query: where was the two treatises of government written

pos: Two Treatises of Government Treatises" can be used to provide theoretical support for slavery by bare right of conquest. In the rhetoric of 17th-century England, those who opposed the increasing power of the kings claimed that the country was headed for a condition of slavery. Locke therefore asks, facetiously, under what conditions such slavery might be justified. He notes that slavery cannot come about as a matter of contract (which became the basis of Locke's political system). To be a slave is to be subject to the absolute, arbitrary power of another; as men do not have this power even over themselves, they cannot

pos: Two Treatises of Government of texts were immediately written in response to it. As Mark Goldie explains: ""Leviathan" was a monolithic and unavoidable presence for political writers in Restoration England in a way that in the first half of the eighteenth the "Two Treatises" was not." While the "Two Treatises" did not become popular until the 1760s, ideas from them did start to become important earlier in the century. According to Goldie, "the crucial moment was 1701" and "the occasion was the Kentish petition." The pamphlet war that ensued was one of the first times Locke's ideas were invoked in a public debate, most

pos: Two Treatises of Government by Locke himself. In "Two Tracts on Government", written in 1660, Locke defends a very conservative position; however Locke never published it. In 1669 Locke co-authored the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, which endorses aristocracy, slavery and serfdom. King James II of England (VII of Scotland) was overthrown in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians and the stadtholder of the Dutch Republic William III of Oranje-Nassau (William of Orange), who as a result ascended the English throne as William III of England. This is known as the Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688. Locke claims in the "Preface" to

pos: John Locke in 1675, Locke spent some time travelling across France as tutor and medical attendant to Caleb Banks. He returned to England in 1679 when Shaftesbury's political fortunes took a brief positive turn. Around this time, most likely at Shaftesbury's prompting, Locke composed the bulk of the "Two Treatises of Government". While it was once thought that Locke wrote the "Treatises" to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed well before this date. The work is now viewed as a more general argument against absolute monarchy (particularly as espoused by Robert Filmer and

pos: Two Treatises of Government American Revolution are far from clear. The "Two Treatises" are echoed in phrases in the Declaration of Independence and writings by Samuel Adams that attempted to gain support for the rebellion. Of Locke's influence Thomas Jefferson wrote: "Bacon, Locke and Newton I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical & Moral sciences". The colonists frequently cited Blackstone's "Commentaries on the Laws of England", which synthesised Lockean political philosophy with the common law tradition. Louis Hartz, writing at

pos: Two Treatises of Government Treatises" can be used to provide theoretical support for slavery by bare right of conquest. In the rhetoric of 17th-century England, those who opposed the increasing power of the kings claimed that the country was headed for a condition of slavery. Locke therefore asks, facetiously, under what conditions such slavery might be justified. He notes that slavery cannot come about as a matter of contract (which became the basis of Locke's political system). To be a slave is to be subject to the absolute, arbitrary power of another; as men do not have this power even over themselves, they cannot

neg: Two Treatises of Government the "Two Treatises" that its purpose is to justify William III's ascension to the throne, though Peter Laslett suggests that the bulk of the writing was instead completed between 1679–1680 (and subsequently revised until Locke was driven into exile in 1683). According to Laslett, Locke was writing his "Two Treatises" during the Exclusion Crisis, which attempted to prevent James II from ever taking the throne in the first place. Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, Locke's mentor, patron and friend, introduced the bill, but it was ultimately unsuccessful. Richard Ashcraft, following in Laslett's suggestion that the "Two Treatises" were written

neg: Two Treatises of Government this breach of Trust "they forfeit the Power", the People had put into their hands, for quite contrary ends, and it devolves to the People, who have a Right to resume their original Liberty.” (sec. 222) Although the "Two Treatises" would become well known in the second half of the 18th century, they were somewhat neglected when published. Between 1689 and 1694, around 200 tracts and treatises were published concerning the legitimacy of the Glorious Revolution. Three of these mention Locke, two of which were written by friends of Locke. When Hobbes published the "Leviathan" in 1651, by contrast, dozens

neg: Two Treatises of Government Two Treatises of Government Two Treatises of Government (or Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter Is an Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government) is a work of political philosophy published anonymously in 1689 by John Locke. The "First Treatise" attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's "Patriarcha", while the "Second Treatise" outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory. This publication contrasts former political works

neg: Two Treatises of Government but an application of equal protection of the law to every individual. Richard Pipes argues that Locke holds a labor theory of value that leads to the socialist critique that those not engaging in physical labor exploit wage earners. Huyler, relying on Locke’s "Essays on the Law of Nature" shows that reason is the most fundamental virtue, underwrites all productive virtue, and leads to human flourishing or happiness in an Aristotelean sense. Two Treatises of Government Two Treatises of Government (or Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers,

neg: Two Treatises of Government by John Locke in "Two Treatises of Government" as part of his social contract theory. Locke declared that under natural law, all people have the right to life, liberty, and estate; under the social contract, the people could instigate a revolution against the government when it acted against the interests of citizens, to replace the government with one that served the interests of citizens. In some cases, Locke deemed revolution an obligation. The right of revolution thus essentially acted as a safeguard against tyranny. Locke affirmed an explicit right to revolution in "Two Treatises of Government": “"whenever the Legislators endeavor

neg: Two Tracts on Government Two Tracts on Government Two Tracts on Government is a work of political philosophy written in 1660 by John Locke but remained unpublished until 1961. It bears a similar name to a later, more famous, political philosophy work by Locke, namely "Two Treatises of Government". The two works, however, have very different positions. The work comprises two articles. The first article is in English, entitled "Question: whether the Civil Magistrate may lawfully impose and determine the use of indifferent things in Religious Worship", to which Locke replies affirmatively. The article is largely an attempt to refute Edward Bagshaw’s "The Great

neg: Long-form journalism persuasive religious material from the time of Gutenberg's invention. A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject, generally longer and treating it in greater depth than an essay, and more concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject. Some noteworthy Treatises include The Prince, The Wealth of Nations, A Treatise of Human Nature and Two Treatises of Government. Beginning with propaganda during the Reformation, the rise of the printing press and literacy led to pamphleteering enjoying its heyday from the 17th Century to the 19th Century. Books were considered expensive and tracts did not

neg: Song dynasty last instance where a war elephant corps was employed as a regular division within a Chinese army. There was a total of 347 military treatises written during the Song period, as listed by the history text of the "Song Shi" (compiled in 1345). However, only a handful of these military treatises have survived, which includes the "Wujing Zongyao" written in 1044. It was the first known book to have listed formulas for gunpowder; it gave appropriate formulas for use in several different kinds of gunpowder bombs. It also provided detailed descriptions and illustrations of double-piston pump flamethrowers, as well as

