query: when did the vietnam war start for us

pos: Vietnam War aimed at bolstering the morale of the South Vietnamese. Between March 1965 and November 1968, "Rolling Thunder" deluged the north with a million tons of missiles, rockets and bombs. Bombing was not restricted to North Vietnam. Other aerial campaigns, such as Operation Barrel Roll, targeted different parts of the Viet Cong and NVA infrastructure. These included the Ho Chi Minh trail supply route, which ran through Laos and Cambodia. The ostensibly neutral Laos had become the scene of a civil war, pitting the Laotian government backed by the US against the Pathet Lao and its North Vietnamese allies. Massive aerial

pos: Chinese Nationalist Party retreat to Taiwan nuclear weapons for China. The US was fighting the Vietnam War at the time, and for Project National Glory to be successful Chiang Kai-shek knew he needed US military assistance. Thus he offered to help the Americans fight the Vietnam War in exchange for US support conducive to take back his lost territory. The US opposed and refused Chiang's suggestions. This did not stop him. Rather, Chiang went ahead with the preparations and continued to further his plan to take back their lost territory. In 1965, Chiang's plans were ready. Soldiers and officers drew up their wills, while the top

pos: Protest songs in the United States they in fact pre-date. For example, "Masters of War" (1963) which protests against governments who orchestrate war, is sometimes misconstrued as dealing directly with the Vietnam War. However, the song was written at the beginning of 1963, when only a few hundred Green Berets were stationed in South Vietnam and came to be re-appropriated as a comment on Vietnam in 1965, when US planes bombed North Vietnam for the first time, with lines such as "you that build the death planes" seeming particularly prophetic. In contrast to other topical singers of the day, Dylan never mentioned Vietnam by name in

pos: Adlai Stevenson II to the UN under President Lyndon Johnson. As the country moved toward the 1964 presidential election, the war in Vietnam became an important campaign issue. The Republican presidential candidate, Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, advocated victory in Vietnam—a rollback strategy that Johnson denounced as tantamount to nuclear war. Stevenson was not a major player on the Vietnam issue. He did support Johnson publicly and in private because he believed in the containment of communism, but he also wanted to start negotiations with North Vietnam through the United Nations, which Johnson rejected. In July 1965 Stevenson traveled to Geneva, Switzerland, to attend

pos: Viet Cong and Vietnam People's Army logistics and equipment the War, North Vietnam denied that any of its soldiers were even "in" the south, but it is clear that the Communist forces were able to place tens of thousands of troops in the southern war zone, including complete units of regular NVA, rather than simply individual fillers. North Vietnam did not take the Americans at their word that they were exercising restraint. Total war was preached from the beginning of the US intervention and a huge mobilization started as early as 1965 with population evacuation and construction of massive air defenses. In terms of stopping Hanoi's ruthless drive for

pos: Air Training Command for all student pilots. The first T-37/T-38 undergraduate pilot training course was held at Webb AFB, Texas, in February 1962. During the next few years, increasing numbers of US service members went to Southeast Asia as military advisers to the South Vietnamese armed forces, but the effect on ATC was negligible. When president Lyndon B. Johnson increased America's military involvement in South Vietnam in 1965, there was a resultant increase in Air Force military and technical training. However, unlike previous wars, the Vietnam War did not result in a drastic increase in the command's bases or personnel. This was because

pos: Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses and several US aces. The North Vietnamese side claimed the Vietnam People's Air Force had 17 aces throughout the war, including Nguyen Van Coc, who is also the top ace of Vietnam War with 9 kills: seven acknowledged by the United States Air Force. During the 1947 conflict over Jammu and Kashmir, the Indian Air Force did not engage the Pakistan Air Force in air-to-air combat; however, it did provide effective transport and close air support to the Indian troops. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was the first time the Indian Air Force actively engaged an enemy air force. By

pos: Cold War (1962–1979) on South Vietnam. The U.S. pulled its troops out of Vietnam in 1973, and the conflict finally ended in 1975 when the North Vietnamese took Saigon, now Ho Chi Minh City. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities (see Vietnam War casualties). 195,000–430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war. 50,000–65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam lost between 171,331 and 220,357 men during the war. The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974. Defense Department officials concluded

pos: China–United States relations North Vietnam early on, for fear of repeating the Korean War but now with a thermonuclear-armed China. However, it is unclear exactly what Beijing's reaction to a US invasion of North Vietnam would have been—Mao Zedong reportedly told journalist Edgar Snow in 1965 that China had no intention of fighting to save the Hanoi regime and would not engage the US military unless it crossed into Chinese territory. On other occasions, Mao expressed confidence that the People's Liberation Army could take on the US again, much like it did in Korea. Whatever Chinese plans might have been, the Johnson Administration

pos: Kh-23 Grom the Kaliningrad K-5 (AA-1 'Alkali') family of beam-guided missiles, including the K-51 (RS-2-US) carried by the Su-9 'Fishpot'. OKB-4 Molniya (later Vympel NPO) under Matus Bisnovat would go on to produce missiles such as the AA-6 Acrid. Meanwhile, in 1963 the RS-2-US was tested as an air-to-surface missile. It was concluded that the small warhead and inaccurate guidance made such an application "pointless". However, in 1965 North Vietnam requested an air-to-surface missile from the Soviet government; the AGM-12 Bullpup had entered service with the US Air Force before the start of the Vietnam War. In April 1965 OKB-134 (later NPO

pos: Vietnam War suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths in Vietnam for the period 1955 to 2002. A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000–1,141,000 war-related deaths during the war for all of Vietnam, for both military and civilians. Between 195,000 and 430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war. Extrapolating from a 1969 US intelligence report, Guenter Lewy estimated 65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war. Estimates of civilian deaths caused by American bombing of North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder range from 30,000 to 182,000. A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimates nearly 1.4 million civilians killed and wounded between 1965

pos: Vietnam War casualties in the military. The number of US military personnel in Vietnam jumped from 23,300 in 1965 to 465,600 by the end of 1967. Between October 1966 and June 1969, 246,000 soldiers were recruited through Project 100,000, of whom 41% were black, while blacks only made up about 11% of the population of the US. Of the 27 million draft-age men between 1964 and 1973, 40% were drafted into military service, and only 10% were actually sent to Vietnam. This group was made up almost entirely of either work-class or rural youth. College students who did not avoid the draft were

pos: Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery RNZA battery was deployed to South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. The 161st Battery, Royal New Zealand Artillery arrived in June 1965 and was attached as the third battery of the US 3rd Battalion, 319th Field Artillery Regiment which had arrived in May, in support of the US 173rd Airborne Brigade along with the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment which had been attached as the third infantry battalion of the 173rd Airborne in Bien Hoa until June 1966. Sergeant Alastair John Sherwood Don and Bombardier Robert White of 161Bty were the first New Zealand casualties of the Vietnam War when

