query: what are the three main factors of production

pos: Factors of production Factors of production In economics, factors of production, resources, or inputs are what is used in the production process to produce output—that is, finished goods and services. The utilized amounts of the various inputs determine the quantity of output according to the relationship called the production function. There are three "basic" resources or factors of production: land, labor, and capital. The factors are also frequently labeled "producer goods or services" to distinguish them from the goods or services purchased by consumers, which are frequently labeled "consumer goods". There are two types of factors: "primary" and "secondary". The previously mentioned primary

pos: Factor payments goods and services, hence factors of production are required for the production of goods and services. They are broadly divided in the three factors of production: land, labor, and capital. Land is the primary factor of production. Labor is the specific factor of production and payment is made in the form of wage. Capital is regarded as secondary factor of production as it can be manipulated by economic activity. Payment received would be in the form of interest. Later Entrepreneurship was added as the fourth factor of production. It earns profit to the entrepreneur. Factors of production are owned by

pos: Returns to scale Returns to scale In economics, returns to scale and economies of scale are related but different concepts that describe what happens as the scale of production increases in the long run, when all input levels including physical capital usage are variable (chosen by the firm). The concept of returns to scale arises in the context of a firm's production function. It explains the behavior of the rate of increase in output (production) relative to the associated increase in the inputs (the factors of production) in the long run. In the long run all factors of production are variable and subject

pos: World in Flames Power to produce military units is abstracted by three factors. Production points from on-map factory complexes are combined with resource points from on-map natural resources. For each pair of points successfully combined (by railing or shipping a resource-point to a factory), the nation gains a number of build points equal to its production multiplier. This multiplier represents how well geared the nation's industry is towards war-time production. As the war proceeds, all production-multipliers go up. The build points can be spent to purchase units for land, sea and air warfare. The side with the higher initiative roll decides what side

pos: Capital (economics) factors of production (alongside the other factors: land and labour). All other inputs to production are called intangibles in classical economics. This includes organization, entrepreneurship, knowledge, goodwill, or management (which some characterize as talent, social capital or instructional capital). This is what makes it a factor of production: These distinctions of convenience have carried over to contemporary economic theory. There was the further clarification that capital is a stock. As such, its value can be estimated at a point in time. By contrast, investment, as production to be added to the capital stock, is described as taking place over time

pos: Heckscher–Ohlin model in those goods for which the required factors of production are relatively abundant locally. This is because the profitability of goods is determined by input costs. Goods that require inputs that are locally abundant are cheaper to produce than those goods that require inputs that are locally scarce. For example, a country where capital and land are abundant but labor is scarce has a comparative advantage in goods that require lots of capital and land, but little labor—grains. If capital and land are abundant, their prices are low. As they are the main factors in the production of grain, the

pos: Prices of production costs, yielding a zero net gain. So from Marx's point of view, input-output economics really mystified the "capital-relationship", i.e. the ability of the bourgeoisie to capitalize on the surplus labour of the workforce in virtue of its ownership of the means of production (in chapter 48 of "Capital, Volume III", he refers satirically to the factors of production theory as the "holy trinity" of political economy). A third source of interpretive difficulty concerns the question of "what kinds of prices" production prices really are. Do these prices really exist, and if so, in what way? Or are they only "theoretical"

pos: Output (economics) the countries. In macroeconomics, the question of why national output fluctuates is a very critical one. And though no one answer has been come up with, there are some factors which economists agree which make output go up and down. If we take growth into consideration, then most economists agree that there are three basic sources for economic growth such as increases in labour, increase in capital and increase in efficiency of the factors of production. Just like increases in inputs of factors of production can cause output to go up, anything that causes labour, capital or efficiency to go

pos: Production function are stocks. Classically, the primary factors of production were land, labour and capital. Primary factors do not become part of the output product, nor are the primary factors, themselves, transformed in the production process. The production function, as a theoretical construct, may be abstracting away from the secondary factors and intermediate products consumed in a production process. The production function is not a full model of the production process: it deliberately abstracts from inherent aspects of physical production processes that some would argue are essential, including error, entropy or waste, and the consumption of energy or the co-production of pollution.

pos: Agriculture in Bangladesh Although rice, wheat, mango and jute are the primary crops,and rice and wheat are mostly main crops or food crops of some countries e. Due to the expansion of irrigation networks, some wheat producers have switched to cultivation of maize which is used mostly as poultry feed. Tea is grown in the northeast. Because of Bangladesh's fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas. Due to a number of factors, Bangladesh's labour-intensive agriculture has achieved steady increases in food grain production despite the often unfavorable weather conditions. These

pos: Theory of imputation Theory of imputation The theory of imputation is based on the so-called theory of factors of production proposed by the French economist Jean-Baptiste Say and elaborated by the American economist John Bates Clark in his work "The Distribution of Wealth" (1899; Russian translation, 1934). The proponents of the theory of imputation see its main task as elucidating which parts of wealth may be attributed (imputed) to labor and capital respectively. In economics, the theory of imputation, first expounded by Carl Menger, maintains that factor prices are determined by output prices (i.e. the value of factors of production is the individual

pos: Tendency of the rate of profit to fall would be zero. Thus, if profits do exist, they really refer to "market imperfections" or market distortion. This view is the complete inverse of Marxian economics (in which profitability is the main force that drives capitalist economic development and the destiny of the workforce). Within the framework of the neoclassical theory of the factors of production, there does also exist a law of diminishing returns. However, this law does not directly concern profit yields, but rather the variability of output yields in response to variations in the use of the factors of production (capital, labor and land). The "returns" are

pos: Offshoring production and manufacturing work to foreign countries is a reason the U.S. economy is struggling and more people aren't being hired." According to classical economics, the three factors of production are land, labor, and capital. Offshoring relies heavily on the mobility of two of these factors. That is, how offshoring affects economies depends on how easily capital and labor can be repurposed. Land, as a factor of production, is generally seen to have little or no mobility potential. The effects of capital mobility on offshoring have been widely discussed. In microeconomics, a corporation must be able to spend working capital

