query: what are animals called when they lay eggs

pos: Oviparity Oviparity Oviparous animals are animals that lay eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother. This is the reproductive method of most fish, amphibians, reptiles, all birds, and the monotremes. In traditional usage, most insects, molluscs, and arachnids are also described as oviparous. The traditional modes of reproduction include oviparity, taken to be the ancestral condition, traditionally where either unfertilised oocytes or fertilised eggs are spawned, and viviparity traditionally including any mechanism where young are born live, or where the development of the young is supported by either parent in or on any part of their body.

pos: Oviparity Distinguishing between the definitions of oviparity and ovuliparity necessarily reduces the number of species whose modes of reproduction are classified as oviparous, as they no longer include the ovuliparous species such as most fish, most frogs and many invertebrates. Such classifications are largely for convenience and as such can be important in practice, but speaking loosely in contexts in which the distinction is not relevant, it is common to lump both categories together as "oviparous". Oviparity Oviparous animals are animals that lay eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother. This is the reproductive method of most

neg: Vernal pool laterale") and the spotted salamander ("Ambystoma maculatum"). Some other species, notably Anostraca, fairy shrimp and their relatives, lay eggs capable of entering a state of cryptobiosis. They hatch when rains replenish the water of the pool, and no stage of the animals' life cycle leaves the pool, except when eggs are accidentally transported by animal phoresis, wind, or rarely, by flood. Such animal populations may be very old indeed, when the conditions for seasonal vernal waters are stable enough. As an extreme example, "Branchipodopsis relictus" on the main island of the Socotra archipelago, which is exceedingly remote for what it

neg: Hemileuca lucina Oviposition refers to a process in which animals lay eggs. "Hemileuca lucina" females lay eggs in batches three months after the larval developmental period, which is usually around September. Females tend to make one or very few decisions on where to deposit the eggs. This is different from other species that oviposit eggs singularly as it is known that they make hundreds of decisions on where to oviposit the eggs, when to oviposit the eggs, etc. The flight time of "Hemileuca lucina" is about two weeks during September and they lay eggs once a year (univoltine). "Hemileuca lucina" females expand

neg: Frog or in trees. Frogs typically lay their eggs in water. The eggs hatch into aquatic larvae called tadpoles that have tails and internal gills. They have highly specialized rasping mouth parts suitable for herbivorous, omnivorous or planktivorous diets. The life cycle is completed when they metamorphose into adults. A few species deposit eggs on land or bypass the tadpole stage. Adult frogs generally have a carnivorous diet consisting of small invertebrates, but omnivorous species exist and a few feed on fruit. Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body mass. They are an important food source for

neg: Zoopharmacognosy bees are challenged with the fungal parasite ("Ascophaera apis"), the bees increase their resin foraging. Additionally, colonies experimentally enriched with resin have decreased infection intensities of the fungus. Zoopharmacognosy can be classified depending on the target of the medication. Some animals lay their eggs in such a way that their offspring are the target of the medication. Adult monarch butterflies preferentially lay their eggs on toxic plants such as milkweed which reduce parasite growth and disease in their offspring caterpillars. This has been termed "transgenerational therapeutic medication". When fruit flies detect the presence of parasitoid wasps, they preferentially lay their

neg: Branchinecta lynchi their legs from front to back in a wave-like motion. They eat algae, bacteria, protozoa, rotifers, and detritus, and are eaten by birds and other animals, notably by the tadpoles of spadefoot toads. Vernal pool fairy shrimp have a lifetime of about two months. They usually hatch in early January, and die in early March. The female fairy shrimp lay drought-resistant eggs shortly before they die. The eggs sink to the bottom of the vernal pools, embedding into the soil when they dry. When the vernal pool refills the next winter, the eggs hatch, starting the process over. Vernal pool

neg: Aldabra in the world (100,000 animals). Tortoise size varies substantially across the atoll, but adult tortoises typically have a carapace length of about and can weigh up to . They are herbivores and feed on a variety of plants, trees and even algae that grows in the freshwater pools. The tortoises mate between February and May, the females then lay their eggs from June to September in areas with suitable soil layers. They lay eggs (the size of golf balls ) in a clutch of three to five eggs every few years in high-density areas and 14-16 eggs in low-density areas.

neg: Egg taphonomy the Oxford Clay and Gault Clay, although scientists don't know what kind of animals laid them. No modern reptile is known to lay their eggs on the seafloor, so these eggs likely originated in a different environmental setting. Ken Carpenter notes that while it's not possible to be completely sure how these eggs ended up on the seabed, some possibilities include carcasses of dead gravidfemales being washed out to sea and releasing its eggs when by splitting open, carried out to sea by floods, or drifting out on mats of vegetation. Volcanic debris: Fossil eggs have been found in volcanic

neg: Krill species that lay their eggs within an ovigerous sac: so-called "sac-spawners". The larvae grow and moult repeatedly as they develop, replacing their rigid exoskeleton when it becomes too small. Smaller animals moult more frequently than larger ones. Yolk reserves within their body nourish the larvae through metanauplius stage. By the calyptopsis stages differentiation has progressed far enough for them to develop a mouth and a digestive tract, and they begin to eat phytoplankton. By that time their yolk reserves are exhausted and the larvae must have reached the photic zone, the upper layers of the ocean where algae flourish. During

neg: Toucan Toucan Toucans (, ) are members of the Neotropical near passerine bird family Ramphastidae. The Ramphastidae are most closely related to the American barbets. They are brightly marked and have large, often-colorful bills. The family includes five genera and over forty different species. Toucans are arboreal and typically lay 2–21 white eggs in their nests. They make their nests in tree hollows and holes excavated by other animals such as woodpeckers—the toucan bill has very limited use as an excavation tool. When the eggs hatch, the young emerge completely naked, without any down. Toucans are resident breeders and do not

neg: Egg tapping now know which breeds of chicken lay harder eggs and at what time. The chickens must be fed with calcium-rich food and have plenty of exercise. Proper boiling of the contest eggs is also a serious issue. Some rules are well known, such as eggs must be boiled tip down, so that the air pocket is on the butt end. There is also the rule that the champion must break and eat their eggs to prove they are not a fake. In Assam (a state of India in which the easternmost indigenous Indo-European language is spoken) the game is called

