query: according to federalist 39 the constitution set up which type of government

pos: Federalist No. 39 is treated equally and has a say. Madison defines what "republic" means and states three rules which must apply to be considered a republic: This corresponds to the Madisonian republic, which means the system of government where the citizens of the state elect representatives to make decisions for them using three powerful branches: the executive, the judicial, and the legislative. From early in the Constitutional Convention, Madison held the position that the national government should be federal, because if it was more extensive in relation to the states that would increase the, "probability of duration, happiness and good order". It

pos: Granadine Confederation and of divided regionalism. The Granadine Confederation was established by the Constitution of 1853, considered pro-federalist or centro-federalist because it gave more autonomy to the provinces, which multiplied to 35 provinces during the administration of Manuel María Mallarino (1855–1857), each with its own provincial constitution. After the disestablishment of Gran Colombia, the centralized government of the Republic of New Granada which was ratified by the constitution of 1843, was soon challenged by the independentist feelings of the different regions; particularly the provinces of Azuero, Chiriquí, Panamá, and Veraguas, which were demanding autonomous status. The Constitution of 1853 permitted this so

pos: Federalist No. 6 another, unless brought together in a confederate republic with a constitution which will promote harmony through commercial interests rather than competition. Federalist No. 6 Federalist No. 6 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the sixth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on November 14, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Arguing for the importance of the Union to the well-being of Americans, Hamilton addresses a theme continued in Federalist No. 7: the danger of dissension among the states if they remain without a strong federal government. No. 6 is titled

neg: Federalist No. 39 Federalist No. 39 Federalist No. 39, titled "The conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles", is an essay by James Madison, the thirty-ninth of "The Federalist Papers", published on January 18, 1788. Madison defines a republican form of government, and he also considers whether the nation is federal or national: a confederacy, or consolidation of states. This essay is one of a many to urge ratification of the U.S. Constitution. James Madison, along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, sent these essays to try to sway the remaining nine states to preserve the Federal form of government, with a National

neg: The Federalist Papers checks and balances in an essay often quoted for its justification of government as "the greatest of all reflections on human nature." According to historian Richard B. Morris, the essays that make up "The Federalist Papers" are an "incomparable exposition of the Constitution, a classic in political science unsurpassed in both breadth and depth by the product of any later American writer." The Federal Convention sent the proposed Constitution to the Confederation Congress, which in turn submitted it to the states for ratification at the end of September 1787. On September 27, 1787, "Cato" first appeared in the New York

neg: United States Electoral College decide most elections. In "The Federalist Papers", James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution. In Federalist No. 39, Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state-based and population-based government. Congress would have two houses: the state-based Senate and the population-based House of Representatives. Meanwhile, the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes. Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College. The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only,

neg: Federalist No. 84 on defending the notion that a bill of rights is unnecessary for the Constitution when he stated, Hamilton’s argument is ultimately that a bill of rights should not be added to the Constitution, because the entire Constitution is in itself a bill of rights. Hamilton's belief is that the entire document, U.S. Constitution, should set limits and checks and balances on the government so that no individual’s rights will be infringed upon. Federalist No. 84 Federalist No. 84 is a political essay by Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, the eighty-fourth and penultimate essay in a series known as The Federalist Papers.

neg: Federalist No. 21 Federalist No. 21 Federalist No. 21, written by Alexander Hamilton, highlights the defects in the Constitution. It was published on December 12, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "Other Defects of the Present Confederation", and explains how the Articles of Confederation failed in 3 ways: by not giving the government enough power to enforce its laws, that the states do not have a guarantee of their rights, and how the states can simply ignore the tax quotas set by the government. During the 1780s, as the problems of

neg: Nullification (U.S. Constitution) to nullify federal law. On the contrary, they say that the power to declare laws unconstitutional concerning is delegated to federal courts, not the states. Federalist No. 33 states that federal laws are supreme over the states, so long as those laws are within the federal government's delegated powers. Federalist No. 39 directly addresses the question of who is to decide whether the federal government has exceeded its delegated powers and has infringed on the states' reserved powers. It explains that under the Constitution, this issue is to be decided by the Supreme Court, not the states: "[The federal government's]

neg: Federalist No. 70 As part of the Federalists' effort to encourage the ratification of the Constitution, Hamilton published Federalist No. 70 to convince the states of the necessity of unity in the executive branch. Federalist No. 70 argues in favor of the unitary executive created by Article II of the United States Constitution. According to Alexander Hamilton, a unitary executive is necessary to: Hamilton argues that a unitary executive structure will best permit purpose, direction, and flexibility in the executive branch—especially necessary during times of emergency and warfare. According to Hamilton, a unitary executive is best-suited to promoting accountability in government because it

neg: Federalism being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..." This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by

neg: The Federalist Papers "Federalist No. 84", Hamilton makes the case that there is no need to amend the Constitution by adding a Bill of Rights, insisting that the various provisions in the proposed Constitution protecting liberty amount to a "bill of rights". "Federalist No. 78", also written by Hamilton, lays the groundwork for the doctrine of judicial review by federal courts of federal legislation or executive acts. "Federalist No. 70" presents Hamilton's case for a one-man chief executive. In "Federalist No. 39", Madison presents the clearest exposition of what has come to be called "Federalism". In "Federalist No. 51", Madison distills arguments for

neg: Federalist No. 39 was not initially clear how the new government would interact with the states, and Madison was in favor of a federal form, a "a political system in which at least two territorial levels of government share sovereign constitutional authority over their respective division and joint share of law-making powers; differently put, neither the federal government nor the relevant federative entities may unilaterally alter one another's powers without a process of constitutional amendment in which both levels of government participate.". Other alternatives included a confederacy as under the Articles of Confederation or a more strictly national government. Federalist No. 39 Federalist