pos: Factors of production factors are land, labor (the ability to work), and capital goods. Materials and energy are considered secondary factors in classical economics because they are obtained from land, labor, and capital. The primary factors facilitate production but neither becomes part of the product (as with raw materials) nor becomes significantly transformed by the production process (as with fuel used to power machinery). Land includes not only the site of production but also natural resources above or below the soil. Recent usage has distinguished human capital (the stock of knowledge in the labor force) from labor. Entrepreneurship is also sometimes considered a

pos: Comparative advantage more productive factors in the future. According to theory, the only advantage of international trade is that goods become cheaper and available in larger quantities. Improving the static efficiency of existing resources would therefore be the only advantage of international trade. And the neoclassical formulation assumes that the factors of production are given only exogenously. Exogenous changes can come from population growth, industrial policies, the rate of capital accumulation (propensity for security) and technological inventions, among others. Dynamic developments endogenous to trade such as economic growth are not integrated into Ricardo's theory. And this is not affected by what is

pos: Technological theory of social production of the three production factors This function can also be compared with the previous equation, in which capital as variable played two distinctive roles: capital stock as value of production equipment and capital service as a substitute of labour. The only thing which is done is a separation of the two roles of capital: we consider capital stock formula_2 to be the means of attracting labour formula_1 and capital service formula_21, to the production. It was shown also that capital service formula_21, as one of the three factors of production, has a meaning of substitutive work of production equipment (energy

pos: Land grabbing been motivated by a number of factors, including cheap land, potential for improving agricultural production, and rising food and biofuel prices. Building on these motivations, investments can be broken down into three main categories: food, biofuel, and speculative investment. Forestry also contributes to a significant amount of large-scale land acquisition, as do several other processes: Zoomers mentions drivers such as the creation of protected areas and nature reserves, residential migration, large-scale tourist complexes and the creation of Special Economic Zones, particularly in Asian countries. Food-driven investments, which comprise roughly 37% of land investments worldwide, are undertaken primarily by two sets

pos: Environmental impact of biodiesel it is therefore important to consider the whole production process and what indirect effects such production might cause. The effect on carbon dioxide emissions is highly dependent on production methods and the type of feedstock used. Calculating the carbon intensity of biofuels is a complex and inexact process, and is highly dependent on the assumptions made in the calculation. A calculation usually includes: Other factors can be very significant but are sometimes not considered. These include: If land use change is not considered and assuming today's production methods, biodiesel from rapeseed and sunflower oil produce 45%-65% lower greenhouse gas emissions

pos: Social credit exist within social credit parties throughout the world, but not in the purest form originally advanced by Douglas. Douglas disagreed with classical economists who recognised only three factors of production: land, labour and capital. While Douglas did not deny the role of these factors in production, he considered the “cultural inheritance of society” as the primary factor. He defined cultural inheritance as the knowledge, techniques and processes that have accrued to us incrementally from the origins of civilization (i.e. progress). Consequently, mankind does not have to keep "reinventing the wheel". "We are merely the administrators of that cultural inheritance, and

pos: Herbert J. Davenport economics, such as the doctrine of real cost and the tripartite division of factors of production, which had led some classical economists to advocate a tax on land value. Although one biographer and student saw him as a reformer (Homan), another lamented the absence of real reformist ideas and even of the awareness of the need to follow criticism with clear statements about what was right and how it could be achieved (Frank Knight). His relentless criticism is probably the main reason that his works have, in general, been neglected by historians of economic thought. The extensive citations and treatment

pos: Compensation of employees (as factor income). The aim is not to measure income actually received by workers, but the "value" which labour contributes to net output along with other factors of production. The underlying idea is that the value of net output equals the factor incomes that generate it. For this reason, some types of remuneration received by employees are either included or excluded, because they are regarded as either related or unrelated to production or to the value of new output. In different countries, what is actually included and excluded in CE may differ somewhat. The reason is that the way in

neg: Location theory in the further development of international site theory. Tesch combines theories of international trade and investment with site theories. He is the first to include country-specific framework conditions in his analysis. The main basis for his comments on the various types of internationalization are location-specific competitive advantages. In this context, Tesch developed a catalogue of criteria for international site decisions grouped into three categories: • site factors affecting all company activities • availability and costs of the site factors impacting on the production factors • turnover-related site factors. Thomas Goette’s 1994 study tries to classify important international site factors and

neg: Multicultural marketing same worldwide, and their thought patterns and purchasing decisions differ depending usually on overall wealth of the country and other socio-economic factors (2014). Adopting multicultural marketing strategies also allows businesses to gain a unique competitive advantage. It has been proven that consumers make purchasing decisions based on social, personal, cultural and physiological factors. (Kotler, Burton, Deans, Brown, & Armstrong, 2013). Once these factors are recognized and the marketer knows what factors entice a multicultural consumer to purchase, strategies can be executed to appeal to the market through their physiological needs. There are three main values of Multicultural Marketing (Rayo &

neg: Law of value inexorably gives rise to market monopolies for products, which may constrain further significant advances in productivity and innovation. According to Marx, monopolies and competition always co-exist; monopolies in the production of goods and services are rarely permanent, and as soon as competition is blocked at one level, it reappears at another level. However, Marx never discussed all the different forms of economic competition in capitalist society. His main concern was to explain what the competition was ultimately about, and what structural factors were involved, from the point of view of the production system as a whole. The negative influence of

neg: Economic forces Economic forces Economic forces are the factors that help to determine the competitiveness of the environment in which the firm operates. These factors include: These factors determine an enterprise’s volume of demand for its product and affect its marketing strategies and activities. The economic system is made up of three main steps. The first one being production and then there is distribution of the produced goods and then the last step is consumption of the same. Now all this is possible because of two factors- Human resource and Natural resource. Natural resources include the raw material which is generally used

neg: Law of increasing costs an output of X number of oranges but 0 cars. The reverse is also true - if all the factors of production are used for the production of cars, 0 oranges will be produced. In between these two extremes are situations where some oranges and some cars are produced. There are three assumptions that are made in this possibility. The economy is experiencing full employment (everyone who wants to work has a job), the best technology is being used and production efficiency is being maximized. So the question becomes, what is the cost of producing more oranges or cars? If