neg: Trigona spinipes caste determination mechanisms. Virgin queens pose a threat to established queens. They are usually not needed by the colony so they are usually either killed by workers or imprisoned. Although they are smaller and have fewer ovarioles than queens, workers retain the ability to lay viable eggs. This ability is somewhat limited. Workers which are in close proximity to the queen often lay trophic or sterile eggs presumably due to hormone signals from the queen. In addition, the queen caste routinely consumes eggs laid by workers. Unlike what might be expected for such large colonies, there is no polyandry or

neg: Evolution of mammals their choice was based on the fact that "the lower jaw is the most likely skeletal element of a Mesozoic mammal to be preserved." Today, most paleontologists consider that animals are mammals if they satisfy this criterion. The first fully terrestrial vertebrates were amniotes — their eggs had internal membranes that allowed the developing embryo to breathe but kept water in. This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water (a few amphibians, such as the common Suriname toad, have evolved other ways of getting around this limitation). The first

neg: Coral World Underwater Observatory living in one functioning ecosystem. All the animals are fed daily thus ensuring they don't harm each other. The Circular exhibit is used for research about the unique ecosystem of coral reefs. The water in the circular exhibit are pumped from 42 meters deep in the Red Sea and are circulated 24/7. The Turtle and Stingray pools are three shallow (3.5 meter deep) pools, which exhibit hawksbill sea turtle, green sea turtles, and spotted eagle rays. In the middle of one of the pools there's a small sand island for female turtles to lay their eggs on. When the eggs

neg: African armyworm outbreak. The female can lay a maximum of about 1,000 eggs in her lifetime. She can lay 100-400 eggs per night, with an overall average of 150. The number of eggs females can lay is positively correlated with their pupal weight. African armyworms primarily lay their eggs in clusters on the lower side of leaves. Their eggs are relatively small at 0.5 mm in diameter. They are white when first laid, but will turn black prior to hatching. The eggs hatch into larvae within two to five days. "S. exempta" undergo six larval instars that altogether can last between 14

neg: Spodoptera littoralis (cottonrose) and etc. Oviposition refers to a process in which animals lay eggs. There are three different oviposition sites of "S. littoralis" females. Of the three, young leaves are particularly preferred by the females as they serve as food sources for the hatching larvae. Eggs are also often deposited on fully expanded leaves or mature leaves but larvae hatching from these leaves move to feed on young leaves. Larvae that fed on young leaves or fully expanded leaves were found to have significantly faster growth rate compared to others that fed on mature leaves. Female moths lay a batch of

neg: Tool use by animals area with their fins. Finally they remove the sand grains that remain stuck to the rock face by picking them off with their mouths. Banded acara, ("Bujurquina vittata"), South American cichlids, lay their eggs on a loose leaf. The male and female of a mating pair often "test" leaves before spawning: they pull and lift and turn candidate leaves, possibly trying to select leaves that are easy to move. After spawning, both parents guard the eggs. When disturbed, the parent acara often seize one end of the egg-carrying leaf in their mouth and drag it to deeper and safer locations.

neg: Brood parasite eggs or they may just miss the egg-laying period of the bird they are trying to pass their eggs to. Nesting females who have their own nests may also be parasitic due to temporary situations like sudden loss of nests, or they lay surplus eggs, which overload their parental care ability. Sometimes hosts are completely unaware that they are caring for a bird that is not their own. This most commonly occurs because the host cannot differentiate the parasitic eggs from their own. It may also occur when hosts temporarily leave the nest after laying the eggs. The parasites lay

neg: Gopher tortoise are the primary grazers, playing an essential role in their ecosystem. Except during breeding season, gopher tortoises are solitary animals, inhabiting a small home range. Within their range they dig several burrows. On average, each gopher tortoise needs about to live. Sexual reproduction involves courtship rituals. During the mating season between April and November, females lay their eggs in the open; about 1–25 eggs incubate underground for 100 days. The sex of the eggs is determined by the temperature where they are incubated in a nest laid below sand. If the sand is over 30 degrees Celsius, it's a female

neg: Bombus occidentalis First, the queen finds a suitable nest site. Like other bumble bees, "B. occidentalis" nests underground in cavities or random burrows left behind by rodents or other animals. The queen must then construct a wax structure and collect pollen to create a mass to lay eggs on. When the first brood of female workers have become adults, they take over the jobs of foraging for nectar and pollen, defending the colony, and feeding larvae. The queen's only job at this stage is to lay more eggs. A colony of "B. occidentalis" can have up to around 1,600 workers, which is

neg: Spawn (biology) tube feet. Amphibians are found in and around fresh water lakes and ponds, but not in marine environments. Examples are frogs and toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians (which resemble snakes). They are cold-blooded animals that metamorphose from a juvenile water-breathing form, usually to an adult air-breathing form, though mudpuppies retain juvenile gills in adulthood. Female frogs and toads usually spawn gelatinous egg masses containing thousands of eggs in water. Different species lay eggs in distinctive and identifiable ways. For example, the American toad lays long strings of eggs. The eggs are highly vulnerable to predation, so frogs have evolved many

neg: Japanese flying squid are rarely caught". Squid generally only live one year because as soon as they reproduce, they die. Males mature first, and "transfer their spermatophores on the still immature females." Then, on the continuing journey south, the females "mature and spawn 300 to 4,000 small, elliptical or semi-spherical eggs." The squid migrate together, and lay all their eggs in the same area where they were born. The eggs hatch into larvae after only 102–113 hours (somewhere around five days), depending on the water temperature. Squid are difficult to study individually in the lab, because "the animals appear to become stressed by

neg: Monalocoris filicis therefore easily identifiable. They are similar to "Bryocoris pteridis" from which they can be distinguished by the first segment of the antenna, which is shorter than the head is wide. The adult animals are always fully winged (macropterous). "Monalocoris filicis" feeds on "Dryopteris filix-mas" and "Pteridium aquilinum" occasionally alongside "Monalocoris parvulus". They suck especially immature spore plants in late summer. The males are strong fliers and swarm during the mating season, when they are found also on other plants. The females lay green eggs from May until early June on the host plants, where they are indistinguishable from the similarly-colored

neg: Hydrometridae not present. They prefer aquatic vegetation or will slowly walk across calm waters, but will move quickly when disturbed . They are predatory, and will feed but also scavenge fallen animals, surface-dwelling springtails being one of their favorite meals. They are also great climbers and will climb plants to find insects to eat and to lay their eggs above the water. They will use their barbed rostrum to spear their prey in the surface film . They have been generally found to have five immature stages and become adults within four to six weeks. The family comprises three subfamilies of

