query: how many wars has pakistan fought with india

pos: Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts have provided source material for both Indian and Pakistani film and television dramatists, who have adapted events of the war for the purposes of drama and to please target audiences in their nations. Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts Since the partition of British India in 1947 and creation of modern states of India and Pakistan, the two South Asian countries have been involved in four wars, including one undeclared war, and many border skirmishes and military stand-offs. Most of these wars and conflict have ended with defeat or disaster for Pakistan. The Kashmir issue has been the main cause of all

pos: Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts Since the partition of British India in 1947 and creation of modern states of India and Pakistan, the two South Asian countries have been involved in four wars, including one undeclared war, and many border skirmishes and military stand-offs. Most of these wars and conflict have ended with defeat or disaster for Pakistan. The Kashmir issue has been the main cause of all major conflicts between the two countries with the exception of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 where conflict originated due to turmoil in erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The Partition of British India came

pos: History of the Republic of India Constitution of India, drafted by a committee headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, on 26 November 1949. India became a sovereign democratic republic after its constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950. Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India. The three words 'socialist', 'secular' and 'integrity' were added later with the 42nd Constitution Amendment 1976. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo-Pakistan Wars fought between the two newly independent nations. Pakistan precipitated the war

pos:
5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) Indian Army has undertaken in its four wars with Pakistan, including the first heliborne operations undertaken by the army during the 1971 war. The regiment has participated in the following actions: The 1st and 4th Battalions were also a part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force which served in Sri Lanka and fought against the LTTE. During this deployment, the 4th Battalion's commander, Lieutenant Colonel Bawa, was injured and later died, along with many of his officers and soldiers. The regiment's present headquarters are at Shillong, in North-Eastern India. 1858–1861: 25th Punjab Infantry
 1861–1891: 5th Gurkha Regiment
 1891–1901: 5th Gurkha

pos: Indian Armed Forces between India and Portugal over the Portuguese-occupied territory of Goa, which India claimed for itself. After Portuguese police cracked down violently on a peaceful, unarmed demonstration for union with India, the Indian government decided to invade and initiated Operation Vijay. A lopsided air, sea, and ground campaign resulted in the speedy surrender of Portuguese forces. Within 36 hours, 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule ended, and Goa was annexed by India. India fought four major wars with its neighbour Pakistan in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999, and with China in 1962. Indian victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war, helped

pos: History of the Republic of India two decades of food imports. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was the third in four wars fought between the two nations. In this war, fought over the issue of self rule in East Pakistan, India decisively defeated Pakistan, resulting in the creation of Bangladesh. Economic and social problems, as well as allegations of corruption, caused increasing political unrest across India, culminating in the Bihar Movement. In 1974, the Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty of misusing government machinery for election purposes. Opposition parties conducted nationwide strikes and protests demanding her immediate resignation. Various political parties united under Jaya Prakash

pos: Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, sometimes known as the First Kashmir War, was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo-Pakistan Wars fought between the two newly independent nations. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after independence by launching tribal "lashkar" (militia) from Waziristan, in an effort to capture Kashmir, the future of which hung in the balance. The inconclusive result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both countries. The Maharaja faced an uprising by his Muslim

pos: Pakistan relations with foreign nations. Pakistan is a strong ally of China, with both countries placing considerable importance on the maintenance of an extremely close and supportive special relationship. It is also a major non-NATO ally of the United States in the war against terrorism—a status achieved in 2004. Pakistan's foreign policy and geostrategy mainly focus on the economy and security against threats to its national identity and territorial integrity, and on the cultivation of close relations with other Muslim countries. The Kashmir conflict remains the major point of contention between Pakistan and India; three of their four wars were fought

pos: India in the Non-Aligned Movement. In the late 1980s, the Indian military twice intervened abroad at the invitation of neighbouring countries: a peace-keeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990; and an armed intervention to prevent a 1988 coup d'état attempt in the Maldives. India has tense relations with neighbouring Pakistan; the two nations have gone to war four times: in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999. Three of these wars were fought over the disputed territory of Kashmir, while the fourth, the 1971 war, followed from India's support for the independence of Bangladesh. After waging the 1962 Sino-Indian War and

pos: Apshinge down their lives fighting for Britain during World War I. According to available records, the village had lost its 46 soldiers in World War I. Post Independence, soldiers from Apshinge Military village have participated in all wars that India fought. It lost four soldiers in 1962 war against China, two soldiers in 1965 war against Pakistan and one soldier in 1971 war, which was again fought against Pakistan. Four soldiers from the village were part of Subhash Chandra Bose’s Azad Hind Sena. The history of brave men of Apshinge Military village goes back to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj era where men

pos: Indian soap opera it has been reported that many Hindi words such as "namaste" (नमस्ते), "maharani" (महारानी) and "chinta" (चिंता), which have been an inherent part of Sanskritized Hindi, have entered standard usage in Pakisan due to the influence of these soaps and Bollywood movies. The viewing of Indian soaps has become so popular that mainstream newspapers such as the Pakistan Tribune often have feature articles on the shows. Since satellite connections offer uninterrupted coverage of Indian shows, many people have bought these to watch the programmes. Anti-Indian sentiment is reported in Pakistan and the two countries have fought four wars. However, the

pos: Mansurul Haq the NAB agents vacated his house in Karachi. In 2013, Haq filed a lawsuit against the Government of Pakistan, seeking to restore his medical privileges, pensions, and four-star rank, at the Sindh High Court. Chief Justice of Sindh High Court, Justice Faisal Arab (now serving as Justice in the Supreme Court of Pakistan), heard his appeal as Haq cited his 43 years of military service in the Navy who fought the two wars where he was taken war prisoner by India in 1971. In 2013, the Government of Pakistan agreed to restore his rank (as former) and limited medical pensions

pos: Aviation in India War II. Following the Indian Independence Act 1947, the new states of India and Pakistan became independent from the United Kingdom, the Royal Indian Air Force served the Dominion of India, with the prefix being dropped when India became a republic in 1950. Since independence, the IAF has been involved in four wars with neighbouring Pakistan and one with the People's Republic of China. Other major operations undertaken by the IAF include Operation Vijay, Operation Meghdoot, Operation Cactus, Operation Poomalai and Operation Raahat. Apart from conflicts in the subcontinent, the IAF has been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping

