query: who was heading indian army 1971 bangladesh war

pos: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 rapidly converged on Dacca, the capital of East Pakistan. Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, the GOC-in-C of the Indian Army's Eastern Command, led the full Indian thrust into East Pakistan. As the Indian Eastern Command attacked the Pakistan Eastern Command, the Indian Air Force rapidly destroyed the small air contingent in East Pakistan and put the Dacca airfield out of commission. In the meantime, the Indian Navy effectively blockaded East Pakistan. The Indian campaign's ""blitzkrieg"" techniques exploited weaknesses in the Pakistani positions and bypassed opposition; this resulted in a swift victory. Faced with insurmountable losses, the Pakistani military capitulated in

neg: 1971 (2007 film) of 1971. 1971 was included in Avijit Ghosh's book, "40 Retakes: Bollywood Classics You May Have Missed" The story takes place in Pakistan in 1977, six years after the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. It takes place based on the role of Indian army who came forward to help in the freedom of Bangladesh from Pakistan on the orders from then Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The title of the movie alludes to the year when this War between Bangladesh and Pakistan took place. The scene opens to show a POW camp at an undisclosed location in Pakistan. Indian soldiers are

neg: 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes worsened due to the existence of over 190 enclaves. One of the disputed areas was a small sliver of land near the village of Padua/Pyrdiwah, on the border between Bangladesh and the Indian state of Meghalaya, which during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War was used by Indian security forces to train the Bangladeshi Mukti Bahini, who were fighting the Pakistani Army. After its liberation, Bangladesh staked its claim to the area in which the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) had established a post in since 1971. The village is one of the Indian exclaves on the border between Bangladesh and

neg: Prisoners of war during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 "Mukti Bahini" who were seeking their revenge on Pakistani servicemen. In December 1971, the Provisional Government of Bangladesh had shown their intention to India regarding the war prisoners, creating controversy between the India and Bangladesh, as Bangladeshis wanting to hold the cases on the Pakistani servicemen who would be charge with the crimes against humanity in their special courts, and strongly opposed the Indian Army's plan for transferring of war prisoners. From 1971 till 1972, the Indian Army quickly transferred the war prisoners to their special war camps in different parts of India through train and air transportation, mainly due

neg: Bangladesh Liberation War and sailors who defected from the Pakistani Navy) aided the Indians in the marine warfare, carrying out attacks, most notably Operation Jackpot. On 16 December 1971, Lt. Gen Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, CO of Pakistan Army forces located in East Pakistan signed the Instrument of Surrender. At the time of surrender only a few countries had provided diplomatic recognition to the new nation. Over 93,000 Pakistani troops surrendered to the Indian forces & Bangladesh Liberation forces, making it the largest surrender since World War II, although the Pakistani Army had fought gallantly according to Indian Army Chief Sam Manekshaw. Bangladesh

neg: 1971 Bangladesh genocide were just slain by a flick of one Officer's fingers should suffice as an example". The commission's report and findings were suppressed by the Pakistani government for more than 30 years, but were leaked to the Indian and Pakistani media in 2000. However, the commission's lowly death toll of 26,000 was criticised as an attempt to whitewash the war. Several former West Pakistani Army officers who served in Bangladesh during the 1971 war have admitted to large-scale atrocities by their forces. The government of Pakistan continues to deny that the 1971 Bangladesh genocide took place under Pakistan's rule of Bangladesh

neg: Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War conducted to factor in the new directives or specific plans were drawn up to attain these objectives. The revised plan was sent to Rawalpindi and approved in August 1971. Pakistan army probably enjoyed their most peaceful period during the occupation of Bangladesh in 1971 between Late May and mid July, when Mukti Bahini was reorganising and the Indian army was implementing Operation Jackpot in their support. The draft plan of Lt. Gen K.K Singh, DMO of Indian army was presented to Eastern Command in August 1971. The strategic assumptions and objectives of this plan were as follows: However, Gen. K.K.

neg: M. A. G. Osmani M. A. G. Osmani Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani (; 1 September 1918 – 16 February 1984), also known as Bangabir (the Hero of Bengal), was the commander-in-chief of the Bangladesh Forces during the 1971 Bangladesh War of Independence. Osmani's career spanned five decades, beginning with service in the British Indian Army in 1939. He fought in Burma during World War II, and served in the Pakistan Army until 1967. Osmani was appointed head of the Bengali armed resistance in 1971 by the Provisional Government of Bangladesh, and he is regarded as the founder of the Bangladesh Armed Forces. General Osmani

neg: Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh) 25 March 1971 primarily at Dhaka and subsequently extending it to the entire of Bangladesh. Gradually, the Bangladesh Forces organised small groups of guerrilla fighters who followed 'hit and run' tactics. As a third stage in the war, the Bengali military personnel who were members of Pakistan Army, Navy and Air Force deserted their respective units to join Bangladesh Forces and organised them into regular units across the border of Indian territory primarily as Land Force. A small group of Naval Commandos also opened the Naval wing and a few Pilots and Airmen formed the Air Wing. Bangladesh Army After

neg: Birangona Birangona Birangona (Bengali: "war heroine") was the title awarded by the Government of Bangladesh to women raped in the Bangladesh Liberation war. On 16 December 1971 Bangladesh won its independence from Pakistan through the Bangladesh Liberation war. There was mass rape during the Bangladesh Liberation war with an estimated 200,000-400,000 women were raped by Pakistan Army and their collaborators. On 22 December 1971 the Government of Bangladesh declared women who had been raped Birangona or war-heroine. President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman asked Bangladesh to ""give due honor and dignity to the women oppressed by the Pakistani army"" and called them his

neg: Himangshu Mohan Choudhury 2013. Himangshu Mohan Choudhury Himangshu Mohan Choudhury is an Indian civil servant who is credited with efforts in providing relief to the refugees and army deserters during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. While working as the Sub-Divisional Officer at Sonamura in the Indian border state of Tripura, Choudhury is reported to have supervised the task of providing food and shelter to over two hundred and fifty thousand refugees. He was honoured by the Government of India in 1972 with Padma Shri, the fourth-highest Indian civilian award. The Government of Bangladesh presented him with the "Outstanding friend of Bangladesh" honour

neg: Himangshu Mohan Choudhury Himangshu Mohan Choudhury Himangshu Mohan Choudhury is an Indian civil servant who is credited with efforts in providing relief to the refugees and army deserters during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. While working as the Sub-Divisional Officer at Sonamura in the Indian border state of Tripura, Choudhury is reported to have supervised the task of providing food and shelter to over two hundred and fifty thousand refugees. He was honoured by the Government of India in 1972 with Padma Shri, the fourth-highest Indian civilian award. The Government of Bangladesh presented him with the "Outstanding friend of Bangladesh" honour in

