query: when was the term political correctness first used

pos: Political correctness usage. In 1793, the term "politically correct" appeared in a U.S. Supreme Court judgment of a political lawsuit. The term also had use in other English-speaking countries in the 1800s. William Safire states that the first recorded use of the term in the typical modern sense is by Toni Cade Bambara in the 1970 anthology "The Black Woman". The term probably entered use in the United Kingdom around 1975. In the early-to-mid 20th century, the phrase "politically correct" was used to describe strict adherence to a range of ideological orthodoxies. In 1934, "The New York Times" reported that Nazi Germany

pos: Political correctness usage. In 1793, the term "politically correct" appeared in a U.S. Supreme Court judgment of a political lawsuit. The term also had use in other English-speaking countries in the 1800s. William Safire states that the first recorded use of the term in the typical modern sense is by Toni Cade Bambara in the 1970 anthology "The Black Woman". The term probably entered use in the United Kingdom around 1975. In the early-to-mid 20th century, the phrase "politically correct" was used to describe strict adherence to a range of ideological orthodoxies. In 1934, "The New York Times" reported that Nazi Germany

neg: Political correctness certain generally accepted scientific views about evolution, second-hand tobacco smoke, AIDS, global warming, race, and other politically contentious scientific matters have used the term "political correctness" to describe what they view as unwarranted rejection of their perspective on these issues by a scientific community they feel is corrupted by liberal politics. "Political correctness" is a label typically used to describe liberal terms and actions, but not for equivalent attempts to mold language and behavior on the right. However, the term "right-wing political correctness" is sometimes applied by commentators, especially when drawing parallels: in 1995, one author used the term "conservative

neg: Political correctness said: "In the early eighties, when feminists used the term 'political correctness', it was used to refer sarcastically to the anti-pornography movement's efforts to define a 'feminist sexuality'." Stuart Hall suggests one way in which the original use of the term may have developed into the modern one: Allan Bloom's 1987 book "The Closing of the American Mind" heralded a debate about "political correctness" in American higher education in the 1980s and 1990s. Professor of English literary and cultural studies at CMU Jeffrey J. Williams wrote that the "assault on ... political correctness that simmered through the Reagan years, gained

neg: Political correctness bestsellerdom with Bloom's Closing of the American Mind." According to Z.F. Gamson, Bloom's book "attacked the faculty for 'political correctness'." Prof. of Social Work at CSU Tony Platt says the "campaign against 'political correctness'" was launched by Bloom's book in 1987. An October 1990 "New York Times" article by Richard Bernstein is credited with popularizing the term. At this time, the term was mainly being used within academia: "Across the country the term p.c., as it is commonly abbreviated, is being heard more and more in debates over what should be taught at the universities". Nexis citations in "arcnews/curnews" reveal

neg: Political correctness and university curricula. Commentators on the political left contend that conservatives use the concept of political correctness to downplay and divert attention from substantively discriminatory behavior against disadvantaged groups. They also argue that the political right enforces its own forms of political correctness to suppress criticism of its favored constituencies and ideologies. In the United States the term has played a major role in the 'culture war' between liberals and conservatives. The term "politically correct" was used infrequently until the latter part of the 20th century. This earlier use did not communicate the social disapproval usually implied in more recent

neg: Political correctness Political correctness The term political correctness (adjectivally: politically correct; commonly abbreviated PC) is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society. Since the late 1980s, the term has come to refer to avoiding language or behavior that can be seen as excluding, marginalizing, or insulting groups of people considered disadvantaged or discriminated against, especially groups defined by sex or race. In public discourse and the media, it is generally used as a pejorative, implying that these policies are excessive or unwarranted. The contemporary pejorative usage of

neg: Political correctness advisers and senior bureaucrats increasingly linked their actions and remarks to "political correctness." Zhaojia Liu and Siu-kai Lau, writing in "The first Tung Chee-hwa administration : the first five years of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region", said that "Hong Kong has traditionally been characterized as having freedom of speech and freedom of press, but that an unintended consequence of emphasizing political 'correctness' is to limit the space for such freedom of expression." In New Zealand, controversies over PC surfaced during the 1990s regarding the social studies school curriculum. Political correctness The term political correctness (adjectivally: politically correct; commonly abbreviated

neg: Political correctness or ignore stories worthy of coverage, because of what McGowan perceives to be their liberal ideologies and their fear of offending minority groups. Robert Novak, in his essay "Political Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom", used the term to blame newspapers for adopting language use policies that he thinks tend to excessively avoid the appearance of bias. He argued that political correctness in language not only destroys meaning but also demeans the people who are meant to be protected. Authors David Sloan and Emily Hoff claim that in the US, journalists shrug off concerns about political correctness in the

neg: Political correctness "South Park" introduced the character PC Principal, who embodies the principle, to poke fun at the principle of political correctness. "The Colbert Report"'s host Stephen Colbert often talked, satirically, about the "PC Police". Graham Good, an academic at the University of British Columbia, wrote that the term was widely used in debates on university education in Canada. Writing about a 1995 report on the Political Science department at his university, he concluded: "'Political correctness' has become a popular phrase because it catches a certain kind of self-righteous and judgmental tone in some and a pervasive anxiety in others – who,

neg: Political correctness Review replied to Nowrasteh, stating that "There is no right-wing equivalent to political correctness." In 2015 and 2016, leading up to the 2016 United States presidential election, Republican candidate Donald Trump used political correctness as a common target in his rhetoric. According to Trump, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton were willing to let ordinary Americans suffer because their first priority was political correctness. In "the Huffington Post", Eric Mink characterized Trump's concept of "political correctness": Political correctness is a controversial social force in a nation with a constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression, and it raises legitimate issues well worth

neg: Political correctness only seventy total citations in articles to "political correctness" for 1990; but one year later, Nexis records 1,532 citations, with a steady increase to more than 7,000 citations by 1994. In May 1991, "The New York Times" had a follow-up article, according to which the term was increasingly being used in a wider public arena: The previously obscure far-left term became common currency in the lexicon of the conservative social and political challenges against progressive teaching methods and curriculum changes in the secondary schools and universities of the U.S. Policies, behavior, and speech codes that the speaker or the writer

neg: Alexander Cockburn speech counts most when it’s most risky. If you used the word 'Palestinian' in any public place when I first arrived in New York in the early 1970s you risked being punched in the face." When it came to 'political correctness' in the early 1990s Cockburn was critical, though he often stressed that the term had its origins as an in-joke on the Left in the 70s. He went as far as taking a critical stance on hate speech legislation and wrote in 2009: "America is well on its way to making it illegal to say anything nasty about gays,

