query: what is the body natural version of morphine

pos: Endorphins Endorphins Endorphins (contracted from "endogenous morphine") are endogenous opioid neuropeptides and peptide hormones in humans and other animals. They are produced by the central nervous system and the pituitary gland. The term "endorphins" implies a pharmacological activity (analogous to the activity of the corticosteroid category of biochemicals) as opposed to a specific chemical formulation. It consists of two parts: "endo-" and "-orphin"; these are short forms of the words "endogenous" and "morphine," intended to mean "a morphine-like substance originating from within the body". The class of endorphins includes three compounds – α-endorphin - (Alpha endorphins), β-endorphin - (Beta endorphins), and

pos: Morphine as well as in some species of hops and mulberry trees has not been confirmed. Morphine is produced most predominantly early in the life cycle of the plant. Past the optimum point for extraction, various processes in the plant produce codeine, thebaine, and in some cases negligible amounts of hydromorphone, dihydromorphine, dihydrocodeine, tetrahydro-thebaine, and hydrocodone (these compounds are rather synthesized from thebaine and oripavine). In the brain of mammals, morphine is detectable in trace steady-state concentrations. The human body also produces endorphins, which are chemically related endogenous opioid peptides that function as neuropeptides and have similar effects to morphine. Morphine

pos: Huda Akil which uses a morphine-like substance to produce analgesia, however it was not known if the activation of this system was brought about pharmacologically by direct receptor stimulation or electrically by release of the endogenous substance. A combination of behavioral, pharmacological, and biochemical research led Akil and colleagues of the Barchas Laboratory at Stanford to the endorphins, specifically two peptides called enkephalins. What followed was a race against other research groups to isolate these morphine-like chemicals and determine what activates the system. Essentially, they developed a model of stress induced analgesia that was naloxone responsive. Building on prior research, Akil and

neg: Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place he is infuriated once again. His emotions are the most evident, as he is not afraid to let loose. He shouts and tells everyone—mostly close relatives—to leave, even as Diane's morphine pump beeps to signal an emergency. They untangle the tubes and Diane is fine, but this was the last experience we see of the family with their mother alive. As the mortician tries to prepares Diane's body for the funeral, Terry has to remove the makeup from her mother's face repeatedly. This is important because it signifies Terry's love of what is pure and natural, not what others feel

neg: Forensic toxicology as pill bottles, powders, trace residue, and any available chemicals. Provided with this information and samples with which to work, the forensic toxicologist must determine which toxic substances are present, in what concentrations, and the probable effect of those chemicals on the person. Determining the substance ingested is often complicated by the body's natural processes (see ADME), as it is rare for a chemical to remain in its original form once in the body. For example: heroin is almost immediately metabolised into another substance and further to morphine, making detailed investigation into factors such as injection marks and chemical purity

neg: Speedball (drug) and simultaneous activity of the two pathways is what normally keeps one's body in natural homeostasis, there is an imperfect overlap in the effects of stimulants and depressants. Additionally, by suppressing the typical negative side-effects of the two drugs, the user may falsely believe they have a higher tolerance, or that they are less intoxicated than they actually are. This can cause users to misjudge the intake of one or both of the drugs, sometimes fatally. Because the stimulant effects of cocaine wear off far more quickly than the depressant effects of heroin or morphine, fatal respiratory depression often occurs

neg: Calliphora stygia the fly's food source, when most other insects show severe impairments in larval development. What is known is the malpighian tubules of "C. stygia" are connected with reduced levels of morphine in the fly's systems. When morphine levels are high in the fly's food source there are more secretions from the larva. Methamphetamine, on the other hand, does affect the "C. stygia" larval development. Larva that had been raised on meth-infused meat developed faster and ended up larger in size, and weight. The increase in body size poses a problem for determining relative ages of larva since most use body

neg: Opiate days and could reduce costs by 90%. Heroin is one of several semi-synthetic opioids derived from the morphine. Although sometimes not considered opiates, as they are not directly derived from natural opium, they are commonly referred to as opiates. Heroin (diacetylmorphine) is a morphine prodrug; it is metabolized by the liver into morphine after administration. One of the major metabolites of heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), is also a morphine prodrug. Nicomorphine (morphine dinicotinate), dipropanoylmorphine (morphine dipropionate), desomorphine (di-hydro-desoxy-morphine), methyldesorphine, acetylpropionylmorphine, dibenzoylmorphine, diacetyldihydromorphine, and several others are also derived from morphine. Opiate Opiate is a term classically used in pharmacology to mean

neg: Morphine-N-oxide Morphine-N-oxide Morphine-"N"-oxide (genomorphine) is an active opioid metabolite of morphine. Morphine itself, in trials with rats, acts 11–22 times more potent than morphine-"N"-oxide subcutaneously and 39–89 times more potent intraperitoneally. However, pretreatment with amiphenazole or tacrine increases the potency of morphine-"N"-oxide in relation to morphine (intraperitoneally more so than in subcutaneous administration). A possible explanation is that morphine-"N"-oxide is rapidly inactivated in the liver and impairment of inactivation processes or enzymes increases functionality. Morphine-"N"-oxide can also form as a decomposition product of morphine outside the body and may show up in assays of opium and poppy straw concentrate. Codeine and

neg: Total synthesis of morphine and related alkaloids examples of the Diels-Alder reaction in the context of total synthesis. The Rice synthesis follows a biomimetic route and is the most efficient reported to date. A key step is the Grewe cyclization that is analogous to the cyclization of reticuline that occurs in morphine biosynthesis. Total synthesis of morphine and related alkaloids Synthesis of morphine-like alkaloids in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the natural morphinan class of alkaloids that includes codeine, morphine, oripavine, and thebaine and the closely related semisynthetic analogs buprenorphine, hydrocodone, isocodeine, naltrexone, naloxone, nalbuphine, and oxycodone. The structure of morphine is not particularly complex, however

neg: Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs Contains 109 positions, generalization clause (with 2 exclusions) and 2 specific generalizations (1 for ecgonine and 1 for pentavalent nitrogen morphine derivatives). Cannabis (listed as a single position): Coca leaf, cocaine and ecgonine: Natural opioids sources: Note on preparations: all preparations made direct from opium are considered to be opium (preparations), if the preparations are not made direct from opium itself but are obtained by a mixture of opium alkaloids (as is the case, for example, with pantopon, omnopon and papaveretum) they should be considered as morphine (preparations) Natural opioids: Semisynthetic opioids: Some morphine derivatives, including some natural metabolites of

neg: Total synthesis of morphine and related alkaloids Total synthesis of morphine and related alkaloids Synthesis of morphine-like alkaloids in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the natural morphinan class of alkaloids that includes codeine, morphine, oripavine, and thebaine and the closely related semisynthetic analogs buprenorphine, hydrocodone, isocodeine, naltrexone, naloxone, nalbuphine, and oxycodone. The structure of morphine is not particularly complex, however the electrostatic polarization of adjacent bonded atoms does not alternate uniformly throughout the structure. This "dissonant connectivity" makes bond formation more difficult and therefore significantly complicates any synthetic strategy that is applied to this family of molecules. The first morphine total synthesis, devised by Marshall D.