neg: Fractional factorial design The alias structure determines which effects are confounded with each other. For example, the five factor 2 can be generated by using a full three factor factorial experiment involving three factors (say "A"," B", and "C") and then choosing to confound the two remaining factors "D" and "E" with interactions generated by "D" = "A"*"B" and "E" = "A"*"C". These two expressions are called the "generators" of the design. So for example, when the experiment is run and the experimenter estimates the effects for factor "D", what is really being estimated is a combination of the main effect of "D"

neg: Economic forces aesthetic benefits which is and always has been a vital part of the environment like a beautiful clear running stream. Economic forces Economic forces are the factors that help to determine the competitiveness of the environment in which the firm operates. These factors include: These factors determine an enterprise’s volume of demand for its product and affect its marketing strategies and activities. The economic system is made up of three main steps. The first one being production and then there is distribution of the produced goods and then the last step is consumption of the same. Now all this is

neg: Ecometrics or unsustainable consumption cycles. The three main components of consumptions cycles are production, consumption, and disposal. The factors of conventional consumption cycles are challenged by labeling programs that seek to promote sustainable systems. The metrics that make these factors are the parameters that can be used to evaluate the factor's impact. Labeling programs highlight sustainable parameters of the consumption cycle in order to promote awareness of practices that benefit the environment, and to encourage conscious consumption. One of the concepts that was established earlier is presented here. By encouraging conscious consumerism, one can not only limit their environmental impact, but

neg: Scenario planning what participants can visualise. Having placed the factors in these groups, the next action is to work out, very approximately at this stage, what is the connection between them. What does each group of factors represent? The main action, at this next stage, is to reduce the seven to nine mini-scenarios/groupings detected at the previous stage to two or three larger scenarios. The challenge in practice seems to come down to finding just two or three 'containers' into which all the topics can be sensibly fitted. This usually requires a considerable amount of debate – but in the process it

neg: Huangjiu to have accidentally invented Chinkiang vinegar when his forgetfulness allowed a vat to spoil. "Huangjiu" are classified based on several factors. Among them are the liquor's "dryness", the "starter" used in its production, and its "production method". This is the formal classification for all Chinese wines. There are five categories: "dry", "semi-dry", "semi-sweet", "sweet", and "extra-sweet". Some of the most popular rice wine include: The three main ingredients of Chinese alcoholic beverages are the grain, water, and starter. Other ingredients may also be added to alter the color, taste, or medicinal properties of the final product. During their creation, storage,

neg: Anomic aphasia name the object. There are three main types of anomia: Anomia can be genetic or caused by damage to various parts of the parietal lobe or the temporal lobe of the brain by an accident or stroke, or a brain tumor. Although the main causes are not specifically known, many researchers have found factors contributing to anomic aphasia. It is known that people with damage to the left hemisphere of the brain are more likely to have anomic aphasia. Broca's area, the speech production center in the brain, was linked to being the source for speech execution problems, with the

neg: Hubbert curve The actual shape of a graph of real world production trends is determined by various factors, such as development of enhanced production techniques, availability of competing resources, and government regulations on production or consumption. Because of such factors, real world Hubbert curves are often not symmetrical. Using the curve, Hubbert modeled the rate of petroleum production for several regions, determined by the rate of new oil well discovery, and extrapolated a world production curve. The relative steepness of decline in this projection is the main concern in peak oil discussions. This is because a steep drop in the production implies

neg: Green chemistry metrics twelve principles of green chemistry to avoid waste production. E-factors ignore recyclable factors such as recycled solvents and re-used catalysts, which obviously increases the accuracy but ignores the energy involved in the recovery (these are often included theoretically by assuming 90% solvent recovery). The main difficulty with E-factors is the need to define system boundaries, for example, which stages of the production or product life-cycle to consider before calculations can be made. Crucially, this metric is simple to apply industrially, as a production facility can measure how much material enters the site and how much leaves as product and waste,

neg: Media Practice Model Identity formation is the key component of this model and it represents the main task of adolescent formation (Steele & Brown, 1995). It is believed that adolescents’ sense of who they are influences their interactions with the media, and those interactions in turn influence their sense of who they are, in what Steele and Brown call an ongoing process of cultural production and reproduction. The theoretical perspective of “lived through experience” (Vygotsky, 1978), also takes into account the developmental stage, the sociocultural differences based on gender, class, and race, as well as other factors such as religious beliefs, interactions within

neg: Factors of production factor of production, with an elastication larger than labor. A cointegration analysis support results derived from linear exponential (LINEX) production functions. C. H. Douglas disagreed with classical economists who recognized only three factors of production. While Douglas did not deny the role of these factors in production, he considered the “Cultural heritage” as the primary factor. He defined cultural inheritance as the knowledge, techniques, and processes that have accrued to us incrementally from the origins of civilization (i.e., progress). Consequently, mankind does not have to keep "reinventing the wheel". "We are merely the administrators of that cultural inheritance, and to

neg: Anti-sigma factors polymerase in order that direct exclusive transcription of its own genes. (AsiA is an anti-sigma factor gene that it’s required for bacteriophage T4 to be developed). What means that AsiA is an essential anti sigma factor in bacteriophage. 5- 6- 7- Anti-sigma factors In the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes, anti-sigma factors bind to sigma factors and inhibit transcriptional activity. Anti-sigma factors have been found in a number of bacteria, including "Escherichia coli" and "Salmonella", and in the T4 bacteriophage. Anti-sigma factors are antagonists to the sigma factors, which regulate numerous cell processes including flagellar production, stress response, transport

neg: Factor payments Distribution of national income is determined by factor payments (factor prices). Factor payments include rent, wages, interest and profit. The prices for factor of production depends upon demand and supply of that particular factor of production. Assume that the factors of production in the economy are fixed and hence the factor supply curve is vertical. Equilibrium of factor payments is determined by the intersection of the downward-sloping factor demand curve and the vertical supply curve. The optimal factor payments are determined through their respective markets i.e. the market clearing prices of the factors of production. There are three major factor