neg: Malleus Maleficarum by the judgment of those Professors, and that those things found to be compatible with the Catholic Truth should be approved. This was in fact done in the ways written below. There are two signings, sometimes also referenced as two approbations. The difference is that four signatories of the first part testify that they have examined the treatises and endorse its text while in the second signing signatories do not assert that they have read the treatises but nonetheless express approval by explicitly restating some general propositions of the treatises and endorsing them instead. In the first part, the opinion

neg: Ancient Egyptian literature script predominantly used in funerary papyri and temple rolls. Whereas the writing of hieroglyphs required the utmost precision and care, cursive hieratic could be written much more quickly and was therefore more practical for scribal record-keeping. Its primary purpose was to serve as a shorthand script for non-royal, non-monumental, and less formal writings such as private letters, legal documents, poems, tax records, medical texts, mathematical treatises, and instructional guides. Hieratic could be written in two different styles; one was more calligraphic and usually reserved for government records and literary manuscripts, the other was used for informal accounts and letters. By

neg: Wujing Zongyao a military general, implying that the "Wujing Zongyao" was likely written for other government officials. Parts of the "Wujing Zongyao" were copied from older sources; historian Ralph D. Sawyer calls it "essentially a cut-and-paste job", containing many passages from earlier classical military writings whose original authors are left unidentified, a common practice at the time. During the Song dynasty, the "Wujing Zongyao" was appended to two other books: the "Xingjun xuzhi" and the "Baizhan qifa", both written by anonymous authors. The "Wujing Zongyao" was one of 347 military treatises listed in the biographical chapters of the History of Song (1345

neg: Two Treatises of Government notably by Daniel Defoe. Locke's ideas did not go unchallenged and the periodical "The Rehearsal", for example, launched a "sustained and sophisticated assault” against the "Two Treatises" and endorsed the ideology of patriarchalism. Not only did patriarchalism continue to be a legitimate political theory in the 18th century, but as J. G. A. Pocock and others have gone to great lengths to demonstrate, so was civic humanism and classical republicanism. Pocock has argued that Locke's "Two Treatises" had very little effect on British political theory; he maintains that there was no contractarian revolution. Rather, he sees these other long-standing traditions

neg: Sophistic works of Antiphon J. Pendrick argues for the existence of two separate individuals. The most important of these treatises was "On Truth", whose surviving fragments cover many different subjects, from astronomy and mathematics to morality and ethics. Fragments have also been preserved of the treatises "On Concord" and "Politicus"; these fragments have sometimes been attributed to the Orator rather than to the Sophist. It is also not known for certain whether the treatise on the "Interpretation of Dreams" under the name of Antiphon was written by Antiphon the Sophist, or whether this was written by yet another different Antiphon. The editions of Pendrick

neg: Henry Morley by George Routledge. "Cassell's National Library" was published from 1886, totalling 209 weekly editions. Morley was the author of biographies on Bernard Palissy, Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, Gerolamo Cardano and Clément Marot. He also wrote introductions to two books written by John Locke—the 1884 edition of "Two Treatises of Government" and the 1889 edition of "A Letter Concerning Toleration". Morley's principal work, however, was "English Writers" (10 volumes 1864-94), coming down to William Shakespeare. His "First Sketch of English Literature"—the study for the larger work—had reached at his death a circulation of 34,000 copies. Henry Morley Henry Morley (15 September 1822

neg: Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions The Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions is the conventional title given to a Byzantine literary treatise on warfare associated with Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogennetos (905-959 AD), giving advice on how an emperor should prepare and mount a military campaign. It is actually the appendix to one of his major works, the "De Ceremoniis". The "Treatises", as part of the "De Ceremoniis", are assumed to have been written by Constantine for his son, the future Romanos II. The date of writing is unknown, but we can assume it was written after 945 AD, when

neg: Two Treatises of Government all of these sections. There were no other American editions until the 20th century. "Two Treatises" is divided into the "First Treatise" and the "Second Treatise". The original title of the "Second Treatise" appears to have been simply "Book II," corresponding to the title of the "First Treatise", "Book I." Before publication, however, Locke gave it greater prominence by (hastily) inserting a separate title page: "An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent and End of Civil Government." The "First Treatise" is focused on the refutation of Sir Robert Filmer, in particular his "Patriarcha", which argued that civil society was founded

neg: Society and culture of the Han dynasty their radicals became the standard for all Chinese dictionaries to follow. Handbooks, guides, manuals, and treatises for various subjects were written in the Han. The Western Han "Book of Fan Shengzhi" ("Fan Shengzhi shu" 氾勝之書) written during Emperor Cheng's reign is one of two manuals on agricultural techniques and processes that have survived from the Han. The other is the Eastern Han "Monthly Instructions for the Four Classes of People" ("Simin yueling" 四民月令) written by Cui Shi (催寔) (d. 170 CE). Mathematical treatises included the "Book on Numbers and Computation" ("Suan shu shu") "The Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and

neg: Right of revolution endure tyranny for as long as it could be borne, rather than run the larger risks of armed revolution. The right of revolution was expounded by the Monarchomachs in the context of the French Wars of Religion, and by Huguenots thinkers who legitimized tyrannicides. The concept of the right of revolution was developed at the beginning of the Enlightenment era in the work "Two Treatises of Government". Written by the philosopher John Locke, the right to revolution formed an integral part of his social contract theory, in which he tried to define the origins and basis for social conditions and

neg: Peter Laslett (1965; US edition, 1966), issued in a second edition in 1971 and in a retitled third revised edition, "The World We Have Lost: Further Explored" (1983; US edition, 1984). Simon Mitton credits Laslett with having launched in 1948 the radio broadcasting career of the astronomer Fred Hoyle. In 1953, Laslett was appointed a university lecturer in history at Cambridge, and was elected a fellow Trinity College in the same year. He continued work in the history of political theory, discovering Locke's library and demonstrating (against the accepted account) that John Locke's "Two Treatises on Government" had been written prior to

neg: Two Treatises of Government He made corrections to the third edition by hand and entrusted the publication of the fourth to his friends, as he died before it could be brought out. The "Two Treatises" begin with a Preface announcing what Locke hopes to achieve, but he also mentions that more than half of his original draft, occupying a space between the "First" and "Second Treatises", has been irretrievably lost. Peter Laslett maintains that, while Locke may have added or altered some portions in 1689, he did not make any revisions to accommodate for the missing section; he argues, for example, that the end

neg: Gregory Palamas their differences amicably. In response to Barlaam's attacks, Palamas wrote nine treatises entitled "Triads For The Defense of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude". The treatises are called "triads" because they were organized as three sets of three treatises. The Triads were written in three stages. The first triad was written in the second half of the 1330s and are based on personal discussions between Palamas and Barlaam although Barlaam is never mentioned by name. Gregory's teaching was affirmed by the superiors and principal monks of Mt. Athos, who met in synod during 1340–1. In early 1341, the monastic communities of