neg: Lips Like Morphine called "1993–1999" which had an early mix on it. The version on this EP is the correct and final version. Lips Like Morphine Lips Like Morphine was first released on May 16, 2006 by the Chicago-based band Kill Hannah and then again released in August on the band's album "Until There's Nothing Left of Us". It is available via paid download from several online music retailers, including the iTunes Music Store. The first release included demo versions of "Rebel Yell". On June 13, 2006, the correct version of "Rebel Yell" was put up. It was thought at first that the

neg: Sister Morphine Sister Morphine "Sister Morphine" is a song written by Marianne Faithfull, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. Faithfull released the original version of the song as the B-side to her Decca Records single "Something Better" on 21 February 1969. A different version was released two years later by the Rolling Stones for their 1971 album "Sticky Fingers". The personnel for the Faithfull version is Marianne on vocals, Jagger on acoustic guitar, Ry Cooder on slide guitar and bass guitar, Jack Nitzsche on piano and organ, and Charlie Watts on drums. The original UK Decca single credited Faithfull as a co-writer, but

neg: Morphine using or misusing morphine is to use chemical reactions to turn it into heroin or another stronger opioid. Morphine can, using a technique reported in New Zealand (where the initial precursor is codeine) and elsewhere known as home-bake, be turned into what is usually a mixture of morphine, heroin, 3-monoacetylmorphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, and codeine derivatives like acetylcodeine if the process is using morphine made from demethylating codeine. Since heroin is one of a series of 3,6 diesters of morphine, it is possible to convert morphine to nicomorphine (Vilan) using nicotinic anhydride, dipropanoylmorphine with propionic anhydride, dibutanoylmorphine and disalicyloylmorphine with the respective

neg: Morphine over other opioids by former drug addicts may also be because heroin (also known as morphine diacetate, diamorphine, or diacetyl morphine) is an ester of morphine and a morphine prodrug, essentially meaning they are identical drugs "in vivo". Heroin is converted to morphine before binding to the opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, where morphine causes the subjective effects, which is what the addicted individuals are seeking. Several hypotheses are given about how tolerance develops, including opioid receptor phosphorylation (which would change the receptor conformation), functional decoupling of receptors from G-proteins (leading to receptor desensitization), μ-opioid receptor internalization

neg: Vapors of Morphine asked a friend to build a 2-string bass for him and started learning the Morphine repertoire. The process wasn't easy as Lyons had to master a new instrument while singing below his natural voice range. In the beginning, they couldn't agree on a name, and they alternated between “Members of Morphine & Jeremy Lyons” and the “Elastic Waste Band,” which eventually morphed into “The Ever Expanding Elastic Waste Band”. Early in 2014 someone asked Lyons if he didn’t “play with ... the ‘vapors’ of Morphine?”, inspiring the band's name as it is currently known. Vapors of Morphine have toured through

neg: Heterocodeine Heterocodeine Heterocodeine (6-methoxymorphine) is an opiate derivative, the 6-methyl ether of morphine, and a structural isomer of codeine; it is called "hetero-" because it is the reverse isomer of codeine. Heterocodeine was first synthesised in 1932 and first patented in 1935. It can be made from morphine by selective methylation. Codeine is the natural mono-methyl ether, but must be metabolized for activity (that is, it is a prodrug). In contrast the semi-synthetic mono-methyl ether, heterocodeine is a direct agonist. The 3,6 methyl di-ether of morphine is thebaine. Heterocodeine is 6 times more potent than morphine due to having a substitution

neg: Morphine morphine. The euphoria, comprehensive alleviation of distress and therefore all aspects of suffering, promotion of sociability and empathy, "body high", and anxiolysis provided by narcotic drugs including the opioids can cause the use of high doses in the absence of pain for a protracted period, which can impart a morbid craving for the drug in the user. Being the prototype of the entire opioid class of drugs means that morphine has properties that may lend it to misuse. Morphine addiction is the model upon which the current perception of addiction is based. Animal and human studies and clinical experience back

neg: Active metabolite the body or has superior pharmacokinetics (e.g., lisdexamphetamine). Active metabolite An active metabolite is an active form of a drug after it has been processed by the body. An active metabolite results when a drug is metabolized by the body into a modified form which continues to produce effects in the body. Usually these effects are similar to those of the parent drug but weaker, although they can still be significant (see e.g. 11-hydroxy-THC, morphine-6-glucuronide). Certain drugs such as codeine and tramadol have metabolites (morphine and "O"-desmethyltramadol respectively) that are stronger than the parent drug and in these cases the

neg: Opioid morphine-like activities". By the late 1960s, research found that opiate effects are mediated by activation of specific molecular receptors in the nervous system, which were termed "opioid receptors". The definition of "opioid" was later refined to refer to substances that have morphine-like activities that are mediated by the activation of opioid receptors. One modern pharmacology textbook states: "the term opioid applies to all agonists and antagonists with morphine-like activity, and also the naturally occurring and synthetic opioid peptides". Another pharmacology reference eliminates the "morphine-like" requirement: "Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic,

neg: Lips Like Morphine Lips Like Morphine Lips Like Morphine was first released on May 16, 2006 by the Chicago-based band Kill Hannah and then again released in August on the band's album "Until There's Nothing Left of Us". It is available via paid download from several online music retailers, including the iTunes Music Store. The first release included demo versions of "Rebel Yell". On June 13, 2006, the correct version of "Rebel Yell" was put up. It was thought at first that the wrong version of "Goodnight, Goodbye" was released on this EP. This was due to its appearance on a rare promo

neg: Sister Morphine deluxe edition of the album. The song remains a staple of her concert set-list and appeared on the live albums "Blazing Away" in 1990 and "No Exit" in 2016. The Stones' version features Jagger on vocals, Richards on acoustic guitar and backing vocals, Cooder and Nitzsche again on slide guitar and piano respectively, Bill Wyman on bass, and Watts again on drums. Sister Morphine "Sister Morphine" is a song written by Marianne Faithfull, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. Faithfull released the original version of the song as the B-side to her Decca Records single "Something Better" on 21 February 1969.

