query: when was free health care introduced in canada

pos: Healthcare in Canada OECD country, while its performance for use of resources and quality and clinical performance is mixed." Healthcare in Canada Healthcare in Canada is delivered through thirteen provincial and territorial systems of publicly funded health care, informally called Medicare. It is guided by the provisions of the Canada Health Act of 1984. The government ensures the quality of care through federal standards. The government does not participate in day-to-day care or collect any information about an individual's health, which remains confidential between a person and their physician. Canada's provincially based Medicare systems are cost-effective because of their administrative simplicity. In each

pos: Canada Health Act the resulting political uproar, the federal government again turned to Justice Emmett Hall and asked him to report on the future of medicare. His 1979 report, 'Canada's National-Provincial Health Program for the 1980s' noted some of the areas recommended in his earlier report which had not yet been acted on, and warned that accessibility to health care was being threatened through rising user fees. The federal response was to pass the 1984 "Canada Health Act" which replaced both HIDS and the Medical Care Act and clarified the federal conditions. On December 12, 1983, the "Canada Health Act" was introduced by

pos: Single-payer healthcare such as in the UK or Spain. Alternatively, the government may purchase healthcare services from outside organizations, such as the approach taken in Canada. Healthcare in Canada is delivered through a publicly funded healthcare system, which is mostly free at the point of use and has most services provided by private entities. The system was established by the provisions of the Canada Health Act of 1984. The government assures the quality of care through federal standards. The government does not participate in day-to-day care or collect any information about an individual's health, which remains confidential between a person and his

pos: History of medicine in Canada 1962 after defeating the Saskatchewan doctors' strike in July. The programs in Saskatchewan and Alberta proved a success and the federal government of Lester B. Pearson introduced the Medical Care Act in 1966 that extended the HIDS Act cost-sharing to allow each province to establish a universal health care plan – an initiative that was drafted and initiated by the Liberal Party and supported by the New Democratic Party (NDP). It also set up the Medicare system. In 1984, the Canada Health Act was passed under a majority Liberal government, which prohibited user fees and extra billing by doctors. In

pos: Medicare (Canada) funded system was originally led by Premier Tommy Douglas and implemented by Woodrow Stanley Lloyd, who became premier of the province when Douglas resigned to become the leader of the new federal New Democratic Party. Although Saskatchewan is often credited with the birth of public health care funding in Canada, the federal legislation itself was actually drafted (and first proposed to parliament) by Allan MacEachen, a Liberal MP from Cape Breton. In 1984, the Canada Health Act was passed, amalgamating the 1966 Medical Care Act and the 1957 Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act. The Canada Health Act affirmed and

neg: Universal health care system was created in a series of steps, from 1939 to 1941. In Australia, the state of Queensland introduced a free public hospital system in the 1940s. Following World War II, universal health care systems began to be set up around the world. On July 5, 1948, the United Kingdom launched its universal National Health Service. Universal health care was next introduced in the Nordic countries of Sweden (1955), Iceland (1956), Norway (1956), Denmark (1961), and Finland (1964). Universal health insurance was then introduced in Japan (1961), and in Canada through stages, starting with the province of Saskatchewan in 1962,

neg: History of medicine in Canada Federation government in Saskatchewan passed the "Saskatchewan Hospitalization Act", which guaranteed free hospital care for much of the population. Tommy Douglas had hoped to provide universal health care, but the province did not have the money. In 1950, Alberta's Social Credit party also introduced a public health care plan. Alberta, however, created Medical Services (Alberta) Incorporated (MS(A)I) in 1948 to provide prepaid health services. This scheme eventually provided medical coverage to over 90% of the population. In 1957, the majority Liberal government under Louis St. Laurent passed the Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act to fund 50% of the cost

neg: Health and welfare trust Health and welfare trust A Health and welfare trust (HAWT) or Health and welfare plan (HAWP) is a tax-free vehicle for financing a corporation's healthcare costs for their employees. They were introduced in 1986 by Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) in their interpretation bulletin entitled IT-85R2. Many companies offer this product to Canadian employers. A HWT is a bank account established exclusively for the purpose of health care spending. They are a part of the family of health spending accounts in the world of group benefits in Canada. A Health & Welfare Trust (HWT) is an arrangement through which an employer

neg: Norman Bethune Bethune frequently sought out the poor and gave them free medical care. He challenged his professional colleagues and agitated, without success, for the government to make radical reforms of medical care and health services in Canada. Bethune was an early proponent of socialized medicine and formed the Montreal Group for the Security of People's Health. In 1935 Bethune travelled to the Soviet Union to observe firsthand their system of health care. During this year he became a committed Communist and joined the Communist Party of Canada. When returning from the Spanish Civil War to raise support for the Loyalist cause,

neg: Refugee health care in Canada problem and generating political support for its resolution. In Canada, the provision of basic health care for refugees and refugee claimants is regulated by the Interim Federal Health Programme (IFHP) before they are covered by provincial or territorial health insurance plans. The IFHP was introduced through an Order-in-Council by the federal government in 1957 and has been managed by Citizenship and Immigration Canada since 1995. Prior to June 2012, the IFHP provided refugees and asylum seekers with basic health care coverage as well as supplemental coverage including access to medication, dentistry, and vision care. Those whose application for refugee status

neg: Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005 the main campaigners for smoke-free legislation, and recognition of their role was confirmed when Maureen Moore (Chief Executive of ASH Scotland) received an OBE in June 2006 for services to healthcare. Smoking in enclosed public spaces was later banned in England and Wales by the Health Act 2006, and in Northern Ireland by the Smoking (Northern Ireland) Order 2006. Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005 The Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005 (asp 13) is an Act of the Scottish Parliament passed in 2005, after being introduced by Scottish Executive Health minister Andy Kerr. The Act

neg: Health in Algeria the change of Algeria’s independence in 1962, The Algerian health care system was very minor consisting of 1 physician per 33,000 people, estimated 300 doctors in all and one trained paramedic per 40,000 people. The country has made major changes and progresses in its policies and systems in health care. From 1975 onward, the Algerian government introduced a free national health care system. Hospital treatment, medications, and outpatient care became free to all citizens of Algeria. The national medical insurance scheme covers 90% of the entire population. The Algerian government decided to invest in government run expansive health care centres