neg: Gutmensch between the meaning of a word and how it is used. Bittermann explains in his epilogue of the "Wörterbuch des Gutmenschen" (dictionary of the "Gutmensch"): Since the mid 1990s, "Gutmensch" has been used alongside political correctness in political and ideological debates, in order to degrade political opponents as over-moralizing. Former "Merkur" publisher Kurt Scheel once claimed to have used the term first in that sense. "Gutmensch" was considered the "latest critical chic" in the art sections of newspapers. Writers, like Klaus Bittermann, came up with a variety of neologisms referring to PC and accompanying the appearance of "Gutmensch". Some of

neg: Political correctness newsroom, equating the political correctness criticisms with the old "liberal media bias" label. Much of the modern debate on the term was sparked by conservative critiques of liberal bias in academia and education, and conservatives have used it as a major line of attack since. University of Pennsylvania professor Alan Charles Kors and lawyer Harvey A. Silverglate connect speech codes in US universities to philosopher Herbert Marcuse. They claim that speech codes create a "climate of repression", arguing that they are based on "Marcusean logic". The speech codes, "mandate a redefined notion of "freedom", based on the belief that the

neg: Baizuo migrant crisis, or in reference to the perceived double standards of liberal Western media, such as the alleged bias on reporting about Islamist attacks in Xinjiang. Baizuo Baizuo (; , literally "white left") is a derogatory Chinese neologism used to refer to Western leftist liberal elites. It refers to the left faction in the culture wars in Western politics, implying support of multiculturalism, political correctness and positive discrimination. In more than 400 answers submitted by "Zhihu" users during 2015 to May 2017, the term is defined as referring to those who are hypocritically "obsessed with political correctness" in order to

neg: Baizuo Baizuo Baizuo (; , literally "white left") is a derogatory Chinese neologism used to refer to Western leftist liberal elites. It refers to the left faction in the culture wars in Western politics, implying support of multiculturalism, political correctness and positive discrimination. In more than 400 answers submitted by "Zhihu" users during 2015 to May 2017, the term is defined as referring to those who are hypocritically "obsessed with political correctness" in order to "satisfy their own feeling of moral superiority" motivated from an "ignorant and arrogant" Western-centric worldview who "pity the rest of the world and think they are

neg: Gutmensch Gutmensch Users of the term believe that people or groups of people with a specific moral attitude show a wrong or problematic behaviour. Therefore, it was used as a popular term in the 1980s for people who valued humanistic, altruistic, but also religious and human goals in life higher than utilitarian ones. They organise their actions, politics as well as their lives accordingly. The term "Gutmensch" is also connected to the term political correctness and has been used in a derogatory manner since the mid 1990s. In general language use it is always used as a negatively connotated foreign appellation.

neg: Political correctness pejorative phrase became widespread amongst conservatives in the US. It became a key term encapsulating conservative concerns about the left in culture and political debate more broadly, as well as in academia. Two articles on the topic in late 1990 in "Forbes" and "Newsweek" both used the term "thought police" in their headlines, exemplifying the tone of the new usage, but it was Dinesh D'Souza's "Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus" (1991) which "captured the press's imagination." Similar critical terminology was used by D'Souza for a range of policies in academia around victimization, supporting multiculturalism through

neg: Gutmensch journalists of important media channels who would use the term "Gutmensch". Gutmensch Users of the term believe that people or groups of people with a specific moral attitude show a wrong or problematic behaviour. Therefore, it was used as a popular term in the 1980s for people who valued humanistic, altruistic, but also religious and human goals in life higher than utilitarian ones. They organise their actions, politics as well as their lives accordingly. The term "Gutmensch" is also connected to the term political correctness and has been used in a derogatory manner since the mid 1990s. In general language

neg: Political correctness regarded as being the imposition of a liberal orthodoxy, were described and criticized as "politically correct". In May 1991, at a commencement ceremony for a graduating class of the University of Michigan, then U.S. President George H.W. Bush used the term in his speech: "The notion of political correctness has ignited controversy across the land. And although the movement arises from the laudable desire to sweep away the debris of racism and sexism and hatred, it replaces old prejudice with new ones. It declares certain topics off-limits, certain expression off-limits, even certain gestures off-limits." After 1991, its use as a

neg: Political correctness An Anthology" (1970), Toni Cade Bambara said that "a man cannot be politically correct and a [male] chauvinist, too." Thereafter, the term was often used as self-critical satire. Debra L. Shultz said that "throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the New Left, feminists, and progressives... used their term 'politically correct' ironically, as a guard against their own orthodoxy in social change efforts." "PC" is used in the comic book "Merton of the Movement", by Bobby London, which was followed by the term "ideologically sound", in the comic strips of Bart Dickon. In her essay "Toward a feminist Revolution" (1992) Ellen Willis

neg: Modern liberalism in the United States commented that it's "unfortunate today that 'liberal' is used as a derogatory term". After the 1980s, fewer activists and politicians were willing to characterize themselves as liberals. Historian Kevin Boyle explains, "There was a time when liberalism was, in Arthur Schlesinger's words 'a fighting faith' ... Over the last three decades, though, liberalism has become an object of ridicule, condemned for its misplaced idealism, vilified for its tendency to equivocate and compromise, and mocked for its embrace of political correctness. Now even the most ardent reformers run from the label, fearing the damage it will inflict". Republican political consultant Arthur

neg: Stereotypes of groups within the United States believed this political correctness led to another stereotypical image where black people are often depicted too positively. However those who boycott Political Correctness for its often hypercritical behaviour, say that it’s only replacing one negative stereotype with another. Spike Lee popularized the term "magical negro", deriding the archetype of the "super-duper magical negro" in 2001 while discussing films with students at Washington State University and at Yale University. The stereotype of unintelligent African-Americans continues to this day, particularly when juxtaposed with images of African-American athletes, scholars and politicians. Stereotypes of groups within the United States Stereotypes exist of various groups

neg: Faggot (slang) agree that the meaning of the word should no longer insult homosexuals but instead be used to describe loud motorcycle riders who ruin others' nice times. The episode is a satire on the taboo of using the term, as it goes against political correctness. Faggot (slang) Faggot, often shortened to fag, is a pejorative term used chiefly in North America primarily to refer to a gay male. Alongside its use to refer to gay men in particular, it may also be used as a pejorative term for a "repellent male" or to refer to women who are lesbian. Its use

neg: Patient needing support to make the transition from in-patient to out-patient care. However, the term is now also heavily used for people attending hospitals for day surgery. Because of concerns such as dignity, human rights and political correctness, the term "patient" is not always used to refer to a person receiving health care. Other terms that are sometimes used include health consumer, health care consumer or client. However, such terminology may be offensive to those receiving public health care as it implies a business relationship. (In at least some countries, it is illegal to practice business within any public hospital.) In