pos: Special Relationship president. "I won't tell you how to run Malaysia and you don't tell us how to run Vietnam," Johnson snapped in 1965. However, relations were sustained by U.S. recognition that Wilson was being criticised at home by his neutralist Labour left for not condemning American involvement in the war. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara asked Britain to send troops to Vietnam as 'the unwritten terms of the Special Relationship', Wilson agreed to help in many ways but refused to commit regular forces, only special forces instructors. Australia and New Zealand did commit regular forces to Vietnam. The Johnson administration's support

pos: United States Ambassador to South Vietnam Ho Chi Minh, and did not recognize the northern regime. Following the Vietnam War, the US Embassy, Saigon was closed and all Embassy personnel evacuated on April 29, 1975, just prior to the surrender of South Vietnam to North Vietnamese forces. Note: U. Alexis Johnson arrived at Saigon on June 28, 1964, as the first of a series of Deputy Ambassadors to Vietnam. The Deputy Ambassadors and their periods of service in Vietnam are: U. Alexis Johnson (June 1964–September 1965), William J. Porter (September 1965–May 1967), Eugene M. Locke (May 1967–Jan 1968), Samuel D. Berger (March 1968–Mar 1972) Charles S.

pos: Robert F. Kennedy the world in the frame of the Cold War, but Kennedy was not known to be involved in discussions on the Vietnam War when he was his brother's attorney general. According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, before choosing to run for the Senate, Kennedy had sought an ambassadorship to South Vietnam. Entering the Senate, Kennedy initially kept private his disagreements with President Johnson on the war. While Kennedy vigorously supported his brother's earlier efforts, he never publicly advocated commitment of ground troops. Though bothered by the beginning of the bombing of North Vietnam in February 1965, Kennedy did not wish

neg: Vietnam! Vietnam! went through numerous cuts and script alterations over a three-year period and, when finally released, managed to offend almost everyone. Critical reviews were unfavorable. USIA Director Frank Shakespeare left the decision on whether to order a copy of the film up to individual US Embassies abroad, and only a few did. Vietnam! Vietnam! Vietnam, Vietnam was a United States Information Agency (USIA) film about the Vietnam War. The film, narrated by Charlton Heston, was shot on location in Vietnam in October–December 1968 but not released until 1971. Though John Ford, the executive producer, went to Vietnam, he did not participate

neg: Lam Sơn uprising made peace with the Ming army. But in 1423 when his forces were built up better, Lê Lợi broke the peace agreement when the Ming army captured and killed his envoy. By 1427, the revolt had spread throughout Vietnam and the original Ming army of occupation had been ground down and destroyed. The new Ming ruler, the Xuande Emperor, wished to end the war with Vietnam, but his advisors urged one more effort to subdue the rebellious province. The result was a massive army (some 100,000 strong) being sent into Vietnam. The final campaign did not start well for the

neg: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War organize or join a public demonstration about something?" Positive responses were quite low; not many people wanted to protest anything, and those who did want to show a public demonstration often wanted to demonstrate in support of the Vietnam War. However, when the American Public was asked in 1990, "Looking back, do you wish that you had made a stronger effort to protest or demonstrate against the Vietnam War, or not", 25 percent said they wished they had. A major factor in the American public's disapproval of the Vietnam War came from the casualties being inflicted on US forces. In

neg: Mongolia–Vietnam relations to US$3.3m in 2006 and US$5.7m in 2007. They are aiming for US$10m of bilateral trade by 2010. During Nguyen Minh Triet's visit to Mongolia in October 2008, Vietnam agreed to sell 20,000 tonnes of rice to Mongolia. The Christina Nobel Children Fund is a charity funding medical care for street children in the two countries. Mongolia–Vietnam relations Mongolia–Vietnam relations are bilateral relations between Mongolia and Vietnam. Vietnam has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar. The two countries established diplomatic ties in 1954. Although Mongolia did not directly participate in the Vietnam war, it nevertheless expressed ideological support for North Vietnam by

neg: M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle limited capacity of its standard 20-round magazine tended to hamper its utility in that role. Although the weapon did see some action in World War I, the BAR did not become standard issue in the US Army until 1938, when it was issued to squads as a portable light machine gun. The BAR saw extensive service in both World War II and the Korean War and saw limited service in the Vietnam War. The US Army began phasing out the BAR in the late 1950s, when it was intended to be replaced by a squad automatic weapon (SAW) variant of

neg: Vietnam People's Air Force combat (dog fighting) against both older, as well as for emerging MiG fighters, were being put to the drawing board. US forces could not consistently track low flying MiGs on radar, and were hampered by restrictive rules of engagement (ROE) which required pilots to visually acquire their targets, nullifying much of the advantage of radar guided missiles, which often proved unreliable when used in combat. The VPAF (NVAF) was a defensive air arm, with the primary mission of defending North Vietnam, and until the last stages of the war, did not conduct air operations into South Vietnam; nor did the

neg: Bob McKeown Canada's "loyal friendship" with the United States was weaker than in the past. As part of her broader attempt to compare the Canadian response to the Iraq war with that of Vietnam, Coulter erroneously asserted that "Canada sent troops to Vietnam." McKeown corrected her, "No, actually, Canada didn't send troops to Vietnam." Although no uniformed Canadian troops were involved in war, Canadians did participate through counterinsurgency efforts in South Vietnam and reconnaissance for US bombing runs in North Vietnam. Later during an interview on the American C-SPAN channel, Coulter stated that McKeown did not mention that 10,000 Canadian troops ran

neg: CIA activities in Vietnam Vietnam did not grow any further due to the French discouraging CIA activity (the French were still clinging to the idea that they could one day still dominate Vietnam and the US was against this course of action). CIA involvement in Vietnam was discouraged by the French because it was found that the CIA would often reach past them to open channels to Vietnamese nationalists. CIA activity expansion occurred when the Indochina region became three separate states, and grew exponentially during the French War in 1953 to 1954 when the France was essentially forced to accept American assistance with unconventional

neg: War in Vietnam (1959–1963) had an independent rebellion. North Vietnam, however, clearly began to exploit that alienation. The US, however, did not recognize a significant threat, even with such information as intelligence on the formation of the logistics structure for infiltration. The presentation of hard evidence — communications intelligence about the organization building the Ho Chi Minh trail — Hanoi's involvement in the developing strife became evident. Not until 1960, however, did the US recognize both Diệm was in danger, that the Diệm structure was inadequate to deal with the problems, and present the first "Counterinsurgency Plan for Vietnam (CIP)" Quite separate from its