neg: Palamism in knowledge, intellect and expository skills. In response to Barlaam's attacks, Palamas wrote nine treatises entitled "Triads For The Defense of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude". The treatises are called "Triads" because they were organized as three sets of three treatises. The Triads were written in three stages. The first triad was written in the second half of the 1330s and are based on personal discussions between Palamas and Barlaam although Barlaam is never mentioned by name. Gregory's teaching was affirmed by the superiors and principal monks of Mt. Athos, who met in synod during 1340–1. In early 1341, the

neg: Greece rhetorical treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period. The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar. The Classical era also saw the dawn of drama. Of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors have survived: those of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The surviving plays by Aristophanes are also a treasure trove of comic presentation, while Herodotus and Thucydides are two of the most influential historians in this period. The greatest prose achievement of the 4th century was in philosophy with the works

neg: Triads (Gregory Palamas) uneducated people). In his anti-hesychastic works Barlaam held that knowledge of worldly wisdom was necessary for the perfection of the monks and denied the possibility of the vision of the divine life. In response to Barlaam's attacks, Palamas wrote nine treatises entitled "Triads For The Defense of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude". The treatises are called "Triads" because they were organized as three sets of three treatises. The Triads were written in three stages. The first triad was written in the second half of the 1330s and are based on personal discussions between Palamas and Barlaam although Barlaam is never

neg: Robert Filmer Robert Filmer Sir Robert Filmer (c. 1588 – 26 May 1653) was an English political theorist who defended the divine right of kings. His best known work, "Patriarcha", published posthumously in 1680, was the target of numerous Whig attempts at rebuttal, including Algernon Sidney's "Discourses Concerning Government", James Tyrrell's "Patriarcha Non Monarcha" and John Locke's "Two Treatises of Government". Filmer also wrote critiques of Thomas Hobbes, John Milton, Hugo Grotius and Aristotle. The eldest child of Sir Edward Filmer and Elizabeth Filmer (née Argall) of East Sutton in Kent, he studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he matriculated in 1604.

neg: Al-Jaldaki Mashhad in Iran. In his writings he reveals that he spent seventeen years traveling through Iraq, Anatolia, Yemen, North Africa, and Syria, finally settling in Egypt where he composed many of his treatises. He was a prolific author of alchemical writings, of which the United States National Library of Medicine has three. His treatises, which reflect interests much broader than simply alchemy, preserve extensive quotations from earlier authors. He died in Cairo in 1342. Al-Jaldaki Izz al-Din Aydamir al-Jaldaki or Jaldaki Khorasani (), also written "al-Jildaki" (d. 1342/743 H). Iranian alchemist from Khorasan, he fled his native country due to

neg: Furusiyya a Persian translation from the Arabic. There are supposedly also treatises translated into Persian from Hindustani or Sanskrit. These include the Texts thought to have been originally written in Persian include the by "Moḥammad b. Moḥammad Wāseʿī" (written 1365/6; Tehran, MS no. 5754). A partial listing of known Persian literature was published by Gordfarāmarzī (1987). List of known Furusiyyah treatises (after al-Sarraf 2004, al-Nashīrī 2007) Some of the early treatises (9th to 10th centuries) are not extant and only known from references by later authors: Al-Asma'i, (خيل "horse"), Ibn Abi al-Dunya (d. 894 / AH 281) , Al-Ṭabarānī (d. 971

neg: Two Treatises of Government to the publisher about its many errors. For the rest of his life, he was intent on republishing the "Two Treatises" in a form that better reflected his meaning. Peter Laslett, one of the foremost Locke scholars, has suggested that Locke held the printers to a higher "standard of perfection" than the technology of the time would permit. Be that as it may, the first edition was indeed replete with errors. The second edition was even worse, and finally printed on cheap paper and sold to the poor. The third edition was much improved, but Locke was still not satisfied.

neg: Two Treatises of Government of the "First Treatise" breaks off in mid-sentence. In 1691 "Two Treatises" was translated into French by David Mazzel, a French Huguenot living in the Netherlands. This translation left out Locke's "Preface," all of the "First Treatise", and the first chapter of the "Second Treatise" (which summarised Locke's conclusions in the "First Treatise"). It was in this form that Locke's work was reprinted during the 18th century in France and in this form that Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau were exposed to it. The only American edition from the 18th century was printed in 1773 in Boston; it, too, left out

neg: Two Treatises of Government before the Revolution, objected that Shaftesbury's party did not advocate revolution during the Exclusion Crisis. He suggests that they are instead better associated with the revolutionary conspiracies that swirled around what would come to be known as the Rye House Plot. Locke, Shaftesbury and many others were forced into exile; some, such as Sidney, were even executed for treason. Locke knew his work was dangerous—he never acknowledged his authorship within his lifetime. "Two Treatises" was first published, anonymously, in December 1689 (following printing conventions of the time, its title page was marked 1690). Locke was unhappy with this edition, complaining

neg: Greek literature comedy and tragedy; histories, rhetorical treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period. The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar. Of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during this time period, only a limited number of plays survived. These plays are authored by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The comedy arose from a ritual in honor of Dionysus. These plays were full of obscenity, abuse, and insult. The surviving plays by Aristophanes are a treasure trove of comic presentation. Two influential historians of this age are Herodotus and Thucydides. A third historian, Xenophon, wrote "Hellenica,"

neg: Two Treatises of Government erroneous.” By the 1790s Locke was associated with Rousseau and Voltaire and being blamed for the American and French Revolutions as well as for the perceived secularisation of society. By 1815, Locke's portrait was taken down from Christ Church, his alma mater (it was later restored to a position of prominence, and currently hangs in the dining hall of the college). Locke's influence during the American Revolutionary period is disputed. While it is easy to point to specific instances of Locke's "Two Treatises" being invoked, the extent of the acceptance of Locke's ideals and the role they played in the

neg: Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions the "komes" from even earlier. The Treatises are also the first military work written by an emperor since Maurice’s "Strategikon" – Constantine writes about military tradition that has been passed on from the Amorian dynasty, and even before the Isaurian dynasty – though no earlier than the days of Theodosius the Great (5th century AD). The return of confidence implied by the Treatises – note the stress on good order – was part of the general recovery of the Byzantine state during the Macedonian period, which saw extensive reconquests in both Asia and Europe. The fact that the Treatises deal

neg: John Bastwick In 1634 he published in the Netherlands two anti-Catholic Latin treatises: "Elenchus Religionis Papisticae", an answer to a Catholic called Richard Short; and "Flagellum Pontificis", an argument in favour of Presbyterianism. The latter came under the notice of William Laud. He had Bastwick brought before the Court of High Commission, where he was convicted of a "scandalous libel", was condemned to pay a fine of £1,000 and costs, and was imprisoned in the Gatehouse Prison until he should recant. In 1636 Bastwick published "Πράξεις τῶν επισκόπων, sive Apologeticus ad Praesules Anglicanos", written in the Gatehouse against the high commission court.

