query: which was the first virus detected by arpanet

pos: Computer virus virology. In 1972, Veith Risak directly building on von Neumann's work on self-replication, published his article "Selbstreproduzierende Automaten mit minimaler Informationsübertragung" (Self-reproducing automata with minimal information exchange). The article describes a fully functional virus written in assembler programming language for a SIEMENS 4004/35 computer system. In 1980 Jürgen Kraus wrote his diplom thesis "Selbstreproduktion bei Programmen" (Self-reproduction of programs) at the University of Dortmund. In his work Kraus postulated that computer programs can behave in a way similar to biological viruses. The Creeper virus was first detected on ARPANET, the forerunner of the Internet, in the early 1970s. Creeper was

neg: The Hacker Files States government, specifically Sarge Steel as a freelance troubleshooter whenever there is a problem. The first Story arc SoftWar dealt with a virus infecting the Digitronix computers used by the Pentagon, it had somehow spread over the internet and infected Arpanet (Advanced Research Projects Agency), Securenet (connects to bombers and missiles) and Milnet. Jack compiles an anti-virus and recounts his history with Digitronix after a confrontation with Sutcliffe. He's able to cure the virus everywhere except Cheyenne Mountain Complex which isolated itself the moment a virus was detected. The virus takes over the Cheyenne Mountain system and uses it to

neg: Digital: A Love Story message, and finds a history of artificial intelligence posted there by *Blue Sky, a "historian" AI. According to *Blue Sky's records, the American government created an AI at the same time it created ARPANET in the 1970s. This AI, *Mother, in turn created child AIs, but its first attempt spread out of control and had to be destroyed by a virus that spread after it—later officially explained by the government as the real-life Creeper and Reaper worms. *Mother's later attempts, which could only exist on one system at a time, were more successful, and these AIs left the ARPANET in

neg: Computer virus an experimental self-replicating program written by Bob Thomas at BBN Technologies in 1971. Creeper used the ARPANET to infect DEC PDP-10 computers running the TENEX operating system. Creeper gained access via the ARPANET and copied itself to the remote system where the message, "I'm the creeper, catch me if you can!" was displayed. The "Reaper" program was created to delete Creeper. In fiction, the 1973 Michael Crichton sci-fi movie "Westworld" made an early mention of the concept of a computer virus, being a central plot theme that causes androids to run amok. Alan Oppenheimer's character summarizes the problem by stating

neg: Computer virus viruses. The first one to appear on the Commodore Amiga was a boot sector virus called SCA virus, which was detected in November 1987. The first social networking virus, Win32.5-0-1, was created by Matt Larose on August 15, 2001. The virus specifically targeted users of MSN Messenger and online bulletin boards. Users would be required to click on a link to activate the virus, which would then send an email containing user data to an anonymous email address, which was later found to be owned by Larose. Data sent would contain items such as user IP address and email addresses,

neg: Papaya lethal yellowing virus contaminated hands, agricultural tools, soil, and contaminated water. The virus can be detected on the surface of seeds of infected fruits, but it is not detected in the embryo or in seeds harvested from infected roots. As a result, the virus is likely spread by infected plantlets or growers using contaminated tools. The virus continues to spread each year. PLYV is very stable and in one experiment was detected in dried roots and leaves maintained at room temperature up to 120 days. This shows that the virus has high stability in non living plant tissues, which further explains how it

neg: STL polyomavirus STL polyomavirus STL polyomavirus (STLPyV, also known as Saint Louis polyomavirus or Human polyomavirus 11) is a virus of the polyomavirus family that infects human hosts. It was first reported in 2013 and is most closely related to MW polyomavirus. It has been identified mostly in stool samples from children and has been detected in a variety of geographic locations. STL polyomavirus was first discovered in 2013 in a stool sample from a healthy child in Malawi; the same research group then detected the virus in stool from children in The Gambia and Saint Louis, Missouri (after which the virus

neg: Macro and security the whole document. The last type of anti-virus seen will be the virus-specific scanner. It searches the signature of viruses, so, the type of anti-virus is weakest than the previous ones. Indeed, the viruses which are detected by virus-specific scanners are just the ones knew by the producers of the software (so, more updates are needed than others types of scanners). Moreover, this type of anti-virus is really weak against morphing viruses (cf.section above), if a macro virus change its content (so, its signature), it can no more be detected by the virus-specific scanners even if it's the same virus

neg: Macro virus any operating system to which the targeted application has been ported. In particular, since Microsoft Word is available on Macintosh computers, word macro viruses can attack some Macs in addition to Windows platforms. An example of a macro virus is the Melissa virus which appeared in March 1999. When a user opens a Microsoft Word document containing the Melissa virus, their computer becomes infected. The virus then sends itself by email to the first 50 people in the person’s address book. This made the virus replicate at a fast rate. Not all macro viruses are detected by antivirus software. Caution

neg: West Nile virus lineage 2, previously only seen in horses in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, began to appear in horses in Europe, where the first known outbreak affected 18 animals in Hungary. Lineage 1 West Nile virus was detected in South Africa in 2010 in a mare and her aborted fetus; previously, only lineage 2 West Nile virus had been detected in horses and humans in South Africa. A 2007 fatal case in a killer whale in Texas broadened the known host range of West Nile virus to include cetaceans. Since the first North American cases in 1999, the virus has been reported

neg: Interface Message Processor detected errors." A variant of the IMP existed, called the TIP, which connected terminals as well as computers to the network; it was based on the Honeywell 316, a later version of the 516. Later, some Honeywell-based IMPs were replaced with multiprocessing BBN Pluribus IMPs, but ultimately BBN developed a microprogrammed clone of the Honeywell machine. IMPs were at the heart of the ARPANET until DARPA decommissioned the ARPANET in 1989. Most IMPs were either taken apart, junked or transferred to MILNET. Some became artifacts in museums; Kleinrock placed IMP Number One on public view at UCLA. The last IMP

neg: Macro and security infected the user's system before : the macro virus "Concept". Both of these viruses use the command "AutoOpen", so, at first, the macro virus "Colors" was detected but the command "AutoOpen" in it was the command of the macro virus "Concept". Moreover, when "Concept" duplicate itself, it is unencrypted, but the command in the virus "Colors" was encrypted (Colors encrypt its commands). So, the replicate of the macro virus "Concept" result of the hybridation of this macro virus (which infected the user's system first) and "Colors". The "hybrid" could replicate itself only if "AutoOpen" wasn't executed, indeed this command comes