neg: Apportionment (politics) 17th Amendment, ratified in 1913, provided for direct election of U.S. Senators. It did not however, change the principle of equal representation of the states in the Senate, which, as James Madison noted in "The Federalist No. 39", ensures a polity of mixed sovereignty, one in which the states are an integral part of the federal government. This, of course, is precisely why those who do not think the Constitution not "democratic" enough would wish to remove that portion of the Constitution. The 38 million people who live in the nation’s 22 least populous states are represented by 44 senators,

neg: Federalist No. 59 be the only entity within the government as a whole that can regulate its own elections, rather than the states or any other entity being able to regulate those elections. Allowing the states to regulate the elections of the federal government would leave existence, of a federalist Union entirely at the mercy of those states. Hamilton argued that the Article I, Section 4, specifically the first clause, of the constitution was completely defensible and important for the very core of the federal government because according to him in Federalist 59: Every Government ought to contain in itself the means of

neg: Federalist No. 23 Federalist No. 23 Federalist No. 23 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twenty-third of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 18, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. One of the more significant essays in the series, No. 23 attempts to justify the increased strength of the federal government under the proposed United States Constitution, compared to the then-active Articles of Confederation. The paper is entitled "The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union". Critics of the Constitution, particularly the

neg: Federalist No. 46 greatest assurance, that the throne of every tyranny in Europe would be speedily overturned in spite of the legions which surround it. The Anti-Federalists believed that the Constitution would only ruin America and their view of what it could be. Their fears manifested off of the belief that the Constitution would give the federal government too much power, take away their rights as American born citizens, as well as give the federal government complete control over the judicial system, making it less personal. Federalist No. 46 Federalist No. 46 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-sixth of "The Federalist

neg: Federalist No. 42 Federalist No. 42 Federalist No. 42 is an essay by James Madison, and the forty-second of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 22, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Federalist No. 42 continues a theme that was started in Federalist No. 41, and is titled "The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered". Here, Madison contends that the grant of specific powers to the federal government actually operates to limit the power of the federal government to act with respect to the states. In Federalist No. 41, Madison had

neg: Federalism in the United States the new Constitution became known as the Anti-Federalists. They generally were local rather than cosmopolitan in perspective, oriented to plantations and farms rather than commerce or finance, and wanted strong state governments and a weak national government. The Anti-Federalist critique soon centered on the absence of a bill of rights, which Federalists promised to provide. Because George Washington lent his prestige to the Constitution and because of the ingenuity and organizational skills of its proponents, the Constitution was ratified by all the states. The outgoing Congress of the Confederation scheduled elections for the new government, and set March 4, 1789

neg: Federalist No. 47 Madison is able to fabricate a powerful, and effective essay that persuades the citizens of the United States to look at the proposed constitution more favorably. Federalist No. 47 Federalist No. 47 is the forty-seventh paper from "The Federalist Papers". It was published on 30 January 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. James Madison was its actual author. This paper examines the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government under the proposed United States Constitution due to the confusion of the concept at the citizen level.

neg: Federalist No. 10 lays down, in no uncertain language, the principle that the first and elemental concern of every government is economic" (Beard 1913, p. 156). Douglass Adair attributes the increased interest in the tenth number to Charles A. Beard's book "An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution", published in 1913. Adair also contends that Beard's selective focus on the issue of class struggle, and his political progressivism, has colored modern scholarship on the essay. According to Adair, Beard reads No. 10 as evidence for his belief in "the Constitution as an instrument of class exploitation". Adair's own view is that Federalist No. 10

neg: Federalist No. 14 the formation of a new government and led to the writing of the United States Constitution. The Constitution proposed a stronger general government in which there would be three branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. Many concerns with the proposed document were presented by the Anti-Federalists. For the Constitution to be ratified, their concerns needed to be addressed and put to rest. Three delegates, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, recognized this hesitancy and took it upon themselves to defend and explicate the meaning and benefits of the Constitution. Together they penned 85 essays, dubbed "The Federalist" (later in the

neg: Federalist No. 66 written in the late 1780s to argue in favor of the ratification of the United States Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation, which served as the first form of a Constitution for the newly freed country. The Federalist Papers were directed towards the anti-federalists, those who opposed a stronger general government (especially the New York anti-federalists), both to persuade them and to persuade undecided citizens to ratify the Constitution.The first Federalist Paper was published on October 27, 1787 in the New York Independent Journal. The essays argued that the proposed government would preserve the Union and give power to

neg: Federalist No. 49 up of a small number of people, and points out that a small number of people could prompt the need for a convention. Instead, Madison explains, the proposed Constitution provides for a Legislative Branch consisting of many representatives, which can provide a check on the other two branches, and vice versa. Based on these reasons, Madison concludes that "appeals to the people would be neither a proper nor an effectual provision." Madison also contended for government transparency, claiming that "road to the decision of the people ought to be marked out and kept open." Federalist No. 49 Federalist No. 49

neg: Federalist No. 47 Federalist No. 47 Federalist No. 47 is the forty-seventh paper from "The Federalist Papers". It was published on 30 January 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. James Madison was its actual author. This paper examines the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government under the proposed United States Constitution due to the confusion of the concept at the citizen level. It is titled "The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts". Like the other Federalist Papers, No. 47

neg: Federalist No. 1 of arguments is one of the main reasons that the authors of these papers chose to use a pseudonym. Hamilton, predicting the initial Anti-Federalist response would continue, correctly foresaw the US Constitution as a polarizing issue. In reference to those who would oppose the Constitution, he claimed, "A torrent of angry and malignant passions will be let loose." According to Hamilton: An enlightened zeal for the energy and efficiency of government will be stigmatized as the offspring of a temper fond of despotic power and hostile to the principles of liberty. This prediction has proven false, with hardly any discussion