neg: Hai Yang Shi You 981 standoff Islands have been a subject of territorial dispute between China, Taiwan and Vietnam in the 20 century. In 1974, China and the US-backed South Vietnam fought the Battle of the Paracel Islands in which China took over the entire archipelago. South Vietnam never relinquished its claims, while Chinese and Soviet-backed North Vietnam (which did not administer the islands) supported the 1958 Declaration by China claiming all of the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, Macclesfield Bank and Pratas Islands. However, when North Vietnam reunited the country following the Vietnam War it repeated the former South Vietnamese claims. China claims the sea and

neg: People's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam Armed Forces of South Vietnam (PLAF) merged into the People's Army of Vietnam The event marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period to the formal reunification of Vietnam under the Socialist Republic by the elections controlled by the government in 1976. For propaganda purposes of dividing forces of enemies, the ARVN and the US army always said that the NLF army was comprehensively independent to the People's Army of Vietnam. In South Vietnam, members of the Communist Party of Vietnam held membership of the People's Revolutionary Party. According to American documents, the main

neg: 1968 in the Vietnam War as saying, "It became necessary to destroy the town to save it." During the week of February 11–17, 1968 the record for the highest US casualty toll during one week was set. The record coming off after the Tet Offensive was 543 Americans killed in action, and 2547 wounded. Walter Cronkite, reporting after his recent trip to Vietnam for his television special "Who, What, When, Where, Why?" gives a highly critical editorial and urges America to leave Vietnam "...not as victors, but as an honorable people who lived up to their pledge to defend democracy, and did the best they

neg: Living in Harmony being a Western, they argue, the network banned the episode in fear that it carried with it a message against US presence in Southeast Asia, (the Vietnam War being at its height). Official spokesmen from CBS as well as ITC have since confirmed that the episode's implied war commentary was why it wasn't shown during its original US run. "Living in Harmony" is one of the few episodes that does not start with the show's regular intro. This was meant to challenge the audience, and stimulate them to actively engage in the show, yet it confused audiences when the episode

neg: Dancing with Death (Vietnam War) Dancing with Death (Vietnam War) "Dancing with Death" was the satirical term used by the US Air Force Combat pilots after facing advanced Soviet made Surface to air missiles in the Vietnamese Skies. At the onset of Vietnam war, US pilots had carte blanche over Vietnamese airspace but situations changed drastically after the introduction of sophisticated Soviet Anti-aircraft systems. During the initial stages, poorly equipped Vietnamese air defense forces were unable to shoot down high altitude US aircraft with World War II Vintage guns. When they asked for assistance, their chief ally Soviet Union decided to supply S-75 Dvina. Although,

neg: USS Boxer (CV-21) helicopters of the US Army's 1st Cavalry Division to South Vietnam. She made a second trip to Vietnam in early 1966 when she transported Marine Corps aircraft to South Vietnam. However, she did not participate in combat operations during that war. On 26 February 1966, "Boxer" recovered AS-201, an unmanned test flight of the Apollo program which had launched from Cape Kennedy, Florida aboard a Saturn 1B rocket. The capsule had landed east of Ascension Island and one of "Boxers helicopters picked it up. From 16–17 March 1966, "Boxer" was the designated Atlantic prime recovery ship for Gemini 8, although

neg: Charles McMahon and Darwin Judge died in Vietnam was in controversy. Richard B. Fitzgibbon Jr.'s death in June 1956 was deemed to have taken place before the start of the Vietnam War. However, the family of Fitzgibbon had long lobbied to have the start date changed and their cause was taken up by U.S. Representative Ed Markey (D-MA). After a high level review by the DoD and through the efforts of Fitzgibbon's family, the start date of the Vietnam war was changed to November 1, 1955. The November 1955 date was chosen as the new start date because that was when the Military Assistance Advisory

neg: Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War planes. We were more afraid of their style." According to Albert Palazzo, as a junior partner, the Australians had little opportunity to influence US strategy in the war: "the American concept [of how the war should be fought] remained unchallenged and it prevailed almost by default." Overall, the tactics used by the Australian Army in Vietnam were not successful. Like the Americans, Australian tactics were focused on seeking to engage the Communist forces in battle and ultimately failed as the Communists were generally able to evade Australian forces when conditions were not favourable. Moreover, the Australians did not devote sufficient

neg: War in Vietnam (1959–1963) directed to take over action until 1957 or later. Before that, they were unquestionably recruiting and preparing. While the visible guerilla incidents increased gradually, the key policy decisions by the North were made in 1959. Early in this period, there was a greater degree of conflict in Laos than in South Vietnam. US combat involvement was, at first, greater in Laos, but the activity of advisors, and increasingly US direct support to South Vietnamese soldiers, increased, under US military authority, in late 1959 and early 1960. Communications intercepts in 1959, for example, confirmed the start of the Ho Chi Minh

neg: Reunification Day Reunification Day Reunification Day (), Victory Day () or Liberation Day ( or ) or the official name of Day of liberating the South for national reunification () is a public holiday in Vietnam that marks the event when Việt Cộng and North Vietnamese troops captured Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) on April 30, 1975. This signalled the end of the Vietnam War, known in Vietnamese as (Vietnam War) or ("Resistance War Against American invasion"). It was the start of the transition period toward reunification, which occurred in the national election for national reunification on July 2, 1976, when

neg: Robert F. Kennedy On May 1, while in Lafayette, Indiana, Kennedy said continued delays in beginning peace talks with North Vietnam meant both more lives lost and the postponing of the "domestic progress" hoped for by the US. Later that month, Kennedy called the war "the gravest kind of error" in a speech in Corvallis, Oregon. In an interview on June 4, hours before he was shot, Kennedy continued to advocate for a change in policy towards the war. Despite his criticism of the Vietnam War and the South Vietnam government, Kennedy also stated in his 1968 campaign brochure that he did not

neg: South Korea in the Vietnam War second half. Corruption did occur in which US-issued weapons were re-directed and sold to Korean ships for re-sale to the Korean government and supplementing the arsenal of Korean forces stationed in Korea, whom were still given M1 Garand rifles instead of the newer-issue M16 rifle given out to ARVN and ROK forces in South Vietnam The withdrawal process had negatively impacted Korean-US relations, despite economic benefits gained, with Nixon and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird considering simultaneous withdrawal from both Korea and Vietnam. Due to Vietnamization US troops begun withdrawing since 1970, which had caused disagreement with the South Korean