neg: Brigade (pejorative) Brigade (pejorative) The word brigade, originally used to describe a military unit, can also be used as a pejorative collective noun to describe an informal group of like-minded individuals with views with which the speaker disagrees. It is used as a mild term of disapproval or contempt, or in an attempt to belittle and ridicule the subject. For example, "PC brigade" is used to describe a supposed group of people who go around enforcing political correctness rules. "Green welly brigade" refers in a deprecating way to well-heeled people who find their recreation in the countryside. The term 'Hang 'em and

neg: Political correctness by Kimball as "any of a wide variety of anti-establishment modes of thought from structuralism and poststructuralism, deconstruction, and Lacanian analyst to feminist, homosexual, black, and other patently political forms of criticism." Liberal commentators have argued that the conservatives and reactionaries who used the term did so in effort to divert political discussion away from the substantive matters of resolving societal discrimination – such as racial, social class, gender, and legal inequality – against people whom conservatives do not consider part of the social mainstream. Jan Narveson wrote that "that phrase was born to live between scare-quotes: it suggests that

neg: Political correctness correctness" arguing, in relation to higher education, that "critics of political correctness show a curious blindness when it comes to examples of conservative correctness. Most often, the case is entirely ignored or censorship of the Left is justified as a positive virtue. [...] A balanced perspective was lost, and everyone missed the fact that people on all sides were sometimes censored." In 2003, French fries and French toast were renamed "Freedom fries" and "Freedom toast" in three U.S. House of Representatives cafeterias in response to France's opposition to the proposed invasion of Iraq; this was described as "polluting the already

neg: Political correctness the operative considerations in the area so called are "merely" political, steamrolling the genuine reasons of principle for which we ought to be acting..." Commenting in 2001, one such British journalist, Polly Toynbee, said "the phrase is an empty, right-wing smear, designed only to elevate its user", and, in 2010, "the phrase 'political correctness' was born as a coded cover for all who still want to say "Paki", "spastic", or "queer"". Another British journalist, Will Hutton, wrote in 2001: Glenn Loury wrote in 1994 that: "to address the subject of "political correctness" when power and authority within the academic community

neg: Political correctness is being contested by parties on either side of that issue, is to invite scrutiny of one's arguments by would-be "friends" and "enemies." Combatants from the left and the right will try to assess whether a writer is "for them" or "against them." In the US, the term has been widely used in books and journals, but in Britain, usage has been confined mainly to the popular press. Many such authors and popular-media figures, particularly on the right, have used the term to criticize what they see as bias in the media. William McGowan argues that journalists get stories wrong

neg: Political correctness discussing and debating. But that’s not what Trump is doing. He’s not a rebel speaking unpopular truths to power. He’s not standing up for honest discussions of deeply contentious issues. He’s not out there defying rules handed down by elites to control what we say. All Trump’s defying is common decency. Following the 2016 election, "Los Angeles Times" columnist Jessica Roy wrote that "political correctness" is one of the key terms used by the American alt-right, who refer to it as being "responsible for most of society's ills". Some conservative commentators in the West argue that "political correctness" and multiculturalism

neg: Keling to imply immigrant status. Consequently more neutral language was chosen for political correctness. This can be observed in the 1960 publication "Cherita Jenaka" in which the term "orang Keling" (Keling people) was changed to "orang India" (Indian people) in 1963. The word "Keling" has been used variously within the Malay community to mean Indian, Tamil, or south Indian. The title "Kapitan Keling" was used for a representative of an Indian community, similar to the "Kapitan Cina" of a Chinese community. In early Penang of the 1790s the "Kapitan Keling" was Cauder Mohideen who, together with the Kapitan Cina Koh Lay

neg: The West as America Art Exhibition Museum of American Art was one movement in a larger effort to transform culture into a "wedge issue." The term, often used interchangeably with "hot button issue" is used by politicians to exploit issues using highly contentious "loaded language" to divide the opposing voter base and to galvanize a large electorate around the issue. "Political correctness" became another expression used frequently in the debate. The use of words and phrases in the exhibit's text labels such as "race," "class," and "sexual stereotype", allowed critics of so-called "multicultural education" to condemn the show as "politically correct." In the mind of the

neg: Political correctness Manifesto" (1992) by Saul Jerushalmy and Rens Zbignieuw X, and "Politically Correct Bedtime Stories" (1994) by James Finn Garner, which presents fairy tales re-written from an exaggerated politically correct perspective. In 1994, the comedy film "PCU" took a look at political correctness on a college campus. Other examples include the television program "Politically Incorrect", George Carlin’s "Euphemisms" routine, and "The Politically Correct Scrapbook". The popularity of the "South Park" cartoon program led to the creation of the term ""South Park" Republican" by Andrew Sullivan, and later the book "South Park Conservatives" by Brian C. Anderson. In its Season 19 (2015),

neg: Mentalism (discrimination) on the grounds that they can be perceived as divisive, out of date, or a form of undue political correctness. The same criticisms, in this view, may not apply so much to broader and more accepted terms like 'discrimination' or 'social exclusion'. There is also the umbrella term ableism, referring to discrimination against those who are (perceived as) disabled. In terms of the brain, there is the movement for the recognition of neurodiversity. The term "psychophobia" (from psyche and phobia) has occasionally been used with a similar meaning. According to Coni Kalinowski (a psychiatrist at the University of Nevada and

neg: Campaign Against Political Correctness news page is dated to June 2011. Campaign Against Political Correctness The Campaign Against Political Correctness was a lobby group in the United Kingdom created to oppose what its founders described as political correctness. The campaign was founded by John and Laura Midgley in 2004. It increased its appeal by appearing on television programmes such as ITV's "This Morning". In 2005, John Midgley claimed that the Campaign had 5,000 supporters, including both those who had joined and those who had donated money or signed its petition. The campaign had the political support of MP Philip Davies and his father, controversial

neg: Campaign Against Political Correctness Campaign Against Political Correctness The Campaign Against Political Correctness was a lobby group in the United Kingdom created to oppose what its founders described as political correctness. The campaign was founded by John and Laura Midgley in 2004. It increased its appeal by appearing on television programmes such as ITV's "This Morning". In 2005, John Midgley claimed that the Campaign had 5,000 supporters, including both those who had joined and those who had donated money or signed its petition. The campaign had the political support of MP Philip Davies and his father, controversial and short-tenured Mayor of Doncaster, Peter Davies