neg: ARPANET ARPANET in 1969 which led to the development of the ARPANET directory. The directory, built by Feinler and a team made up mostly of women made it possible to navigate the ARPANET. Larry Roberts at ARPA applied Davies' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET. The NPL network followed by the ARPANET were the first two networks in the world to use packet switching, and were themselves connected together in 1973. The NPL network was using line speeds of 768 kbit/s, and the proposed line speed for the ARPANET was upgraded from 2.4 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s. Bob Taylor convinced

neg: Lamer Exterminator Lamer Exterminator Lamer Exterminator is a computer virus created for the Commodore Amiga. It was first detected in Germany in October 1989. It is a boot block virus contained in the first 1024 bytes of the disk. It is notable as the first virus known to be defensive. It hooks into the system in such a way that examining a bootblock will return a normal result and upon replicating will also encrypt itself. Variants of the virus are known to use one of three different decrypt routines defined by The Amiga Virus Encyclopedia. A detection program can look for any

neg: Monongahela virus Monongahela virus Monongahela virus (MGLV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense Orthohantavirus species of zoonotic origin that causes Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. The virus was first isolated from a White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), indigenous to Pennsylvania after two residents died from rapid onset of respiratory failure. Monongahela virus was first detected in P. maniculatus nubiterrae (Cloudland deer mice) captured in the Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia in 1985. This species of Hantavirus has not been shown to transfer from person to person. Transmission by aerosolized rodent excreta still remains the only known way the virus is transmitted to humans. In general, droplet

neg: Una virus Una virus Una virus is a subtype of the Mayaro virus (MAYV), one of the Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) complex of the "Togaviridae" family. According to the Baltimore classification of viruses, it is a class IV virus. It has a linear single-stranded RNA genome. The Una virus is an Arbovirus or arthropod-borne virus, transmitted primarily by an arthropod species. The Una virus is widely distributed in South America, where infections have been detected in mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts such as humans, birds and horses. It was first isolated in "Psorophora ferox" mosquitoes in the state of Pará, Brazil. The virus

neg: Jerusalem (computer virus) program is run from a floppy disk. If the flag is set, every program which runs is deleted. If the flag is not set and 30 minutes passes, the cursor is changed to a block. After one hour, Caps Lock, Nums Lock, and Scroll Lock are switched to "Off". Jerusalem (computer virus) Jerusalem is a DOS virus first detected in Jerusalem, in October 1987. On infection, the Jerusalem virus becomes memory resident (using 2kb of memory), and then infects every executable file run, except for COMMAND.COM. COM files grow by 1,813 bytes when infected by Jerusalem and are not re-infected.

neg: Influenza A virus subtype H5N8 since the first outbreak of avian flu was reported at a farm on Nov. 18. Japan has reported five outbreaks since the end of November with 800,000 chickens having been culled in one month. In early January 2017, France culled about 800,000 birds to prevent the spread of H5N8. In Nigeria, it was reported that the virus affected 3.5 million birds. The virus was also detected in Spain and Slovenia. KAMPALA Jan 15 (Reuters) - Uganda's ministry for agriculture said on Sunday it had detected bird flu in two locations, one affecting wild birds and another hitting domestic birds Two

neg: Variolation their stocks and although virus particles were detected in some samples very few contained live virus. Passage of time and information about the survival of smallpox virus make it extremely unlikely that any infectious samples have survived, Although variolation has ceased, it has influenced the concept of other traditional practices, such as "Pox Parties" in which children are intentionally exposed to diseases like chickenpox and measles and rubella in an attempt to gain solid natural immunity. Although strongly discouraged by public health officials, the practice persists. Variolation Variolation or inoculation was the method first used to immunize an individual against

neg: 2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak was first isolated in 1947. All previous cases had occurred within Africa and Asia. "Aedes aegypti" has been recognized as the vector of Zika virus. The virus was first isolated in 1947 from a sentinel rhesus monkey stationed on a tree platform in the Zika forest, Uganda. Transmission is typically via the bite of the "Aedes aegypti" mosquito, although in this outbreak, "Aedes hensilli" was the predominant mosquito species identified. 2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak The 2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak represented the first time Zika virus had been detected outside Africa and Asia. It occurred in the

neg: Hamster polyomavirus originally identified in hamster epithelial tumors, where virus particles can be readily detected. When the virus is injected into juvenile hamsters from naive populations, it induces leukemias and lymphomas which are free of virus particles but whose cells contain extra-chromosomal viral DNA. This observation is in contrast to the skin tumors, which carry substantial viral loads. The capacity to induce hematopoietic tumors is unusual for polyomaviruses and may be associated with the properties of the HaPyV middle tumor antigen. HaPyV has primarily been reported in research colonies; it appeared apparently spontaneously in the colony from which it was first described

neg: Abaca bunchy top virus Abaca bunchy top virus Abaca bunchy top virus (ABTV) is a pathogenic plant virus of the family "Nanoviridae". ABTV has been isolated from both abacá ("Musa textilis") and banana (Musa sp.). ABTV has many similarities to Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) but is both genetically and serologically distinct in that it lacks two open reading frames found in BBTV's genome. ATBV's genome contains six circular components, each of which are 1,000-1,500 base pairs in length. The virus, first detected in 1915 at Silang, Cavite, Philippines, has since spread to various provinces in the country, and damaged more than of abacá

neg: Influenzavirus D antigenic types, and it is not known to cause any human infections. No samples of Influenzavirus D were detected in serum samples from humans; however, hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against Influenzavirus D have been detected in humans, with an estimated occurrence of 1.3% in the general population, suggesting that this virus may infect humans as well. However, those antibodies may have been produced after an infection by Influenzavirus C, the antibodies for which cross-react with the Type D virus. More studies are needed to conclude whether or not the Type D virus can infect humans. Influenzavirus D is 50% similar in amino

neg: Usenet up with the idea as a replacement for a local announcement program, and established a link with nearby University of North Carolina using Bourne shell scripts written by Steve Bellovin. The public release of news was in the form of conventional compiled software, written by Steve Daniel and Truscott. In 1980, Usenet was connected to ARPANET through which had connections to both Usenet and ARPANET. Mark Horton, the graduate student who set up the connection, began "feeding mailing lists from the ARPANET into Usenet" with the "fa" ("From ARPANET") identifier. Usenet gained 50 member sites in its first year, including

neg: Françoise Barré-Sinoussi of disease progression. In the second week of checking the biopsied cell cultures for reverse transcriptase activity, enzymatic activity was detected and increased for a short time until the reverse transcriptase activity decreased dramatically after the T-lymphocytes in the culture began to die. Barré-Sinoussi and her colleagues decided to add lymphocytes from a blood donor in order to save the culture and it proved successful after the virus transmitted to the newly added lymphocytes from the blood donor and significant reverse transcriptase activity was again detected. At this point, the virus was named LAV for Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus, which would