neg: Willy Brandt the Interior to decree protection areas for each of those mentioned airports with approval by the "Bundesrat," the representation of the German Federal States. In the field of health care, various measures were introduced to improve the quality and availability of health care provision. Free hospital care was introduced for 9 million recipients of social relief, while a contributory medical service for 23 million panel patients was introduced. Pensioners were exempted from paying a 2% health insurance contribution, while improvements in health insurance provision were carried out, as characterised by an expanded sickness insurance scheme, with the inclusion of preventative

neg: Healthcare in Algeria graduating large numbers of doctors. At the start of Algeria's independence in 1962, The Algerian health care system was very minor consisting of 1 physician per 33,000 people, estimated 300 doctors in all and one trained paramedic per 40,000 people. The country has made major changes and progresses in its policies and systems in health care. From 1975 onward, the Algerian government introduced a free national health care system. Hospital treatment, medications, and outpatient care became free to all citizens of Algeria. The national medical insurance scheme covers 90% of the entire population. Under the public health insurance system, vulnerable

neg: History of the Liberal Party of Canada a champion of 'progressive social policy'. As Prime Minister for most of the time between 1921 and 1948, King introduced several measures that led to the creation of Canada's social safety net. Bowing to popular pressure, he introduced the mother's allowance, a monthly payment to all mothers with young children. He also reluctantly introduced old age pensions when J. S. Woodsworth required it in exchange for his Co-operative Commonwealth Federation party's support of King's minority government. Later, Lester B. Pearson introduced universal health care, the Canada Pension Plan, Canada Student Loans, and the Canada Assistance Plan (which provided funding for

neg: Healthcare in Sweden x-ray, rheumatism specialist, heart surgery operations and so on. The same fee is levied for ambulance services. After 1100 SEK have been paid, health-care for the rest of the year will be provided free of charge. Dental care is not included in the general health care system, but is partly subsidized by the government. Dental care is free for youths up to 19 years of age, while a general dental care insurance (introduced in 1974) covers all inhabitants from the age of 20 onwards. Mental health care is an integrated part of the health care system and is subject to

neg: Free-market healthcare for care, denial of care to some, and overall mismanagement. Skeptics argue that health care as an unregulated commodity invokes market failures not present with government regulation and that selling health care as a commodity leads to both unfair and inefficient systems with poorer individuals being unable to afford preventive care. The health freedom movement supports free choice in healthcare. The libertarian Ludwig von Mises Institute argues in favor of deregulation of the medical profession and healthcare sector. A leading supporter of the movement, former Republican congressman Ron Paul introduced the Health Freedom Protection Act in the U.S. Congress in

neg: Health in Morocco changes. Health in Morocco Morocco became an independent country in 1956. At that time there were only 400 private practitioners and 300 public health physicians in the entire country. By 1992, the government had thoroughly improved their health care service and quality. Health care was made available to over 70% of the population. Programs and courses to teach health and hygiene have been introduced to inform parents and children on how to correctly care for their own and their families' health. The first health care policy in Morocco was devised in 1959, with majority of the free healthcare services and

neg: Health in Morocco Health in Morocco Morocco became an independent country in 1956. At that time there were only 400 private practitioners and 300 public health physicians in the entire country. By 1992, the government had thoroughly improved their health care service and quality. Health care was made available to over 70% of the population. Programs and courses to teach health and hygiene have been introduced to inform parents and children on how to correctly care for their own and their families' health. The first health care policy in Morocco was devised in 1959, with majority of the free healthcare services and management

neg: District health authority District health authority A district health authority was an administrative territorial entity of the National Health Service in England and Wales introduced by the National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973. There are district health authorities in the Canadian health system. See Health care in Canada. District health authorities existed in Britain from 1974 to 1996. Until 1982 there was a tier above them - the Area health authority. There were 205 when they were established in 1974, but some were later amalgamated. In 1979 there were 199. The districts were a third tier below the regional health authority and the

neg: Americans for Prosperity Now television advertisement, a Canadian woman, Shona Holmes, said she could not get timely treatment in Canada and ultimately was treated in the U.S. Patients United Now staged more than three hundred rallies to oppose the Obama administration's proposed Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). In summer 2009, Patients First sponsored a six-week "Hands Off My Health Care" bus tour. Hands Off My Health Care events included rallies protesting against the health care plan and collected signatures in an effort to raise awareness about free-market-based health care reforms. AFP held Hands Off My Health Care events in more than

neg: Canadian Doctors for Medicare functions as an outlet for physicians and concerned Canadians across the country to advocate for measures that strengthen and improve Canadian Medicare. Relying on evidence-based research, the group points to four essential categories that health care models should conform to in order to meet founding principles established in the Canada Health Act: 1. Equitable access: Health care should be free of financial barriers, such as payment at the point of service for medically necessary treatment. It should also be free from those barriers associated with race, gender, age, health, and so forth. 2. High-quality care: Any transformation of Canadian health

neg: Refugee health care in Canada were denied retained coverage until they were deported. The Canadian government introduced a series of changes in April 2012, which came into effect on June 30, 2012. As of June 30, 2012, IFHP divides asylum seekers into three categories with differing levels of health coverage depending upon the person's country of origin. There are now three baskets of services: (1) expanded health care coverage, (2) health care coverage, and (3) public health or public safety health care coverage. If the refugee claimant is from a designated country of origin, they will receive “very limited” health coverage. Some of the provinces

neg: District health authority the 1990s. In 1996 new single-tier health authorities replaced districts and areas and the regions were again reorganised. In 2002 Health Authorities were replaced by Primary Care Trusts. See "List of district health authorities in England and Wales". District health authority A district health authority was an administrative territorial entity of the National Health Service in England and Wales introduced by the National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973. There are district health authorities in the Canadian health system. See Health care in Canada. District health authorities existed in Britain from 1974 to 1996. Until 1982 there was a tier above

neg: Rural poverty same quality of care despite location. The CNO is responsible for providing quality care to the public including making healthcare accessible. For those living in rural Canada, they may face various challenges when trying to access health care. Difficulties which rural areas experience when accessing health care include long distances between health services, lack of transportation, increase amount of elderly, fewer health care providers, and limited awareness of resources available. To receive Federal funding from the government, the Canada Health Act acknowledges that five principles must be met, these include universality, accessibility, comprehensiveness, portability, and public administration. For those living