neg: Photosynthesis At 1000 ppm CO in measuring air, both the C3 and C4 plants had similar leaf photosynthetic rates around 60 μmol CO·m·s indicating the suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants. There are three main factors affecting photosynthesis and several corollary factors. The three main are: Total photosynthesis is limited by a range of environmental factors. These include the amount of light available, the amount of leaf area a plant has to capture light (shading by other plants is a major limitation of photosynthesis), rate at which carbon dioxide can be supplied to the chloroplasts to support photosynthesis, the availability of

neg: Art of the Philippines contents is far wider than baskets and animal skins since it can store both liquid and dry goods. Also, Rice, in his book Pottery Analysis, classified ceramic vessels into 17 categories depending on various factors that concern the use and production of the tool. One of these is the content wherein he further divided a type of pot into four depending on the state (liquid or solid) and temperature (hot or cold) of the food inside it. He also said that a ceramic has three main uses. These three are storage, processing, and transfer. Based from these three uses that

neg: Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory) production (hence the reference to "merchant capitalism") since the beginnings of civilization. What is specific about the “capitalist mode of production” is that most of the inputs and outputs of production are supplied through the market (i.e. they are commodities) and essentially all production is in this mode. For example, in flourishing feudalism most or all of the factors of production including labor are owned by the feudal ruling class outright and the products may also be consumed without a market of any kind, it is production for use within the feudal social unit and for limited trade. This has

neg: Mobile industrial robots less frequently than mistakes caused by human factors. The simplicity of mobile industrial robots provide their main advantage in industrial settings due to the ease of use and ability to be operated via technologies well understood by most people. In addition, robots are able to operate almost continuously and will never complain about long work hours; greatly increasing efficiency in a lean manufacturing environment. The main current disadvantage lies in high costs of repair as well as the production delays that would be caused by a failure or malfunction. These factors are very preventative to putting major amounts of responsibility

neg: Euglossa imperialis been observed to live about six weeks to three months, whereas females have been observed to live about three to six months. Since "E. imperialis" is a euglossine species, they are a non-social bee, and therefore lack the formation of colonies. Studies have shown that significant barriers to establish stable perennial colonies arise from two main factors: high diploid male production and genetic polymorphism. There could be no supply of truly altruistic workers (or drones), since the supply would be inconsistent, with up to 50% of the intended diploid females actually being males. Therefore, with no drone class, colonies would

neg: Three-CCD camera as complex prisms in binoculars and single-lens reflex cameras also pass the entire visible spectrum. Optical filters are what separate the full spectrum into three sub-spectra (not just primary colors) for color reproduction. The notion that a larger single sensor is as good as a 3-chip system is less-than-true due to two main factors: The first is that current Bayer filter designs use absorptive dye filters, which are inferior to dichroic filters in terms of color purity. The second is that current Bayer filter designs collect significantly less red and blue information than green, resulting in 1/4 the color resolution

neg: Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder 60% of those with depression also having some form of anxiety disorder. There are multiple possible causes for mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, but they can be separated into three main categories: biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Biological factors are factors such as genetics and issues with neurotransmitters. Scientists have suggested a link between anxiety and an overactive nervous system, but this has not been confirmed. Psychological factors include psychological damage or struggles, such as excessive stress or trauma. Environmental factors are often linked to psychological factors, as things that cause stress or trauma are environmental factors. Causes of stress in the

neg: Coffee production in Puerto Rico with a peak of in elevation. The main areas which produce coffee are in the municipalities of San Sebastián, Lares and Las Marías in the northwestern central part of the country. In recent years, production has been affected by factors such as cloud cover, climate change, high cost of production, and the effects of political unrest. It is also reported that about half of the crop remains unpicked due to non-availability of pickers. "Coffea arabica" is the main variety of coffee grown; popular brands are Bourbon, Typica, Pacas and Catimor. The local consumption accounts for one third of the produce.

neg: Swarm behaviour to moult instantaneously, leaving the exuvia behind as a decoy. In 2012, Gandomi and Alavi presented what appears to be a successful stochastic algorithm for modelling the behaviour of krill swarms. The algorithm is based on three main factors: " (i) movement induced by the presence of other individuals (ii) foraging activity, and (iii) random diffusion." Copepods are a group of tiny crustaceans found in the sea and lakes. Many species are planktonic (drifting in sea waters), and others are benthic (living on the ocean floor). Copepods are typically long, with a teardrop shaped body and large antennae. Although like

neg: Sparkling wine production dead yeast cells form a precipitate called "lees", that often helps with appealing aromas to the sparkling wine but looks unappetizing. The lees is therefore normally removed before the wine is distributed. The main methods used to make sparkling wines are often given as seven, with some variations. What or which production methods that give the best wines is not a moot point, but there is some consensus that the first four methods, where the second fermentation occurs in the bottle, are usually preferable to the latter three. The following table shows the main features of each method. The methods

neg: Grounding in communication world. By going through the grounding process, this study concluded that human-robot grounding can be strengthened by the robot providing information to its partner about how it has internalized the information it has received. There are three main factors that allow speakers to anticipate what a partner knows. Shared visual information also aids anticipation of what a partner knows. For example, when responding to an instruction, performing the correct action without any verbal communication provides an indication of understanding, while performing the wrong action, or even failing to act, can signal misunderstanding. Findings from the paper (Using Visual Information for

neg: Refrigeration "galactic city" was coined by Lewis Mumford. These terms refer to a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown or central business district in what had previously been a residential or rural area. There were several factors contributing to the growth of these cities such as Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Houston, and Phoenix. The factors that contributed to these large cities include reliable automobiles, highway systems, refrigeration, and agricultural production increases. Large cities such as the ones mentioned above have not been uncommon in history but what separates these cities from the rest are that these cities

neg: Marinisation Marinisation Marinisation (also marinization) is design, redesign, or testing of products specifically for use and long-term survival in the harsh marine environment. This is done by many manufacturing industries worldwide including many military organisations (especially navies). The main challenge is for the engineers who design the product from the scratch. Every part needs to be designed in order to fit to the marine environment and then to resist its "natural attacks". There are three main factors that need to be considered for a product to be truly marinised. These three factors are a constant in the marine environment, and are