neg: Prohibition of drugs are any of a number of psychoactive substances whose use a government or religious body seeks to control. What constitutes a "drug" varies by century and belief system. What is a psychoactive substance is relatively well known to modern science. Examples include a range from caffeine found in coffee, tea, and chocolate, nicotine in tobacco products; botanical extracts morphine and heroin, and synthetic compounds MDMA and Fentanyl. Almost without exception, these substances also have a medical use, in which case it is called a Pharmaceutical drug or just "pharmaceutical." The use of medicine to save or extend life or to

neg: Active metabolite Active metabolite An active metabolite is an active form of a drug after it has been processed by the body. An active metabolite results when a drug is metabolized by the body into a modified form which continues to produce effects in the body. Usually these effects are similar to those of the parent drug but weaker, although they can still be significant (see e.g. 11-hydroxy-THC, morphine-6-glucuronide). Certain drugs such as codeine and tramadol have metabolites (morphine and "O"-desmethyltramadol respectively) that are stronger than the parent drug and in these cases the metabolite may be responsible for much of the

neg: Poppy straw in high-morphine strains. At least one manufacturer, Tasmanian Alkaloids, produces both high-morphine and high-thebaine/oripavine types of poppy straw concentrate; the latter is used by pharmaceutical manufacturers to make semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids such as oxycodone, etorphine, butorphanol and a number of others. PSC is an alternative to bricks of opium, as an alkaloid source in most but not all of the production methods to isolate natural alkaloids from the opium poppy. A notable exception is thebaine, which is present in far larger fractions in opium than in poppy straw. Morphine, being a large fraction of the alkaloids found in mature

neg: The Best of Morphine: 1992–1995 with a career spanning track listing. South American editions are the same as the European version, but also include the song "Early To Bed" from "Like Swimming", making it a 17 track compilation. The South American Edition uses the track list of the European edition, but adds "Early To Bed" (from "Like Swimming") as track 10, and pushes the rest of the tracks down accordingly, for a total of 17. The Best of Morphine: 1992–1995 The Best Of Morphine, 1992-1995 is a greatest hits compilation by the band Morphine, released on the label Rykodisc in the year 2003. "The Best

neg: Oxycodone and occurs due to receptor-level tolerance (e.g., MOR downregulation), cellular-level tolerance (e.g., cAMP upregulation), and system-level tolerance (e.g., neural adaptation due to induction of ΔFosB expression). Taken orally, 20 mg of immediate release oxycodone is considered to be equivalent in analgesic effect to 30 mg of morphine, while extended release oxycodone is considered to be twice as potent as oral morphine. Similarly to most other opioids, oxycodone increases prolactin secretion, but its influence on testosterone levels is unknown. Unlike morphine, oxycodone lacks immunosuppressive activity (measured by natural killer cell activity and interleukin 2 production "in vitro"); the clinical relevance of

neg: Opium when Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner first isolated morphine from the opium poppy. The process continued until 1817, when Sertürner published the isolation of pure morphine from opium after at least thirteen years of research and a nearly disastrous trial on himself and three boys. The great advantage of purified morphine was that a patient could be treated with a known dose—whereas with raw plant material, as Gabriel Fallopius once lamented, "if soporifics are weak they do not help; if they are strong they are exceedingly dangerous." Morphine was the first pharmaceutical isolated from a natural product, and this success encouraged

neg: Sad Cypress two thousand pounds on Mary, which Mary accepts. Elinor sells the house she inherited. Mary dies of morphine poisoning at an impromptu lunch at Hunterbury, as Elinor, at the house, and Mary with Nurse Hopkins, at the lodge, are clearing out private possessions. Everyone at the house had access to the morphine Nurse Hopkins claimed to have lost at Hunterbury while Mrs Welman was ill. Elinor is arrested. Later, after the body is exhumed, it is learned that her aunt died of morphine poisoning. Peter Lord, in love with Elinor, brings Poirot into the case. Poirot speaks to everyone in

neg: Pain in crustaceans networks. Opiates modulate nociception in vertebrates. In vertebrates, morphine is an analgesic and therefore ameliorates the sensation of pain. Naloxone is an opioid-receptor antagonist and therefore blocks the effects of morphine. Opioid modulation of nociception has been demonstrated in several invertebrate species. The first report of opiate effects in invertebrates is based on the behavioural responses of the crustacean mantis shrimp "Squilla mantis". These shrimp respond to an electric shock with an immediate, violent, convulsive-live flexion of the body. If they are injected with morphine-HCL, this produces a dose-dependent analgesia by increasing the intensity threshold to the shock. This effect

neg: Pain in fish injection attenuates the decrease in activity in a dose-dependent manner. Injection of acetic acid into the lips of rainbow trout causes a reduction in their natural neophobia (fear of novelty); this is reversed by the administration of morphine. In goldfish injected with morphine or saline and then exposed to unpleasant temperatures, fish injected with saline acted with defensive behaviours indicating anxiety, wariness and fear, whereas those given morphine did not. The neurotransmitter, Substance P and the analgesic opioid enkephalins and β-endorphin, which act as endogenous analgesics in mammals, are present in fish. Different analgesics have different effects on fish. In

neg: Manuel Cuevas to make a jumpsuit. Elvis said, "What is this? Overalls? But then he put it on..." For The Flying Burrito Brothers' 1969 "The Gilded Palace of Sin" album cover, Gram Parsons commissioned Nudie and Manuel to create a suit. Visible on one lapel is the embroidered figure of a voluptuous naked woman. The green leaves featured prominently in the design on the front of the jacket are a marijuana plant, and the red-petaled flowers above them are poppies, the natural source of morphine, opium, and heroin. The suit has been continuously linked to the manner of his death. Parsons was

neg: Morphine methods of morphine production, more rarely sodium morphenate takes its place. Morphine ascorbate and other salts such as the tannate, citrate, and acetate, phosphate, valerate and others may be present in poppy tea depending on the method of preparation. Morphine valerate produced industrially was one ingredient of a medication available for both oral and parenteral administration popular many years ago in Europe and elsewhere called Trivalin (not to be confused with the current, unrelated herbal preparation of the same name), which also included the valerates of caffeine and cocaine, with a version containing codeine valerate as a fourth ingredient being

neg: Jerome Deupree the band Orchestra Morphine to tour behind Morphine's posthumous final album, "The Night". Orchestra Morphine remained sporadically active thereafter, reassembling occasionally to perform Morphine material. Deupree played frequently with jazz guitarist Joe Morris, appearing on several recordings. He participated in a formative version of the band Beat Circus in 2002, and joined the Boston group Bourbon Princess for an extended time. He has also appeared as a session musician on records by Eric Hutchinson, Merrie Amsterburg, Jen Trynin, and James McMurtry. In 2009, Colley and Deupree began playing with New Orleans musician Jeremy Lyons as Members of Morphine, later renamed

neg: International Chemical Identifier a hash of the remaining layers of the InChI, followed by a single character indicating the kind of InChIKey, followed by a single character indicating the version of InChI used, another hyphen, followed by single character indicating protonation. Example: Morphine has the structure shown on the right. The standard InChI for morphine is and the standard InChIKey for morphine is BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N. As the InChI cannot be reconstructed from the InChIKey, an InChIKey always needs to be linked to the original InChI to get back to the original structure. InChI Resolvers act as a lookup service to make these links, and