neg: Federalist No. 14 20th century they became known as "The Federalist Papers"), all which were printed in New York newspapers under the pseudonym "Publius" addressed "To the People of the State of New York." After 85 Federalist essays and 10 months of deliberation, the Constitution was ratified on July 21, 1788. The 14th Federalist Paper, written by James Madison, addressed the topics of identifying the form of government which the Union was trying to attain, the size of the Union, the separation of powers between the general government and the States, the traveling within the Union, and the benefits in regards to States

neg: History of the United States Constitution and soon thereafter, the process of organizing the new government began. On September 13, 1788, the Articles Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for it to go into effect. Congress fixed the city of New York as the temporary seat of the new government and set the dates for the election of representatives and presidential electors. It also set the date for operations to begin under the new government. This occurred on March 4, 1789, when the First Congress convened. The membership of the new Congress was decidedly federalist. In the eleven-state

neg: Simón Bolívar in New Granada and was one of the reasons for the deliberations, which met from 9 April to 10 June 1828. The convention almost ended up drafting a document which would have implemented a radically federalist form of government, which would have greatly reduced the powers of a central administration. The federalist faction was able to command a majority for the draft of a new constitution which has definite federal characteristics despite its ostensibly centralist outline. Unhappy with what would be the ensuing result, pro-Bolívar delegates withdrew from the convention, leaving it moribund. Two months after the failure of this

neg: Brutus (Antifederalist) Julius Caesar's assassins. One of the main objections to the Constitution argued by Brutus is the immense power of the federal government which requires the people to sacrifice their liberties. Like other Anti-Federalist writers, he argued that a bill of rights was necessary to protect the people from the government. He urged the people of New York not to ratify the Constitution and therefore give up powers to the government because "when the people once part with power, they can seldom or never resume it again but by force." In his view, Americans believe “that all men by nature are

neg: History of the United States Constitution ratify the new Constitution, with its vote being unanimous. Pennsylvania ratified on December 12, 1787, by a vote of 46 to 23 (66.67%). New Jersey ratified on December 19, 1787, and Georgia on January 2, 1788, both unanimously. The requirement of ratification by nine states, set by Article Seven of the Constitution, was met when New Hampshire voted to ratify, on June 21, 1788. In New York, fully two thirds of the convention delegates were at first opposed to the Constitution. Hamilton led the Federalist campaign, which included the fast-paced appearance of "The Federalist Papers" in New York newspapers. An

neg: Federalist No. 41 American Constitution to Great Britain's Constitution, stating that the British government could potentially become so corrupted that the relatively small representative body, elected by a small percentage of the population, have the power to indefinitely maintain an army as opposed to the American Constitution's strict rule of a vote every two years. In Anthony M. Bertelli's paper "Federalist No. 41: Does Polarization Inhibit Coordination?", he argues that all the limits the Constitution imposes on the government prevents the different branches from working together. He states that the Constitution does not incentivise coordination between government branches or political parties and that's

neg: Federalist No. 78 the general liberty of the people can never be endangered from that quarter; I mean so long as the judiciary remains truly distinct from both the legislature and the Executive. For I agree, that "there is no liberty, if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers. Federalist No. 78 views Supreme Court Justices as an embodiment of the Constitution, a last group to protect the foundation laws set up in the Constitution. This coincides with the view above that the judicial branch is the branch of judgment: The interpretation of the laws is the

neg: Anti-Federalist Papers legacy of the Anti-Federalist cause can be seen in the strong suspicion of centralized government held by many Americans to this day. Anti-Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers is the collective name given to works written by the Founding Fathers who were opposed to or concerned with the merits of the United States Constitution of 1787. Starting on 25 September 1787 (8 days after the final draft of the US Constitution) and running through the early 1790s, these anti-Federalists published a series of essays arguing against a stronger and more energetic union as embodied in the new Constitution. Although less influential than

neg: Federalist No. 78 proper and peculiar province of the courts. A constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body. According to Federalist No. 78, the federal courts have a duty to interpret and apply the Constitution, and to disregard any statute that is inconsistent with the Constitution: If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two, that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred;

neg: Federalist No. 23 from the states. The new Constitution resolved this issue by allowing the Union to levy troops and build fleets. To give the federal government less than complete power, Hamilton argued, would be "improvidently to trust the great interests of the nation to hands which are disabled from managing them with vigor and success." Thomas Jefferson, Federalist No. 23 Federalist No. 23 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twenty-third of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on December 18, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. One of the more significant essays

neg: Federalism in the United States as the date that the new government would take power. In 1789, Congress submitted twelve articles of amendment to the states. Ten of these articles, written by congressional committees, achieved passage on December 15, 1791 and became the United States Bill of Rights. The Tenth Amendment set the guidelines for federalism in the United States. As soon as the first Federalist movement dissipated, a second one sprang up to take its place. This one was based on the policies of Alexander Hamilton and his allies for a stronger national government, a loose construction of the Constitution, and a mercantile (rather

neg: Federalist No. 41 Federalist No. 41 Federalist No. 41, titled "General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution", is an essay written by James Madison as the forty-first of "The Federalist Papers". These essays were published by Alexander Hamilton, with John Jay and James Madison serving as co-authors, under the pseudonym "Publius." No. 41 was published on January 19, 1788 and argues about the necessity of the powers the Constitution vested upon the general government as well as the meaning of the phrase "general welfare". On September 17, 1787, the Constitution was finalized and needed ratification from the states. Shortly after, Anti-Federalists

neg: Federalist No. 16 At that time the states were disconnected, which made it harder to establish government and a stable union. If there was no union, the ratification of the constitution would have been hard to make happen. In Federalist 16, it is also stressed that the states need some control in order for the constitution to be accepted. If they are not exposed to the thought of a new constitution that will benefit everyone, there is a possibility that one state will become excessively powerful and try to rule the country in their own way. Hamilton explains "If the State was large