neg: John Locke has remarked that Locke's theories were "mentioned so rarely in the early stages of the [Glorious] Revolution, up to 1692, and even less thereafter, unless it was to heap abuse on them" and that "no one, including most Whigs, [were] ready for the idea of a notional or abstract contract of the kind adumbrated by Locke". In contrast, Kenyon adds that Algernon Sidney's "Discourses Concerning Government" were "certainly much more influential than Locke's "Two Treatises"". In the 50 years after Queen Anne's death in 1714, the "Two Treatises" were reprinted only once (except in the collected works of Locke). However,

neg: Bernardo Vittone as: an architect of rare ability, full of original ideas and of a creative capacity equalled only by few of the masters...What little we know of him suggests that his was an obsessed genius. This is also the impression one carries away from reading his two treatises, the "Istruzioni elementari" of 1760 and the "Istruzioni diverse" of 1766. The earlier treatise is one of the longest ever written, and the later consists to a large extent of appendices to the first...the extraordinary thing about his treatises is that basically he has not moved far from Alberti's position ... (while) Alberti

neg: Daseian notation to notate organum in two, three and four-voice styles. In addition to the "Enchiriadis" treatises, this notation is also used in the "Commemoratio brevis de tonis et psalmis modulandis" treatise and "De organo (dictis autem, prout potuimus)" . However, despite the wide circulation of the "Enchiriadis" treatises, this notation was not widely used in practical sources. Music manuscripts of the ninth and tenth centuries record almost exclusively monophonic music, and even the extant sources of polyphonic music, such as the Winchester Troper, are written in unheighted neumes. This would continue until the development of the widely used staff system of

neg: Marchetto da Padova in 1308 to work in other cities in the Veneto and the Romagna. His two major treatises seem to have been written between 1317 and 1319, shortly before Philippe de Vitry produced his "Ars nova" (c. 1322), which gave its name to the music of the age. Marchetto indicated in the treatises themselves that he wrote them at Cesena and Verona. There are no other reliable records of his life, although his fame was evidently widespread, and his work became hugely influential later in the 14th century. Only three motets have been reliably attributed to Marchetto, one of them due

neg: Milton's antiprelatical tracts a 6 months delay after the publication of "Animadversions". The work is a response to an attack on his previous works which was titled "Certain Briefe Treatises, Written by Diverse Learned Men, Concerning the Ancient and Moderne Government of the Church". Unlike Milton's previous three, he including his name upon the tract and he emphasized himself within the text. This tract includes a detailed discussion, in the preface of Book II, of Miltons views on literature and genres. "Apology for Smectymnuus" was published in April 1642 and is his final antiprelatical tract. The tract was written as a response to

neg: Francis Hutcheson (philosopher) a success, so he returned to Ireland to pursue a career in academia. He was induced to start a private academy in Dublin, where he taught for 10 years, also studying philosophy and produced during 1725 "Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue". This writing is written as two treatises; the subject of the first is aesthetics ("Concerning Beauty, Order, Harmony, Design"), and the second, morality ("Concerning Moral Good and Evil"). In Dublin his literary attainments gained him the friendship of many prominent inhabitants. Among these was The Rt. Hon. and Most Rev. Dr William King,

neg: Matthias Joseph Scheeben the peace of the workroom where his spirit brooded over a chaos of literary matters. The list of Scheeben's works opens with three treatises dealing with grace: The author did not finish this last; he died whilst working on "Grace". The missing treatises were supplied in German by Dr. Leonhard Atzberger (Freiburg, 1898). In English the missing treatises were supplied by Wilhelm and Scannel, who whilst strictly adhering to Scheeben's thought, reduced the bulky work to two handy volumes entitled: "A Manual of Catholic Theology based on Scheeben's Dogmatik" (3rd ed., 1906). Scheeben also wrote a two-volume work "Mariology," later

neg: Codex Madrid (Leonardo) Biblioteca Real, where they remained unknown for 252 years. The two volumes, containing 197 pages, are bound in red leather. Topics discussed include mechanics, statics, geometry and construction of fortifications. There is a list of 116 books Leonardo was using at the time, including some basic Latin grammar books. The text is written in Italian dialect with some errors. The manuscripts are of great importance as they contain about 15% of Leonardo's notes referenced today, but are also important for the quality and relevance of the works they contain, which are among the major engineering treatises of their time. After

neg: Resistance theory in the Early Modern period and the other major political faction, the Tories who advocated passive obedience as dissent, and as a definite limitation on resistance theories supported only passive resistance, indeed preferring nonresistance. John Locke's "Two Treatises of Government", written at the time of the Exclusion Crisis but published after the Glorious Revolution, went back to the Calvinist resistance theory as in George Buchanan. Algernon Sidney like Locke replied to the "Patriarcha" of Robert Filmer, and provided a thorough animadversion. The trial in 1710 of Henry Sacheverell, a High Church and High Tory cleric, brought Whig resistance theories into prominence and focus, by generating

neg: The Reason of Church-Government Urged against Prelaty in January/February 1642. The tract was the fourth of his five antiprelatical tracts and was produced 6 months after "Animadversions". The work is a response to an attack on his previous works which was titled "Certain Briefe Treatises, Written by Diverse Learned Men, Concerning the Ancient and Moderne Government of the Church". Unlike Milton's previous three, he included his name upon the tract and he emphasised himself within the text. Milton begins his tract with a discussion on language. In particular, Milton discusses the form of truth and the nature of forms: if any visible shape can be given to

neg: Two Treatises of Government be seen in light of this tradition. There is not and never has been any divinely ordained monarch over the entire world, Locke argues. However, the fact that the natural state of humanity is without an institutionalized government does not mean it is lawless. Human beings are still subject to the laws of God and nature. In contrast to Hobbes, who posited the state of nature as a hypothetical possibility, Locke takes great pains to show that such a state did indeed exist. Actually, it still exists in the area of international relations where there is not and is never

neg: Melchiorre Zoppio with a public inscription during his lifetime. His funeral involved an elaborate procession to the Basilica di Santa Maria dei Servi, where he was buried, and a eulogy by his colleague André Torelli Among many treatises on scholastic philosophy and some pamphlets, whose titles can be found in the "Scrittori bolognesi" by Orlandi, Melchior also wrote two comedies and four tragedies. The comedies were "Diogene accusato" (Venice, 1598, in-12), written in verses of five, seven and nine syllables, and "Il Giuliano", whilst the tragedies were "Admeto", "Medea", "Creusa" and "Meandro" (all Bologna, 1629, in-12). He also left behind many works

