query: process by which nitrogen is obtained from air on a large scale

pos: Air separation storage tanks of ships and tanks for petroleum products, or for protecting edible oil products from oxidation. Air separation An air separation plant separates atmospheric air into its primary components, typically nitrogen and oxygen, and sometimes also argon and other rare inert gases. The most common method for air separation is fractional distillation. Cryogenic air separation units (ASUs) are built to provide nitrogen or oxygen and often co-produce argon. Other methods such as membrane, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) are commercially used to separate a single component from ordinary air. High purity oxygen, nitrogen, and

pos: Sable Chemicals is 240 000 tonnes per annum of AN . An air separation process is used to separate nitrogen from air for downstream use in the ammonia making process. By-products in the form of gaseous and liquid oxygen as well as small quantities of liquid nitrogen are formed. Five basic unit operations make up the air separation process: air compression, air purification, heat exchange, liquefaction and distillation. Nitrogen is compressed to 30 bar prior to export to the ammonia making plant. The purpose of the water electrolysis process is to produce hydrogen for use in ammonia making. The process consists of

pos: Cryogenic nitrogen plant Cryogenic nitrogen plant Nitrogen, as an element of great technical importance, can be produced in a cryogenic nitrogen plant with a purity of more than 99.9999%. Air inside a distillation column is separated at cryogenic temperatures (about 100K/-173°C) to produce high purity nitrogen with 1ppm of impurities. The process is based on the air separation, which was invented by Dr. Carl von Linde in 1895. The main purpose of a cryogenic nitrogen plant is to provide a customer with high purity gaseous nitrogen (GAN). In addition liquid nitrogen (LIN) is produced simultaneously and is typically 10% of the gas production.

pos: Cryogenic nitrogen plant A pressure control panel senses the demand for gaseous nitrogen and regulates the gas flow into the end-users pipeline to maintain line pressure. Cryogenic nitrogen plant Nitrogen, as an element of great technical importance, can be produced in a cryogenic nitrogen plant with a purity of more than 99.9999%. Air inside a distillation column is separated at cryogenic temperatures (about 100K/-173°C) to produce high purity nitrogen with 1ppm of impurities. The process is based on the air separation, which was invented by Dr. Carl von Linde in 1895. The main purpose of a cryogenic nitrogen plant is to provide a

pos: Argon isotope of argon, is produced by the decay of K with a half-life of 1.25 years by electron capture or positron emission. Because of this, it is used in potassium–argon dating to determine the age of rocks. Argon has several desirable properties: Other noble gases would be equally suitable for most of these applications, but argon is by far the cheapest. Argon is inexpensive, since it occurs naturally in air and is readily obtained as a byproduct of cryogenic air separation in the production of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen: the primary constituents of air are used on a large

pos: Liquid nitrogen wash water into hydrogen also produces carbon dioxide, usually this is removed in an acid gas scrubbing process together with other sour gases as e.g. hydrogen sulfide (e.g. in a Rectisol Wash Unit). The Liquid Nitrogen Wash consists of The name Liquid Nitrogen Wash is a little misleading, since no liquid nitrogen is supplied from outside to be used for scrubbing, but gaseous high pressure nitrogen, supplied by the Air separation Unit that usually also provides the oxygen for the upstream Partial Oxidation. This gaseous high pressure nitrogen is partially liquefied in the process and is used as washing agent. In

pos: Liquefaction of gases low temperatures, using, for example, turboexpanders. The liquefaction of air is used to obtain nitrogen, oxygen, and argon and other atmospheric noble gases by separating the air components by fractional distillation in a cryogenic air separation unit. Air is liquefied by the Linde process, in which air is alternately compressed, cooled, and expanded, each expansion results in a considerable reduction in temperature. With the lower temperature the molecules move more slowly and occupy less space, so the air changes phase to become liquid. Air can also be liquefied by Claude's process in which the gas is allowed to expand isentropically

pos: Ammonia production multi-promoted magnetite) catalyst used in the ammonia synthesis reaction, only very low levels of oxygen-containing (especially CO, CO and HO) compounds can be tolerated in the synthesis (hydrogen and nitrogen mixture) gas. Relatively pure nitrogen can be obtained by Air separation, but additional oxygen removal may be required. Because of relatively low single pass conversion rates (typically less than 20%), a large recycle stream is required. This can lead to the accumulation of inerts in the loop gas. The steam reforming, shift conversion, carbon dioxide removal and methanation steps each operate at absolute pressures of about 25 to 35 bar,

neg: Air separation flying at great altitudes in aircraft without pressurized cabins. Oxygen-enriched air can be obtained exploiting the different solubility of oxygen and nitrogen. Oxygen is more soluble than nitrogen in water, so if air is degassed from water, a stream of 35% oxygen can be obtained. In steelmaking oxygen is required for the basic oxygen steelmaking. Today, modern basic oxygen steelmaking uses almost two tons of oxygen per ton of steel. Nitrogen used in the Haber process to make ammonia. Large amounts of oxygen are required for coal gasification projects; cryogenic plants producing 3000 tons/day are found in some projects. Inerting

neg: K-25 the gaseous diffusion process. The three-storey surge and waste removal building (K-601) processed the "tail" stream of depleted uranium hexafluoride. The air conditioning building (K-1401) provided not cool air, but per minute of clean, dry air. The compressed air plant (K-1201) contained compressors. The nitrogen plant (K-1408) provided nitrogen gas that was used as a pump sealant and to protect equipment from moist air. The fluorine generating plant (K-1300) generated, bottled and stored fluorine. It had not been in great demand before the war, and Kellex and the Manhattan District considered four different processes for large-scale production. A process developed

neg: Nitric acid By using ammonia derived from the Haber process, the final product can be produced from nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen which are derived from air and natural gas as the sole feedstocks. Prior to the introduction of the Haber process for the production of ammonia in 1913, nitric acid was produced using the Birkeland–Eyde process, also known as the arc process. This process is based upon the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen by atmospheric oxygen to nitric oxide at very high temperatures. An electric arc was used to provide the high temperatures, and yields of up to 4% nitric oxide were obtained.

