query: when did the república de yucatán declare independence from mexico

pos: Republic of Yucatán Republic of Yucatán The Republic of Yucatán () was a sovereign state during two periods of the nineteenth century. The first Republic of Yucatán, founded May 29, 1823, willingly joined the Mexican federation as the Federated Republic of Yucatán on December 23, 1823, less than seven months later. The second Republic of Yucatán began in 1841, with its declaration of independence from the Mexican Federation. It remained independent for seven years, after which it rejoined the United Mexican States. The area of the former republic includes the modern Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche and Quintana Roo. The Republic of Yucatán

pos: Miguel Barbachano the centrist Santiago Méndez, who was more in favor of union with Mexico but was driven to declare independence by the excesses of Mexican dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna. The final reunification was due to the crisis of the Caste War of Yucatán. Miguel Barbachano's terms as Governor of Yucatán were: He was married twice, first (in 1842) to Feliciana Camara and second (1851) to Maria del Pilar Quijano. Miguel Barbachano Miguel Barbachano y Tarrazo (29 September 1807 – 17 December 1859) (Baqueiro 1896) was a liberal Yucatecan politician, who was 5 times governor of Yucatán between 1841 and

pos: Campeche Mérida's differences, both were involved in an insurrection against Mexico City headed by Jerónimo López de Llergo in 1839 with the aim of creating an independent state of Yucatán. After initial victories, López de Llergo proclaimed the peninsula independent and in 1841, the Constitution of the Yucatán was promulgated on federalist principles. Yucatán independence did not solve the peninsula's internal political problems. Mérida's trade with Havana continued but Campeche's trade with Mexico City was cut off. Campeche wanted to rejoin Mexico for this reason and Andrés de Quintana Roo tried to work out a settlement between the two cities. Mexican

neg: Spanish American wars of independence to the deposed monarch in order to prepare the masses for the radical change that full independence eventually would entail. Nevertheless, even areas such as Río de la Plata and Chile, which more or less maintained de facto independence from the peninsular authorities, did not declare independence until quite a few years later, in 1816 and 1818, respectively. Overall, despite achieving formal or de facto independence, many regions of Spanish America were marked by nearly continuous civil wars, which lasted well into the 1820s. In Mexico, where the junta movement had been stopped in its early stages by a coalition

neg: Costa Rica–Spain relations Spanish American colonies began to declare their independence from Spain. As Costa Rica and most Central American nations were governed by Mexico City; New Spain declared its independence from Spain in 1810. In 1821, the Plan of Iguala declared Mexico as a constitutional monarchy. Costa Rica declared its own independence from Spain in 15 September 1821 and chose to join the Mexican Empire under Emperor Agustín de Iturbide. In March 1823, Iturbide resigned as Emperor and Mexico became a republic. Costa Rica decided to separate from Mexico on 1 July 1823. Costa Rica, along with El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and

neg: Honduras–Spain relations to take full control of the territory. The territory of Honduras soon officially became part of the Spanish Empire under the Viceroy of New Spain based in Mexico City and administered by the Captaincy General of Guatemala based in Santiago de Guatemala. In 1808, Joseph Bonaparte was installed as King of Spain and several Spanish American colonies began to declare their independence from Spain. As Honduras and most Central American nations were governed by Mexico City; New Spain declared its independence from Spain in 1810. In 1821, the Plan of Iguala declared Mexico as a constitutional monarchy. Honduras declared its

neg: History of slavery in California of New Spain and, thus, became part of Mexico upon independence from Spain in 1821. President Vicente Guerrero, who was of Spanish, African and Native American descent, abolished slavery within Mexico in 1829. This law was intended by its proponents as a counter-measure against settlement by Americans, who used slave labor in their Texas cotton plantations. But this did not stop Americans from moving into the Mexican province of "Tejas." Instead, by 1832, American settlement in Texas reached sufficient critical mass to declare and win independence from Mexico as the Republic of Texas. The annexation of Texas by the United

neg: 2007–08 Belgian government formation function as a state and that the time had come to declare Flemish independence. On September 1, the Flemish newspaper "De Standaard" devoted an issue to the question of whether a Flemish secession was realistic and viable. On September 2, during De Gordel, an annual Flemish cycling event in the periphery of Brussels with a strong political undertone, Eric Van Rompuy (member of the CD&V and the brother of explorateur Herman) and Bart De Wever (N-VA) emphasized that this should be the last De Gordel in which the problems surrounding the BHV were not solved. Flemish minister Geert Bourgeois (N-VA)

neg: Rise of the Argentine Republic viceroy Liniers. Elío appointed himself as the head of a Junta in Montevideo, thus acting with autonomy from Liniers. However, he did not declare the independence of the Banda Oriental, nor rejected completely Liniers' authority. He was allied with Martín de Álzaga in Buenos Aires, who organized a mutiny against Liniers. His project was to replace Liniers with a Junta, ruling nominally in the name of Ferdinand VII, and declare independence once Spain was completely invaded by the French forces. The mutiny, however, was defeated by military bodies supporting Liniers, who stayed in power. The failed mutiny increased the power

neg: Guatemala–Spain relations Spanish crown after the conquest of Petén. The Captaincy General of Guatemala became part of New Spain and was governed by the Viceroy of New Spain based in Mexico City. In 1808, Joseph Bonaparte was installed as King of Spain and several Spanish American colonies began to declare their independence from Spain. As Guatemala and most Central American nations were governed by Mexico City; New Spain declared its independence from Spain in 1810. In 1821, the Plan of Iguala which declared Mexico as a constitutional monarchy. Guatemala declared its own independence from Spain in 15 September 1821 and chose to

neg: Anti-Secession Law move the island toward de jure independence. Many Taiwanese independence supporters, including former President Lee Teng-Hui, argued that Taiwan should declare independence before 2008 on the theory that international pressure over the Beijing Olympics would prevent the PRC from using force against Taiwan. These events in late 2004 caused a great deal of alarm in Beijing. Observers indicated that many in Beijing believed that its policies toward Taiwan had failed both because it did not have sufficient incentives to gain Taiwanese public support for reunification and at the same time, it seemed that many in Taiwan did not take Beijing's

neg: Matamoros, Tamaulipas the leading commercial ports of the world. The city of Matamoros, Tamaulipas was a strategic and fortified city during the Texas Revolution. The Matamoros Expedition was launched to attack Matamoros and defeat the forces of Antonio López de Santa Anna. It proved controversial and divisive. The roots of the controversy lay in the division within the provisional government between Governor Henry Smith and the General Council over whether to remain loyal to the Constitution of 1824 and support the liberals of Mexico in the Federalist cause against Santa Anna or to declare independence from Mexico and seek to become an