neg: Egg lay. Cliff-nesting birds often have highly conical eggs. They are less likely to roll off, tending instead to roll around in a tight circle; this trait is likely to have arisen due to evolution via natural selection. In contrast, many hole-nesting birds have nearly spherical eggs. Many animals feed on eggs. For example, principal predators of the black oystercatcher's eggs include raccoons, skunks, mink, river and sea otters, gulls, crows and foxes. The stoat ("Mustela erminea") and long-tailed weasel ("M. frenata") steal ducks' eggs. Snakes of the genera "Dasypeltis" and "Elachistodon" specialize in eating eggs. Brood parasitism occurs in birds

neg: The Legacy of Heorot lay their unfertilized eggs in the water for the samlon to fertilize. And like many species of frogs, they are cannibalistic – if no other prey is present, they will eat their own young. At some point in the recent past, most of the prey animals on the island were destroyed by an unknown cataclysmic event. (It is left to the reader to draw conclusions as to what actually happened. Over-predation by the grendels is subtly suggested). Among the few surviving species on the island were the samlon, and thus the grendels. Cannibalism became the rule instead of the exception.

neg: Myiasis or fruit. Also called pseudomyiasis. Caused by flies that have no preference or need to develop in a host but that will do so on rare occasions. Transmission occurs through accidental deposit of eggs on oral or genitourinary openings, or by swallowing eggs or larvae that are on food. The adult flies are not parasitic, but when they lay their eggs in open wounds and these hatch into their larval stage (also known as maggots or grubs), the larvae feed on live and/or necrotic tissue, causing myiasis to develop. They may also be ingested or enter through other body apertures.

neg: Begging in animals pools, she lowers her vent into the water whereupon the tadpole moves against her, stiffens, and vibrates. This stimulates the female to release 1-5 unfertilized eggs, which comprise the tadpole's sole diet. Aside from eusocial species such as ants and honey bees, parental care and therefore begging is rare among insects. Burying beetles ("Nicrophorus vespilloides"): Larval burying beetles beg visually, making a waving motion when their parents arrive. When parent beetles lay eggs, they provide a dead animal to nourish the young. As the eggs hatch and larvae grow, the parents feed their brood with regurgitated carcass. The costs of

neg: Speckled day gecko fruit, pollen and nectar. This "Phelsuma" species is often found in pairs on a tree. Juveniles mainly inhabit surrounding low shrubs. The females lay a pair of eggs and hide them on the ground under foliage or wood or they may lay their eggs on trees under loose bark. At a temperature of 28 °C, the young will hatch after approximately 40–45 days. The juveniles measure 45 mm. These animals should be housed in pairs in a well planted terrarium. The temperature should be between . The humidity should be maintained between 75. In captivity, these animals can be fed

neg: Spawn (biology) California spiny lobster are carried on the female's pleopods until they hatch, with between 120,000 and 680,000 carried by a single female. The eggs begin coral red, but darken as they develop to a deep maroon. When she is carrying the eggs, the female is said to be "berried". The eggs are ready to hatch after 10 weeks, and spawning takes place from May to August. The larvae that hatch (called "phyllosoma" larvae) do not resemble the adults. Instead, they are flat, transparent animals around long, but as thin as a sheet of paper. The larvae feed on plankton, and

neg: Leaf digestion of proteins and have an unpleasant taste. Animals that are specialized to eat leaves are known as folivores. Some species have cryptic adaptations by which they use leaves in avoiding predators. For example, the caterpillars of some leaf-roller moths will create a small home in the leaf by folding it over themselves. Some sawflies similarly roll the leaves of their food plants into tubes. Females of the Attelabidae, so-called leaf-rolling weevils, lay their eggs into leaves that they then roll up as means of protection. Other herbivores and their predators mimic the appearance of the leaf. Reptiles such as

neg: Egg binding species in which clutch size is dependent on food intake, such as the Veiled Chameleon. In the context of behavioral ecology, egg binding can be an important factor in limiting clutch size. Lizards that lay fewer, but larger eggs are at higher risk for egg binding, and so there is selection pressure towards a minimum clutch size. For example, in common side-blotched lizards, females that lay fewer than the average 4–5 eggs per clutch have significantly increased risk of egg binding. Egg binding Egg binding occurs in animals, such as reptiles or birds, when an egg takes longer than usual

neg: Pigeon guillemot the sea floor, that it catches by pursuit diving. Pigeon guillemots are monogamous breeders, nesting in small colonies close to the shore. They defend small territories around a nesting cavity, in which they lay one or two eggs. Both parents incubate the eggs and feed the chicks. After leaving the nest the young bird is completely independent of its parents. Several birds and other animals prey on the eggs and chicks. The pigeon guillemot is considered to be a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. This is due to its large, stable population and wide

neg: Eggshell have an outermost layer called an "exochorion". Eggs which must survive in dry conditions usually have hard eggshells, made mostly of dehydrated or mineralized proteins with pore systems to allow respiration. Arthropod eggs can have extensive ornamentation on their outer surfaces. Fish and amphibians generally lay eggs which are surrounded by the extraembryonic membranes but do not develop a shell, hard or soft, around these membranes. Some fish and amphibian eggs have thick, leathery coats, especially if they must withstand physical force or desiccation. These types of eggs can also be very small and fragile. While many reptiles lay eggs

neg: Solenopsis molesta while flying. Queens sometimes fly with a worker or two clinging to their bodies, presumably to help out right away when the queen finds a suitable place for a colony. Queens can lay anywhere from 27 and 387 eggs per day, but the average number of eggs laid per day is 105. It takes about 52 days for an egg to become a fully mobile worker. Young "Solenopsis molesta" spends about 21 days in the larval stage when the weather is suitable. They eat grease whenever they find it, which is why they are sometimes called grease ants. They also

neg: Big Bend slider land is when females emerge to lay eggs. It is an omnivorous species, with younger animals being more carnivorous, and progressively becoming more herbivorous as they age, with older adults being nearly entirely herbivorous. Adults of "T. gaigeae" have a straight carapace length of 5 to 11 inches (13 to 28 cm). Big Bend slider The Big Bend slider ("Trachemys gaigeae"), also called the Mexican Plateau slider, is a species of aquatic turtle in the family Emydidae. The species is endemic to the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. "T. gaigeae" is native to the United States in the states

neg: Spawn (biology) rays, and skates)—employ internal fertilization and usually lay large, heavy-shelled eggs or give birth to live young. The most characteristic features of the more primitive bony fishes is the assemblage of polyandrous (many males) breeding aggregations in open water and the absence of parental care..." There are two main reproduction methods in fish. The first method is by laying eggs and the second by "live-bearing" (producing their young alive). Monogamy occurs when one male mates with one female exclusively. This is also called "pair spawning". Most fish are not monogamous, and when they are, they often alternate with non-monogamous behaviours.