neg: Operation Jackpot when the Pakistani army surrendered. Operation Jackpot Operation Jackpot was the codename for several military operations during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Indian Army Eastern Command initiated the original "Operation Jackpot", an integrated logistical and training operation for the Mukti Bahini on 15 August 1971. Operation Jackpot also refers to the simultaneous attacks of Bengali naval commandos as part of Mukti Bahini on 15 August during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The commando operation that sabotaged Pakistan Navy and her assets in Chittagong, Chandpur, Mongla and Naryanganj on 15 August is known as "Operation Jackpot". It was the

neg: Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War Prior to Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, India had no plans for large scale military action in East Pakistan. Since the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the primary objective of the Indian Army Eastern Command was the defence of the Indian northern and eastern borders, defending the "Shiliguri Corridor", and on combating insurgencies raging in Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur and the Naxalites in West Bengal. Since 1948 bulk of the Pakistani armed forces were stationed in West Pakistan and the strategic role of the forces in East Pakistan was to hold out until Pakistan defeated

neg: History of Bangladesh after independence the government over the internet or any other media, would be met with various degrees of prison terms. History of Bangladesh after independence The history of Bangladesh after independence begins in 1971 with the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan. Upon his release on 10 January 1972, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman briefly assumed the provisional presidency and later took office as the prime minister, heading all organs of government and decision-making. The politicians elected in 1970 formed the provisional parliament of the new state. The Mukti Bahini and other militias amalgamated to form a new Bangladeshi army to which Indian forces transferred

neg: History of Bangladesh after independence History of Bangladesh after independence The history of Bangladesh after independence begins in 1971 with the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan. Upon his release on 10 January 1972, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman briefly assumed the provisional presidency and later took office as the prime minister, heading all organs of government and decision-making. The politicians elected in 1970 formed the provisional parliament of the new state. The Mukti Bahini and other militias amalgamated to form a new Bangladeshi army to which Indian forces transferred control on 17 March. The government faced serious challenges, which including the rehabilitation of millions of people displaced

neg: J. F. R. Jacob J. F. R. Jacob Jack Farj Rafael Jacob (2May 1921 – 13January 2016), was an Indian Army officer. He was best known for the role he played in the creation of Bangladesh in the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. Jacob, then a major general, served as the chief of staff of the Indian Army's Eastern Command. During his 36-year long career in the army, Jacob fought in World War II and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. He later served as the governor of the Indian states of Goa and Punjab. Jacob was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Bengal Presidency, British

neg: Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971 Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971 The Indo-Pakistani Naval war of 1971 consisted of a series of naval battles fought between the Indian and Pakistani Navies during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The battles were a part of the India-Pakistan War and the Bangladesh Liberation War. The series of naval operations began with the Indian Navy exerting pressure from the seas, while the Indian Army and Indian Air Force moved in to close the ring round East Pakistan on land. The naval operations incorporated the naval interdiction, air defence, ground support, and logistics missions. With the success of the Indian Navy's

neg: Jessore Cantonment was found dead inside the barracks of the cantonment. During the 2013- 2014 Bangladesh unrest, allegations arose that Indian military personnel were deployed at Jashore Cantonment. The Bangladesh ministry of Foreign Affairs vehemently denied the allegations. Jessore Cantonment Jashore Cantonment is a cantonment located in the southern part of Bangladesh in Jashore District outside Jashore town. Ferdousi Priyabhashini was raped in Jashore Cantonment during Bangladesh Liberation War. It had a prisoner camp were Pakistani army carried out rape, torture, and execution. On 6 December 1971, Jashore Cantonment was captured during Bangladesh Liberation war by the Pine Division of the Indian

neg: 1971 Bangladesh genocide genocide. Pakistani historian Yaqoob Khan Bangash described the actions of the Pakistani Army during the Bangladesh Liberation war as a "rampage". 1971 Bangladesh genocide The genocide in Bangladesh began on 26 March 1971 with the launch of Operation Searchlight, as West Pakistan began a military crackdown on the Eastern wing of the nation to suppress Bengali calls for self-determination rights. During the nine-month-long Bangladesh war for independence, members of the Pakistani military and supporting Islamist militias from Jamaat-e-Islami killed up to 3,000,000 people and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women, according to Bangladeshi and Indian sources, in a systematic

neg: Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace the Pakistani Army. Between 8 and 10 million refugees poured into India during 1971, increasing tensions between India and Pakistan. At the outbreak of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Joint Force including regular army of Bangladesh, Mukti Bahini and the Indian Military liberated then East Pakistan, leading to the establishment of Bangladesh. India's role in the independence of Bangladesh led to the development of strong bilateral relations. Then-Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi spoke along with Bangladesh's founding leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman before more than 500,000 people at Suhrawardy Udyan in Dhaka. The twelve Articles incorporated in the treaty were:

neg: Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971 inflicted heavy casualties on the advancing Indians". At the end, each general officers in the Air Force and Army placed General Niazi's incompetency and failure as responsible for causing the war, Sharif concluded. Sharif also noted that: Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971 The Indo-Pakistani Naval war of 1971 consisted of a series of naval battles fought between the Indian and Pakistani Navies during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The battles were a part of the India-Pakistan War and the Bangladesh Liberation War. The series of naval operations began with the Indian Navy exerting pressure from the seas, while the Indian

neg: East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971 East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971 East Pakistan Air Operations covers activity of the Pakistan Air Force and Pakistan Army Aviation units in erstwhile East Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War and the interdiction, air defense, ground support, and logistics missions flown by the Bangladesh Air Force, Indian Air Force and Indian Navy Aviation wing in support of the Indian Amry and Mukti Bahini in the eastern theater of the Indo-Pakistani conflict of 1971 . The Indian Air force helped the Mukti Bahini organize a formation of light aircraft (called "Kilo flight") which were manned and serviced by Bengali pilots and

neg: Swadhinata Stambha freedom from Pakistan. On 16 December 1971, the commander-in-chief of East Pakistan Army Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi surrendered to the joint force of Mukti Bahini and Indian Army in this ground. To commemorate the historic events of the Liberation War of Bangladesh, the Government of Bangladesh decided to restore the memories of the war and build the Swadhinata Stambha. In 1996, the Government of Bangladesh decided to build a monument to restore the memories of Bangladesh Liberation War in Suhrawardy Udyan of Dhaka. In 1997 a competition was organised to select the best monument for the proposed project in Suhrawardy

neg: Foreign relations of India 1997, which allowed for the return of tribal refugees who had fled into India, beginning in 1986, to escape violence caused by an insurgency in their homeland in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Bangladesh Army maintains a very strong presence in the area to this day. The army is increasingly concerned about a growing problem of cultivation of illegal drugs. There are also small pieces of land along the border region that Bangladesh is diplomatically trying to reclaim. Padua, part of Sylhet Division before 1971, has been under Indian control since the war in 1971. This small strip of land