neg: Agent Blue going around about the past missions that were sent out. Agent Blue and White are the least effective of all the herbicides. Agent Blue Agent Blue, (CH)AsOOH, obtained by the oxidation of cacodyl, and having the properties of an exceedingly stable acid; is one of the "rainbow herbicides" that is known for its use by the United States during the Vietnam War. Largely inspired by the British use of herbicides and defoliants during the Malayan Emergency, killing rice was a military strategy from the very start of US military involvement in Vietnam. At first, US soldiers attempted to blow up

neg: Agent Blue Agent Blue Agent Blue, (CH)AsOOH, obtained by the oxidation of cacodyl, and having the properties of an exceedingly stable acid; is one of the "rainbow herbicides" that is known for its use by the United States during the Vietnam War. Largely inspired by the British use of herbicides and defoliants during the Malayan Emergency, killing rice was a military strategy from the very start of US military involvement in Vietnam. At first, US soldiers attempted to blow up rice paddies and rice stocks, using mortars and hand grenades. But grains of rice were far more durable than they understood, and

neg: Lufbery circle Battle of the Coral Sea, US Grumman F4F Wildcats defending the against Japanese dive bombers adopted a Lufbery Circle when attacked by A6M Zeros. Although the Lufbery would seem to expose modern aircraft to missiles and unchecked gunnery passes, US pilots in the Vietnam War found North Vietnamese MiG-17 fighters using it as bait for faster F-4 Phantom fighters that did not have guns and could not use their missiles because of tight turns made by the MiGs. Mostly in World War II literature, a Lufbery Circle can be used to refer to any turning engagement between aircraft, i.e. what

neg: China in the Vietnam War the revolution deeper into Southeast Asia via the Indochinese internationalist model. Then relations changes in the late 1960s, as the Cultural Revolution and Maoist visions of permanent revolutionary struggle ran up against important and extremely complex geostrategic differences in Vietnam in the war against the US. Nonetheless, the Chinese continued to supply massive amounts of military and economic aid, as well as sending over 300,000 military support troops into northern Vietnam. Internationalism did suffer a serious blow, plus the Sino-Soviet split, which brought damage to the relations between China, the Soviet Union and of course, Vietnam. Vietnam War: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War First

neg: History of the British Army Nationalist Chinese attempted to occupy the northern areas of Vietnam. Vietnam was at this time in chaos and the population did not want French rule restored. The British military decided to rearm numerous French POWs—who then went on a rampage—and British forces also re-armed Japanese troops to help maintain order. The British and Indians departed by February 1946 and the First Indochina War began shortly afterwards. War in Vietnam would continue for more than twenty years. The latter part of the 1940s saw the British start to begin to withdraw from the Empire, the Army playing a prominent role in

neg: Technology during World War II the FG 42 with the belt feed system of the MG42 to create the M60 machine gun used in the Vietnam War. Despite being overshadowed by self-loading/automatic rifles and sub-machine guns, bolt-action rifles remained the mainstay infantry weapon of many nations during World War II. When the United States entered World War II, there were not enough M1 Garand rifles available to American forces which forced the US to start producing more M1903 rifles in order to act as a "stop gap" measure until sufficient quantities of M1 Garands were produced. During the conflict, many new models of bolt-action rifles

neg: 1940–46 in the Vietnam War he was "in favor of anything that is against the Japanese in Indochina provided that we do not align ourselves with the French." U.S. General Claire Lee Chennault in Chungking said that "any help or aid given by us [to Vietnam] shall be in such a way that it cannot possibly be construed as furthering the political aims of the French." Japan demanded that the French colonial government of Vietnam be placed under its control, including the banks and French and Vietnamese armed forces. When the French did not immediately accede to their demands the Japanese seized the government by

neg: 1964 in the Vietnam War South Vietnam as proposed by de Gaulle and others. The Battle of Long Dinh involved the People's Liberation Armed Forces (Viet Cong) and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). ARVN, despite overwhelming numbers and firepower, was not aggressive in its attack and the Viet Cong escaped. President Johnson met with the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Maxwell Taylor recommended a "progressive and selective attack on targets in North Vietnam." Johnson, however, disagreed, saying that "he did not want to start a war before November" because of the impact an expanded

neg: Nixon Doctrine nuclear umbrella when requested. The Doctrine argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allies. The Nixon Doctrine implied the intentions of Nixon shifting the direction on international policies in Asia, especially aiming for "Vietnamization of the Vietnam War." During President Nixon's first inauguration in January 1969, the US was engaged in combat in Vietnam for almost four years. It had so far killed over 30,000 Americans and several Vietnamese citizens. By 1969, the US public opinion had moved decisively favoring to end the Vietnam War; a Gallup poll in May showed 56% of the public believed

neg: Mark Lane (author) being arrogant and sensationalistic, and said the book he was writing had "shoddy reporting in it". National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam leaders refused to work with Lane further and gave the VVAW leaders a "Lane or us" ultimatum. VVAW did not wish to lose the monetary support of Lane and Fonda, so the National Committee for a Citizens Commission of Inquiry on U.S. War Crimes in Vietnam split from the project. The following month, after caustic reviews of Lane's book by authors and a Vietnam expert, VVAW also distanced itself from

neg: Burst of Joy I'm one of the lucky ones." Donald Goldstein, a retired Air Force colonel and a co-author of a prominent Vietnam War photojournalism book, "The Vietnam War: The Stories and The Photographs", says of "Burst of Joy", "After years of fighting a war we couldn't win, a war that tore us apart, it was finally over, and the country could start healing." Burst of Joy Burst of Joy is a Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph by Associated Press photographer Slava "Sal" Veder, taken on March 17, 1973 at Travis Air Force Base in California. The photograph came to symbolize the end of United

neg: Performance indicator of statistics can become a substitute for a better understanding of the problems so the use of dubious KPIs can result in progress in aims and measured effectiveness becoming different. For example, US soldiers during the Vietnam War were shown to be effective in kill ratios and high body counts, but this was misleading when used to measure aims as it did not show the lack of progress towards the US goal of increasing South Vietnamese government control of its territory. Another example would be to measure the productivity of a software development team in terms of lines of source

neg: Empire of the Rising Sun China, at war with Japan from the start, would be controlled by the US player, and Communist China by the Soviet player. The Designer's Notes state that "ERS", shorter and less strategically complex than "A3R", fits into the global war in the same proportion that the Eastern Front fits into the European War. A US-Japanese tensions table, similar to the US-Axis Tensions table, governs relations between those two powers until they go to war with one another. Japan may seize various territories (e.g. French Indo-China—modern Vietnam—after the Fall of France in 1940, leaving Burma as the only Allied land supply