neg: Federalist No. 81 a constitution capable of offering both the people and states security. In May 1787 a national convention was held to discern what was currently wrong inside the union and how to address those issues within a new constitution which would unite the states. The outline of the constitution was promising, but it would not be very productive to simply drop an entire new system of government on a nation without first outlining the process first. John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton together collaborated on what would be known as the Federalist Papers a series of papers published in newspapers

neg: Federalist Era States had functioned under the Articles of Confederation, which provided for a loose confederation of states. At the 1787 Philadelphia Convention, delegates from most of the states wrote a new constitution that created a more powerful federal government. After the convention, this constitution was submitted to the states for ratification. Those who advocated ratification became known as Federalists, while those opposed to ratification became known as anti-Federalists. After the Federalists won the ratification debate in all but two states, the new constitution took effect and new elections were held for Congress and the presidency. The first elections returned large Federalist

neg: Federalist No. 71 and other states to ratify the proposed Constitution, which was a success at the end. This specific federalist paper stated that the government should serve the public good. The legislature would control the judicial and executive, so they can all come to agreements with any conflicts that may be argued. It was about deciding the duration of the presidential term in office and the advantages and disadvantages it had for the president. Having a certain duration develops personal firmness in the employment in his or her constitutional powers. It also sets up a stable system of administration adopted under his

neg: Constitution of Australia Australasian Convention) in Sydney in 1891, attended by colonial leaders. By the 1891 conference, significant momentum had been built for the federalist cause, and discussion turned to the proper system of government for a federal state. Under the guidance of Sir Samuel Griffith, a draft constitution was drawn up. However, these meetings lacked popular support. Furthermore, the draft constitution sidestepped certain important issues, such as tariff policy. The draft of 1891 was submitted to colonial parliaments but lapsed in New South Wales, after which the other colonies were unwilling to proceed. In 1895, the six premiers of the Australian colonies

neg: Federalist No. 23 Anti-Federalists who opposed the expansion of federal power, brought many counterarguments against Hamilton's position. Though they failed to carry the day, as the Constitution was indeed ratified, their concern about the federal government being too powerful motivated the Bill of Rights, particularly the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In the first 22 "Federalist" papers, Publius argued for the importance of the Union and that the Articles of Confederation were insufficient to preserve the Union. Federalist No. 23 begins a series of fourteen papers arguing in support of the basic thesis that an energetic federal government is necessary. Too-powerful

neg: United States Bill of Rights was," seeking amendments. Several conventions saw supporters for "amendments before" shift to a position of "amendments after" for the sake of staying in the Union. The New York Anti-Federalist "circular letter" was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for "amendments before", but it failed in the state legislatures. Ultimately, only North Carolina and Rhode Island waited for amendments from Congress before ratifying. Article Seven of the proposed Constitution set the terms by which the new frame of government would be established. The new Constitution would become operational when ratified by at least nine states. Only then

neg: The Federalist Papers in Albany, and No. 65 through the end by Hamilton, published after Madison had left for Virginia. "The Federalist Papers" (specifically Federalist No. 84) are notable for their opposition to what later became the United States Bill of Rights. The idea of adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution was originally controversial because the Constitution, as written, did not specifically enumerate or protect the rights of the people, rather it listed the powers of the government and left all that remained to the states and the people. Alexander Hamilton, the author of Federalist No. 84, feared that such an

neg: Federalist No. 44 of having both state and federal legislators and judicial officers swear an oath to the constitution, noting that the federal government is dependent upon the states to carry out policy. Federalist No. 44 Federalist No. 44 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-fourth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 25, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This essay addresses the Constitution's limitation of the power of individual states, something strongly decried by the Anti-Federalists, who sought a greater degree of sovereignty for the states. It is titled

neg: Federalist No. 73 Federalist No. 73 Federalist No. 73 is an essay by the 18th-century American statesman Alexander Hamilton. It is the seventy-third of "The Federalist Papers", a collection of articles written to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. It was published on March 21, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Its title is "The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power", and it is the seventh in a series of 11 essays discussing the powers and limitations of the Executive branch of the United States government. This

neg: History of the United States Constitution method proposed. "The Federalist Papers" provided background and justification for the Constitution. Some states agreed to ratify the Constitution only if the amendments that were to become the Bill of Rights would be taken up immediately by the new government, and they were duly proposed in the first session of the First Congress. Once the Confederation Congress certified that eleven states had ratified the Constitution, elections were held, the new government began on March 4, 1789, and the Articles Congress dissolved itself. Later Amendments address individual liberties and freedoms, federal relationships, election procedures, terms of office, expanding the electorate, ending

neg: Letter and spirit of the law blood. Interpretations of the U.S. Constitution have historically divided on the "Letter versus Spirit" debate. For example, at the founding, the Federalist Party argued for a looser interpretation of the Constitution, granting Congress broad powers in keeping with the spirit of the broader purpose of some founders (notably including the Federalist founders' purposes). The Federalists would have represented the "spirit" aspect. In contrast, the Democratic-Republicans, who favored a limited federal government, argued for the strict interpretation of the Constitution, arguing that the federal government was granted only those powers enumerated in the Constitution, and nothing not explicitly stated; they represented

neg: Federalist No. 82 He also defends the section of the constitution that gives the Supreme Court automatic jurisdiction over cases where a state is an involved party. Federalist No. 82 Federalist No. 82 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the eighty-second of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on July 2, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. Its title is "The Judiciary Continued", and it is the fifth in a series of six essays discussing the powers and limitations of the judicial branch of government. The essay focuses on explaining the breadth of jurisdiction

neg: Federalist No. 46 Federalist No. 46 Federalist No. 46 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-sixth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 29, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. This essay examines the relative strength of the state and federal governments under the proposed United States Constitution. It is titled "The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared". Madison reaffirmed the arguments made in previous papers by Alexander Hamilton. In this paper, Madison asserts the advantages that state governments have over the federal government in terms of securing the