neg: WU polyomavirus and two additional proteins involved in replication, the large tumor antigen and small tumor antigen. Although WU virus has been detected in a variety of locations around the world, indicating a global distribution, estimates of its prevalence vary. In the first report describing the virus, its DNA was detected in 0.7% of respiratory secretion samples in a population in St. Louis, Missouri and 3.0% of samples in Brisbane, Australia. Similar prevalence rates under 5% have been reported in various locations and populations, with some indication of age-dependence. By contrast, one 2009 study placed seroprevalence - that is, prevalence of antibodies

neg: Request for Comments it was a loose association of researchers interested in the ARPANET project. In effect, it included anyone who wanted to join the meetings and discussions about the project. Many of the subsequent RFCs of the 1970s also came from UCLA, because UCLA was one of the first Interface Message Processors (IMPs) on ARPANET. The Augmentation Research Center (ARC) at Stanford Research Institute, directed by Douglas Engelbart, was another of the four first ARPANET nodes and the source of early RFCs. The ARC became the first network information center (InterNIC), which was managed by Elizabeth J. Feinler to distribute the RFCs

neg: Influenza A virus subtype H5N8 cases of the virus have been detected in Northern Ireland amongst wild geese. As a response, the Department of Agriculture has extended restrictions on poultry flocks until at least 16 March. A case of the virus was detected in Harare, Zimbabwe at one of the major poultry producers, Irvine's Private Limited. The virus saw over 7,000 birds succumbing to the virus. As a result, the company, culled over 140,000 birds to prevent the spread of the virus. Even though a ban on all avian products from Zimbabwe was issued, on 22 June an outbreak was reported at a commercial broiler

neg: Zika virus outbreak timeline outbreak of Zika begins on the Solomon Islands, with 302 cases reported by 3 May. Brazil On 2 March, an illness in Northeastern Brazil characterized by a skin rash is reported. In 2015 alone the virus was detected in several other regions. Subsequent genetic analysis of Brazilian Zika genomes suggest that virus may have been circulating undetected for over 1 year in Brazil. Vanuatu On 27 April, the Vanuatu Ministry of Health reports that blood samples collected before March were confirmed to contain the Zika virus. On 29 April, samples first test positive for the Zika virus. Brazil On 15

neg: Papaya ringspot virus Papaya ringspot virus Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus in the genus "Potyvirus" and the virus family "Potyviridae" which primarily infects the papaya tree. The virus is a non-enveloped, flexous rod-shaped particle that is between 760–800 nm long and 12 nm in diameter. It is transmitted between plants by mechanical activities like pruning and by numerous aphid species such as "Myzus persicae". No seed transmission has been detected. There are two major types of this virus that are serologically indistinguishable and are so closely genetically related that they are now considered the same virus species. The type

neg: Macro and security which do the same actions. Its signature doesn't match the one declare in the virus scanner. Additional to the responsibility of the anti-virus, there is a responsibility of the users : if a potential macro virus is detected, the user can choose what to do with it : ignore it, quarantine it or destroy it, but the last option is the most dangerous. The anti-virus can activate some destructives macro viruses which destroy some data when they are deleted by the anti virus. So, both of the virus scanners and the users are responsible of the security and the integrity

neg: ARPANET ARPANET The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet-switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. The ARPANET was initially funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense. The packet-switching methodology employed in the ARPANET was based on concepts and designs by Leonard Kleinrock and Paul Baran, British scientist Donald Davies, and Lawrence Roberts. The TCP/IP communications protocols were developed for the ARPANET by computer scientists Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf, and incorporated concepts from the French

neg: Vba32 AntiVirus to 67 percent detected by Avira's Antivir Premium and 8 percent detected by MicroWorld's eScan Anti-Virus. Vba32 AntiVirus VBA32 (Virus Block Ada 32) is antivirus software from the vendor VirusBlokAda for personal computers running Microsoft Windows. It detects and neutralizes computer viruses, computer worms, Trojan horses and other malware (backdoors, adware, spyware, etc.) in real time and on demand. VBA32 is used as one of the antivirus engines at VirusTotal. "VirusBlokAda" is an antivirus software vendor established in 1997 in Belarus. In 2010 it discovered Stuxnet, the first malware that attacks supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. In 2009

neg: Goose Guandong virus and is epizootic (an epidemic in nonhumans) and panzootic (affecting animals of many species, especially over a wide area), killing tens of millions of birds and spurring the culling of hundreds of millions of others to stem its spread. The conversion to the Z genotype probably occurred by reassortment with a teal (duck) virus H6N1 during a mixed influenza infection: Goose Guandong virus The Goose Guandong virus refers to the strain A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/Gd)-like H5N1 HPAI viruses. It is a strain of the Influenzavirus A subtype H5N1 virus that was first detected in a goose in Guangdong in 1996. It is

neg: ARPANET passwords in the VMS operating system and is still being used for this purpose. ARPANET The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet-switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. The ARPANET was initially funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense. The packet-switching methodology employed in the ARPANET was based on concepts and designs by Leonard Kleinrock and Paul Baran, British scientist Donald Davies, and Lawrence Roberts. The TCP/IP communications protocols were developed for the ARPANET

neg: Papaya ringspot virus of papaya plantations under the cover of darkness. In some cases, farmers have lost up to $15,000 worth of papaya trees. Papaya ringspot virus Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus in the genus "Potyvirus" and the virus family "Potyviridae" which primarily infects the papaya tree. The virus is a non-enveloped, flexous rod-shaped particle that is between 760–800 nm long and 12 nm in diameter. It is transmitted between plants by mechanical activities like pruning and by numerous aphid species such as "Myzus persicae". No seed transmission has been detected. There are two major types of this virus

neg: Coltivirus virus can be detected in a patient with a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), where even a single virion and its genetic material can be detected. The antigens to the virus can also be detected using immunofluorescence. There is currently no known vaccine or treatment available to treat these Coltiviruses, but 3'-fluors-3'-deoxyadanosine, a nucleoside analog, halts replication of Colorado tick fever virus "in vitro". Coltivirus Coltivirus is a genus of viruses (belonging to the Reoviridae family) that infects vertebrates and invertebrates. It includes the causative agent of Colorado tick fever. Colorado tick fever virus can cause a fever, chills,

