex offender who was serving his sentence in an Ontario prison. Since Rodgers was sentenced before the enactment of the 1998 "DNA Identification Act", his blood sample was not taken upon sentencing to be placed in

neg: Insulin (medication) occasionally, even to synthetic "human" insulin varieties. Beginning in 1982, biosynthetic "human" insulin has been manufactured for clinical use through genetic engineering techniques using recombinant DNA technology. Genentech developed the technique used to produce the first such insulin, Humulin, but did not commercially market the product themselves. Eli Lilly marketed Humulin in 1982. Humulin was the first medication produced using modern genetic engineering techniques in which actual human DNA is inserted into a host cell ("E. coli" in this case). The host cells are then allowed to grow and reproduce normally, and due to the inserted human DNA, they produce

neg: Siegaue rape case Cologne. When two staff members of the prison tried to extinguish the fire, he attacked the two guards, injuring one in the head. In the transport to the prison the offender had attacked a guard. According to forensic investigation the perpetrator suffers from a grave personality disorder, especially narcissism. Since the prosecutor's office affirmed the criminal responsibility of the perpetrator, he had to stand trial from the end of September 2017 at the Bonn district court for rape and predatory extortion. There was a positive DNA identification of the perpetrator's semen on the victim, although he maintained a claim of

neg: Landeskriminalamt it to police stations. It collates data on criminal offences and offenders in crime statistics that are used as a basis for new strategies, policy decisions and legislative initiatives. It also analyzes certain offense areas, evaluates the police measures executed in each case, forecasts expected tendencies and describes events in annual reports. The LKA maintains forensic equipment for central examination of evidence using the latest scientific methods (e.g. DNA analysis, Automatic Fingerprint Identification System). LKAs also coordinate support for local police in hostage, kidnapping and blackmail situations and provide experts in such cases, e.g., the SWAT team "Spezialeinsatzkommando", the negotiation

neg: Tirath Das Dogra as co-guide. First criminal case solved by DNA from Delhi was in 1992. The integrity and hard work of its in-charge Dr Anupuma raina gave this laboratory reliability and popularity with investigating agencies. Dr Dogra developed Medical Toxicological laboratory in the department of forensic medicine and toxicology in 1987. It was the first laboratory in a medical college where it was aimed to carry out analysis of samples for clinical and forensic purposes. The analytical toxicologist late H C Srivastava worked hard to get a reputation that the honourable courts ordered the tests to be conducted in this laboratory. The

neg: DNA database and Germany, court orders are required, and are only available, respectively, for serious offenders and for those convicted of certain offences and who are likely to reoffend. Austria started a criminal DNA database in 1997 and Italy also set one up in 2016 Switzerland started a temporary criminal DNA database in 2000 and confirmed it in law in 2005. In 2005 the incoming Portuguese government proposed to introduce a DNA database of the entire population of Portugal. However, after informed debate including opinion from the Portuguese Ethics Council the database introduced was of just the criminal population. DNA databases occupy

neg: Gallows history. The only surviving New Drop gallows in the UK are in Rutland County Museum. The gallows were portable and were set up at the gaol (jail) when needed. These gallows were first used in 1813 to hang two burglars. The New Drop design was not very effective as the drop was too short to break the neck cleanly. If a crime took place inside, gallows were sometimes erected—and the criminal hanged—at the front door. In some cases of multiple offenders it was not uncommon to erect multiple temporary gallows, with one noose per condemned criminal. In one case a

neg: Perfect crime in Germany was described as being close to a perfect crime, in that despite having DNA evidence (but no other evidence), the police were unable to bring the case to court since the DNA belonged to one of a pair of identical twins, and faced with denials by both, it could not be proven which of the two was the criminal. Other examples of one, or possibly both, identical twins avoiding punishment include juries unable to reach a verdict in a 2004 Boston rape trial, a 2005 Houston rape trial and a 2009 Malaysia drug-smuggling trial. Perfect crime Perfect crime

neg: Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano the PGR's Agency of Criminal Investigation (Spanish: "Agencia de Investigación Criminal") officially confirmed the identity of Sánchez Arellano using DNA testing and photograph comparisons. The agency used the DNA samples the government had on its database of his relatives who were also involved in organized crime: his uncles Ramón, Benjamín, and Francisco Rafael Arellano Félix, along with his alleged mother Enedina. The results showed that Sánchez Arellano is biologically related to them and the Arellano Félix crime family, as initially presumed by law enforcement. In addition, the agency used at least five photographs law enforcement had of Sánchez Arellano to