neg: Political correctness confused concept of political correctness." In 2004, then Australian Labor leader Mark Latham described conservative calls for "civility" in politics as "the new political correctness." In 2012, Paul Krugman wrote: "the big threat to our discourse is right-wing political correctness, which – unlike the liberal version – has lots of power and money behind it. And the goal is very much the kind of thing Orwell tried to convey with his notion of Newspeak: to make it impossible to talk, and possibly even think, about ideas that challenge the established order." After Mike Pence was booed at a November 2016

neg: Political correctness the term emerged from conservative criticism of the New Left in the late 20th century. This usage was popularized by a number of articles in "The New York Times" and other media throughout the 1990s, and was widely used in the debate about Allan Bloom's 1987 book "The Closing of the American Mind", and gained further currency in response to Roger Kimball's "Tenured Radicals" (1990), and conservative author Dinesh D'Souza's 1991 book "Illiberal Education", in which he condemned what he saw as liberal efforts to advance self-victimization and multiculturalism through language, affirmative action, and changes to the content of school

neg: Golliwog was "mortified" and that her comment was about the similarity of Tsonga's appearance to the doll that she had as a child. In March 2011, two prospective Conservative local councillors resigned from the party after their membership was suspended following complaints from fellow party members that they had used images of golliwogs as part of a protest against political correctness. Bill and Star Etheridge, a married couple from the West Midlands who were due to stand in council elections for the Dudley borough, criticised the Conservative Party for going back on a pre-election pledge to curb political correctness, and felt

neg: C. Vann Woodward process and found that there was no evidence that political criteria had been used. In 1987 he joined the conservative scholars who made up the National Association of Scholars, a group explicitly opposed to the academic Left. Woodward wrote a favorable review in the "New York Review of Books" of Dinesh D'Souza's "Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus." It said that Duke University used racial criteria when it hired John Hope Franklin; Franklin and Woodward publicly feuded. Hackney says, "Woodward became an open critic of political correctness and in other ways appeared to have shifted his

neg: Remainder (law) whereas "remainder" is used to refer to an interest that would be a reversion, but is instead transferred to someone other than the grantor. Similarly to reversions, remainders are usually created in conjunction with a life estate, life estate pur autre vie, or fee tail estate (or a future interest that will eventually become one of these estates). Usage note: Although the term "reversion" is sometimes used to refer to the interest retained by a landlord when he grants possession to a tenant, not all real estate professionals can agree on the correctness of this usage of the term. Few

neg: Political correctness performance of Hamilton, president-elect Trump called it harassment and asked for a "safe and special place". Chrissy Teigen commented that it was "the very thing him and his supporters make fun of as liberal political correctness." Alex Nowrasteh of the Cato Institute defined the right's own version of political correctness as “patriotic correctness”. Vox editor Dara Lind summarized the definition as "a brand of right-wing hypersensitivity that gets just as offended by insults to American pride and patriotism (like protests against the president-elect or “The Star-Spangled Banner”) as any college activist gets over insults to diversity." Jim Geraghty of National

neg: Political correctness are part of a conspiracy with the ultimate goal of undermining Judeo-Christian values. This theory, which holds that political correctness originates from the critical theory of the Frankfurt School as part of a conspiracy that its proponents call "Cultural Marxism", is generally known as the Frankfurt School conspiracy theory by academics. The theory originated with Michael Minnicino's 1992 essay "New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'", published in a Lyndon LaRouche movement journal. In 2001, conservative commentator Patrick Buchanan wrote in "The Death of the West" that "political correctness is cultural Marxism", and that "its trademark is intolerance". In

neg: Gutmensch dictionary Duden, which included the term in 2000, defines "Gutmensch" as "a naive person who acts in an uncritical, exaggerated or tedious way while fighting for political correctness." According to researcher Rembert Hüser, the term "Gutmensch" was coined as a joke made by German feuilleton writers of the "generation 1989", such as Matthias Horx and Klaus Bittermann. They were among the authors of dictionaries opposing the protests of 1968. These dictionaries were written in the style of "Eckardt Henscheids Dummdeutsch" dictionary (dealing with language criticism) and can be considered a combination of popular and political literature. They did not differentiate

neg: E. Fuller Torrey book of that title, in 1997 he said the term "psychiatric survivor" used by ex-patients to describe themselves was just political correctness and he blamed them, along with civil rights lawyers, for the deaths of half a million people due to suicides and deaths on the street. His comments elicited a record number of letters in response, some in favour of Torrey but most against. The accusations have been described as inflammatory and completely unsubstantiated, and issues of self-determination and self-identity said to be more complex than Torrey realizes. In the same journal in 1999, Torrey and Miller of the

neg: Nursery rhyme rhymes became associated with the idea of political correctness. Most attempts to reform nursery rhymes on this basis appear to be either very small scale, light-hearted updating, like Felix Dennis's "When Jack Sued Jill – Nursery Rhymes for Modern Times" (2006), or satires written as if from the point of view of political correctness in order to condemn reform. The controversy in Britain in 1986 over changing the language of "Baa Baa Black Sheep" because, it was alleged in the popular press, it was seen as racially dubious, was apparently based only on a rewriting of the rhyme in one

neg: Correctness (computer science) or reliability estimation. Testing can be used as a generic metric as well. Correctness testing and reliability testing are two major areas of testing. Software testing is a trade-off between budget, time and quality. Correctness (computer science) In theoretical computer science, correctness of an algorithm is asserted when it is said that the algorithm is correct with respect to a specification. "Functional" correctness refers to the input-output behaviour of the algorithm (i.e., for each input it produces the expected output). A distinction is made between partial correctness, which requires that if an answer is returned it will be correct, and

neg: Claire Taylor more naturally to Taylor. At her peak, she used her intelligence to help manipulate the field; in an interview she described that, "when I'm batting at my best I have a 3D awareness of the shape of the field and where the spaces are." Taylor was the first woman to be selected as "Wisden's" Cricketer of the Year, in 2009. The editor of that years almanack, Scyld Berry noted that "there is no element of political correctness or publicity-seeking about her selection," and that she had been "chosen on merit, for being pre-eminent in her form of the game." She

neg: Group of 88 when Duke students were being shadowed by a rape accusation, one-ninth of their professoriate had effectively declared that those students did not deserve the presumption of innocence – primarily because so many of their fellow students were supposedly being victimized by the atmosphere of 'racism and sexism. Podhoretz quoted Stephen Baldwin, a professor of chemistry: "There was a collision between political correctness and due process, and political correctness won." In Howard Wasserman's "Institutional Failures", he cites an investigation into the lacrosse players' personal behavior by Duke Law School professor James Earl Coleman, who found the players were "good students who