neg: North Carolina Structured Sentencing Act not have a job or any sort of history of stability in their life. The different factors are the main area that a judge can adjust a sentence, although for the most part people will receive the presumptive sentence. Once the sentence has been determined there are three different types of punishment that a person can receive. These are based on the severity of crime as well as the record level that a person is placed in. There is some leeway in most crimes as to what punishment is given, but many of the higher offenses, and lower offenses are

neg: Robust parameter design when full RPDs are fractionated. Much like FFDs, RPDs are screening designs and can provide a linear model of the system at hand. What is meant by effect hierarchy for FFDs is that higher-order interactions tend to have a negligible effect on the response. As stated in Carraway, main effects are most likely to have an effect on the response, then two-factor interactions, then three-factor interactions, and so on. The concept of effect sparsity is that not all factors will have an effect on the response. These principles are the foundation for fractionating Hadamard matrices. By fractionating, experimenters can form

neg: Speech and language impairment on behavioral modification techniques, in which successive attempts to produce speech is reinforced. Self-modeling techniques may also be helpful; for example, self-modeling video tapes, in which the child watches a video of him/herself performing the desired action, can be useful. If additional confounding speech problems exist, a SLP may work with the student to identify what factors are complicating speech production and what factors might be increasing the mute behaviors. Additionally, he/she might work with the individual to become more comfortable with social situations, and with the qualities of their own voice. If voice training is required, they might offer

neg: Streptococcus zooepidemicus zooepidemicus". Known strains include: The by-products of "S. zooepidemicus" fermentation is hyaluronic and lactic acid. The fermentation process is regulated by the production of hyaluronic acid. When high concentrations of the hyaluronic acid by-product are present, it will inhibit the production of more fermentation product. However, this fermentation process consumes high amounts of energy due to a number of factors. These factors include hyaluronic acid being severely limited, strong competition between hyaluronic synthesis and cell growth, and lactic acid being the main by-product of fermentation; which also will inhibit the overall fermentation process. Since hyaluronic acid is important for the

neg: Baldwin's Gate historic and landscape interest including the nearby villages of Whitmore and Maer, surrounds and completes what is a textbook country scene. The Chipperfield Rifle Ranges are located quarter of a mile south-west of Baldwins Gate and are operated by Staffordshire Smallbore Rifle Association as the Staffordshire County Ranges, as well as serving as home range for Chipperfield Target Shooting Club. Whilst they were without a range of their own, the Chipperfield Ranges also hosted Market Drayton Rifle Club, who still use the site for outdoor shooting having acquired an independent indoor facility. Historically, three main factors have influenced the position

neg: Reactive oxygen species production in marine microalgae molecular oxygen are what are referred to as reactive oxygen species. Thus, the production of ROS is in direct proportion to the concentration of O in the system, with increases of O leading to higher production of ROS. There are three main reactive oxygen species: the superoxide anion (O), hydrogen peroxide (HO), and the hydroxyl radical (OH•). The superoxide anion is formed directly from the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is then formed from the disproportionation of the superoxide anion. This reaction occurs very quickly in seawater. Next, the reduction of hydrogen peroxide yields the hydroxyl radical, HO↔2OH•,

neg: Bacterial cellulose as well as added components of sugarcane molasses on certain strains of bacteria have been studied with results showing increases in cellulose production. Addition of extra nitrogen generally decreases cellulose production while addition of precursor molecules such as amino acids and methionine improved yield. Pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid and biotin are vitamins important for cellulose production whereas pantothenate and riboflavin have opposing effects. In reactors where the process is more complex, water-soluble polysaccharides such as agar, acetan, and sodium alginate are added to prevent clumping or coagulation of bacterial cellulose. The other main environmental factors affecting cellulose production are

neg: Test automation no programming of any kind is needed in order to configure them for multiple operating systems, browsers, and smart devices. What to automate, when to automate, or even whether one really needs automation are crucial decisions which the testing (or development) team must make. A multi-vocal literature review of 52 practitioner and 26 academic sources found that five main factors to consider in test automation decision are: 1) System Under Test (SUT), 2) the types and numbers of tests, 3) test-tool, 4) human and organizational topics, and 5) cross-cutting factors. The most frequent individual factors identified in the study were:

neg: Human-centered computing areas: production, analysis, and interaction. Multimedia production is the human task of creating media. For instance, photographing, recording audio, remixing, etc. It is important that all aspects of media production concerned should directly involve humans in HCM. There are two main characteristics of multimedia production. The first is culture and social factors. HCM production systems should consider cultural differences and be designed according to the culture in which they will be deployed. The second is to consider human abilities. Participants involved in HCM production should be able to complete the activities during the production process. Multimedia analysis can be considered

neg: Heavy oil production way of reducing viscosity and mobilizing heavy oil. Among the three main types of steam injection, steam flooding, for example, injects pressurized steam into the injector well where it heats up and forces the more mobile oil out. EOR techniques are expensive due to the required energy and materials. Therefore, the amount of heavy oil to be recovered from a reservoir depends on the economics. Because of this, ERO begins with analysis of the reservoir, rock formations, permeability, pore geometry and viscosity. Including the heterogeneity of a reservoir, these factors influence the success of any recovery method. Overall efficiency is

neg: VJing in artistic production. However, costs for these new types of video equipment were still high enough to be prohibitive for many artists. There are three main factors that lead to the proliferation of the VJ scene in the 2000s: As a result of these, the VJ scene saw an explosion of new artists and styles. These conditions also facilitated a sudden emergence of a less visible (but nonetheless strong) movement of artists who were creating algorithmic, generative visuals. This decade saw video technology shift from being strictly for professional film and television studios to being accessible for the prosumer market

neg: Progesterone atrophy, thinning, and increased wrinkling of the skin and a reduction in skin elasticity, firmness, and strength. These skin changes constitute an acceleration in skin aging and are the result of decreased collagen content, irregularities in the morphology of epidermal skin cells, decreased ground substance between skin fibers, and reduced capillaries and blood flow. The skin also becomes more dry during menopause, which is due to reduced skin hydration and surface lipids (sebum production). Along with chronological aging and photoaging, estrogen deficiency in menopause is one of the three main factors that predominantly influences skin aging. Hormone replacement therapy, consisting