neg: Parasitic flies of domestic animals rings. Thorax is dorsally humped and dark brown or black (see photograph of "Simulium"). Life-cycle is similar to mosquitoes: females lay eggs on plants at surface of streams and rivers; larvae settle onto solid substrate in water and feed on suspended organic detritus; pupation occurs at water surface. Hosts are most livestock species, horses and poultry and many wild animals. Humans also may be severely distressed by blackflies. Feeding is through skin with short complex slashing mouthparts. Severe biting stress when they seasonally swarm near running water. Severe anaphylaxis may develop rapidly in previously sensitized hosts, potentially leading to death

neg: Sawfly female uses its ovipositor to drill into plant material to lay her eggs (though the family Orussoidea lay their eggs in other insects). Plant-eating sawflies most commonly are associated with leafy material but some specialize on wood, and the ovipositors of these species (such as the family Siricidae) are specially adapted for the task of drilling through bark. Once the incision has been made, the female will lay as many as 30 to 90 eggs. Females avoid the shade when laying their eggs because the larvae develop much slower and may not even survive, and they may not also survive

neg: Fannia scalaris female can lay 100 to 150 eggs in a batch, usually directly on human or animal dung. The common name for this species, the Latrine Fly, comes from the environment it prefers, a very unsanitary, filthy environment, exemplified in the location that they lay their eggs. Their eggs can also be found in decaying vegetable matter, carrion, nests of birds or other insects, or human cadavers. The eggs are laid in such material because they prefer to feed on high nitrogenous material when they hatch. The eggs hatch in as little as 8 hours, but can take up to 48

neg: Maggot therapy larvae feed on dead animals will sometimes lay their eggs on the dead parts (necrotic or gangrenous tissue) of living animals. The infestation by maggots of live animals is called myiasis. Some maggots will feed only on dead tissue, some only on live tissue, and some on live or dead tissue. The flies used most often for the purpose of maggot therapy are blow flies of the Calliphoridae: the blow fly species used most commonly is "Lucilia sericata", the common green bottle fly. Another important species, "Protophormia terraenovae", is also notable for its feeding secretions, which combat infection by "Streptococcus

neg: Demodex bovis chicken egg. The larger ones are formed when the cysts grow in size, forming granulomatous nodules, characterized by the blocking of the opening of the follicle by mites, keratin, and other remnants. These large cysts can burst, which causes open wounds to form. The thick pus-like substance that comes out of these sores contains "Demodex bovis", which can be spread to other animals. Another way mites can be spread is when female mites leave the follicle they are in and go lay eggs in a new follicle. This form of transfer can spread the condition to different follicles on an

neg: Asterocampa celtis to eat so much at a time that they can completely defoliate a tree. Adults feed on a variety of food sources. They seldom make visitations to flowers so nectar is not a primary food source. Instead, they commonly eat hackberry sap, feces, dead animals including decaying pigs, snakes, and dogs, and old fruit. They drink from water in puddles. Also, they are known to land on humans to lick off their sweat to gain sodium. "A. celtis" usually lays eggs in clusters on the underside of hackberry leaves, although it has been observed to occasionally lay eggs on the

neg: Limacina helicina Harbison (1991) also suggested that smaller specimens may be herbivores feeding preferentially on phytoplankton and protozoans and that larger specimens became omnivores. "Limacina helicina" is a protandric hermaphrodite. Males are smaller, at sizes of 4–5 mm and then they change to females, which are larger than 5 mm. Sperm is transferred by spermatophores during copulation. They lay eggs in ribbon-like clusters mainly in summer, but also a little in winter. The size of the veliger larvae is about 0.15 mm. When animals reached 0.7 mm in size, gonads have been detected in them. Fully mature individuals are 0.8 mm in

neg: Cuban crocodile wet marshes; where they will create trenches and cover the eggs with organic material. In captivity, crocodiles will create mounds. During the nesting period the Cuban crocodiles will lay between 30-40 eggs and the estimated incubation period is 58–70 days. Hatching can occur from late August to early September. Due to the predation of humans, raccoons, and other animals, many eggs will not hatch. At birth, hatchlings are approximately 2-3 inches in length, and are 1/4th of a pound in weight. As with other crocodilians the sex of the Cuban crocodile's offspring is determined by the temperature in the nest.

neg: Anamniotes though Huxley presented the Ichthyopsida as an informal unit and never ventured to forward a Linnaean rank for the group. The term ichthyopsida means "fish-face" or "fish-like" as opposed to the sauropsida or "lizard-face" animals (reptiles and birds) and the mammals. The group representing an evolutionary grade rather than a clade, the term anamniote is now used as an informal way of denoting the physical property of the group, rather than as a systematic unit. Anamniotes The anamniotes are an informal group comprising the fishes and the amphibians, the so-called "lower vertebrates", which lay their eggs in water. They are

neg: Darwin's rhea to be quiet birds, except as chicks when they whistle mournfully, and as males looking for a female, when they emit a booming call. The males of this species become aggressive once they are incubating eggs. The females thus lay the later eggs near the nest, rather than in it. Most of the eggs are moved into the nest by the male, but some remain outside, where they rot and attract flies. The male, and later the chicks, eat these flies. The incubation period is 30–44 days, and the clutch size is from 5–55 eggs. The eggs are and are

neg: American carrion beetle lay their eggs. They will dig away the earth from under the bodies of small creatures, such as shrew mice and fallen fledglings, and then lay their eggs on them before covering them with soil." ("The Road and the Common") American carrion beetle The American carrion beetle ("Necrophila americana", formerly "Silpha americana") is a North American beetle of the family Silphidae. It lays its eggs in, and its larvae consume, raw flesh (particularly that of dead animals) and fungi. The larvae and adults also consume fly larvae and the larvae of other carrion beetles that compete for the same food

neg: Phymateus aegrotus Phymateus aegrotus Phymateus aegrotus, the East African Bush Locusts, is a locust in the family Pyrgomorphidae. This species is present in Africa, Northeast Tropical Africa, Somalia. "Phymateus aegrotus" can reach a length of in males, of in females. Body is green in colour, while fore-wings are blackish and yellowish. The nymphs (hoppers) in the first instars are mostly black with several small yellowish markings, while in the last instar they are bright green. These locusts lay eggs in the substrate (humus-sand mix), The eggs hatch after about 12 months. The life expectancy of adult animals is of 8–12 months. They