neg: Zero-based numbering element. There is not wide agreement regarding the correctness of using zero as an ordinal (nor regarding the use of the term "zeroth") as it creates ambiguity for all subsequent elements of the sequence when lacking context. Numbering sequences starting at 0 is quite common in mathematics notation, in particular in combinatorics, though programming languages for mathematics usually index from 1. In computer science, array indices usually start at 0 in modern programming languages, so computer programmers might use "zeroth" in situations where others might use "first", and so forth. In some mathematical contexts, zero-based numbering can be used without

neg: Cosmic Trigger III: My Life After Death has made androphobia acceptable (he uses the term 'androphobia' in reference to the fear/hatred of all men on ideological grounds, rather than in the psychological sense). Although this argument could be construed by some as sexist, it is made clear that he is in agreement with the basic aims of traditional and mainstream feminism (i.e. the equality of women and men) and he only opposes the most extreme strains of feminism, and he also states that he is in agreement with many of the goals of political correctness, yet opposes the ‘fascist’ tactics used by some of its adherents to

neg: Psychiatric survivors movement experiential recovery rather than a biomedical model, or who protest against outpatient commitment. Torrey has said the term "psychiatric survivor" used by ex-patients to describe themselves is just political correctness and has blamed them, along with civil rights lawyers, for the deaths of half a million people due to suicides and deaths on the street. His accusations have been described as inflammatory and completely unsubstantiated, however, and issues of self-determination and self-identity said to be more complex than that. Psychiatric survivors movement The psychiatric survivors movement (more broadly peer/consumer/survivor/ex-patient movement) is a diverse association of individuals who either currently access

neg: Tarmacadam generic paved areas at airports, especially the apron near airport terminals, although these areas are often made of concrete. Similarly in the UK the word "tarmac" is much more commonly used by the public when referring to asphalt concrete. Tarmacadam Tarmacadam is a road surfacing material made by combining macadam surfaces, tar, and sand, patented by Welsh inventor Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1902. The terms "tarmacadam" and tarmac are also used, with varying degrees of correctness, for a variety of other materials, including tar-grouted macadam, bituminous surface treatments, and modern asphalt concrete. The term is also often used to describe

neg: Political correctness was granting reporting permits "only to pure 'Aryans' whose opinions are politically correct." As Marxist-Leninist movements gained political power, the phrase came to be associated with accusations of dogmatic application of doctrine, in debates between American Communists and American Socialists. This usage referred to the Communist party line which, in the eyes of the Socialists, provided "correct" positions on all political matters. According to American educator Herbert Kohl, writing about debates in New York in the late 1940s and early 1950s, In the 1970s, the American New Left began using the term "politically correct". In the essay "The Black Woman:

neg: Charles Laquidara spoke with a thick Boston accent and was used by Laquidara to point out the hypocrisy of political correctness. Duane Glasscock initially used a vulgar catchphrase suggesting anal sexual assault. When he was told not to utter the phrase on the air any more, he "cleaned it up" into the similar-sounding "Have you even been phoned in Upton, Mass. for being a lucky wise guy?" Duane opened most of his broadcasts and segments with the phrase "Hello, Rangooooooon!", following a signature sound effect. Laquidara revealed in an interview that the Glasscock character, who hosted his "own" show on Saturday mornings

neg: Political correctness Baa Rainbow Sheep" and had banned the original. But it was later reported that in fact the Parents and Children Together (PACT) nursery had the children "turn the song into an action rhyme... They sing happy, sad, bouncing, hopping, pink, blue, black and white sheep etc." This story was widely circulated and later extended to suggest that other language bans applied to the terms "black coffee" and "blackboard". "Private Eye" magazine reported that similar stories had been published in the British press since "The Sun" first ran them in 1986. Political correctness is often satirized, for example in "The PC

neg: Historical background of the New Testament of Pharisaic Judaism into Rabbinic Judaism. Although the Rabbis traced their origins to the Pharisees, Rabbinic Judaism nevertheless involved a radical repudiation of certain elements of Phariseism – elements that were basic to Second Temple Judaism. The Pharisees had been partisan. Members of different sects argued with one another over the correctness of their respective interpretations, see also Hillel and Shammai. After the destruction of the Second Temple, these sectarian divisions ended. The term "Pharisee" was no longer used, perhaps because it was a term more often used by non-Pharisees, but also because the term was explicitly sectarian. The Rabbis

neg: Caucus least the 1890s, when organized political parties began to emerge: the largest of them, the Liberal Party, used it to refer to its parliamentary members. It was introduced to Australia in 1901 by King O'Malley, an American-born Labour member of the first Federal Parliament. In New Zealand, the term is now used by all political parties, but in Australia, it continues to be used only by the Labor Party. For the Australian Liberal, National and Green parties, the usual equivalent term is "party room". In South Africa all parties use the term "caucus". In Canada, "caucus" refers to all members

neg: Gurio Lamanna a cluster of buildings nearby, was just named "Masseria Crocetta", but its real name instead was "Masseria Gurio Lamanna". Carmelo Colamonico identified the real nome of the area ("Masseria Gurio Lamanna") and first used the term "Gurio Lamanna" to refer to the doline. As a proof pf the correctness of Carmelo Colamonico's intuition, the word "gurio" is used in the Murge region to denote a large and flat sinkhole collecting a large amount of rainwater. The origin of the karst basin Gurio Lamanna can be explained with karst processes. The water coming from the relative drainage basin has slowly but

neg: Political correctness result, familiar with the Marxist use of the phrase. He argued that in doing so, they intended "to insinuate that egalitarian democratic ideas are actually authoritarian, orthodox and Communist-influenced, when they oppose the right of people to be racist, sexist, and homophobic." During the 1990s, conservative and right-wing politicians, think-tanks, and speakers adopted the phrase as a pejorative descriptor of their ideological enemies – especially in the context of the Culture Wars about language and the content of public-school curricula. Roger Kimball, in "Tenured Radicals", endorsed Frederick Crews's view that PC is best described as "Left Eclecticism", a term defined

neg: Robustness testing Robustness testing Robustness testing is any quality assurance methodology focused on testing the robustness of software. Robustness testing has also been used to describe the process of verifying the robustness (i.e. correctness) of test cases in a test process. ANSI and IEEE have defined robustness as the degree to which a system or component can function correctly in the presence of invalid inputs or stressful environmental conditions. The term "robustness testing" was first used by the Ballista project at Carnegie Mellon University. They performed testing of operating systems for dependability based on the data types of POSIX API, producing complete