neg: Healthcare reform debate in the United States Canadian and American health care systems compared). Canada's system is largely publicly funded. In 2006, Americans spent an estimated US$6,714 per capita on health care, while Canadians spent US$3,678. This amounted to 15% percent of U.S. GDP in that year, while Canada spent 10%. A study by Harvard Medical School and the Canadian Institute for Health Information determined that some 31% of U.S. health care dollars (more than $1,000 per person per year) went to health care administrative costs. Advocates argue that shifting the U.S. to a single-payer health care system would provide universal coverage, give patients free choice of

neg: Medicare (Australia) Medicare (Australia) Medicare is the publicly funded universal health care system in Australia. Operated by the Department of Human Services, Medicare is the primary funder of health care in Australia, funding primary health care for Australian citizens and permanent residents including Norfolk Island. Residents are entitled to a rebate for treatment from medical practitioners, eligible midwives, nurse practitioners and allied health professionals who have been issued a Medicare provider number, and can also obtain free treatment in public hospitals. The plan was introduced in 1975 by the Whitlam Government as "Medibank", and was limited to paying customers only in 1976

neg: John Fleming (American politician) subject of more than 50 repeal attempts by the Republican-controlled House. Fleming called the ACA "the most dangerous piece of legislation ever passed by Congress." When asked about fixing the healthcare law instead of repealing it, he said it was "not fixable or repairable." Fleming helped write, cosponsored and introduced the Republican Study Committee's American Health Care Reform Act of 2013, which was re-introduced in 2015. The legislation would have repealed the ACA and the health care provisions of the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 and implemented different health-care related provisions. In a September 19, 2011, interview

neg: Universal health care followed by the rest of Canada from 1968 to 1972. The Soviet Union extended universal health care to its rural residents in 1969. Italy introduced its "Servizio Sanitario Nazionale" (National Health Service) in 1978. Universal health insurance was implemented in Australia beginning with the "Medibank" system which led to universal coverage under the Medicare system. From the 1970s to the 2000s, Southern and Western European countries began introducing universal coverage, most of them building upon previous health insurance programs to cover the whole population. For example, France built upon its 1928 national health insurance system, with subsequent legislation covering a

neg: Medical tourism medical facilities have since been similarly accredited. Mexico Mexico has 98 hospitals accredited by the country’s Federal Health Ministry and 7 hospitals which are JCI-accredited. Mexico is most reputed for advanced care in dentistry and cosmetic surgery. Medical care in Mexico saves a patient 40% to 65% compared to the cost of similar services in the US. In comparison to US health costs, patients can save 30 to 60 percent on health costs in Canada. In the early 1990s, Americans illegally using counterfeit, borrowed, or fraudulently obtained Canadian health insurance cards to obtain free healthcare in Canada became a serious

neg: National Health Service restricted, with new overseas visitor hospital charging regulations introduced in 2015. Citizens of the EU holding a valid European Health Insurance Card and persons from certain other countries with which the UK has reciprocal arrangements concerning health care can get emergency treatment without charge. The NHS is free at the point of use, for general practitioner (GP) and emergency treatment not including admission to hospital, to non-residents. People with the right to medical care in European Economic Area (EEA) nations are also entitled to free treatment by using the European Health Insurance Card. Those from other countries with which the

neg: Center for Medicine in the Public Interest on advertising in the European Union. The Economist Intelligence Unit has written that the organisation generally takes a pro-drug industry viewpoint. CMMPI is a strong opponent of socialized medicine and favors a free-market approach to health care policy. The center created website called BigGovHealth.org to tell the stories of people who faced difficulties with the health care systems in Europe and Canada. The site also includes interviews with health policy experts in Europe and Canada. CMPI was founded by Peter Pitts, former FDA Associate Commissioner for External Relations under the Bush administration, and Dr. Robert Goldberg, former fellow at the

neg: Long-term care insurance in Germany insured people of the private health insurance. The spouse and children of members of social care insurance are entitled to premium-free family insurance. With this system, a cover for the entire population was introduced. The care need people receive the benefits of insurance cover in three stages. The stages are referred to as levels of care and serve the classification of the claims of each care dependent person. The decision for the classification in the care insurance is made with substantial consideration of the nursing report. It is created by the medical service of health insurance, in which the insured

neg: Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada The Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada, also known as the Romanow Report, is a committee study led by Roy Romanow on the future of health care in Canada. It was delivered in December 2002. Romanow recommended sweeping changes to ensure the long-term sustainability of Canada's health care system. The proposed changes were outlined in the Commission's Final Report, Building on Values: The Future of Health Care in Canada, which was tabled in the House of Commons on 28 November 2002. Although the Report of the

neg: Michael Manley was introduced, together with a new mental health law and the family court. Free health care for all Jamaicans was introduced, while health clinics and a paramedical system in rural areas were established. Various clinics were also set up to facilitate access to medical drugs. Spending on education was significantly increased, while the number of doctors and dentists in the country rose. Project Lend Lease, an agricultural programme designed to provide rural labourers and smallholders with more land through tenancy, was introduced, together with a National Youth Service Programme for high school graduates to teach in schools, vocational training, and

neg: New Deal grants for public health services. The Emergency Maternity and Infant Care Program (EMIC), introduced in March 1943 by the Children's Bureau, provided free maternity care and medical treatment during an infant's first year for the wives and children of military personnel in the four lowest enlisted pay grades. One out of seven births was covered during its operation. EMIC paid $127 million to state health departments to cover the care of 1.2 million new mothers and their babies. The average cost of EMIC maternity cases completed was $92.49 for medical and hospital care. A striking effect was the sudden rapid

neg: Canada Health Act World War II and the still active memories of the Great Depression. Following the collapse of the conference proposals in 1946, in 1947, the social democratic premier of Saskatchewan, Tommy Douglas of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) established Canada's first publicly funded hospital insurance plan. Other provinces - including British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario, introduced their own insurance plans, with varying degrees of coverage, and varying degrees of success. When Newfoundland joined Canada, it brought along its system of cottage hospitals. These policy initiatives increased pressure on the federal government, flush with post-war financial resources, to buy-in to health care

neg: United States National Health Care Act years of hospitalization and is often terminal. The bill was first introduced in 2003, when it had 25 cosponsors, and has been reintroduced in each Congress since. During the 2009 health care debates over the bill that became the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, H.R. 676 was expected to be debated and voted upon by the House in September 2009, but was never debated. On 13 September 2017, Senator Bernie Sanders introduced a parallel bill in the United States Senate with 16 cosponsors. The act would establish a universal single-payer health care system in the United States. The summary