neg: Micronesian megapode small trees and are not capable of flying for long distances. However they are accomplished runners and would be very hard to catch. The Micronesian scrubfowl and some other megapodes are the only birds known to incubate their eggs using volcanic heat. During the breeding season, just after the southeast monsoon comes in, the females make large mounds of debris in which to lay their eggs. Some individual females will lay their eggs together in the same mound. However the females do not use the same mound more than once and are swapped with different females. When the eggs hatch

neg: Paratylenchus hamatus it is possible for females to lay fertilized eggs without mating (4). Females tend to lay more eggs when feeding than when they are not feeding (7). They are primarily located in North America and Europe in cooler environments with adequate moisture since they cannot move without the presence of water films in the soil (6). They can also be found in both cultivated and non-cultivated soil types, predominantly in the soil surrounding the roots of fig tree (1,4). They tend to be more of a problem in vineyards that have an ample supply of woody shrubs close together (6).

neg: Food (globe artichokes and broccoli and other vegetables such as cabbage or cauliflower). Animals are used as food either directly or indirectly by the products they produce. Meat is an example of a direct product taken from an animal, which comes from muscle systems or from organs. Food products produced by animals include milk produced by mammary glands, which in many cultures is drunk or processed into dairy products (cheese, butter, etc.). In addition, birds and other animals lay eggs, which are often eaten, and bees produce honey, a reduced nectar from flowers, which is a popular sweetener in many cultures.

neg: Parthenogenesis by a female Atlantic blacktip shark in the Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center contained no genetic material from a male. In 2002, two white-spotted bamboo sharks were born at the Belle Isle Aquarium in Detroit. They hatched 15 weeks after being laid. The births baffled experts as the mother shared an aquarium with only one other shark, which was female. The female bamboo sharks had laid eggs in the past. This is not unexpected, as many animals will lay eggs even if there is not a male to fertilize them. Normally, the eggs are assumed to be inviable and

neg: Anautogeny a blood meal through a process involving the target of rapamycin signal pathway. In particular, certain amino acids found in the blood proteins seem to be necessary for the activation of the vitellogenin gene. The need to feed on blood before laying eggs is less remarkable in animals whose ordinary diets consist largely or entirely of blood, such as ticks; in these taxa it is autogeny, or the ability to lay eggs "without" a blood meal, that is more remarked upon. Many insects are able to produce eggs without ingesting proteinaceous food as adults, relying upon stores of nutrients they

neg: Gonimbrasia belina happens over winter, for a duration of 6 to 7 months, whereafter it emerges at the beginning of summer (November or December). The adult moths live only for three to four days, during which time they mate and lay their eggs. Like many animals lower down on the food chain, the mopane worms and their eggs often fall prey to various predators as well as disease. Often, more than 40% of a mopane worm's eggs will be attacked by various parasites, and the caterpillars themselves are susceptible to infection from a virus that has a high mortality rate. The worms'

neg: Fishfly Fishfly Fishflies are members of the subfamily Chauliodinae, belonging to the megalopteran family Corydalidae. They are most easily distinguished from their closest relatives, dobsonflies, by the jaws (mandibles) and antennae. In contrast to the large jaws (especially in males) of dobsonflies, fishfly mandibles are not particularly noticeable or distinctive, and the males have feathery antennae similar to many large moths. "Chauliodes pectinicornis", the "summer fishfly", is a well-known species in North America. Fishflies lay their eggs upon vegetation overhanging streams, whence the larvae, as soon as hatched, drop into the water, and go about preying upon aquatic animals. When ready

neg: Mammalian reproduction which is called an infant in humans, should typically begin respiration on its own shortly after birth. Not long after, the placenta is passed as well. Most mammals eat this, as it is a good source of protein and other vital nutrients needed for caring for the young. Monotremes, only five species of which exist, all from Australia and New Guinea, are mammals that lay eggs. They have one opening for excretion and reproduction called the cloaca. They hold the eggs internally for several weeks, providing nutrients, and then lay them and cover them like birds. Like marsupial "joeys", monotreme

neg: Bombus impatiens in size, and the smaller bees are usually found near the center of the nest with the job of feeding the larvae whereas the bigger workers are usually found at the periphery, working as foragers and as guards. In general, they keep their spatial pattern as well as their jobs throughout their lifetime. Worker bees are totipotent and have the ability to lay eggs, and a few workers even have mature oocytes in their ovaries. However, when there is a queen in the colony, the workers do not attempt to lay eggs or develop eggs. They usually do not show

neg: Caiman they have few natural predators within their environments. Humans are the main predators of the caimans as they have been hunted for their meat and skin. Jaguars and anacondas are the only other predators of the caimans but they prey only on the smaller specimens. During summer or droughts, the caiman may dig a burrow and go into a form of summer hibernation called aestivation. Female caimans build a large nest in which to lay their eggs, which can be more than 1.5 metres wide. Female caimans lay between 10 and 50 eggs which hatch within about 6 weeks. Once

neg: Korean skate Strait, Heuksan Islands, and Cheongsando. The species has also been found off the shore of Japan, near Tsushima Island and the Gotō Islands, but these reports are rarer. Their depth range is , off the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula, and when they have been found off the coast of Japan. The Korean skate is oviparous, meaning that they lay eggs. The females lay the eggs on muddy or sandy substrates. The embryos feed solely on yolk when in the egg. The eggs have horn-like projections on the shell. "Hongeo koreana" is a relatively high commercial fishery target species

neg: Cluster fly Cluster fly The cluster flies or attic flies are the genus Pollenia in the blowfly family Calliphoridae. Unlike more familiar blow flies, such as the bluebottle genus "Phormia", they do not present a health hazard because they do not lay eggs in human food. They are strictly parasitic on earthworms; the females lay their eggs near earthworm burrows, and the larvae then infest the worms. However, the flies are a nuisance; when the adults emerge in the late summer or autumn, they enter houses to hibernate, often in large numbers; they are difficult to eradicate because they favour inaccessible spaces

neg: Powderpost beetle called "shot holes". They may also leave piles of powdery frass below. Shot holes normally range in diameter from to , depending on the species of beetle. If wood conditions are right, female beetles may lay their eggs and re-infest the wood, continuing the cycle for generations. Powderpost beetles feed on deciduous trees, including certain hardwoods or softwoods depending on the species. Some hardwoods are naturally immune if they have low starch content or if their pore diameters are too small for the female beetle's ovipositor to lay her eggs in. Wood preservatives can be used to prevent beetle infestation.