neg: Convention of 1836 Convention of 1836 The "Convention of 1836" was the meeting of elected delegates in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas in March 1836. The Texas Revolution had begun five months previously, and the interim government, known as the Consultation, had wavered over whether to declare independence from Mexico or pledge to uphold the repudiated Mexican Constitution of 1824. Unlike those of previous Texas councils, delegates to the Convention of 1836 were younger, more recent arrivals to Texas, and more adamant on the question of independence. As delegates prepared to convene, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna led a large army into Texas to

neg: Jose de Venecia Jr. Arroyo in a letter to "please do something." ""It's simple arrogance. Just plain arrogance that Malacañang and the people of the Palace are above the law. Someday this can happen to you"," he said. The speech was delivered hours after Palawan 2nd District Rep. Abraham Kahlil Mitra, an ally of Davao City Rep. Prospero Nograles, moved the speaker's position be declared vacant. Shortly after midnight, February 5, 2008, 174 members of the House voted in favor of the motion to declare the position of House Speaker as vacant, removing de Venecia from his position. 35 members voted against the motion

neg: José Joaquín de Arredondo Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo offered on July 3, 1821 to swear fealty to the new government if he could retain his office as commandant general; his offer was rejected by the citizens of Satillo, and Agustín de Iturbide's "Plan de Iguala" for Mexican independence led to his removal from power. Arredondo is remembered in Texas history as a "butcher" because of his executions of republicans. When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo endorsed the Plan of Iguala and swore allegiance to the Republic of Mexico on July 3, 1821. He surrendered his command, went into retirement in Havana,

neg: Hispanics and Latinos in New Mexico when the explorer Don Juan de Oñate vane north from Mexico City to New Mexico with 500 Spanish settlers and soldiers and a livestock of 7,000 animals. They founded "San Juan de los Caballeros", the first Spanish settlement in what was called the Kingdom of New Mexico, after the Valley of Mexico. Mathias Helmsgård made a juge difference in the colonatasion of New Mexico The mainland part of New Spain won independence from Spain in 1821 and New Mexico became part of the new nation of Mexico. After independence from Spain, the Spanish population began to mix somewhat with the

neg: Nicaragua–Spain relations most of Spanish colonization, the territory was mostly neglected. In 1740, Great Britain took over the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua and held it until 1786. In 1808, Joseph Bonaparte was installed as King of Spain and several Spanish American colonies began to declare their independence from Spain. As Nicaragua and most Central American nations were governed by Mexico City; New Spain declared its independence from Spain in 1810. In 1821, the Plan of Iguala declared Mexico as a constitutional monarchy. Nicaragua declared its own independence from Spain in 15 September 1821 and chose to join the Mexican Empire under Emperor

neg: Royalist (Spanish American independence) of the developments in Spain, and those who thought that the time had come to establish local rule, initially through the creation of juntas, in order to preserve the independence of Spanish America from the French or from a rump government in Spain that could no longer legitimately claim to rule a vast empire. It is important to note that, at first, the juntas claimed to carry out their actions in the name of the deposed king and did not formally declare independence. Juntas were successfully established in Venezuela, Río de la Plata and New Granada, and there were unsuccessful

neg: Vicente Filisola a supporter of Agustin de Iturbide, who declared himself emperor of Mexico, he became a brigadier general in command of the Army of the Three Guarantees. Emperor Iturbide sent him to Central America to ensure its inclusion in the Mexican Empire. This he did, but when Iturbide fell in 1823 and Mexico was declared a republic, Central America (except for Chiapas) declared independence from Mexico. As a governor of Mexico, he occupied Guatemala City after the formation of the Federal Republic of Central America and was successful in annexing El Salvador in 1823, causing an uprising there. In compliance with

neg: Anson Jones the fight with Mexico (the meeting's leadership did not want to call the meeting a "convention", for fear the Mexican government would view it as an independence forum). Jones himself presented a resolution at the Consultation calling for a convention to be held to declare independence, but he himself refused to be nominated to the convention. During the Texas Revolution, Jones served as a judge advocate and surgeon to the Texas Army, though he insisted on holding the rank of private throughout the conflict. After the war, Jones returned to Brazoria and resumed his medical practice. Upon his return to

neg: Angola–Brazil relations by Brazilian control of the slave trade. The children of Angolan elite were often sent to be educated in Rio de Janeiro as opposed to Lisbon. After Brazilian independence in 1822, there was a desire among some communities in Luanda and Benguela to also declare independence from Portugal and form a confederacy with Brazil. These plans ultimately failed due to diplomatic pressure from Great Britain who did not want to see the creation of a new south Atlantic empire, and stronger political lobbying on part of Angolans who were aligned with Lisbon. In addition, one of the stipulations of Brazil's

neg: Miguel José de Azanza, Duke of Santa Fe Mexico City. The meeting discussed the situation Criollos found themselves in relation to Peninsulares. (Criollos were Europeans born in the New World, and Peninsulares were Europeans born in Iberia. "Gachupines" became an insulting term for Peninsulares.) Those present agreed to rise in arms to rid the country of the Gachupines. For this purpose, they assembled a number of old cutlasses. As this was almost their only armament, the conspiracy became known as the "Conspiracy of the Machetes". The conspirators intended to free prisoners, and with them take the viceroy hostage, proclaim the independence of Mexico, and declare war on Spain.

neg: Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez the town and prompted Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla to declare war against the Spanish colonial authorities earlier than expected. He gave a speech to his followers known as Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores"), in the early morning of September 16 of 1810, an event that signaled the start of the Mexican War of Independence. Eventually, the role of Ortiz de Domínguez and her husband played in the conspiracy was uncovered. They were imprisoned separately. She was sent to the monastery of Santa Clara, in Querétaro, and then to Mexico City to stand trial. Despite her husband's efforts as her

neg: Córdova Rebellion Córdova Rebellion The Córdova Rebellion, in 1838, was an uprising instigated in and around Nacogdoches, Texas. "Alcalde" Vicente Córdova and other leaders supported the Texas Revolution as long as it espoused a return to the Constitution of 1824, but after independence was declared they sought to forcefully oppose the new Texas Republic with help from the Cherokee. Beginning as early as late 1835, Córdova had covertly started to plan and organize local resistance, anticipating Texas would declare independence from Mexico. In the late summer of 1838, word arrived from several sources that Mexico was seeking an arrangement with the Cherokee

neg: Córdova Rebellion September 18, 1842. Córdova Rebellion The Córdova Rebellion, in 1838, was an uprising instigated in and around Nacogdoches, Texas. "Alcalde" Vicente Córdova and other leaders supported the Texas Revolution as long as it espoused a return to the Constitution of 1824, but after independence was declared they sought to forcefully oppose the new Texas Republic with help from the Cherokee. Beginning as early as late 1835, Córdova had covertly started to plan and organize local resistance, anticipating Texas would declare independence from Mexico. In the late summer of 1838, word arrived from several sources that Mexico was seeking an arrangement