neg: Alternative fuel vehicle (EURO5), U.S. (U.S. 2010), and Japan (2009 Japan). Mobil is using DME in their methanol to gasoline process. DME is being developed as a synthetic second generation biofuel (BioDME), which can be manufactured from lignocellulosic biomass. Currently the EU is considering BioDME in its potential biofuel mix in 2030; the Volvo Group is the coordinator for the European Community Seventh Framework Programme project BioDME where Chemrec's BioDME pilot plant based on black liquor gasification is nearing completion in Piteå, Sweden. Ammonia is produced by combining gaseous hydrogen with nitrogen from the air. Large-scale ammonia production uses natural gas for the

neg: Nutrition law of the minimum is considered an essential plant nutrient if the plant cannot complete its full life cycle without it. There are 16 essential plant soil nutrients, besides the three major elemental nutrients carbon and oxygen that are obtained by photosynthetic plants from carbon dioxide in air, and hydrogen, which is obtained from water. Plants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon and oxygen are

neg: Haber process of ammonia became more important. The obvious source was atmospheric nitrogen (N), comprising nearly 80% of the air, however N is exceptionally stable and will not readily react with other chemicals. Converting N into ammonia posed a challenge for chemists globally. Haber, with his assistant Robert Le Rossignol, developed the high-pressure devices and catalysts needed to demonstrate the Haber process at laboratory scale. They demonstrated their process in the summer of 1909 by producing ammonia from air, drop by drop, at the rate of about per hour. The process was purchased by the German chemical company BASF, which assigned Carl

neg: Catalysis trioxide by the contact process), terephthalic acid from p-xylene, and acrylonitrile from propane and ammonia. Many other chemical products are generated by large-scale reduction, often via hydrogenation. The largest-scale example is ammonia, which is prepared via the Haber process from nitrogen. Methanol is prepared from carbon monoxide. Bulk polymers derived from ethylene and propylene are often prepared via Ziegler-Natta catalysis. Polyesters, polyamides, and isocyanates are derived via acid-base catalysis. Most carbonylation processes require metal catalysts, examples include the Monsanto acetic acid process and hydroformylation. Many fine chemicals are prepared via catalysis; methods include those of heavy industry as well as

neg: Space habitat human life. Air pressure, with normal partial pressures of oxygen(21%), carbon dioxide and nitrogen(78%), is a basic requirement of any space habitat. Basically, most space colony designs concepts envision large, thin-walled pressure vessels. The required oxygen could be obtained from lunar rock. Nitrogen is most easily available from the Earth, but is also recycled nearly perfectly. Also, nitrogen in the form of ammonia () may be obtainable from comets and the moons of outer planets. Nitrogen may also be available in unknown quantities on certain other bodies in the outer solar system. The air of a colony could be recycled

neg: Calcium cyanamide and recommended in 1901 calcium cyanamide as a nitrogen fertilizer. Between 1908 and 1919, five calcium cyanamide plants with a total capacity of 500,000 tonnes per year were set up in Germany, since calcium cyanamide, which was at the time the cheapest nitrogen fertilizer with additional efficacy against weeds and plant pests, had great advantages over conventional nitrogen fertilizers. However, the large-scale implementation of ammonia synthesis via the Haber–Bosch process caused the very energy-intensive Frank Caro process soon serious competition. As urea (formed via the Haber–Bosch process) was significantly more nitrogen-rich (46% compared to approx. 20% nitrogen content) cheaper and

neg: Barium Matthiessen obtained pure barium by electrolysis of a molten mixture of barium chloride and ammonium chloride. The production of pure oxygen in the Brin process was a large-scale application of barium peroxide in the 1880s, before it was replaced by electrolysis and fractional distillation of liquefied air in the early 1900s. In this process barium oxide reacts at with air to form barium peroxide, which decomposes above by releasing oxygen: Barium sulfate was first applied as a radiocontrast agent in X-ray imaging of the digestive system in 1908. The abundance of barium is 0.0425% in the Earth's crust and 13

neg: Potassium nitrate "Swiss method". Urine is collected directly, in a sandpit under a stable. The sand itself is dug out and leached for nitrates which were then converted to potassium nitrate using potash, as above. From 1903 until the World War I era, potassium nitrate for black powder and fertilizer was produced on an industrial scale from nitric acid produced using the Birkeland–Eyde process, which used an electric arc to oxidize nitrogen from the air. During World War I the newly industrialized Haber process (1913) was combined with the Ostwald process after 1915, allowing Germany to produce nitric acid for the war

neg: Annealing (metallurgy) its original strength. This can however be regained with hardening. The high temperature of annealing may result in oxidation of the metal’s surface, resulting in scale. If scale must be avoided, annealing is carried out in a special atmosphere, such as with endothermic gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen gas, and nitrogen gas). Annealing is also done in forming gas, a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen. The magnetic properties of mu-metal (Espey cores) are introduced by annealing the alloy in a hydrogen atmosphere. Typically, large ovens are used for the annealing process. The inside of the oven is large

neg: Fritz Haber to an oxygen intake related explosion). To further develop the process for large-scale ammonia production, Haber turned to industry. Teaming with Carl Bosch at BASF, the process was successfully scaled-up to produce commercial quantities of ammonia. The Haber–Bosch process was a milestone in industrial chemistry. The production of nitrogen-based products such as fertilizer and chemical feedstocks, previously dependent on acquisition of ammonia from limited natural deposits, now became possible using an easily available, abundant base — atmospheric nitrogen. The ability to produce much larger quantities of nitrogen-based fertilizers in turn supported much greater agricultural yields and prevented billions of people

neg: Liquid nitrogen liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen is produced commercially from the cryogenic distillation of liquified air or from the liquefication of pure nitrogen derived from air using pressure swing adsorption. An air compressor is used to compress filtered air to high pressure; the high-pressure gas is cooled back to ambient temperature, and allowed to expand to a low pressure. The expanding air cools greatly (the Joule–Thomson effect), and oxygen, nitrogen, and argon are separated by further stages of expansion and distillation. Small-scale production of liquid nitrogen is easily achieved using this principle. Liquid nitrogen may be produced for direct sale, or as

neg: Silage Silos are potentially hazardous: deaths may occur in the process of filling and maintaining them, and several safety precautions are necessary. There is a risk of injury by machinery or from falls. When a silo is filled, fine dust particles in the air can become explosive because of their large aggregate surface area. Also, fermentation presents respiratory hazards. The ensiling process produces "silo gas" during the early stages of the fermentation process. Silage gas contains nitric oxide (NO), which will react with oxygen (O) in the air to form nitrogen dioxide (NO), which is toxic. Lack of oxygen inside the

neg: Air separation work and is delivered by an air compressor. Modern ASUs use expansion turbines for cooling; the output of the expander helps drive the air compressor, for improved efficiency. The process consists of the following main steps: The separated products are sometimes supplied by pipeline to large industrial users near the production plant. Long distance transportation of products is by shipping liquid product for large quantities or as dewar flasks or gas cylinders for small quantities. Pressure swing adsorption provides separation of oxygen or nitrogen from air without liquefaction. The process operates around ambient temperature; a zeolite (molecular sponge) is exposed

neg: Breathing gas of narcosis caused by a dive, whilst breathing air, is a comfortable maximum. Nitrogen in a gas mix is almost always obtained by adding air to the mix. Helium (He) is an inert gas that is less narcotic than nitrogen at equivalent pressure (in fact there is no evidence for any narcosis from helium at all), so it is more suitable for deeper dives than nitrogen. Helium is equally able to cause decompression sickness. At high pressures, helium also causes high-pressure nervous syndrome, which is a central nervous system irritation syndrome which is in some ways opposite to narcosis. Helium