pos: Delhi Gadhakal over the next four decades, while working in the French Embassy, he has observed how the city has been transformed from a small village to a megapolis. The novel begins with the Sino-Indian War. Mukundan says, "That war was a historical jolt for the Left movement in India. The Left was counting so much on China and its Premier, Zhou Enlai. In fact, in the Kerala of those days, we talked more about Zhou, rather than Mahatma Gandhi and Pandit Nehru." In the novel, Mukundan also describes the impact of the 1965 and 1971 wars against Pakistan on the people

pos: Pakistan Army national power alongside with the Pakistan Air Force and Navy, has been involved with four wars on its borders with neighbouring India and several armed skirmishes on its porous border with Afghanistan. Since 1960s, the elements of the army has been repeatedly deployed to act as military advisory in the Arab states during the events of Arab–Israeli wars, aided the UN-based coalition in the first Gulf War. Other notable military operations on War on Terror in the 21st century included: "Zarb-e-Azb", "Black Thunderstorm", and "Rah-e-Nijat". In violation of its constitutional mandate, it has overthrown elected governments overreaching its constitutional mandate

neg: Military history of Pakistan in 1947 by division of the British Indian Army. Pakistan was given units such as the Khyber Rifles, which had seen intensive service in World Wars I and II. Many of the early leaders of the military had fought in both world wars. Military history and culture is used to inspire and embolden modern-day troops, using historic names for medals, combat divisions, and domestically produced weapons. Since the time of independence, the military has fought three major wars with India. It has also fought a limited conflict at Kargil with India after acquiring nuclear capabilities. In addition, there have been

neg: Military history of India 19th century by taking the erstwhile presidency armies, merging them, and bringing them under the Crown. The British Indian Army fought in both World Wars. The armed forces succeeded the following India's independence in 1947. After World War II, many of the wartime troops were discharged and units disbanded. The reduced armed forces were partitioned between India and Pakistan. The Indian armed forces fought in all three wars against Pakistan and a war with the People's Republic of China. India also fought in the Kargil War with Pakistan in 1999, the highest altitude mountain warfare in history. The Indian Armed

neg: Pakistan Army Armoured Corps Indian Army including the two World Wars. At the time of the independence, Pakistan inherited six armoured regiments from the old British Indian Army. Since then, the corps has expanded into more than forty regiments. Many of these new regiments have also earned accolades for their performance in the wars fought with India. Prominent among them is 25 Cavalry (Men Of Steel), who beat back the invading Indian Armoured Division at Phillaurah during the Battle of Chawinda in 1965. The first regiment which was formally awarded Pakistan & Regimental Colour in official ceremony. The most decorated regiment of armoured corps

neg: Ravi River in matters related to the treaty. For this purpose, treaty envisaged creation of the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner appointed by each country. The Indus Waters Treaty is the only International treaty that has been implemented over the last 60 years with due diligence and sincerity by both India and Pakistan, in spite of many wars fought between the two countries (the treaty was not revoked either by India or Pakistan during the 1965 or the 1971 war). Even prior to the partition of India in August 1947, India had developed projects on the river Raavi and Beas River

neg: Kashmir conflict Paper on Kashmir published by Indian government regarding plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir in 1948. Kashmir conflict The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan, having started just after the partition of India in 1947. China has at times played a minor role. India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir, including the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1947 and 1965, as well as the Kargil War of 1999. The two countries have also been involved in several skirmishes over control of the Siachen Glacier. India claims the entire princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, and, ,

neg: Kashmir conflict Kashmir conflict The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan, having started just after the partition of India in 1947. China has at times played a minor role. India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir, including the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1947 and 1965, as well as the Kargil War of 1999. The two countries have also been involved in several skirmishes over control of the Siachen Glacier. India claims the entire princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, and, , administers approximately 43% of the region. It controls Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the

neg: 2011 Cricket World Cup Semifinal: India v Pakistan match has been perceived by Pakistani former cricketers and fans as a great let down from Pakistan due to their weak fielding and batting despite good talent shown previously from the Pakistani captain and players in the 2011 ICC cup. The match drew high television ratings – in India it had an estimated 11.74% TV rating for the whole match, although its audience was beaten by the India v Sri Lanka final with 135 million. India and Pakistan have been the traditional arch rivals since the Partition of India in various fronts. The countries have fought three wars against each

neg: Irredentism the form of Akhanda Bharata. The region of Kashmir in north India has been the issue of a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, the Kashmir conflict. Multiple wars have been fought over the issue, the first one immediately upon independence and partition in 1947 itself. To stave off a Pakistani and tribal invasion, Maharaja Hari Singh of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir signed the Instrument of Accession with India. Kashmir has remained divided in three parts, administered by India, Pakistan and China, since then. However, on the basis of the instrument of accession, India continues

neg: Kashmir conflict Pakistan as an endorsement of India's position on Kashmir that no outside power has any role in this dispute. India and Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in 1998 and the two countries each hold significant numbers of nuclear warheads. India and Pakistan fought two wars over the issue of Kashmir in 1947 and 1965. These two neighbours came dangerously close to a third war during the Kargil conflict in 1999. In telegram No.413 dated 28 October 1947 addressed to Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nehru wrote, "That Government of India and Pakistan should make a joint request to U.N.O. to undertake a

neg: Foreign relations of Pakistan interaction with the neighbouring countries such as Afghanistan (in the West) and India (in East) as well as East Pakistan. During most of 1947–1991, the USSR support was given to India; especially on the core-issue of Kashmir, over which it has fought three wars. During the 1960s, Pakistan's relations with East Pakistan and neighbouring Afghanistan have also been extremely difficult due to the latter's contest over the Durand Line. The foreign relations with Iran, Saudi Arabia and China remains extremely important and based on the extensive cooperation in national security and economical interests in the Persian Gulf and wide-ranging bilateral

neg: India–Pakistan cricket rivalry one million people dead. An estimated ten million people migrated to the nation of their choice. The bloody legacy of the partition and the subsequent emergence of territorial disputes and wars being fought over them have all added to the growth of intense rivalries in field hockey, association football but especially in cricket, which had been developed during British colonial rule and is the most popular sport in both nations. Many of the players in the first post-independence teams of India and Pakistan had played together as teammates in regional and local tournaments. Pakistan became a permanent member of the

