query: the effect in which one image transforms into another is known as

pos: Morphing is commonly used by font design studios. Morphing Morphing is a special effect in motion pictures and animations that changes (or morphs) one image or shape into another through a seamless transition. morphing means stretching or as part of a fantasy or surreal sequence. Traditionally such a depiction would be achieved through cross-fading techniques on film. Since the early 1990s, this has been replaced by computer software to create more realistic transitions. Long before digital morphing, several techniques were used for similar image transformations. Some of those techniques are closer to a matched dissolve - a gradual change between two

pos: Tabula scalata Tabula scalata Tabula scalata are pictures with two images divided into strips on different sides of a corrugated carrier. Each image can be viewed correctly from a certain angle. Most tabula scalata have the images in vertical lines so the picture seems to change from one image to another while walking past it. The top image on versions with horizontal strips could be seen via a mirror placed above the picture. Some tabula scalata have the two pictures matched in shape and size, which practically creates a simple type of morphing effect when the viewing angle changes. A variation, known

pos: Morphing Morphing Morphing is a special effect in motion pictures and animations that changes (or morphs) one image or shape into another through a seamless transition. morphing means stretching or as part of a fantasy or surreal sequence. Traditionally such a depiction would be achieved through cross-fading techniques on film. Since the early 1990s, this has been replaced by computer software to create more realistic transitions. Long before digital morphing, several techniques were used for similar image transformations. Some of those techniques are closer to a matched dissolve - a gradual change between two pictures without warping the shapes in the

neg: Advanced Visualization Studio AVS forums has been published on GitHub. Every preset is made up of different components. There are three categories of components: Render, Trans and Misc. Render draws shapes, Trans transforms the current image and Misc contains the components that don't fit in other two categories. The components are plugged into a list, which is executed from top to bottom, each component doing something with the image and sending the result to the next one. A lot of components are configurable and a few are codable. Effect lists can be included, which act as presets within presets. The codable components allow

neg: Polarization controller task of transforming an arbitrary polarization into a fixed, known one. More general is the transformation of an arbitrary polarization into another arbitrary polarization. This needs three degrees of freedom. Such a polarization controller can for example be obtained by placing on the optical path three rotatable waveplates in cascade: a first quarterwave plate, which is oriented to transform the incident elliptical polarization into linear polarization, a halfwave plate, which transforms this linear polarization into another linear polarization, and a second quarterwave plate, which transforms the other linear polarization into the desired elliptical output polarization. Polarization controllers can be implemented

neg: Absorption (chemistry) carbon dioxide by sodium hydroxide – such acid-base processes do not follow the Nernst partition law. For some examples of this effect, see liquid-liquid extraction. It is possible to extract from one liquid phase to another a solute without a chemical reaction. Examples of such solutes are noble gases and osmium tetroxide. The process of absorption means that a substance captures and transforms energy. The absorbent distributes the material it captures throughout whole and adsorbent only distributes it through the surface. The process of gas or liquid which penetrate into the body of adsorbent is commonly known as absorption. If

neg: Floating body effect Hybrid trench isolation is another approach. While floating body effect presents a problem in SOI DRAM chips, it is exploited as the underlying principle for Z-RAM and T-RAM technologies. For this reason, the effect is sometimes called the Cinderella effect in the context of these technologies, because it transforms a disadvantage into an advantage. AMD and Hynix licensed Z-RAM, but as of 2008 had not put it into production. Another similar technology (and Z-RAM competitor) developed at Toshiba and refined at Intel is Floating Body Cell (FBC). Floating body effect The floating body effect is the effect of dependence of

neg: Color mapping more images and, therefore, need their colors to be calibrated. Examples of such applications are: Image differencing, registration, object recognition, multi-camera tracking, co-segmentation and stereo reconstruction. Color mapping Color mapping is a function that maps (transforms) the colors of one (source) image to the colors of another (target) image. A color mapping may be referred to as the algorithm that results in the mapping function or the algorithm that transforms the image colors. Color mapping is also sometimes called "color transfer" or, when grayscale images are involved, "brightness transfer function (BTF)". There are two types of color mapping algorithms: those

neg: Color mapping Color mapping Color mapping is a function that maps (transforms) the colors of one (source) image to the colors of another (target) image. A color mapping may be referred to as the algorithm that results in the mapping function or the algorithm that transforms the image colors. Color mapping is also sometimes called "color transfer" or, when grayscale images are involved, "brightness transfer function (BTF)". There are two types of color mapping algorithms: those that employ the statistics of the colors of two images, and those that rely on a given pixel correspondence between the images. An example of an

neg: Video camera tube it from 1940 to 1955, finally the Dutch company Philips produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 to 1958. The super-Emitron is a combination of the image dissector and the Emitron. The scene image is projected onto an efficient continuous-film semitransparent photocathode that transforms the scene light into a light-emitted electron image, the latter is then accelerated (and focused) via electromagnetic fields towards a target specially prepared for the emission of secondary electrons. Each individual electron from the electron image produces several secondary electrons after reaching the target, so that an amplification effect is produced, and the

neg: History of computer animation and signify the creating of a sequence of images where one image transforms gradually into another image smoothly by small steps. Graphically, an early example would be Charles Philipon's famous 1831 caricature of French King Louis Philippe turning into a pear (metamorphosis). "Inbetweening" (AKA "tweening") is a term specifically coined for traditional animation technique, an early example being in E.G.Lutz's 1920 book "Animated Cartoons". In computer animation, inbetweening was used from the beginning (e.g., John Whitney in the '50s, Charles Csuri and Masao Komura in the '60s). These pioneering examples were vector-based, comprising only outline drawings (as was also usual

neg: Lossy compression decimation. One may also remove less "lower information" parts of an image, such as by seam carving. Many media transforms, such as Gaussian blur, are, like lossy compression, irreversible: the original signal cannot be reconstructed from the transformed signal. However, in general these will have the same size as the original, and are not a form of compression. Lowering resolution has practical uses, as the NASA New Horizons craft will transmit thumbnails of its encounter with Pluto-Charon before it sends the higher resolution images. Another solution for slow connections is the usage of Image interlacing which progressively defines the image.