neg: Orchid mycorrhiza significant portion of the phosphorus obtained by the fungi in some environments may be from organic molecule catabolism . It is important to note that once a mycorrhizal symbiosis is established the only phosphorus obtained by the plant comes through the fungal tissue. Additionally the large scale assisted transport of phosphorus from fungi to plant only occurs when the fungal pelotons are alive, once these structures start to degrade significant flow of phosphorus ceases. This classifies this pathway as biotrophic, meaning transfer of nutrients between two or more organisms that are both alive. Nitrogen transport is an equally important and

neg: Windrow composting Windrow composting In agriculture, windrow composting is the production of compost by piling organic matter or biodegradable waste, such as animal manure and crop residues, in long rows ("windrows"). This method is suited to producing large volumes of compost. These rows are generally turned to improve porosity and oxygen content, mix in or remove moisture, and redistribute cooler and hotter portions of the pile. Windrow composting is a commonly used farm scale composting method. Composting process control parameters include the initial ratios of carbon and nitrogen rich materials, the amount of bulking agent added to assure air porosity, the pile

neg: Cryogenic nitrogen plant vessels. While one of the TSA beds is on stream the second one is regenerated by the oxygen rich waste flow, which is vented through a silencer into the ambient environment. After leaving the air purification unit, the process air enters the main heat exchanger, where it is rapidly cooled down to -165°C. All residual impurities (e.g. CO) freeze out, and the process air enters at the bottom of the distillation column partially liquefied. Liquid Nitrogen produced from the cold box transfers into the liquid storage tank. An ambient air vaporiser is used to vaporise stored liquid during peak demand.

neg: Dry ice DryIce Corporation of America as "Dry ice", thus leading to its common name. That same year the DryIce Co. sold the substance commercially for the first time; marketing it for refrigerating purposes. The alternative name "cardice" is a registered trademark of Air Liquide UK Ltd. It is sometimes written as "card ice". Dry ice is easily manufactured. First, gases with a high concentration of carbon dioxide are produced. Such gases can be a byproduct of another process, such as producing ammonia from nitrogen and natural gas, oil refinery activities or large-scale fermentation. Second, the carbon dioxide-rich gas is pressurized and

neg: Norsk Hydro oil and gas industry until October 2007, when these operations were merged with Statoil to form StatoilHydro (in 2009 changed back to Statoil). Financed by the Swedish Wallenberg family and French banks, the company was founded on December 2, 1905 as Norsk hydro-elektrisk Kvælstofaktieselskab (lit. Norwegian hydro-electric nitrogen limited) by Sam Eyde, exploiting a novel technology for producing artificial fertilizers by fixing nitrogen from air. The technology had been developed by the Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland. The method is still known as the Birkeland–Eyde process. The process required large amounts of electric energy, and for this, a power plant was

neg: Nitrogen washout measuring nitrogen content and volume. A plot of the nitrogen concentration (as a % of total gas) vs. expired volume is obtained by increasing the nitrogen concentration from zero to the percentage of nitrogen in the alveoli. The nitrogen concentration is initially zero because the subject is exhaling the dead space oxygen they just breathed in (does not participate in alveolar exchange), and climbs as alveolar air mixes with the dead space air. The dead space can be determined from this curve by drawing a vertical line down the curve such that the areas below the curve (left of the

neg: Carbon capture and storage annum. Beginning its operation in 1982, the facility owned by the Koch Nitrogen company is the second oldest large scale CCS facility still in operation. The CO that is captured is a high purity byproduct of nitrogen fertilizer production. The process is made economical by transporting the CO to oil fields for EOR. Around 7 million tonnes per annum of carbon dioxide are recovered from ExxonMobil's Shute Creek gas processing plant in Wyoming, and transported by pipeline to various oil fields for enhanced oil recovery. This project has been operational since 1986 and has the second largest CO capture capacity

neg: Birkeland–Eyde process then converted into nitric acid (HNO) in the Ostwald process. An electrical arc was formed between two coaxial electrodes, and through the use of a strong magnetic field, was spread out into a thin disc. The plasma temperature in the disc was in excess of 3000 °C. Air was blown through this arc, causing some of the nitrogen to react with oxygen forming nitric oxide. By carefully controlling the energy of the arc and the velocity of the air stream, yields of up to 4% nitric oxide were obtained. The process is extremely energy intensive. Birkeland used a nearby hydroelectric

neg: 4-Aminobiphenyl is weakly basic. It is prepared by reduction of 4-nitrobiphenyl, which, together with the 2-nitro derivatives, is obtained by nitration of biphenyl. Another reaction to synthesize 4-aminobiphenyl can be obtained by using 4-azidobiphenyl. This can be done by reacting 4-azidobiphenyl with diphosphorus tetraiodide (PI), which can cleave the nitrogen-nitrogen bond. This reaction is done in benzene and later on, water is added to promote the formation of amine. 4-Aminobiphenyl causes DNA damage, which is thought to be mediated by formation of DNA adducts. In this process, 4-aminobiphenyl is oxidized in the liver giving the "N"-hydroxy derivative (4-aminobiphenyl-(NHOH)) by a cytochrome

neg: Cryogenic energy storage or confirmed by independent professional institutions. Currently surplus gaseous nitrogen is produced as a byproduct in the production of oxygen. Oxygen can be used in oxy-combustion coal power plants, enabling CO2 capture and sequestration. This gaseous nitrogen can be liquefied by available liquefaction capacities for further use. Cryogenic distillation of air is currently the only commercially viable technology for large scale oxygen production. A 300 kW, 2.5MWh storage capacity pilot cryogenic energy system developed by researchers at the University of Leeds and Highview Power Storage, that uses liquid air (with the CO2 and water removed as they would turn solid

neg: Oxygen concentrator gas remaining. PSA technology is a reliable and economical technique for small to mid-scale oxygen generation, with cryogenic separation more suitable at higher volumes and external delivery generally more suitable for small volumes. At high pressure, the porous zeolite adsorbs large quantities of nitrogen, due to its large surface area and chemical character. After the oxygen and other free components are collected the pressure drops which allows nitrogen to desorb. An oxygen concentrator has an air compressor, two cylinders filled with zeolite pellets, a pressure equalizing reservoir, and some valves and tubes. In the first half-cycle the first cylinder receives

neg: Demitarian Demitarian Demitarianism is the practice of making a conscious effort to reduce meat consumption largely for environmental reasons. The term was devised in October 2009 in Barsac, France at the combined workshop of Nitrogen in Europe (NinE) and Biodiversity in European Grasslands: Impacts of Nitrogen (BEGIN) where they developed “The Barsac Declaration: Environmental Sustainability and the Demitarian Diet”. The declaration was developed due to the implication of large scale animal farming as a primary contributor to disruptions in the nitrogen cycle and the subsequent effects on air, land, water, climate and biodiversity. Overconsumption of meat is also considered to contribute