neg: Federalist No. 21 all of the money requested by Congress, but they did pay some. When the situation became dire, one or more states would always come through". There was not an accurate or reasonable way for a government to tax each state individually to reduce the national debt. Federalist No. 21 Federalist No. 21, written by Alexander Hamilton, highlights the defects in the Constitution. It was published on December 12, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It is titled "Other Defects of the Present Confederation", and explains how the Articles of Confederation failed

neg: History of the United States Constitution (minus North Carolina and Rhode Island) Senate 20 were Federalist and two Anti-federalist (both from Virginia). The House included 48 Federalists and 11 Anti-federalists (from four states: Massachusetts, New York, South Carolina, and Virginia). On April 6 the House and Senate held a joint meeting to count the electoral vote. George Washington was unanimously elected the first president, even receiving the electoral vote of ardent anti-federalist Patrick Henry. John Adams of Massachusetts was elected vice president. Both were sworn into office on April 30, 1789. The business of setting up the new government was completed. Anti-Federalists' fears of personal oppression

neg: Federalist Era ratify the Constitution after 1788. The Constitution had established the basic layout of the federal government, but much of the structure of the government was established during the Federalist Era. The Constitution empowers the president to appoint the heads of the federal executive departments with the advice and consent of the Senate. President Washington and the Senate established a precedent whereby the president alone would make executive and judicial nominations, but these nominees would not hold their positions in a permanent capacity until they won Senate confirmation. President Washington organized his principal officers into the Cabinet of the United States,

neg: Maryland Federalist Maryland Federalist Maryland Federalist is a replica ship built in 1987 and now located at BWI Airport near Concourse D. The ship is a replica of the miniature ship "Federalist" which was built in 1788. The merchants of Baltimore celebrated Maryland's ratification of the United States Constitution on April 28, 1788, by building a miniature ship called "Federalist". The ship was designed by Joshua Barney, a native of Baltimore and commodore in the United States Navy. "Federalist" was the centerpiece of a parade in Baltimore before being sailed by Barney down the Chesapeake Bay and up the Potomac River to

neg: Anti-Federalist Papers the anti-Federalists, which Akhil Reed Amar of the Yale Law School generalized as: a localist fear of a powerful central government, a belief in the necessity of direct citizen participation in democracy, and a distrust of wealthy merchants and industrialists. Essays with titles such as "A Dangerous Plan of Benefit Only to The 'Aristocratick Combination'" and "New Constitution Creates a National Government; Will Not Abate Foreign Influence; Dangers of Civil War And Despotism" fill the collection, and reflect the strong feelings of the authors. In the table below, a selection of Anti-Federalist papers have been contrasted with their Federalist counterparts.

neg: Constitution of Bangladesh of judicial review. Despite constitutional guarantees of fundamental human rights, Bangladesh's government and security forces are accused of many human rights abuses. According to Amnesty International, the government of Bangladesh has sought to trample its citizens' right to free speech on the internet through the Information and Communications Technology Act. The law can be argued to be in violation of Article 39 of the constitution. The Foreign Donations (Voluntary Activities) Regulation Act which imposed the government's restrictions over the work of non governmental organizations. The law has also been argued to be against the spirit of the constitution. In 2017,

neg: Federalist No. 81 behind only Federalist No. 42 and Federalist No. 78. Federalist No. 81 addresses how the powers of the judiciary should be distributed. It deals with potential fears for the irreversible effects of judicial activism. Before the U.S Constitution was implemented the states were held together by the Articles of Confederation, which served as a loose tie between the states during the Revolutionary War. The articles were lacking in many ways and was unsuitable to create a long lasting and effective government capable of sustaining a nation. It became apparent that the U.S. would not last long if they couldn't draft

neg: Federalist No. 52 discretion of the States, would have been improper for the same reason; and for the additional reason that it would have rendered (IT)too dependent on the State governments that branch of the federal government which ought to be dependent on the people alone. Federalist paper no.52 also continues on to Federalist paper no.53 titled "House of Representative continued" to continue Madison's argument about biennial election and reassuring that their liberty will be secure under the proposed constitution. Before the creation of Federalist No. 52, the United States was run under the Articles of Confederation. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress

neg: Federalist Era Federalist Era The Federalist Era in American history ran from roughly 1788-1800, a time when the Federalist Party and its predecessors were dominant in American politics. During this period, Federalists generally controlled Congress and enjoyed the support of President George Washington and President John Adams. The era saw the creation of a new, stronger federal government under the United States Constitution. The era began with the ratification of the United States Constitution and ended with the Democratic-Republican Party's victory in the 1800 elections. During the 1780s, an era sometimes known as the "Confederation Period" of United States history, the United

neg: Federalist No. 43 by the state ceding land for the federal district to the inhabitants of the ceded territory and that the citizens in the federal district "will have had their voice in the election of the government which is to exercise authority over them." This assertion is often cited in the efforts for DC Home Rule and DC Statehood. It also deals with the Treason Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Federalist No. 43 Federalist No. 43 is an essay by James Madison, the forty-third of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on January 23, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under

neg: United States Electoral College by the House of Representatives. of the Constitution states: The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution: According to the text of Article II, however, each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors, and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors. Several methods for selecting electors are described below. The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800. In 1796, Federalist Party candidate John Adams won

neg: Partitions of Poland as far back as the first days of Poland's statehood. The Ottoman Empire was one of only two countries in the world that refused to accept the partitions and reserved a place in its diplomatic corps for an Ambassador of Lehistan (Poland). "", the Italian National Anthem, contains a reference to the partition. The ongoing partitions of Poland were a major topic of discourse in The Federalist Papers, where the structure of the government of Poland, and of foreign influence over it, is used in several papers (Federalist No. 14, Federalist No. 19, Federalist No. 22, Federalist No. 39 for