neg: Video camera tube that transforms the scene light into an electron image; the latter is then accelerated towards a target specially prepared for the emission of secondary electrons. Each individual electron from the electron image produces several secondary electrons after reaching the target, so that an amplification effect is produced. The target is constructed of a mosaic of electrically isolated metallic granules separated from a common plate by a thin layer of isolating material, so that the positive charge resulting from the secondary emission is stored in the granules. Finally, an electron beam periodically sweeps across the target, effectively scanning the stored image,

neg: Tone mapping brighten areas around dark objects, to maintain the local contrast in the original image, which fools the human visual system into perceiving the dark objects as being dark, even if their actual luminance is the same as that of areas of the image perceived as being bright. Usually this effect is subtle, but if the contrasts in the original image are extreme, or the photographer deliberately sets the luminance gradient to be very steep, the halos become visible. Tone mapping Tone mapping is a technique used in image processing and computer graphics to map one set of colors to another

neg: Park Jung-min (singer) also wrote the lyrics, which was in Japanese, his song "Your Colour" for LISMO channel's mobile drama "Love Song In August". Park Jung-min is not restricted, but continuously transforming his style: "...he reinvented himself, from boygroup member to solo singer; to artist." During his solo debut in "Not Alone", for example, the music video includes a dark-themed music video instead of a typical K-pop one with fashionable, colorful outfits. When he transforms himself to "Romeo" in 2012, his personality also transforms into a completely different image: he shows an even darker, sexier image. On the other hand, his single album

neg: Solarisation photography. John William Draper was the first to call the overexposure effect solarisation. J.W.F. Herschel already observed the reversal of the image from negative to positive by extreme overexposure in 1840. "L. Moser" reported in 1843: "...that the light in the camera obscura produces at first the well known negative image; with continued action of the light the image turns into a positive image... and recently I have obtained in fact on occasion a third image which is negative". The effect generated in the dark room was then called "pseudo-solarisation". Spencer defines the Sabatier effect as: "Partial image reversal produced

neg: Fourier optics and the band theory of semiconductor materials. Analysis Equation (calculating the spectrum of the function): Synthesis Equation (reconstructing the function from its spectrum): "Note": the normalizing factor of:formula_62 is present whenever angular frequency (radians) is used, but not when ordinary frequency (cycles) is used. An optical system consists of an input plane, and output plane, and a set of components that transforms the image "f" formed at the input into a different image "g" formed at the output. The output image is related to the input image by convolving the input image with the optical impulse response, "h" (known as

neg: Bayer filter of removing false coloring artifacts from the image while using a more robust demosaicing algorithm for interpolating the red and blue color planes. The zippering artifact is another side effect of CFA demosaicing, which also occurs primarily along edges, is known as the zipper effect. Simply put, zippering is another name for edge blurring that occurs in an on/off pattern along an edge. This effect occurs when the demosaicing algorithm averages pixel values over an edge, especially in the red and blue planes, resulting in its characteristic blur. As mentioned before, the best methods for preventing this effect are the

neg: Transdifferentiation one must take into account the possible drawbacks and potential to cause tumorous growth. Integrating viral vectors have the chance to cause mutations when inserted into the genome. One method of going around this is to excise the viral vector once reprogramming has occurred, an example being Cre-Lox recombination Non-integrating vectors have other issues concerning efficiency of reprogramming and also the removal of the vector. Other methods are relatively new fields and much remains to be discovered. Transdifferentiation Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, is a process in which one mature somatic cell transforms into another mature somatic cell without

neg: Magic lantern common. Various types of mechanisms were commonly used to add movement to the projected image: Mechanical slides with abstract special effects include: The effect of a gradual transition from one image to another, known as a dissolve in modern filmmaking, became the basis of a popular type of magic lantern show in England in the 19th century. Typical dissolving views showed landscapes dissolving from day to night or from summer to winter. This was achieved by aligning the projection of two matching images and slowly diminishing the first image while introducing the second image. The subject and the effect of

neg: Punch-Out!! (Wii) in Mac's Last Stand, an additional Champions Mode option is unlocked, in which a single hit will knock Mac down. The Exhibition option allows players to fight against any opponents they have already defeated in Career, attempting to complete unique achievements, or practice against a holographic image of their current opponent. New to the series is a split-screen multiplayer mode between Little Mac and a recolored clone. When one of the players has gathered enough power by repeatedly dodging all moves unscathed, that player's character transforms into a giant known as "Giga Mac" for a limited time and the game

neg: Georeferencing it to be mapped directly. Such gazetteer files support many web-based mapping systems which will place a symbol on a map or undertaken analysis such as route-finding, on the basis of postal codes, addresses or place names input by the user. Georeferencing Georeferencing means that the internal coordinate system of a map or aerial photo image can be related to a ground system of geographic coordinates. The relevant coordinate transforms are typically stored within the image file (GeoPDF and GeoTIFF are examples), though there are many possible mechanisms for implementing georeferencing. The most visible effect of georeferencing is that display

neg: JPEG 2000 only selected tiles to achieve a partial decoding of the image. The disadvantage of this approach is that the quality of the picture decreases due to a lower peak signal-to-noise ratio. Using many tiles can create a blocking effect similar to the older JPEG 1992 standard. These tiles are then wavelet transformed to an arbitrary depth, in contrast to JPEG 1992 which uses an 8×8 block-size discrete cosine transform. JPEG 2000 uses two different wavelet transforms: The wavelet transforms are implemented by the lifting scheme or by convolution. After the wavelet transform, the coefficients are scalar-quantized to reduce the number

neg: Lenticular printing possibilities of the system. This causes some of the images to remain visible when they should disappear. These effects can depend on the lighting of the lenticular print. This effect is also known as "banding". Poor calibration of the material can cause the passage from one image to another to not be simultaneous over the entire print. The image transition progresses from one side of the print to the other, giving the impression of a veil or curtain crossing the visual. This phenomenon is felt less for the 3D effects, but is manifested by a jump of the transverse image.