neg: Thyroid Cancer Canada all individuals dealing with the disease. TCC’s goals and objectives include facilitating communication among thyroid cancer patients, providing credible information about the disease, providing emotional support, and assisting thyroid cancer patients with voicing their needs to health care professionals and those who are responsible for health care policy. TCC liaises with groups with similar or corresponding mandates. TCC governs itself within the values and principles outlined in its By-Laws and Terms of Reference (available by request). Thyroid Cancer Canada supports patients with free programs via: Thyroid Cancer Canada Thyroid Cancer Canada (TCC) is a volunteer organization dedicated to supporting patients

neg: Affordable housing in Canada shortage of affordable housing was "having a detrimental effect on Canadians' health, which, in turn, reduces their productivity, limits our national competitiveness, and indirectly drives up the cost of health care and welfare." Stress, asthma, and diabetes are connected to inadequate housing. Until 2017, Canada was the only major country in the world, and the only G8 nation, that lacked a National Housing Strategy. Housing initiatives have been introduced and funded by the federal, provincial, territorial and municipal governments, along with civil society organizations (including the charitable sector). Canada's National Housing Strategy was introduced in 2017 and provides $40 billion

neg: St. Camillus Centre Lesotho government introduced new care services to its citizens. Free HIV counseling and testing began in March 2004 with the “Know Your Status” program and in November 2004 free antiretroviral therapy (ART) was offered to the public. The government also planned to train 3,600 community health workers to provide HIV counseling and testing, though just over seven hundred had been identified by October 2006. With severely limited numbers of health care professionals and significant challenges to reaching remote villages, only about 8,400 HIV positive Basotho were on ART by the end of 2005 and only 2% of the target population

neg: Health Council of Canada had completed its mandate. In September 2013, an independent evaluation conducted by KPMG found that "the Health Council is the top [Canadian] organization that comes to mind among its key audiences when it comes to seeking information on both health system performance and innovative practices in health care." The Health Council of Canada’s work will still be available online. Content from the Health Innovation Portal has been transferred to Accreditation Canada’s leading practices database, and the Health Council’s website is archived online. Better health, better care, better value for all: Refocusing health care reform in Canada Progress reports Canadian Health

neg: Healthcare in Georgia (country) covers a range of primary and secondary care services and limited essential drugs. Administratively, the reform transferred responsibility for purchasing health care services from private insurance companies to the SSA under MoLHSA, thus putting in place a platform to shift from passive to active purchasing [11]. The health financing reforms introduced since 2013, and backed up by significant increases in public health spending, have moved Georgia closer to European norms. These include: (i) near universal population entitlement to publicly financed health care; (ii) free visits to family doctors; (iii) referral and prescribing systems; (iv) a single purchasing agency; and (v)

neg: Immigration health surcharge but with little effect because NHS organisations, unlike commercial health providers, are not organised to check eligibility. People moving to the UK from outside of the European Economic Area for longer than six months are required to pay the surcharge of £200 per year. The Health Surcharge entitles them to 100% free health care on the NHS. Most travel insurance would cost more than this, and would mainly cover emergency care only. The surcharge was introduced in April 2015 and has raised £175m, with 450,000 surcharges issued in the first year. People from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea have

neg: Health in Bulgaria accessible, and free for patients. Bulgaria began overall reform of its antiquated health system, inherited from the communist era, only in 1999. In the 1990s, private medical practices expanded somewhat, but most Bulgarians relied on communist-era public clinics while paying high prices for special care. During that period, national health indicators generally worsened as economic crises substantially decreased health funding. The subsequent health reform program has introduced mandatory employee health insurance through the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF), which since 2000 has paid a gradually increasing portion of primary health care costs. Employees and employers pay an increasing, mandatory percentage

neg: Health Care in Canada Survey Health Care in Canada Survey The Health Care in Canada Survey (HCIC) is a comprehensive annual survey of Canadian public and health care providers’ opinions on health care issues. It was conducted annually over the decade 1998–2007, and was developed to provide direction for governments as they work to manage health care reform. The intent and spirit of the survey was not to provide a report card on the status of the health system, but rather to gauge the need for change, and to provide direction to government on where change is needed, and the options supported by stakeholders of

neg: Health Council of Canada Health Council of Canada The Health Council of Canada was a national, independent, public reporting agency based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Announced as part of the 2003 First Ministers' Accord on Health Care Renewal with a mandate to report publicly to Canadians, the Health Council provided a system-wide perspective on health care reform related to the 2003 Accord’s policy and program commitments as well as those contained in the 2004 10-Year Plan to Strengthen Health Care. In 2010, the Health Council’s mandate was expanded to include the nationwide dissemination of information on best practices and innovation in health care. Created

neg: Prescription charges Prescription charges In the English NHS charges are made for prescription drugs, and the majority of adults (though not a majority of patients) are required to pay them. Charges were abolished in NHS Wales in 2007, Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland in 2010 and by NHS Scotland in 2011. In 2010/11, in England, £450m was raised through prescription charges, some 0.5% of the total NHS budget. When the National Health Service was established in 1948 all prescriptions were free. The power to make a charge was introduced in the NHS Amendment Act 1949, and proposals for charges were

neg: Health Council of Canada Care Matters series Aboriginal health reports Seniors in need, caregivers in distress: What are the home care priorities for seniors in Canada? Innovative Practices Evaluation Framework Health Council of Canada The Health Council of Canada was a national, independent, public reporting agency based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Announced as part of the 2003 First Ministers' Accord on Health Care Renewal with a mandate to report publicly to Canadians, the Health Council provided a system-wide perspective on health care reform related to the 2003 Accord’s policy and program commitments as well as those contained in the 2004 10-Year Plan to Strengthen

neg: Employee Health Care Protection Act of 2013 Employee Health Care Protection Act of 2013 The Employee Health Care Protection Act of 2013 () is a bill that would permit a health insurance issuer that has in effect health insurance coverage in the group market on any date during 2013 to continue offering such coverage for sale during 2014 outside of a health care exchange established under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. President Barack Obama, when arguing in favor of healthcare reform and talking about his signature legislation, the

neg: Rural poverty in rural communities, these five principles are not always met. With 90% of Canada identified as geographically rural, and approximately a quarter of the population are dwelling within rural areas with fewer than 10,000 people, this is a concern when identify health barriers. Other factors affecting rural poverty and accessing health care are lower socioeconomic status. Although the Canada Health Act provides everyone with access to health care without financial obligation, people of lower socioeconomic status typically had lower education level and were less likely to seek medical advice from a health care professional. Other health risks associated with low