neg: Codeine of morphine as an excretion product. Furthermore, heroin contains codeine (or acetyl codeine) as an impurity and its use will result in excretion of small amounts of codeine. Poppy seed foods represent yet another source of low levels of codeine in one's biofluids. Blood or plasma codeine concentrations are typically in the 50–300 µg/L range in persons taking the drug therapeutically, 700–7000 µg/L in chronic users and 1000–10,000 µg/L in cases of acute fatal over dosage. Codeine is produced in the human body along the same biosynthetic pathway as morphine. Urinary concentrations of endogenous codeine and morphine have been found

neg: Vincent Dole an inherent sense of self-worth; they resumed family responsibilities as well as employment. The doctors noted that although methadone satisfied the physical cravings of heroin addiction, patients soon became completely tolerant to its effects. Patients would remain "dependent" on methadone but could otherwise live normally. Habituation results from exposure to any stimulus for long enough. The body always strives for homeostasis or balance, which is why the sudden withdrawal of methadone, morphine, alcohol, cigarettes, precipitates what is called the withdrawal abstinence syndrome. In 1967, Vincent Dole and Marie Nyswander wrote: "Those of us who are primarily concerned with the social

neg: Pantopon Pantopon Pantopon is a preparation of opiates made up of all of the alkaloids present in opium in their natural proportions as hydrochloride salts. It can sometimes be tolerated by persons who are allergic to morphine. Pantopon is, in other words, opium with all of the tar and other insolubles removed in an injectable form which, by weight, is nearly as potent as morphine. It was invented in 1909 by the Hoffmann-La Roche pharmaceutical company. Other drugs of the same type have included opium alkaloid sulphates (Papaveretum), phosphates, and valerates. Pantopon gave its name to the poem "Pantopon Rose" by

neg: Morphine the scored, unripe pods of the poppy, or processes using poppy straw, the dried pods and stems of the plant, the most widespread of which was invented in Hungary in 1925 and announced in 1930 by Hungarian pharmacologist János Kabay. In 2003, there was discovery of endogenous morphine occurring naturally in the human body. Thirty years of speculation were made on this subject because there was a receptor that, it appeared, reacted only to morphine: the μ-opioid receptor in human tissue. Human cells that form in reaction to cancerous neuroblastoma cells have been found to contain trace amounts of endogenous

neg: OpenNI former partners of PrimeSense is still keeping a forked version of OpenNI 2 (OpenNI version 2) active as an open source software for their Structure SDK for their Structure Product. "Natural Interaction Devices" or "Natural Interfaces" are devices that capture body movements and sounds to allow for a more natural interaction of users with computers in the context of a Natural user interface. The Kinect and Wavi X-tion are examples of such devices. The OpenNI framework provides a set of open source APIs. These APIs are intended to become a standard for applications to access natural interaction devices. The API

neg: Life of Franz Liszt medical malpractice played a direct part in Liszt's demise. At 11:30 Liszt was given two injections in the area of the heart. Some sources have claimed these were injections of morphine. Others have claimed the injections were of camphor, shallow injections of which, followed by massage, would warm the body. An accidental injection of camphor into the heart itself would result in a swift infarction and death. This series of events is exactly what Lina Schmalhausen describes in the eyewitness account in her private diary, the most detailed source regarding Liszt's final illness. Life of Franz Liszt Franz Liszt (October

neg: Poppy straw annual World Drug Report. The quantity of poppy straw produced is typically given as "opium equivalents". The 2002 World Drug Report estimate of the total world opium production, including opium equivalents of poppy straw, was in 1906/07 and in 2007. The 2007 production consisted of of illegal opium, of opium equivalent from legal poppy straw, and of legal opium. Thus, over 90% of the world production of legal opiates, including medical morphine, now is produced from poppy straw. With the establishment of poppy straw as the source of the majority of natural morphine and other opiates, much of the world

neg: Morphinone reductase albicans", in which the binding of oestrogen prevents the reduction of 2-cyclohexenone. In addition, previous experimental characterization results suggested that morphinone reductase activity is competitively inhibited by progesterone and cortisone, which indicates that the regulatory mechanism of morphinone reductase could be related to its structural resemblance to the oestrogen-binding protein. The enzyme yields hydromorphone and hydrocodone, which are both valuable semi-synthetic opiate drugs. Hydromorphone is a powerful analgesic, which is shown to be more potent than morphine. Hydrocodone is a FDA-approved, mild analgesic and antitussive. Notably, morphine and codeine are natural products of the opiate biosynthetic pathway in opium poppy

neg: Heroin 3-monoacetylmorphine and the active 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), and then to morphine, which bind to μ-opioid receptors, resulting in the drug's euphoric, analgesic (pain relief), and anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects; heroin itself exhibits relatively low affinity for the μ receptor. Unlike hydromorphone and oxymorphone, however, administered intravenously, heroin creates a larger histamine release, similar to morphine, resulting in the feeling of a greater subjective "body high" to some, but also instances of pruritus (itching) when they first start using. Both morphine and 6-MAM are μ-opioid agonists that bind to receptors present throughout the brain, spinal cord, and gut of all mammals. The μ-opioid

neg: Tyrosine to convert tyrosine into the alkaloid morphine and the bio-synthetic pathway has been established from tyrosine to morphine by using Carbon-14 radio-labelled tyrosine to trace the in-vivo synthetic route. Tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) is an enzyme in the natural phenols biosynthesis pathway. It transforms L-tyrosine into p-coumaric acid. Tyrosine is also the precursor to the pigment "melanin". Tyrosine (or its precursor phenylalanine) is needed to synthesize the benzoquinone structure which forms part of coenzyme Q10. The decomposition of L-tyrosine (syn. "para"-hydroxyphenylalanine) begins with an α-ketoglutarate dependent transamination through the tyrosine transaminase to "para"-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. The positional description "para", abbreviated "p", mean

neg: Dynorphin was measured by tail-flick latency. Analgesia was partially eliminated by opioid antagonist naloxone. Han and Xie found dynorphin to be 6-10 times more potent than morphine on a per mole basis. In addition, morphine tolerance did not reduce dynorphin-induced analgesia. Ren et al. demonstrated some of the complexities related to dynorphin induced analgesia. The authors found that combining subanalgesic levels of morphine and dynorphin A, a version of dynorphin A containing only the first 13 amino acids of the peptide, in the rat spinal cord had additive effects. However, when dynorphin A was injected into the intracerebroventriulcar (ICV) region of

neg: Codeine most codeine is synthesized from the much more abundant morphine through the process of O-methylation, through a process first completed in the late 20th century by Robert C. Corcoran and Junning Ma. By 1972, the effects of the War On Drugs had caused widespread shortages of illicit and licit opiates because of a scarcity of natural opium, poppy straw, and other sources of opium alkaloids, and the geopolitical situation was growing difficult for the United States. After much of the opium and morphine in the US National Stockpile of Strategic & Critical Materials was tapped in order to ease severe

neg: Twilight sleep growing chemophobia and a desire for more natural childbirth led to its abandonment. Twilight sleep Twilight sleep (English translation of the German word "Dämmerschlaf") is an amnesic condition characterized by insensitivity to pain without loss of consciousness, induced by an injection of morphine and scopolamine, especially to relieve the pain of childbirth. In 1899, a Dr. Schneiderlin recommended the use of hyoscine and morphine for surgical anaesthesia and it started to be used for purpose, sporadically. The use of this combination to ease birth, was first proposed by Richard von Steinbuchel in 1902 then was picked up and further developed