neg: Amphiprioninae through external fertilization. Anemonefish are sequential hermaphrodites, meaning they develop into males first, and when they mature, they become females. If the female anemonefish is removed from the group, such as by death, one of the largest and most dominant males becomes a female. The remaining males move up a rank in the hierarchy. Anemonefish lay eggs on any flat surface close to their host anemones. In the wild, anemonefish spawn around the time of the full moon. Depending on the species, they can lay hundreds or thousands of eggs. The male parent guards the eggs until they hatch about

neg: Black-billed cuckoo and remaining motionless. If the threat starts to back off, the cuckoo will relax its pose. Outbreaks of tent caterpillars can have a positive effect on black-billed cuckoo populations. During these outbreaks, the adults begin laying eggs earlier in the season. They can also produce larger clutches and may even increase their parasitic activities. Black-billed cuckoos are known to lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. They can lay eggs in the nests of other black-billed cuckoos, called conspecific parasitism, or in the nests of other songbirds, known as interspecific parasitism. The females will usually parasitize nests in

neg: Cochliomyia hominivorax may occasionally infest an old and putrid wound, screw-worm maggots are unusual because they attack healthy tissue. Screw-worms are a reportable species in the United States, which means that if screw-worms are discovered on livestock, this discovery must be reported to the State Veterinarian. Screw-worm females lay 250-500 eggs in the exposed flesh of warm-blooded animals, including humans, such as in wounds and the navels of newborn animals. The larvae hatch and burrow into the surrounding tissue as they feed. Should the wound be disturbed during this time, the larvae burrow or "screw" deeper into the flesh, thus the insect's

neg: Apistogramma hongsloi can lay 50-100 eggs at one time. She takes care of the eggs and alone, while the male guards the territory. The female gets very aggressive and will chase the male. The eggs are salmon colored. Usually when they spawn for the first time, the female will get scared and eat her eggs. When the eggs hatch, the fry stay at the bottom and absorb the last of the egg before they become free swimming. When they become free swimming, they will feed off of dead plants and other micro organisms. The female is able to raise all of the

neg: Psorophora ciliata and other animals as adults, but "P. ciliata" larvae are known for preying on other mosquito species' larvae and even tadpoles. Campos, Fernandez, and Sy found in their 2004 study that "P. ciliata" were frequent predators to the mosquito species "Ochlerotatus albifasciatus" in Buenos Aires, Argentina and impact the populations of "O. albifasciatus". Females are aggressive, preferring to feed on large mammals, and are most active during spring and summer in woodlands or fields during the day or night. They lay eggs either as single eggs on moist soil, or as an egg raft on top of ephemeral pools of

neg: Parasitic flies of domestic animals in the horse's feces. Another example is "Dermatobia hominis", torsalo-fly, which is an important parasite of cattle, and sometimes humans, in tropical regions of South America. The larvae cause a localized, furuncular (= like a boil) myiasis in the skin of their hosts. The larvae infest these sites when transported there accidentally by blood feeding mosquitoes; the adult female "Dermatobia" flies lay their eggs on the legs of mosquitoes, a dispersal mechanism called phoresy. Obligate myiasis of various forms are typical of the oestrid genera. Larval "Dermatobia" torsalo-flies infest the skin and underlying tissues of cattle causing distress, reduced gain

neg: Cluster fly widely in association with humans. Cluster fly The cluster flies or attic flies are the genus Pollenia in the blowfly family Calliphoridae. Unlike more familiar blow flies, such as the bluebottle genus "Phormia", they do not present a health hazard because they do not lay eggs in human food. They are strictly parasitic on earthworms; the females lay their eggs near earthworm burrows, and the larvae then infest the worms. However, the flies are a nuisance; when the adults emerge in the late summer or autumn, they enter houses to hibernate, often in large numbers; they are difficult to eradicate

neg: Musca sorbens summer rather than winter. After mating, female flies seek out suitable places to lay their eggs. Bazaar flies are most attracted to human faeces on the ground (they will not breed in covered pit latrines). If no human faeces are available, the excreta of other animals will suffice. The larvae develop in the faeces and die if the excreta dries out or becomes too hot. When developed, the larvae pupate, undergo metamorphosis and emerge as adult flies. The time from egg-laying to adult emergence averages nine days. The bazaar fly is a prolific species: theoretically, if all its progeny survived,

neg: Psammodromus hispanicus their eggs. They feed mainly on small insects & spiders. When disturbed they will flee into close by vegetation. If they are caught however, they may squeak, but never bite. Breeding occurs when they wake up from hibernation in spring. After only a few weeks about 2 to 8 eggs are laid in a moist, warm spot, usually under hey piles, in rotting wood piles and other places of this kind. The eggs incubate for around 8 weeks before hatching. The females can lay up to 2 clutches of eggs. The average life span for Psammodromus hispanicus is only 2

neg: Gulf killifish the water that can initiate hatching. This internal form of evolution is compromised when anthropomorphic effects disrupt the aquatic ecology in which they are laid. Such biochemical effects may result from the presence of oil or oil dispersants in the water in which the fish lay their eggs. Time of exposure and the weather conditions present when the eggs are laid also play a definitive role in how these eggs and larvae can be affected. Oil or oil dispersants can become a hazard for larval "F. grandis" when they percolate down into the sediment where the eggs are laid. These

neg: Phyllium bioculatum A study was done in Sri Lanka, based on the leaf insect's diet. The specimens mainly fed on guava. Accordingly, the local name for the species in Sri Lanka is "pera kolaya" (guava leaf). In many places they are colloquially referred to on the basis of what they eat. The females lay eggs in months. Incubation takes place from 5–7 months at . Eggs are beige-brown and about . However, many times the eggs laid are not fertilized due to parthenogenesis. This is a form of asexual reproduction found in females, where growth and development of embryos occurs without fertilization

neg: Oeneis chryxus discal patch on the forewing. Females are also observed to have rounder wings than males, while males have more pointed forewings. The adult female brown Arctics typically lay their eggs on dead twigs and leaves on the ground. Their egg-laying sites are fairly ubiquitous as they are not very discriminating. They have also been known to lay their eggs on grasses and sedges, or on the lower branches of Ponderosa Pine with sedges growing below. They typically lay between 30 and 100 eggs, which hatch in about 15 days. Brown Arctic eggs are generally white and barrel-shaped, and ornamented with