neg: History of aviation in Bangladesh and new airports had been established out of former Royal Air Force stations at Jessore, Chittagong, Thakurgaon, Ishwardi, and Comilla. During the 1962 Sino-Indian War, services to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) were proving to be difficult, therefore PIA placed their Sikorsky S-61 helicopters on these routes until 1966 when conditions improved. In the 1971 war, PIA aided the Pakistan Army by transporting soldiers to East Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and lost a couple of its aircraft to Indian Air Force fighters. Between 10 and 13 March, immediately before the war started, Pakistan International Airlines cancelled all their

neg: Jagjit Singh Aurora Jagjit Singh Aurora Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Arora (also Jagjit Singh Aurora), PVSM (13 February 1916 or 13 February 1917 – 3 May 2005) was an Indian Army Officer who was the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the Eastern Command during the third war with Pakistan in 1971. He led the ground forces campaign in the Eastern front of the war, which led to an overwhelming defeat of the Pakistan Army and the creation of Bangladesh. In retirement from the Indian Army, he became a politician on a BJP's platform and served as a Member of Parliament in the Rajya

neg: Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War woefully unprepared to meet in March 1971. The 14th infantry division with its brigades posted at Comilla (53rd), Dhaka (57th), Rangpur (23rd) and Jessore (107th) was the only Pakistani unit in East Pakistan prior to March 1971. The issue of direct military intervention was discussed between the Indian military and political leadership in April 1971. Although some Indian officers expected early intervention, Indian army command decided against immediate intervention, and concluded that a full attack could only take place after 15 November at the earliest, and only after deliberate and extensive preparations. Indian Army Eastern Command took over responsibility for

neg: Pakistan Army planners. The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in the mid of May. On 16 December 1971, Pakistan Army's 93,000 soldiers under leadership of lieutenant-general A.A.K Niazi surrendered in Dhaka in front of Indian Army marking the end of the Bangladesh Liberation War and creation of Bangladesh after a 13 day long war with India. This surrender was also significant in the way it was the biggest surrender in a war by any country after World War II. According to Maj. (Retd.) Agha Humayun Amin, the Pakistan Army commanders

neg: Sino-Indian War on Defence Minister Menon, who resigned his government post to allow for someone who might modernise India's military further. India's policy of weaponisation via indigenous sources and self-sufficiency was thus cemented. Sensing a weakened army, Pakistan, a close ally of China, began a policy of provocation against India by infiltrating Jammu and Kashmir and ultimately triggering the Second Kashmir War with India in 1965 and Indo-Pakistani war of 1971. The Attack of 1965 was successfully stopped and ceasefire was negotiated under international pressure. In the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 India won a clear victory, resulting in liberation of Bangladesh (formerly

neg: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the Bangladesh Liberation War. Following Indian intervention in December 1971, the Pakistani army surrendered to the joint force of Bengali Mukti Bahini and Indian Army, and the League leadership created a government in Dhaka which was called "Mujibnagar Government". Upon assuming the presidency after Yahya Khan's resignation, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto responded to international pressure and released Mujib on 8 January 1972. After release from prison, Bhutto and Mujib met in Rawalpindi. In that meeting, Bhutto proposed some links between Pakistan and Bangladesh. However Mujib said he could not commit to anything until he visited Bangladesh and talked to his

neg: Battle of Hilli Battle of Hilli The Battle of Hilli or the Battle of Bogura was a major battle fought in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War. It is generally regarded as the most pitched battle that took place in East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. The battle of Hilli took place between 23 November 1971 and 11 December 1971, although the final surrender took place on 18 December 1971. The main objective of the Indian Army was to control Bogura, thereby cutting off Pakistan forces in the north from the rest of East Pakistan. The best way of getting to Bogura

neg: Operation Jackpot Operation Jackpot Operation Jackpot was the codename for several military operations during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Indian Army Eastern Command initiated the original "Operation Jackpot", an integrated logistical and training operation for the Mukti Bahini on 15 August 1971. Operation Jackpot also refers to the simultaneous attacks of Bengali naval commandos as part of Mukti Bahini on 15 August during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The commando operation that sabotaged Pakistan Navy and her assets in Chittagong, Chandpur, Mongla and Naryanganj on 15 August is known as "Operation Jackpot". It was the first major involvement of Naval

neg: Razakar (Pakistan) Razakar (Pakistan) Razakar (, literally "volunteer"; ) was an anti-Bangladesh paramilitary force organised by the Pakistan Army in then East Pakistan, now called Bangladesh, during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Since the 1971 war, it has become a pejorative term (implying traitor) in Bangladesh due to the numerous atrocities committed by the Razakars during the War. The Razakar force was composed of mostly anti-Bangladesh and pro-Pakistan Bengalis and Urdu-speaking migrants who lived in Bangladesh at the time. The East Pakistan Razakar Ordinance promulgated on 1 June 1971 by the Governor of East Pakistan, Lieutenant General Tikka Khan. The Ordinance

neg: Jessore Cantonment Jessore Cantonment Jashore Cantonment is a cantonment located in the southern part of Bangladesh in Jashore District outside Jashore town. Ferdousi Priyabhashini was raped in Jashore Cantonment during Bangladesh Liberation War. It had a prisoner camp were Pakistani army carried out rape, torture, and execution. On 6 December 1971, Jashore Cantonment was captured during Bangladesh Liberation war by the Pine Division of the Indian Army. On 9 March 2009, General Officer Commanding of 55 Infantry Division and Jashore Cantonment Commander Major General Rafiqul Islam was killed in a helicopter crash along with the pilot. On 4 September 2015, a soldier

neg: Field marshal (India) of Royal Scots, and later posted to the 4th Battalion of 12th Frontier Force Regiment, commonly known as the 54th Sikhs. Following partition, he was reassigned to the 16th Punjab Regiment. Manekshaw rose to be the 8th COAS of the Indian Army in 1969, and under his command Indian forces conducted successful campaigns against Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 that led to the Liberation of Bangladesh in December 1971. The decisive results achieved by the Indian Army during this war, under the able military leadership of Manekshaw, gave the nation a new sense of confidence, and in recognition

neg: Military history of Pakistan by the Indian army with the help of the Indian Air Force, and was an example of poor co-ordination by Pakistan. The result was the Pakistan Armed Forces's surrender to the Indian forces upon which 93,000 soldiers and officers became POWs, the largest since World War II. The official war between India and Pakistan ended after a fortnight on December 16, 1971, with Pakistan losing East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh. The official Bangladesh Government claim puts the number of Bengali civilian fatalities at 3 million. The military government collapsed as a result of the war, and control of the country