neg: Raymond Poincaré Poincaré had retained his practice at the Bar during his political career, and he published several volumes of essays on literary and political subjects. "Poincarism" was a political movement over the period 1902–20. In 1902, the term was used by Georges Clemenceau to define a young generation of conservative politicians who had lost the idealism of the founders of the republic. After 1911, the term was used to mean "national renewal" when faced with the German threat. After the First World War, "Poincarism" refers to his support of business and financial interests. Poincaré was noted for his lifelong feud with

neg: Patently unreasonable 48). Patently unreasonable In Canadian law, patently unreasonable or the patent unreasonableness test was a standard of review used by a court when performing judicial review of administrative decisions. It was the highest of three standards of review: correctness, unreasonableness, and patent unreasonableness. Although the term "patent unreasonableness" lacked a precise definition in the common law, it was somewhere above unreasonableness, and consequently it was relatively difficult to show that a decision is patently unreasonable. A simple example of a patently unreasonable decision may be one that does not accord at all with the facts or law before it, or

neg: Patently unreasonable Patently unreasonable In Canadian law, patently unreasonable or the patent unreasonableness test was a standard of review used by a court when performing judicial review of administrative decisions. It was the highest of three standards of review: correctness, unreasonableness, and patent unreasonableness. Although the term "patent unreasonableness" lacked a precise definition in the common law, it was somewhere above unreasonableness, and consequently it was relatively difficult to show that a decision is patently unreasonable. A simple example of a patently unreasonable decision may be one that does not accord at all with the facts or law before it, or one

neg: Sangokujin Forces (JSDF). In the speech, Ishihara suggested that the JSDF would be needed to suppress Sangokujin criminal activity in the event of a catastrophic disaster in Tokyo. The governor later stated, "What is wrong with calling Sangokujins 'Sangokujins'?" Ishihara insisted that the term is a neutral reference to the Zainichi population for his generation. This has provoked much discussion about the political correctness of the term. Sangokujin In the immediate aftermath of the war, the legal status of Koreans and Taiwanese was not clear. The occupying American force enjoyed an immunity from the Japanese legal system. Some Koreans and Taiwanese

neg: Associated Press from the "Search Engine Land" website without permission, attribution, or credit. In April 2013, AP stated that it had dropped the term "illegal immigrant" from its stylebook. AP follows ABC, NBC, and CNN in not using the term. Jose Antonio Vargas commended The Associated Press for its decision. Syndicated writer Ruben Navarrette criticized the decision, stating the reasoning behind the decision was political correctness and called the blog "incomprehensible". Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano said of the decision, that she doesn't get involved in "vocabulary wars" and then stated "They are immigrants who are here illegally, that's an illegal

neg: Gutmensch a "political correctness", but mainly in the field of conservativeness, rightwing populism and rightwing totalitarianism. The political right use the term more often in order to discrediting political opposites. By downgrading "left" ideals to "do-goodism", they emphasise the claim to argue in an own realistic way and on a factual level while the "Gutmensch" are implied to have lost touch with reality, to have a weak reflecting capacity, an unrealistic and high claim or utopian ideas. Michael Klonovsky, for example, chief executive at German news magazine "Focus", accused: People who are offended in such a way see this as a

neg: Diccionario de la lengua española Rights. "Yerba-buena", an association of Spanish Gitanos ("Gypsies" in English), complains that one definition of "Gitano": "one who practices deceit" or "one who tricks", is offensive and could encourage racism; nevertheless, the word "gitano" does actually mean "trickster" in Spanish, and other Spanish dictionaries include this definition. Although the RAE dismissed the complaints as political correctness, saying "we simply photograph the landscape; we do not create it", in November 2014 it was announced they were going to modify the term, and in October 2015 it was changed. RAE also defined "woman" as "weak sex". On November 2017 the term was

neg: Test bench Test bench A test bench or testing workbench is an environment used to verify the correctness or soundness of a design or model. The term has its roots in the testing of electronic devices, where an engineer would sit at a lab bench with tools for measurement and manipulation, such as oscilloscopes, multimeters, soldering irons, wire cutters, and so on, and manually verify the correctness of the device under test (DUT). In the context of software or firmware or hardware engineering, a test bench is an environment in which the product under development is tested with the aid of software

neg: The Right Stuff (blog) December 2012, "The Right Stuff" described itself as "a political and cultural blog" which aims to create a dialogue uniting the alternative right, as well as deliberately offending what they saw as the regressive left and political correctness. It has been described as "a major hub for the dissemination of alt-right materials", and according to owner Mike Enoch had a core principle of ethnic nationalism. The blog also hosts and maintains a lexicon defining jargon used by its publications as well as the wider alt-right movement. "The Right Stuff" was one of the first websites to make use of the

neg: Pauline Hanson for the views it expressed on Aboriginal benefits, welfare, immigration and multiculturalism. During her term in Parliament, Hanson spoke on a wide range of social and economic issues including the need for a fairer child support scheme and concern for the emergence of the working class poor. She also called for more accountable and effective administration of Indigenous affairs. Hanson's supporters viewed her as an ordinary person who challenged 'political correctness' as a threat to Australia's identity. The reaction of the mainstream political parties was negative, with parliament passing a resolution (supported by all members except Graeme Campbell) condemning her

neg: Hindavi Swarajya Hindavi Swarajya Hindavi Swarajya (हिन्दवी स्वराज्य; IPA: Hindavī Svarājya) ("self-rule of Hindu/Indian people", meaning independence from foreign rule) is a term for socio-political movements seeking to remove foreign military and political influences from India. The term was first used in a 1645 CE letter by Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire when fighting back Mughal rule. The term "Swarajya" was later adopted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, one of the early leaders of the Indian independence movement against the British Empire. Early modern Maratha warrior Shivaji is believed to have used the phrase "Hindavi Swarajya" in a letter to Dadaji Naras

neg: Political opportunity when all three of these components are present, the movement has a chance to succeed. Along with social movement research, Thibodeaux argues that political opportunity structures should be used when analyzing the importance and meaning of social problems. Within the structure and agency debate, actions of activists (agents) can only be understood when seen in the broader context of political opportunities (structure). The term structure has been used to characterize political opportunities in older scholarship. A political opportunity structure has been defined as the circumstances surrounding a political landscape. However, Tarrow – who has used this term in his earlier

neg: Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language reproduced) reprint. However, this was not an exact reproduction of an original: derivatives of the root ("jew") were removed from page 541 of volume 1. This ambiguous censorship stems from controversy over the use of two roots used concurrently in Russian and in many other European languages. Although Russian "жид" is equivalent to , English: "jew"; while corresponds to and English: "hebrew", the first form (widely used in Russian literature through the 19th century (Lermontov, Gogol et al.)) was later considered an expletive with a tinge of antisemitism. To ensure "political correctness", the 1955 editors decided to remove the entire

