query: name the one major city in texas that has no zoning ordinances

pos: Zoning in the United States ordinance. However, strong support existed for zoning in Houston among elements within municipal government and among the city's elites during the 1920s. In 1924, Mayor Oscar Holcombe, appointed the first funded City Planning Commission. City Council voted in favor of hiring S. Herbert Hare of Hare and Hare as a planning consultant. Following the passage of a state zoning enabling statute in 1927, Holcombe appointed Will Hogg to chair a new City Planning Commission. Will Hogg was a co-founder of the River Oaks development, the son of a former Texas Governor and an heir to family oil wealth. By 1929,

pos: Zoning in the United States cities throughout the Sun Belt, who all experienced the bulk of their population growth during the Age of the Automobile. The largest of these cities, such as Los Angeles, Atlanta, Miami, Tampa, Dallas, Phoenix, and Kansas City, have all expanded their metropolitan footprints along with Houston while having land use zoning. While Houston has no official zoning ordinances, many private properties have legal covenants or "deed restrictions" that limit the future uses of land, with effects similar to those of zoning systems. Also, the city has enacted development regulations that specify how lots are subdivided, standard setbacks, and parking requirements.

pos: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. The court has never heard a case seeking to overturn "Euclid". Today most local governments in the United States have zoning ordinances. The city of Houston, Texas, is the largest unzoned city in the United States. Less than two years later, the Supreme Court decided "Nectow v. City of Cambridge" (1928). In "Nectow", the Court overturned a zoning ordinance for violating the 14th Amendment due process clause. Together, the "Village of Euclid" and "Nectow" cases formed the basis of Supreme Court authority on zoning law for about 50 years. The Ambler tract remained undeveloped for 20 years until General Motors

pos: Zoning citywide as a reaction to The Equitable Building which towered over the neighboring residences, diminishing the availability of sunshine. These laws set the pattern for zoning in the rest of the country. New York City went on to develop ever more complex regulations, including floor-area ratio regulations, air rights and others for specific neighborhoods. The constitutionality of zoning ordinances was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1926 case Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. Among large populated cities in the United States, Houston is unique in having no zoning ordinances. Rather, land use is regulated by

pos: Zoning in the United States both Hare and Hogg abandoned efforts to push the zoning ordinance to a referendum. In their estimation, there was not enough support for it. Hogg resigned as chair of the City Planning Commission that year. In 1930, Hogg died while vacationing in Germany. Among large populated cities in the United States, Houston is unique as the largest city in the country with "no" zoning ordinances. Houston voters have rejected efforts to implement zoning in 1948, 1962, and 1993. It is commonly believed that "Houston is Houston" because of the lack of zoning laws. Houston is similar, however, to other large

pos: St. George Place, Houston is placed on the properties owned by the taxing entities that participate in the TIRZ. As the development progresses, tax revenues may increase due to an increase in property values. The extra taxes are reinvested into the TIRZ zone. The lawyer also told Silvers that the State of Texas permitted TIRZs to petition to establish zoning ordinances. On December 12, 1990, Houston's Tax Increment Reinvestment Zone No. 1, serving St. George Place, became the first TIRZ in Houston. Silvers had asked the Houston City Council for twenty years of future property tax revenues so he could rebuild Lamar Terrace. The

pos: Politics of Houston Politics of Houston The politics of Houston in the U.S. state of Texas are complex and constantly shifting in part owing to the fact that the city is one of the fastest growing major cities in the United States and that it is the largest without zoning laws. Houston was founded in 1836 and incorporated in 1837. The city is the county seat of Harris County. A portion of southwest Houston extends into Fort Bend County and a small portion in the northeast extends into Montgomery County. The city of Houston has a strong mayor–council government. The City's elected officials,