neg: Federalist Society Federalist Society The Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies, most frequently called the Federalist Society, is an organization of conservatives and libertarians seeking reform of the current Law of the United States in accordance with what the organization says is a textualist or originalist interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. Founded in 1982, it is one of the nation's most influential legal organizations. The organization plays a central role in networking and mentoring young conservative lawyers. According to Amanda Hollis-Brusky, the author of "Ideas with Consequences: The Federalist Society and the Conservative Counterrevolution", the Federalist Society "has evolved into

neg: Nullification (U.S. Constitution) safely established under the first alone, is a position not likely to be combated." Federalist No. 44 discusses the role of the states in checking actions of Congress that exceed its delegated powers. According to Federalist No. 44, the role of the states is to "sound the alarm" regarding any unconstitutional exercise of power by Congress, and to assist in electing new representatives to Congress. Federalist No. 44 does not imply that the states have the power to legally nullify federal law, although this would have been an appropriate context in which to mention it if such a power were

neg: Cohens v. Virginia power of construing the Constitution and laws of the Union in every case, in the last resort, and of preserving them from all violation from every quarter, so far as judicial decisions can preserve them." The Court also said that if state court decisions involving federal law were unreviewable by federal courts, then there would be as many interpretations of federal law as there are states. Quoting The Federalist No. 80, the Court found that the Constitution was not intended to create "a hydra in government from which nothing but contradiction and confusion can proceed." Rather, relying on The Federalist

neg: Federalist No. 10 the Constitution was designed to check". Discussing a California provision that forbids candidates from running as independents within one year of holding a partisan affiliation, Justice Byron White made apparent the Court's belief that Madison spoke for the framers of the Constitution: "California apparently believes with the Founding Fathers that splintered parties and unrestrained factionalism may do significant damage to the fabric of government. See The Federalist, No. 10 (Madison)". Madison's argument that restraining liberty to limit faction is an unacceptable solution has been used by opponents of campaign finance limits. Justice Clarence Thomas, for example, invoked Federalist No. 10

neg: Federalist No. 76 The new structure of government was a key ideal written in the Constitution of the United States, signed on September 17, 1787 by delegates of the Continental Congress. In regards to Federalist Paper 76, the essay discusses the arrangement of the power of appointment and the distribution of power. Hamilton wrote Federalist 76 in support of the proposals from the Constitutional Convention. Publius begins this essay by quoting the Appointments Clause of the proposed United States Constitution. Publius then states that "it is not easy to conceive a plan better calculated than this" and explains why he believes that is

neg: Federalist No. 41 began publishing papers arguing against the Constitution, motivating Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison to respond with The Federalist Papers. Many anti-federalists believed the government's revenue-raising power should not be restricted to only external taxes. In previous essays, Publius had already shown that, "extensive powers for the national government were necessary means of attaining a necessary end." However, critics continued to argue that these extensive powers were too broad, unnecessary, and easily abused. "Federalist No. 41 - 46" examine the powers given to the general government and address concerns about the divisions of powers raised in Federalist No. 37.

neg: The Federalist Papers Convention, September 17, 1787 by publishing firm J. & A. McLean in March and May 1788. The collection was commonly known as "The Federalist" until the name "The Federalist Papers" emerged in the 20th century. The authors of "The Federalist" intended to influence the voters to ratify the Constitution. In "Federalist No. 1", they explicitly set that debate in broad political terms: It has been frequently remarked, that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not, of

neg: Centralist Republic of Mexico and began a pro-federalist revolt in Sonora with the intention of reestablishing the 1824 Constitution of Mexico as the law of the land. With the support of federalist politicians in Sonora, Urrea gathered followers and traveled to Sinaloa in hopes of appealing to the federalist politicians there as well. However he was instead intercepted and defeated in Sinaloa by Centralist government forces and was taken prisoner effectively ending the rebellion in Sonora and Sinaloa. The Tabasco rebellion started in 1839. Like the other rebellions, it was led by Federalist rebels who were against the Centralist government being implemented in Mexico.

neg: Federalist No. 1 in the "Federalist Papers": Federalist No. 1 Federalist No. 1 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, which became the first of a collection of essays named "The Federalist". It was published on October 27, 1787, under the pseudonym Publius. This paper provides the outline for the rest and argues for the inadequacy of the Articles of Confederation. Federalist No. 1 introduces a series of essays published in the "Independent Journal", the "New-York Packet", and the "Daily Advertiser" as a response to Anti-Federalist opposition to the proposed US Constitution. After the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the new Constitution was sent to

neg: Samuel Bryan 1787 and early 1788, and reflected the Anti-Federalist opposition to the Constitution. Letters XIX through XXIV were produced toward the end of 1788. By this time, the Constitution had been adopted, and these essays sought to sway the election of representatives to the new government. In 1789, a final series of 69 papers appeared regarding proposed amendments to the Constitution. Samuel Bryan Samuel Bryan (17591821) was a Pennsylvanian Anti-Federalist author, who wrote during the American Revolution. Historians generally ascribe to him the Letters of Centinel written under the pseudonym Centinel between 1787 and 1789. Centinel attacked the proposed Constitution of

neg: Federalist No. 85 Federalist No. 85 Federalist No. 85 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the eighty-fifth and last of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on August 13 and 16, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. The title is "Concluding Remarks". Federalist No. 85 begins with Publius quoting Federalist No. 1, stating that two points within the first essay have never been directly addressed. The first point was the resemblance of the proposed government's constitution to New York's own state constitution while the second point was the added security and safety of the

neg: Federalist No. 21 the Articles of Confederation became apparent, two schools of thought emerged. One was the Federalist party, which wanted a strong general government that could unite all of the independent states to protect America from invasion from other countries and from people and groups inside the country who might protest or rebel. With the strong general government of the new constitution, Congress would be able to pass and actually enforce laws and policies around the country. The other party, the anti-federalists, wanted the opposite, a weak general government that had little influence or power over the states, and counted among their