neg: Process modeling models can all be grouped under 2 groups namely correctness and usefulness of a model, correctness ranges from the model correspondence to the phenomenon that is modeled to its correspondence to syntactical rules of the modeling and also it is independent of the purpose to which the model is used. Whereas the usefulness can be seen as the model being helpful for the specific purpose at hand for which the model is constructed at first place. Hommes also makes a further distinction between internal correctness (empirical, syntactical and semantic quality) and external correctness (validity). A common starting point for defining

neg: Pharisees of different sects did, however, argue with one another over the correctness of their respective interpretations, although there is no significant, reliable record of such debates between sects. After the destruction of the Second Temple, these sectarian divisions ended. The Rabbis avoided the term "Pharisee," perhaps because it was a term more often used by non-Pharisees, but also because the term was explicitly sectarian. The Rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews, and added to the Amidah the "birkat haMinim", a prayer which in part exclaims, "Praised are You O Lord, who breaks enemies and defeats the wicked," and which is

neg: Michael Smerconish Senator Arlen Specter. Ultimately, Smerconish wrote his first book, "Flying Blind: How Political Correctness Continues to Compromise Airline Safety Post 9/11" (2004), about his investigation, and donated all proceeds to the Garden of Reflection, a 9/11 tribute garden in his native Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Smerconish's second book, a "New York Times" best-seller titled "Muzzled: From T-Ball to Terrorism – True Stories That Should Be Fiction" (2007), sought to link the restraint of fighting the war on terror to domestic political correctness. His third book, another "New York Times" best-seller, "Murdered by Mumia: A Life Sentence of Loss, Pain, and Injustice"

neg: BoJack Horseman ten biggest influences were: Since its first season, "Bojack" has addressed many hot-button sociopolitical issues. Its creator, Raphael Bob-Waksberg, once said that he considered the concept of "political correctness" something that other comedians and media creators should view as more of a responsibility: In a 2017 interview with VICE, he said, "I think most people who argue for what you might call political correctness, are not actually arguing for censorship. They're arguing for self-control and self-restraint. They're arguing for people to be conscious of the power they have, right? And I believe that I have a lot of power, as

neg: Wagon corfs. A wagon was formerly called a wain and one who builds or repairs wagons is a wainwright. More specifically, a wain is a type of horse- or oxen-drawn, load-carrying vehicle, used for agricultural purposes rather than transporting people. A wagon or cart, usually four-wheeled; for example, a haywain, normally has four wheels, but the term has now acquired slightly poetical connotations, so is not always used with technical correctness. However, a two-wheeled "haywain" would be a hay cart, as opposed to a carriage. "Wain" is also an archaic term for a chariot. "Wain" can also be a verb, to

neg: Isolation (database systems) means reduced performance (rates of execution), and thus concurrency control mechanisms are typically designed to provide the best performance possible under the constraints. Often, when possible without harming correctness, the serializability property is compromised for better performance. However, recoverability cannot be compromised, since such typically results in a quick database integrity violation. Two-phase locking is the most common transaction concurrency control method in DBMSs, used to provide both serializability and recoverability for correctness. In order to access a database object a transaction first needs to acquire a lock for this object. Depending on the access operation type (e.g., reading or

neg: Linguistic prescription understood. Similarly, stability of a language over time helps one to understand writings from the past. Linguistic prescription may also be used to advance a social or political ideology. During the second half of the 20th century, efforts driven by various advocacy groups had considerable influence on language use under the broad banner of "political correctness", to promote special rules for anti-sexist, anti-racist, or generically anti-discriminatory language (e.g. "people-first language" as advocated by disability rights organizations). George Orwell criticized the use of euphemisms and convoluted phrasing as a means of hiding insincerity in "Politics and the English Language" (1946). His

neg: Oikophobia the American universities, in the guise of political correctness." Scruton's usage has been taken up by some American political commentators to refer to what they see as a rejection of traditional American culture by the liberal elite. In August 2010 James Taranto wrote a column in the "Wall Street Journal" entitled "Oikophobia: Why the liberal elite finds Americans revolting", in which he criticized supporters of the proposed Islamic center in New York as oikophobes who were defending Muslims who aimed, in his words, to "exploit the 9/11 atrocity". In the Netherlands, the term oikophobia has been adopted by politician and

neg: Canada Day of the past [and] a misreading of history, laden with political correctness and historical ignorance". The holiday was officially renamed as a result of a private member's bill that was passed through the House of Commons on July 9, 1982, two years after its first reading. Only 12 Members of Parliament were present when the bill was taken up again, eight fewer than the necessary quorum; however, according to parliamentary rules, the quorum is enforceable only at the start of a sitting or when a member calls attention to it. The group passed the bill in five minutes, without debate,

neg: TLA+ Lamport became interested in the problem after peer review found an error in a paper he submitted on mutual exclusion. Ed Ashcroft introduced invariance in his 1975 paper "Proving Assertions About Parallel Programs", which Lamport used to generalize Floyd's method in his 1977 paper "Proving Correctness of Multiprocess Programs". Lamport's paper also introduced safety and liveness as generalizations of partial correctness and termination, respectively. This method was used to verify the first concurrent garbage collection algorithm in a 1978 paper with Edsger Dijkstra. Lamport first encountered Pnueli's LTL during a 1978 seminar at Stanford organized by Susan Owicki. According to

neg: Information cascade the problem is that the concept of an information cascade is confused with ideas that do not match the two key conditions of the process, such as social proof, information diffusion, and social influence. Indeed, the term information cascade has even been used to refer to such processes. Information cascades occur when external information obtained from previous participants in an event overrides one's own private signal, irrespective of the correctness of the former over the latter. The experiment conducted in is a useful example of this process. The experiment consisted of two urns labeled A and B. Urn A contains

neg: Human computer Human computer The term "computer", in use from the early 17th century (the first known written reference dates from 1613), meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematical calculations, before electronic computers became commercially available. "The human computer is supposed to be following fixed rules; he has no authority to deviate from them in any detail." Teams of people were frequently used to undertake long and often tedious calculations; the work was divided so that this could be done in parallel. Frequently, the same calculations were performed independently by separate teams to check the correctness of the results. Since the

neg: Political life of Clint Eastwood part of the film's 25th anniversary, Eastwood decried what he saw as political correctness within society. Recalling the release of "Dirty Harry", Eastwood commented, "A lot of people thought [Dirty Harry] was politically incorrect. That was at the beginning of the era that we’re in now with political correctness. We are killing ourselves, we’ve lost our sense of humor. But I thought it was interesting and it was daring." Eastwood registered as a Republican in order to vote for Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and he passively supported Richard Nixon's 1968 and 1972 presidential campaigns. He later criticized Nixon's morality