neg: Bangladesh Armed Forces These commandos were later absorbed into the Bangladesh Navy. The Mukti Bahini received assistance from the Indian Government soon after the start of Bangladesh Liberation war. The Soviet Union and the US were also drawn in the Cold War politics in the region. The US policy of the Nixon Administration, guided by then US National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger was courting Pakistan to open ties with China, hence could not support the Bangladeshi struggle for independence. However, Nixon's policy did supply emergency relief assistance to India and diplomatic support to Pakistan. On 21 November 1971, when the natural climate was

neg: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War criticizing US foreign policy as the 1960s began. By the middle of the decade, open condemnation of the war became more common, with figures like Malcolm X and Robert Parris Moses speaking out. Champion boxer Muhammad Ali risked his career and a prison sentence to resist the draft in 1966. Soon Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King and James Bevel of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) became prominent opponents of the Vietnam War, and the Black Panther Party vehemently opposed U.S. involvement in Vietnam. In the beginning of the war, some African Americans did not want to join

neg: National Vietnam War Veterans Day National Vietnam War Veterans Day National Vietnam War Veterans Day is a US holiday observed annually on March 29. It recognizes veterans who served in the US military during the Vietnam War. It should not be confused with Veterans Day. On March 28, 2017, President Donald J. Trump signed the "Vietnam War Veterans Recognition Act of 2017". This act officially recognizes March 29 as National Vietnam War Veterans Day. The Act also includes the day among those days on which the US flag should especially be displayed. On March 29, 2012, President Barack Obama proclaimed March 29, 2012, as Vietnam

neg: New Zealand–United States relations in North Korea for eighteen months and repatriated after the armistices. New Zealand's involvement in the Vietnam War was highly controversial, sparking widespread protest at home from anti-Vietnam War movements modelled on their American counterparts. This conflict was also the first in which New Zealand did not fight alongside the United Kingdom, instead following the loyalties of the ANZUS Pact. New Zealand's initial response was carefully considered and characterised by Prime Minister Keith Holyoake's cautiousness towards the entire Vietnam question. New Zealand non-military economic assistance would continue from 1966 onwards and averaged at US$347,500 annually. This funding went to several

neg: Robert McGill (writer) the story of a young schoolteacher named Maggie who leaves the United States with her boyfriend, Fletcher, in the summer of 1972 to start a commune on a farm near Niagara Falls. When the US government ends the military draft for the Vietnam War, Fletcher faces family pressure to return home, while Maggie has to deal with the disappearance of her father, a missionary in Laos. McGill’s short fiction has been published in literary magazines including "Grain", "Descant", and "The Fiddlehead", as well as in "Toronto Life", "The Dalhousie Review", and "The New Quarterly". In 2013, his story “The Stress

neg: Israel–United States relations generated by it, former President Bush repeated the US commitment to Israel's security. Israeli–US tension eased after the start of the Persian Gulf war on 16 January 1991, when Israel became a target of Iraqi Scud missiles. The United States urged Israel not to retaliate against Iraq for the attacks because it was believed that Iraq wanted to draw Israel into the conflict and force other coalition members, Egypt and Syria in particular, to quit the coalition and join Iraq in a war against Israel. Israel did not retaliate, and gained praise for its restraint. Following the Gulf War, the

neg: War in Vietnam (1954–1959) specified the start of consultations on the 1956 referendum would begin, between Hanoi and Saigon, in July 1955. Diệm refused to enter into talks. On 20 July, Vietnam announced that it would not participate in talks for the reunification of North and South Vietnam through the elections that were scheduled for the following year, according to the Geneva agreements. Diệm pointed out that his government had not signed the Geneva agreements, and thus was not subject to them. The U.S. did not—as is often alleged—connive with Diệm to ignore the elections. The U.S. expected elections to be held and fully

neg: September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt rule as a triumvirate for two months, until a new civilian government could be formed. However, because of their disunity, the trio did little. Khánh dominated the decision-making and sidelined Khiêm and Minh. The US military commander in Vietnam William Westmoreland deplored the concessions Khánh made to political opponents and lobbied Washington for permission to attack North Vietnam, saying that Khánh could not survive without it. At the start of September 1964, General Lâm Văn Phát was dismissed as Interior Minister, while General Dương Văn Đức was about to be removed as IV Corps commander. Both were removed partly due

neg: 1968 in the Vietnam War Adams' iconic image of South Vietnamese General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan's execution of a Viet Cong operative was taken in 1968. The year also saw Walter Cronkite's call to honourably exit Vietnam because he thought the war was lost. This negative impression forced the US into the Paris peace talks with North Vietnam. US troop numbers peaked in 1968 with President Johnson approving an increased maximum number of US troops in Vietnam at 549,500. The year was the most expensive in the Vietnam War with the American spending US$ (US$ in 2019) on the war. The year also became the deadliest

neg: Hồ Lệ Thu THIEN TAM Charity Foundation was founded by Ho Le Thu in US. The foundation was established to fund Vocational Rehabilitation for Poor Disabled Youth in Vietnam to get a new start in life. Hồ Lệ Thu Tào Thế Lệ Thu, stage name Hồ Lệ Thu (Hanoi, October 19, 1973) is a female pop singer from northern Vietnam. Hồ Lệ Thu was born in Hà Nội, Vietnam. She started to exhibit her ambition for singing at a very early age, and when she was 10 years old, she attended the Labor Theatre House, a Vietnamese children's singing club. Many other Vietnamese

neg: War in Vietnam (1959–1963) Lack of US satisfaction with indigenous efforts led to "Americanization" of the war. War in Vietnam (1959–1963) The 1959 to 1963 phase of the Vietnam War started after the North Vietnamese had made a firm decision to commit to a military intervention in the guerrilla war in the South Vietnam, a buildup phase began, between the 1959 North Vietnamese decision and the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, which led to a major US escalation of its involvement. Vietnamese communists saw this as a second phase of their revolution, the US now substituting for the French. Between the Geneva accords in 1954

neg: Casus belli pretext for the Vietnam War. North Vietnamese Naval officials have publicly stated that was never fired on by North Vietnamese naval forces. In the documentary film ""The Fog of War"", then-US Defense Secretary Robert McNamara concedes the attack did not happen, though he says that he and President Johnson believed it did so at the time. The first Gulf of Tonkin Incident (the 2nd of August) should not be confused with the second Gulf of Tonkin Incident (4 August). The North Vietnamese claimed that on August 2, US destroyer USS "Maddox" was hit by one torpedo and that one of

neg: Vietnam in 2018 found the demands are due to medical and health-related reasons. The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam until present is the chemical herbicide legacy of Agent Orange that causing birth defects and many health problems towards Vietnamese residents especially in the southern and central areas that was affected most by the chemicals with nearly 4.8 million Vietnamese have been exposed. In 2012, approximately 50 years after the war, the United States began to start a US$43 million joint clean up project in the former chemical storage areas in Vietnam that was heavily affected with each clearance will