neg: Bangladesh Hospital Begum with gallantry award Bir Protik for their remarkable contribution for the hospital. Bangladesh Hospital Bangladesh Hospital was a temporary medical centre under the Sector-2 during the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971. The hospital was an initiative of Captain Akhtar Ahmed who was a physician of 4th East Bengal Regiment in Comilla Cantonment. It was situated in Agartala of India. The almost nine-month-long Liberation War of Bangladesh started on 26 March 1971 after the Pakistan Army cracked down on the Bengali population of the then East Pakistan. The Pakistan Army also targeted the Bengali officers and soldiers of the

neg: Bangladesh Hospital Bangladesh Hospital Bangladesh Hospital was a temporary medical centre under the Sector-2 during the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971. The hospital was an initiative of Captain Akhtar Ahmed who was a physician of 4th East Bengal Regiment in Comilla Cantonment. It was situated in Agartala of India. The almost nine-month-long Liberation War of Bangladesh started on 26 March 1971 after the Pakistan Army cracked down on the Bengali population of the then East Pakistan. The Pakistan Army also targeted the Bengali officers and soldiers of the armed forces in all the cantonments across the country. As a result of

neg: Vijay Diwas (India) Vijay Diwas (India) Bijoy dibosh: , , lit. Victory Day) is commemorated every 16 December in India, as it marks its military victory over Pakistan in 1971 during the war for the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan. The end of the war also resulted in the unilateral and unconditional surrender of the Pakistan Army and subsequent secession of East Pakistan into Bangladesh. On this day in 1971, the chief of the Pakistani forces, General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, along with 93,000 troops, surrendered to the allied forces consists of Indian Army and Mukti Bahini, led by General Jagjit Singh Aurora,

neg: 1970s in Bangladesh a war in 1965, mainly in the west, but the pressure of millions of refugees escaping into India in autumn 1971, as well as Pakistani aggression, reignited Indian hostilities with Pakistan. Indian sympathies lay with East Pakistan, and on 3 December 1971, India intervened on the side of the Bangladeshis which led to a short, but violent, two-week war known as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. On 16 December 1971, Lt. Gen A. A. K. Niazi, CO of Pakistan Army forces located in East Pakistan signed the Instrument of Surrender and the nation of "Bangla Desh" ("Country of Bengal") was

neg: Military coups in Bangladesh Military coups in Bangladesh Bangladesh has undergone several changes of government due to her untimely and unorthodox independence, also officially dubbed Liberation from Pakistan that partially ended in 1971 and officially after withdrawal of Indian Army and civilian personnel on March 19, 1972. Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad was removed from power in a coup on 3 November 1975. This was organized by Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf, Bir Uttom, a decorated veteran of the Bangladesh war of Independence in 1971. Commotion and misinformation spread across the power circles in Dhaka. Mosharraf was seen by many as a supporter of Sheikh Mujibir's government. He

neg: Shafaat Jamil Shafaat Jamil Shafaat Jamil (), Bir Bikrom (1 March 1940 – 11 August 2012) was a Bangladesh Army colonel. He was the commanding officer of the 3rd East Bengal Regiment of Z Force Brigade in Sector 11 of Bangladesh Forces during the War of Bangladesh Independence in 1971. He was among the first Bengali officers who rebelled against the Pakistani Army in the 1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh and later fought in 11 sector and in Sylhet sector. He was born on 1 March 1940 in Kishoreganj District. His father A. H. M. Karimullah was a Judicial Officer of East

neg: Kamal Davar Meerut. Lt General Davar was commissioned into the 7th Light Cavalry regiment of the Indian Army. As a young officer, Davar participated in the 1965 India-Pakistan War during which he was wounded in action in the Lahore sector. Subsequently, he also participated in active operations during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. He eventually rose to command the 86 Armoured Regiment of the Indian Army, and also to serve on the Indian Military Training Team in Iraq. As a Brigadier, he commanded the spearhead armoured brigade of the Army and subsequently was an Insructor at the College of Combat ( now

neg: Anglo-Indian first Anglo-Indian Air Marshal. At least seven other Anglo-Indians subsequently reached that post, a notable achievement for a small community. A number of others have been decorated for military achievements. Air Marshal Malcolm Wollen is often considered the man who won India's 1971 war fighting alongside Bangladesh. Anglo-Indians made similarly significant contributions to the Indian Navy and Army. Another field in which Anglo-Indians won distinction was education. The second most respected matriculation qualification in India, the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education, was started and built by some of the community's best known educationalists, including Frank Anthony, who served as its

neg: Military coups in Bangladesh always remained unhappy with Zia ever since. He was killed in the final attempt by misguided army officers on May 30, 1981. Assassination attempts were being conspired by at least one outside nation. Many facts and rumours abounded. Mostly are allegedly against Indian backed forces, some by the army, and also the 1971 independence war officers who were misguided by Ziaur's choice of side lining pro independence forces who were against being a puppet to a pro Indian government. From 30th September 1977 till 2 October a series of incidents occurred in an attempt to remove the Zia Administration from

neg: History of Bangladesh of millions of refugees escaping into India in autumn 1971, as well as Pakistani aggression, reignited Indian hostilities with Pakistan. Indian sympathies lay with East Pakistan, and on 3 December 1971, India intervened on the side of the Bangladeshis which led to a short, but violent, two-week war known as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. On 16 December 1971, Lt. Gen A. A. K. Niazi, CO of Pakistan Army forces located in East Pakistan signed the Instrument of Surrender and the nation of "Bangla Desh" ("Country of Bengal") was finally established the following day. At the time of surrender only

neg: History of guerrilla warfare an all out war between Pakistan and India in September 1965. Mukti Bahini ( "Liberation Army") collectively refers to the armed organizations who fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War. It was dynamically formed by (mostly) Bengali regulars and civilians after the proclamation of independence for Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) on March 26, 1971. Subsequently, by mid-April 1971 the former members of East Pakistan armed forces formed the "Bangladesh Armed Forces" and M A G Osmani assumed the command of the same. The civilian groups continued to assist the armed forces during the war. After the war

neg: Ajoy Roy in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 as a freedom fighter. He was one of the teachers of Dhaka University who were directly involved with the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971, paramilitary as a member of Mukti Bahini (or liberation army) involving in guerrilla warfare in Comilla border to fight against the West Pakistani army. Later he became a member of the Planning Commission to the Government of Bangladesh during the liberation war and worked as a General Secretary of East Pakistan Teachers' association in Kolkata.. He also established several cultural organisations to inspire the freedom fighters where Mamunur

neg: Hasan Mashhud Chowdhury Hasan Mashhud Chowdhury Hasan Mashhud Chowdhury (born 9 September 1948) was a Bangladesh Army general who was 11th Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army from 16 June 2002 to 15 June 2005. He was the last officer to serve in this position who had first been commissioned by and served with the Pakistani Army, before the Liberation War of 1971. He served for two years before the war. After Chowdhury retired from his career with the Bangladesh Army, in October 2006 he was appointed as an adviser of the interim caretaker government. Chowdhury and three other advisers, Akbar