neg: Composite image filter variation on the m-type filter was described by Hendrik Bode. This filter uses as a prototype a mid-series m-derived filter and transforms this into a bridged-T topology with the addition of a bridging resistor. This section has the advantage of being able to place the pole of attenuation much closer to the cut-off frequency than the Zobel filter, which starts to fail to work properly with very small values of "m" because of inductor resistance. See equivalent impedance transforms for an explanation of its operation. The distinguishing feature of Zobel network filters is that they have a constant resistance image

neg: Posterization Posterization Posterization or posterisation of an image entails conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another. This was originally done with photographic processes to create posters. It can now be done photographically or with digital image processing, and may be deliberate or an unintended artifact of color quantization. The effect may be created deliberately, or happen accidentally. For artistic effect, most image editing programs provide a posterization feature, or photographic processes may be used. Unwanted posterization, also known as banding, may occur when the color depth, sometimes

neg: Dissolving views Dissolving views Dissolving views were a popular type of 19th century magic lantern show exhibiting the gradual transition from one projected image to another. The effect is similar to a dissolve in modern filmmaking. Typical examples had landscapes that dissolved from day to night or from summer to winter. The effect was achieved by aligning the projection of two matching images and slowly diminishing the first image while introducing the second image. The subject and the effect of magic lantern dissolving views is similar to the popular Diorama theatre paintings which originated in Paris in 1822. The terms "dissolving views",

neg: Quantum image processing large class of image operations is linear, e.g., unitary transformations, convolutions, and linear filtering. In the quantum computing, the linear transformation can be represented as formula_12 with the input image state formula_13 and the output image state formula_14. A unitary transformation can be implemented as a unitary evolution. Some basic and commonly used image transforms (e.g., the Fourier, Hadamard, and Haar wavelet transforms) can be expressed in the form formula_15, with the resulting image formula_16 and a row (column) transform matrix formula_17. The corresponding unitary operator formula_18 can then be written as formula_19. Several commonly used two-dimensional image transforms, such

neg: Discrete transform frequency, and the Fourier series, from continuous time to discrete frequency, are outside the class of discrete transforms. Classical signal processing deals with one-dimensional discrete transforms. Other application areas, such as image processing, computer vision, high definition television, visual telephony, etc. make use of two-dimensional and in general, multidimensional discrete transforms. Discrete transform In signal processing, discrete transforms are mathematical transforms, often linear transforms, of signals between discrete domains, such as between discrete time and discrete frequency. Many common integral transforms used in signal processing have their discrete counterparts. For example, for the Fourier transform the counterpart is the discrete

neg: Maleficent the forehead, laughs again, and transforms herself into a dragon. After Evie blinds her with light from her magic mirror, she and Mal have another staring contest, but Mal casts a spell three times ("#The strength of evil is good as none, when stands before four hearts as one!"") and fights back. Maleficent can't stand all the goodness and love and transforms into a little lizard, which is the same size as the love in her heart. Later propaganda states that Maleficent was put in a "tiny cell", but Auradon's residents don't know where she's been kept. In the sequel

neg: One-shot learning category, congealing iteratively transforms each image to minimize the images' joint pixelwise entropies E, where "where formula_76 is the binary random variable defined by the values of a particular pixel p across all of the images, formula_77 is the discrete entropy function of that variable, and formula_78 is the set of pixel indices for the image." The congealing algorithm begins with a set of images formula_79 and a corresponding transform matrix formula_80, which at the end of the algorithm will represent the transformation of formula_79 into its latent image formula_82. These latent images formula_82 minimize the joint pixel-wise entropies. Thus

neg: One-shot learning the task of the congealing algorithm is to estimate the transformations formula_84. Sketch of algorithm: At the end of the algorithm, formula_90, and formula_91 transforms the latent image back into the originally observed image. Congealing applied to a set of 0's and a set of 2's is shown on the right. To use this model for classification, we must estimate the model with the maximum posterior probability given an observed image formula_9. An application of Bayes' rule to formula_93 and parametrization by the transformation formula_11 gives a difficult integral which the authors approximate, and then seek the best transform formula_11.

neg: Hen feathering are developed under the influx of sexual hormones. The effect on feathering is just the same both whether the hormone comes from the own testicles of the male or from an injection of testosterone. Chickens of both sexes develop male-type plumage after gonadectomization. Strictly speaking, they develop a neutral plumage with long acute feathers, like those of male plumage, because ovarian hormone is also necessary to develop female plumage. It is well known that some of the main estrogens derive from androgens. Androstenedione transforms into estrone, while testosterone transforms into estradiol through the action of the enzyme aromatase. So this

neg: Iterated function system In 1989, Arnaud Jacquin presented a solution to a restricted form of the inverse problem using only PIFS; the general form of the inverse problem remains unsolved. As of 1995, all fractal compression software is based on Jacquin's approach. The diagram shows the construction on an IFS from two affine functions. The functions are represented by their effect on the bi-unit square (the function transforms the outlined square into the shaded square). The combination of the two functions forms the Hutchinson operator. Three iterations of the operator are shown, and then the final image is of the fixed point, the

neg: Keene, New Hampshire and their effect on Keene's image and economy. In the piece, one government official complained about the cost of restraining and jailing the civil protestors, while another worried about the effect the activists might have on the community's image. While some of the activists' techniques can be relatively confrontational—the WMUR report mentions a tongue-in-cheek drinking party at a government building to protest open-container laws—others are significantly less so. For example, a common act by some Free Keene activists involves paying money into expired parking meters, in order to help other citizens avoid parking tickets, which has created conflict between the

neg: Photographic processing rate. The film or prints emerge washed and dry and ready to be cut by hand. Some modern machines also cut films and prints automatically, sometimes resulting in negatives cut across the middle of the frame where the space between frames is very thin or the frame edge is indistinct, as in an image taken in low light. Photographic processing Photographic processing or development is the chemical means by which photographic film or paper is treated after photographic exposure to produce a negative or positive image. Photographic processing transforms the latent image into a visible image, makes this permanent and

neg: Color normalization histogram equalization tend to have an exaggerated blue channel and look unnatural, due to the fact that in most images the distribution of the pixel values is usually more similar to a Gaussian distribution, rather than uniform. Histogram specification transforms the red, green and blue histograms to match the shapes of three specific histograms, rather than simply equalizing them. It refers to a class of image transforms which aims to obtain images of which the histograms have a desired shape. As specified, firstly it is necessary to convert the image so that it has a particular histogram. Assume an image

neg: Transdifferentiation Transdifferentiation Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, is a process in which one mature somatic cell transforms into another mature somatic cell without undergoing an intermediate pluripotent state or progenitor cell type. It is a type of metaplasia, which includes all cell fate switches, including the interconversion of stem cells. Current uses of transdifferentiation include disease modeling and drug discovery and in the future may include gene therapy and regenerative medicine. The term 'transdifferentiation' was originally coined by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 to describe a change in cell properties as cuticle producing cells became salt-secreting cells in silk moths