neg: China in the Vietnam War 1962, even exceeded Soviet assistance in the same period. Thus, all these factors contributed to a closer relationship and increased the Chinese popularity among the Vietnamese population. Besides, when it comes to the reason why did the leaders in Hanoi, shortly after such a strong declaration of alliance with the Chinese, turn away from Beijing and towards Moscow, he suggests, the most important reason was the deteriorating security situation in Vietnam. From Vietnamese perspectives, in terms of the threat of escalating US intervention, the only possible and reliable ally in such a situation would be the Soviet Union. Although China

neg: Vietnam and the World Bank (IEG)’s assessment has been relatively high with most project ratings being moderately satisfactory or better. But due to more complicated project designs, deficient performance evaluation and postponement of remedy measures, a declining tendency for outcome ratings was seen in more recent years. Not until 2009, when Vietnam was recognized as a middle-income country, did the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) approved the first loan of US$500 million to the country. As of October 31, 2018, the total lending portfolio of IBRD to Vietnam has reached about US$3.5 billion and 20 projects were financed by IBRD. To help the

neg: Rand Beers in isolation essentially for many of those years and did not experience the turmoil here or the challenges that were involved for those of us who served in Vietnam during the Vietnam war." McCain, a captured U.S. Navy aviator, was a prisoner of war of the North Vietnamese government for several years, and was repeatedly tortured. Beers's comments elicited widespread criticism from conservative observers such as Rush Limbaugh and Karl Rove, as well as a variety of right-wing blogs. Rand Beers Rand Beers (born November 30, 1942) is an American government official who served as Deputy Homeland Security Advisor to

neg: Viet Cong and Vietnam People's Army logistics and equipment of restrictions on US options. These constraints implicitly granted North Vietnam's continued existence, and sought to avoid antagonizing Peking by attacking targets too close to the Chinese border with North Vietnam, or within China itself. The Chinese were content to provide supportive diplomatic rhetoric, manpower and material, but signaled they would not enter the fray unless the Americans invaded North Vietnam. The Nixon regime removed some of the operational constraints on American power late in the American war, but was already committed to removing US forces from the theater, and the punishment inflicted by expanded bombing, while heavy, did not

neg: Vietnam Campaign Medal was caused by the Republic of Vietnam government stating that the "1960– " and "60–" devices would show the dates of the Vietnam War from start to finish, with the ending year placed on the devices when the South Vietnamese had prevailed over the invading North Vietnam (the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) forces. However, on 30 April 1975, Saigon was captured (the capitol of South Vietnam), and South Vietnam surrendered that day to the North Vietnamese Army-NVA under the orders of General Duong Van Minh, who since 28 April was the President of South Vietnam. The Republic of Vietnam Campaign

neg: National Vietnam War Veterans Day Veterans Day. The proclamation called "upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities that commemorate the 50 year anniversary of the Vietnam War." National Vietnam War Veterans Day National Vietnam War Veterans Day is a US holiday observed annually on March 29. It recognizes veterans who served in the US military during the Vietnam War. It should not be confused with Veterans Day. On March 28, 2017, President Donald J. Trump signed the "Vietnam War Veterans Recognition Act of 2017". This act officially recognizes March 29 as National Vietnam War Veterans Day. The Act also

neg: 1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (Australia) to the Vietnam War. Working primarily with 1 RAR, the troop was placed under the control of the US 173rd Airborne Brigade, operating in an area to the north of Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy Province. Under the command of Lieutenant (later Captain) Robert Hill, initially the troop was deployed with only eight carriers as at the start of the Australian commitment to the ground war in Vietnam, the Australian government intended to limit the size of Australia's forces to a single infantry battalion tasked with maintaining security around the American base at Bien Hoa. In September, however, as it

neg: Second Chinese domination of Vietnam Second Chinese domination of Vietnam The second Chinese domination marks a period from 43 to 544 when Vietnam fell into Chinese control for a second time, between the end of the Trưng Sisters and the start of the Anterior Lý Dynasty. This period began when General Ma Yuan conquered Giao Chỉ from the Trưng Sisters on the order of emperor Wu of Han. This region was merged again into the Han dynasty, until civil war in China made it unstable and it became divided into many kingdoms. When the Liang dynasty was established, Lý Bí raised a revolt against them

neg: MGM-51 Shillelagh be air transportable and provide antitank support for airborne forces. In 1966, the US Army began pressing General Westmoreland to field the tank in South Vietnam, but he declined, stating that with no main gun ammunition, the "Sheridan" was basically nothing more than a $300,000 machine gun platform. In 1968, 152mm main gun ammo became available, and the M551 General Sheridan was deployed to South Vietnam for combat operations in January 1969. Shillelagh missiles did not prove to be a problem in the Vietnam War: they were not used. The Sheridans' 152mm main guns were used in combat operations in

neg: John D. Lavelle Force units based in both South Vietnam and Thailand. By that time, Vietnamization, Nixon's policy of transferring responsibility for the war to the South Vietnamese, was well along, and US forces were steadily withdrawing. Operation Rolling Thunder, the air war against North Vietnam, had ended in 1968. Washington suspended bombing in North Vietnam to induce Hanoi to talk peace. However, reconnaissance flights continued over North Vietnam. In November 1968, less than a month after the end of Rolling Thunder, the North Vietnamese shot down a reconnaissance aircraft. When Nixon came to the White House in January 1969, he maintained the

neg: Ted Studebaker the example of Jesus Christ. He volunteered for two years working with a Montagnard hill tribe where he helped them with agricultural production. He bought fertilizer and sold it to the tribe at cost to yield a better crop, did the same with a roto-tiller, and also worked on a poultry production project. He believed that working with the people of Vietnam was the only way to pursue true peace and stability in Vietnam rather than war, although he did not side with either the Vietnamese or the US military. He married a Chinese volunteer named Ven Pak in April

neg: Military history of Vietnam Rouge and their use of Cambodian soil to stage attacks into South Vietnam. The US heavily bombed PVA, VC and Khmer Rouge position in Cambodia. Khmer Rouge was aided militarily by the North Vietnam and the Viet Cong, and won the war in 1975. When the Laotian Civil War ended in 1975, the government of Laos started to persecute the Hmong-tribes, who had been fighting alongside the United States in the Vietnam War. Vietnam has participated in the persecution, which has led to thousands of Hmong fleeing to the United States and Thailand. Although the Hmong no longer poses a