neg: Ontario Liberal Party Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin's bid for re-election. Also controversial were the elimination of coverage for health services not covered by the Canada Health Act, including eye examinations and physical therapy. Other elements included a four-year plan to tackle the deficit left behind by the Progressive Conservatives, free immunization for children, investments in education and investments to lower waiting times for cancer care, cardiac care, joint replacement, MRI and CT scans. Soon after the federal election, McGuinty hosted a federal-provincial summit on public health-care funding which resulted in a new agreement for a national health accord. This accord allowed the

neg: History of Jamaica was introduced, together with a new mental health law and the family court. Free health care for all Jamaicans was introduced, while health clinics and a paramedical system in rural areas were established. Various clinics were also set up to facilitate access to medical drugs. Spending on education was significantly increased, while the number of doctors and dentists in the country rose. The One Love Peace Concert was a large concert held in Kingston on April 22, 1978, during a time of political civil war in Jamaica between opposing parties Jamaican Labour Party and the People's National Party. The concert

neg: Diane Marleau on Women's Health. She brought forward a pilot project to better inform women about breast cancer in 1994, and later introduced a program to ensure that low-income pregnant women would have access to proper nutrition and prenatal care. In 1995, she announced the first conference on women's health issues sponsored by both Canada and the United States. Marleau received a report on new reproductive technologies shortly after her appointment as Health Minister, and welcomed its primary thesis that conception and child-bearing should not become for-profit industries. She reiterated this view in late 1994, when speaking about the need for legislation

neg: Providence Health Care (Vancouver) the Vancouver Coastal region and specialty services to residents across British Columbia. In October 2008, Providence Health Care was named one of BC's Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc., which was announced by The Vancouver Sun, The Province and the Victoria Times-Colonist. Providence Health Care (Vancouver) Providence Health Care is a Catholic health care provider that operates seven facilities in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Providence Health Care was formed through the consolidation of CHARA Health Care Society, Holy Family Hospital and St. Paul's Hospital on April 1, 1997. Providence Health Care became a single legal entity on March 31, 2000.

neg: Ontario Health Insurance Plan assist individuals struggling with food addiction. While Ontario receives transfer payments from the federal government of Canada to partially fund health care, OHIP is also supported by general provincial tax revenues and premiums (taxes) paid by employers and individuals. Employers are charged a payroll health care tax (with an exemption for small businesses), and residents of the province pay a health premium (introduced in 2004) as part of their income taxes. Similarly, Ontario publicly funds hospitals. The Ontario Health Premium (OHP) is a component of Ontario's Personal Income Tax system. The OHP is based on taxable income for a taxation

neg: Health Council of Canada in 2003, the Health Council of Canada produced more than 60 reports on a variety of health care themes, such as Aboriginal health, access and wait times, health promotion, health system performance, home and community care, pharmaceuticals management, and primary health care. The work of the Health Council of Canada was funded by Health Canada, overseen by 13 independent councillors and one ex-officio councillor appointed by the federal, provincial, and territorial governments (excluding the Government of Quebec), and supported by a professional secretariat based in Toronto. In addition to its reports, the Health Council of Canada assessed and highlighted innovations

neg: Medavie Blue Cross Blue Shield Association in 1954. With the creation of Canada's publicly funded universal health care system in the 1960s, the Blue Cross organizations began to evolve, providing travel insurance and individual health plans to supplement the publicly funded health care provided by each province. In 1986, the company renamed itself Blue Cross of Atlantic Canada and was headquartered in Moncton. The name was shortened to Atlantic Blue Cross Care (or just Atlantic Blue Cross) in 1999 when it merged with Maritime Medical Care. The company became extremely successful during this period when several major contracts were awarded by large companies

neg: It's Time (Australian campaign) weeks annual leave. Free tertiary education was introduced, together with a universal health care system and a sole parent pension. Laws were also passed providing for equal pay for women and national land rights, divorce laws were made more liberal, and legislation against racial discrimination was introduced. In addition, the principle of equal pay was extended, occupational health and safety was improved, annual leave loading was introduced, trade union education was established, four weeks of annual leave was achieved as a national standard, military conscription was abolished and Australian troops were withdrawn from Vietnam, a separate ministry responsible for Aboriginal

neg: Jeff Duncan (politician) provide more relief from government regulation. Duncan supported the full repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, voting on numerous occasions to repeal it in whole or in part. Duncan supports replacing it with free market solutions, having cosponsored legislation to expand health savings accounts, make all health care spending tax deductible, supporting Christian charity health plans, and creating association health plans. Duncan opposes a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants. Duncan supports the construction of a border wall with physical fencing, surveillance technology, and increased border patrol agents on the ground. In February 2017, Duncan introduced the

neg: Health insurance administers its own health insurance program. The federal government influences health insurance by virtue of its fiscal powers – it transfers cash and tax points to the provinces to help cover the costs of the universal health insurance programs. Under the Canada Health Act, the federal government mandates and enforces the requirement that all people have free access to what are termed "medically necessary services," defined primarily as care delivered by physicians or in hospitals, and the nursing component of long-term residential care. If provinces allow doctors or institutions to charge patients for medically necessary services, the federal government reduces

neg: Social security in France to resources, to a free coverage, with exemption from fee. The first component, for basic coverage, improves access to care for people suffering from extreme exclusion, but also many people temporarily or permanently deprived of the right to health insurance. It also introduced the principle of continuity of rights: a "caisse" can stop paying benefits only if another caisse takes over or if the insured person leaves the country. The second component, the creation of an additional free coverage, on behalf of national solidarity, is included in the management of care by health insurance. This reform affects 10% of the

neg: Bureau of Primary Health Care meeting the health care needs of the uninsured, particularly at a time when private physicians may be less likely to provide free care in their offices. These clinics are typically small organizations with annual budgets of less than $250,000, making them less able to afford the growing cost of malpractice coverage for those clinicians who might otherwise be willing to donate their time. The Free Clinics Program serves HRSA’s overall policy aim of expanding treatment capacity for the disadvantaged by assuring health professional volunteers that they will be protected against medical malpractice claims. To date, over 2,800 health care providers