neg: Spanish Empire 1810 in the Grito de Dolores. Independence was actually won in 1821 by a royalist army officer turned insurgent, Agustín de Iturbide, in alliance with insurgent Vicente Guerrero and under the Plan of Iguala. The conservative Catholic hierarchy in New Spain supported Mexican independence largely because it found the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 abhorrent. Central America provinces became independent via Mexico's independence in 1821 and joined Mexico for a brief time (1822–23), but they chose their own path when Mexico became a republic in 1824. Panama declared independence in 1821 and merged with the Republic of Gran Colombia (from

neg: Wells of Baján for the nation, inasmuch as it did not recognize the subjection to the vice-regal structure. The four heads of the executed insurgent leaders were hung from the corners of the Grain Exchange Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato, to discourage other independence movements. The heads remained hanging for ten years, until Mexico achieved its independence in 1821. Their bodies were then taken to Mexico City and eventually put to rest under "el Ángel de la Independencia" in 1910. Wells of Baján Wells of Baján () are wells located between Saltillo and Monclova in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila where the

neg: Emperor Bourbon to accede to the Mexican throne. Ferdinand VII, however, did not recognize the independence and said that Spain would not allow any other European prince to take the throne of Mexico. By request of Parliament, the president of the regency Agustín de Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on 12 July 1822 as Agustín I. Agustín de Iturbide was the general who helped secure Mexican independence from Spanish rule, but was overthrown by the Plan of Casa Mata. In 1863, the invading French, under Napoleon III (see above), in alliance with Mexican conservatives and nobility, helped create the Second

neg: Texas Revolution of 1824. Although they did not declare independence, the delegates insisted they would not rejoin Mexico until federalism had been reinstated. The new government would consist of a governor and a General Council, with one representative from each municipality. Under the assumption that these two branches would cooperate, there was no system of checks and balances. On November 13, delegates voted to create a regular army and named Sam Houston its commander-in-chief. In an effort to attract volunteers from the United States, soldiers would be granted land bounties. This provision was significant, as all public land was owned by the

neg: June Uprising in Lithuania the country, establish the proclaimed independence, and start a de-sovietization campaign. During its six-week existence over 100 laws, some prepared in advance, were issued, dealing with de-nationalization of land, enterprises, and real estate, restoration of local administrative units, formation of police, and other issues. The government did not have power in the Vilnius Region, under control of a different army group. Hoping to survive the government cooperated fully with the Nazi authorities. The Provisional Government of Lithuania strongly opposed the Holocaust carried out by the Nazis and its main goal was to protect the citizens and declare the Independence of

neg: Military history of Mexico one peso. In addition to this amount, Mexico had defaulted on millions of dollars worth of loans from France. Diplomat Baron Beffaudis gave Mexico an ultimatum of paying, or the French would demand satisfaction. When the payment was not forthcoming from president Anastasio Bustamante (1780–1853), the king sent a fleet under Rear Admiral Charles Baudin to declare a blockade of all Mexican ports from Yucatán to the Rio Grande, to bombard the coastal fortress of San Juan de Ulúa, and to seize the port of Veracruz. Virtually the entire Mexican Navy was captured at Veracruz by December 1838. Mexico declared

neg: Argentina–Mexico relations of Peru in Lima and in 1776, Spain created the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata where the capital was established in Buenos Aires. In 1810, both Argentina and Mexico declared their independence from Spain with each nation obtaining independence in 1816 and 1821, respectively. The first official diplomatic contract between the newly independent nations was in 1824 when Mexican President Guadalupe Victoria sent a letter to the government of Argentina stating ""America [continent] has one cause: its unity and independence."" In 1880, Argentina sent its first resident consul to Mexico and in 1891, Mexico reciprocated the gesture and

neg: Rise of the Argentine Republic flag, and printed money. However, it did not declare independence. The deputies from the Banda Oriental were rejected, increasing the conflicts with Artigas. His deputies had instructions to promote a declaration of independence and promote republicanism and federalism as types of government. The Assembly had initially a higher authority than the triumvirate, but to help in the warfare, it granted it higher power afterwards. In need of an even stronger government, it replaced the triumvirate as executive power with the Supreme Director, an unipersonal office. The Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata replaced the

neg: Juan Ruiz de Apodaca, 1st Count of Venadito ironically as it turned out, became known as the "Plan de Iturbide". Iturbide had been given command of royalist troops in the south of the country on November 9, 1820. In the meantime Apodaca instituted the Constitution of 1812 on May 31, 1820. In pursuit of his own ambitions, Iturbide corresponded with and then met with the insurgent general he was sent to fight, Vicente Guerrero on February 10, 1821. The two of them agreed to declare the independence of Mexico. This agreement was announced March 2, 1821, in the town of Iguala in the present state of Guerrero. This

neg: Cai E to resist Yuan and defend the Republic. On 12 December Yuan formally "accepted" a petition to become emperor, and protests spread throughout China. On 23 December Cai sent a telegram to Beijing threatening to declare independence if Yuan did not cancel his plans within two days. When Yuan did not respond favorably, Cai declared independence on 25 December and made plans to invade Sichuan. The governor of Guizhou joined Cai in rebellion, declaring independence on 27 December. Yuan had himself inaugurated as emperor on 1 January 1916, and Cai successfully occupied Sichuan later that month. Yuan sent two leading military

neg: Ryukyu independence movement replies from 1029 people. Asked whether they considered themselves Okinawan (沖縄人), Japanese (日本人), or both, the answers were 40.6%, 21.3%, and 36.5% respectively. When asked whether Okinawa should become independent if the Japanese government allowed (or did not allow) Okinawa to freely decide its future, 24.9% replied Okinawa should become independent with permission, and 20.5% in case of no permission from the Japanese government. Those who believed Okinawa should not declare independence were 58.7% and 57.4% respectively. In a 2011 poll 4.7% of surveyed were pro-independence, 15% wanted more devolution, while around 60% preferred the political status quo. In a

neg: Agustín de Iturbide Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras convened a Congress to declare themselves independent from Mexico and Spain as the United Provinces of Central America. Santa Anna's army marched toward Mexico City, winning small victories along the way. Iturbide gathered and sent troops to combat Santa Anna who did not put up a strong resistance. Many military leaders who Iturbide appointed turned on him upon contacting Santa Anna's forces. Iturbide later admitted he had made a mistake by not leading his armies himself. Iturbide recognized that although his provisional junta was working to call a new Congress, such a