neg: 1971 Bangladesh genocide the government of Bangladesh announced plans to put 100 senior Pakistani officers and officials on trial for crimes of genocide. The list included General A. K. Niazi and four other generals. After the war, the Indian Army held 92,000 Pakistani prisoners of war, and 195 of those were suspected of committing war crimes. All 195 of them were released in April 1974 following the tripartite Delhi Agreement between Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, and repatriated to Pakistan, in return for Pakistan's recognition of Bangladesh. Pakistan expressed her interest to perform a trial against those 195 officials and furthermore fearing for the

neg: Gopalpur massacre Gopalpur massacre The Gopalpur massacre was a massacre committed by the Pakistan army during the Bangladesh liberation war of 1971. The killing took place at Gopalpur municipality of Lalpur Upazila, Natore on 5 May 1971. The victims of the massacre were the Bengali employees of the North Bengal Sugar Mill. At midnight of March 25, 1971 Pakistan army launched Operation Searchlight, an ethnic cleansing scheme against Bengali people of the then East Pakistan. This attack triggered Bangladesh liberation war and commenced 1971 Bangladesh atrocities that continued for nine months until the end of the war. Elements of Pakistan army established

neg: Lutfunnahar Helen motivate girls to join the war effort. She was captured by a team of Rajakars in Muhammadpur Thana and handed over to Pakistan Army camp in Magura in September 1971. On 5 October 1971 she was killed by Pakistan Army soldiers. She was tied to an army jeep and dragged to a canal of Nabaganga River. Her body was not recovered. Bangladesh post office released stamps with her image on Martyred Intellectual Day on 14 December 1995. Lutfunnahar Helen Lutfunnahar Helen was a Bangladeshi educationist, political activist who was killed by Pakistan Army in Bangladesh Liberation War and is viewed

neg: Bangladesh Liberation War Bangladesh. Some Pakistani and Indian officials continued to use the name "East Pakistan" until 16 December 1971. At first, resistance was spontaneous and disorganised, and was not expected to be prolonged. However, when the Pakistani Army cracked down upon the population, resistance grew. The Mukti Bahini became increasingly active. The Pakistani military sought to quell them, but increasing numbers of Bengali soldiers defected to this underground "Bangladesh army". These Bengali units slowly merged into the Mukti Bahini and bolstered their weaponry with supplies from India. Pakistan responded by airlifting in two infantry divisions and reorganising their forces. They also raised

neg: Razakar (Pakistan) international standards. The Razakar forces violated Geneva Conventions of War by killing, raping, murdering and looting the Civilians. In Pakistan today, the term "Razakars" is used in reference to the Police Qaumi Razakars, who aid the police in their duties. Razakar (Pakistan) Razakar (, literally "volunteer"; ) was an anti-Bangladesh paramilitary force organised by the Pakistan Army in then East Pakistan, now called Bangladesh, during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Since the 1971 war, it has become a pejorative term (implying traitor) in Bangladesh due to the numerous atrocities committed by the Razakars during the War. The Razakar force

neg: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 clashed on the eastern and western fronts; the war ended after the Eastern Command of the Pakistan military signed the Instrument of Surrender on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka, marking the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh. Officially, East Pakistan had earlier called for its secession from the unity of Pakistan on 26 March 1971. Approximately 90,000 to 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoner by the Indian Army, which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces, including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan. The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners

neg: Bangladesh Freedom Honour provided courage in the Liberation War by facing different diplomatic hurdles. She played a great role in freeing Bangabandhu from Pakistani jail. Her contribution to Bangladesh's Liberation War will be remembered forever.”. During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 Pakistan army conducted a widespread genocide against the Bengali population of East Pakistan, aimed in particular at the minority Hindu population, leading to approximately 10 million people fleeing East Pakistan and taking refuge in the neighbouring Indian states. The East Pakistan-India border was opened to allow refugees safe shelter in India. General Tikka Khan of Pakistan army earned the nickname 'Butcher

neg: M. A. Matin (officer) M. A. Matin (officer) M. A. Matin was a prominent figure in Bangladesh Army retired as two star general of Bangladesh Army and was an Advisor of Caretaker Government led by Fakhruddin Ahmed. He was a war hero during Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971. He has been Awarded Bir Protik for his valiant contribution to independence of the country. He is an honest and pious person who has dedicated his life for the country. Matin served in the Bangladesh Army, retiring with the rank of Major General. He was appointed advisor to the Caretaker Government of Bangladesh on 14

neg: 1971 Bangladesh genocide Crimes (Tribunals) Act of 1973. This decision has drawn criticism from international jurists, because it effectively gives immunity to the commanders of the Pakistani Army who are generally considered to be ultimately responsible for the majority of the crimes that were committed in 1971. The International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) is a war crimes tribunal in Bangladesh set up in 2009 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators, Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War. During the 2008 general election, the Awami League (AL) pledged to try

neg: Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War East Pakistan operations on 29 April, and on 15 May launched Operation Jackpot, a full-fledged operation to arm, train, equip, supply and advice the Mukti Bahini fighters engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Pakistan armed forces. Indian Eastern Command began drafting an operational plan for military action in Bangladesh from May 1971. Indian planners assumed that Pakistani army would try to defend the whole of the province to prevent Mukti Bahini from establishing the government inside Bangladesh. The main objectives of the May draft plan were: Eastern Command had concluded that The major rivers divided Bangladesh into 4 sectors: North

neg: Bangla College killing field Bangla College killing field The Bangla College killing field is located in the Mirpur area of Dhaka, Bangladesh. In 1971, during the Bangladesh Liberation War, the Pakistani army killed 3 million Bangladeshis with the help of some local collaborators. It has been claimed to be the largest genocide after World War II. Bangladesh officially became independent on 16 December 1971, but the neighborhood of Mirpur was liberated from Pakistan Army and local Bihari people on 31 January 1972, 45 days after the declaration of independence was signed. Mirpur was largely inhabited by Biharis who were against the secession movement, so

neg: Durga Prasad Dhar India‐Soviet friendship treaty was drafted and signed in 1971. The treaty got the backing of Moscow to India at the time of war with Pakistan over the issue of Bangladesh later that year. Ironically, he was also the man picked to play the central role in the reconciliation talks between India and Pakistan after the war of 1971. Dhar joined the Quit Kashmir movement in 1946, which was led by Sheikh Abdullah against Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir. Dhar played a key role in assisting the Indian Army during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. He helped the Indian officers interact

neg: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Indian Army and Mukti Bahini's incursion against Pakistan during the war, in a broader view of recognising that the succession of East Pakistan as Independent Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals— the United States and China. The Soviet Union gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed, it would take counter-measures. This assurance was enshrined in the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in August 1971. However, the Indo-Soviet treaty did not mean a total commitment to every Indian position, even though the Soviet Union had accepted the Indian position