neg: Tobacco mosaic virus too small to be retained on the employed Chamberland filters and to be detected in the light microscope. In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck independently replicated Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and then showed that the infectious agent was able to reproduce and multiply in the host cells of the tobacco plant. Beijerinck coined the term of "virus" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was of non-bacterial nature. Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be crystallized. It was achieved by Wendell Meredith Stanley in 1935 who also showed that TMV remains active even after crystallization. For his work,

neg: Jerusalem (computer virus) Jerusalem (computer virus) Jerusalem is a DOS virus first detected in Jerusalem, in October 1987. On infection, the Jerusalem virus becomes memory resident (using 2kb of memory), and then infects every executable file run, except for COMMAND.COM. COM files grow by 1,813 bytes when infected by Jerusalem and are not re-infected. .EXE files grow by 1,808 to 1,823 bytes each time they are infected. The virus re-infects .EXE files each time the files are loaded until they are too large to load into memory. Some .EXE files are infected but do not grow because several overlays follow the genuine .EXE

neg: Lagos bat lyssavirus and one dog. One isolate was detected in France in 1999 when a fruit bat ("Rousettus egypticus"), which had been displaying signs of aggression, died. The bat had been imported from Africa. No human cases of Lagos bat virus infection have been documented. Lagos bat lyssavirus Lagos bat virus (LBV) is a lyssavirus of southern and central Africa that causes a rabies-like illness in mammals. It was first isolated from a fruit bat ("Eidolon helvum") from Lagos Island, Nigeria in 1956. Brain samples from the bat showed poor cross-reactivity to rabies antibodies but the virus was found to be closely

neg: Lamer Exterminator as containing an identification word 0xABCD, as the last data on the boot block containing anything but zero values. Lamer Exterminator Lamer Exterminator is a computer virus created for the Commodore Amiga. It was first detected in Germany in October 1989. It is a boot block virus contained in the first 1024 bytes of the disk. It is notable as the first virus known to be defensive. It hooks into the system in such a way that examining a bootblock will return a normal result and upon replicating will also encrypt itself. Variants of the virus are known to use

neg: Lujo mammarenavirus The fifth case was treated with ribavirin early after onset of clinical disease (was detected through active contact tracing), an antiviral drug which is effective in treating Lassa fever, and survived; however, ribavirin's effectiveness against Lujo virus remains unknown. Lujo mammarenavirus Lujo is a bisegmented RNA virus—a member of the family "Arenaviridae"—and a known cause of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in humans. Its name was suggested by the Special Pathogens Unit of the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NICD-NHLS) by using the first two letters of the names of the cities involved in the

neg: Distributed computing has its roots in operating system architectures studied in the 1960s. The first widespread distributed systems were local-area networks such as Ethernet, which was invented in the 1970s. ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet, was introduced in the late 1960s, and ARPANET e-mail was invented in the early 1970s. E-mail became the most successful application of ARPANET, and it is probably the earliest example of a large-scale distributed application. In addition to ARPANET, and its successor, the Internet, other early worldwide computer networks included Usenet and FidoNet from the 1980s, both of which were used to support distributed discussion systems.

neg: Influenza A virus subtype H5N3 an influenza A virus -- @2013Aug06: An outbreak of low pathogenic `H5N3` bird flu has been detected on a duck farm in the eastern county of Hualien, the first occurrence of the virus strain in Taiwan -- http://www.chinapost.com.tw/health/infectious-diseases/2013/08/06/385662/Taiwan-reports.htm Influenza A virus subtype H5N3 H5N3 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus). H5N3 was identified in Quebec in August 2005 and in Sweden in October 2005. 2009: H5N3 virus was identified at a La Garnache farm in France in late January. 90 birds were found dead between 29 January 2009 and 31 January 2009.

neg: Deformed wing virus while bees that are symptomless only produce titers in their abdomens or thoraxes. Some researchers have detected increased aggressiveness immediately before colony collapse, and suspect that the virus may play a role. Other researchers have dismissed this relationship. Deformed wing virus Deformed wing virus (DWV) is an RNA virus, one of 22 known viruses affecting honey bees. While most commonly infecting the honey bee, "Apis mellifera", it has also been documented in other bee species, like "Bombus terrestris", thus, indicating it may have a wider host specificity than previously anticipated. The virus was first isolated from a sample of symptomatic

neg: ARPANET message over the ARPANET was "lo". About an hour later, after the programmers repaired the code that caused the crash, the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full "login". The first permanent ARPANET link was established on 21 November 1969, between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute. By 5 December 1969, the entire four-node network was established. In March 1970, the ARPANET reached the East Coast of the United States, when an IMP at BBN in Cambridge, Massachusetts was connected to the network. Thereafter, the ARPANET grew: 9 IMPs by June 1970 and 13

neg: ARPANET the ARPANET was designed to survive a nuclear attack: The RAND study was conducted by Paul Baran and was the first to build a theoretical model for communication using packet switching. In an interview he confirmed that while the ARPANET did not exactly share his project's goal, his work had greatly contributed to the development of the ARPANET. Minutes taken by Elmer Shapiro of Stanford Research Institute at the ARPANET design meeting of 9–10 October 1967 indicate that a version of Baran's routing method and suggestion of using a fixed packet size was expected to be employed. According to Stephen

neg: Jdbgmgr.exe virus hoax on to say that it was not detected by McAfee or Norton AntiVirus, which was obviously true. A further variant related the file with the "Bugbear" virus, which was a genuine virus, prevalent at the time. The effect of deleting the file was restricted to Java developers who used "Microsoft Visual J++" v1.1. It had little to no effect on most users because it was simply a developer tool. The icon for jdbgmgr.exe, Microsoft Bear, was the mascot for the Microsoft Windows 3.1 development team, alongside 16-bit Bunny and 32-bit Bunny, which represented the transition to 32-bit computing with the

neg: Virus Information Alliance Virus Information Alliance The Virus Information Alliance (VIA) is an international partnership created by the Microsoft Corporation in association with various antivirus software vendors. Alliance members exchange technical information about newly discovered malicious software (malware) so they can quickly communicate information to customers. The roles of VIA member companies include but are not limited to is to share current data with Microsoft and other VIA partners on all malicious programs detected. The description of each virus incident will provide data on: the scope and rate of virus propagation, attack targets and ways in which end users can avoid infection by

neg: White spot syndrome and South America, 1999 in Mexico' in 2000 in the Philippines, and in 2011 in Saudi Arabia. The virus was detected in Queensland, Australia in November 2016. Australia was believed to be the last shrimp-growing region free from the virus. White spot syndrome virus is a species of virus in the genus "Whispovirus", in the family" Nimaviridae". It is the only species in this family, so serves as the type species. White spot syndrome virus is a dsDNA virus, which places it in group I of the Baltimore classification system. Group: dsDNA WSSV is a rod-shaped, double-stranded, DNA virus, and