neg: Declare Independence of "Declare Independence" to declare political support for various causes, often to some controversy. At two concerts in Tokyo, she showed her support for Kosovo's declaration of independence. When her upcoming performance at the 2008 Serbian EXIT Festival was cancelled, Björk suggested that "Maybe a Serb attended my concert [in Tokyo] and called home, and therefore the concert in Novi Sad was cancelled." The organizer behind the EXIT Festival denied that Björk's cancellation from the festival was because of her song dedication to Kosovo; that it was actually their inability to guarantee the safety of her fans. Björk's management maintained

neg: Palace of the Governors although recent historical research has suggested that construction began in 1618. In the following years, the Palace changed hands as the territory of New Mexico did, seeing the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, the Spanish reconquest from 1693 to 1694, Mexican independence in 1821, and finally American possession in 1848. The Palace originally served as the seat of government of the Spanish colony of Nuevo Mexico, which at one time comprised the present-day states of Texas, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Nevada, California, and New Mexico. After the Mexican War of Independence, the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was administered

neg: Mexican War of Independence its independence in September 1821, the marking of this historical event did not take hold immediately. The choice of date to celebrate was problematic, because Iturbide, who achieved independence from Spain, was rapidly created Emperor of Mexico. His short-lived reign from 1821–22 ended when he was forced by the military to abdicate. This was a rocky start for the new nation, which made celebrating independence on the anniversary of Iturbide's Army of the Three Guarantees marching into Mexico City in triumph a less than perfect day for those who had opposed him. Celebrations of independence during his reign were marked

neg: Anastasio Bustamante emperor of Mexico, Bustamante continued his support, as did many other conservative elites, who saw centralized, monarchical government as the optimal government for independent Mexico. On 19 March 1821, in support of Agustín de Iturbide, a personal friend, Bustamante proclaimed the independence of Mexico from Spain at Pantoja, Guanajuato. A few days later, he removed the remains of the 1811 insurgent leaders from the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato and had them buried in San Sebastián cemetery. Iturbide named him commander of the cavalry, second in command of the Army of the Center, and a member of the governing junta.

neg: First Dáil Republic and the ambush as an act of war against Great Britain. The Volunteers therefore changed their name, in August, to the Irish Republican Army, and swore allegiance in August 1920 to both the Republic and the Dáil. The dual nature of this oath did not become apparent until much later. The Soloheadbeg incident is thus regarded as the opening act of the Irish War of Independence, though the Dáil did not formally declare war on Britain until 1921. From its first meeting the Dáil also set about attempting to secure "de facto" authority for the Irish Republic throughout the

neg: Rep-tile different sizes of the original shape is called an irregular rep-tile or irreptile. If the dissection uses "n" copies, the shape is said to be irrep-"n". If all these sub-tiles are of different sizes then the tiling is additionally described as perfect. A shape that is rep-"n" or irrep-"n" is trivially also irrep-("kn" − "k" + "n") for any "k" > 1, by replacing the smallest tile in the rep-"n" dissection by "n" even smaller tiles. The order of a shape, whether using rep-tiles or irrep-tiles is the smallest possible number of tiles which will suffice. Every square, rectangle, parallelogram,

neg: Guadalupe Victoria Independence in Mexico City. On 15 August 2010, in celebration of the bicentennial of the beginning of the independence of Mexico, his remains were moved to National Palace and remained on display until 20 July 2011, when were returned to the Column of Independence. Victoria is considered a national hero and as such, there are many monuments, statues, schools, hospitals, libraries, cities, towns, streets, and places named after him in Mexico. The most prominent are Ciudad Victoria, the capital of the state of Tamaulipas; the capital city of Victoria de Durango, Tamazula de Victoria, and Ciudad Guadalupe Victoria in the

neg: Mexico–United States relations eventually to the Mexican–American War. The Mexican–American War was fought from 1846 to 1848. Mexico refused to acknowledge that its runaway province of Texas had achieved independence and warned that annexation to the United States would mean war. The United States annexed Texas in late 1845. The war began the next spring. U.S. President James K. Polk encouraged Congress to declare war following a number of skirmishes on the Mexican–American border. The war proved disastrous for Mexico; the Americans seized New Mexico and California and invaded Mexico's northern provinces. In September 1847, U.S. troops under General Winfield Scott captured Mexico

neg: Conspiracy of the Machetes was long, and did not reach a verdict. Some of them died in prison. Portilla himself lived to see the independence of Mexico. Conspiracy of the Machetes The Conspiracy of the Machetes (Spanish: "la conspiración de los machetes") was an unsuccessful rebellion against the Spanish in New Spain in 1799. Although the conspiracy posed no threat to Spanish rule, nevertheless it was a shock to the rulers. Coming only 11 years before the Grito de Dolores, it is considered in modern Mexico to be a precursor of the Mexican War of Independence. Pedro de la Portilla was a "Criollo" employee

neg: Centralist Republic of Mexico Texas on May 14. The Mexican Government headed by José Justo Corro did not recognize the treaty, maintaining that Santa Anna had no authority to grant independence to the territory. Despite that Texas remained de facto independent until 1845, when it was annexed to United States. The Republic of the Rio Grande was a proposed republic composed of the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and parts of the current U.S. state of Texas. On January 17, 1840, a group of notables of the three states met close to Laredo. They planned a secession from Mexico and the formation

neg: Republic of Yucatán from Mexico City, had limited the influence of the viceroy on Yucatecan governance, so did it limit the military effects of Mexico's war of independence. Among the enlightened Yucatecan, the war encouraged a liberated spirit. The Yucatecan intelligentsia met regularly to discuss the war for independence in central Mexico at the Church of San Juan, located in Mérida, Yucatán. From this church they received their name, the "Sanjuanistas". After the promulgation of the Constitution of Cádiz in 1812, "Sanjuanistas" grew in number, including Vicente María Velázquez (Chaplain of the church of San Juan), Manuel Jiménez Solís, Lorenzo de Zavala and

neg: Mexican Texas separate Mexican state. Although Mexico implemented several measures to appease the colonists, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's measures to transform Mexico from a federalist to a centralist state appeared to be the catalyst for the Anglo-Texan colonists to revolt. The first violent incident occurred on June 26, 1832, at the Battle of Velasco. On March 2, 1836, Texians declared their independence from Mexico. The Texas Revolution ended on April 21, 1836, when Santa Anna was taken prisoner by Texians following the Battle of San Jacinto. Although Texas declared its independence as the Republic of Texas, Mexico refused to recognize it.