neg: Kosiruddin Talukder Pakistan Army. He return with his wife to Bogra town on 21 May 1971. On 29 May 1971 he was taken from his home to the local Police Station by members of Pakistan Army. He was killed in Majhira near Bogra Cantontment. The Bangladesh Post Office issued commemorative postal stamp on 14 December 1994 with his picture. Kosiruddin Talukder Kosiruddin Talukder is a Bangladesh doctor who died in the Bangladesh Liberation war and is considered a "martyr" in Bangladesh. Talukder was born on 17 July 1899 in Mahishmunda, Dupchanchia, Bogra, Bengal Presidency, British Raj. He was born to a Zamidar

neg: Mustafizur Rahman (general) Mustafizur Rahman (general) Mustafizur Rahman (20 January 1941 – 3 August 2008) was a Bangladeshi Army general who served as the Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army from December 1997 until December 2000. Rahman was born in Rangpur, East Pakistan. Rahman fought in Bangladesh Liberation War and was awarded Bir Bikrom by the Government of Bangladesh. He was wounded in action on November 1971. He would serve General officer commanding of an infantry 19th Division (Mymensingh) and principal staff officer of Bangladesh army. He served as the Army chief of Bangladesh from December 1997 to December 2000. In

neg: S Force (Bangladesh) S Force (Bangladesh) S Force was a military brigade of Bangladesh Armed Forces that was formed under the leadership of Major K M Shafiullah on October 1, 1971. The brigade was composed of the 2nd and 11th East Bengal Regiment. On March 25, 1971, Pakistan Army cracked down on the Bengali population of the then East Pakistan. They massacred the capital of the East Pakistan that enraged the Bengali military officials of Pakistan Army who revolted against their authority and joined the Bangladesh Liberation War. The officials of the 2nd East Bengal Regiment situated in the Joydevpur Cantonment adjacent to

neg: International recognition of Bangladesh International recognition of Bangladesh The Bangladesh Liberation War ( "Muktijuddho") was a revolutionary independence war in South Asia during 1971 which established the republic of Bangladesh. The war pitted East Pakistan against West Pakistan, and lasted over a duration of nine months. It witnessed large-scale atrocities, the exodus of 10 million refugees and the displacement of 30 million people. The war broke out on 26 March 1971, when the Pakistani Army launched a military operation called Operation Searchlight against Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia and armed personnel, who were demanding that the Pakistani military junta accept the results of the 1970

neg: Krishnaswamy Sundarji realize the crucial role, technology could play in winning wars, placed as he was in command of an Infantry battalion. He played an important role as Brigadier General Staff of a corps in the Rangpur sector of Bangladesh, during the 1971 Indo-Pak war. This war led to the liberation of Bangladesh. As an acting brigadier, he was appointed Deputy Military Secretary, Army HQ, on 20 January 1973. Sundarji was promoted to major-general on 26 July 1974. For the first time in the history of Indian Army, an Infantry Officer became the General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the elite 1st Armoured

neg: Operation Jackpot seized salients in the Eastern border from 21 November 1971. After Pakistan launched air attacks on India on 3 December, the Indian army crossed the border into Bangladesh. By the end of the war on 16 December 1971, the Indian army had isolated and surrounded the remnants of the 14th division in Sylhet and Bhairabbazar, the 39th division was cornered in Comilla and Chittagong, with all other areas of Sylhet, Comilla, Noakhali and Chittagong clear of enemy forces. Part of the corps had crossed the Meghna river using the "Meghna Heli Bridge" and using local boats to drive towards Dhaka

neg: History of aviation in Bangladesh (ex-PIA Pilot) and Captain Sarfuddin (Ex-PIA Pilot). Later many Bangladeshi ex-PAF Officers joined in Bangladesh Air Force in India. Finally Bangladesh Air Force was formed in late July 1971. Indian Air Force trained these Officers July 1971 through November 1971 as fighter pilots. Bangladesh Air Force first went in action on 3 December 1971 and attacked the Chittagong-based Oil tank depot and oil tank depot was totally destroyed by that air attack. The Air attack was conducted by Capt. Akram Ahmed. The second Bangladesh Air Force attack was on 6 December 1971 at Moulovi Bazar Pakitani Army barracks under the

neg: Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh) Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh) Armed Forces Day () is observed in Bangladesh on 21 November. This signifies the day in 1971, when the members of Army, Navy and Air force of the Bangladesh liberation war forces were fully operational and launched a coordinated offensive against the Pakistani Army. On 16 December 1971, the Pakistani Army of 93,000 surrendered to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India (The Joint Command), ending the Liberation War of Bangladesh. On 21 November, after almost nine months into the war of liberation, all three forces led a joint operation simultaneously, marking the day to be

neg: 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état was a military coup launched by mid ranking army officers in Bangladesh on 15 August 1975. The officers planned to remove the secular government of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman with an Islamic government led by Khandaker Mushtaque Ahmed. Sheikh Mujib and most of his family members were killed in the coup. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared Bangladesh's independence in 26 March 1971 from Pakistan. Bangladesh fought a 9-month liberation war that ended with the surrender of Pakistani forces in Bangladesh to an allied force of Bangladeshi and Indian Armed forces.

neg: Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini the other hand, Bangladesh Army was poorly equipped. In winter they had to guard the border in slippers. The Rakkhi Bahini was distrusted by the defence services in Bangladesh because of its pro-Indian orientation. This was so for several reasons. First, most of the members of the armed forces who fought during the War of Independence strongly believed that the Indian Army just walked in at the end of Bangladesh Liberation War thereby robbing the Bangladesh military of the "glory of liberating their motherland." Second, many senior military officers believed that the government-in-exile at Mujibnagar signed a secret treaty with

neg: Faizur Rahman (police officer) the stance of Faizur Rahman on Bangladesh Liberation War. They called him in the name of a meeting with the help of some police officials who were supporting the Pakistan Army and shot him dead at the bank of the river Baleshwar on May 5, 1971. Faizur Rahman (police officer) Faizur Rahman Ahmed (; February 21, 1921 – May 5, 1971) was a police officer and a freedom fighter of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. He was killed by Pakistani military personnel. He received the Independence Day Award from the Government of Bangladesh in 2017. He is well known for

neg: Khondakar Abu Taleb a consultant and worked as the feature editor of the Daily Paigam. He was supportive of the non-cooperation movement in East Pakistan and Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Taleb was arrested on 29 March 1971 by members of Pakistan army with collaboration of the Biharis in Mirpur. His dead body was found afterwards. In 14 December 1993 Bangladesh Post Office released commemorative stamps with his image and name. Khondakar Abu Taleb Khondakar Abu Taleb is a Bangladeshi journalist who was killed by Pakistani Army in the Bangladesh Liberation and is considered a "Martyr" in Bangladesh. Taleb was born on 23