neg: Medical ethics taking a blood sample or an injection of a drug cause harm to the patient's body. Euthanasia also goes against the principle of beneficence because the patient dies as a result of the medical treatment by the doctor. "Double effect" refers to two types of consequences that may be produced by a single action, and in medical ethics it is usually regarded as the combined effect of beneficence and non-maleficence. A commonly cited example of this phenomenon is the use of morphine or other analgesic in the dying patient. Such use of morphine can have the beneficial effect of easing

neg: Yeghishe Charents Charents: "He looked fragile but noble. He took some morphine and then read some "Komitas". When I reached over to kiss his hand he was startled". He became a morphine addict under the pressure of the campaign against him and because he was suffering from colic, caused by a kidney stone. The hypodermic needle Charents used for his habit is on exhibit in his museum in Yerevan. A victim of Yezhov's purges, he was charged for "counterrevolutionary and nationalist activity" and imprisoned during the 1937 Great Purge. He died in prison hospital. It is unknown where his body was buried.

neg: Elisabeth Wiese that she had had the babies adopted by rich families in distant countries. What she actually did was poison the babies with morphine and burn their bodies in a stove in her apartment. However, suspicions grew about the fate of these babies and investigations began. As she had to distance herself from dealing in babies, Wiese forced her daughter Paula into prostitution. Paula fled to London, but became pregnant. She returned to Hamburg and gave birth in a cellar. Immediately after the birth Wiese drowned Paula's baby and burnt the body in the stove. When the police started investigating the

neg: Poppy straw opium was not economic. What was needed was a process that enabled commercial extraction of opiates from opium poppies directly rather than from (comparatively pure) opium. By the 1940s, commercial production of morphine from poppy straw had spread from Hungary to Poland and finally most countries where poppies are grown on a large scale primarily for their seeds. By 1950, about 10% of the poppy seed harvest of those countries was also yielding morphine. Based on average yields and the reported production of poppy seed in 9 European countries, the potential production of morphine from those crops was estimated to

neg: Rat Park of opioids, to the morphine-laced water, the Rat Park rats began to drink it. In another experiment, he forced rats in ordinary lab cages to consume the morphine-laced solution for 57 days without other liquid available to drink. When they moved into Rat Park, they were allowed to choose between the morphine solution and plain water. They drank the plain water. He writes that they did show some signs of dependence. There were "some minor withdrawal signs, twitching, what have you, but there were none of the mythic seizures and sweats you so often hear about ..." Alexander believes his

neg: Harris Isbell statements (e.g., "I am confused"), as well as evaluation by experienced and trained observers. Some subjects had negative reactions to LSD (as noted above), but others found the experience "pleasant", or even "dearly loved" it as long as the dosage was not too high (less than 2 micrograms per kilogram of body weight). Isbell and associates published a number of studies on morphine, methadone and assorted analgesics; much of this work was motivated by the search for a "nonaddicting analgesic" (that is, a compound with the pain-relieving capabilities of morphine, but without the opioid dependence issues). Many opiate derivatives and

neg: Mit brennender Sorge not on the Vatican's web site English version of the Encyclical as of December 2014; German version has it in section 29. ("Wenn er nicht Christ sein will, sollte er wenigstens darauf verzichten, den Wortschatz seines Unglaubens aus christlichem Begriffsgut zu bereichern.") The Nazi principle that "Right is what is advantageous to the people" was rejected on the basis that what was illicit morally could not be to the advantage of the people. Human laws which opposed natural law were described as not "obligatory in conscience". The rights of parents in the education of their children are defended under natural

neg: Fall Heads Roll album includes a cover version of the Move's "I Can Hear the Grass Grow", and "What About Us?", a song written from the point of view of an east German immigrant who berates Harold Shipman for giving morphine to old ladies instead of him. "Breaking the Rules" evolved from the band's attempts to record "Walk Like a Man", with lyrics from a song by Bec Walker, an aspiring singer who had been on work experience at Gracieland Studios at the time the album was recorded. The album's closing track, "Trust in Me", features guest lead vocals from Kenny Cummings of

neg: Pet Sematary (1989 film) a phone call from Gage that he has "played" with Jud and Mommy, he fills three syringes with morphine and heads to Jud's house. Encountering Church, he kills the cat with an injection before entering the house. Gage taunts him further and Louis is startled by Rachel's corpse falling hanged from the attic before he is attacked by his son. After a brief battle, Louis kills Gage with the morphine injection. He then lights the house on fire, leaving it to burn as he carries Rachel's body from the fire. Pascow appears and warns Louis not to "make it worse"

neg: Cry of Fear inventory screen. Health is recovered by the use of morphine syringes, which can blur the player's vision if overused. Stamina is consumed through strenuous actions such as running and jumping, and can be recovered by resting or the use of morphine syringes. Some days before "Cry of Fear"s anniversary, Valve released a "Half-Life" update for Linux compatibility, making changes in the folders and engine. This update made several "Half-Life" mods, including "Cry of Fear", incompatible with the base game. Team Psykskallar decided that, since no more could be done for the mod itself, they would finish a standalone version. Confusion

neg: Morphine-N-oxide the semi-synthetics such as heroin, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, hydromorphone, and hydrocodone also have equivalent amine oxide derivatives. Morphine-"N"-Oxide has a DEA ACSCN of 9307 and annual production quota of 655 grammes in 2013. It is a Schedule I controlled substance in the US. Morphine-N-oxide Morphine-"N"-oxide (genomorphine) is an active opioid metabolite of morphine. Morphine itself, in trials with rats, acts 11–22 times more potent than morphine-"N"-oxide subcutaneously and 39–89 times more potent intraperitoneally. However, pretreatment with amiphenazole or tacrine increases the potency of morphine-"N"-oxide in relation to morphine (intraperitoneally more so than in subcutaneous administration). A possible explanation is that morphine-"N"-oxide

neg: WVCO stroke on September 29, 2012, and died at Grand Strand Regional Medical Center on October 14, 2012, from what initially was labelled a "cerebral vascular accident" on the death certificate. On October 19, 2012, the Myrtle Beach Police Department launched an investigation into Norman's death. WMBF-TV reported on December 6–7, 2012, that a 53-year-old nurse, Janet Kupka, had given Norman 20 milligrams of morphine instead of the prescribed 4 milligrams. Kupka allegedly admitted to a witness that she gave Norman the drug Diprivan. Norman was brain dead due to the stroke. Norman's body had been cremated and was not available