neg: Pedro José de Fonte y Hernández Miravete arzobispo de Mejico concerniente a algunos sucesos anteriores a la independencia proclamada en aquella capital. ; Habana, Impreso por Campe en la Oficina liberal, 1822. (OCLC 20029140) Pedro José de Fonte y Hernández Miravete Pedro José de Fonte y Hernández Miravete (13 March 1777, Linares de Mora, Teruel–11 June 1839, Madrid) was Archbishop of Mexico from 1815 to 1837. He was the last Spaniard to hold the post, his period in office was when Mexico achieved its independence from Spain. He crowned the first Emperor of Mexico, Agustín de Iturbide, and the Empress Ana María de Huarte y Muñiz. He

neg: History of Western civilization clash between these provinces and the rest of Mexico. When Mexico became a dictatorship under General Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Texans declared independence. After several battles, Texas gained independence from Mexico, although Mexico later claimed it still had a right to Texas. After existing as a republic modeled after the U.S. for several years, Texas joined the United States in 1845. This led to border disputes between the U.S. and Mexico, resulting in the Mexican–American War. The war ended with an American victory, and Mexico had to cede all its northern territories to the United States, and recognize

neg: REP Type N REP Type N The REP Type N was a military reconnaissance aircraft produced in France in 1914. It was a wire-braced, mid-wing monoplane of conventional design with fixed, tailskid undercarriage. The fuselage was constructed of steel tube and was of triangular cross-section, with the apex on the ventral side. The pilot and observer sat in tandem, open cockpits. Lateral control was by wing warping. The type was selected by the "Aéronautique Militaire" to equip two squadrons, REP 15 and REP 27. Type Ns from the former unit flew reconnaissance missions during the Battle of Charleroi in August 1914, and Type

neg: Rede dos Emissores Portugueses Rede dos Emissores Portugueses The Rede dos Emissores Portugueses (REP) (n English, Network of Portuguese Transmitters) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Portugal. REP was founded in 1926 by Eugenio de Avillez P1AE, an early Portuguese radio experimenter. Key membership benefits of the REP include a QSL bureau for those amateur radio operators in regular communications with other amateur radio operators in foreign countries, and the sponsorship of amateur radio operating awards and radio contests. The REP represents the interests of Portuguese amateur radio operators before Portuguese and international regulatory authorities. REP is the national member

neg: Henry Smith (Texas governor) of party favoring independence for Texas, called the War, or Independence Party. This party met with the Peace Party at a convention in 1836 called the Consultation. There, these two parties debated whether to declare immediate independence from Mexico, or not. While urging an immediate declaration of independence, he helped prepare the organic law that served as the constitution of a provisional government. Smith was named governor of the provisional government but soon was locked in struggles with rivals both political and personal. He dissolved the provisional government's council which retaliated by impeaching him. Smith refused to relinquish the governorship

neg: Pedro José de Fonte y Hernández Miravete Pedro José de Fonte y Hernández Miravete Pedro José de Fonte y Hernández Miravete (13 March 1777, Linares de Mora, Teruel–11 June 1839, Madrid) was Archbishop of Mexico from 1815 to 1837. He was the last Spaniard to hold the post, his period in office was when Mexico achieved its independence from Spain. He crowned the first Emperor of Mexico, Agustín de Iturbide, and the Empress Ana María de Huarte y Muñiz. He was also a member of the regency council of Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies during the minority of Isabella II of Spain. Circular del ilustrisimo señor

neg: Goliad Declaration of Independence Goliad Declaration of Independence The Goliad Declaration of Independence was signed on December 20, 1835 at Presidio La Bahía in Mexican Texas. The declaration was signed by 91 Texan colonists and Tejanos in the Gulf Coast of Mexico settlements who supported breaking away from Mexico and creating an independent state. While the document drafted by Matagorda "alcalde" (mayor) Ira Ingram was a precursor to the Texas Declaration of Independence, it was deemed premature when received by the Consultation in San Felipe de Austin. There was not yet a clear consensus among Texians for either declaring outright independence or remaining part

neg: Lucas pseudoprime be probably prime with a probability at most (1/4). There is a similar probability estimate for the strong Lucas probable prime test. Aside from two trivial exceptions (see below), the fraction of ("P","Q") pairs (modulo "n") that declare a composite "n" to be probably prime is at most (4/15). Therefore, "k" applications of the strong Lucas test would declare a composite "n" to be probably prime with a probability at most (4/15). There are two trivial exceptions. One is "n" = 9. The other is when "n" = "p"("p"+2) is the product of two twin primes. Such an "n" is

neg: Pastry War an enormous sum for the time, when the typical daily wage in Mexico City was about one peso (8 Mexican reals). When president Anastasio Bustamante made no payment, the King of France ordered a fleet under Rear Admiral Charles Baudin to declare and carry out a blockade of all Mexican ports on the Atlantic coast from Yucatán to the Rio Grande, to bombard the Mexican fortress of San Juan de Ulúa, and to seize the city of Veracruz, which was the most important port on the Gulf coast. French forces captured Veracruz by December 1838 and Mexico declared war on

neg: Björk and has said so on her website, she is strongly supportive of numerous liberation movements across the globe, including support for independence for Kosovo. She dedicated her song "Declare Independence" to Greenland and the Faroe Islands, which caused a minor controversy in the Faroes. When Björk twice dedicated "Declare Independence" to the people of Kosovo during a concert in Japan, a planned performance of hers was cancelled at Serbia's Exit Festival, reportedly due to safety concerns. In 2008, Björk created international controversy after she dedicated "Declare Independence" to the Tibet freedom movement during a Shanghai concert, chanting "Tibet! Tibet!" during

neg: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México at the FNM museum in Puebla, Mexico. Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México, (better known as N de M) was Mexico's state owned railroad company from 1938 to 1998, and prior to 1938 (dating from the regime of Porfirio Díaz) a major railroad controlled by the government that linked Mexico City to the major cities of Nuevo Laredo and Ciudad Juárez on the U.S. border. The first trains to Nuevo Laredo from Mexico City began operating in 1903. N de M absorbed the Mexican Central Railroad ("Ferrocarril Central Mexicano", first section from Mexico City to León, Guanajuato, opened

neg: Declare Independence by "Raise your flag!" four times during the finale performance of "Declare Independence". Immediately there was an "uneasy atmosphere" and fans left the venue quickly, and internet forums such as Tianya fielded many negative comments on her statement. China's Ministry of Culture issued a statement denouncing Björk's outburst, and warned that she would be banned from future appearances in China if she repeated such behavior. In an interview, Björk said that she did not "[plan] a trip to China with the purpose of... propaganda" and that Chinese officials "sensationalized" her performance. On 17 July 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Culture

neg: Alta California and Spain, established the northern limit of Alta California at latitude 42°N, which remains the boundary between the states of California, Nevada and Utah (to the south) and Oregon and Idaho (to the north) to this day. Mexico won independence in 1821, and Alta California became a territory of Mexico the next year. The Spanish and later Mexican governments rewarded retired "soldados de cuera" with large land grants, known as "ranchos", for the raising of cattle and sheep. Hides and tallow from the livestock were the primary exports of California until the mid-19th century. The construction, ranching and domestic work