neg: Decolonization 1966, although Rhodesia's unilateral declaration of independence in 1965 was not recognized by the UK or internationally. Some of the British colonies in Asia were directly administered by British officials, while others were ruled by local monarchs as protectorates or in subsidiary alliance with the UK. In 1947, British India was partitioned into the independent dominions of India and Pakistan. Hundreds of princely states, states ruled by monarchs in treaty of subsidiary alliance with Britain, were integrated into India and Pakistan. India and Pakistan fought several wars over the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. French India was integrated

neg: Military history of India a miscalculation, because Indian nationalist politicians, who had previously come out against the INA, now whipped up popular sentiment for the release of the INA accused. Realizing their error, the British acquiesced. In this way, the INA was another sign that the Raj's days were numbered. The Republic of India has fought three wars and one major incursion battle with Pakistan and one border war with China. This is also called the First Kashmir War. The war started in October 1947 when Pakistan feared that the Maharajah of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu would accede to India. Following

neg: Jammu and Kashmir find a solution agreeable to both India and Pakistan. It passed a resolution in August 1948 proposing a three-part process. It was accepted by India but effectively rejected by Pakistan. In the end, no withdrawal was ever carried out, India insisting that Pakistan had to withdraw first, and Pakistan contending that there was no guarantee that India would withdraw afterward. No agreement could be reached between the two countries on the process of demilitarization. India and Pakistan fought two further wars in 1965 and 1971. Following the latter war, the countries reached the Simla Agreement, agreeing on a Line of

neg: 1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment) became a Republic, it was redesignated as 1st Gorkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment). The regiment has a long history and has participated in many conflicts, including many of the colonial conflicts prior to Indian independence, as well as the First and Second World Wars. Since 1947 the regiment has also participated in a number of campaigns against Pakistan in 1965 and 1971 as well as undertaking peacekeeping duties as part of the United Nations. The Gurkha War was fought between the Gorkha kings of Nepal and the British East India Company as a result of border tensions and ambitious expansionism

neg: Separatist movements of India insisting that Pakistan had to withdraw first, and Pakistan contending that there was no guarantee that India would withdraw afterward. No agreement could be reached between the two countries on the process of demilitarization. India and Pakistan fought two further wars in 1965 and 1971 where Pakistan defeated India in 1965 war and was defeated by India in 1971 war. Following the latter war, the countries reached the Simla Agreement, agreeing on a Line of Control between their respective regions and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through bilateral negotiations. The militant organization United Liberation Front of Assam

neg: Pakistan Armed Forces to "Army-Navy-Air Force". In the 1990s, the additional reforms of the military eventually changed the order of precedence to Army-Navy-Air Force-Marines; though the Marines remained part of the Navy, not a separate service branch. Between 1947 and 1971, Pakistan has fought three direct conventional wars against India, with the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 witnessing the secession of East Pakistan as independent Bangladesh. In the latter war, the Pakistan Armed Forces were the main perpetrators of the Bangladesh genocide, in which, most independent researchers estimate, around 300,000 to 500,000 people were killed and 200,000 to 400,000 were raped, while the Bangladesh

neg: Foreign relations of Pakistan Commonwealth's support of East Pakistan's secession and Bangladesh's independence. In 1989, Pakistan regained its status as a Commonwealth republic, which remains the case, despite Pakistan's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations between 1999 and 2008. Since 1947, Pakistan's relations have been difficult with neighbour India over the regional issues. India and Pakistan have fought three conventional wars throughout the 20th century over the issue of Kashmir. There have been attempts to unite the countries but since 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and his Muslim League had demanded an independent Pakistan, whose Muslims would have their own government rather than remaining subordinate

neg: Douglas Gracey to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in January 1951 at the request of the Pakistan government. Douglas Gracey General Sir Douglas David Gracey & Bar (3 September 1894 – 5 June 1964) was a British Indian Army officer who fought in both the First and Second World Wars. He also fought in French Indochina and was the second Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army. Gracey held this latter office from 11 February 1948 until his retirement on 16 January 1951. Born to English parents living in India, he was educated in English schools before returning to India

neg: Gurkha newly independent Indian Army. Indeed, while Britain has reduced its Gurkha contingent, India has continued to recruit Gorkhas of Nepal into Gorkha regiments in large numbers, as well as Indian Gorkhas. In 2009 the Indian Army had a Gorkha contingent that numbered around 42,000 men in 46 battalions, spread across seven regiments. Although their deployment is still governed by the 1947 Tripartite Agreement, in the post-1947 conflicts India has fought in, Gorkhas have served in almost all of them, including the wars with Pakistan in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999 and also against China in 1962. They have also been

neg: India–Pakistan relations wars between the two countries in 1947 and 1965, and a limited conflict in 1999. The state remains divided between the two countries by the Line of Control (LoC), which demarcates the ceasefire line agreed upon in the 1947 conflict modified in 1972 as per Simla Agreement. India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence. There are three major wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In addition to this was the unofficial Kargil War in 1999 and some border skirmishes. The Indo-Pakistani

neg: Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme early warning and tracking radars, as well as command and control posts. The PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by the AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an anti-ballistic missile system, after United States, Russia, and Israel. The system has undergone several tests but system is yet to be officially commissioned. Since the early 90s, India has faced the threat of ballistic missile attacks from Pakistan against which it has fought multiple wars in the past and also from China. With the heightening of tensions

neg: Frozen conflict conflict yet as ceasefire violations are keeping the fighting on a low burner. However, some experts predict a frozen future for this conflict as well. India and Pakistan have fought at least three wars over the disputed region of Kashmir in 1947, 1965, and 1999. India claims the entire area of the former princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, of which it administers approximately 43%. Its claims are contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 37% of the region and urges for plebiscite in Kashmir. The remaining territory is controlled by the People's Republic of China, with which India is again

neg: Pakistan, India renamed it Pakistan after the Muslims who had left. Prior to the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, the district of Purnia bordered East Pakistan; afterwards Islampur subdivision was awarded to West Bengal. Before leaving the Muslims had handed over their property to Hindus of the neighbouring areas. Relations between Pakistan and India have historically been turbulent. The events surrounding the partition of 1947 have involved millions of refugees fleeing in either direction to escape violence. In addition, since independence from Britain, the two nations have fought several wars. However, according to the villagers they do not want a war between