neg: Apple mosaic virus ELISA test detected lower relative concentrations of ApMV. As a result of this heat sensitivity, symptoms of ApMV tend to be masked in the summer months versus the spring months. Apple mosaic virus Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Bromoviridae. It is named after its symptoms that were first present on apples. ApMV is a positive sense RNA based virus. The disease itself has several synonyms including Mild Apple Mosaic Virus, Hop Virus, Rose Mosaic Virus, and European Plum Line Patten Virus. Overall, it causes a severe yield reduction and decreased life-expectancy of fruit

neg: Women in computing "Jake" Feinler, who was working for Stanford, made the first Resource Handbook for ARPANET. This led to the creation of the ARPANET directory, which was built by Feinler with a staff of mostly women. Without the directory, "it was nearly impossible to navigate the ARPANET." By the end of the decade, the general demographics of programmers had shifted away from being predominantly women, as they had before the 1940s. Though women accounted for around 30 to 50 percent of computer programmers during the 1960s, few were promoted to leadership roles and women were paid significantly less than their male counterparts.

neg: Pleconaril 87% of virus isolates in cell culture were inhibited by pleconaril. Virus variants were detected in 0.7% of the placebo group and 10.7% of the pleconaril group. Of the two isolates a subject from the placebo group had a resistant virus in cell culture to pleconaril. The other strain was susceptible to the drug. The pleconaril group had 21 virus strains, which remained susceptible. Resistance strains were found in 7 pleconaril patients. A Phase II study that used an intranasal formulation of pleconaril failed to show a statistically significant result for either of its two primary efficacy endpoints, percentage of

neg: Papaya leaf curl virus breed papaya with natural resistance. PaLCuV is found in tropical and subtropical regions, and it significantly affects papaya production in India's major papaya growing regions. The disease was first described in 1939, while the causal virus was first detected in India in 1998. There are closely related virus species including: PaLCuV is related to "Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus" (ToLCNDV), in some cases sharing 97% sequence identity. Currently, the most wide-spread treatments used to control the spread of PaLCuV are a wide range of insecticides as well as crop rotation. Rouging infected plants and destroying infected fields is also

neg: 2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak 2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak The 2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak represented the first time Zika virus had been detected outside Africa and Asia. It occurred in the Yap Islands, an island chain in the Federated States of Micronesia. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a vector-borne flavivirus in the same family as yellow fever, dengue, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses. In 2007, physicians in the Yap Islands reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention an outbreak of an illness characterized by rash, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia. Initial serum testing revealed some patients had the IgM antibody against

neg: 1968 flu pandemic detected for seven days and caused an influenza-like illness in calves." 1968 flu pandemic The 1968 flu pandemic was a category 2 flu pandemic whose outbreak in 1968 and 1969 killed an estimated one million people worldwide. It was caused by an H3N2 strain of the influenza A virus, descended from H2N2 through antigenic shift, a genetic process in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. Because it originated in Hong Kong, the pandemic is also referred to as Hong Kong flu. The first record of the outbreak in Hong Kong appeared on 13 July 1968.

neg: Torque teno sus virus genome of negative polarity ranging from 2.6 to 2.8 kb in size. The genome has three open reading frames, ORF1 (capsid), ORF2 and ORF3 and a highly conserved untranslated region. Open reading frames (ORFs) encode approximately 500 (ORF1), 100 (ORF2) and 200 (ORF3) aminoacids. The virus is transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route. The virus has been detected in a number of tissues including liver, brain, sera, semen, nasal secretion, lymph node, heart, liver, bone marrow, lung or spleen. It was confirmed that the TTSuV can be detected also in bile. TTSuV is ubiquitous in pig farms worldwide. The prevalence

neg: Pluribus priority process that anyone had requested, and served them out to all processors. An important aspect of the Pluribus software was the "STAGE" system, which detected system errors and took steps to recover from them. The processor clocks had interrupt handlers which implemented watchdog timers on all processors. If a processor stopped running, another processor would detect it and initiate a recovery. The recovery process would unlock any locks placed on shared resources, release allocated storage, and restart all processing on all processors. This was acceptable on an ARPANET routing node, since any lost packets would eventually be retransmitted. Pluribus

neg: Sendai virus detection (unlike the immunofluorescence assay). In a natural setting, the respiratory infection of Sendai virus in mice is acute. From the extrapolation of the infection of laboratory mice, the presence of the virus may first be detected in the lungs 48 to 72 hours following exposure. As the virus replicates in the respiratory tract of an infected mouse, the concentration of the virus grows most quickly during the third day of infection. After that, the growth of the virus is slower but consistent. Typically, the peak concentration of the virus is on the sixth or seventh day, and rapid decline

neg: Virus Information Alliance malicious code. Microsoft Antivirus software Virus Information Alliance The Virus Information Alliance (VIA) is an international partnership created by the Microsoft Corporation in association with various antivirus software vendors. Alliance members exchange technical information about newly discovered malicious software (malware) so they can quickly communicate information to customers. The roles of VIA member companies include but are not limited to is to share current data with Microsoft and other VIA partners on all malicious programs detected. The description of each virus incident will provide data on: the scope and rate of virus propagation, attack targets and ways in which end

neg: Influenza A virus subtype H5N8 poultry farm outside Villiers, South Africa after 5,000 chickens died. A few days later, just over 60 km away from the first outbreak, a separate outbreak was reported in Standerton, Mpumalanga, where over 25,000 birds were culled to prevent the virus spreading. The South African Poultry Association reported that wild ducks migrating from Europe are spreading the virus. On 20 December 2017, the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (MEWA) in Saudi Arabia announces the detection of the highly pathogenic H5N8 virus among birds at a poultry market in Riyadh. A few days later, the virus was detected in other

neg: Zika fever Zika were reported in French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Easter Island and the Cook Islands. The source of the virus was thought to be an independent introduction of the virus from Southeast Asia, unrelated to the Yap Islands outbreak. Genetic analyses of Zika virus strains suggest that Zika first entered the Americas between May and December 2013. It was first detected in the Western Hemisphere in February 2014, and rapidly spread throughout South and Central America, reaching Mexico in November 2015. In 2016 it established local transmission in Florida and Texas. The first death in the United States due to Zika