neg: History of Flanders Francophone public broadcasting station RTBF declared that Flanders had decided to declare independence from Belgium. The 2007 federal elections showed more support for Flemish autonomy. All the political parties that advocated a significant increase of Flemish autonomy increased their share of the votes and seats in the Belgian parliament. This was especially the case for Christian Democratic and Flemish party and New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) (forming a cartel). The 2009 regional elections have strengthened the parties in favor a significant increase of Flemish autonomy: CD&V and N-VA were the clear winners. N-VA became even the largest party in Flanders and

neg: Declare Independence Declare Independence "Declare Independence" is a song written and recorded by Icelandic singer Björk. The track was released as the third single from her seventh full-length studio album, "Volta". The single was released on 1 January 2008. Björk's dedication of the song to various independence causes at live performances of the song in Shanghai and Tokyo have caused controversy. "Declare Independence" was originally an instrumental track by British musician and frequent musical collaborator Mark Bell, performed at his live shows as early as November 2006. Björk later added her vocals and brass arrangement on top. The lyrics are dedicated to

neg: Declare Independence on 16 July 2013, and dedicated it to Trayvon Martin. 12" vinyl 1 12" vinyl 2 CD DVD Digital EP Declare Independence "Declare Independence" is a song written and recorded by Icelandic singer Björk. The track was released as the third single from her seventh full-length studio album, "Volta". The single was released on 1 January 2008. Björk's dedication of the song to various independence causes at live performances of the song in Shanghai and Tokyo have caused controversy. "Declare Independence" was originally an instrumental track by British musician and frequent musical collaborator Mark Bell, performed at his live shows

neg: Sid Meier's Colonization historical figures, such as Francisco Vásquez de Coronado and Pocahontas. One main driving impulse in "Colonization" is the harvesting of natural resources, such as lumber (for building), ore (for manufacturing), and food (for population growth). Squares on the map have basic values of resource output (depending on the type of terrain and if a river runs through it), but certain 'prime' squares have double or higher output values. The ultimate goal of the game is declaring independence from the mother country. When the player is producing sufficient Liberty Bells, he may choose to declare independence. He then has to defeat

neg: Rede dos Emissores Portugueses society representing Portugal in the International Amateur Radio Union, which it joined in 1931. Rede dos Emissores Portugueses The Rede dos Emissores Portugueses (REP) (n English, Network of Portuguese Transmitters) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Portugal. REP was founded in 1926 by Eugenio de Avillez P1AE, an early Portuguese radio experimenter. Key membership benefits of the REP include a QSL bureau for those amateur radio operators in regular communications with other amateur radio operators in foreign countries, and the sponsorship of amateur radio operating awards and radio contests. The REP represents the interests of Portuguese

neg: Convention of 1836 the proceedings and the government fled. Burnet personally carried the Texas Declaration of Independence in his saddlebags. Convention of 1836 The "Convention of 1836" was the meeting of elected delegates in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas in March 1836. The Texas Revolution had begun five months previously, and the interim government, known as the Consultation, had wavered over whether to declare independence from Mexico or pledge to uphold the repudiated Mexican Constitution of 1824. Unlike those of previous Texas councils, delegates to the Convention of 1836 were younger, more recent arrivals to Texas, and more adamant on the question of independence. As delegates

neg: Texas Declaration of Independence Navarro. Most of the delegates were members of the War Party and were adamant that Texas must declare its independence from Mexico. Forty-one delegates arrived in Washington-on-the-Brazos on February 28. The convention was convened on March 1 with Richard Ellis as president. The delegates selected a committee of five to draft a declaration of independence; the committee was led by George Childress and also included Edward Conrad, James Gaines, Bailey Hardeman, and Collin McKinney. The committee submitted its draft within a mere 24 hours, leading historians to speculate that Childress had written much of it before his arrival at the

neg: Independence Day (Venezuela) held in many state capital cities with the state governor as the principal guest. Independence Day (Venezuela) Independence Day (Spanish:"Dia de la Independencia"), also known as the Fifth of July ("Cinco de Julio") is the national independence holiday of Venezuela, marked every year on July 5 which celebrates the anniversary since the enactment of the 1811 Venezuelan Declaration of Independence, making the country the first Spanish colony in South America to declare independence. In recent years, it is also marked as National Armed Forces Day ("Dia de la Fuerza Armada Nacional") to honor the faithful service of all the serving

neg: Independence Day (Venezuela) Independence Day (Venezuela) Independence Day (Spanish:"Dia de la Independencia"), also known as the Fifth of July ("Cinco de Julio") is the national independence holiday of Venezuela, marked every year on July 5 which celebrates the anniversary since the enactment of the 1811 Venezuelan Declaration of Independence, making the country the first Spanish colony in South America to declare independence. In recent years, it is also marked as National Armed Forces Day ("Dia de la Fuerza Armada Nacional") to honor the faithful service of all the serving men and women and veterans of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela. The

neg: National Palace (Mexico) is the star of the show. The original bell Father Hidalgo rang is here and the President himself gives the Grito de Dolores from its main balcony. He also notes one such Independence Eve, in 1964, when General Charles de Gaulle, then-President of France, spoke to the crowd in Spanish from the Palace. He notes this to assert that the Palace is not only a place but also a destination where friends of the country can be welcomed. National Palace (Mexico) The National Palace () is the seat of the federal executive in Mexico. It is located on Mexico City's

neg: History of the Catholic Church in Mexico de Indios" or "Hospital Real de Naturales") in Mexico city in 1553, which functioned until 1822 when Mexico gained its independence. Although the Royal Indian Hospital was a crown institution and not an ecclesiastical one, the nursing staff of the hospital during the eighteenth century was the brothers of the religious order of San Hipólito. The order was founded in Mexico by Bernardino de Alvarez (1514–1584), and it established a number of hospitals. The religious order was to be removed from its role at the Royal Indian Hospital by a royal decree ("cédula"), after an investigation into allegations of irregularities,

neg: Miguel Poventud Rock 'n Roll in English, and singing Boleros in Spanish. His also sang Rock 'n Roll songs such as "Prometo Recordarte" (I Promise to Remember You). He made two appearances in a local New York television show, in which he sang "De Boca a Boca" (Mouth to Mouth) and several other Rock 'n Roll numbers. Poventud participated in a comedy sketch with Mexican comedian Tin Tan and was invited by the comedian to join his act in Mexico, which he did, and there they recorded an album based on their act. While in Mexico, he appeared and sang in Around

neg: Latin American wars of independence of the Three Guarantees from "liberating" Guatemala and over-riding nascent local autonomy. However, Guatemala chose to be annexed to the First Mexican Empire, led by royalist-turned-insurgent military leader Agustín de Iturbide, who was proclaimed emperor of Mexico in 1822. When Iturbide abdicated from the monarchy and Mexico took steps to be a republic, Central America claimed its independence. The Cuban War of Independence was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Little War (1879–1880). The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the