neg: Cryogenic nitrogen plant High purity liquid nitrogen produced by cryogenic plants is stored in a local tank and used as a strategic reserve. This liquid can be vaporised to cover peaks in demand or for use when the nitrogen plant is offline. Typical cryogenic nitrogen plants range from 250 Nm³/hour to very large range plants with a daily capacity of 63.000 tonnes of nitrogen a day (as the Cantarell Field plant in Mexico). A cryogenic nitrogen plant comprises: Atmospheric air is roughly filtered and pressurised by a compressor, which provides the product pressure to deliver to the customer. The amount of air sucked

neg: Root hair curling Root hair curling Root hair curling is the process by which the root hairs of legume plants curl around bacteria to allow an infection into the cortical cells of the roots to form a nitrogen fixing nodule. Legume plants, just like all plants, need nitrogen in order to grow. Legumes include plants such as alfalfa, beans, peanuts, and lentils. Nitrogen is available in excess in the air, but it that form is not actually usable by plants. The gaseous form (N) must be reduced to ammonia (NH) in a process known as nitrogen fixation. This nitrogen fixation can occur in

neg: SNOX process and nitrogen oxides. The first full scale plant treating 1,000,000 Nm³/h flue gas from a 300 MW coal-fired power plant in Denmark was started up in 1991. The largest SNOX plant in operation treats 1,200,000 Nm³/h flue gas from four petroleum coke fired boilers at a refinery in Sicily, Italy. The process catalytically reduces both the SO and the NO in flue gases by more than 95% and with integration of the recovered heat from the WSA Condenser it is reported to have lower operating costs than conventional technologies Recycling of hot combustion air from the SNOX plants to the

neg: Nitrogen generator Nitrogen generator Nitrogen generators and stations are stationary or mobile air-to-nitrogen production complexes. The adsorption gas separation process in nitrogen generators is based on the phenomenon of fixing various gas mixture components by a solid substance called an adsorbent. This phenomenon is brought about by the gas and adsorbent molecules' interaction. The technology of air-to-nitrogen production with the use of adsorption processes in nitrogen generators is well studied and widely applied at industrial facilities for the recovery of high-purity nitrogen. The operating principle of a nitrogen generator utilizing the adsorption technology is based upon the dependence of the adsorption rates

neg: Chemical plant reactions or other chemical principles in a laboratory, commonly on a small scale in a "batch-type" experiment. Chemistry information obtained is then used by chemical engineers, along with expertise of their own, to convert to a chemical process and scale up the batch size or capacity. Commonly, a small chemical plant called a pilot plant is built to provide design and operating information before construction of a large plant. From data and operating experience obtained from the pilot plant, a scaled-up plant can be designed for higher or full capacity. After the fundamental aspects of a plant design are determined,

neg: Fritz Haber Fritz Haber Fritz Haber (; 9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber–Bosch process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. This invention is of importance for the large-scale synthesis of fertilizers and explosives. The food production for half the world's current population involves this method for producing nitrogen fertilizers. Haber, along with Max Born, proposed the Born–Haber cycle as a method for evaluating the lattice energy of an ionic solid. Haber is also considered

neg: Haber process Haber process The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today. It is named after its inventors, the German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, who developed it in the first decade of the 20th century. The process converts atmospheric nitrogen (N) to ammonia (NH) by a reaction with hydrogen (H) using a metal catalyst under high temperatures and pressures: Before the development of the Haber process, ammonia had been difficult to produce on an industrial scale, with early methods such as the

neg: Nitrogen (1902) to produce nitrates from industrial nitrogen fixation allowed the large-scale industrial production of nitrates as feedstock in the manufacture of explosives in the World Wars of the 20th century. A nitrogen atom has seven electrons. In the ground state, they are arranged in the electron configuration 1s2s2p2p2p. It therefore has five valence electrons in the 2s and 2p orbitals, three of which (the p-electrons) are unpaired. It has one of the highest electronegativities among the elements (3.04 on the Pauling scale), exceeded only by chlorine (3.16), oxygen (3.44), and fluorine (3.98). Following periodic trends, its single-bond covalent radius of

neg: National Transonic Facility (Hampton, Virginia) National Transonic Facility (Hampton, Virginia) The National Transonic Facility (NTF), also known internally as facility 1236, is a high-pressure, cryogenic, closed-circuit wind tunnel at the Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. It uses nitrogen gas, at high pressure, to cool the air which allows flight aerodynamics to be duplicated in small scale. The cross section of the tunnel is high and wide. Unlike full-scale wind tunnels, the NTF can adjust airflow to match any model size down to 1/50 scale. The facility can operate liquid nitrogen is sprayed into the circuit or at ambient air temperature. The facility has tested

neg: Liquid air production of liquid air are simple enough to be fabricated by the experimenter using commonly available materials. The most common process for the preparation of liquid air is the two-column Hampson–Linde cycle using the Joule–Thomson effect. Air is fed at high pressure (>60 psig, or 520 kPa) into the lower column, in which it is separated into pure nitrogen and oxygen-rich liquid. The rich liquid and some of the nitrogen are fed as reflux into the upper column, which operates at low pressure (<10 psig, or 170 kPa), where the final separation into pure nitrogen and oxygen occurs. A raw

neg: Vanadium nitrogenase summarized as follows: Research at the University of California Irvine showed the ability of vanadium nitrogenase to convert carbon monoxide into trace amounts of propane, ethylene, and ethane in the absence of nitrogen through the reduction of carbon monoxide by dithionite and ATP hydrolysis . The process of forming these hydrocarbons is carried out through proton and electron transfer in which short carbon chains are formed and may ultimately allow the production of hydrocarbon fuel from CO at an industrial scale. Vanadium nitrogenase Vanadium nitrogenase is a key enzyme for nitrogen fixation found in nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and is used as

neg: Nitrogen generator functioning as a spool with specifically reeled polymer fibers. Gas flow is supplied under pressure into a bundle of membrane fibers. Due to the difference in partial pressures on the external and internal membrane surface gas flow separation is accomplished. Nitrogen generator Nitrogen generators and stations are stationary or mobile air-to-nitrogen production complexes. The adsorption gas separation process in nitrogen generators is based on the phenomenon of fixing various gas mixture components by a solid substance called an adsorbent. This phenomenon is brought about by the gas and adsorbent molecules' interaction. The technology of air-to-nitrogen production with the use of

neg: Lærdal Tunnel tunnel to Tynjadalen. The Lærdal Tunnel is the first in the world to be equipped with an air treatment plant, located in a wide cavern about northwest of Aurlandsvangen. The plant removes both dust and nitrogen dioxide from the tunnel air. Two large fans draw air through the treatment plant, where dust and soot are removed by an electrostatic filter. Then the air is drawn through a large carbon filter which removes the nitrogen dioxide. Lærdal Tunnel The Lærdal Tunnel () is a long road tunnel connecting Lærdal and Aurland in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway and located approximately north-east of

neg: Cryogenic nitrogen plant in depends on the customer’s nitrogen demand. The Air Receiver collects condensate and minimises pressure drop. The dry and compressed air leaves the air to refrigerant heat exchanger at about 10°C. To clean the process air further, there are different stages of filtration. First of all, more condensate is removed, this removes some hydrocarbons. The last unit process in the warm end container is the thermal swing adsorber (TSA). The Air purification unit cleans the compressed process air by removing any residual water vapour, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons. It comprises two vessels, valves and exhaust to allow the changeover of