neg: Mughal–Persian Wars Mughal–Persian Wars The Mughal–Persian Wars were a series of wars fought in the 17th and 18th centuries between the Safavid and Afsharid Empires of Persia, and the Mughal Empire, over what is now Afghanistan. The Mughals consolidated their control of what is today India and Pakistan in the 16th century, and gradually came into conflict with the powerful Safavids and Afsharids, led by Ismail I and Nader Shah respectively. Aside from Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire, most of the conflict between the two powers were limited to battles for control over Kandahar. The Mughal–Safavid War of 1622–23 was

neg: Sylhet Due to the size of Sylhet's Bengali Muslim majority, the All India Muslim League formed the first elected government in British Assam. The numbers of lascars grew between the two world wars, with some ending up in the docks of London and Liverpool. Sylhet's lascars married English women. During World War II, many fought on the Allied front before settling down in the United Kingdom, where they opened cafes and restaurants. In 1947, following a referendum, almost all of erstwhile district of Sylhet became a part of East Bengal in the Dominion of Pakistan, barring its Karimganj sub-division which was

neg: Kashmir tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until the partition of India in 1947, when the former princely state of the British Raj was claimed by both Pakistan and India. Since 1947, the greater region of Jammu and Kashmir has been embroiled in a territorial dispute between India, Pakistan and China—with India controlling approximately 43% of the land area of the region and 70% of its population. Pakistan controls roughly 37% of the land, while China controls the remaining 20%. Kashmir is widely regarded as the world's most militarized zone—the region has witnessed three major wars between India and Pakistan, another

neg: India–Pakistan relations and numerous territorial claims would overshadow their relationship. Since their Independence, the two countries have fought three major wars, one undeclared war and have been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs. The Kashmir conflict is the main centre-point of all of these conflicts with the exception of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War, which resulted in the secession of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship—notably, the Shimla summit, the Agra summit and the Lahore summit. Since the early 1980s, relations between the two nations soured particularly after the

neg: Douglas Gracey Douglas Gracey General Sir Douglas David Gracey & Bar (3 September 1894 – 5 June 1964) was a British Indian Army officer who fought in both the First and Second World Wars. He also fought in French Indochina and was the second Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army. Gracey held this latter office from 11 February 1948 until his retirement on 16 January 1951. Born to English parents living in India, he was educated in English schools before returning to India to serve in the military there. Educated at Blundell's School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Gracey was commissioned onto

neg: Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the border between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. Many details of this

neg:
Rustom K. S. Ghandhi have commanded ships in all naval wars fought by India: - the 1961 war to annex Goa as Commander of INS "Betwa";
 - the 1965 war with Pakistan as Commander of the 14th frigate squadron and Captain of the INS "Khukri"; and
 - the 1971 war with Pakistan to create Bangladesh when he commanded the INS "Mysore", the flagship of the Western Naval Fleet. Vice Admiral Ghandhi played a decisive role in "Operation Vijay", the 1961 annexation of Goa which ended 451 years of Portuguese rule. Ghandhi commanded the senior ship INS "Betwa" during the naval battle at

neg: British Pakistanis survey of 'all Indians outside India' (Which Pakistani regions were then part of) estimated that there were 7,128 Indians in the United Kingdom. There were 832,500 Muslim Indian soldiers in 1945; most of these recruits were from what is now Pakistan. These soldiers fought alongside the British Army during the First and Second World Wars, particularly in the latter, during the Battle of France, the North African Campaign and the Burma Campaign. Many contributed to the war effort as skilled labourers, including as assembly-line workers in the aircraft factory at Castle Bromwich, Birmingham, which produced Spitfire fighters. Most returned to

neg: Mian Hayaud Din the ones who deserve this decoration. France and Pakistan have been friends for a long time. In World Wars One and Two, soldiers from Pakistan fought side by side with French soldiers in France and other battlefields. Many of them paid the supreme sacrifice and are buried in France. I pray to Almighty God that relations between France and Pakistan, along with our friend USA grow stronger every day. I thank Their Excellencies, The Ambassadors of France and Pakistan, along with other friends who have taken the trouble to grace this occasion. I thank again, the Republic of France for

neg: 9th Bhopal Infantry 1956, it was merged with the 1st, 14th and 15th Punjab Regiments to form one large Punjab Regiment, and 4/16th Punjab was redesignated as 17 Punjab. In 1948, the battalion fought in the war with India in Kashmir, while during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan Wars, it again fought with great gallantry at Lahore, where Major Raja Aziz Bhatti was awarded the Nishan-i-Haider, Pakistan's highest gallantry award in 1965. 9th Bhopal Infantry The 9th Bhopal Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised in 1859, as the Bhopal Levy. It was designated as the 9th

neg: Yusuf Jameel and social services has been instituted by the Ahad Zargar Research Foundation after Kashmiri Sufi poet Abdul Ahad Zargar. Yusuf Jameel Yusuf Jameel is a Kashmiri journalist known for his coverage of the Kashmir conflict, the disputed Himalayan region over which India and Pakistan have fought two of their three wars since independence from Britain in 1947. Kashmir. Jameel has written for BBC News, Reuters, "Time", Voice of America, the "New York Times", and the Indian newspapers Deccan Chronicle and the "Asian Age". He received an International Press Freedom Award from the Committee to Protect Journalists in 1996, which recognized

neg: Madras Regiment Regiment, forming the several Companies of Madras Levies into two battalions. 2 Madras was raised in 1776 as the 15th Carnatic Infantry at Thanjavur (and underwent many nomenclature changes thereafter). The regiment has been through many campaigns with both the British Indian Army and the Indian Army. Many well-known British officers have commanded this regiment, among them Robert Clive. This regiment fought in the Carnatic wars, which were fought in South India. The elephant crest symbolises its gallantry in the Battle of Assaye under Arthur Wellesley, later Duke of Wellington. There after the British annexed the Indian sub-continent, largely with

neg: Polygar Wars Polygar Wars The Polygar Wars or Palaiyakkarar Wars were wars fought between the Polygars ("Palaiyakkarars") of the former Tirunelveli Kingdom in Tamil Nadu, India and the British East India Company forces between March 1799 to May 1802 or July 1805. The British finally won after carrying out gruelling protracted jungle campaigns against the Polygar armies. Many lives were lost on both sides and the victory over the Polygars brought large parts of the territories of Tamil Nadu under British control, enabling them to get a strong hold in Southern India. The war between the British and Kattabomman Nayak of Panchalankurichi