neg: Thomas Candy Thomas (who remained in India until his death) devoted his energies to the creation of Marathi textbooks in sundry school subjects, as well as Marathi translations of several English treatises, such as the Indian Penal Code and the Indian Civil Procedure Code. He also advised and corrected the work of several other English-Marathi translators. During the late 1860s, he was appointed Chief Government Translator by the British Government. Thomas newly introduced the use of punctuation marks in Marathi, which was written without them until the mid-nineteenth century. His manual on this subject, titled 'विरामचिन्हांची परिभाषा (The Terminology of Punctuation Marks)'

neg: Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions by the "Praecepta Militaria" and the "Taktika" of Nikephoros Ouranos. Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions The Three Treatises on Imperial Military Expeditions is the conventional title given to a Byzantine literary treatise on warfare associated with Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogennetos (905-959 AD), giving advice on how an emperor should prepare and mount a military campaign. It is actually the appendix to one of his major works, the "De Ceremoniis". The "Treatises", as part of the "De Ceremoniis", are assumed to have been written by Constantine for his son, the future Romanos II. The date of writing is unknown, but

neg: Blaisio Ugolino Blaisio Ugolino Blaisio Ugolino (also known as Blasius or Biagio, surname Ugolini or Ugolinus) (born c. 1700) was an Italian polyhistor. He is best known for a huge collection of treatises on Jewish antiquities. Ugolino was born in Venice. He is stated to have been a Jewish convert, and was certainly well acquainted with Talmudic literature. Ugolino is known for the huge collection of treatises on Jewish antiquities, written in Latin, which he brought together in his "Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sacrarum" (34 vols., Venice, 1744–69). In this work he reprinted most of the seventeenth-century treatises on Jewish antiquities. He also obtained

neg: Hesychast controversy "Triads For The Defense of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude". The treatises are called "Triads" because they were organized as three sets of three treatises. The Triads were written in three stages. The first triad was written in the second half of the 1330s and are based on personal discussions between Palamas and Barlaam although Barlaam is never mentioned by name. Gregory's teaching was affirmed by the superiors and principal monks of Mt. Athos, who met in synod during 1340–1. In early 1341, Philothos Kokkinos wrote the Hagioritic Tome under the supervision and inspiration of Palamas. Although the Tome does

neg: Zeami Motokiyo continued patronage for the troupe. Zeami wrote several treatises on drama, the first of which was the , known colloquially as . It is the first known treatise on drama in Japan; though similar treatises were written by Japanese Buddhist sects and poets, this is the Noh treatise. J. Thomas Rimer suggests that Zeami's education in Renga poetry provided him with the idea. It notably includes a thorough analysis of jo-ha-kyū, which Zeami viewed as a universal concept. His first treatise includes much of his father's views of Noh. The treatise "Kakyo" was written later and describes Zeami's personal views.

neg: Triads (Gregory Palamas) Triads (Gregory Palamas) The Triads of Gregory Palamas are a set of nine treatises entitled "Triads For The Defense of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude" written by Gregory Palamas in response to attacks made by Barlaam. The treatises are called "Triads" because they were organized as three sets of three treatises. Hesychasm attracted the attention of Barlaam a convert to Eastern Orthodoxy who encountered Hesychasts and heard descriptions of their practices during a visit to Mount Athos; he had also read the writings of Palamas, himself an Athonite monk. Trained in Western Scholastic theology, Barlaam was scandalized by hesychasm and

neg: Polyphony polyphony in the Western church traditions are unknown, the treatises "Musica enchiriadis" and "Scolica enchiriadis", both dating from "c". 900, are usually considered the oldest extant written examples of polyphony. These treatises provided examples of two-voice note-against-note embellishments of chants using parallel octaves, fifths, and fourths. Rather than being fixed works, they indicated ways of improvising polyphony during performance. The "Winchester Troper", from "c". 1000, is the oldest extant example of notated polyphony for chant performance, although the notation does not indicate precise pitch levels or durations. European polyphony rose out of melismatic organum, the earliest harmonization of the chant.

neg: Al-Hilli established a systematic version of the science of tradition ("hadith" and "akhbar"), based on principles which were later to antagonise the "usuliyun" and the "akhbariyun". In the "kalam" tradition, he left a commentary on one of the very first treatises to be written by one of the oldest Imamite "mutakallimun", Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al Nawbakhti, who died about 350/961. Similarly, he wrote commentaries on the two treatises by Nasir mentioned above, "Tajrid" and "Qawa'id"-commentaries which have been read and re-read, studied and commentated by generations of scholars. He left a summary of the vast commentary by his teacher Maytham al-Bahrani

neg: Moritz Hohenbaum van der Meer by the pope he refused to accept. His numerous writings (seventy-six separate treatises) are for the most part historical studies on his own and other monasteries. He also wrote a history of the Swiss Benedictine Congregation (1602–1785), a life of St. Fintan, and some ascetical treatises. His historical works are nearly all written in Latin and fill fifty-nine folio and twenty-three quarto volumes. Most of these works, together with fifty-two volumes of epistolary correspondence are at present in the cantonal library of Zurich. He died, aged 77, at Rheinau Abbey, near Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Moritz Hohenbaum van der Meer Moritz

neg: Two Treatises of Government was by Supreme Power, by what Means soever he obtained it"; which in plain "English" is to say, that Regal and Supreme Power is properly and truly his, who can by any Means seize upon it; and if this be, to be "properly a King", I wonder how he came to think of, or where he will find, an "Usurper". (1st Tr., § 79) Locke ends the "First Treatise" by examining the history told in the Bible and the history of the world since then; he concludes that there is no evidence to support Filmer's hypothesis. According to Locke, no

neg: Fishing took a great leap forward after the English Civil War, where a newly found interest in the activity left its mark on the many books and treatises that were written on the subject at the time. "Compleat Angler" was written by Izaak Walton in 1653 (although Walton continued to add to it for a quarter of a century) and described the fishing in the Derbyshire Wye. It was a celebration of the art and spirit of fishing in prose and verse. A second part to the book was added by Walton's friend Charles Cotton. Charles Kirby designed an improved fishing

neg: Hippocrates collection of around seventy early medical works collected in Alexandrian Greece. It is written in Ionic Greek. The question of whether Hippocrates himself was the author of any of the treatises in the corpus has not been conclusively answered, but current debate revolves around only a few of the treatises seen as potentially by him. Because of the variety of subjects, writing styles and apparent date of construction, the Hippocratic Corpus could not have been written by one person (Ermerins numbers the authors at nineteen). The corpus came to be known by his name because of his fame, possibly all