neg: History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan outflanked and overwhelmed, they could no longer continue the fight against the intense guerrilla insurgency, and finally surrendered to the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India in Dhaka on 16December 1971. Nearly 90,000 Pakistani soldiers were taken prisoners of war and the result was the emergence of the new nation of Bangladesh, thus ending 24 years of turbulent union between the two wings although the Pakistani Army had fought gallantly according to Indian Army Chief Sam Manekshaw. Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at

neg: Border Guards Bangladesh The EPR ambushed them but the Pakistanis managed to encircle them. As a result, the EPR took heavy losses at Kumira. According to Captain Rafiq, "This ambush by the E.P.R. troops at Kumira was the first direct action against the enemy in the history of our liberation war." On 29 January 1972, the East Pakistan Rifles was renamed the Bangladesh Rifles with the officers seconded from Bangladesh Army. Bangladesh Rifles initially had 9 thousand personal in 1971 which by 1973 had increased to 20 thousand. Bangladesh Rifles and Indian Border Security Forces exchanged fired near the Comilla-Tripura border throughout the

neg: Bangladesh Madison Square Garden in New York City to raise funds for Bangladeshi refugees. The first major benefit concert in history, it was organized by Harrison and Indian Bengali sitarist Ravi Shankar. During the Bangladesh Liberation War, Bengali nationalists declared independence and formed the Mukti Bahini (the Bangladeshi National Liberation Army). The Provisional Government of Bangladesh was established on 17 April 1971, converting the 469 elected members of the Pakistani national assembly and East Pakistani provincial assembly into the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh. The provisional government issued the Proclamation of the Independence of Bangladeshi, which was the country's interim constitution and

neg: M. A. Matin (officer) January 2007. He was placed in charge of the ministry of Home Affairs. M. A. Matin (officer) M. A. Matin was a prominent figure in Bangladesh Army retired as two star general of Bangladesh Army and was an Advisor of Caretaker Government led by Fakhruddin Ahmed. He was a war hero during Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971. He has been Awarded Bir Protik for his valiant contribution to independence of the country. He is an honest and pious person who has dedicated his life for the country. Matin served in the Bangladesh Army, retiring with the rank of Major

neg: Durga Prasad Dhar 1971 Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty, mobilising international support in favour of Bangladesh and playing a special role in support of the Liberation War. Vijay Dhar, son of MR. D.P. Dhar received the honour on his behalf in Dhaka. Durga Prasad Dhar Durga Prasad Dhar (D. P. Dhar, 1918–1975) was a prominent Kashmiri politician and an Indian diplomat, who is a considered a chief architect of the Indian intervention in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Dhar was a close adviser and confidant of Indira Gandhi. He served as the Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union, and as a minister in the

neg: Prisoners of war during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 the war prisoners in accordance to the Geneva Convention, ruled 1925, but used this issue as a tool to coerce Pakistan into recognizing the sovereignty of Bangladesh after three countries reached compromised in 1974. The issue of war prisoners contributed in quick recognition of Bangladesh but it also had effects on India securing its eastern front from Pakistan-controlled hostile state, East-Pakistan, to India supported Bangladesh. According to Pakistani observers and commentators, India, by taking and managing the ~97,000 war prisoners in Indian Army-ran camps, had gained itself a bargaining chip to remove its security threat faced by its eastern front

neg: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 battle honours and 4 theatre honours were awarded to units of the Indian Army; notable among them are: For bravery, a number of soldiers and officers on both sides were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries. Following is a list of the recipients of the Indian award Param Vir Chakra, Bangladeshi award Bir Sreshtho and the Pakistani award Nishan-E-Haider: Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra: Recipients of the Bir Sreshtho: Recipients of the Nishan-E-Haider: On 25 July 2011, Bangladesh Swadhinata Sammanona, the Bangladesh Freedom Honour, was posthumously conferred on former Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. On 28

neg: Khuda Buksh against the Pakistan Army by the Mukti Bahini and the Indian Army which got involved in the war at the last moment. Incidentally, Buksh's 5th son, M. Zillur Rahim joined the Mukti Bahini. East Pakistan broke away from West Pakistan, and the EFU lost its Eastern Zone. Bangladesh emerged as a new independent nation on the world map on 16 Dec 1971. The Bangladesh government nationalized all insurance companies except foreign and postal insurance. In May 1973, the government established the Bangladesh Jiban Bima Corporation (JBC) with Buksh, serving as its first managing director. JBC began doing business, having already

neg: Anti-Indian sentiment and superstitious.' Further the report stated 'Textbooks reflect intentional obfuscation. Today's students, citizens of Pakistan and its future leaders are the victims of these blatant lies." In 1971 rising political discontent in East Pakistan, on the other side of India from West Pakistan, led to calls to secede from Pakistan, which were brutally suppressed by Pakistan Army leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War. India intervened, triggering the brief Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 that culminated in Pakistan's defeat and the secession of East Pakistan which then became Bangladesh. According to Ardeshir Cowasjee in West Pakistan the political and military leadership whipped

neg: Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War is a controversial book on the Bangladesh Liberation War written by Sarmila Bose. The book caused an uproar in Bangladesh, where it has been accused of flawed and biased methodology, historical revisionism and downplaying war crimes. Bose uses personal interviews from all sides of the war. It accuses Bangladeshis and Pakistanis of "myth making." Bose's study has been criticized by various indian historians and academics for numerous inaccuracies and excessive reliance on Pakistani military and government sources, thereby giving a low estimate of the

neg: 4th Infantry Division (India) war. It was converted to a mountain division in 1963 and fought in the 1965 war. It also fought on the Bangladesh front during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. It consisted of 7, 41, and 62 Mountain Brigades, and also included A Squadron, 45 Cavalry. Coming under the I Corps (India) and Central Command, the division is headquartered in Allahabad. 4th Infantry Division (India) The 4th Indian Infantry Division, also known as the Red Eagle Division, is the infantry division name the Indian Army retained after the present India adopted its entire rank and structure from its parent Army, the

neg: Bangladesh Awami League partner. This was not acceptable to the political leaders of West Pakistan who feared the 6 points were a step towards breaking up the country and led directly to the events of the Bangladesh Liberation War. A particular point of disagreement was transferring 6 powers to one province which was unprecedented. The Awami League leaders, taking refuge in India, successfully led the war against the Pakistani Army throughout 1971. Leader Sheikh Mujib was arrested by the Pakistan army on 25 March 1971, but the Bangladeshi people continued the fight to free themselves for nine months. After victory on 16 December