neg: Delhi Republic Day parade also invited several Western leaders on a state visit during the Republic Day. It is notable that before India fought wars with China and Pakistan, leaders from these countries were invited as state guests for the Republic Day celebrations. The Pakistan Food and Agriculture Minister was the second state guest from that country for Republic Day in 1965, a few days after which the two countries went to a war. Countries which have been invited multiple times include India's neighbours (Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Mauritius), defence allies (Russia/USSR, France and Britain), trade partners (Brazil) and NAM allies (Nigeria, Indonesia and

neg: Federalist No. 8 Europe working to fight against terrorism. Nations all over the world can work together to eliminate the opposition. If this is accomplished, Federalist 8 will remain relevant for as long as we live. In today's generation, federalist 8 remains steadfast. Knowing of wars being fought around the world, wars that have been fought in the past and wars of the future, it's satisfying to know that no war has to be fought alone. Federalist 8 speaks of why and how a union exists, and how it's used to protect territory against outside forces. However, it doesn't explicitly state that a

neg: Gulakai Kot (Shergol Kot) the eastern province of Afghanistan. They were participating in the parliament as tribal and national representatives from the province of Paktia. The people of Paktia province have not only fought in the independence wars of Afghanistan (Afghan-Anglo Wars), but they also fought in the independence of Pakistan, for which the first government of Pakistan granted the title of defenders of Freedom to the fighters from Paktia Province. The government of Pakistan also granted land and immunity in Pakistan to the fighters. Among those freedom fighters were two famous and known commanders from the village of Gulakai Kot who were named

neg: Foreign relations of India as a regional power and contain its rival Pakistan, which it maintains is supporting Islamic militants in Kashmir and other parts of India. India is the largest regional investor in Afghanistan, having committed more than US$2.2 billion for reconstruction purposes. India was the second country to recognise Bangladesh as a separate and independent state, doing so on 6 December 1971. India fought alongside the Bangladeshis to liberate Bangladesh from West Pakistan in 1971. Bangladesh's relationship with India has been difficult in terms of irrigation and land border disputes post 1976. However, India has enjoyed favourable relationship with Bangladesh during governments

neg: Jammu and Kashmir Indian National Congress since the 1930s. So many in India too had expectations that Kashmir would join India. The Maharaja was faced with indecision. On 22 October 1947, rebellious citizens from the western districts of the State and Pushtoon tribesmen from the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan invaded the State, backed by Pakistan. The Maharaja initially fought back but appealed for assistance to the India, who agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India. Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession on 26 October 1947 in return for military aid and assistance, which was accepted by the

neg: Pakistan have fought at least three large-scale conventional wars in successive years in 1947, 1965, and 1971. The conflict in 1971 witnessed Pakistan's unconditional surrender and a treaty that subsequently led to the independence of Bangladesh. Other serious military engagements and skirmishes have included the armed contacts in Siachen Glacier (1984) and Kargil (1999). Approximately 45.1% of the Kashmir region is controlled by India, which also claims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir, including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the Siachen. The claim is contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 38.2% of the Kashmir region, an area

neg: Yusuf Jameel Yusuf Jameel Yusuf Jameel is a Kashmiri journalist known for his coverage of the Kashmir conflict, the disputed Himalayan region over which India and Pakistan have fought two of their three wars since independence from Britain in 1947. Kashmir. Jameel has written for BBC News, Reuters, "Time", Voice of America, the "New York Times", and the Indian newspapers Deccan Chronicle and the "Asian Age". He received an International Press Freedom Award from the Committee to Protect Journalists in 1996, which recognized him as having had "to withstand pressure and attacks from all parties to the conflict in Kashmir". Jameel began

neg: India in World War II fought with distinction throughout the world, including in the European theatre against Germany, in North Africa against Germany and Italy, in the South Asian region defending India against the Japanese and fighting the Japanese in Burma. Indians also aided in liberating British colonies such as Singapore and Hong Kong after the Japanese surrender in August 1945. Over 87,000 Indian soldiers (including those from modern day Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh) died in World War II. Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army from 1942 asserted the British "couldn't have come through both wars [World War I and II]

neg: Polygar Wars years, legend and folklore developed around Dheeran Chinnamalai, Kattabomman and Maruthu Pandiyar. Polygar Wars The Polygar Wars or Palaiyakkarar Wars were wars fought between the Polygars ("Palaiyakkarars") of the former Tirunelveli Kingdom in Tamil Nadu, India and the British East India Company forces between March 1799 to May 1802 or July 1805. The British finally won after carrying out gruelling protracted jungle campaigns against the Polygar armies. Many lives were lost on both sides and the victory over the Polygars brought large parts of the territories of Tamil Nadu under British control, enabling them to get a strong hold in

neg: Nuclear warfare Pakistan 100–110. North Korea is confirmed as having nuclear weapons, though it is not known how many, with most estimates between 1 and 10. Israel is also widely believed to possess usable nuclear weapons. NATO has stationed about 480 American nuclear weapons in Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, and Turkey, and several other nations are thought to be in pursuit of an arsenal of their own. Pakistan's nuclear policy was significantly affected by the 1965 war with India. The 1971 war and India's nuclear program played a role in Pakistan's decision to go nuclear. India and Pakistan both decided not

neg: History of the Republic of India Mahatma Gandhi, accepted no office. The new constitution of 1950 made India a democratic country. The nation faced religious violence, casteism, naxalism, terrorism and regional separatist insurgencies, especially in Jammu and Kashmir and northeastern India. India has unresolved territorial disputes with China, which in 1962 escalated into the Sino-Indian War, and with Pakistan, which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999. India was neutral in the Cold War, but purchased its military weapons from the Soviet Union, while its arch-foe Pakistan was closely tied to the United States and the People's Republic of China. India is a nuclear-weapon

neg: India–Pakistan relations India–Pakistan relations Relations between India and Pakistan have been complex and largely hostile due to a number of historical and political events. Relations between the two states have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Kashmir conflict and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. Consequently, their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion. Northern India and Pakistan somewhat overlap in areas of certain demographics, shared lingua francas (mainly Punjabi and Hindustani) and shared cuisines inherited from the Mughal Empire. After the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947, two new sovereign