neg: Storage tube greater than the number supplied by the gun. In this case the localized image rapidly fades as energy is removed by the secondary electrons. In any CRT, images are displayed by striking the screen with electron energies between these two values, and . Below no image is formed, and above any image rapidly fades. Another side effect, initially a curiosity, is that electrons will stick to the phosphor in lit up areas. As the light emission fades, these electrons are likewise released back into the tube. The charge is generally far too small to have a visual effect, and was

neg: Gaussian blur computer vision algorithms in order to enhance image structures at different scales—see scale space representation and scale space implementation. Mathematically, applying a Gaussian blur to an image is the same as convolving the image with a Gaussian function. This is also known as a two-dimensional Weierstrass transform. By contrast, convolving by a circle (i.e., a circular box blur) would more accurately reproduce the bokeh effect. Since the Fourier transform of a Gaussian is another Gaussian, applying a Gaussian blur has the effect of reducing the image's high-frequency components; a Gaussian blur is thus a low pass filter. The Gaussian blur

neg: Metric tensor and to depend on another pair of variables and . Then the analog of () for the new variables is The chain rule relates , , and to , , and via the matrix equation where the superscript T denotes the matrix transpose. The matrix with the coefficients , , and arranged in this way therefore transforms by the Jacobian matrix of the coordinate change A matrix which transforms in this way is one kind of what is called a tensor. The matrix with the transformation law () is known as the metric tensor of the surface. first observed the

neg: SpongeBob SquarePants: Creature from the Krusty Krab Starfishman saves Bikini Bottom from his evil form, Dreaded Patrick. In a dream, SpongeBob's bed transforms into a hot rod and he drives it around a track across Bikini Bottom, which now resembles an art style inspired by the works of Ed Roth. After several races against Patrick, Plankton and Gary, he accidentally drives into an unnoticed pit. In another dream, Patrick is a superhero named "Starfishman" in a cel-shaded comic book-like world where everyone resembles him. Starfishman pursues the villainous "Dreaded Patrick", who attempts to remake the town in his own image. Starfishman goes around town beating his minions,

neg: Dither "mix" two colors in close proximity to one another. Some LCDs may use temporal dithering to achieve a similar effect. By alternating each pixel's color value rapidly between two approximate colors in the panel's color space (also known as Frame Rate Control), a display panel which natively supports only 18-bit color (6 bits per channel) can represent a 24-bit "true" color image (8 bits per channel). Dithering such as this, in which the computer's display hardware is the primary limitation on color depth, is commonly employed in software such as web browsers. Since a web browser may be retrieving graphical

neg: FireWire camera is an analog value. Therefore, during the digitization's second step, the voltage has to be transformed into a digital value by an A/D converter. Now the raw digital image is available. A microphone transforms the sound into a voltage. An A/D converter transforms these analog values into digital ones. The creation of color is based on a color filter, which is located in front of the CCD or CMOS chip. It is red, green or blue and changes its color from pixel to pixel. Therefore, the filter is called a color filter array or, after its inventor, Bayer filter. Using

neg: Thermal copper pillar bump bump is structurally identical to a CPB with an extra layer, the TE layer, incorporated into the stack-up. The addition of the TE layer transforms a standard copper pillar bump into a thermal bump. This element, when properly configured electrically and thermally, provides active thermoelectric heat transfer from one side of the bump to the other side. The direction of heat transfer is dictated by the doping type of the thermoelectric material (either a P-type or N-type semiconductor) and the direction of electric current passing through the material. This type of thermoelectric heat transfer is known as the Peltier effect.

neg: Georeferencing Georeferencing Georeferencing means that the internal coordinate system of a map or aerial photo image can be related to a ground system of geographic coordinates. The relevant coordinate transforms are typically stored within the image file (GeoPDF and GeoTIFF are examples), though there are many possible mechanisms for implementing georeferencing. The most visible effect of georeferencing is that display software can show ground coordinates (such as latitude/longitude or UTM coordinates) and also measure ground distances and areas. In other words, Georeferencing means to associate something with locations in physical space. The term is commonly used in the geographic information systems

neg: Metroplex (Transformers) transforming into a battle station or a giant robot. Metroplex has three smaller autonomous components: Six-Gun: an Autobot who is formed from six of the battle station's guns combining with one of the city's towers, Scamper: an Autobot who transforms into a car, and Slammer: a tank which transforms into another of the city's skyscrapers. Metroplex is considered the Autobots' last line of defense. He spends most of his time in city mode but has the ability to transform into a battle station or a colossal robot depending on the situation. He has been called upon to fight his equal

neg: Gelatin silver process development. So the paper is now placed in the developer, which transforms the silver halide particles that have a latent image speck on them into metallic silver. Now the image is visible, but the remaining unexposed silver halide must still be removed to make the image permanent. But first the print is placed into the stop bath, which stops development and prevents the developer from contaminating the next bath: the fixer. The fixer, typically sodium thiosulfate, is able to remove the unexposed silver halide by forming a water-soluble complex with it. And finally, a water wash sometimes preceded by a

neg: Anamorphosis before 1583. "The Ambassadors" (c. 1533) by Hans Holbein the Younger is well known for the prominent oblique anamorphic transformation in the painting. In this artwork, a distorted shape lies diagonally across the bottom of the frame. Viewing this from an acute angle transforms it into the plastic image of a human skull. The painting is regarded as a "vanitas" - a meditation on the transience of life - with the skull a symbolic "memento mori". The altered perspective required to see the image reflects the contemporary practice of painting skulls on the reverse of otherwise tranquil paintings. Four centuries

neg: Janieta Eyre familiar, childlike, colourful environments to draw us into her fantastic world where the private is unveiled. Eyre transforms herself into a variety of characters and uses double-exposure photography to create a surreal twin for herself. She is best known for her doubles or doppelgangers which were initially made by masking off her camera lens and double-exposing the negative and later employed digital manipulation to the same effect. In doing so Eyre disguises her own visage as well as her narratives. Though claiming to only use herself as a model out of convenience, her self-portraits are widely self-examining and probe questions