neg: Daseian notation Guido of Arezzo in the eleventh century. Philipp Spitta was the first modern musicologist to correctly interpret this notation, in an 1889 publication. Daseian notation Daseian notation (or dasian notation) is the type of musical notation used in the ninth century anonymous musical treatises "Musica enchiriadis" and "Scolica enchiriadis". The music of the "Musica enchiriadis" and "Scolica enchiriadis", written in Daseian notation, are the earliest known examples of written polyphonic music in history. Musicologist Willi Apel has called the notation "a mediaeval imitation of the ancient Greek notation". The treatises themselves refer to it as "dasia"; the word derives from

neg: Burmese chronicles Burmese chronicles The royal chronicles of Myanmar ( ; also known as Burmese chronicles) are detailed and continuous chronicles of the monarchy of Myanmar (Burma). The chronicles were written on different media such as parabaik paper, palm leaf, and stone; they were composed in different literary styles such as prose, verse, and chronograms. Palm-leaf manuscripts written in prose are those that are commonly referred to as the chronicles. Other royal records include administrative treatises and precedents, legal treatises and precedents, and censuses. The chronicle tradition was maintained in the country's four historical polities: Upper Burma, Lower Burma, Arakan and the

neg: Burmese chronicles volumes) between 1910 and 1980. Burmese chronicles The royal chronicles of Myanmar ( ; also known as Burmese chronicles) are detailed and continuous chronicles of the monarchy of Myanmar (Burma). The chronicles were written on different media such as parabaik paper, palm leaf, and stone; they were composed in different literary styles such as prose, verse, and chronograms. Palm-leaf manuscripts written in prose are those that are commonly referred to as the chronicles. Other royal records include administrative treatises and precedents, legal treatises and precedents, and censuses. The chronicle tradition was maintained in the country's four historical polities: Upper Burma,

neg: Barlaam of Seminara of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude". The treatises are called "Triads" because they were organized as three sets of three treatises. The Triads were written in three stages. The first triad was written in the second half of the 1330s and are based on personal discussions between Palamas and Barlaam although Barlaam is never mentioned by name. Gregory's teaching was affirmed by the superiors and principal monks of Mt. Athos, who met in synod during 1340–1. In early 1341, the monastic communities of Mount Athos wrote the Hagioritic Tome under the supervision and inspiration of Palamas. Although the Tome does

neg: North and South (Gaskell novel) or decisions). She advocates for an authority which takes into account the needs of workers, a social and economic contract as advocated by John Locke in "Two Treatises of Government", where masters and workers are in solidarity. After the strike, Thornton finally acknowledges that "new forms of negotiation between management and labor are part of modern life" (Bodenheimer, 1991, p 61); the strike, which ruined him, was "respectable" because the workers depend on him for money and he depends on them to manufacture his product (Nash, 2007, p. 107). In the class struggle which victimises some (such as Boucher and

neg: Propaganda during the Reformation Latin. Luther's predominance meant that the Protestant propaganda campaign was cohesive, with a consistent and accessible message. Luther produced other works: sermons, which were read in Churches around the Empire; translations of the Bible, primarily the New Testament written in German; doctrine on how to conduct oneself within the church and society; and a multitude of letters and treatises. Often Luther wrote in response to others who had criticized his works or asked for clarification or justification on an issue. Three of Luther’s major treatises, written in 1520, are "To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation", "On the Freedom

neg: Tosafot ("Halikhot 'Olam," § 327), applies the term "tosafot" to the novellae of Isaac ben Sheshet. The tosafot which have been published with the text of the Talmud ever since its earliest edition (see Talmud, Editions of). They extend to thirty-eight treatises of the Babylonian Talmud. Most of the treatises are covered by the Tosafot of Touques, some by the Tosafot of Sens; many are provided with the tosafot of various authors, revised by Perez b. Elijah's school. The authorship of the tosafot to seventeen treatises only can be established with certainty: The tosafot to "Mo'ed Ḳaṭon" were written by a

neg: Early African church the treatises that come down to us were written after he separated from the Catholic Church. Yet, whatever verdict may be passed on him, his works remain among the most valuable of Christian antiquity. The lawyer, Minucius Felix, has shown so much literary skill in his short treatises of a few pages that he has deservedly attained to fame. The correspondence, treatises, and sermons of St. Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, belong approximately to the middle of the 3rd century, the correspondence forming one of the most valuable sources for the history of Christianity in Africa and the West during his

neg: History of fencing AD and is from Germany. It is known as I.33 and written in medieval Latin and Middle High German and deals with an advanced system of using the sword and buckler (smallest shield) together. From 1400 onward, an increasing number of sword fighting treatises survived from across Europe, with the majority from the 15th century coming from Germany and Italy. In this period these arts were largely reserved for the knighthood and the nobility – hence most treatises deal with knightly weapons such as the rondel dagger, longsword, spear, pollaxe and armoured fighting mounted and on foot. Some treatises cover

neg: Lumières component parts, also became an important element in the construction of a philosophy of individualism, where everyone had rights based only on fundamental human rights. There developed the philosophical notion of the thoughtful subject, an individual who could make decisions based on pure reason and no longer in the yoke of custom. In "Two Treatises of Government", John Locke argued that property rights are not held in common but are totally personal, and made legitimate by the work required to obtain the property, as well as its protection (recognition) by others. Once the idea of natural law is accepted, it

neg: Paternalism by some measure is wider than the group of persons thereby protected. Moral paternalism is where paternalism is justified to promote the moral well being of a person(s) even if their welfare wouldn't improve. For example, it would be argued that someone should be prevented from prostitution even if they make a decent living off it and their health is protected. A moral paternalist would argue that it is ethical considering prostitution is morally corrupting. Thomas Pogge argues that there are a number of criteria for paternalism. In his "Two Treatises of Government", John Locke argues (against Robert Filmer) that

neg: Joseph Harris (astronomer) Joseph Harris (astronomer) Joseph Harris (1703 – 1764) was a British blacksmith, astronomer, navigator, economist, natural philosopher, government adviser and King's Assay Master at the Royal Mint. "Of Joseph Harris, the eldest, who married one of the daughters, and heiress, of Thomas Jones, of Tredustan, little has been recorded beyond the information derived from his monument in the church. His talents were highly respectable, and indeed pre-eminent. But though he wrote several astronomical treatises, which are highly thought of, and was esteemed by the learned and great of his day, no biographer has written his life: no anecdotes of him