neg: Palace of the Marqués del Apartado de Guatemala, Rep. de Argentina, Donceles and Rep. de Brasil. Over time, however, this grant was split up and parts sold to other owners. The site of the current palace was sold to Francisco de Fagoaga y Arósqueta, who was in charge of minting and the collection of the king's share of precious metals mined in Mexico. Fagoaga commissioned architect Manuel Tolsá, who built a number of other structures in the city to design, to build this palace between 1795 and 1805. Tolsa designed the building similarly to the Palacio de Minería, which he designed, and included workshops for smelting

neg: Estrada Doctrine out on September 27, 1930: The Estrada Doctrine suggests that under the establishment of "de facto" governments in other countries, Mexico did not support giving recognition because it is considered a degrading practice. By injuring the sovereignty of other states, recognotion puts them in a vulnerable position because their internal affairs can be judged by other governments, which assume a critical attitude when deciding about the legality and legitimacy of foreign governments. Mexico was itself harmed because of the practice, as it was difficult to obtain recognition of its independence. The most extended use of the Estrada Doctrine was in

neg: History of Central America decided that he should stay on as interim leader until a new government could be formed. Independence was short-lived, for the conservative leaders in Guatemala welcomed annexation by the First Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide on 5 January 1822. Central American liberals objected to this, but an army from Mexico under General Vicente Filisola occupied Guatemala City and quelled dissent. When Mexico became a republic the following year, it acknowledged Central America's right to determine its own destiny. On 1 July 1823, the congress of Central America declared absolute independence from Spain, Mexico, and any other foreign nation, including

neg: Irish diaspora to most Mexicans as Guillén de Lampart, was a precursor of the Independence movement and author of the first proclamation of independence in the New World. His statue stands today in the Crypt of Heroes beneath the Column of Independence in Mexico City. After Lampart, the most famous Irishmen in Mexican history are probably "Los Patricios". Many communities also existed in Mexican Texas until the revolution there, when they sided with Roman Catholic Mexico against Protestant pro-US elements. The "Batallón de San Patricio", a battalion of US troops who deserted and fought alongside the Mexican Army against the United States

neg: Casa de la Independencia Museum he is declared Life Protector of the museum, an unprecedented fact in the Paraguayan history. The Museum "Casa de la Independencia" can be visited: from Monday to Friday from 7:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. and on Saturdays from 8:00 to 12:00 a.m. Casa de la Independencia Museum The Casa de la Independencia Museum, located in Asunción, Paraguay was inaugurated on May 14, 1965 and showcases pieces of history that date back to the independence of the country. In the evening of May 14, 1811 a group of brave Paraguayans came out of this house to declare the independence of Paraguay.

neg: Santa Fe, New Mexico Pueblo Revolt, when groups of different Native Pueblo peoples were successful in driving the Spaniards out of the area now known as New Mexico, maintaining their independence from 1680 to 1692, when the territory was reconquered by Don Diego de Vargas. Santa Fe was Spain's provincial seat at outbreak of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810. It was considered important to fur traders based in present-day Saint Louis, Missouri. When the area was still under Spanish rule, the Chouteau brothers of Saint Louis gained a monopoly on the fur trade, before the United States acquired Missouri under the Louisiana

neg: Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México, (better known as N de M) was Mexico's state owned railroad company from 1938 to 1998, and prior to 1938 (dating from the regime of Porfirio Díaz) a major railroad controlled by the government that linked Mexico City to the major cities of Nuevo Laredo and Ciudad Juárez on the U.S. border. The first trains to Nuevo Laredo from Mexico City began operating in 1903. N de M absorbed the Mexican Central Railroad ("Ferrocarril Central Mexicano", first section from Mexico City to León, Guanajuato, opened in 1882) in 1909, thus acquiring a

neg: Agustín de Iturbide Agustín de Iturbide Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (; 27 September 178319 July 1824), also known as Augustine of Mexico, was a Mexican army general and politician. During the Mexican War of Independence, he built a successful political and military coalition that took control in Mexico City on 27 September 1821, decisively gaining independence for Mexico. After the secession of Mexico was secured, he was proclaimed President of the Regency in 1821. A year later, he was announced as the Constitutional Emperor of Mexico, reigning briefly from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823. He is credited as

neg: Land reform in Mexico support from surrounding villages and the continuing violence undermined the local economies, however, they did not formulate an ideology of agrarian reform. Hidalgo did not formulate a program of land reform, although the inequality of land ownership was at the core of the Bajío peasants’ economic situation. The political plan of secular priest José María Morelos likewise did not revolve around land reform, nor did the Plan de Iguala of Agustín de Iturbide. But the alliance that former royalist officer Iturbide with guerrilla leader Vicente Guerrero to create the Army of the Three Guarantees that bought about Mexican independence in

neg: Collin McKinney the Red River Colony to the Convention of 1836, which called for Texas to declare its independence from Mexico. He was one of five appointed to draft the Texas Declaration of Independence, and at age 70, he was the oldest to sign it. He later became a member of the committee that drafted the Constitution of the Republic of Texas and also served as a delegate from Red River District and County, Texas, to the First, Second, and Fourth Congresses of the Republic of Texas. In 1846 at age 80, he moved one last time, as a result of one

neg: Flag of Argentina the flag at San Salvador de Jujuy and had it blessed by the local church on the second anniversary of the May Revolution. Belgrano accepted the orders from the Triumvirate by time they arrived to Salta and ceased using the flag. As soldiers had already made oaths to the new flag, Belgrano said that he was saving it for the circumstance of a great victory. The First Triumvirate was later replaced by the Second Triumvirate, with a more liberal ideology, who called the Asamblea del Año XIII. Despite being one of its original goals, it did not declare independence, and

neg: Luis de Quintanar Luis de Quintanar José Luis de Quintanar Soto y Ruiz (born December 22, 1772, San Juan del Río, Querétaro - November 16, 1837, Mexico City) was a Royalist military officer in colonial New Spain, and a politician after the 1821 independence of Mexico. Quintanar began his military career in 1801 as a lieutenant the Provincial Regiment of Dragoons of Querétaro. His entire royalist military career was with this unit, where he reached the rank of brigadier. He fought the insurgents until 1821, when he joined the Plan of Iguala. He was promoted to general of division. After Mexican independence he

neg: Women in Mexico were provided with an education, they would live in convents and be instructed by nuns, with education being significantly limited. Of all the women who sought entry into Mexico City's convent of Corpus Christi, only 10 percent of elite Indian women had a formal education. The Mexican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the Mexican people and Spain. It began with the Grito de Dolores on September 16 of 1810 and officially ended on September 27 of 1821 when army forces marched into Mexico City. Independence affected women in both positive and negatives ways. Prior to the independence,