neg: Anti-Federalist Papers Constitution for the fledgling country. Two main competing factions emerged, the Federalists and the anti-Federalists. The former supported a more powerful central government while the latter opposed it. During the lengthy and heated national debate following this convention, both groups wrote extensively in favor of their respective positions. The anti-Federalist papers are a selection of the written arguments against the US Constitution by those known to posterity as the anti-Federalists. As with the Federalist papers, these essays were originally published in newspapers. The most widely known are "a series of sixteen essays published in the New York Journal from October,

neg: Federalist No. 16 the growing states as a whole. There was a hope for an army that can provide safety for all who are citizens of America and a need for strong individuals, both physically and mentally, who could provide the protection. Federalist 16 explains the states need a new national constitution to be put in motion but putting together a large and cohesive army that will stand behind our new found country and new founding government. The constitution is supposed to bring great stability in government and give the country a unified rule so that there wouldn't be multiple small sections that

neg: Federalist No. 16 Federalist No. 16 Federalist No. 16, titled "The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union", is one out of the eighty-five articles collected in the document The Federalist Papers (formerly known as The Federalists). The entire collection of papers was written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Federalist Paper No. 16, written by Alexander Hamilton, was published on December 4, 1787. According to James Madison, "the immediate object of them was to vindicate and recommend the new Constitution to the State of [New York] whose ratification of the instrument, was doubtful, as

neg: Federalist No. 16 would try to rule their own way, with many misunderstanding and no concise rule. Federalist No. 16 Federalist No. 16, titled "The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union", is one out of the eighty-five articles collected in the document The Federalist Papers (formerly known as The Federalists). The entire collection of papers was written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Federalist Paper No. 16, written by Alexander Hamilton, was published on December 4, 1787. According to James Madison, "the immediate object of them was to vindicate and recommend the new Constitution

neg: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution establish executive privilege, which means that they can enforce statutes and laws already passed by Congress. They can also enforce the Constitution and treaties that were previously made by other branches of government. The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates." One may claim that the judiciary has historically been

neg: Federalist No. 14 Federalist No. 14 Federalist No. 14 is an essay by James Madison titled "Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered". This essay is the fourteenth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on November 30, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It addresses a major objection of the Anti-Federalists to the proposed United States Constitution: that the sheer size of the United States would make it impossible to govern justly as a single country. Madison touched on this issue in Federalist No. 10 and returns to it in

neg: Federalist No. 1 Federalist No. 1 Federalist No. 1 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, which became the first of a collection of essays named "The Federalist". It was published on October 27, 1787, under the pseudonym Publius. This paper provides the outline for the rest and argues for the inadequacy of the Articles of Confederation. Federalist No. 1 introduces a series of essays published in the "Independent Journal", the "New-York Packet", and the "Daily Advertiser" as a response to Anti-Federalist opposition to the proposed US Constitution. After the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the new Constitution was sent to the various states for

neg: Jeffrey Rosen Constitution on a non-partisan basis." Rosen has worked to create an environment in which Americans with different political perspectives can convene on all media platforms for constitutional education and debate. With a $5.5 million grant from the Templeton Foundation, he formed the Coalition of Freedom Advisory Board, chaired by the heads of the conservative Federalist Society and liberal American Constitution Society, to oversee the creation of the "Interactive Constitution," which the College Board has made a centerpiece of the new AP history and government exams. The Interactive Constitution project commissions scholars to write about every clause of the Constitution, discussing

neg: Anti-Federalism against the Constitution. They argued that the strong national government proposed by the Federalists was a threat to the rights of individuals and that the president would become a king. They objected to the federal court system created by the proposed constitution. This produced a phenomenal body of political writing; the best and most influential of these articles and speeches were gathered by historians into a collection known as the "Anti-Federalist Papers" in allusion to the "Federalist Papers". In many states the opposition to the Constitution was strong (although Delaware, Georgia, and New Jersey ratified quickly with little controversy), and

neg: Printz v. United States federalism in the United States is based upon "dual sovereignty", quoting Federalist No. 39's assurance that states retain "a residual and inviolable sovereignty". The Court stated that the Framers designed the Constitution to allow Federal regulation of international and interstate matters, not internal matters reserved to the State Legislatures. The Court expressed a worry that Members of Congress might take credit for "solving" a problem with policies that impose all the financial and administrative burden, as well as the blame, on local officials. The Court quoted Federalist No. 51’s argument that by giving voters control over dual sovereign governments “a

neg: Asymmetric federalism and rights and obligations that are set in the constitution. This type of asymmetry can be called "de jure" asymmetry (Brown 2). The second type reflects agreements which come out of national policy, opting out, and (depending on one's definition of the term) bilateral and "ad hoc" deals with specific provinces, none of which are entrenched in the constitution. This type of asymmetry is known as "de facto" asymmetry. The Canadian federation uses a combination of these, which make up its asymmetrical character. The Constitution of Canada is broadly symmetric but contains certain specific sections that apply only to certain

neg: Federalist No. 52 still have to be passed by the House of Representative first before it can reach the Senate. As James Madison wrote in Federalist No. 39, "The House of Representatives will derive its powers from the people of America...The Senate, on the other hand, will derive its powers from the States, as political and co-equal societies; and these will be represented on the principle of equality in the Senate." Currently, most of the United States' rules and regulation for the House of Representatives have not changed since they were introduced in the Constitution. The qualification criteria remain the same as well:

neg: Federalist No. 67 also chastises opponents of the Constitution who believe the President is granted excessive power by being allowed to fill vacancies in the Senate. Hamilton points out this power is limited in scope as the President's appointments expire at the end of the Senate's next session, and permanent appointments are left to the state legislatures. Hamilton's arguments are a response to anti-federalist arguments against the new constitution and the strong general government that it implied. The anti-federalists feared that the national government would weaken their individual states and that national debts would burden the country, and were particularly concerned with the