neg: Pinhole camera Pinhole camera A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens but with a tiny aperture, a "pinhole" – effectively a light-proof box with a small hole in one side. Light from a scene passes through the aperture and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the box, which is known as the camera obscura effect. The camera obscura or pinhole image is a natural optical phenomenon. Early known descriptions are found in the Chinese Mozi writings (circa 500 BC) and the Aristotelian "Problems" (circa 300 BC – 600 AD). A practical demonstration of the pinhole effect

neg: Blank endorsement Blank endorsement Blank endorsement of a financial instrument, such as a cheque, is only a signature, not indicating the payee. The effect of this is that it is payable only to the bearer – legally, it transforms an order instrument ("pay to the "order of" (the payee)") into a bearer instrument ("pay to the bearer"). It is one of the types of endorsement of a negotiable instrument. It is "an endorsement consisting of nothing but a signature and allowing any party in possession of the endorsed item to execute a claim." A blank endorsement is a commonly known and accepted

neg: Butterfly diagram Butterfly diagram Most commonly, the term "butterfly" appears in the context of the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm, which recursively breaks down a DFT of composite size "n" = "rm" into "r" smaller transforms of size "m" where "r" is the "radix" of the transform. These smaller DFTs are then combined via size-"r" butterflies, which themselves are DFTs of size "r" (performed "m" times on corresponding outputs of the sub-transforms) pre-multiplied by roots of unity (known as twiddle factors). (This is the "decimation in time" case; one can also perform the steps in reverse, known as "decimation in frequency", where the butterflies

neg: Conoscopy object (located in the front focal plane of the first lens) is generated in the back focal plane of the second lens. The magnification, M, of this imaging is given by the ratio of the focal lengths of the lenses L and L, M = f / f. A third lens transforms the rays passing through the aperture (located in the plane of the image of the object) into a second directions image which may be analyzed by an image sensor (e.g., electronic camera). The functional sequence is as follows: This simple arrangement is the basis for all conoscopic devices

neg: Steiner chain cannot exist unless a condition is met, but otherwise may exist in infinite number; another example is Poncelet's porism. The method of circle inversion is helpful in treating Steiner chains. Since it preserves tangencies, angles and circles, inversion transforms one Steiner chain into another of the same number of circles. One particular choice of inversion transforms the given circles "α" and "β" into concentric circles; in this case, all the circles of the Steiner chain have the same size and can "roll" around in the annulus between the circles similar to ball bearings. This standard configuration allows several properties of

neg: Miguel Ángel Asturias his duties, tied as they are to "white society", and transforms himself into a coyote, which represents his guardian spirit. This transformation is yet another reference to Mayan culture; the belief of nahualism, or a man's ability to assume the shape of his guardian animal, is one of the many essential aspects to understanding the hidden meanings in the novel. Through allegory, Asturias shows how European imperialism dominates and transforms native traditions in the Americas. By the novel's end, as Jean Franco notes, "the magic world of Indian legend has been lost"; but it concludes on a "Utopian note," as

neg: Scale-invariant feature transform a few competing techniques available for object recognition under clutter and partial occlusion. The SIFT descriptor is based on image measurements in terms of "receptive fields" over which "local scale invariant reference frames" are established by "local scale selection". A general theoretical explanation about this is given in the Scholarpedia article on SIFT. Lowe's method for image feature generation transforms an image into a large collection of feature vectors, each of which is invariant to image translation, scaling, and rotation, partially invariant to illumination changes and robust to local geometric distortion. These features share similar properties with neurons in primary

neg: Apollonian circles that, in the Apollonian circles, every blue circle intersects every red circle orthogonally, i.e., at a right angle. Inversion of the blue Apollonian circles with respect to a circle centered on point "C" results in a pencil of concentric circles centered at the image of point "D". The same inversion transforms the red circles into a set of straight lines that all contain the image of "D". Thus, this inversion transforms the bipolar coordinate system defined by the Apollonian circles into a polar coordinate system. Obviously, the transformed pencils meet at right angles. Since inversion is a conformal transformation, it

neg: Studio Gang Architects four boathouses intended to revitalize the Chicago River. The projects stemmed from the Studio's advocacy publication "Reverse Effect", published in 2011, which imagines a greener future for Chicago's waterways. The Studio's Northerly Island project, which transforms a former airfield into a public lakefront park and habitat, opened to the public in 2015. The Studio employs more than 90 people as of May 2017. Studio Gang Architects Studio Gang is an American architecture and urban design practice with offices in Chicago, New York, and San Francisco. Founded and led by architect Jeanne Gang, the Studio is known for its material research

neg: Gaussian blur (the central one) is 1177 times larger than 0.00019117 which is just outside 3σ. A Gaussian blur effect is typically generated by convolving an image with a kernel of Gaussian values. In practice, it is best to take advantage of the Gaussian blur’s separable property by dividing the process into two passes. In the first pass, a one-dimensional kernel is used to blur the image in only the horizontal or vertical direction. In the second pass, the same one-dimensional kernel is used to blur in the remaining direction. The resulting effect is the same as convolving with a two-dimensional kernel

neg: The Book of Lost Things The image transforms into one of Rose and David's father making love; David looks away, so overcome with anger that he cuts the Crooked Man with his sword. In the distance, howls fill the air as the wolves find another bridge to cross the canyon. Roland and David spend the night in an abandoned church, where Roland explains that the king tried to force the people to follow a "new religion." During the night, David wakes to find Roland whispering to a locket with a picture of a young man. The next morning, David asks Roland about his quest; he

neg: Maya Sita as a sage – deludes Ravana into believing Shiva granted him an illusionary Parvati. Ravana entrusts Parvati to Vishnu and mediates again to compel Shiva to give him the real Parvati. This time, Shiva gives an illusionary Parvati, which he accepts as the real one and returns to Lanka with her. In the Malay Ramayana, Ravana sets his eyes on Rama's mother, however she transforms a frog into her image and sends this surrogate to be Ravana's wife. Other divinities also employ surrogates to meet their own needs. In the Puranas, Sati commits suicide by immolating herself when Shiva is

neg: Photographic processing Photographic processing Photographic processing or development is the chemical means by which photographic film or paper is treated after photographic exposure to produce a negative or positive image. Photographic processing transforms the latent image into a visible image, makes this permanent and renders it insensitive to light. All processes based upon the gelatin-silver process are similar, regardless of the film or paper's manufacturer. Exceptional variations include instant films such as those made by Polaroid and thermally developed films. Kodachrome required Kodak's proprietary K-14 process. Kodachrome film production ceased in 2009, and K-14 processing is no longer available as of December

neg: Embedded Zerotrees of Wavelet transforms Embedded Zerotrees of Wavelet transforms Embedded Zerotrees of Wavelet transforms (EZW) is a lossy image compression algorithm. At low bit rates, i.e. high compression ratios, most of the coefficients produced by a subband transform (such as the wavelet transform) will be zero, or very close to zero. This occurs because "real world" images tend to contain mostly low frequency information (highly correlated). However where high frequency information does occur (such as edges in the image) this is particularly important in terms of human perception of the image quality, and thus must be represented accurately in any high quality coding scheme.