neg: Estradiol strength. These skin changes constitute an acceleration in skin aging and are the result of decreased collagen content, irregularities in the morphology of epidermal skin cells, decreased ground substance between skin fibers, and reduced capillaries and blood flow. The skin also becomes more dry during menopause, which is due to reduced skin hydration and surface lipids (sebum production). Along with chronological aging and photoaging, estrogen deficiency in menopause is one of the three main factors that predominantly influences skin aging. Hormone replacement therapy consisting of systemic treatment with estrogen alone or in combination with a progestogen, has well-documented and considerable

neg: Gelatin stock (when cooled) will form a jelly or gel naturally. This process is used for aspic. While many processes exist whereby collagen may be converted to gelatin, they all have several factors in common. The intermolecular and intramolecular bonds that stabilize insoluble collagen must be broken, and also, the hydrogen bonds that stabilize the collagen helix must be broken. The manufacturing processes of gelatin consists of three main stages: If the raw material used in the production of the gelatin is derived from bones, dilute acid solutions are used to remove calcium and other salts. Hot water or several solvents

neg: Richardo-viner Richardo-viner The Ricardo-Viner model, also known as the specific factors model, is an extension of the Ricardo model used in trade theory. It was due to Jacob Viners interest in explaining the migration of workers from the rural to urban areas after the Industrial revolution. Unlike the Ricardian model, the specific factors model allows for the existence of factors of production besides labor. In other words, labor is mobile, while the two other factors of production is immobile (sector specific). Assumptions of the model The economy in this model consists of two countries, two goods and three factors of production.

neg: History of agricultural science of agricultural chemistry, studied organic compounds in the soil. In 1840, Liebig published what is now known as Liebig's law of the minimum. Liebig's law states that growth is not controlled by the total amount of resources available, but by the limiting factor. The three mandatory limiting factors for plant growth are nutrients like phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen. He also focused on the importance of ammonia. The production of synthetic ammonia was acquired by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosh. Haber discovered the reaction process to produce ammonia and Bosh was able to pressurize it to complete the process. Together Haber

neg: Violent extremism Nor does the level of education seem to be a reliable predictor of vulnerability to radicalization. It is however established that there are socio-economic, psychological and institutional factors that lead to violent extremism. Specialists group these factors into three main categories, push factors, pull factors and contextual factors. “Push Factors” drive individuals to violent extremism, such as: marginalization, inequality, discrimination, persecution or the perception thereof; limited access to quality and relevant education; the denial of rights and civil liberties; and other environmental, historical and socio-economic grievances. “Pull Factors” nurture the appeal of violent extremism, for example: the existence of well-organized

neg: TIDY Northern Ireland and public information on litter including car litter, gum deposition, drug related litter, fast food litter, and youth litter. They have also campaigned on a number of other anti-social behaviour issues such as fly-tipping, dog fouling and neighbourhood noise. TIDY Northern Ireland endorses the government’s wider aim to deliver sustainable development. This work falls into three main areas: campaigning to get public action, the delivery of programmes to enable partners to deliver action in the community and the production of research and survey results to measure the quality of the local environment. There are various key factors to the continuing

neg: BBC East Northamptonshire (16 June 1982), the Three Counties of Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire & Buckinghamshire (24 June 1985), Essex (5 November 1986) and Suffolk (12 April 1990). BBC East's main headquarters and studios are based at The Forum on Millennium Plain in Norwich, having moved from St Catherine's Close in 2003. The move to The Forum was a result of a number of factors: the listed status of the building restricted much of what the BBC did there, the location was less central than the BBC wanted, their ideal location being in Norwich city centre, the equipment was becoming old and needed replacing,

neg: Error message have become common: The three main factors that influence the design of error messages are technical limitations, the amount of information to be presented, and what kind of user input is required. Some systems have technical limitations that may constrain the amount of information an error message can contain. For example, a printer with a sixteen-character alphanumeric display can only show a very limited amount of information at once, so it may need to display very terse error messages. Even with computer monitors, the programmer must consider the smallest monitor that a user might reasonably use, and ensure that any

neg: Facial expression sides of this debate agree that the face expresses emotion. The controversy surrounds the uncertainty about what specific emotional information is read from a facial expression. Opponents of the universality hypothesis believe that more general information is pieced together with other contextual information in order to determine how a person feels. One argument against the evidence presented in support of the universality hypothesis is that the method typically used to demonstrate universality inflates recognition scores. Although each factor may contribute only a small amount to the inflation, combined, they can produce exaggerated scores. The three main factors are the following:

neg: Service economy what are the key drivers for reshaping the business model of the company? Baines, Lightfoot, & Kay (2006) name three main sets of factors that motivate companies to expand into services sectors: financial, strategic and marketing. Financial drivers The financial driver is reflected in improved profit margins and stable income, that come with servitization. In the increasing price competition among product offering, companies can use services to recover the lost potential revenue. GE’s Transportation division, although has encountered a 60% drop in the number of locomotives sold between 1999 and 2002, it didn’t turn out disastrous thanks to the revenue

neg: Digital divide in the United States those who are passive consumers of it. Many are only nominal content creators through the use of Web 2.0, like posting photos and status updates on Facebook, but not truly interacting with the technology. Some of the reasons for this production gap include material factors like what type of Internet connection one has and the frequency of access to the internet. The more frequently a person has access to the Internet and the faster the connection, the more opportunities they have to gain the technology skills and the more time they have to be creative. Other reasons include cultural factors

neg: Riesling Aroma Wheel, which is supposed to be specially adapted to German wines, and despite the fact that professor Ann C. Noble had included petrol in her original version of the wheel. The petrol note is considered to be caused by the compound 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN), which during the aging process is created from carotenoid precursors by acid hydrolysis. The initial concentration of precursors in the wine determines the wine's potential to develop TDN and petrol notes over time. From what is known of the production of carotenoids in grapes, factors that are likely to increase the TDN potential are: These factors