neg: Stachybotrys chartarum does not compete well with other molds. It is only rarely found in nature, and seldom encounters the kind of large-scale living environment occasionally produced by human habitation (i.e., large amounts of cellulose, large temperature fluctuations, low nitrogen, no other molds, no sunlight, and ample constant humidity). The spores are only released into the ambient air when the mold is manually disturbed, particularly when wet. It is considered an uncommon contaminant of most indoor air. Not all strains of "S. chartarum" produce mycotoxins, and under certain conditions some of these lose the ability to produce such toxins over time; the

neg: Cyanide Cyanide A cyanide is a chemical compound that contains the group C≡N. This group, known as the cyano group, consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. In inorganic cyanides, the cyanide group is present as the anion CN. For the salts such as sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide, these compounds are highly toxic. Hydrocyanic acid, also known as hydrogen cyanide, or HCN, is a highly volatile liquid that is produced on a large scale industrially. It is obtained by acidification of cyanide salts. Organic cyanides are usually called nitriles. In nitriles, the CN group is linked by

neg: Carbon monoxide a few exceptions) charcoal or wood gas generators were fitted, and the mixture of atmospheric nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and small amounts of other gases produced by gasification was piped to a gas mixer. The gas mixture produced by this process is known as wood gas. Carbon monoxide was also used on a large scale during the Holocaust at some Nazi German extermination camps, the most notable by gas vans in Chełmno, and in the Action T4 "euthanasia" program. Carbon monoxide is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds; it forms when there is not enough oxygen to produce

neg: Fertilizer are provided as water-soluble salts. Iron presents special problems because it converts to insoluble (bio-unavailable) compounds at moderate soil pH and phosphate concentrations. For this reason, iron is often administered as a chelate complex, e.g., the EDTA derivative. The micronutrient needs depend on the plant. For example, sugar beets appear to require boron, and legumes require cobalt. Nitrogen fertilizers are made from ammonia (NH), which is sometimes injected into the ground directly. The ammonia is produced by the Haber-Bosch process. In this energy-intensive process, natural gas (CH) usually supplies the hydrogen, and the nitrogen (N) is derived from the air.

neg: Fatty alcohol longer used on a large scale. Tallows produce a fairly narrow range of alcohols, predominantly C–C, the chain lengths from plant sources are more variable (C–C) making them the preferred source. The alcohols are obtained from the triglycerides (fatty acid triesters), which form the bulk of the oil. The process involves the transesterification of the triglycerides to give methyl esters which are then hydrogenated to give the fatty alcohols. Higher alcohols (C–C) can be obtained from rapeseed oil or mustard seed oil. Midcut alcohols are obtained from coconut oil (C–C) or palm kernel oil (C–C). Fatty alcohols are also prepared

neg: Ocean storage of carbon dioxide seaweed biomass is small as compared to the coastal region. They remain essential due to their biotic components, the ability to provide valuable ecosystem services and high primary productivity. Seaweeds are different from mangroves and seagrasses, they are photosynthetic algal organisms and non-flowering. Even so, they are primary producers that grows in the same way as their terrestrial counterparts, both of which assimilate carbon by the process of photosynthesis and generates new biomass by taking up phosphorus, nitrogen, and other minerals. The attractiveness of large-scale seaweed cultivation is proven over the years, with low-cost technologies and the multiple uses that

neg: Human impact on the nitrogen cycle Nr. Prior to industrial processes, the only sources of such energy were solar radiation and electrical discharges. Utilizing a large amount of metabolic energy and the enzyme nitrogenase, some bacteria and cyanobacteria convert atmospheric N to NH, a process known as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The anthropogenic analogue to BNF is the Haber-Bosch process, in which H is reacted with atmospheric N at high temperatures and pressures to produce NH. Lastly, N is converted to NO by energy from lightning, which is negligible in current temperate ecosystems, or by fossil fuel combustion. Until 1850, natural BNF, cultivation-induced BNF (e.g., planting

neg: Chlorine dioxide variant process using the chlorate, hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid has been increasingly used since 1999 for water treatment and other small-scale disinfection applications, since it produce a chlorine-free product at high efficiency. Very pure chlorine dioxide can also be produced by electrolysis of a chlorite solution: High-purity chlorine dioxide gas (7.7% in air or nitrogen) can be produced by the gas–solid method, which reacts dilute chlorine gas with solid sodium chlorite: At partial pressures above 10 kPa (or gas-phase concentrations greater than 10% volume in air at STP), ClO may explosively decompose into chlorine and oxygen. The decomposition can

neg: Fertilizer This process was used to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) into nitric acid (HNO), one of several chemical processes generally referred to as nitrogen fixation. The resultant nitric acid was then used as a source of nitrate (NO). A factory based on the process was built in Rjukan and Notodden in Norway, combined with the building of large hydroelectric power facilities. The 1910s and 1920s witness the rise of the Haber process and the Ostwald process. The Haber process produces ammonia (NH) from methane (CH) gas and molecular nitrogen (N). The ammonia from the Haber process is then converted into nitric

neg: Second Industrial Revolution Packard to develop one of the first large-scale commercial fertilizer plants at Bramford, and Snape in the 1850s. By the 1870s superphosphates produced in those factories, were being shipped around the world from the port at Ipswich. The Birkeland–Eyde process was developed by Norwegian industrialist and scientist Kristian Birkeland along with his business partner Sam Eyde in 1903, but was soon replaced by the much more efficient Haber process, developed by the Nobel prize-winning chemists Carl Bosch of IG Farben and Fritz Haber in Germany. The process utilized molecular nitrogen (N) and methane (CH) gas in an economically sustainable synthesis

neg: Kristian Birkeland only long enough to build a plasma arc device for the nitrogen fixation process. The pair worked to develop the prototype furnace into a design that was economically viable for large-scale manufacture. The resulting company, Norsk Hydro, hugely enriched Norway, and Birkeland then enjoyed adequate funding for research, his only real interest. The Birkeland–Eyde process is relatively inefficient in terms of energy consumption. Therefore, in the 1910s and 1920s, it was gradually replaced in Norway by a combination of the Haber process and the Ostwald process. In 1913, Birkeland may have been the first to predict that plasma was ubiquitous

neg: Detonation nanodiamond of nitrogen in diamond, and thus the nitrogen content in DND is probably very low. Diamond nanocrystals can also be synthesized from a suspension of graphite in organic liquid at atmospheric pressure and room temperature using ultrasonic cavitation. The yield is approximately 10%. The cost of nanodiamonds produced by this method are estimated to be competitive with the HPHT process. An alternative synthesis technique is irradiation of graphite by high-energy laser pulses. The structure and particle size of the obtained diamond is rather similar to that obtained in explosion. In particular, many particles exhibit multiple twinning. Recently Mohan Sankaran and