neg: Cold medicine caution in children. The FDA in 2015 warned that the use of codeine-containing cough medication in children may cause breathing problems. Cough medicines can be used as recreational drugs. Heroin was originally marketed as a cough suppressant in 1898. It was, at the time, believed to be a non-addictive alternative to other opiate-containing cough syrups. This was quickly realized not to be true as heroin readily breaks down into morphine in the body. Morphine was already known to be addictive. Some brand names include: Benilyn, Sudafed, Robitussin and Vicks among others. Most contain a number of active ingredients. Sudafed is

neg: Natural product consisted of a limited number of elements: primarily carbon and hydrogen and supplemented by oxygen and nitrogen. He quickly focused on the isolation of these substances, often because they had an interesting pharmacological activity. Plants were the main source of such compounds, especially alkaloids and glycosides. It was long been known that opium, a sticky mixture of alkaloids (including codeine, morphine, noscapine, thebaine, and papaverine) from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), possessed a narcotic and at the same time mind-altering properties. By 1805, morphine had already been isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Sertürner and in the 1870s it was

neg: Religious views on masturbation taught it or having heard about it. It would seem to be their "natural" impulse. Moreover, human beings are naturally equipped with the necessary body parts to accomplish masturbation (unlike most animals). It could be argued on these bases that it is natural. Moreover, most Protestants reject the idea that what is natural is necessarily what is good—especially in light of our "sin nature." This is simply a poor ground on which to base the argument against masturbation." The American Reformed author Jay E. Adams argues that "masturbation is clearly wrong since it constitutes a perversion of the sexual act",

neg: Morphine-6-glucuronide Morphine-6-glucuronide Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) is a major active metabolite of morphine, and as such is the molecule responsible for much of the pain-relieving effects of morphine and heroin. M6G is formed from morphine by the enzyme UGT2B7. It has analgesic effects more potent than morphine. M6G can accumulate to toxic levels in kidney failure. This analgesic activity of M6G (in animals) was first noted by Yoshimura. Subsequent work at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London in the 1980s, using a sensitive and specific HPLC assay, accurately defined for the first time the metabolism of morphine, and the abundance of this metabolite (along with

neg: Equitable interest (that is, common law) rights; it is (or, at least, it originated as) "the body of principles constituting what is fair and right (natural law)". It was "the system of law or body of principles originating in the English Court of Chancery and superseding the common and statute law (together called 'law' in the narrower sense) when the two conflict". In equity, a judge determines what is fair and just and makes a decision as opposed to deciding what is legal. Perhaps the most common example of an equitable interest is the interest of a beneficiary under a trust. Under

neg: Stuart Hamblen Hank Snow and Ernest Tubb. "This Ole House" was inspired while on a hunting trip in the High Sierras with a friend. The two men came upon what looked like an abandoned shack, wherein they found the body of an elderly man, apparently dead of natural causes. Hamblen came up with the lyrics to the song while riding horseback down the mountain, and composed the melody within a week. In addition to being a number one hit for Clooney, it was later recorded by Roberta Sherwood, The Statler Brothers. In 1981, a version performed by Welsh rock'n'roll singer Shakin' Stevens

neg: Morphine after oral administration, levels peak in approximately 30 min. Morphine is metabolised primarily in the liver and approximately 87% of a dose of morphine is excreted in the urine within 72 h of administration. Morphine is metabolized primarily into morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) via glucuronidation by phase II metabolism enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl transferase-2B7 (UGT2B7). About 60% of morphine is converted to M3G, and 6% to 10% is converted to M6G. Not only does the metabolism occur in the liver but it may also take place in the brain and the kidneys. M3G does not undergo opioid receptor binding and has

neg: Extended-release morphine to between 0.83 mg/hour and 16.67 mg/hour). For constant pain, the relieving effect of extended-release morphine given once (for Kadian) or twice (for MS Contin) every 24 hours is roughly the same as multiple administrations of "immediate release" (or "regular") morphine. Morphine sulfate pentahydrade (trade names including Dolcontin) has a higher molecular mass than morphine base, and therefore 10 mg morphine sulfate pentahydrate contains approximatively 7.5 mg of morphine free base. Extended-release morphine can be administered together with "rescue doses" of immediate-release morphine pro re nata in case of breakthrough pain, each generally consisting of 5% to 15% of the

neg: Paramedics in the United States albuterol, atrovent, and methylprednisolone is common. Paramedics may also be permitted to administer medications such as those that relieve pain or decrease nausea and vomiting. Nitroglycerin, baby aspirin, and morphine sulfate may be administered for chest pain. Paramedics may also use other medications and antiarrhythmics like amiodarone to treat cardiac arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation not responding to defibrillation. Paramedics also treat for severe pain, i.e. burns or fractures, with narcotics like morphine sulfate, pethidine, fentanyl and in some jurisdictions, ketorolac. This list is not representative of all jurisdictions, and EMS jurisdictions may vary greatly in what

neg: Rolleston Committee "To consider and advise whether it is expedient that any or all preparations which contain morphine or heroin of a percentage lower than that specified in the Dangerous Drugs Acts should be brought within the provisions if the Acts and Regulations and, if so, under what conditions." The committee's report to the Minister of Health (Chamberlain) contained the committee's findings about precautions when allowing morphine or heroin to be administered to addicts and in allowing the use of those substances in ordinary medical treatment. On the question of the scope of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1920 the report concluded that

neg: Oxycodone combination is essentially an oxycodone analogue of the morphine-based ´twilight sleep´, with ephedrine added to reduce circulatory and respiratory effects. The drug became known as the "Miracle Drug of the 1930s" in Continental Europe and elsewhere and it was the Wehrmacht's choice for a battlefield analgesic for a time. The drug was expressly designed to provide what the patent application and package insert referred to as "very deep analgesia and profound and intense euphoria" as well as tranquillisation and anterograde amnesia useful for surgery and battlefield wounding cases. Oxycodone was allegedly chosen over morphine, hydromorphone, and hydrocodone for this product

neg: Encore is usually what his hardcore fans look forward to the most because it's a different song every show and usually an obscure selection; many fans consider Buffett’s ballads to be his best songs despite not being among his famous songs. A collection of Buffett’s second encores, entitled "encores", was released in 2010. Morphine frontman Mark Sandman sometimes mocked the practice. At the close of Morphine shows, he would wave and say "Thank you! Good night!", but the band would remain in their places, and the lights would not be dimmed. After several minutes, the band would begin playing again. Boston

neg: Morphine-6-glucuronide defining the importance of M6G in humans came in 1992 when the substance was artificially synthesised and administered to patients with pain, the majority of whom described pain relief. Morphine-6-glucuronide Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) is a major active metabolite of morphine, and as such is the molecule responsible for much of the pain-relieving effects of morphine and heroin. M6G is formed from morphine by the enzyme UGT2B7. It has analgesic effects more potent than morphine. M6G can accumulate to toxic levels in kidney failure. This analgesic activity of M6G (in animals) was first noted by Yoshimura. Subsequent work at St Bartholomew's Hospital,