neg: Fourier optics components is described explicitly via the exponential functions. The coefficients of the exponentials are only functions of spatial wavenumber "k", "k", just as in ordinary Fourier analysis and Fourier transforms. When the plane waves are evanescent (decaying), so that any spatial frequency content in an object plane transparency which is finer than one wavelength will not be transferred over to the image plane, simply because the plane waves corresponding to that content cannot propagate. In connection with lithography of electronic components, this phenomenon is known as the diffraction limit and is the reason why light of progressively higher frequency (smaller

neg: ZX Spectrum graphic modes and hicolour techniques may be employed together to produce even richer-coloured images; this format has been named DithVIDE and BZither, both names referring to the dithering methods employed when converting true-colour images to the format. Three separate images, comprising a red, green and blue layer, are displayed on the screen rapidly, one after the other, relying on persistence of vision effects to merge the three layers into a single coloured image. The result is an 8-colour image where each pixel may be coloured independently. This effect is simulated in another image linked to ("warning": the linked image flashes colors very

neg: Wild fox koan known to Europeans. The image refers to the Zen view that there is an underlying oneness to the two colors of falling or not falling into cause and effect. As Hakuin wrote in his Ode To Sitting Meditation (坐禅和讃, "Zazen Wasan") when one turns the light around and awakens to one's self-nature, "then opens the gate of the oneness of cause and effect" (因果一如の門ひらけ, Inga ichi nyo no mon hirake). The point of the koan is that for the ordinary person the two conflicting views of causality are between falling into cause and effect or not falling into cause and

neg: Pseudovector Pseudovector In physics and mathematics, a pseudovector (or axial vector) is a quantity that transforms like a vector under a proper rotation, but in three dimensions gains an additional sign flip under an improper rotation such as a reflection. Geometrically it is the opposite, of equal magnitude but in the opposite direction, of its mirror image. This is as opposed to a "true" vector, also known, in this context, as a polar vector, which on reflection matches its mirror image. In three dimensions, the pseudovector p is associated with the curl of a polar vector or with the cross product

neg: One Year Later of Metahuman Affairs. The finale of the "Who is Wonder Woman" arc established that her secret identity is now a physical as well as aesthetic transformation; as "Diana Prince", she is physically a normal human, regaining her powers only when she transforms into Wonder Woman (with a spinning effect similar to that used in the "Wonder Woman" television series of the 1970s). Bart Allen's tenure as The Flash was one of the shorter lived occurrences, as the new series starring him lasted 13 issues, the last of which included the character's death. Predecessor Wally West has since retaken the mantle

neg: Coandă effect up and goes under one of the islands. This flow then feeds itself back into the main stream making it split up again, but in the direction of the second isle. This process repeats itself as long as the liquid circulates the chamber, resulting in a self-induced oscillation that is directly proportional to the velocity of the liquid and consequently the volume of substance flowing through the meter. A sensor picks up the frequency of this oscillation and transforms it into an analog signal yielding volume passing through. In air conditioning, the Coandă effect is exploited to increase the throw

neg: Subcomandante Marcos live there, but also transforms its target into just another piece in the puzzle of economic globalization. Marcos explains the effect of the financial bombs as, "destroying the material bases of their [nation-state's] sovereignty and, in producing their qualitative depopulation, excluding all those deemed unsuitable to the new economy (for example, indigenous peoples)". Marcos also believes that neoliberalism and globalization result in a loss of unique culture for societies as a result of the homogenizing effect of neo-liberal globalization: All cultures forged by nations – the noble indigenous past of America, the brilliant civilization of Europe, the wise history of

neg: Ketty La Rocca at their disposal, which is alien and inimical to them. They are robbed of everything, except of the things that no one notices and those are manifold, even if they must be arranged. Hands, for instance, too slow for female skills, too poor and too incapable of continuing to hoard. It is better to embroider with words...“ Near the end of her career La Rocca worked in "Riduzioni" (reductions), in which she transforms a common photograph, such as a family or individual portrait, into something more graphic. She alters the picture using graphic contouring of the image or by other

neg: Plasma display different from liquid crystal displays (LCDs), another lightweight flat-screen display using very different technology. LCDs may use one or two large fluorescent lamps as a backlight source, but the different colors are controlled by LCD units, which in effect behave as gates that allow or block light through red, green, or blue filters on the front of the LCD panel. Contrast ratio is the difference between the brightest and darkest parts of an image, measured in discrete steps, at any given moment. Generally, the higher the contrast ratio, the more realistic the image is (though the "realism" of an image

neg: Contourlet Contourlet Contourlets form a multiresolution directional tight frame designed to efficiently approximate images made of smooth regions separated by smooth boundaries. The contourlet transform has a fast implementation based on a Laplacian pyramid decomposition followed by directional filterbanks applied on each bandpass subband. In the field of geometrical image transforms, there are many 1-D transforms designed for detecting or capturing the geometry of image information, such as the Fourier and wavelet transform. However, the ability of 1-D transform processing of the intrinsic geometrical structures, such as smoothness of curves, is limited in one direction, then more powerful representations are required

neg: Continuous wavelet transform complex valued function. The power spectrum of the continuous wavelet transform can be represented by formula_13 . One of the most popular applications of wavelet transform is image compression. The advantage of using wavelet-based coding in image compression is that it provides significant improvements in picture quality at higher compression ratios over conventional techniques. Since wavelet transform has the ability to decompose complex information and patterns into elementary forms, it is commonly used in acoustics processing and pattern recognition, but it has been also proposed as an instantaneous frequency estimator. Moreover, wavelet transforms can be applied to the following scientific