neg: Oxy-fuel combustion process Oxy-fuel combustion process Oxy-fuel combustion is the process of burning a fuel using pure oxygen instead of air as the primary oxidant. Since the nitrogen component of air is not heated, fuel consumption is reduced, and higher flame temperatures are possible. Historically, the primary use of oxy-fuel combustion has been in welding and cutting of metals, especially steel, since oxy-fuel allows for higher flame temperatures than can be achieved with an air-fuel flame. There is currently research being done in firing fossil-fueled power plants with an oxygen-enriched gas mix instead of air. Almost all of the nitrogen is removed from

neg: Aphanizomenon increasing inorganic phosphate availability in the water to "Aphanizomenon" during times when phosphate becomes limiting. "Aphanizomenon" is capable of producing biologically-useful nitrogen (ammonium) by the process of nitrogen fixation from atmospheric nitrogen by use of specialized cells called heterocysts. A large proportion (between 35-50%) of fixed nitrogen may be released into the surrounding water, providing an important source of biologically-available nitrogen to the ecosystem. "Aphanizomenon" species may produce cyanotoxins aside from cylindrospermopsin, including anatoxin-a, saxitoxin and BMAA. "Aphanizomenon" may form large colonies as a defense against herbivore grazing, especially "Daphnia" in freshwater. Aphanizomenon Aphanizomenon is an important genus of cyanobacteria

neg: Tree a symbiotic relationship with "Frankia" species, a filamentous bacterium that can fix nitrogen from the air, converting it into ammonia. They have actinorhizal root nodules on their roots in which the bacteria live. This process enables the tree to live in low nitrogen habitats where they would otherwise be unable to thrive. The plant hormones called cytokinins initiate root nodule formation, in a process closely related to mycorrhizal association. It has been demonstrated that some trees are interconnected through their root system, forming a colony. The interconnections are made by the inosculation process, a kind of natural grafting or welding

neg: Cyanothece oxygen-sensitive nitrogen fixation and fermentation all in one cell. They accomplish this by separating the two processes in time under the control of their circadian rhythm. During the day, they use the energy harnessed from photosynthesis to produce the carbohydrate glycogen, which is stored in granules. At night, the organisms break down the glycogen, providing the energy for nitrogen fixation. In a very energy-intensive process, nitrogenase is first synthesized and then takes N from the air, combining it with protons and electrons to produce ammonia and hydrogen gas. The organisms also store cyanophycin, a nitrogen-reserve molecule which is a polymer

neg: Simulated moving bed be done on a very large scale. For the purification of fructose, e.g. in high fructose corn syrup, or amino-acids, biological-acids, etc. on an industrial scale, simulated moving bed chromatography is used in order to improve the economics of the production. Simulated moving bed In manufacturing, the simulated moving bed (SMB) process is a highly engineered process for implementing chromatographic separation. It is used to separate one chemical compound or one class of chemical compounds from one or more other chemical compounds to provide significant quantities of the purified or enriched material at a lower cost than could be obtained

neg: Sable Chemicals column where a stream of air is added to oxidise nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide. As the nitrogen dioxide passes up the column, it is absorbed by a stream of water flowing from the top of the absorption column to yield the desired product (57% nitric acid) which is then stored for downstream use. The ammonium nitrate making process is a neutralisation process consisting of a reaction between ammonia and nitric acid. Ammonia is vaporised and then sparged through a proportionate amount of nitric acid to make an 83% wt/wt ammonium nitrate solution. The solution is concentrated to a 99%

neg: Coal pollution mitigation Since air is mostly nitrogen, combustion of coal often leads to production of nitrogen oxides. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are primary causes of acid rain. For many years--before greenhouse gasses were widely understood to be a threat-- it was thought that these by-products were the only drawback to using coal. These by-products are still a problem, but they have been greatly diminished in most advanced countries due to clean air regulations. It is possible to remove most of the sulfur dioxide (SO), nitrogen oxides (NO), and particulate matter (PM) emissions from the coal-burning process. For example, various techniques are

neg: Organic peroxide is an organic-soluble oxidant employed in these operations. Dialkylsulfates react with alkaline hydrogen peroxide. In this method, the alkyl sulfate donates the alkyl group and the sulfate ion forms the leaving group: This method can also yield cyclic peroxides. The four-membered dioxetanes can be obtained by 2+2 cycloaddition of oxygen to alkenes. The formation of hydroperoxides is effected extensively by enzymes. This process is used industrially on a very large scale for the production of phenol from benzene and is called the Cumene process or Hock process for its cumene and cumene hydroperoxide intermediates. Here the active site formed by

neg: Hydrogenation general sequence of reactions is assumed to be as follows or a related sequence of steps: The hydrogenation of nitrogen to give ammonia is conducted on a vast scale by the Haber-Bosch process, consuming an estimated 1% of the world's energy supply. </chem> Oxygen can be partially hydrogenated to give hydrogen peroxide, although this process has not been commercialized Catalytic hydrogenation has diverse industrial uses. Most frequently, industrial hydrogenation relies on heterogeneous catalysts. The largest scale application of hydrogenation is for the processing of vegetable oils. Typical vegetable oils are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (containing more than one carbon-carbon

neg: Sodium chromate Sodium chromate Sodium chromate is the inorganic compound with the formula NaCrO. It exists as a yellow hygroscopic solid, which can form tetra-, hexa-, and decahydrates. It is an intermediate in the extraction of chromium from its ores. Sodium chromate, like other hexavalent chromium compounds, is toxic and carcinogenic. It is obtained on a vast scale by roasting chromium ores in air in the presence of sodium carbonate: This process converts the chromium into a water-extractable form, leaving behind iron oxides. Typically calcium carbonate is included in the mixture to improve oxygen access and to keep silicon and aluminium impurities

neg: Dynamic combustion chamber and Utilization Laboratory at University of California, Davis to perform the testing. A lab bench scale model was built and verified that it produced steam and also that there were no pollutants formed during the process. Typically combustion based engines use the air as their source of oxygen. The problem with using air is that it contains other gases than oxygen. Gases such as nitrogen react with oxygen at high temperatures to form pollutants. By moving the combustion reaction inside a vacuum and using pure oxygen, there are no pollutants formed during the reaction. Requiring pure oxygen limits the portability

neg: Martinus Beijerinck calling it ""contagium vivum fluidum"" (contagious living fluid). It was not until the first crystals of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) obtained by Wendell Stanley in 1935, the first electron micrographs of TMV produced in 1939 and the first X-ray crystallographic analysis of TMV performed in 1941 proved that the virus was particulate. Beijerinck also discovered nitrogen fixation, the process by which diatomic nitrogen gas is converted to ammonium ions and becomes available to plants. Bacteria perform nitrogen fixation, dwelling inside root nodules of certain plants (legumes). In addition to having discovered a biochemical reaction vital to soil fertility and

neg: Nitrogen dioxide tetroxide () can be obtained as a white solid with melting point −11.2 °C. NO is paramagnetic due to its unpaired electron, while NO is diamagnetic. The chemistry of nitrogen dioxide has been investigated extensively. At 150 °C, decomposes with release of oxygen via an endothermic process (): As suggested by the weakness of the N–O bond, is a good oxidizer. Consequently, it will combust, sometimes explosively, with many compounds, such as hydrocarbons. It hydrolyses to give nitric acid and nitrous acid: This reaction is one step in the Ostwald process for the industrial production of nitric acid from ammonia.