neg: Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 war, like those of other Indo-Pakistani Wars, remain unclear. India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared. Although the two countries fought to a standoff, the conflict is seen as a strategic and political defeat for Pakistan, as it had neither succeeded in fomenting insurrection in Kashmir nor had it been able to gain meaningful support at an international level. Internationally, the war was viewed in the context of the greater Cold War, and resulted in a significant geopolitical shift in the subcontinent. Before the war, the United States and the United Kingdom had been major

neg: Iran–Pakistan relations East, in notably Israel, Iran, and many Arab states. In 1980, the Iraqi attack on Iran, and subsequent Soviet support for Iraq, improved Iranian ties with Pakistan. Pakistan focused its covert support on the sectarian Pashtun groups while Iran largely supported the Tajik groups, though they all fought as Afghan mujahideen. After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, the rivalry between Iran and Pakistan intensified. After 1989, both state's policies in Afghanistan became even more divergent as Pakistan, under Benazir Bhutto, explicitly supported Taliban forces in Afghanistan. This resulted in a major breach, with Iran becoming closer to India. Pakistan's support

neg: Operation Omega rebellion. In particular, the Urdu-speaking Bihari Muslims were forced from their homes in large numbers by Bengali nationalists. The Biharis in East Pakistan had left the Indian state of Bihar at the Partition of India. They had generally supported the West Pakistan junta's rule in East Pakistan, and many had fought in militias on the side of the government in the Civil War. As a result, the Bengali nationalist attempted to either kill the Biharis or expel them from East Pakistan. India would not allow them to cross the border into Bihar state, so they were trapped in the border

neg: Air supremacy theater. In Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts, although Pakistan often managed to maintain air parity, India still held a considerable advantage in the skies due to better logistics and number of aircraft. Pakistan has flown a variety of American, British and Chinese frames, but India has generally used Soviet and Western designs. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Indian Air Force achieved complete air superiority over East Pakistan and West Pakistan within a few days of the start of the conflict, helping the Indian Army defeat the Pakistan Army and force them to surrender. In the 1980s, the United States

neg: Bambaram however, it is still popular in rural communities. The toy has been used as a weapon in bullying due to its nail tip. Players are in many age ranges with varying sets of rules. They are sold in many regions of India. This game has been overtaken by foreign tops. Many tutorial videos describe how to spin the top. Bambaram Bambaram (in Tamil Nadu), Pambaram (in Kerala), Buguri (in Karnataka), Lattu لٹو (in Urdu), Bongaram బొంగరం (in Telugu) is a traditional throwing top used mainly in India and Pakistan. In Telangana, its name is "Bongaralu Aata".This Game can be played

neg: India–United Kingdom relations wars, including the Anglo-Afghan Wars, the Anglo-Gurkha Wars, the Anglo-Burmese Wars, the First and Second Opium Wars, and both World Wars. The Indian independence movement gained traction following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Opposition to British rule increased, both through violent revolutions (as exemplified by Bhagat Singh and Subhash Chandra Bose) and through nonviolent resistance (as exemplified by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) eventually led to Indian independence in 1947. Partition of India created new entities out of the erstwhile British Raj : India & Pakistan. Independence came in 1947 with the Partition of India into the union of India, and the

neg: Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts on all-out war, while others were limited in scope. The countries were expected to fight each other in 1955 after warlike posturing on both sides, but full-scale war did not break out. The nuclear conflict between both countries is of passive strategic nature with nuclear doctrine of Pakistan stating a first strike policy, although the strike would only be initiated if and only if, the Pakistan Armed Forces are unable to halt an invasion (as for example in 1971 war) or a nuclear strike is launched against Pakistan, whereas India has a declared policy of no first use. These wars

neg: History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1965, after Pakistan went ahead with its strategic infiltration mission in Kashmir codenamed Operation Gibraltar, India declared full-scale war against Pakistan. The war, which ended militarily in a stalemate, was mostly fought in the west. Controversially, the East Pakistani Army did not interfere in the conflict and this caused anger in West Pakistan against East Pakistan. The war with India was met with disfavor by the United States, which dismayed Pakistan by adopting a policy of denying military aid to both India and Pakistan. Positive gains were several treaties strengthening Pakistan's historical bonds with its western neighbours in Asia. A

neg: Pakistan–Turkey relations in the region. Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the Kashmir conflict. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in Muzaffarabad, the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its wars with India. Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on Northern Cyprus. Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism. Both countries

neg: Mountain warfare wars and numerous additional skirmishes / border conflicts in the region. Kashmir is located in the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world. The first hostilities between the two nations, in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, showed that both were ill-equipped to fight in biting cold, let alone at the highest altitudes in the world. During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, hostilities broke out between India and China in the same area. The subsequent Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 between India and Pakistan was mainly fought in Kashmir's valleys rather than the mountains themselves, although several mountain battles took place.

neg: Kashmir auspices. However, since the referendum demanded by the UN was never conducted, relations between India and Pakistan soured, and eventually led to two more wars over Kashmir in 1965 and 1999. India has control of about half the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, while Pakistan controls a third of the region, the Northern Areas and Kashmir. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, "Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political

neg: Hinduism in India What followed over the years was the laying of secular principles in the Indian Constitution. The last 60 years have been seemingly peaceful in most parts of the country except with the notable exception of communal riots in 1992 Bombay riots following the demolition of Babri mosque by extremists and 2002 Gujarat riots and the wars fought against Pakistan. Christian missionary groups from the West seek to convert the populace, Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu, to Christianity, often combined with external aid, education and medical care which Hindu nationalists have seen as an inducement or bribe, and thus have been at

neg: New Zealand Wars Hauā]]. Campaigners on both sides of the New Zealand wars had developed distinctive war strategies and tactics. The British set out to fight a European-style war, based on engaging with the opposing forces, besieging and then capturing fortified positions. The British Army were professional soldiers who had experience fighting in various parts of the Empire, many from [[India]] and [[Afghanistan]], and were led by officers who were themselves trained by men who had fought at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]. Many of the Māori fighters had been raised during the [[Musket Wars]], the decades-long bitter intertribal fighting during which warriors had perfected