neg: Smith & Wesson Model 57 they were struggling with political correctness and pursued positive public relations to offset any possible public perception of police brutality. Although the .41 Magnum was adopted as a police departmental standard by a few cities such as Amarillo and San Antonio TX, and San Francisco CA most chose to pass. In addition, introduced in the shadow of its limelight-grabbing 'big brother' the .44 Magnum Model 29, the Model 57 struggled from its onset to garner much market share. This gap widened further when Clint Eastwood used a "Most powerful handgun in the world" Model 29 in the popular film Dirty

neg: Learning with errors a similar result assuming only the classical hardness of the related problem formula_137. The disadvantage of Peikert's result is that it bases itself on a non-standard version of an easier (when compared to SIVP) problem GapSVP. Regev proposed a public-key cryptosystem based on the hardness of the LWE problem. The cryptosystem as well as the proof of security and correctness are completely classical. The system is characterized by formula_138 and a probability distribution formula_43 on formula_15. The setting of the parameters used in proofs of correctness and security is The cryptosystem is then defined by: The proof of correctness follows

neg: Multitude Multitude Multitude is a term for a group of people who cannot be classed under any other distinct category, except for their shared fact of existence. The term has a history of use reaching back to antiquity, but took on a strictly political concept when it was first used by Machiavelli and reiterated by Spinoza. The multitude is a concept of a population that has not entered into a social contract with a sovereign political body, such that individuals retain the capacity for political self-determination. A multitude typically classified as a quantity exceeding 100. For Hobbes the multitude was a

neg: Jeremy Corbyn for whom English was a first language, when it isn't for the ambassador." He further stated that he had used the term Zionist in an "accurate political sense and not as a euphemism for Jewish people" and that he would be careful using the term "Zionist" because the political term had been "hijacked as code for Jews". In August 2018, former Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks called Corbyn's remarks "the most offensive statement made by a senior British politician since Enoch Powell's 1968 'rivers of blood' speech." In August 2015, dozens of Jewish critics of Israel wrote a letter to "The

neg: Confidence weighting three components of the Risk Inclination Model. Confidence weighting Confidence weighting (CW) is concerned with measuring two variables: (1) what a respondent believes is a correct answer to a question and (2) what degree of certainty the respondent has toward the correctness of this belief. "Confidence weighting" when applied to a specific answer selection for a particular test or exam question is referred to in the literature from cognitive psychology as item-specific confidence, a term typically used by researchers who investigate metamemory or metacognition, comprehension monitoring, or feeling-of-knowing. Item-specific confidence is defined as calibrating the relationship between an objective performance

neg: Confidence weighting Confidence weighting Confidence weighting (CW) is concerned with measuring two variables: (1) what a respondent believes is a correct answer to a question and (2) what degree of certainty the respondent has toward the correctness of this belief. "Confidence weighting" when applied to a specific answer selection for a particular test or exam question is referred to in the literature from cognitive psychology as item-specific confidence, a term typically used by researchers who investigate metamemory or metacognition, comprehension monitoring, or feeling-of-knowing. Item-specific confidence is defined as calibrating the relationship between an objective performance of accuracy (e.g., a test answer selection)

neg: Ray Bradbury used his fiction to explore and criticize his culture and society. Bradbury observed, for example, that "Fahrenheit 451" touches on the alienation of people by media: Bradbury stated the novel worked as a critique of the later development of political correctness: In a 1982 essay, he wrote, "People ask me to predict the Future, when all I want to do is prevent it". This intent had been expressed earlier by other authors, who sometimes attributed it to him. On May 24, 1956, Bradbury appeared on television in Hollywood on the popular quiz show "You Bet Your Life" hosted by Groucho

neg: Rohingya people an ethnic identifier but as a political one. Leider believes the Rohingya is a political movement that started in the 1950s to create "an autonomous Muslim zone" in Rakhine. The government of Prime Minister U Nu, when Burma was a democracy from 1948–1962, used the term "Rohingya". When the Mayu Frontier District was created covering Rohingya-majority areas, the term "Rohingya" was recognized by the Burmese government. The term was broadcast on Burmese radio and was used in the speeches of Burmese rulers. A UNHCR report on refugees caused by Operation King Dragon referred to the victims as "Bengali Muslims (called

neg: Pyotr Boborykin when Boborykin first used it in the press. He explained that the term was borrowed from German culture, where it was used to describe the part of society which is engaged in intellectual activity. He added a special meaning to the term: the definition of intellectuals as representatives of "high intellectual and ethical culture," and not simply "knowledge workers". In his view, the Russian intelligentsia was a special moral and ethical phenomenon. Intellectuals in this sense were representatives of different professional groups, different political beliefs, but with a common spiritual and moral foundation. The use of the term "intelligentsia" in

neg: Syndicalism newspapers and debated political issues. "Syndicalism" is used by some interchangeably with "anarcho-syndicalism". This term was first used in 1907, by socialists criticizing the political neutrality of the CGT, although it was rarely used until the early 1920s when communists used it disparagingly. Only from 1922 was it used by self-avowed anarcho-syndicalists. Syndicalism has traditionally been seen as a current within anarchism, but in some countries it was dominated by Marxists rather than anarchists. This was the case in Italy and much of the Anglophone world, including Ireland where anarchists had no significant influence on syndicalism. The extent to which

neg: Barenaked Ladies band's first Top 40 hit in Canada. Sales of "The Yellow Tape" were jump-started when the band was taken off the bill for the 1991 New Year's Eve concert in Nathan Phillips Square outside Toronto City Hall because a staffer for then-mayor June Rowlands saw the band's name and felt it objectified women; the decision was further affirmed by city councillor Chris Korwin-Kuczynski. The band shrugged it off and booked another show at McMaster University. However, the media got wind of the story and decided to write about it as an example of political correctness gone too far. The first

neg: Ardfheis Democrats do not use the term "ardfheis". Many political parties who use the term Ardfheis, also use the term "Ard Chomhairle" which means National Executive Committee. It literally translates as "High Council". Ardfheis Ard Fheis or Ardfheis ( "high assembly"; plural "Ardfheiseanna") is the name used by many Irish political parties for their annual party conference. The term was first used by Conradh na Gaeilge, the Irish language cultural organisation, for its annual convention. Among the parties who use the term "Ardfheis" are: In Northern Ireland, the term is not used by the Social Democratic and Labour Party, or by