neg: History of the Haber process air, to develop a new nitrogen fixation process. History of the Haber process The history of the "Haber" process begins with the invention of the "Haber" process at the dawn of the twentieth century. The process allows the economical fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen in the form of ammonia, which in turn allows for the industrial synthesis of various explosives and nitrogen fertilizers, and is probably the most important industrial process ever developed during the twentieth century. Well before the start of the industrial revolution, farmers would fertilize the land in various ways, mainly by urinating or defecating well aware of

neg: Nitrogen fixation efficient process uses natural gas as a hydrogen source and air as a nitrogen source. Much research has been conducted on the discovery of catalysts for nitrogen fixation, often with the goal of reducing the energy required for this conversion. However, such research has thus far failed to even approach the efficiency and ease of the Haber process. Many compounds react with atmospheric nitrogen to give dinitrogen complexes. The first dinitrogen complex to be reported was Ru(NH)(N). Catalytic chemical nitrogen fixation at ambient conditions is an ongoing scientific endeavor. Guided by the example of nitrogenase, this area of homogeneous catalysis

neg: Molecular scale electronics sometimes additional compounds such as nitrogen, chlorine or sulphur). They are obtained from petrol and can often be synthesized in large amounts. Most of these molecules are insulating when their length exceeds a few nanometers. However, naturally occurring carbon is conducting, especially graphite recovered from coal or encountered otherwise. From a theoretical viewpoint, graphite is a semi-metal, a category in between metals and semi-conductors. It has a layered structure, each sheet being one atom thick. Between each sheet, the interactions are weak enough to allow an easy manual cleavage. Tailoring the graphite sheet to obtain well defined nanometer-sized objects remains

neg: Renewable resource able to fix nitrogen from air, a practically non exhaustive renewable resource, into fertilizing compounds to the soil and allowed to increase yields by large. Farmers opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop. Thus livestock could to be bred year-round and winter culling was avoided. The amount of manure rose and allowed more crops but to refrain from wood pasture. Early modern times and the 19th century saw the previous resource base partially replaced respectively supplemented by large scale chemical synthesis and by the use of fossil and mineral resources respectively. Besides the still central role of wood, there

neg: Nitrogen nitrogen–bearing waste. Finally, these organisms die and decompose, undergoing bacterial and environmental oxidation and denitrification, returning free dinitrogen to the atmosphere. Industrial nitrogen fixation by the Haber process is mostly used as fertiliser, although excess nitrogen–bearing waste, when leached, leads to eutrophication of freshwater and the creation of marine dead zones, as nitrogen-driven bacterial growth depletes water oxygen to the point that all higher organisms die. Furthermore, nitrous oxide, which is produced during denitrification, attacks the atmospheric ozone layer. Many saltwater fish manufacture large amounts of trimethylamine oxide to protect them from the high osmotic effects of their environment; conversion

neg: Lead chamber process Sulfuric acid produced in the reaction chambers is limited to about 35% concentration. At higher concentrations, nitrosylsulfuric acid precipitates on the lead walls as chamber crystals and is no longer able to catalyze the oxidation reactions. Sulfur dioxide is generated by burning elemental sulfur or by roasting pyritic ore in a current of air: Nitrogen oxides are produced by decomposition of niter in the presence of sulfuric acid or hydrolysis of nitrosylsulfuric acid: In the reaction chambers, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide dissolve in the reaction liquor. Nitrogen dioxide is hydrated to produce nitrous acid which then oxidizes the sulfur

neg: Magnesocene is directly reacted with solid magnesium at 500-600 °C. Under water- and oxygen-free conditions, freshly distilled monomeric cyclopentadiene is directed through a tube furnace by an inert carrier gas (such as helium, argon, or nitrogen) and passed over magnesium turnings or powder. Magnesocene deposits on cooler surfaces past the exit end of the furnace. The product of this process is typically a white, fluffy mass of fine microcrystals, but large, colorless single crystals can be obtained by adjusting temperature and flow rate. If solid magnesocene is not needed, the receiving flask can instead be filled with solvent and the product

neg: Biotransformation pollution of marine habitats. HCB also have potential biotechnological applications in the areas of bioplastics and biocatalysis. The study of the fate of persistent organic chemicals in the environment has revealed a large reservoir of enzymatic reactions with a large potential in preparative organic synthesis, which has already been exploited for a number of oxygenases on pilot and even on industrial scale. Novel catalysts can be obtained from metagenomic libraries and DNA sequence based approaches. Our increasing capabilities in adapting the catalysts to specific reactions and process requirements by rational and random mutagenesis broadens the scope for application in the

neg: Biomass heating system use of fossil fuels in significant quantities, biomass in the form of wood fuel provided most of humanity's heating. On a large scale, the use of biomass removes agricultural land from food production, reduces the carbon sequestration capacity of forests, and extracts nutrients from the soil. Combustion of biomass creates air pollutants and adds significant quantities of carbon to the atmosphere that may not be returned to the soil for many decades. Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (volatile organic compounds), particulates and other pollutants, in some cases

neg: Ferroaluminum first recorded usage of the word "ferroaluminum" was in 1887. Ferroaluminum is also used in the process of nitriding, which is a heat treating process that diffuses nitrogen into the surface of a metal to create a case-hardened surface. The aluminum provided in the alloy helps with this process. The majority of the world's ferroaluminum is produced by Australia, China, Russia, the US and Canada, with the cost of electricity being the main factor in the aluminium obtaining process. Ferroaluminum is manufactured in an electricity-intensive process that involves three steps. First, aluminium oxide (AlO) is obtained through the Bayer process

neg: SNOX process SNOX process The SNOX process is a process which removes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates from flue gases. The sulfur is recovered as concentrated sulfuric acid and the nitrogen oxides are reduced to free nitrogen. The process is based on the well-known WSA process, a process for recovering sulfur from various process gasses in the form of commercial quality sulfuric acid (HSO). The SNOX process is based on catalytic reactions and does not consume water or absorbents. Neither does it produce any waste, except for the separated dust. In addition the process can handle other sulfurous waste streams. This

neg: Sodium azide bonds to each terminal nitrogen center. The common synthesis method is the "Wislicenus process," which proceeds in two steps from ammonia. In the first step, ammonia is converted to sodium amide: The sodium amide is subsequently combined with nitrous oxide: These reactions are the basis of the industrial route, which produced about 250 tons/y in 2004, with production increasing owing to the popularization of airbags. Curtius and Thiele developed another production process where a nitrite ester is converted to sodium azide using hydrazine. This method is suited for laboratory preparation of sodium azide: Alternatively the salt can be obtained by

neg: History of the Haber process portion of the atmosphere, but inorganic chemistry had yet to establish a means to fix it. Then, in 1909, German chemist Fritz Haber successfully fixed atmospheric nitrogen in a laboratory. This success had extremely attractive military, industrial and agricultural applications. In 1913, barely five years later, a research team from BASF, led by Carl Bosch, developed the first industrial-scale application of the Haber process, sometimes called the "Haber-Bosch" process. The industrial production of nitrogen prolonged World War I by providing Germany with the gunpowder and explosives necessary for the war effort even though it no longer had access to guano.