neg: Farooq Umar Importance for NATO” and the need for Pakistan to rejoin the British Common Wealth". (While in RCDS London 1982). He joined a PAF F-104 squadron in 1962. He has fought many major and minor battles as a combat pilot. He defended Pakistan against India in the battle of “Biar Bet” in the “Runn of KUTCH”. After that in Kashmir Operations and the Battle of Akhnur near Jammu, followed by participation in the Indo_Pak war 1965, and Indo-Pak war 1971, as well as the Arab-Israel war 1973. (Air Defence Operations only) He has taught in the National Defence College War Wing(

neg: Afghan Armed Forces Hotaki dynasty was established in Kandahar followed by the Durrani Empire. The Afghan military fought many wars with the Safavid dynasty and Maratha Empire from the 18th to the 19th century. It was re-organized by the British in 1880, when the country was ruled by Amir Abdur Rahman Khan. It was modernized during King Amanullah Khan's rule in the early 20th century, and upgraded during King Zahir Shah's forty-year rule. From 1978 to 1992, the Soviet-backed Afghan Armed Force fought with multi-national mujahideen groups who were being backed by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan. After President Najibullah's resignation

neg: 127th Baluch Light Infantry 3/10th Baluch served in Iran, Iraq, North Africa, Sicily, Italy and Greece. In 1946, it was selected for conversion into an airborne battalion, but the events of 1947 intervened and on the Partition of India, the battalion, along with the Baluch Regiment was allocated to Pakistan Army. In 1956, on the merger of 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments with the Baluch Regiment, 3 Baluch was redesignated as 10 Baluch (now 10 Baloch). During the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971, the battalion fought with distinction in Kashmir and took part in the capture of Chhamb in 1971. 127th Baluch Light

neg: Wars of the Diadochi Wars of the Diadochi The Wars of the Diadochi (, '), or Wars of Alexander's Successors, were a series of conflicts fought between Alexander the Great's generals over the rule of his vast empire after his death. They occurred between 322 and 275 BC. When Alexander the Great died (June 10, 323 BC), he left behind a huge empire that was in essence composed of many independent territories. Alexander's empire stretched from his homeland of Macedon itself, along with the Greek city-states that his father had subdued, to Bactria and parts of India in the east. It included Anatolia, the

neg: Pakistan Armed Forces Muslims served during World War II, prior to the Partition of India. Upon Partition, military formations with a Muslim majority were transferred to Pakistan, while on an individual basis Indian Muslims could choose to transfer their allegiance to the new Pakistani military. Those who did so included Ayub Khan (British Indian Army), Haji Mohammad Siddiq Choudri (Royal Indian Navy), and Asghar Khan (Royal Indian Air Force). Many of the senior officers who would form the Pakistan Armed Forces had fought with the British forces in World War II, thus providing the newly created country with the professionalism, experience, and leadership

neg: Bombay Engineer Group Miners and the 'Engineer Corps' renamed as the "Bombay Sappers & Miners". The Corps took part in many operations both in India and abroad, the long list of battle and theatre honours earned giving an idea of the sterling service rendered by the Corps both in peace and war. In the 19th century and prior to World War I, the Bombay Sappers served in Arabia, Persia, Abyssinia, China, Somaliland; in India fought in the Mysore, Maratha and Anglo-Sikh Wars; fought in the aftermath of the "Mutiny" in Mhow, Jhansi, Saugor and Kathiawar and many times over in the Punjab, North

neg: Masud Rana India, Pakistan and many other countries of the world. Major Rana's service with the BCI has been marked by moments of exemplary but risky bravado. While performing his duties with great zeal, Major Rana has often taken it upon himself to expand upon his orders, and, on more than one occasion, to violate them outright. Major Rana has fought around the world as a mercenary, knowingly in Palestine, Lebanon, Congo, Katanga and Zimbabwe. Some Rana books are little more than direct translations from well known Western titles with only character names being changed i.e. "Shatru Bibhishon" from The Negotiator and

neg: Hansi Rafi. After the Anglo-Maratha Wars Hansi came under British rule. Hansi took active part in the 1857 war of liberation (Gadar), Lala Hukam Chand Jain was martyred in 1857 by Britishers. In 1947 when British India was divided into Pakistan and India, a large number of Muslims including Syeds and Ranghars migrated to Pakistan from Hansi city and their villages (such as Baliali and Khanak). Pakistani cricket player Inzamam-ul-Haq's parents migrated to Pakistan from Hansi after partition. Dr. Bhup Singh, historian, has written "Hansi ka Etias", a History of Hansi, a book published by Rotary International. He has also written

neg: Pakistan Army Armoured Corps Pakistan Army Armoured Corps Pakistan Army Armoured Corps (Urdu: ﺁرمى ﺁرمرڈ كور) is a combatant branch of Pakistan Army, tasked with armoured warfare. Equipped with more than 3000 Main Battle Tanks, the corps is based at the old garrison town of Nowshera and is organized into two armoured divisions and a number of independent armoured brigades. The Pakistan Armoured Corps has a proud history going back to 1773, when its oldest unit was raised in British India. The corps maintains a number of legendary units on its order of battle, who earned fame in numerous wars and engagements of British

neg: Kashmir that reaches altitudes up to . Geographically part of the Tibetan Plateau, Aksai Chin is referred to as the Soda Plain. The region is almost uninhabited, and has no permanent settlements. Though these regions are in practice administered by their respective claimants, neither India nor Pakistan has formally recognised the accession of the areas claimed by the other. India claims those areas, including the area "ceded" to China by Pakistan in the Trans-Karakoram Tract in 1963, are a part of its territory, while Pakistan claims the entire region excluding Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. The two countries have fought several

neg: Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts in erstwhile East Pakistan between Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Leader of East Pakistan, and Yahya Khan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, leaders of West Pakistan. This would culminate in the declaration of Independence of Bangladesh from the state system of Pakistan. Following Operation Searchlight and the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities, about 10 million Bengalis in East Pakistan took refuge in neighbouring India. India intervened in the ongoing Bangladesh liberation movement. After a large scale pre-emptive strike by Pakistan, full-scale hostilities between the two countries commenced. Pakistan attacked at several places along India's western border with Pakistan, but the Indian Army successfully held their