neg: Dative case Titanic's rescue"), "Dativus commodi/incommodi" (Operi svojoj majci suđe "Wash the dishes for your mother"), "Dativus possessivus" (Ovcama je dlaka gusta "Sheep's hair is thick"), "Dativus ethicus" (Šta mi radi Boni? "What is Boni doing? (I am especially interested in what it is)") and Dativus auctoris (Izgleda mi okej "It seems okay to me"). Unusual in other Indo-European branches but common among Slavic languages, endings of nouns and adjectives are different based on grammatical function. Other factors are gender and number. In some cases, the ending may not be obvious, even when those three factors (function, gender, number) are considered. For

neg: Docere rhetoric focused on three factors that serve the conviction to prove the truth of what we represent, winning the sympathy of our audience and the influence of his feelings in terms of what the speech subject in each case requires." The "docere" is the mode of action, "which aims at a rational cognitive process and the intellectual abilities of the addressee responds". The production of an intellectual conviction can be done on the basis of rational argument or simply take the form of a statement of facts. In this sense, two forms of "docere" can be distinguished: 1. the message

neg: Maladjustment variety of factors, including: family environment, personal factors, and school-related factors. Maladjustment affects an individual's development and the ability to maintain a positive interpersonal relationship with others. Often maladjustment emerges during early stages of childhood, when a child is in the process of learning methods to solve problem that occurs in interpersonal relationship in their social network. A lack of intervention for individuals who are maladjusted can cause negative effects later on in life. Children who are brought up in certain conditions are more prone to maladjustment. There are three main causes associated to maladjustment: Socially, children that comes from

neg: Environmental gradient intensively due to large databases of species presence data (e.g. GBIF) Environmental Gradients are linked to Connectivity and natural disturbance when considering river systems. A river restoration scheme must consider all of these factors before undertaking a program as these three factors are what leads to a larger biodiversity. Each species are not found in every type of habitat or in every part of the world. Within the environment there are multiple factors which affects organisms. The organisms in the polar region can not survive the climate at the equator. Huisman–Olff–Fresco models describe unimodal species responses over an environmental gradient.

neg: Offshore construction space and access to materials. Oil platforms are key fixed installations from which drilling and production activity is carried out. Drilling rigs are either floating vessels for deeper water or jack-up designs which are a barge with liftable legs. Both of these types of vessel are constructed in marine yards but are often involved during the construction phase to pre-drill some production wells. Other key factors in offshore construction are the weather window which defines periods of relatively light weather during which continuous construction or other offshore activity can take place. Safety is another key construction parameter, the main hazard

neg: Ecosystem substantial shifts in ecosystem function. Unlike external factors, internal factors in ecosystems not only control ecosystem processes but are also controlled by them. Consequently, they are often subject to feedback loops. While the resource inputs are generally controlled by external processes like climate and parent material, the availability of these resources within the ecosystem is controlled by internal factors like decomposition, root competition or shading. Other factors like disturbance, succession or the types of species present are also internal factors. Primary production is the production of organic matter from inorganic carbon sources. This mainly occurs through photosynthesis. The energy incorporated

neg: Long-run cost curves Long-run cost curves In microeconomic theory, a long-run cost curve is a cost curve (also known as a cost function) that relates costs to quantities of production when long-run decisions and actions can affect costs of production for a firm. The principal functions (or 'curves') used in microeconomic analysis are: The idealized "long run" for a firm refers to when no time based restrictions on what inputs (such as the factors of production) a firm can employ in its production technology. For example, in the short run a firm is not able to build an additional factory, but in the

neg: Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking seeking actions" that reflect the nature of the search itself. The CMIS has been quantitatively tested and performs well when it comes to health information seeking behaviors (HISB). There are three main schemas in the CMIS. These are: Antecedents, information field, and information seeking actions. The antecedents are those factors that determine how an information consumer will receive the information. Those factors are: Demographics, personal experience, salience, and beliefs. These factors are fluid and can change during the health information seeking process. The second schema is the information fields that consist of characteristics and utilities. This schema is concerned with

neg: Equine herpesvirus 1 build some type of immunity through repeated natural exposure, but will not build immunity to the EHM strain. There is a strong correlation between the risk factors and infected horses. The main risk factors that are directly related to EHV-1 include age, confined vs pasture, higher traffic of people and horses in and out of stables, use of common equipment, training and competition, the sex of the horse, the gender and even what season it is. Horses that are stabled are more prone to EHV-1 because of stress, those in pastures have less stress. Older horses have a higher susceptibility,

neg: Reciprocal determinism the mutual influence between three sets of factors: Behavioral genetics is a relatively new field of study attempting to make sense of both genetic and environmental contributions to individual variations in human behavior. Genes can be turned on and off. Multiple genes are factors in forming behavior traits. Researchers believe there is a genetic link to impulsive aggression through the impact of a gene on the production of an enzyme called Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA). The MAOA gene reduces the production of MAOA, leading to increased incidents of impulsive aggression. A 26-year study in New Zealand found strong correlation between

neg: Human factors in diving safety results. Reason categorizes how errors occur by analysing what causes a plan to fail. These error categories relate to three levels of human performance: Three error mechanisms can be defined which correlate the error categories with human performance levels: Violations are a special category of mistakes where someone intentionally fails to apply a good rule, or deviates from acceptable or desirable practice. Four categories of violations may be identified: Age and gender are factors in the tendency to violate rules: Young men are more likely to violate rules than most older women, but men and women of all ages are

neg: Technological theory of social production The first line is analogous to the production technology found in the Harrod-Domar growth model, while the function in the second resembles the Cobb-Douglas production function. The real investments are determined by the assumption that the production system tries to swallow up all available production factors. In any case the rates of real growth do not exceed the rates of potential growth, given as functions of time so that, in virtue of equations (1), one ought to write for investments The three lines of this relation define three modes of economic development, for which one has different formulae for calculation

neg: Haematopoiesis the proliferation and maturation, such as interleukins IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-7. Other factors, termed colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), specifically stimulate the production of committed cells. Three CSFs are granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) and macrophage CSF (M-CSF). These stimulate granulocyte formation and are active on either progenitor cells or end product cells. Erythropoietin is required for a myeloid progenitor cell to become an erythrocyte. On the other hand, thrombopoietin makes myeloid progenitor cells differentiate to megakaryocytes (thrombocyte-forming cells). The diagram to the right provides examples of cytokines and the differentiated blood cells they give rise to. Growth factors initiate signal