neg: Lead chamber process economic consideration in the operation of a chamber process plant. In the reaction chambers, nitric oxide reacts with oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide. Liquid from the bottom of the chambers is diluted and pumped to the top of the chamber and sprayed downwards in a fine mist. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are absorbed in the liquid and react to form sulfuric acid and nitric oxide. The liberated nitric oxide is sparingly soluble in water and returns to the gas in the chamber where it reacts with oxygen in the air to reform nitrogen dioxide. Some percentage of the nitrogen

neg: Surge control nitrogen pressure on the back side of the piston is actually what determines the valves set point. These valves will remain closed until the inlet pressure exceeds the set point/nitrogen pressure, at which time the valve will open from the high pressure and remain open as long as the process pressure is above the nitrogen pressure. Once the process pressure starts to decay, the valve will start to close. Once the process pressure is below the nitrogen pressure, the valve will go closed again. Advantages: Disadvantages: Rubber boot-style gas-loaded relief valves operate by using nitrogen pressure loaded on the outside

neg: Millettia pinnata fixation, a symbiotic process by which gaseous nitrogen (N) from the air is converted into ammonium (NH, a form of nitrogen available to the plant). M. pinnata is also a fresh water flooded forest species as it can survive total submergence in sweet water for few months continuously. M. pinnata tree is the pioneer tree in Ratargul fresh water flooded forest in Bangladesh and Tonlesap lake swamp forests in Cambodia "Millettia pinnata" is an outbreeding diploid legume tree, with a diploid chromosome number of 22. Root nodules are of the determinate type (as those on soybean and common bean) formed

neg: Lead chamber process dioxide to sulfuric acid and nitric oxide. The reactions are not well characterized but it is known that nitrosylsulfuric acid is an intermediate in at least one pathway. The major overall reactions are: Nitric oxide escapes from the reaction liquor and is subsequently reoxidized by molecular oxygen to nitrogen dioxide. This is the overall rate determining step in the process: Nitrogen oxides are absorbed and regenerated in the process, and thus serve as a catalyst for the overall reaction: Lead chamber process The lead chamber process was an industrial method used to produce sulfuric acid in large quantities. It has

neg: Mond gas the Mond gas. He discovered this while looking for a process to form ammonium sulfate, which was useful in agriculture. The process involved reacting low quality coal with superheated steam, which produced the Mond gas. The gas was then passed through dilute sulfuric acid spray, which ultimately removed the ammonia, forming ammonium sulfate. Mond modified the gasification process by restricting the air supply and filling the air with steam, providing a low working temperature. This temperature was below ammonia's point of dissociation, maximizing the amount of ammonia that could be produced from the nitrogen, a product from superheating coal. The

neg: District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority 1985 levels. Blue Plains was the first plant to achieve that goal. Furthermore, in every year since the full-scale implementation of the Biological Nitrogen Removal (BNR) process was completed in 2000, Blue Plains has every year successfully achieved and exceeded that goal of a 40 percent reduction. In Fiscal Year 2009, the BNR process at Blue Plains reduced the nitrogen load by more than 58 percent. DC Water and EPA agreed upon new nitrogen limits as part of the NPDES permit. effective September 2010. reducing nitrogen levels to 4.7 million pounds per year. DC Water plans to achieve these levels

neg: Melt and pour whereas commercial soap bars have often had this component removed. As with the rebatching method, it can be considered a misnomer to refer to the melt and pour process as soap "making". The process has much in common with candle making using meltable wax which, using a similar process, can be scented, dyed and shaped on a small or large scale of production. Other processes used by soapers are cold process, hot process and rebatching. Melt and pour Melt and Pour soap crafting is a process often used by soapmakers, both for large scale (commercial) and small scale (domestic, artisanal)

neg: Sulfite process production an alternative to the conventional recovery boiler technology. Around 1906 Gösta Ekström a Swedish engineer patented a process of ethanol generation from the residual 2-2.5% fermentable sugars in the spent liquor. The sulfite process can use calcium, ammonium, magnesium or sodium as a base. The earliest process used calcium, obtained as inexpensive calcium carbonate and there was little incentive to recover the inorganic materials. Ammonia-based processes do not allow recovery of the pulping chemicals since ammonia or ammonium salts are oxidized to nitrogen and nitrogen oxides when burned. The recovery process used in magnesium-based sulfite pulping the "Magnefite" process

neg: Quenching that it may cause distortion and tiny cracking. When hardness can be sacrificed, mineral oils are often used. These oil-based fluids often oxidize and form a sludge during quenching, which consequently lowers the efficiency of the process. The quenching velocity (cooling rate) of oil is much less than water. Intermediate rates between water and oil can be obtained with a purpose formulated quenchant, a substance with an inverse solubility which therefore deposits on the object to slow the rate of cooling. Quenching can also be accomplished using inert gases, such as nitrogen and noble gasses. Nitrogen is commonly used at

neg: Desiccation it carries a large amount of energy from the transmitter to the antenna, the feedline must have low dielectric losses. Because it must also be lightweight so as not to overload the radio tower, air is often used as the dielectric. Since moisture can condense in these lines, desiccated air or nitrogen gas is pumped in. This pressure also keeps water or other dampness from coming in the line at any point along its length. Desiccation Desiccation (from latin de- "thorougly" + siccare "to dry") is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. A desiccant is

neg: Allam power cycle Allam power cycle The Allam power cycle or Allam cycle is a process for converting fossil fuels into mechanical power, while capturing the generated carbon dioxide and water. The main inventor behind the process is English engineer Rodney John Allam. A conventional combined cycle power station burns natural gas or gasified coal with air to drive a gas turbine and then uses the hot exhaust gas to heat water and drive a steam turbine. The working fluid for the gas turbine is carbon dioxide and water vapor from the combustion, along with nitrogen from the air (partially converted into nitrogen

neg: Tilth is well aggregated has a range of pore sizes. Each pore size plays a role in soil's physical functioning. Large pores drain rapidly and are needed for good air exchange during wet periods, preventing oxygen deficiency that can drown plants and increase pest problems. Denitrification by conversion of nitrogen to gaseous forms is increased in oxygen-deficient wet soil. In degraded soil large pores are compressed into small ones. Small pores are critical for water retention and help a crop endure dry periods with minimal yield loss. Soil tilth can be obtained through mechanical and biological manipulation. Mechanical soil cultivation practices,