neg: Plácido Benavides the SW Corner of S. Main and Juan Linn in Victoria, marks the site of the Benavides Round Top house. When Antonio López de Santa Anna became President of Mexico on April 1, 1833, he revoked the 1824 Constitution of Mexico and replaced its Federalist form of government with a Centralist regime to further his military dictatorship. He appointed his brother-in-law Martín Perfecto de Cos as commandant-general northeast of Saltillo. Some in the De Leon extended family felt loyal to the Federalist government of the constitution. On April 28, 1835, federal legislation in Mexico invalidated the Four Hundred League Law

neg: Federalist Era of rights. They also objected to the new powerful central government, the loss of prestige for the states, and saw the Constitution as a potential threat to personal liberties. During the ratification process the Anti-Federalists presented a significant opposition in all but three states. The major stumbling block for the Anti-Federalists, according to Elkins and McKitrick's "The Age of Federalism", was that the supporters of the Constitution had been more deeply committed, had cared more, and had outmaneuvered the less energetic opposition. The Anti-Federalists did temporarily prevent ratification in two states, North Carolina and Rhode Island, but both states would

neg: Federalism in the United States its own." In 1787, fifty-five delegates met at a Constitutional convention in Philadelphia and generated ideas of a bicameral legislature (United States Congress), balanced representation of small and large states (Great Compromise), and checks and balances. James Madison stated in a long pre-convention memorandum to delegates that because "one could hardly expect the state legislatures to take enlightened views on national affairs", stronger central government was necessary. This convention almost immediately dropped its original mandate and instead set about constructing a new Constitution of the United States. Once the convention concluded and released the Constitution for public consumption, the Federalist

neg: Federalist No. 2 Federalist No. 2 Federalist No. 2 is an essay written by John Jay, the second of "The Federalist Papers", a series of 85 essays arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution. These essays, written by Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, were published under the pseudonym "Publius". Federalist No. 2, titled "Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence", was published on October 31, 1787, as the first of five essays written by Jay where he addresses the advantages of a unified government over separate sovereignties. He discusses how an undivided country enforces laws with more efficiency, resolves conflicts,

neg: Federalist No. 10 in a dissent against a ruling supporting limits on campaign contributions, writing: "The Framers preferred a political system that harnessed such faction for good, preserving liberty while also ensuring good government. Rather than adopting the repressive 'cure' for faction that the majority today endorses, the Framers armed individual citizens with a remedy". Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 10 is an essay written by James Madison as the tenth of "The Federalist Papers": a series of essays initiated by Alexander Hamilton arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution. Published on November 22, 1787 under the name "Publius", "Federalist No.

neg: Federalist loose confederation of Provinces known as the Argentine Confederation. Although the Unitarians were exiled in neighboring countries, the Civil War continued for two decades. Buenos Aires Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas exerted a growing hegemony over the rest of the country during his 1835-1852 Government and resisted several Unitarian uprisings, but was finally defeated in 1852 by a coalition Army gathered by Entre Ríos Federalist Governor Justo José de Urquiza, who accused Rosas of not complying with Federal Pact provisions for a National Constitution. In 1853, a Federal Constitution was enacted (the current Constitution of Argentina, through amendments) and Urquiza

neg: Federalist No. 78 to have neither FORCE nor WILL, but merely judgment; and must ultimately depend upon the aid of the executive arm even for the efficacy of its judgments. Because of the courts' weakness, Federalist No. 78 sees the possibility of corruption using judicial review as a non-issue. The people will never be in danger if the structure of the government written up in the Constitution remains. It also asserts that judgment needs to be removed from the groups that make the legislation and rule: It equally proves, that though individual oppression may now and then proceed from the courts of justice,

neg: Federalist No. 14 people of New York to choose the Union and not the disunion of the States. Federalist No. 14 Federalist No. 14 is an essay by James Madison titled "Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered". This essay is the fourteenth of "The Federalist Papers". It was published on November 30, 1787 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all "The Federalist" papers were published. It addresses a major objection of the Anti-Federalists to the proposed United States Constitution: that the sheer size of the United States would make it impossible to govern justly as a single

neg: Necessary and Proper Clause themselves. The draft Necessary and Proper Clause provoked controversy during discussions of the proposed constitution, and its inclusion became a focal point of criticism for those opposed to the Constitution's ratification. While Anti-Federalists expressed concern that the clause would grant the federal government boundless power, Federalists argued that the clause would only permit execution of power already granted by the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton spoke vigorously for this second interpretation in Federalist No. 33. At this time James Madison concurred with Hamilton, arguing in Federalist No. 44 that without this clause, the constitution would be a "dead letter". At the Virginia

neg: Federalism in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state. The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government. In contrast, Europe has a greater

neg: 1824 Constitution of Mexico represent the states, but the people who constituted the nation. As the representative of the Mexican people, Congress possessed greater power and authority than the state legislatures. In a sense, they were reasserting the position which had prevailed in Cádiz in 1812. Midway between these extremes stood men like the federalist Ramos Arizpe, who believed that the national government and the states shared sovereignty. Although they favoured states’ rights, they nevertheless believed that the national government had to command sufficient power to function effectively. The confederalist/federalist factions were opposed by a tiny minority of centralists who argued that sovereignty was

neg: Federalist No. 33 in 1788) to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. Hamilton notes that the Necessary and Proper Clause and the Supremacy Clause "have been the source of much virulent invective and petulant declamation against the proposed Constitution." This stirs up much of the issues amongst the people due to the uncertainty of the consequences of granting the government "too much power". He argues that the first clause is implicit in the constitution—if congress is granted a power, it must necessarily be able to draft laws that enable it to execute that power. Hamilton then applies this line of logic