neg: History of West Africa to date is the ongoing 2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak, which is affecting Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Nigeria The outbreak began in Guinea in December 2013, but was not detected until March 2014, after which it spread to Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria. The outbreak is caused by the "Zaire ebolavirus", known simply as the "Ebola virus" (EBOV). It is the most severe outbreak of Ebola in terms of the number of human cases and fatalities since the discovery of the virus in 1976. , the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a total of 2,240 suspected cases and

neg: Ebola virus disease in Asia. Between 1976 and 1998, in 30,000 mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and arthropods sampled from regions of EBOV outbreaks, no Ebola virus was detected apart from some genetic traces found in six rodents (belonging to the species "Mus setulosus" and "Praomys") and one shrew ("Sylvisorex ollula") collected from the Central African Republic. However, further research efforts have not confirmed rodents as a reservoir. Traces of EBOV were detected in the carcasses of gorillas and chimpanzees during outbreaks in 2001 and 2003, which later became the source of human infections. However, the high rates of death in these species resulting

neg: Mayaro virus disease experienced mild hemorrhagic (bleeding) symptoms, which had not previously been described in Mayaro virus disease. The report stated that this outbreak is the first detected in a metropolitan setting, and expressed concern that the disease might be adapting to urban species of mosquito vectors, which would make it a risk for spreading within the country. A study published in 1991 demonstrated that a colonized strain of Brazilian "Aedes albopictus" was capable of acquiring MAYV from infected hamsters and subsequently transmitting it and a study published in October 2011 demonstrated that "Aedes aegypti" can transmit MAYV, supporting the possibility of wider

neg: Goose Guandong virus Goose Guandong virus The Goose Guandong virus refers to the strain A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/Gd)-like H5N1 HPAI viruses. It is a strain of the Influenzavirus A subtype H5N1 virus that was first detected in a goose in Guangdong in 1996. It is an HPAI (High Pathogenic Avian Influenza) virus, meaning that it can kill a very high percentage of chickens in a flock in mere days. It is believed to be the immediate precursor of the current dominant strain of HPAI A(H5N1) that evolved from 1999 to 2002 creating the Z genotype (also called "Asian lineage HPAI A(H5N1)") that is spreading globally

neg: Zika virus outbreak timeline indigenous cases of Zika virus infection were reported in New Caledonia. The outbreak peaked in April, with the number of confirmed cases reaching 1,400 by 17 September. In February 2014, an outbreak of Zika started in the Cook Islands. The outbreak ended on 29 May, with 50 confirmed and 932 suspected cases of Zika virus infection. In March 2014, there were one confirmed and 40 suspected cases of Zika virus infection on Easter Island. On 22 March 2016, Bangladesh's health ministry announced that they had detected Zika virus in human blood sample which they obtained in 2014. Solomon Islands An

neg: Abraxas (computer virus) can be used to create similar, easily detected viruses, which are usually encrypted as well. More than 20 viruses have appeared which have clearly been produced with the PS-MPC: The name "Abraxas" was also used for a virus in the video game . Abraxas (computer virus) Abraxas, also known as Abraxas5, discovered in April 1993, is an encrypted, overwriting, file infecting computer virus which infects .COM and .EXE files, although it does not infect command.com. It does not become memory resident. Each time an infected file is executed, Abraxas infects the copy of dosshell.com located in the C:\DOS directory (creating

neg: 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak said virus. The Evangelista Medical Hospital in San Pedro, Laguna, the facility where the patient was first admitted, was temporarily closed by DOH for fourteen days. On 17 February 2015, all those who had exposure or had contact with the said nurse were tested negative of the said virus. On 6 March 2015, The Department of Foreign Affairs confirmed three Filipino female healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia who were infected with MERS-CoV. On 6 July 2015, DOH confirmed the second detected case of MERS-CoV in the country. The patient who had contracted the virus was from the Middle East and

neg: Hepatitis E virus Hepatitis E virus The hepatitis E virus, or HEV, is the causative agent of hepatitis E. Its taxonomic name is "Orthohepevirus A". The global burden of infections from the two major genotypes (1 and 2) is estimated at 20 million per year, leading to 70,000 deaths and 3,000 stillbirths. The virus particle was first seen in 1983, but was only molecularly cloned in 1989. HEV can be classified into eight different genotypes from different geographical regions: genotype 1 (Asia), genotype 2 (Africa and Mexico), genotype 3 (Europe and North America), genotype 4 (Asia); genotypes 5 and 6 have been detected

neg: Flavivirus West Nile Virus have shown that it emerged as a distinct virus around 1000 years ago. This initial virus developed into two distinct lineages, lineage 1 and its multiple profiles is the source of the epidemic transmission in Africa and throughout the world. Lineage 2 was considered an Africa zoonosis. However, in 2008, lineage 2, previously only seen in horses in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, began to appear in horses in Europe, where the first known outbreak affected 18 animals in Hungary in 2008. Lineage 1 West Nile virus was detected in South Africa in 2010 in a mare and

neg: Sendai virus for two months. Sendai virus Sendai virus (SeV), previously also known as murine parainfluenza virus type 1 or hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ), is a negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family "Paramyxoviridae", a group of viruses featuring, notably, the genera "Morbillivirus" and "Rubulavirus". SeV is a member of genus "Respirovirus", members of which primarily infect mammals. SeV is responsible for a highly transmissible respiratory tract infection in mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, and occasionally pigs, and marmosets with infection passing through both air and direct contact routes. The virus can be detected in mouse colonies worldwide, generally in

neg: Sendai virus Sendai virus Sendai virus (SeV), previously also known as murine parainfluenza virus type 1 or hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ), is a negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family "Paramyxoviridae", a group of viruses featuring, notably, the genera "Morbillivirus" and "Rubulavirus". SeV is a member of genus "Respirovirus", members of which primarily infect mammals. SeV is responsible for a highly transmissible respiratory tract infection in mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, and occasionally pigs, and marmosets with infection passing through both air and direct contact routes. The virus can be detected in mouse colonies worldwide, generally in suckling to young

neg: Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 their ability to cause disease in calves. One of the human strains. A/Aichi/2/68, was detected for five days in a calf, but all three failed to cause signs of disease. Strain A/cal/Duschanbe/55/71 could be detected for seven days and caused an influenza-like illness in calves." Fujian flu refers to flu caused by either a Fujian human flu strain of the H3N2 subtype or a Fujian bird flu strain of the H5N1 subtype of the Influenza A virus. These strains are named after Fujian province in China. A/Fujian (H3N2) human flu (from A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2)-like flu virus strains) caused an unusually severe 2003–2004