neg: New Mexico Fe as a trade center, the returning settlers founded Albuquerque in 1706 from existing surrounding communities, naming it for the viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque. As a part of New Spain, the claims for the province of New Mexico passed to independent Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. The Republic of Texas claimed the portion east of the Rio Grande when it seceded from Mexico in 1836, when it incorrectly assumed the older Hispanic settlements of the upper Rio Grande were the same as the newly established Mexican settlements

neg: United States Declaration of Independence independence in the event that Lee's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July. Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776. On June 14, the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and, the following day, the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence. In Pennsylvania, political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly, and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania's delegates to declare independence on June 18. The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been

neg: Genghis Khan II: Clan of the Gray Wolf or governor guarantees that as governor of a province he will not rebel and declare independence from the player's empire. This is especially important when controlling large numbers of provinces, as multiple governors may decide to declare independence at the same time. If a governor declares independence, a new country is formed in that state, and all troops and resources in that state become at the disposal of the rebellious general. There is no battle for control of the province, as the governor is already established; however, if there is a peasant uprising in a player-controlled province, the computer chooses

neg: Frances Erskine Inglis, 1st Marquise of Calderón de la Barca and Frances Erskine Inglis became Frances "Fanny" Calderón de la Barca. The couple moved to Mexico in 1839, when Ángel became Spanish minister to Mexico as part of Spain’s attempt to recognize Mexico’s independence. They resided in Mexico for the next two years, during which Fanny Calderón de la Barca wrote the letters that would eventually comprise her 1843 travel book, "Life in Mexico." Frances Erskine Inglis is best known for her book "La vida en México durante una residencia de dos años en este país" ("Life in Mexico, During a Residence Of Two Years In That Country") which was

neg: Antonio Valero de Bernabé promoted to the rank of colonel. When Ferdinand VII assumed the throne of Spain in 1813, Valero de Bernabé became critical of the new king's policies towards the Spanish colonies in Latin America. He developed a keen hatred of the monarchy, resigned his commission in the army, and in 1821 emigrated to Mexico with his family. In Mexico he joined the Army of the Three Guarantees headed by Agustín de Iturbide, and was appointed as Chief of Staff. He successfully fought for Mexico's independence from Spain, achieved in 1821, after which the people proclaimed Iturbide the Emperor of Mexico. Since

neg: United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution with its diplomatic and economic rivals in Mexico, particularly Great Britain and Germany, meant that foreign powers affected the way the Mexican situation played out. When U.S. agents discovered that the German merchant ship, the "Ypiranga", was carrying arms to Huerta's regime, President Wilson ordered troops to the port of Veracruz to stop the ship from docking. The U.S. did not declare war on Mexico city but the U.S. troops carried out a skirmish against Huerta's forces in Veracruz. The "Ypiranga" managed to dock at another port, which infuriated Wilson. On April 9, 1914, Mexican officials in the port of

neg: Economic history of Mexico government official Lucas Alamán founded the investment bank, Banco de Avío, in 1830 in an attempt to give direct government support to enterprise. The bank never achieved its purpose of providing capital for industrial investment and ceased to exist twelve years after its founding. Despite obstacles to industrialization in the early post-independence period, cotton textiles produced in factories owned by Mexicans date from the 1830s in the central region. The Banco de Avío did loan money to cotton textile factories during its existence, so that in the 1840s, there were close to 60 factories in Puebla and Mexico City to

neg: Casa de la Independencia Museum Casa de la Independencia Museum The Casa de la Independencia Museum, located in Asunción, Paraguay was inaugurated on May 14, 1965 and showcases pieces of history that date back to the independence of the country. In the evening of May 14, 1811 a group of brave Paraguayans came out of this house to declare the independence of Paraguay. It is a national monument which has a great historical significance. Behind its walls the emancipation from the Spanish colonial rule was planned in a silent and brave manner. Located on the corner of the streets "Presidente Franco" and "14 de Mayo",

neg: Panama short it was also labor-intensive and expensive because of the loading and unloading and laden-down trek required to get from the one coast to the other. As the Spanish American wars of independence were heating up all across Latin America, Panama City was preparing for independence; however, their plans were accelerated by the unilateral Grito de La Villa de Los Santos (Cry From the Town of Saints), issued on November 10, 1821, by the residents of Azuero without backing from Panama City to declare their separation from the Spanish Empire. In both Veraguas and the capital this act was met

neg: Gabriel J. de Yermo Gabriel J. de Yermo Gabriel J. de Yermo (1757 Sodupe, near Bilbao, Spain – 1813, Mexico City) was a wealthy landowner in New Spain, leader of the anti-independence party, and leader of the coup that overthrew Viceroy José de Iturrigaray in 1808. When Gabriel de Yermo moved from Spain to New Spain, he married María Josefa de Yermo, his first cousin and heiress of the haciendas of Temixco and San Gabriel, in the current state of Morelos. Later he came to control the monopoly on aguardiente and the sale of meat in Mexico City. In 1790 Yermo celebrated the birth

neg: Pacomio arduous task. Upon Gordiana's death, Pacomio and Tomás traveled to Monterey to work on the Presidio. After his duties in the Presidio expired, Pacomio took a liking to the city, and settled there. In February 1820 he married the widow Eusebia María, and in December had a daughter, María de Jesús. However, in 1824, growing tensions between his people, the Chumash, and the new Mexican Government forced him to leave his family in Monterey. Little did Pacomio know how significant those tensions were to become. When Mexico gained control over Spanish California in 1821, following its own independence from Spain,

neg: Rep-tile . The international standard ISO 216 defines sizes of paper sheets using the , in which the long side of a rectangular sheet of paper is the square root of two times the short side of the paper. Rectangles in this shape are rep-2. A rectangle (or parallelogram) is rep-"n" if its aspect ratio is :1. An isosceles right triangle is also rep-2. Some rep-tiles, like the square and equilateral triangle, are symmetrical and remain identical when reflected in a mirror. Others, like the sphinx, are asymmetrical and exist in two distinct forms related by mirror-reflection. Dissection of the sphinx

neg: Rep-tile Rep-tile In the geometry of tessellations, a rep-tile or reptile is a shape that can be dissected into smaller copies of the same shape. The term was coined as a pun on animal reptiles by the American mathematician Solomon W. Golomb, who used it to describe self-replicating tilings. In 2012 a generalization of rep-tiles called self-tiling tile sets was introduced by Lee Sallows in "Mathematics Magazine". A rep-tile is labelled rep-"n" if the dissection uses "n" copies. Such a shape necessarily forms the prototile for a tiling of the plane, in many cases an aperiodic tiling. A rep-tile dissection using