neg: Ellen Woodsworth In 1979, Woodsworth was part of a national group that forced Canada to include unpaid work in the 1996 census. Woodsworth also chaired the BC Action Canada Network, which opposed the free trade agreements. She was hired as a social planner by the District of North Vancouver to document the child care needs of the district. Woodsworth was elected chair of Britannia Community Services Centre. She was on the Board of REACH Community Health Clinic coming up with the logo "community health in community hands" to support neighbourhood health services. She served as chair of the Bridge Housing Society. Woodsworth

neg: Health Care in Canada Survey and homecare sectors, and the innovative pharmaceutical industry. A number of features made the survey unique. The first is the partnership of a range of stakeholder groups. Secondly, the experiences of the public and health care providers are captured, providing the ability to compare and contrast the reflections of these groups. Third, it was an annual survey, allowing for the tracking of trends over time, highlighting evolving appetites for change, priorities, and preferences. Health Care in Canada Survey The Health Care in Canada Survey (HCIC) is a comprehensive annual survey of Canadian public and health care providers’ opinions on health

neg: Canada Health Infoway Canada Health Infoway Canada Health Infoway is an independent, federally funded, not-for-profit organization tasked with accelerating the adoption of digital health solutions, such as electronic health records, across Canada. Infoway is focused on two strategic goals: The use of digital health solutions is intended to improve access to care for Canadians, improve the efficiency of individual health care providers and make the health care system as a whole more efficient. According to Canadian Medical Association Workforce Survey, 85 per cent of primary care providers have electronic medical records. As of 2018, the Government of Canada has allocated $2.45 billion to

neg: Canada Health Act both for its electoral appeal and to extend public financing to provinces whose citizens did not yet have full coverage for hospital care. The federal government initially acted through its spending power; in 1948, it introduced a series of National Health Grants to directly provide funds to the provinces/territories for such purposes as hospital construction, professional training, and public health. This increased the number of hospital beds but did not address the issue of how their operating costs would be covered. The result was that the Progressive Conservative government of John Diefenbaker, who also happened to represent Saskatchewan, introduced and

neg: Health Care Choice Act died in committee. On December 12, 2007, The Health Care Choice Act of 2007, was introduced as H.R.4460 in the U.S. House of Representatives by Rep. John Shadegg (R-AZ), and as of January 17, 2008, had 43 Republican co-sponsors. On July 14, 2009, The Health Care Choice Act of 2009, was introduced as H.R.3217 in the U.S. House of Representatives by Rep. John Shadegg (R-AZ), and as of September 7, 2009, had 5 Republican co-sponsors. Health Care Choice Act The Health Care Choice Act is a bill that proposes allowing health insurance companies to sell health insurance across U.S. state

neg: Health and wellbeing board Health and wellbeing board Health and wellbeing boards are statutory bodies introduced in England under the Health and Social Care Act 2012. According to the Act, each upper-tier local authority in England is required to form a health and wellbeing board as a committee of that authority. More than 130 "shadow" boards were created before April 2013, when they all became fully operational. The aim of the health and wellbeing boards is to improve integration between practitioners in local health care, social care, public health and related public services so that patients and other service-users experience more "joined up" care,

neg: Non-Insured Health Benefits Non-Insured Health Benefits The Non-Insured Health Benefits (NIHB) program provides medically-necessary coverage for eligible First Nations and Inuit people in Canada. It is administered by Health Canada and covers benefit claims for certain drugs, dental care, vision care, medical supplies and equipment, short-term crisis intervention mental health counselling, and medical transportation. In Canada, provinces and territories deliver health care services, which can be accessed by First Nations people and Inuit. The NIHB program provides health-related goods and services not insured by provinces and territories or other private insurance plans. Health care providers must submit cases to Health Canada for review

neg: Mary Landrieu covered elective abortions but would have allowed individuals to purchase separate individual riders that would cover abortions. Prior to a concession of $300 million being added to the bill, Landrieu responded to a question on popular support of the public option, and asserted that the option has popular support because "when people hear 'public option' they hear 'free health care'. Everybody wants free health care. Everybody wants health care they don't have to pay for." Landrieu voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (known as "Obamacare") in December 2009. In September 2013, Landrieu voted to restore funding for

neg: Deer Lodge Centre Deer Lodge Centre Deer Lodge Centre is a health centre specializing in geriatric care and treatment of Veterans in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The health centre began as a convalescent hospital for returning World War I soldiers in 1916 and was located in Silver Heights along west Portage Avenue. The health centre was run by Veterans Affairs Canada until 1983 when it was transferred to the province of Manitoba. The health centre continues to serve the needs of Veterans but since its transfer to Manitoba has become the province's largest in-patient rehabilitation and long term care facility with 429 beds. It

neg: Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada the patterns of practice for various health care providers. Recommendation 4 – In the longer term, the Health Council of Canada should provide ongoing advice and coordination in transforming primary health care, developing national strategies for Canada’s health workforce, and resolving disputes under a modernized Canada Health Act. Recommendation 5 – The Canada Health Act should be modernized and strengthened by: Confirming the principles of public administration, universality and accessibility, updating the principles of portability and comprehensiveness, and establishing a new principle of accountability; Expanding insured health services beyond hospital and physician services to immediately include targeted home care services

neg: Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States as those of other industrialized nations with universal coverage. For example, a ranking by the World Health Organization of health care system performance among 191 member nations, published in 2000, ranked Canada 30th and the U.S. 37th, and the overall health of Canada 35th to the American 72nd. The WHO did not merely consider health care outcomes, but also placed heavy emphasis on the health disparities between rich and poor, funding for the health care needs of the poor, and the extent to which a country was reaching the potential health care outcomes they believed were possible for that nation.