neg: WU polyomavirus the respiratory secretions of a young patient diagnosed with pneumonia in whom other known respiratory viruses had not been detected. Sequence homology was detected among the sequences found in the clinical sample and the known genomes of other human polyomaviruses. WU virus was one of two new human polyomaviruses discovered in 2007; the other was KI virus. The complete genome of the WU virus has been sequenced and found to be a circular double-stranded DNA genome of 5229 base pairs containing genetic material characteristic of polyomaviruses, encoding five viral proteins: three capsid components, major capsid protein VP1, VP2, and VP3;

neg: ANTI (computer virus) hypothesised that ANTI had been intended to form part of a copy protection scheme, which would detect the reorganisation caused by a standard filesystem copy. During infection, ANTI clears all resource attributes associated with CODE 1, which may cause the infected application to use more memory, particularly on older Macintoshes with 64 KiB ROMs. Unlike preceding Macintosh viruses, ANTI can not be detected by specific resource names and IDs; a slower string comparison search is required in order to find signatures associated with the virus. The University of Hamburg's Virus Test Center recommends detection with an antivirus application such as

neg: Domain Name System Research Institute (now SRI International) maintained a text file named HOSTS.TXT that mapped host names to the numerical addresses of computers on the ARPANET. Elizabeth Feinler developed the first Resource Handbook for the ARPANET which later became the ARPANET directory. Feinler and her staff maintained the directory. Maintenance of numerical addresses, called the Assigned Numbers List, was handled by Jon Postel at the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute (ISI), whose team worked closely with SRI. Addresses were assigned manually. To request a hostname and an address and add a computer to the master file, users contacted the SRI's

neg: Ambulance (computer virus) destructive virus; it simply spreads itself around and shows off its payload once in a while. These are just some of many variants detected: Ambulance (computer virus) Ambulance or Ambulance Car is a computer virus that infected computers running a DOS operating system in June 1990. It was discovered in Germany. Ambulance does not become memory resident. It infects only one .COM file in any given directory, but not the first one. Thus, there must be at least two .COM files in a directory for it to spread. When an infected file is executed, an ASCII art ambulance can be

neg: Computer virus virus, the antivirus designer tries to choose a unique signature string that will not be found in a legitimate program. Different antivirus programs use different "signatures" to identify viruses. The disadvantage of this detection method is that users are only protected from viruses that are detected by signatures in their most recent virus definition update, and not protected from new viruses (see "zero-day attack"). A second method to find viruses is to use a heuristic algorithm based on common virus behaviors. This method has the ability to detect new viruses for which antivirus security firms have yet to define a

neg: Blueberry shoestring virus been detected. There is no single common way to control the spread of the blueberry shoestring virus. The management option used depends on the severity of the disease and the population density of the aphid vector. Blueberry shoestring virus is a devastating disease because once a plant is infected there is no cure. This virus has been detected in northeastern and upper Midwest states such as Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Washington. Blueberries are native to Michigan and for the past 100 years it has been the nations leading producer of blueberries, but due to reduced yield and bush

neg: Macro and security virus B could be detected as a remnant of A but the anti-virus would only identify (and remove) the non-modified macros. After that, in some cases, the replication of the virus (which does not contain original macros of A now) could be successful. In fact, the anti-virus would have created a new virus. Anti-virus have to be updated very easily and fast to counter these viruses. A lot of informations is added every day and the performance of the anti-virus must not drop while updates. The problem here is that there is not an easily identifiable set of macros, the

neg: Schmallenberg virus to the Sathuperi and Douglas viruses. The virus is named after Schmallenberg, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, from where the first definitive sample was derived. After Germany, it has also been detected in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Ireland, Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Norway, Poland and Estonia. The virus has been recognised by the European Commission's Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health and the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (German Research Institute for Animal Health). A risk assessment in December 2011 did not consider it likely to be a threat to human health, as other comparable

neg: Tomato yellow leaf curl virus experience TYLCV infection or mixed virus infections annually. Treatments that are commonly used for this disease include insecticides, hybrid seeds, and growing tomatoes under greenhouse conditions. Developing countries are most affected by this crop disease due to both the climate and the high costs of treatments used in order to control it. TYLCV is found in tropical and subtropical regions, and it is the one of the most important pathogens against tomato crops around the world. This virus was first detected in Israel around 1930, and now it affects more than 30 countries around the world that grow tomatoes. TYLCV

neg: ARPANET the network rather than the large mainframes that would be the nodes of the ARPANET. Roberts modified the ARPANET plan to incorporate Clark's suggestion. The plan was presented at the ACM Symposium in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, in October 1967. Donald Davies' work on packet switching and the NPL network, presented by a colleague (Roger Scantlebury), came to the attention of ARPANET developers at this conference. Roberts applied Davies' concept of packet switching for the ARPANET, and sought input from Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock. Building on his earlier work on queueing theory, Kleinrock modelled the performance of packet-switched networks, which underpinned

neg: Beet leafhopper that individual insects can maintain MBCTV in their bodies for up to a 30 days after getting infected by it, even though the amount of virus detected does not increase in this period. The authors propose that this indicates that MBCTV is unable to replicate within its vector. It was also found that the virus is not transmitted between generations of beet leafhoppers from adults to nymphs, proposing that the virus does not use transovarial transmission. In another study, waveforms from electrical penetration graphs (EPG) were used to understand which waveforms coincided with the inoculation of plants with BCTV. As

neg: Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses." Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China, and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, contributing to the emergence of new variant strains. Pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome subunits by genetic reassortment) with H5N1, passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968

neg: Magboi virus Magboi virus Magboi virus (MGBV) is a novel, bat-borne Orthohantavirus discovered in a slit-faced bat trapped near the Magboi Stream in eastern Sierra Leone in 2011. It is a single-stranded, negative sense, RNA virus in the Bunyavirales order. The discovery represented the first time a hantavirus was detected in a bat, although bats as a reservoir for hantavirus had been long suspected. On the basis of a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree, the sequence isolated from the Magboi River bat does not cluster with rodent-associated hantaviruses but groups with those found in shrews and moles. This raises the question of the real

neg: Magboi virus hantavirus host range. Bats are already known to harbor a broad variety of emerging pathogens, including other bunyaviruses. Their ability to fly and social life history enable efficient pathogen maintenance, evolution, and spread. Magboi virus Magboi virus (MGBV) is a novel, bat-borne Orthohantavirus discovered in a slit-faced bat trapped near the Magboi Stream in eastern Sierra Leone in 2011. It is a single-stranded, negative sense, RNA virus in the Bunyavirales order. The discovery represented the first time a hantavirus was detected in a bat, although bats as a reservoir for hantavirus had been long suspected. On the basis of a

neg: Chilli leaf curl virus the case of mixed infections or pests such as thrips or mites, losses may be as severe as 90–100%, but typically range from 20-50%. Treatments that are commonly used for this disease include insecticides, removing infected plants, and growing varieties with genetic resistance. ChiLCV is found in tropical and subtropical regions, and it significantly affects pepper production in India's major pepper growing regions. This virus was first detected in India around 1940, and later confirmed in the 1960s. There are closely related virus species including: ChiLCV is related to "Pepper leaf curl virus" (PepLCV), but it is a different species.