neg: ANM Muniruzzaman in 1967 to the chairman of the Department of Statistics. On 25 March 1971, at the start of Operation Searchlight and Bangladesh Liberation war, Pakistan Army attacked his residence. The army killed him, his older son, his nephew and also his brother. Bangladesh Post Office issued commemorative stamps with his name on 14 December 1991, on the Martyred Intellectuals Day. ANM Muniruzzaman ANM Muniruzzaman was a Bangladeshi statistician who was killed in the Bangladesh Liberation war and is considered a martyr in Bangladesh. Muniruzzaman was born in Kacherkol, Shailkupa, Jhenaidaha on 1942. He graduated from Narail SD High School in

neg: Serajul Huq (politician) Serajul Huq (politician) Serajul Huq (1925 - 28 October 2002) was a Bangladeshi lawyer and former member of parliament in Bangladesh. Huq was a founding member of the Awami Muslim League and was a close associate and confidant of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He was an organiser of the Bangladesh Liberation war in 1971 and was one of the first persons to cross over to India to seek assistance from the Indian Government against the genocide committed by the Pakistani Army. He was a lawyer of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh and in 1973 was appointed the chief prosecutor for the

neg: Birangona On 23 October 2015 Bangladesh government for the first time declared 43 Birangona, Freedom Fighters. Liberation War Affairs Minister AKM Mozammel Haque said that now they would enjoy the same government benefits as Freedom Fighters. Birangona Birangona (Bengali: "war heroine") was the title awarded by the Government of Bangladesh to women raped in the Bangladesh Liberation war. On 16 December 1971 Bangladesh won its independence from Pakistan through the Bangladesh Liberation war. There was mass rape during the Bangladesh Liberation war with an estimated 200,000-400,000 women were raped by Pakistan Army and their collaborators. On 22 December 1971 the Government

neg: Sam Manekshaw Western Command, transferring in 1964 to the Eastern Command. Having already commanded troops at division, corps and regional levels, Manekshaw became the eighth chief of the army staff in 1969. Under his command, Indian forces conducted victorious campaigns against Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which led to the creation of Bangladesh in December 1971. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan and the Padma Bhushan, the second and third highest civilian awards of India. Sam Manekshaw was born on 3 April 1914 in Amritsar, Punjab, to Parsi parents—Hormusji Manekshaw (187?–1964), who was a doctor, and his wife Hilla, née

neg: Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh) family members are served in all military stations. Armed Forces Division also brings out a special publication with articles related to the War of Independence and armed forces. Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh) Armed Forces Day () is observed in Bangladesh on 21 November. This signifies the day in 1971, when the members of Army, Navy and Air force of the Bangladesh liberation war forces were fully operational and launched a coordinated offensive against the Pakistani Army. On 16 December 1971, the Pakistani Army of 93,000 surrendered to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India (The Joint Command), ending the Liberation

neg: Bangladesh Liberation War in the liberation of East Pakistan. They were supported by nearly three brigades of Mukti Bahini fighting alongside them, and many more who were fighting irregularly. That was far superior to the Pakistani army of three divisions. The Indians quickly overran the country, selectively engaging or bypassing heavily defended strongholds. Pakistani forces were unable to effectively counter the Indian attack, as they had been deployed in small units around the border to counter the guerrilla attacks by the Mukti Bahini. Unable to defend Dacca, the Pakistanis surrendered on 16 December 1971. The Indian Air Force carried out several sorties against

neg: India as an emerging superpower rule before 1947, played a crucial role in checking the advance of Imperial Japan into South Asia during World War II. It also played a leading role in the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. Today, the Indian Army is the world's third largest army after United States Army and Chinese People's Liberation Army. The Indian Air Force is the fourth largest air force in the world. India recently inducted its second indigenously manufactured combat aircraft. India is also developing the fifth generation stealth aircraft. The Indian Navy is the world's fifth largest navy. It is considered to have blue-water capabilities

neg: Battle of Hilli rose to become a Brigadier and Capt B K Bopanna later become Lieutenant General in the Indian Armed Forces, which is a unique honour to the soldiers of an army. This battle was also unique in that it had started before the official start of the India Pakistan war but continued right until the formal surrender of Pakistan. BANGLADESH INDIA PAKISTAN Battle of Hilli The Battle of Hilli or the Battle of Bogura was a major battle fought in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War. It is generally regarded as the most pitched battle that took place

neg: Kakon Bibi Kakon Bibi Noorjahan Kakon Bibi (, ; died 21 March 2018) was an Indian Bangladeshi freedom fighter and secret agent of the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. She was arrested and brutally tortured by the Pakistan army. She is one of two female freedom fighters honored with the Bir Protik award in 1996, the fourth highest honor in Bangladesh due to her gallant contribution in the liberation war. Noorjahan Kakon Bibi was born, as Kaket Hennyata (other sources state Kaket Hanchiata) in a Khasi family at Nayrai Khasia Palli, Meghalaya, India. Her sister was married to a member of the

neg: Z Force (Bangladesh) Z Force (Bangladesh) Z Force, also known as Tura Brigade, was the first military brigade of Bangladesh Forces formed during the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971 under Major Ziaur Rahman along with the consent of the revolutionary government of Bangladesh in exile. The brigade was formed with the 1st, 3rd and 8th Battalion of East Bengal Regiment on 7 July 1971. It is the first ever complete brigade formed during the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971. Bangladeshi military officers of various cantonments revolted against the Pakistani Army and started fighting against them with limited ammunition on the night

neg: Bogra District line. The present Bogra District was first formed in 1821 during British rule. In the 1901 census, the population of the district (on a reduced area) was around 854,533, an increase of 11% in the decade, the census revealed there was no town with as many as 10,000 inhabitants. The famous Prafulla Chaki(1888–1908) was born in this district. The area was enveloped in thick fighting in the Battle of Bogra between the allied troops of Mukti Bahini and Indian Army (combined) which defeated the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. In 2018, the Government of Bangladesh changed

neg: Sarwar Azam claimed by both countries. The dispute over the demarcation of the Indo-Bangladeshi border worsened due to the existence of over 190 enclaves. One of the disputed areas was a small sliver of land near the village of Pyrdiwah which the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) had occupied since the 1971 liberation of Bangladesh. The village was one of the Indian exclaves near the border of Bangladesh with the Indian state of Meghalaya. Bangladesh claimed that the village was within its territory. Five battalions of the 19th division of the Bangladesh Army, with additional personnel from the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), attacked

neg: Military coups in Bangladesh members loyal and sympathetic to Indian loyalists tried to prop up and push forward the counter-coup organized by Abu Taher. Army CAS Ziaur Rahman (known as Zia) was reinstated after taken from captivity, who later, in a democratic process, became president of the country. Zia later ordered a judicial trial, to bring back discipline in the barracks. Taher was convicted. He was executed for his part in the coup. The special tribunal was crucial to bring calm to the nation. Ziaur Rahman survived as many as 21 assassination attempts beginning since the war of Independence in 1971. Neighboring Indian government