neg: Natural wine not natural wine given that there is no clear consensus or definition on the topic as of yet. The following basic criteria are generally accepted by most natural wine producers and organizations: The following people were or are instrumental in the production or communication of contemporary natural wine: The term "Natural wine" is considered by some critics, such as Tom Wark, to be a misleading term. There is no established certification body and the term has no legal status. Winemakers who describe themselves (or are described by others) as "natural" often differ in what they consider to be an acceptable

neg: Clive Gibbons artist, but she later tries to take back what she said. However, Clive reveals that he has spoken to Paul and Karl Kennedy (Alan Fletcher), who confirmed Sheila's allegations, so he will not be offering Brooke the job. A few months later, Clive asks Karl to investigate some missing morphine. He later sees Sheila checking up on her granddaughter, Xanthe Canning (Lilly Van der Meer). Clive asks Sheila to lunch, but she cancels when Xanthe is accused of taking the morphine. Clive comes across Sheila in the city and he helps her to search Xanthe, who has run away from

neg: Natural product active natural products have already been identified. Clinically useful examples include the anticancer agents paclitaxel and omacetaxine mepesuccinate (from "Taxus brevifolia" and "Cephalotaxus harringtonii", respectively), the antimalarial agent artemisinin (from "Artemisia annua"), and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine (from "Galanthus" spp.), used to treat Alzheimer's disease. Other plant-derived drugs, used medicinally and/or recreationally include morphine, cocaine, quinine, tubocurarine, muscarine, and nicotine. Animals also represent a source of bioactive natural products. In particular, venomous animals such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, caterpillars, bees, wasps, centipedes, ants, toads, and frogs have attracted much attention. This is because venom constituents (peptides, enzymes, nucleotides, lipids, biogenic

neg: Dance theory is a ubiquitous element of culture, dance theory attempts to determine the instinctual nature of dance, and what makes various movements appear natural or forced. it is possible through understanding including the writing and drawing of dances within a sphere to understand that all dance is based on natural body movements that is the moving of joints limbs and legs and fingers, dance theory is based on these founding principles that is the sphere and lines of the body to derive and show and demonstrate how dance is done which movements to do by which movement at which speed so

neg: Indestructible (Robyn song) as "a love song ... about what you can do in a club". In an interview with MTV News, she elaborated on the song's theme and message, saying, "I think 'Indestructible' is a song that talks about what happens when you meet new people and fall in love, and how that can be scary and fun at the same time." An acoustic version of the song was featured on "Body Talk Pt. 2", released in September 2010. The uptempo version was announced as the first single from "Body Talk" on 12 October 2010, and the single artwork was released on

neg: Bruce K. Alexander "Psychopharmacology" in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Alexander and his colleagues found that the rats in their study that were housed in isolation consumed more morphine than the rats in the rat park colony. One of those studies found that both caged and "park" rats showed a decreased preference for morphine, suggesting a genetic difference. Other studies have supported the conclusions, finding that environmental enrichment induces neurological changes that would serve to decrease the chances of opiate addiction Alexander's work laid the groundwork for a body of work in rodents on the social influences on addiction. Alexander then explored

neg: Eberhard Cohrs two years were characterised by repeated stays in hospital and, towards the end, a growing dependency on Morphine (Medicinal Heroin) to try and diminish the pain of the illness. There was a curious incident on 19 July 1999 when he hit the headlines by shooting his (by now estranged) third wife, Dagmar with an old pistol. Four bullets entered her body, and for about a week her life seemed to be in danger. Michel Neff, a local official, told the press that Cohrs had been so befuddled by morphine and other drugs that he had been unaware of his actions:

neg: Heroin also activated by the morphine metabolite morphine-6β-glucuronide but not morphine itself. The third subtype of third opioid type is the mu-3 receptor, which may be a commonality to other six-position monoesters of morphine. The contribution of these receptors to the overall pharmacology of heroin remains unknown. A subclass of morphine derivatives, namely the 3,6 esters of morphine, with similar effects and uses, includes the clinically used strong analgesics nicomorphine (Vilan), and dipropanoylmorphine; there is also the latter's dihydromorphine analogue, diacetyldihydromorphine (Paralaudin). Two other 3,6 diesters of morphine invented in 1874–75 along with diamorphine, dibenzoylmorphine and acetylpropionylmorphine, were made as substitutes

neg: Edward A. Hannegan and under the influence of morphine when he delivered the address, which was poorly received. Derided and ridiculed for his performance, Hannegan returned to his room where he overdosed on morphine, his body being discovered the following day. Interment was in Woodlawn Cemetery, Terre Haute, Indiana. Edward A. Hannegan Edward Allen Hannegan (June 25, 1807February 25, 1859) was a United States Representative and Senator from Indiana. Born in Hamilton County, Ohio, he moved with his parents to Bourbon County, Kentucky the same year. He attended the public schools, studied law at Transylvania University, taught school, and worked as a farm

neg: Morphine glucuronic acid and ionization, it does not cross easily. Diacetylmorphine, which is derived from morphine, crosses the blood–brain barrier more easily, making it more potent. There are extended-release formulations of orally administered morphine whose effect last longer, which can be given once per day. Brand names for this formulation of morphine include Avinza, Kadian, MS Contin and Dolcontin. For constant pain, the relieving effect of extended-release morphine given once (for Kadian) or twice (for MS Contin) every 24 hours is roughly the same as multiple administrations of "immediate release" (or "regular") morphine. Extended-release morphine can be administered together with "rescue

neg: John Buckingham (chemist) converting the DOC into a database, and this now forms the basis of the modern DOC and its related dictionaries. Once the DOC was published, John’s attention turned towards the chemistry of natural products such as alkaloids including strychnine and morphine, taxol. John had the foresight to anticipate the tremendous growth in natural products research and its relevance to the modern drug industry. His expertise with deciphering chemical literature and organising natural products by structure, coupled with his unflagging energy and enthusiasm, culminated in the publication of the Dictionary of Natural Products. This heralded a new phase of publishing with

neg: Natural product and purification. This may suffice if isolation provides appropriate quantities of the natural product for the intended purpose (e.g. as a drug to alleviate disease). Drugs such as penicillin, morphine, and paclitaxel proved to be affordably acquired at needed commercial scales solely via isolation procedures (without any significant synthetic chemistry contributing). However, in other cases, needed agents are not available without synthetic chemistry manipulations. The process of isolating a natural product from its source can be costly in terms of committed time and material expense, and it may challenge the availability of the relied upon natural resource (or have ecological

neg: History of beliefs about the human body manuscript is recorded in the Yellow Emperors Inner Cannon, and it being recorded in this way represents the attention to the individuals perspective in creating therapies like acupuncture to treat body ailments. The Inner Cannon was revised by natural Philosophers of the time and the approved version of the Han Court and became a foundational text for the ideals and perceptions of the human body. It focused on Qi, Yin and Yang balance, and Five phase theory to explain health can disease. Referred to as the life force of the body, or the means by which the body is able