neg: House demolition during the Vietnam War, when numerous villages were burned by US troops and local allies. General Colin Powell later recalled how he had personally participated in the destruction of Montagnard homes when he was serving in Vietnam as a young US Army officer: The Soviet Union used home destruction tactics indiscriminately during the Soviet-Afghan War when it sought to depopulate the countryside by attacking civilians in the villages in which they lived. Soviet troops would seize a settlement, expel the villagers and raze homes and other buildings before withdrawing. Sometimes the Soviets simply carpet-bombed villages to destroy them outright. Similar

neg: 1969 in the Vietnam War which utilized them for resupply, training, and resting between campaigns across the border in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The number of American military personnel in Vietnam peaked at 543,000. Tensions and casualties start escalating months after the Vietnam War begins both in Vietnam and back home in the United States. In the beginning of April a massive group of Harvard students took their angers to the school, trying to overthrow officials all while physically taking out multiple deans and eventually locked themselves in to revolt against the Vietnam War. Meanwhile, over in Vietnam the war starts to escalate

neg: Weapons of the Vietnam War CHICOM's by the US military. Captured weapons were also widely used; almost every small arm used by SEATO may have seen limited enemy use. During the early 1950s, US equipment captured in Korea was also sent to the Viet Minh. Weapons of the Vietnam War This article is about the weapons used in the Vietnam War, which involved the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) or North Vietnamese Army (NVA), National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (NLF) or Viet Cong (VC), and the armed forces of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), United States, Republic of Korea, Philippines, Thailand,

neg: Human Events Hazlitt. "Newsweek" noted although "Human Events" did not have a large readership outside the Washington D.C. area, "the tough little tabloid enjoys an impact out of all proportion to its circulation". "Human Events" backed US military intervention in the Vietnam War; after the war ended, the publication blamed American liberals for the collapse of South Vietnam. "Human Events" gave qualified support to Apartheid South Africa, describing the country as "a pro-Western bulwark that provides more in the way of freedom and wealth to its blacks than the vast majority of black African states". "Human Events" also described Nelson Mandela as

neg: Proxy war funding armed insurgent and paramilitary organizations, such as Hezbollah, to engage in irregular combat against Israel. Additionally, the governments of some nations, particularly liberal democracies, may choose to engage in proxy warfare (despite military superiority) when a majority of their citizens oppose declaring or entering a conventional war. This featured prominently in US strategy following the Vietnam War, due to the so-called "Vietnam Syndrome" of extreme war weariness among the American population. This was also a significant factor in motivating the US to enter conflicts such as the Syrian Civil War via proxy actors, after a series of costly, drawn-out

neg: Fist bump only with each participants' right hand, a fist bump may be performed with participants using either hand. The "fist bump" or "pound" can be traced back to the late 1800s when boxers would be instructed to touch gloves at the start of a contest. This quickly became the customary greeting between boxers in and out of the ring. Smithsonian researcher LaMont Hamilton suggests that the dap originated during the Vietnam war as a modified form of the Black Power salute, which was prohibited by the US military. Pat Benatar is seen giving another dancer a fist bump at the end

neg: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War as they could see was not ending. In a poll from December 1967, 71% of the public believed the war would not be settled in 1968. A year later the same question was asked and 55% of people did not think the war would be settled in 1969. When the American public was asked about the Vietnam-era Anti-War movement in the 1990s, 39% of the public said the approved while 39% said they disapproved. The last 22% were unsure. Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War began with demonstrations

neg: Saturation fire positions, particularly prior to an attack. Benjamin Colby claims that the U.S. did saturation fire-bombing of Dresden in 1945. During the Vietnam War, the US used saturation fire against the Vietnamese forces. In one example in 1972, US air forces did saturation fire around a bunker where seven US advisers alongside a number of South Vietnamese ARVN soldiers were surrounded by NVA forces which had been subjecting the bunker to a withering attack for days. Automatic weapons, especially belt-fed, crew-served machine guns, can be used to deliver a high volume of fire at enemy positions. A history of German military

neg: America in Vietnam America in Vietnam America in Vietnam is a book by Guenter Lewy about America's role in the Vietnam War. The book is highly influential, although it has remained controversial even decades after its publication. Lewy contends that the United States' actions in Vietnam were neither illegal nor immoral, and that tales of American atrocities were greatly exaggerated in what he understands as a "veritable industry" of war crimes allegations. The text returned to the limelight during the 2004 US Presidential Election, when it was cited by several groups supporting the reelection of George W. Bush, in contending that Democratic presidential

neg: Edge of Eternity rights movement in the US, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King, the Vietnam War, the Watergate Scandal and the Solidarity movement. The novel also covers a range of personal events. Others tour the world as reporters or aides to major political figures. Characters in the US work (under six presidents) to overcome prejudice and discrimination and to win the Cold War. Characters in East Berlin and Moscow work (under five different Soviet leaders), subtly at first and then more overtly, to bring about the start of the fall of

neg: Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War involved in the controversial Phoenix Program run by the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which was designed to target the Viet Cong infrastructure through infiltration, arrest and assassination. The AATTV became Australia's most decorated unit of the war, including all four Victoria Crosses awarded during the conflict. Historian Albert Palazzo comments that when the Australians entered the Vietnam War, it was with their own "well considered ...concept of war", and this was often contradictory or in conflict with US concepts. The 1 ATF light infantry tactics such as patrolling, searching villages without destroying them (with a view to eventually converting

neg: Perpetual war Vietnam War. James Pinckney Harrison argues in "The Endless War: Fifty Years of Struggle in Vietnam" (1981) that the Vietnam War was "endless" due to the success of the communist revolution in nationalizing the people. The concept was used by Trần Văn Đôn, a general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, in his book "Our Endless War: Inside Vietnam" (1978). American historian James Chace argues in his book "Endless War: How we got involved in Central America" (1983) that US policy in Central America is based upon the assumption that US hegemony is threatened within the region. According

neg: Tunnel Rats (film) Tunnel Rats (film) Tunnel Rats, also known as 1968 Tunnel Rats, is a 2008 German-Canadian war suspense film written and directed by Uwe Boll. The film is based on the factual duties of tunnel rats during the Vietnam War. In a documentary for the film, Boll revealed the film did not have a script, and instead the actors are improvising their lines. The box office return was poor, but "Tunnel Rats" was met with positive reviews. A group of US Army soldiers, trained in underground warfare, arrive at base camp in the jungle of Vietnam. The soldiers spend the first