neg: Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada Health Council of Canada should review existing education and training programs and provide recommendations to the provinces and territories on more integrated education programs for preparing health care providers, particularly for primary health care settings. Recommendation 18 – The Health Council of Canada should develop a comprehensive plan for addressing issues related to the supply, distribution, education and training, remuneration, skills and patterns of practice for Canada’s health workforce. Recommendation 19 – The proposed Primary Health Care Transfer should be used to “fast-track” primary health care implementation. Funding should be conditional on provinces and territories moving ahead with primary health

neg: Canada Health Act passed (with all-party approval) the "Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act of 1957". This shared the costs of covering hospital services. By the start date (July 1, 1958) five provinces—Newfoundland, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia—had programs in place which could receive the federal funds. By January 1, 1961, when Quebec finally joined, all provinces had universal coverage for hospital care. Saskatchewan decided to take the money released by the federal contributions to pioneer again, and following lengthy consultations with but also strong opposition from the provincial medical association, introduced a plan to insure physician costs (The Saskatchewan Medical Care

neg: Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement to the American economy. Americans, in turn, wished to have access to Canada's energy and cultural industries. In the negotiations, Canada retained the right to protect its cultural industries and such sectors as education and health care. As well, some resources such as water were meant to be left out of the agreement. The Canadians did not succeed in winning free competition for American government procurement contracts. Canadian negotiators also insisted on the inclusion of a dispute resolution mechanism. The debate in Canada over whether to implement the negotiated agreement was very contentious. The opposition Liberal Party of Canada under

neg: Healthcare in Canada Long Term Care, for example, states, "Therefore, when traveling outside of Ontario but within Canada, the ministry recommends that you obtain private supplementary health insurance for non-physician/non-hospital services." Such services might include prescription drugs, or ground and air ambulance services that might be covered in one's home province. The Canadian health care system is often compared to the US system. The US system spends the most in the world per capita, and was ranked 37th in the world by the World Health Organization in 2000, while Canada's health system was ranked 30th. The relatively low Canadian WHO ranking has been

neg: Refugee health care in Canada Refugee health care in Canada Refugee health care refers to the provision of health services to refugees and refugee claimants. As early as 2009, health researchers identified particular medical needs and health vulnerabilities amongst these populations. Compared to other immigrants, they report more physical, emotional, and dental problems and, compared to those born in Canada, they have higher rates of infections and chronic diseases that are both treatable and preventable. In Canada, the federal government has been responsible for the provision of health care to refugees since 1957. In the international law context, this responsibility falls under Canada's human rights

neg: Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada people in those communities. Recommendation 34 – The proposed new Home Care Transfer should be used to support expansion of the Canada Health Act to include medically necessary home care services in the following areas: Home mental health case management and intervention services should immediately be included in the scope of medically necessary services covered under the Canada Health Act; Home care services for post-acute patients, including coverage for medication management and rehabilitation services, should be included under the Canada Health Act; and palliative home care services to support people in their last six months of life should also be

neg: Lakewood Health System Hospice care was added March, 1985. The Greater Staples Hospital and Greater Staples Care Center went smoke-free on January 1, 1990 to provide a healthy workplace to employees, patients and visitors. To date, Lakewood Health System is a tobacco-free campus and all use of tobacco is prohibited on Lakewood Health System grounds. The first laparoscopic surgery was performed when Lakewood Health System was the United District Hospital. The surgery was a gallbladder removal and was performed by Dr. Dan Smith and assisted by Dr. William Mennis on Friday, December 20, 1992. The first in-house CAT scanner purchased in 1992 and

neg: Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States at least two years. One indicator of the consequences of Americans' inconsistent health care coverage is a study in "Health Affairs" that concluded that half of personal bankruptcies involved medical bills. Although other sources dispute this, it is possible that medical debt is the principal cause of bankruptcy in the United States. A number of clinics provide free or low-cost non-emergency care to poor, uninsured patients. The National Association of Free Clinics claims that its member clinics provide $3 billion in services to some 3.5 million patients annually. A peer-reviewed comparison study of healthcare access in the two countries published

neg: Henry E. Sigerist the American Medical Association because of his conflicting views on socialized medicine. Dr. Sigerist was influential in the creation of socialized medicine in Canada. He made four trips to Canada in the 1930s and 1940s at the invitation of various medical groups to speak on this topic. Under his influence, Saskatchewan introduced state-funded medical and hospital care for pensioners, people on welfare and cancer patients after being hired to write a report in 1944 by Tommy Douglas the socialist Premier of that Canadian province. This was the basis for the eventual adoption of government funded health care in all of

neg: Unlicensed assistive personnel the registry's toll-free line by phone, fax or E-mail to request background information on registered child care, elder care, and personal care workers or to request licensure status information on licensed child care and elder care providers at no-cost to the requestor. In Ontario, Canada in May 2011, the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC) announced the creation of a Registry of Personal Support Workers to acknowledge the care they provide daily to some of Ontario's most vulnerable populations, including seniors and people with chronic illnesses and disabilities. On June 1, 2012, the Ontario PSW Registry was officially launched

neg: Toronto Grace Health Centre Toronto Grace Health Centre The Salvation Army Toronto Grace Health Centre is a 119-bed hospital located at 650 Church Street in Toronto, Ontario. Owned and operated by the Salvation Army, it specializes in palliative care, post-acute care rehabilitation, and complex continuing care. Located on the corner of Church and Bloor Street in downtown Toronto, the six-storey facility was known as a maternity hospital up to the 1970s when the hospital closed its pregnancy ward. It was one of the first hospitals in Canada to introduce palliative care. It is now a complex continuing and palliative care facility. In 2002, the

neg: Museum of Health Care was historically designated by the City of Kingston under the Ontario Heritage Act in 1994 and recognised to be of national historic significance by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board in 1997. The building currently houses the Coalition of Canadian Healthcare Museums and Archives as well as the Museum of Health Care. In 1995, the Museum of Health Care was relocated to the Ann Baillie Building. It is the only museum in Canada dedicated to the history of health and health care. One of the largest collections of medical and healthcare artefacts in Canada, the Museum of Health Care at

neg: Mercy Ships Mercy Ships Mercy Ships is an international charity. Mercy Ships currently operates the largest non-governmental hospital ship in the world. providing humanitarian aid like free health care, community development projects, community health education, mental health programs, agriculture projects, and palliative care for terminally ill patients. Mercy Ships has operated in more than 57 developing nations and 18 developed nations around the world, with a current focus on the countries of Africa. The organization has its International Support Center (ISC) in Garden Valley, Texas. Mercy Ships also has 16 national resource offices in countries that include Spain, Britain, Canada, Germany, Switzerland,

neg: Canada Health and Social Transfer Canada Health and Social Transfer The Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST) was a system of block transfer payments from the Canadian government to provincial governments to pay for health care, post-secondary education and welfare, in place from the 1996-97 fiscal year until the 2004-05 fiscal year. It was split into the Canada Health Transfer (CHT) and Canada Social Transfer (CST) effective April 1, 2004, to provide greater accountability and transparency for federal health funding. The CHST was an amalgamation of two federal programs prior to 1996: Established Programs Financing (which paid for health care and post-secondary education and was