neg: History of silk in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan. The material was certainly more expensive, but also more practical than bamboo slips. Treatises on many subjects, including meteorology, medicine, astrology, divinity, and even maps written on silk have been discovered. During the Han Dynasty, silk became progressively more valuable in its own right, and became more than simply a material. It was used to pay government officials and compensate citizens who were particularly worthy. By the same token that one would sometimes estimate the price of products according to a certain weight of gold, the length of the silk cloth became a monetary standard in

neg: Book of Qi was originally only known as the "Book of Qi", but after the "Book of Northern Qi" was written, it became known as the "Book of Southern Qi" so that the two could be distinguished. The book contained 60 volumes when written, but one preface was later lost. The format of the text is similar to previous standard histories, with volumes that include annals, treatises, and biographies. Volumes 1 to 8 are annals covering the emperors of the dynasty starting with Emperor Gao in volumes 1 and 2. Some short lived rulers that were not given the posthumous title of emperor

neg: Monk of Heilsbronn poems. Monk of Heilsbronn The Monk of Heilsbronn is the unknown author of some short mystical treatises, written about the beginning of the fourteenth century, at the Cistercian Abbey of Heilsbronn, in Bavaria. The Monk cites St. Bonaventure and Albert the Great (d. 1280) and draws largely on the works of Conrad of Brundelsheim (Soccus), Abbot of Heilsbronn in 1303 (d. 1321). His mystical conceptions, show a close relation to Bernard of Clairvaux and Hugo of St. Victor. The date of the composition of the treatises is determined by these borrowings and quotations; they are written in Middle German with

neg: Monk of Heilsbronn Monk of Heilsbronn The Monk of Heilsbronn is the unknown author of some short mystical treatises, written about the beginning of the fourteenth century, at the Cistercian Abbey of Heilsbronn, in Bavaria. The Monk cites St. Bonaventure and Albert the Great (d. 1280) and draws largely on the works of Conrad of Brundelsheim (Soccus), Abbot of Heilsbronn in 1303 (d. 1321). His mystical conceptions, show a close relation to Bernard of Clairvaux and Hugo of St. Victor. The date of the composition of the treatises is determined by these borrowings and quotations; they are written in Middle German with some

neg: Lo Crestià so it has three hundred and eighty-one chapters in total. The interest of Peter IV in this book was so great, that he gave orders to keep Eiximenis going out of his convent "until he has not finished the job". The second volume, or "Segon del Crestià" was written between 1382 and 1383. It deals with the problem of temptation. It consists of two hundred and forty chapters. The third volume, or "Terç del Crestià" was written in 1384. It is divided into twelve treatises, each with a different length, and has one thousand and sixty chapters. It deals with

neg: Daseian notation Daseian notation Daseian notation (or dasian notation) is the type of musical notation used in the ninth century anonymous musical treatises "Musica enchiriadis" and "Scolica enchiriadis". The music of the "Musica enchiriadis" and "Scolica enchiriadis", written in Daseian notation, are the earliest known examples of written polyphonic music in history. Musicologist Willi Apel has called the notation "a mediaeval imitation of the ancient Greek notation". The treatises themselves refer to it as "dasia"; the word derives from the Greek "daseia", which refers to "rough breathing" at the start of a word in spoken prosody. Daseian notation makes use of a

neg: Zhu Zaiyu set of ten musicological treatises to the court, establishing his scholarly merit. His posthumous name was 鄭端靖世子 ("His Excellency The Dauphin of Zheng") Zhu wrote on music theory and temperament (five treatises survive), music history (two treatises survive), dance and dance music (five treatises survive), and several other works. Three music theory works in particular are associated with the ideas of equal temperament, the「律學新說」 (" on the equal temperament ", 1584), 「律呂精義」("A clear explanation of that which concerns the equal temperament", 1595/96), and 「算學新說」(" Reflection on mathematics", 1603). His work has been described as "the crowning achievement of two millennia

neg: Pibroch fit into one of the first three with a slight modification of one or two of the phrases in one or more lines. A compilation of the structure of many pibroch tunes, including related historical essays, was written by A. J. Haddow. There is evidence from early treatises (e.g. Joseph MacDonald) that the structure was originally counted in 4, so a Primary form would be Similarly, Secondary form can be read as The Gaelic titles of pibroch compositions have been categorised by Roderick Cannon into four broad groupings. These include: Pibroch in the functional category were most commonly written for

neg: Johann Christian Friedrich Tuch Johann Christian Friedrich Tuch Johann Christian Friedrich Tuch (17 December 1806 – 12 April 1867) was a German Orientalist and theologian born in Quedlinburg. He studied at the University of Halle, where in 1830 he received his habilitation. In 1838 he became an associate professor, later relocating to the University of Leipzig, where from 1844 to 1867, he was a full professor of theology and Oriental studies. In 1856–58 he served as university rector. His best written work was "Kommentar über die Genesis" ("Commentary on the Genesis", 1838). Other noted works of his included treatises involving Nineveh (1845), the Ascension

neg: Isaac Kramnick (1988) for teaching, and the Cornell Students chose him as "favorite professor of the year" (1996). Professor Kramnick is a member of Cornell's Sphinx Head Society. Isaac Kramnick Isaac Kramnick (born 1938) is an American historian, social scientist and the Richard J. Schwartz Professor of Government at Cornell University. He is a subject-matter expert on English and American political thought and history. Kramnick has researched, written, or edited about twenty treatises. His "Bolingbroke and His Circle: The Politics of Nostalgia in the Age of Walpole" was awarded the Conference of British Studies Prize for the best book on British politics.

neg: Clarendon Hyde a partner in the construction firm S. Pearson & Son, and had written several treatises on company law. However, both before and after his term in Parliament, Hyde's was a member of a long range of government committees and other bodies. Before World War I he served on the Board of Trade's Court of Arbitration in 1909, the Lace makers Trade Board, the Taxi Cab Inquiry and as chairman of the Cannock Chase Miner's Minimum Wage Board. During the war, he served on a long list of committees, mostly related to industrial policy. In 1886 Hyde married Laura Adrie Palmer,

neg: Fly fishing Footnotes of the work, written by Dennys' editor, William Lawson, make the first mention of the phrase to 'cast a fly': "The trout gives the most gentlemanly and readiest sport of all, if you fish with an artificial fly, a line twice your rod's length of three hairs' thickness... and if you have learnt the cast of the fly." The art of fly fishing took a great leap forward after the English Civil War, where a newly found interest in the activity left its mark on the many books and treatises that were written on the subject at the time.