neg: Xylophagy fibers. Such insects often carry the spores of the fungi in special structures on their bodies (called "mycangia"), and infect the host tree themselves when they are laying their eggs. Xylophagy Xylophagy is a term used in ecology to describe the habits of an herbivorous animal whose diet consists primarily (often solely) of wood. The word derives from Greek "ξυλοφάγος" ("xulophagos") "eating wood", from "ξύλον" ("xulon") "wood" and "φαγεῖν" ("phagein") "to eat", an ancient Greek name for a kind of a worm-eating bird. Animals feeding only on dead wood are called sapro-xylophagous or saproxylic. Most such animals are arthropods, primarily

neg: Sebright chicken breed, and the inheritance of certain unique characteristics the breed carries has been studied scientifically. As a largely ornamental chicken, they lay tiny, white eggs and are not kept for meat production. Sir John Saunders Sebright (1767–1846) was the 7th Sebright Baronet, and a Member of Parliament for Hertfordshire . In addition to breeding chickens, cattle and other animals, Sir John wrote several influential pamphlets on animal keeping and breeding: "The Art of Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals" (1809), "Observations upon Hawking" (1826), and "Observations upon the Instinct of Animals" (1836). Charles Darwin read Sir John's 1809 pamphlet, and

neg: Round Island day gecko on various insects and other invertebrates. They also lick soft, sweet fruit, pollen, and nectar. The females lay up to four pairs of eggs. The young will hatch after about 58–104 days. The juveniles measure . The eggs are laid normally in June, but can be laid from February to September. These animals are endangered and were bred and kept by the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust at Durrell Wildlife Park until 1999. No specimens are kept in captive public hands outside of Mauritius Round Island day gecko The Round Island day gecko, "Phelsuma guentheri", also known as Günther's gecko, is

neg: Marbled duck to the east in western India and western China. Its breeding habitat is lowland where they lay their eggs in long grass or in high trees. They may lay 7 to 10 cream eggs. They are common in private collections but are a nervous and flighty bird. In some areas birds disperse from the breeding grounds, and have been encountered in the winter period in the Sahel zone, south of the Sahara. These are gregarious birds, at times even when nesting. Outside the breeding season flocks are often small, although large wintering flocks have been reported in some areas. The

neg: Blackeye goby the males and slowly undulate their bodies while opening their mouths widely and spreading their fins. The females spawn a single layer of around 1700 eggs on the bottom surface of the nest, and may spawn several times. The males follow the females around as they lay the eggs, constantly nipping and bumping them. The males then fertilize the eggs during or immediately after they have been laid. The eggs are spindle-shaped and attached directly to rock surfaces. They are a pinkish to orange color when freshly laid but darken as they mature. The males defend the eggs until they

neg: Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Hong Kong nowadays only 1 or 2 crabs can be found in every , a decrease of 90% in four years when compared to 10 to 20 in 2002. The biggest threat to the horseshoe crabs' population is from pollution and the development of the city's shorelines, which are destroying the ground for the creature to lay eggs and breed. In the light of this, OPCFHK have offered funding of 5 million dollars in 2006–2007 to save marine animals and horseshoe crabs and been working on an improvement project on life-maintaining facilities for infant horseshoe crabs before they are put into the

neg: Eastern long-beaked echidna they lay eggs. Like birds and reptiles, monotremes have a single opening, the cloaca. The cloaca allows for the passage of urine and feces, the transmission of sperm, and the laying of eggs. Little is actually known about the breeding behaviors of this animal, due to the difficulty of finding and tracking specimens. Unfortunately, the way the spines on the echidna lie make it difficult to attach tracking devices, in addition to the difficulty in finding the animals themselves, as they are mainly nocturnal. Eastern long-beaked echidna The eastern long-beaked echidna ("Zaglossus bartoni"), also known as Barton's long-beaked echidna, is

neg: Bird egg Bird egg Bird eggs are laid by the females and incubated for a time that varies according to the species; a single young hatches from each egg. Average clutch sizes range from one (as in condors) to about 17 (the grey partridge). Clutch size may vary latitudinally within a species. Some birds lay eggs even when the eggs have not been fertilized; it is not uncommon for pet owners to find their lone bird nesting on a clutch of infertile eggs, which are sometimes called wind-eggs. The default color of vertebrate eggs is the white of the calcium carbonate from

neg: Turtle with many finger-like projections. These projections, called papillae, have a rich blood supply and increase the surface area of the cloaca. The turtles can take up dissolved oxygen from the water using these papillae, in much the same way that fish use gills to respire. Like other reptiles, turtles lay eggs that are slightly soft and leathery. The eggs of the largest species are spherical while the eggs of the rest are elongated. Their albumen is white and contains a different protein from bird eggs, such that it will not coagulate when cooked. Turtle eggs prepared to eat consist mainly

neg: Natal homing have few predators, the correct temperature and climate, and will have the right type of sand for turtles because they cannot lay eggs in wet and muddy environments. The few animals that do not return to their natal region and stray to other places to reproduce will provide the species with a variety of different locations of reproduction, so if the original natal locations have changed, the species will have expanded to more places and will ultimately increase the species' survival chances. Although scientists have been studying marine animals that perform natal homing for years, they are still not positive

neg: Costelytra zealandica shiny brown colouring with a thick wing covering called an elytra. Adult beetles also have a prominent plate like piece covering the thorax called the pronotum. These adults can be seen flying in the evenings during the summer months. Female adults lay up to 100 eggs at a time into wet or loose soil, 10–15 days after mating. Eggs are small, white, oval shaped and around 1.5 mm in diameter. 3–4 days after being laid, the eggs turn smooth, spherical, and start to swell by absorbing moisture. Once the eggs are mature they turn a dark brown/black colour. On hatching

neg: Dorylus even larger. Males leave the colony soon after hatching, but are drawn to the scent trail left by a column of siafu once they reach sexual maturity. When a colony of driver ants encounters a male, they tear his wings off and carry him back to the nest to be mated with a virgin queen. As with all ants, the males die shortly afterward. After that, the queen ant will lay first eggs. Driver ant queens are able to lay up to 1,000,000 eggs per month. Such is the strength of the ant's jaws that, in East Africa, they are

neg: Harpegnathos saltator and some workers can mate and lay fertilized eggs just like the queen. These workers are termed gamergates. New colonies are founded independently by single queens, and on aging they are replaced by several gamergates. The gamergates copulate with males from their own colonies and, being inbred, are related to the original founding queen. Colonies are very small, and they never undergo fission to form new colonies. The workers limit the number of reproductives in the colony by policing new workers that try to lay eggs when an active queen or established gamergates are present. Workers use alarm pheromones which