neg: William S. Sessions quote normally appeared in gold against a blue background between the FBI seal and Sessions' name. It first appeared in 1989, and was used until 2000. Sessions' major contributions to the US criminal justice community include the encouraging of the FBI Laboratory to develop a DNA program with a strong legal underpinning and the automation of the national fingerprint process. The latter project, known as the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), reduced the turnaround time for fingerprint searches for both criminal arrest cycles and applicants for sensitive positions to include teachers from months to hours. Sessions was FBI director

neg: Transcription (biology) RNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing mRNA chain. This use of only the 3' → 5' DNA strand eliminates the need for the Okazaki fragments that are seen in DNA replication. This also removes the need for an RNA primer to initiate RNA synthesis, as is the case in DNA replication. The "non"-template (sense) strand of DNA is called the coding strand, because its sequence is the same as the newly created RNA transcript (except for the substitution of uracil for thymine). This is the strand that is used by convention when presenting

neg: Decitabine groups. In patients with renal insufficiency, Batty and colleagues reported the first case series on the feasibility of therapy with hypomethylating agents in patients with renal insufficiency. It also has EU approval for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Decitabine is a hypomethylating agent. It hypomethylates DNA by inhibiting DNA methyltransferase. It functions in a similar manner to azacitidine, although decitabine can only be incorporated into DNA strands while azacitidine can be incorporated into both DNA and RNA chains. It incorporates into DNA strands upon replication, and then when DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) such as DNMT1, are engaged to bind the DNA and

neg: Hypervariable region Hypervariable region A hypervariable region (HVR) is a location within nuclear DNA or the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA in which base pairs of nucleotides repeat (in the case of nuclear DNA) or have substitutions (in the case of mitochondrial DNA). Changes or repeats in the hypervariable region are highly polymorphic. There are two mitochondrial hypervariable regions used in human mitochondrial genealogical DNA testing. HVR1 is considered a "low resolution" region and HVR2 is considered a "high resolution" region. Getting HVR1 and HVR2 DNA tests can help determine one's haplogroup. In the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence of the human mitogenome, the

neg: Murder of Marcia Trimble County Grand Jury indicted 60-year-old Jerome Sydney Barrett, charging him with first-degree murder and felony in the case of Marcia Trimble. Barrett had formerly been indicted and convicted for other assaults against women and children. At the time of Marcia's murder, Barrett was working in her neighborhood. Barrett first took responsibility for the 1975 murder during a private conversation on the rooftop of the Davidson County Criminal Justice Center. During questioning, "He said he did not rape her. He killed her." "He said his DNA was on her, but not in her." Barrett once again claimed to have killed Marcia

neg: Harvey v. Horan Harvey v. Horan Harvey v. Horan, 278 F. 3d 370 (4th Cir. 2002) is a federal court case dealing with felons' rights of access to DNA testing. The Eastern Virginia District Court originally found that felons were entitled access to DNA testing on potentially exculpatory evidence, but this finding was later overturned by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. Nevertheless, the case paved the way for the Innocence Protection Act, which ensures that convicted offenders can try to prove their innocence by requesting DNA testing on evidence in government's possession that was used in their case. On April 30, 1990,

neg: 2008 Noida double murder case The Talwars asked for a Touch DNA test to analyze the palm print found on the terrace, and the Scotch whisky bottle. The Talwars also asked for a Touch DNA test on the golf club that was allegedly used as the murder weapon. They even offered to pay for these tests. The CBI consulted J Nagaraju, a molecular genetics scientist (and director of the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, which conducted the DNA testing for the Aarushi case). Nagaraju dismissed the reliability of the LCN DNA technology and the possibility of it yielding any fresh evidence. The Supreme Court

neg: Paul Mones True Story of the Detective Who First Used DNA Testing to Catch a Serial Killer" (Pocket Books: ), a true crime story concerning the first time DNA was used in rape-murder case in the United States. Kirkus Reviews wrote of the book that, "Mones brings to his story gritty, specific descriptions of high-tech forensics that will fascinate true-crime buffs and mystery fans alike. Novelistic suspense, strong characterization, plus state-of- the-art crime-solving add up to a natural for summer reading lists." Mones has also been a contributor to periodicals including "The Huffington Post" and the "American Bar Association Journal". In 1993

neg: Robert Goren continued until Robert was four and Frank was seven. Goren asks his mother on her deathbed about Brady; she replies that she doesn't know whether Brady is his father. At a later date, Goren reveals that he has DNA evidence that Brady was his biological father. Goren served in the U.S. Army's Criminal Investigation Division and was stationed in Germany and Korea. He joined the NYPD as a detective, serving in the Narcotics Division, and later as a detective in the Major Case Squad. His mentor, FBI criminal profiler Declan Gage, taught him how to use his intelligence, empathy and