neg: Health in Haiti the European Commission, underwent a project to fund free childbirth and care to poor women. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada (SOGC) had begun working to address the maternal mortality rate. The Women’s Refugee Commission has joined with other international partners and local organizations in the hopes of providing Haitian women with better reproductive health care. Workshops coordinated by the Women’s Refugee Commission and the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) are seeking to set guidelines for meeting sexual and reproductive health needs during incidents of disaster. The strategies would include plans for providing services to prevent sexual violence, reduce

neg: Ted Poe Caucus's opposition to the American Health Care Act of 2017 contributed to Speaker Ryan's decision to pull the bill. Poe supported the March 2017 version of the American Health Care Act before its collapse. On May 4, 2017, he voted to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and pass the American Health Care Act. Poe is an advocate of stronger action against illegal immigration and increased security on the Mexico–United States border. He voted for the Secure Fence Act of 2006 and against the DREAM Act when it was introduced in 2010. He opposed the Obama administration's

neg: Bill Cassidy to free health care. The Clinic provides low-income families with free dental, medical, mental health and vision care through a "virtual" approach that partners needy patients with doctors who provide care free of charge. Cassidy has also been involved in setting up the nonprofit Health Centers in Schools, which vaccinates children in the East Baton Rouge Parish School System against Hepatitis B and flu. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, Cassidy led a group of health care volunteers to convert an abandoned K-Mart building into an emergency health care facility, providing basic health care to victims of the hurricane. Cassidy

neg: History of cooperatives in Canada the northern coast of British Columbia was the Prince Rupert Fishermen's Co-operative Association. Its leaders became important figures in the Canadian movement generally and its general manager, Ken Harding, became an international leader in the cooperative fishing world. The need for proper health services was common in Canada, especially in lands with low population density. This caused some rural cooperatives to make arrangements with doctors for their members as early as the 1920s. In the 1960s, inspired by the Beveridge report that British government started to implement after World War II, the Canadian government introduced universal health care in Saskatchewan.

neg: Health insurance services also mandated by the Canada Health Act, but in practice there is no market for it. All Canadians are free to use private insurance for elective medical services such as laser vision correction surgery, cosmetic surgery, and other non-basic medical procedures. Some 65% of Canadians have some form of supplementary private health insurance; many of them receive it through their employers. Private-sector services not paid for by the government account for nearly 30 percent of total health care spending. In 2005, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled, in Chaoulli v. Quebec, that the province's prohibition on private insurance for

neg: Hazlet, Saskatchewan and the region assembled statistical data on the costs of health care that were unrivalled in Canada. The regional scheme flowered when Dr. Vince Matthews, the public health officer, provided seamless integration of preventive work and medical care, a first in Canada. There was a high level of rapport between the local administration, the constituent municipalities, patients, and physicians: Stewart Robertson, the administrator, Dr. Vince Matthews, and Dr. Cas Wolan, president of the district medical association, met informally most days for coffee. In 1951, Swift Current created the first regional hospital board in Canada. In 2009 the community undertook a

neg: Political positions of Ronald Reagan an agreement with Canada to that effect. His "North American accord" later became the official North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed by President George H. W. Bush and ratified by President Bill Clinton. Reagan understood free trade as including the use of tariffs to protect American jobs and industry against foreign competition. He imposed a temporary 100% tariff on Japanese electronics as well as other tariffs on a variety of industrial products, which resulted in some free market advocates criticizing his policies as protectionist in practice. Reagan was opposed to socialized healthcare, universal health care, or publicly funded health

neg: Medicare (Canada) Medicare (Canada) Medicare () is an unofficial designation used to refer to the publicly funded, single-payer health care system of Canada. Canada does not have a unified national health care system, instead the system consists of 13 provincial and territorial health insurance plans that provides universal health care coverage to Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and certain temporary residents. These systems are individually administered on a provincial or territorial basis, within guidelines set by the federal government. The formal terminology for the insurance system is provided by the "Canada Health Act" and the health insurance legislation of the individual provinces and

neg: Renown Health facilities including Stanford Health Care, Stanford Children's Health and Stanford Medicine. The agreement was said to help reduce the need for patients to travel when seeking high-level care and allowed Stanford staff to be based in Northern Nevada. In August 2016, the organization received a $7.5 million donation from the William N. Pennington Foundation which helped it expand its pediatric care and form a pediatric medical residency partnership with University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine. Renown Health partnered with 23andMe and Desert Research Institute to provide 10,000 Northern Nevada residents with free genetic testing in September 2016. Renown Health

neg: Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada care reflecting four essential building blocks – continuity of care, early detection and action, better information on needs and outcomes, and new and stronger incentives to achieve transformation. Recommendation 20 – The Health Council of Canada should sponsor a National Summit on Primary Health Care within two years to mobilize concerted action across the country, assess early results, and identify actions that must be taken to remove obstacles to primary health care implementation. Recommendation 21 – The Health Council of Canada should play a leadership role in following up on the outcomes of the Summit, measuring and tracking progress, sharing

neg: Casey House (Toronto) health care and community care, including outreach. Casey House (Toronto) Casey House is a hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada that specializes in HIV/AIDS care and also provides home care and outreach programs. It is located in the downtown area, at the corner of Jarvis and Isabella streets. When it was founded in 1988, it was the first specialized facility of its kind in Canada. It is named after Casey Frayne, whose mother June Callwood was one of the principal volunteers whose efforts brought about the founding of the hospital. 1 in 120 adult Torontonians is HIV-positive. When Casey House opened

neg: Health care in the United States consider when evaluating cost of care in America. That is because in much of the policy debate around the high cost of US healthcare, proponents of highly specialized and cutting edge technologies point to innovation as a marker of an effective health care system. A 2014 study by the private American foundation The Commonwealth Fund found that although the U.S. health care system is the most expensive in the world, it ranks last on most dimensions of performance when compared with Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The study found that

neg: Doctor of Health Administration the Doctor of Business Administration, involves the development of business management and financial knowledge and skills; however, the D.H.A focuses and applies these skills exclusively to the health care domain. The Doctor of Health Administration was first introduced in the U.S. in the late 1990s at the Medical University of South Carolina as an advanced professional doctorate in health leadership. Prior to this the only D.H.A. degrees awarded were in Canada and Europe. The American version of this doctoral degree focuses on advanced professional knowledge and applied research in health administration, policy, and leadership. New programs have been instituted at