neg: Public/social/private partnership and its mechanisms of legitimation, was chosen. Also, on the descriptive level – based on this definition – diverse characteristics of people or groups of people can be described, as a consequence of which these people may be disadvantaged: The results of empirical social research show that there are three main factors that have a stronger and more predictable effect on social standing and opportunities, and therefore potential disadvantage, than others: These factors are: Besides these, many other factors can also be important. The most often mentioned are physical and intellectual abilities, sexual orientation, age, religion and educational level (in

neg: John Doggett season was one of two main factors that influenced the series' production personnel to decide to go back to more serious episodes. The other major reason was to avoid "trivializing the absence of Mulder". Some members of the fanbase criticized the introduction of Doggett, claiming that the character had been intentionally created to replace previous lead Fox Mulder's work. Chris Carter responded to this with a denial of the accuracy of their claims, and further stated in an interview with National Public Radio (NPR), "What he brings is a different approach to "The X-Files". First of all, he's a knee

neg: Raising Children Network Newborn, Baby and Child and a section called ‘What About Me?’ It takes advantage of basic DVD technology to provide users with a fully interactive experience which enables them to opt into extended content topics and demonstration clips while watching the main movies. Its effectiveness, according to the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) independent evaluation, is due to a combination of factors including: the high quality of production, the primary use of documentary style parent interviews, a comedic host and the inclusion of visual demonstrations of key skills, like breastfeeding and safe bathing. In 2007 the Raising Children website

neg: Trommel screen However, design is largely based on heuristics. Therefore, design rules are often used in place of the governing equations in the design of a trommel screen. When designing a trommel screen, the main factors affecting the screening efficiency and production rate are the rotational velocity of the drum, mass flow rate of feed particles, size of the drum, and inclination of trommel screen. Depending on desired application of trommel screen, a balance has to be made between the screening efficiency and production rate. Trommel screens are used by the municipal waste industry in the screening process to classify sizes of

neg: Flight planning the calculation repeated as required. Commercial airlines generally wish to keep the cost of a flight as low as possible. There are three main factors that contribute to the cost: Different airlines have different views as to what constitutes a least-cost flight: For any given route, a flight planning system can reduce cost by finding the most economical speed at any given altitude and by finding the best altitude(s) to use based on the predicted weather. Such local optimisation can be done on a waypoint-by-waypoint basis. Commercial airlines do not want an aircraft to change altitude too often (among other

neg: Quantium Medical Cardiac Output mechanically ventilated with a regular tidal volume. The average resting CO is 5.6 L/min for a healthy male and 4.9 L/min for a female, decreasing with age and increasing with Body Surface Area (BSA). What can cause a CO variation? Changes in the CO can be determined by Heart rate (HR) and Stroke Volume (SV). The SV in turn, depends on three general factors: pre-load, post-load and myocardial contractility. In the field of anaesthesia the main reason for CO monitoring during surgery are complications that can arise after the immediate postoperative period (such as hypoxemia, tachycardia or oliguria) and also,

neg: Electric car be much lighter. The range of an electric car depends on the number and type of batteries used, and as with all vehicles, the weight and type of vehicle, performance requirements, and the weather. The range of production electric vehicles in 2017 ranged from (Renault Twizy) to (Tesla Model S 100D) The majority of electric cars are fitted with a display of expected range. This may take into account many factors of how the vehicle is being used, and what the battery is powering. However, since factors can vary over the route, the estimate can vary from the actual achieved

neg: Economic history of India expanding empire spread over , or 35 percent of Indian domain. Indirect rule was established on protectorates and buffer states. Ray (2009) raises three basic questions about the 19th-century cotton textile industry in Bengal: when did the industry begin to decay, what was the extent of its decay during the early 19th century, and what were the factors that led to this? Since no data exist on production, Ray uses the industry's market performance and its consumption of raw materials. Ray challenges the prevailing belief that the industry's permanent decline started in the late 18th century or the early 19th

neg: Residency (medicine) medicine) to just 26 programs for integrated thoracic surgery. Here is a partial list of some medical specialties: There are many factors that can go into what makes an applicant more or less competitive. According to a survey of residency program directors by the NRMP in 2012, the following three factors were mentioned by directors over 71% of the time as having the most impact: Between 50% and 71% also mentioned other factors such as core clerkship grades/ Step 2 score/ specialty clerkship grades/ allopathic medical school attendance/ MSPE-dean's letter. These factors often come as a surprise to many students

neg: News values forward a system of twelve factors describing events that together are used as a definition of 'newsworthiness'. Focusing on newspapers and broadcast news, Galtung and Ruge devised a list describing what they believed were significant contributing factors as to how the news is constructed. Their theory argues that the more an event accessed these criteria the more likely it was to be reported on in a newspaper. Furthermore, three basic hypotheses are presented by Galtung and Ruge: the additivity hypothesis that the more factors an event satisfies, the higher the probability that it becomes news; the complementarity hypothesis that the

neg: China Circle high-skilled sectors. At the same time, China was opening up for foreign investment, and modeled parts of its economic reform after the successes of Taiwan and Hong Kong. This created an opportunity for Taiwan and Hong Kong firms to move their labor-intensive operations to their lower-cost neighbor, China. In the end, this created a regional production chain whereby Hong Kong and Taiwan specialized in high-value services and technology-intensive production and while the PRC took on the more labor-intensive manufacturing. This economic network is now known as “The China Circle.” Naughton attributes this move to three main factors. First, there was

neg: Carbon footprint development of alternative projects, such as solar and wind energy, which are environment friendly, renewable resources, or reforestation, the restocking of existing forests or woodlands that have previously been depleted. These examples are known as Carbon Offsetting, the counteracting of carbon dioxide emissions with an equivalent reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The main influences on carbon footprints include population, economic output, and energy and carbon intensity of the economy. These factors are the main targets of individuals and businesses in order to decrease carbon footprints. Production creates a large carbon footprint, scholars suggest that decreasing the amount of