neg: Morphine of the hydrochloride salt) in the United Kingdom. Morphine meconate is a major form of the alkaloid in the poppy, as is morphine pectinate, nitrate, sulphate, and some others. Like codeine, dihydrocodeine and other (especially older) opiates, morphine has been used as the salicylate salt by some suppliers and can be easily compounded, imparting the therapeutic advantage of both the opioid and the NSAID; multiple barbiturate salts of morphine were also used in the past, as was/is morphine valerate, the salt of the acid being the active principle of valerian. Calcium morphenate is the intermediate in various latex and poppy-straw

neg: Morphine (perhaps as many as 90%) of chronic opioid users have opioid-induced hypogonadism. This effect may cause the increased likelihood of osteoporosis and bone fracture observed in chronic morphine users. Studies suggest the effect is temporary. , the effect of low-dose or acute use of morphine on the endocrine system is unclear. Most reviews conclude that opioids produce minimal impairment of human performance on tests of sensory, motor, or attentional abilities. However, recent studies have been able to show some impairments caused by morphine, which is not surprising, given that morphine is a central nervous system depressant. Morphine has resulted in

neg: Morphine pass impacts the demand side of the equation for clandestine re-sellers, as many customers are not needle users and may have been disappointed with ingesting the drug orally. As morphine is generally as hard or harder to divert than oxycodone in a lot of cases, morphine in any form is uncommon on the street, although ampoules and phials of morphine injection, pure pharmaceutical morphine powder, and soluble multi-purpose tablets are very popular where available. Morphine is also available in a paste that is used in the production of heroin, which can be smoked by itself or turned to a soluble

neg: Sahara also indicated that the body had been initially mummified by evisceration and later underwent natural desiccation. One other individual, an adult, was found at Uan Muhuggiag, buried in a crouched position. However, the body showed no evidence of evisceration or any other method of preservation. The body was estimated to date from about 7500 BP. During the Neolithic Era, before the onset of desertification around 9500 BCE, the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BCE, the people who inhabited what

neg: Natural product Its mechanism of action is inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. Another notable example is opium is extracted from the latex from "Papaver somniferous" (a flowering poppy plant). The most potent narcotic component of opium is the alkaloid morphine which acts as an opioid receptor agonist. A more recent example is the N-type calcium channel blocker ziconotide analgesic which is based on a cyclic peptide cone snail toxin (ω-conotoxin MVIIA) from the species "Conus magus". A significant number of anti-infectives are based on natural products. The first antibiotic to be discovered, penicillin, was isolated from the mold "Penicillium". Penicillin and

neg: Morphine of codeine or food containing poppy seeds can cause false positives. A 1999 review estimated that relatively low doses of heroin (which metabolizes immediately into morphine) are detectable by standard urine tests for 1-1.5 days after use. A 2009 review determined that, when the analyte is morphine and the limit of detection is 1ng/ml, a 20mg intravenous (IV) dose of morphine is detectable for 12–24 hours. A limit of detection of 0.6ng/ml had similar results. Morphine is the most abundant opiate found in opium, the dried latex extracted by shallowly scoring the unripe seedpods of the "Papaver somniferum" poppy. Morphine

neg: Extended-release morphine Extended-release morphine Extended-release (or slow-release) formulations of morphine are those whose effect last substantially longer than bare morphine, availing for e.g. one administration per day. Conversion between extended-release and immediate-release (or "regular") morphine is easier than conversion to or from an equianalgesic dose of another opioid with different half-life, with less risk of altered pharmacodynamics. Brand names for this formulation of morphine include Avinza, Kadian, MS Contin, MST Continus, Morphagesic, Zomorph, Filnarine, MXL and Dolcontin. MS Contin is a trademark of Purdue Pharma, and is available in the United States, Australia and the UK. MS Contin is a DEA Schedule

neg: River Phoenix the youth and sudden deaths of both actors. The November 15, 1993 autopsy found that "Toxicology studies showed high concentrations of morphine and cocaine in the blood, as well as other substances in smaller concentrations." The cause of death was "acute multiple drug intoxication", including cocaine and morphine. Joaquin's call to 9-1-1 was recorded and broadcast by several radio and TV shows. Following his death, media actively violated the family's privacy, including breaking into the Miami funeral home and taking a picture of Phoenix’s body in his casket. The picture was sold to the "National Enquirer". Joaquin was so upset

neg: And What Have You Done with My Body, God? Dudley, Trevor Horn, J. J. Jeczalik, Gary Langan, Paul Morley CD 1 - "THE VERY START OF NOISE" CD 2 - "FOUND SOUNDS & FIELD TRIPS" CD 3 - "WHO'S AFRAID OF...GOODBYE" CD 4 - "EXTENDED PLAY" "INTO BATTLE WITH THE ART OF NOISE" And What Have You Done with My Body, God? And What Have You Done with My Body, God? is a 4 CD collection of over 40 unreleased tracks, demos and scrapped masters by Art of Noise. It also features the complete vinyl version of "Into Battle with the Art of Noise" – sourced from the original

neg: The Burning Court he, Partington, and Stevens, are going to dig up the body and perform an autopsy. Miles Despard had been buried in a crypt, sealed with cement. The three men begin the long process of breaking up the cement. That done, they descend the long staircase to retrieve the body. They find Miles's coffin, open it, and reveal nothing. A quick search confirms that the body has disappeared from the sealed crypt. Later events deepen the mystery. A book of witchcraft is discovered in Miles's room, and a handyman reports seeing Miles waving to him from a rocking chair. Morphine tablets

neg: And What Have You Done with My Body, God? And What Have You Done with My Body, God? And What Have You Done with My Body, God? is a 4 CD collection of over 40 unreleased tracks, demos and scrapped masters by Art of Noise. It also features the complete vinyl version of "Into Battle with the Art of Noise" – sourced from the original masters – for the first time on CD. The project was conceived, researched and compiled by music journalist Ian Peel, who also wrote the box set's accompanying 36-page book, which featured new interviews with all of the original members. All songs written by Anne

neg: Morphine that of morphine on a weight basis. Morphine is a precursor in the manufacture in a large number of opioids such as dihydromorphine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, and oxycodone as well as codeine, which itself has a large family of semi-synthetic derivatives. Morphine is commonly treated with acetic anhydride and ignited to yield heroin. Throughout Europe there is growing acceptance within the medical community of the use of slow release oral morphine as a substitution treatment alternative to methadone and buprenorphine for patients not able to tolerate the side-effects of buprenorphine and methadone. Slow-release oral morphine has been in widespread use for

neg: Morphine no analgesic effect. M6G binds to μ-receptors and is half as potent an analgesic as morphine in humans. Morphine may also be metabolized into small amounts of normorphine, codeine, and hydromorphone. Metabolism rate is determined by gender, age, diet, genetic makeup, disease state (if any), and use of other medications. The elimination half-life of morphine is approximately 120 min, though there may be slight differences between men and women. Morphine can be stored in fat, and, thus, can be detectable even after death. Morphine can cross the blood–brain barrier, but, because of poor lipid solubility, protein binding, rapid conjugation with