neg: Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda Rio de Janeiro, victim of a heart attack. More than thirty years after his death, Pontes de Miranda is still one of the most cited Brazilian jurists. Pontes de Miranda has written 29 works, which spread over 144 volumes, ranging from scientific to literary subjects. His literary efforts include both prose and poetry. However, he is best regarded for his scientific works, and, especially, his eight treatises, all of which are dedicated to the study of law. Although Pontes de Miranda has written important treatises in several areas of law, including Constitutional Law, Criminal Law and Procedural Law, his best

neg: Cristóvão Ferreira law, and called himself "a member of the Zen sect", but his own publications attest that he adopted a philosophy of natural law: After his apostasy he married a Japanese woman and wrote several books, including treatises on Western astronomy and medicine, which became widely distributed in the Edo period. He also is alleged to have privately written a book on religion entitled 「顕偽録」 ("The Deception Revealed") in 1636, but it was not published for 300 years and there is some controversy concerning who wrote it. He participated in government trials of other captured Jesuits. He was often present during

neg: Feudalism medieval Europe are perceived to prevail. Some historians and political theorists believe that the term "feudalism" has been deprived of specific meaning by the many ways it has been used, leading them to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society. The term "féodal" was used in 17th-century French legal treatises (1614) and translated into English legal treatises as an adjective, such as "feodal government". In the 18th century, Adam Smith, seeking to describe economic systems, effectively coined the forms "feudal government" and "feudal system" in his book "Wealth of Nations" (1776). In the 19th century the adjective "feudal"

neg: Debates in ancient India were required to have a training in the art of conducting a successful debate. Several debate manuals were written in different sectarian schools. But these early manuals written in Sanskrit have all been lost. However, the nature of these manuals could be glimpsed from Buddhist Chinese sources as well as from Pali sources like the Kathavatthu. The earliest available treatises in Sanskrit in which the principles of debates are systematically explored are, strangely, two texts on Ayurveda, namely Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. These are the two foundational Hindu texts of this field that have survived from ancient India. Charaka

neg: Isaac Kramnick Isaac Kramnick Isaac Kramnick (born 1938) is an American historian, social scientist and the Richard J. Schwartz Professor of Government at Cornell University. He is a subject-matter expert on English and American political thought and history. Kramnick has researched, written, or edited about twenty treatises. His "Bolingbroke and His Circle: The Politics of Nostalgia in the Age of Walpole" was awarded the Conference of British Studies Prize for the best book on British politics. His other works include the "Godless Constitution: A Moral Defense of the Secular State", co-authored with R. Laurence Moore, studies of Edmund Burke, a biography of

neg: Sudhakara Dvivedi Sudhakara Dvivedi Sudhakara Dvivedi (1855–1910) was an Indian scholar in Sanskrit and mathematics. Sudhakara Dvivedi was born in 1855 in Khajuri, a village near Varanasi. In childhood he studied mathematics under Pandit Devakrsna. In 1883 he was appointed a librarian in the Government Sanskrit College, Varanasi where in 1890 he was appointed the teacher of mathematics and astrology after Bapudeva Sastri retired in 1889. He was the head of mathematics department in Queen's college Benaras from where he retired in 1905 and mathematician Ganesh Prasad became the new head of department. Dvivedi wrote a number of translations, commentaries and treatises,

neg: Two Treatises of Government he asks, "Who heir?" If Filmer is correct, there should be only one rightful king in all the world—the heir of Adam. But since it is impossible to discover the true heir of Adam, no government, under Filmer's principles, can require that its members obey its rulers. Filmer must therefore say that men are duty-bound to obey their present rulers. Locke writes: I think he is the first Politician, who, pretending to settle Government upon its true Basis, and to establish the Thrones of lawful Princes, ever told the World, That he was "properly a King, whose Manner of Government

neg: Insha Literature of letters and documents as a distinct type of writing from regular treatises and books. "Insha" writing is mainly concerned with the expression of one's innermost feelings, rather than the use of prose in scientific treatises. Insha writing developed into an art form and,involved detailed rules and regulations that a well lettered person was supposed to learn, and artful and well written epistolography, was considered a form of "Adab." The devices employed in Insha include verbal puns, and tricks, riddles, and a mannered , elegant style of writing. A model of stately Insha prose in Arabic was provided by Al

neg: Algernon Sidney jurisdiction. He said the, "only ends for which governments are constituted and obedience rendered to them, are the obtaining of justice and protection." This suggests a limited civil government whose primary purpose is to 1) render legal justice through its court system and 2) provide for the safety of its citizens. We can also conclude from Sidney that, if a government fails to accomplish these basic components, obedience to that government is no longer required. Sidney's "Discourses Concerning Government" along with Locke's "Two Treatises on Government" are recognized as critical works in the founding of the United States of America.

neg: Joseph Priestley and Dissent result was Priestley's "Essay on the First Principles of Government", which Priestley's major modern biographer calls his "most systematic political work," in 1768. The book went through three English editions and was translated into Dutch. Jeremy Bentham credited it with inspiring his "greatest happiness principle." The "Essay on Government" is not strictly utilitarian, however; like all of Priestley's works, it is infused with the belief that society is progressing towards perfection. Although much of the text rearticulates John Locke's arguments from his "Two Treatises on Government" (1689), it also makes a useful distinction between political and civil rights and argues

neg: Denis the Carthusian series of treatises, laying down rules of Christian living for churchmen and for laymen of every rank and profession. "De doctrinâ et regulis vitæ Christianæ", the most important of these treatises, was written at the request, and for the use, of the Franciscan preacher John Brugman. These and others which he wrote of a similar import, inveighing against the vices and abuses of the time, insisting on the need of a general reform, and showing how it was to be effected, give an insight into the customs, the state of society, and ecclesiastical life of that period. His treatise "De

neg: Origen itineraries, places his death and burial at Tyre, but little value can be attached to this. Origen was an extremely prolific writer. According to Epiphanius, he wrote a grand total of roughly 6,000 works over the course of his lifetime. Most scholars agree that this estimate is probably somewhat exaggerated. According to Jerome, Eusebius listed the titles of just under 2,000 treatises written by Origen in his lost "Life of Pamphilus". Jerome compiled an abbreviated list of Origen's major treatises, itemizing 800 different titles. By far the most important work of Origen on textual criticism was the "Hexapla" ("Sixfold"), a

neg: Richard Swineshead Richard Swineshead Richard Swineshead (also Suisset, Suiseth, etc.; fl. c. 1340 – 1354) was an English mathematician, logician, and natural philosopher. He was perhaps the greatest of the Oxford Calculators of Merton College, where he was a fellow certainly by 1344 and possibly by 1340. His magnum opus was a series of treatises known as the "Liber calculationum" ("Book of Calculations"), written c. 1350, which earned him the nickname of The Calculator. Robert Burton (d. 1640) wrote in "The Anatomy of Melancholy" that "Scaliger and Cardan admire Suisset the calculator, "qui pene modum excessit humani ingenii" [whose talents were almost