neg: Operation Marigold Operation Marigold Marigold was an American codename for a failed secret attempt to reach a compromise solution to the Vietnam War, carried out by Polish diplomat Janusz Lewandowski, a member of the International Control Commission, and the Italian ambassador in Saigon, Giovanni D'Orlandi, in collaboration with US ambassador in Saigon Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. at the end of 1966. In his 2012 book, James Hershberg argues that had not the USA missed this opportunity, direct talks between the United States and North Vietnam could have begun (roughly a year-and-a-half before they actually did, in Paris, in May 1968), the war

neg: Commercial Import Program the 17th parallel. The Geneva agreements, which the State of Vietnam did not sign, called for reunification elections to be held in 1956. The State of Vietnam received support from the US and other anti-communist countries in the midst of the Cold War, which saw it as a partner in a fight against the spread of communism. The Commercial Import Program was created in January 1955, immediately upon the transfer of France's remaining direct influence over the State of Vietnam to the chief of state, former Emperor Bảo Đại and his Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem. The Americans and Diem

neg: Naser Jason Abdo Afghanistan and Iraq to be charged with actions related to attacks on fellow US soldiers. He was charged for a bomb plot, not terrorism, as he acted alone and was not part of a terrorist organization. Each case is unique. In 2003 at the start of the Iraq War, Sgt. Hasan Karim Akbar killed two officers and wounded 14 soldiers of the 101st Airborne in a fragging: a grenade and shooting attack at their base in Kuwait. Such incidents were rare in the Iraq War but frequent by aggrieved troops during the Vietnam War. The November 2009 shooting incident at

neg: Lê Lợi original Ming army of occupation had been ground down and destroyed. The new Ming ruler, the Xuande Emperor, wished to end the war with Vietnam, but his advisors urged one more effort to subdue the rebellious province. The result was a massive army (some 100,000 strong) being sent into Vietnam. The final campaign did not start well for the Ming forces. Lê Lợi's forces met the Ming army in battle but quickly staged a mock retreat. The Ming general, Liu Sheng ("Liễu Thăng" in Vietnamese), urging his troops forward, was cut off from the main part of his army, captured

neg: Robyn Carr Robyn Carr Robyn Carr is the #1 New York Times bestselling author of almost fifty novels, including the critically acclaimed Virgin River novels. Carr never intended to become a writer. She studied nursing in college. She married her high school sweetheart just before he left for the US Air Force as a helicopter pilot during the Vietnam War. Carr followed her new husband from base to base, and because they did not stay in any one place for very long, she was unable to pursue her nursing career. When a difficult pregnancy required her to be off of her feet,

neg: War in Vietnam (1959–1963) War in Vietnam (1959–1963) The 1959 to 1963 phase of the Vietnam War started after the North Vietnamese had made a firm decision to commit to a military intervention in the guerrilla war in the South Vietnam, a buildup phase began, between the 1959 North Vietnamese decision and the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, which led to a major US escalation of its involvement. Vietnamese communists saw this as a second phase of their revolution, the US now substituting for the French. Between the Geneva accords in 1954 and 1956, the two states created by the talks were still forming; the

neg: Exclusive mandate of their reconciliation policy. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed in 1945; the Republic of Vietnam gained its independence from France in 1954. While elections were intended to be held in 1955 to reunite the country, they never took place. For the next 20 years, both staked claims to all of Vietnam, claiming that the other was an illegally constituted puppet state. This continued until South Vietnam unconditionally surrendered to North Vietnam in 1975. When some European countries (such as Switzerland) started recognizing North Vietnam towards the end of the Vietnam war, South Vietnam did not interrupt its diplomatic

neg: Vietnam War invaded during World War II, the Viet Minh opposed them with support from the US, the Soviet Union and China. They received some Japanese arms when Japan surrendered. The Viet Minh, a Communist-led common front under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, then initiated an insurgency against French rule. Hostilities escalated into the First Indochina War (beginning in December 1946). By the 1950s, the conflict had become entwined with the Cold War. In January 1950, China and the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam, based in Hanoi, as the legitimate government of Vietnam. The following month

neg: Wayne Karlin whose work is published through Lonely Planet. Wayne Karlin Wayne Karlin (born June 13, 1945, in Los Angeles, California) is an American author, editor, and teacher. His books include "Wandering Souls", "Marble Mountain," "War Movies: Journeys to Vietnam", "The Wished-For Country", "Prisoners", "Rumors and Stones", "Crossover", "Lost Armies", "The Extras", and "Us". Karlin attended White Plains High School, in New York and then served in the U.S. Marine Corps from 1963 to 1967, when he was honorably discharged with the rank of sergeant. Karlin was a helicopter gunner during the Vietnam War. His decorations include the Vietnam Service Medal, the

neg: Wayne Karlin Wayne Karlin Wayne Karlin (born June 13, 1945, in Los Angeles, California) is an American author, editor, and teacher. His books include "Wandering Souls", "Marble Mountain," "War Movies: Journeys to Vietnam", "The Wished-For Country", "Prisoners", "Rumors and Stones", "Crossover", "Lost Armies", "The Extras", and "Us". Karlin attended White Plains High School, in New York and then served in the U.S. Marine Corps from 1963 to 1967, when he was honorably discharged with the rank of sergeant. Karlin was a helicopter gunner during the Vietnam War. His decorations include the Vietnam Service Medal, the Air Medal, a Presidential Unit Citation, and

neg: Civil Actions Medal Former US Air Force personnel who served in the Vietnam War can apply for unit award. Former Navy and Marine Corps personnel who served in the Vietnam War can apply for the two Republic of Vietnam unit awards. A written request can be submitted for the awards as: The Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citation (Gallantry Cross) and the Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citation (Civil Actions Medal). Former Coast Guard personnel who served in Vietnam War can apply for the unit award. Civil Actions Medal The Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal () also known as the Vietnam Civil

neg: Desertion I, when the US eventually joined the war, desertion still occurred amongst American armed forces. One US Navy deserter, Henry Holscher, later joined a UK regiment and won the Military Medal. Over 20,000 American soldiers were tried and sentenced for desertion during World War II. Forty-nine were sentenced to death, though 48 of these death sentences were subsequently commuted. Only one US soldier, Private Eddie Slovik, was executed for desertion in World War II. Approximately 50,000 American servicemen deserted during the Vietnam War. Some of these migrated to Canada. Among those who deserted to Canada were Andy Barrie, host of

neg: Fred A. Wilcox "Waiting for an Army to Die" (), recounts the effects of the chemical defoliant Agent Orange on US troops during and after the Vietnam War. The chemical was used to eliminate the dense foliage of the forests in Vietnam, which the US military believed provided cover to enemy fighters. Wilcox follows the lives of US veterans who argue that the chemical was toxic, citing health conditions including cancer and fetal deformations. The book helped bring to light the issue of Agent Orange in the United States when it was first published in 1983. Jon W. Mitchell wrote in "": "In