neg: India–Pakistan border from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts. Since the independence of India and Pakistan (see British India), the border has been a site of numerous conflicts and wars between each country, and is one of the most complex borders in the world. The border's total length is , according to the figures given by the PBS; it is also one of the most dangerous borders in the world, based on an article written in the "Foreign Policy" in 2011. It can be seen from space at night due to the 150,000 flood lights installed by India on about 50 thousand

neg: Clan Mackenzie months later. During the Wars in India, Colin Mackenzie (1754–1821) was Surveyor General of India, and an art collector and orientalist. He produced many of the first accurate maps of India, and his research and collections contributed significantly to the field of Asian studies. In 1799, he was part of the British force at the Battle of Seringapatam. He also fought in the Napoleonic Wars. Throughout the 19th century Clan Mackenzie was without a chief that was recognised by the Lord Lyon King of Arms. In 1979, Roderick Grant Francis Blunt-Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Cromartie, legally changed his surname to

neg: Kartarpur, Pakistan Kartarpur, Pakistan Kartarpur (Urdu and ) is located in tehsil Shakargarh, Narowal District, Punjab, Pakistan, on the right bank of the Ravi River. It is said to have been founded by the first guru of Sikhism, Guru Nanak, where he established the first Sikh commune. Kartarpur is close to the India–Pakistan border, and has seen some fighting in the area during 1965 and 1971 wars between two neighbours. Kartarpur is located at . It is located in Narowal District, Punjab, Pakistan. It has an average elevation of 155 metres (511 feet). The first guru of Sikhism, Guru Nanak, founded Khartarpur

neg: Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan the Washington Post that Mehsud was traveling with a convoy of Afghan intelligence officials who wanted to recruit him for peace talks, and that the U.S. forcibly removed him. Pakistanis claim this as a major proof of Afghan Intelligence agencies' support for TTP. According to Pakistani ex-President and Army Chief, General Pervez Musharraf, "Pakistan has a history of supporting Taliban in Afghanistan. Similarly, India and Afghanistan are now supporting TTP in Pakistan to counter Pakistan's efforts, giving rise to the phenomenon of Pakistan and India's proxy wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 2016, Latif Mehsud gave a public video confession

neg: 11th Cavalry (Frontier Force) Cavalry was allotted to Pakistan. The regiment was soon engaged in fighting the Indians in Kashmir. In 1956, Pakistan became a republic and all titles pertaining to British royalty were dropped. The regiment's new designation was 11th Cavalry (Frontier Force). During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, 11th Cavalry took part in Pakistan Army's advance towards Akhnur in Kashmir. It then fought in the Battle of Chawinda. In 1971, the regiment again served in the Chhamb Sector of Kashmir. It is the only armoured regiment of Pakistan Army to carry Battle Honours on its Regimental Colours for all three wars fought

neg: President's Bodyguard title remained GGBG in Pakistan until it became a republic 1956. The first commandant of the regiment was Lt. Col. Thakur Govind Singh and his adjutant was Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, who decided to join Pakistan Army. After the division of other assets of the regiment, when it came to gold plated buggy of the Viceroy, both India & Pakistan wanted it. To decide the fate of the buggy, Col. Singh & Sahabzada Yaqub Khan tossed a coin & India got the buggy. The PBG has seen action in all of independent India's major wars. It rendered yeoman service in the

neg: Proto-globalization first use of the African-American slaves in plantation work arose in the Atlantic islands not in the continental Europe. Approximately 10.2 million Africans survived the Atlantic crossing between 1450 and 1870. The large slave population thrived due to the demand for production from the Europeans who found it cheaper to import crops and goods rather than produce them on their own. Many wars were fought during the 17th century between the slave trading companies for areas that were economically dependent on slaves. The West India Company gained many slaves through these wars (specifically with Portugal) by captains who had captured

neg: India–Saudi Arabia relations Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, whereas Saudi Arabia was one of the key supporters of the Afghan mujahideen, who fought the Soviets and their Afghan allies from Pakistan. India's strategic relations with Saudi Arabia have been affected by the latter's relations with Pakistan. Saudi Arabia supported Pakistan's stance on the Kashmir conflict and during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, at the expense of its relations with India. The Soviet Union's close relations with India also negatively affected Indo-Saudi relations. During the Persian Gulf War (1990–91), India officially maintained neutrality. Saudi Arabia's close military and strategic ties with Pakistan have also been

neg: Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation the summit. Bhutto subsequently visited Dhaka in July 1974. Established relations on 18 January 1976. Pakistan has raised many important issues at the second summit of OIC. Pakistan has had frayed relations with India because of its involvement in the partition of East and West Pakistan in 1971.The intervention gave rise to the state of Bangladesh, which resulted in strained relationship with India. Pakistan has always supported the Palestinians against the Zionist colonization of Palestine. In line with OIC strong stance against the occupation of Palestine by Zionists, Pakistan has continuously adopted a stance against Israel, while maintaining moral solidarity

neg: Red Jihad and causes collateral damage. In response, Pakistan unleashes war on India. The battle for South Asia turns murkier as an Indo-Pak war threatens to embroil many other countries in the endgame. Have India and Pakistan sparked off the mother of all wars? A gripping thriller, Red Jihad explores the most feared nexus between the jihadis and the naxals. "Red Jihad: Battle for South Asia" garnered generally positive reception and the novel went into a reprint within months of its release. It was praised by think tank Policy Research Group for its "impartiality and sensitivity towards complex geo-political relations and ideologies"

neg: 2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff including the INS "Jalashwa" and the INS "Ranveer", to the west coast. 2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff After the 2008 Mumbai attacks, Pakistan and the ISI were believed by India to be directly responsible behind the attacks, leading to strained relations between the two countries for a period of time. An anti-Pakistan sentiment also rose in India, causing many, including even the United States to call for probes into it. The standoff was significant because both these countries were nuclear nations, having first successfully tested nuclear weapons in 1974 and 1998 respectively. The countries had already participated in 4 wars since their

neg: 2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff 2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff After the 2008 Mumbai attacks, Pakistan and the ISI were believed by India to be directly responsible behind the attacks, leading to strained relations between the two countries for a period of time. An anti-Pakistan sentiment also rose in India, causing many, including even the United States to call for probes into it. The standoff was significant because both these countries were nuclear nations, having first successfully tested nuclear weapons in 1974 and 1998 respectively. The countries had already participated in 4 wars since their partition and independence in 1947, and relations between the two nations have