neg: Marcel Achard Moon" a/k/a "The Dreamer"] and 1932's "Domino". "Jean" showed how the unwavering trust of Jef, the faithful Pierrot prototype, transforms his scandalously adulterous wife into his idealized image of her, while "Domino" presented another unfaithful wife who pays a gigolo to make a pretense of courting her so as to distract her husband from her real lover, but the gigolo manages to act his character with such pretend sincerity that she winds up falling in love with this fictional persona. The distinctive quality of Achard's plays was their dreamlike mood of sentimental melancholy, underscored by the very titles which were

neg: Image editing used to make images appear sharper, although purists frown on the result as appearing unnatural. Another form of image sharpening involves a form of contrast. This is done by finding the average color of the pixels around each pixel in a specified radius, and then contrasting that pixel from that average color. This effect makes the image seem clearer, seemingly adding details. An example of this effect can be seen to the right. It is widely used in the printing and photographic industries for increasing the local contrasts and sharpening the images. Many graphics applications are capable of merging one

neg: Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy a detector. The energy slit can be adjusted so as to only allow electrons which have not lost energy to pass through to form the image. This prevents inelastic scattering from contributing to the image, and hence produces an enhanced contrast image. Adjusting the slit to only allow electrons which have lost a specific amount of energy can be used to obtain elementally sensitive images. As the ionisation signal is often significantly smaller than the background signal, it is normally necessary to obtain more than one image at varying energies to remove the background effect. The simplest method is known

neg: Asido very handy; it will save you the pixelation effect if you are trying to resize smaller images to fit into larger "frames". This is another handy resize feature. It is a kind of compromise between the stretch resize and the proportional resize. This feature will resize the image proportionally using the Fit feature (not the regular proportional resize) and will place it in the center of a canvas, which has codice_7 and codice_8 as its dimensions, and codice_11 as its background. This is very useful, because it offers the ability to fit virtually any image inside any resize frame -

neg: Audiovisualogy curtains with themes of nature, which produced a changing effect when moving from one image to another by the dissolve effect, all this accompanied by sounds with a principle of action, development and final parts. One of the main foundations that defines this means as an art is its connection to painting. If the conditions are given like that, and the accompanying sound represents an expression which is also aesthetic, the attitude of contemplation separates the audiovisual concept from the physical world of the movement in the cinema and other means. The attitude of contemplation of the fine arts necessarily

neg: Brouwer fixed-point theorem is zero. The geometric idea is that "φ(t)" is the oriented area of "g(B)" (that is, the Lebesgue measure of the image of the ball via "g", taking into account multiplicity and orientation), and should remain constant (as it is very clear in the one-dimensional case). On the other hand, as the parameter "t" passes form "0" to "1" the map "g" transforms continuously from the identity map of the ball, to the retraction "r", which is a contradiction since the oriented area of the identity coincides with the volume of the ball, while the oriented area of "r" is

neg: Transformers: Generation 1 Bumblebee, who serves in espionage, transforms into a Classic Volkswagen Beetle; Cliffjumper, a warrior, transforms into a Porsche Turbo 924; Gears, who serves as a transport and in reconnaissance, transforms into a 4WD off-road truck; Huffer, the construction engineer, transforms into the cabin of a semi truck; and Windcharger, a warrior, transforms into a Pontiac Firebird Trans Am. A yellow Familia 1500XG minicar dubbed "Bumblejumper" and later known as Bumper was released on Cliffjumper backer cards. No carded examples have been found with the minicar on a Bumblebee backer card. Megatron is the Decepticon Leader and can transform into three

neg: Slogan another factor that had a positive effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the brand name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. Advertisers must keep into consideration these factors when creating a slogan for a brand, as it clearly shows a brand is a very valuable asset to a company, with the slogan being one of the three main components to a brands' image. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans. Marketing slogans are often called "taglines" in the United States

neg: FP (programming language) The values that FP programs map into one another comprise a set which is closed under sequence formation: These values can be built from any set of atoms: booleans, integers, reals, characters, etc.: ⊥ is the undefined value, or bottom. Sequences are "bottom-preserving": FP programs are "functions" f that each map a single "value" x into another: Functions are either primitive (i.e., provided with the FP environment) or are built from the primitives by program-forming operations (also called functionals). An example of primitive function is constant, which transforms a value x into the constant-valued function x̄. Functions are strict: Another

neg: Bleach bypass Bleach bypass Bleach bypass, also known as skip bleach or silver retention, is an optical effect which entails either the partial or complete skipping of the bleaching function during the processing of a color film. By doing this, the silver is retained in the emulsion along with the color dyes. The result is a black-and-white image over a color image. The images usually have reduced saturation and exposure latitude, along with increased contrast and graininess. It usually is used to maximum effect in conjunction with a one-stop underexposure. Bleach bypass can be done to any photochemical step in the process,

neg: Sharron Quasius Sharron Quasius Sharron Quasius (born 1948) is an American sculptor. Quasius, from Sheboygan, Wisconsin, is best known for her appropriations of classic paintings, which she transforms into large, soft bas reliefs made of stuffed canvas. She was at one time married to the sculptor and restorer Don Howlett, with whom she worked on the restoration of the Wisconsin Concrete Park. Quasius is represented in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art by a terracotta relief of 1982, "Washington Crossing the Delaware"; another 1982 work, a reinterpretation of "Watson and the Shark" after John Singleton Copley, is held by the

neg: Reputation reputation is a highly dynamic phenomenon in two distinct senses: it is subject to change, especially as an effect of corruption, errors, deception, etc.; and it emerges as an effect of a multi-level bidirectional process. Reputation is also how others know and perceive you as an individual. While "image" only moves (when transmitted and accepted) from one individual cognition to another, the anonymous character of reputation makes it a more complex phenomenon. Reputation proceeds from the level of individual cognition (when is born, possibly as an image, but not always) to the level of social propagation (at this level, it

neg: Blipvert a "blipvert effect", in which viewers recall the advertisements better. Master Lock, which had already made the image of a padlock shot by a sharpshooter into a lasting advertising image with their ad in the Super Bowl in 1974, incorporated that video image, along with its logo, in a one-second-long television commercial in 1998. "Advertising Age", in describing why the concept did not catch on, said that is "difficult to do much with a one-second ad". In May 2006, GE introduced "One Second Theater", television commercials with additional material included as individual frames in the last second of the ad,