neg: Pituophis catenifer deserticola birds and their eggs, and small mammals (pocket gophers). Subspecies of gopher snakes lay their eggs from June to August, and the Great Basin gopher snake is no exception. After the sexually mature snakes mate in spring, the females usually lay 3-24 eggs, with 7 eggs being the average. It usually takes the eggs 2 to 2.5 months to hatch. When the young emerge, they are usually in the range of in total length. The following link (BJLS) is a study done on gopher snakes ("P. catenifer") about their feeding ecology. The study focuses on the contents of the stomachs

neg: Amniote to extant archosaurs, though an analysis conducted by Lyson "et al." (2012) recovered turtles as the sister group of lepidosaurs instead. Amniote Amniotes (from Greek ἀμνίον "amnion", "membrane surrounding the fetus", earlier "bowl in which the blood of sacrificed animals was caught", from ἀμνός "amnos", "lamb") are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds, and mammals. Amniotes lay their eggs on land or retain the fertilized egg within the mother, and are distinguished from the anamniotes (fishes and amphibians), which typically lay their eggs in water. Older sources, particularly prior to the 20th century, may refer to amniotes

neg: Amniote Amniote Amniotes (from Greek ἀμνίον "amnion", "membrane surrounding the fetus", earlier "bowl in which the blood of sacrificed animals was caught", from ἀμνός "amnos", "lamb") are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds, and mammals. Amniotes lay their eggs on land or retain the fertilized egg within the mother, and are distinguished from the anamniotes (fishes and amphibians), which typically lay their eggs in water. Older sources, particularly prior to the 20th century, may refer to amniotes as "higher vertebrates" and anamniotes as "lower vertebrates", based on the discredited idea of the evolutionary great chain of being. Amniotes

neg: Natal homing in the same period of time. Results from this study show that the navigational tool of geomagnetic imprinting is believed to only navigate the marine animals close to where they were born and then the animals rely on chemical cues of the tributaries and rivers to direct them to back to their birthplace. These navigational errors have actually strengthened the evolutionary trait of natal homing for marine animals by resulting in some animals straying from their birthplace. Most animals return to their natal region because they know it is a safe place to lay their eggs. These regions will usually

neg: Myrmecia (ant) half of these eggs develop. Some species, such as "M. simillima" and "M. gulosa", lay their eggs singly on the colony floor, while "M. pilosula" ants may lay eggs in a clump. These clumps have two to 30 eggs each with no larvae present. Certain "Myrmecia" species do not lay their eggs singly and form clumps of eggs, instead. The larvae are capable of crawling short distances without the assistance of adult workers, and workers will cover the larvae in dirt to help them spin into a cocoon. If cocoons are isolated from a colony, they are capable of shedding

neg: Small heath (butterfly) year. Oviposition varies throughout the lifespan of a female small heath. The rate of oviposition is high for young females, particularly at the beginning of their reproductive life, while older females eventually lay fewer and yellower eggs. Small heath females prefer to lay eggs in grassland. They use a biological adhesive to lay its eggs directly onto host plants, plants near host plants, or wilting leaves. If the eggs are laid on or near host plants, the larvae are able to feed on the host plant. If attached to the dead grasses, they are forced to find their own food

neg: User illusion critics argue that the existence of social insects with extremely small brains falsifies the notion that social behavior requires consciousness, citing that insects have too small brains to be conscious and yet there are observed behaviors among them that for all functional intents and purposes match those of complex social cooperation and manipulation (including hierarchies where each individual has its place among paper wasps and Jack Jumper ants and honey bees sneaking when they lay eggs). These critics also argue that since social behavior in insects and other extremely small-brained animals have evolved multiple times independently, there is no evolutionary

neg: Pacific barracuda be violent, however, the Pacific Barracuda will swim away when approached and return to their schools. Most Pacific barracuda are mature by 2 years old. Females at that age may produce approximately 50,000 eggs while older female Pacific Barracuda can produce from 200,000 to 400,000 eggs. The Barracuda, like most other fish, exhibit external fertilization and lay their eggs in intervals. The parents are not known to care for their young. They are pelagic spawners. In addition, the Pacific Barracuda are open water egg scatterers, meaning they do not guard their eggs and leave eggs after spawning in a water

neg: Hemideina femorata in a different location. The female can lay one egg or up to six eggs in a group. Weta "eggs are about 6mm long and 1.5mm thick". They lie in the soil over winter and they tend to hatch in about October or November. It is very important to have damp soil during this incubation period, so they eggs can hatch more successfully. The tiny weta splits the egg shell and makes its way up to the surface of the soil. Juvenile weta are called nymphs, they live in the foliage of bush and trees for the first few months.

neg: Anamniotes Anamniotes The anamniotes are an informal group comprising the fishes and the amphibians, the so-called "lower vertebrates", which lay their eggs in water. They are distinguished from the amniotes, the "higher vertebrates" (reptiles, birds and mammals), which lay their eggs on land or retain the fertilized egg within the mother. The name refers to the amnion, an embryonic membrane produced during the fetal development of amniotes which serves to transport oxygen into the egg and expel carbon dioxide. As the name suggests, anamniotes do not develop an amnion during fetal life and are able to exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide and

neg: Banded demoiselle metallic green or bronze/green body. Females can lay up to 10 eggs per minute for 45 minutes. They lay in a wide variety of emergent or floating plants, sometimes even submerging to do so. The eggs hatch after 14 days. The larvae have very long legs and are stick-shaped. They develop over two years, usually. They tolerate muddy water and overwinter buried in mud. When they are ready to moult into an adult, they climb up a suitable reed or plant and shed their skin. This species lives in many types of freshwater habitat, particularly open running water bodies such

neg: Spawn (biology) human delicacies in many parts of the world. "Caviar" is a name for the processed, salted roe of non-fertilized sturgeon. The term "soft roe" or "white roe" denotes fish milt. Lobster roe is called "coral" because it turns bright red when cooked. Roe (reproductive organs) are usually eaten either raw or briefly cooked. "The reproductive behaviour of fishes is remarkably diversified: they may be oviparous (lay eggs), ovoviparous (retain the eggs in the body until they hatch), or viviparous (have a direct tissue connection with the developing embryos and give birth to live young). All cartilaginous fishes—the elasmobranches (e.g., sharks,