neg: Pepper leaf curl virus include insecticides, border crops, and growing varieties with genetic resistance. PepLCV is found in tropical and subtropical regions, and it significantly affects pepper production around the world. This virus was first detected in India around 1960, and now it occurs worldwide. PepLCV has been found in different countries from Africa, Asia, and Central and North America. There are closely related virus species including: PepLCV is related to "Chilli leaf curl virus" (ChiLCV), but it is a different species. Comparison of the sequence of PepLCV with previously characterized begomoviruses shows it likely to have resulted from recombination between "Papaya leaf curl

neg: PPMV1 Although a vaccine to prevent the spread of the virus exists - and is utilised overseas, Australian authorities have reportedly not accessed this vaccine quickly enough. PPMV1 PPMV1 or pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 is a virus closely related to Newcastle disease which affects domestic pigeons and other bird species. It probably originated in the Middle East but has spread to Europe, the USA and Australia, where it has the potential to infect and kill native bird species. Pigeon paramyxovirus was first detected in Victoria in 2011, in NSW in 2012 and in Tasmania in 2013. It is now considered endemic

neg: Organic Lake virophage Organic Lake virophage Organic Lake virophage is a double stranded DNA virophage (a virus that requires the presence of another virus to replicate itself and in so doing limits the ability of the other virus to replicate). It was detected metagenomically in samples from Organic Lake, Antarctica. The virus appears to be ~100 nanometers in diameter and to be enveloped. It preys on Organic Lake phycodnaviruses, which in fact may rather belong to Mimiviridae than to Phycodnaviridae. The genome is double stranded DNA and is 26,421 base pairs in length. It encodes 38 proteins. These include the major coat protein,

neg: Cascade (computer virus) Cascade (computer virus) The Cascade virus (also known as "Herbstlaub" in Germany) is a prominent computer virus that was a resident written in assembly language, that was widespread in the 1980s and early 1990s. It infected .COM files and had the effect of making text on the screen cascade down and form a heap at the bottom of the screen. It was notable for using an encryption algorithm to avoid being detected. However, one could see that infected files had their size increased by 1701 or 1704 bytes. In response, IBM developed its own antivirus software. The virus has a

neg: Collaborative software the broader concept of CSCW. Douglas Engelbart first envisioned collaborative computing in 1951 and documented his vision in 1962, with working prototypes in full operational use by his research team by the mid-1960s, and held the first public demonstration of his work in 1968 in what is now referred to as "The Mother of All Demos." The following year, Engelbart's lab was hooked into the ARPANET, the first computer network, enabling them to extend services to a broader userbase. See also Intelligence Amplification , ARPANET Section on ARPANET Deployed, and the Doug Engelbart Archive Collection. Online collaborative gaming software began

neg: Longhorned tick dogs, and humans. It is believed to migrate by parasitizing birds, which carry it to new areas. The longhorned tick can transmit an animal disease called theileriosis to cattle, which can cause considerable blood loss and occasional death of calves, but mainly is important to dairy farmers because of decreased milk production and sheep farmers because of decreased wool quantity and quality. Human diseases such as Lyme spirochetes, spotted fever group rickettsiae, "Ehrlichia chaffeensis", and "Anaplasma bovis" have been detected in "H. longicornis". It has been associated with Russian spring-summer encephalitis, Powassan virus, Khasan virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Japanese spotted

neg: WU polyomavirus WU polyomavirus WU polyomavirus (also known as WU virus, WUPyV, or Human polyomavirus 4) is a virus of the family Polyomaviridae. It was discovered in 2007 in samples of human respiratory secretions, originally from a child patient in Australia who presented with clinical signs of pneumonia and in whom other common respiratory viruses were not detected. Follow-up studies identified the presence of WU virus in respiratory secretion samples from patients in Australia and the United States, suggesting that, like other human polyomaviruses, WU virus is widely distributed. WU virus was discovered by shotgun sequencing of the nucleic acids found in

neg: Zika fever areas of Asia, though at a low level. While there was a sharp rise in the amount of cases of Zika detected in Singapore after the 2016 Summer Olympics in Brazil, genetic analysis revealed that the strains were more closely related to strains from Thailand than from those causing the epidemic in the Americas. It is named after the Zika Forest near Entebbe, Uganda, where the Zika virus was first identified. Zika virus was first identified in the late 1940s in Kampala, Uganda, Africa but was first confirmed in Brazil. Since it was first identified, Zika has been found in

neg: Elizabeth J. Feinler leading the Literature Research section of SRI's library when, in 1972, Doug Engelbart recruited her to join his Augmentation Research Center (ARC), which was sponsored by the Information Processing Techniques Office of the US Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA). Her first task was to write a "Resource Handbook" for the first demonstration of the ARPANET at the International Computer Communication Conference. By 1974 she was the principal investigator to help plan and run the new Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET. The NIC provided reference service to users (initially over the phone and by physical mail), maintained and published

neg: Organic Lake virophage a DNA packaging ATPase, a putative DNA polymerase/primase and a N6 adenine specific DNA methyltransferase. Organic Lake virophage Organic Lake virophage is a double stranded DNA virophage (a virus that requires the presence of another virus to replicate itself and in so doing limits the ability of the other virus to replicate). It was detected metagenomically in samples from Organic Lake, Antarctica. The virus appears to be ~100 nanometers in diameter and to be enveloped. It preys on Organic Lake phycodnaviruses, which in fact may rather belong to Mimiviridae than to Phycodnaviridae. The genome is double stranded DNA and is

neg: MW polyomavirus MW polyomavirus MW polyomavirus (MWPyV, also known as Human polyomavirus 10 and briefly as MXPyV) is a virus of the polyomavirus family that infects human hosts. It was discovered in 2012 and reported independently by several research groups. It has been identified mostly in stool samples from children and has been detected in a variety of geographic locations. MWPyV was discovered in 2012 and independently reported by three different research groups under the names "Malawi polyomavirus", "Mexico polyomavirus", and "Human polyomavirus 10". The first group to publish gave the virus the "Malawi" designation based on the geographic location of the