neg: Derivative work improving access to information on the Internet versus artistic expression." Although an image may have been created originally to serve an entertainment, aesthetic, or informative function, a search engine transforms the image into a pointer directing a user to a source of information. Just as a “parody has an obvious claim to transformative value” because “it can provide social benefit, by shedding light on an earlier work, and, in the process, creating a new one,” a search engine provides social benefit by incorporating an original work into a new work, namely, an electronic reference tool. Indeed, a search engine may

neg: Posterization yields motion blur. Compare with time stretching, which "adds" frames. Posterization Posterization or posterisation of an image entails conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another. This was originally done with photographic processes to create posters. It can now be done photographically or with digital image processing, and may be deliberate or an unintended artifact of color quantization. The effect may be created deliberately, or happen accidentally. For artistic effect, most image editing programs provide a posterization feature, or photographic processes may be used. Unwanted posterization, also

neg:
Contourlet method outperformed the NSWT there still lies the issue of the complexity of designing adequate filter banks and fine tuning the filters for specific applications of which further study will be required. Image Denoising
 Image Enhancement
 Image Restoration
 Image Despeckling Contourlet Contourlets form a multiresolution directional tight frame designed to efficiently approximate images made of smooth regions separated by smooth boundaries. The contourlet transform has a fast implementation based on a Laplacian pyramid decomposition followed by directional filterbanks applied on each bandpass subband. In the field of geometrical image transforms, there are many 1-D transforms designed for detecting

neg: Sharron Quasius Vero Beach Museum of Art. Sharron Quasius Sharron Quasius (born 1948) is an American sculptor. Quasius, from Sheboygan, Wisconsin, is best known for her appropriations of classic paintings, which she transforms into large, soft bas reliefs made of stuffed canvas. She was at one time married to the sculptor and restorer Don Howlett, with whom she worked on the restoration of the Wisconsin Concrete Park. Quasius is represented in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art by a terracotta relief of 1982, "Washington Crossing the Delaware"; another 1982 work, a reinterpretation of "Watson and the Shark" after John Singleton

neg: Ana Laura Aláez Ana Laura Aláez Ana Laura Aláez (Bilbao, 1964) is a Basque artist. She is one of the most renowned contemporary artists in Spain. She defines herself as an "emotions architect", as she transforms all her life into art, depicting her feelings in her artworks. One of her first exhibitions took place in 1992, in Fundació Joan Miró's Espai 10, in Barcelona. Alberto Peral, another Basque artist, was also featured in this exhibition. Aláez became popularly known in 1992, with an exhibition named "Superficie" ("surface"), held in Fundació Joan Miró's Espai 10. In this exhibition, Aláex showed three objects ("Catwoman", "Pantalón

neg: Zéphire sing of theor love for one another (Duet: ""Qu'il est doux de suivre"") and Zephyrus transforms her into Flora, the goddess of Spring. Cupid appears and everyone celebrates his triumph (Duet and chorus: ""Amour, sois le dieu de nos âmes""). Zéphire Zéphire (or "Zéphyre") is an opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau in the form of a one-act "acte de ballet". Nothing is known about the date of its composition and in all likelihood it was probably not performed in Rameau's lifetime. The name of its librettist is also unknown but may possibly have been Louis de Cahusac. The first known performance

neg: Lenticular printing to the actual manufacturer. In Britain and United States, they may also be known as "holograms". Lenticular printing is a multi-step process which consists of creating a lenticular image from at least two images, and combining it with a lenticular lens. This process can be used to create various frames of animation (for a motion effect), offsetting the various layers at different increments (for a 3D effect), or simply to show a set of alternate images which may appear to transform into each other. Once the various images are collected, they are flattened into individual, different frame files, and then

neg: Lost Kingdoms II that transforms the player into a creature.(226 cards total). A notable interface addition is the ability to pay double the cost for any card in exchange for enhanced effect. Certain card combinations can be combined into a single, generally highly potent effect. A new element is also introduced along with the original elements of fire, water, wood, earth and neutral. The new element, mechanical, is much like neutral as it has no weakness and strengths versus other elements. The only difference between the two is that mechanical and neutral have separate power levels, which the player can increase by using

neg: Wings (Delta Goodrem song) her body, Delta shows off some risque sideboob as she squares off to the camera braless in a black leotard tucked into high-waisted black skinny jeans." In the chorus, she is sitting at the piano "wearing another styled black top, with a cut out around the chest." In one scene, "the starlet's plunging neckline in a lilac sheer flowing gown, which skims her breasts, gets covered by drawn on wings," Sarkari claimed, while also explaining that "[t]he mirror image symmetry effect in the clip gives it a seventies vibe as the flowing material swims across the screen, [while] Delta also

neg: Dessin d'enfant at any point in a one-to-one way into another disk. However, at certain critical points, the mapping is more complicated, and maps a disk centered at the point in a "k"-to-one way onto its image. The number "k" is known as the "degree" of the critical point and the transformed image of a critical point is known as a critical value. The example given above, "f", has the following critical points and critical values. (Some points of the Riemann sphere that, while not themselves critical, map to one of the critical values, are also included; these are indicated by having

neg: Transformers: Generation 1 ever series of Transformers toys features twenty-eight characters in all; eighteen Autobots and ten Decepticons. Of these, eleven of the Autobots transform into cars, six of the Autobots transform into minicars, and one of the Autobots transforms into a tractor trailer truck, while three of the Decepticons transform into planes, five of the Decepticons transform into microcassettes, one of the Decepticons transforms into a microcassette recorder, and one of the Decepticons transforms into a gun. The toys are branded as follows: Optimus Prime is the Autobot Commander and transforms into a tractor trailer truck - specifically a Freightliner COE 1980.

neg: Hypostatic abstraction Hypostatic abstraction Hypostatic abstraction in mathematical logic, also known as hypostasis or subjectal abstraction, is a formal operation that transforms a predicate into a relation; for example "Honey "is" sweet" is transformed into "Honey "has" sweetness". The relation is created between the original subject and a new term that represents the property expressed by the original predicate. Hypostasis changes a propositional formula of the form "X is Y" to another one of the form "X has the property of being Y" or "X has Y-ness". The logical functioning of the second object "Y-ness" consists solely in the truth-values of those