pos: Politics of Houston Ted Cruz and U.S. Representatives Kevin Brady, John Culberson, Al Green, Gene Green, Sheila Jackson Lee, Michael McCaul, Pete Olson, Brian Babin, and Ted Poe. Politics of Houston The politics of Houston in the U.S. state of Texas are complex and constantly shifting in part owing to the fact that the city is one of the fastest growing major cities in the United States and that it is the largest without zoning laws. Houston was founded in 1836 and incorporated in 1837. The city is the county seat of Harris County. A portion of southwest Houston extends into Fort Bend

neg: Bellaire, Texas council member is elected for four-year terms. The mayor may not serve for more than four terms in that position. A council members may have no more than two terms as a city council member. Bellaire has zoning ordinances that dictate types of structures and uses throughout sections of the city. As of 2015, the mayor is Dr. Phil Nauert. The six council members are, in order of position, Roman F. Reed (1), Jim Avioli, Sr. (2), Gus Pappas (3), Pat McLaughlan (4), Andrew S. Friedberg (5), and Mandy Nathan (6). The Bellaire Fire Department is housed at 5101 Jessamine

neg: Inclusionary zoning houses. Communities have remained accessible to wealthier citizens because of these ordinances, effectively shutting the low income families out of desirable communities. Such zoning ordinances have not always been enacted with conscious intent to exclude lower income households, but it has been the unintended result of such policies. By denying lower income families access to suburban communities, many feel that exclusionary zoning has contributed to the maintenance of inner city ghettos. Supporters of inclusionary zoning point out that low income households are more likely to become economically successful if they have middle class neighbors as peers and role models. When

neg: Carrollton, Texas is a voluntary member of the North Central Texas Council of Governments association, the purpose of which is to coordinate individual and collective local governments and facilitate regional solutions, eliminate unnecessary duplication, and enable joint decisions. The City of Carrollton has a City Council that consists of seven members and a Mayor, the current Mayor of Carrollton is Kevin Falconer. The City Council is responsible for establishing city policies, considering city resolutions and ordinances, appointing citizens to various city boards and commissions, adopting the city's Comprehensive Plan and annual budget, approving or rejecting zoning changes, and meets on the first

neg: Exclusionary zoning affordable housing. In the New York City suburbs of Fairfield County, Connecticut, for instance, 89% of land is classified for residential zoning of over one acre. This type of regulation ensures that housing developments are of adequately low density. Such ordinances can collectively raise costs anywhere from 2 to 250% depending on their extensiveness. With such high costs, lower-income groups are effectively shut out of the community's housing market. Another means by which exclusionary zoning and related ordinances contribute to the exclusion certain groups is through direct cost impositions on community residents. As of recently, municipalities have established measures decreeing

neg: Law of Ohio county zoning resolutions prevail over township zoning resolutions unless township residents vote to overrule them. Codified ordinances may or may not be found in a local law library, and zoning resolutions may be purchased from the county recorder. With respect to the government of Columbus, the codified ordinances are contained in the Columbus City Codes, and all proceedings of the Columbus City Council such as ordinances and resolutions are published in the weekly Columbus City Bulletin. Law of Ohio The law of Ohio consists of several levels, including constitutional, statutory, and regulatory, local and common law. The "Ohio Revised Code"

neg: John Murphy (Texas) the alternative zoning overlay in the Spring Valley area of Richardson, which encouraged apartment owners to redevelop their aging apartment buildings into other uses such as retail or office, without depriving the owners of any rights under the current zoning ordinances. Murphy also was an early proponent of city intervention in the care of the City’s storm drainage system. In several parts of the City, the surface elements of the storm drainage system (i.e., “creeks”) were owned by the adjacent homeowners and not by the City. As the City developed, water runoff speeds increased, leading to erosion on private property.

neg: Zoning in the United States of "Laws and Ordinances." This committeewhich included Bassett, Knowles, Lewis, and Veillercomposed a series of drafts for SZEA, with one dated as early as December 15, 1921. A second draft came forth from the subcommittee in January 1922. Several drafts culminated in the first published document in 1924, which was revised and republished in 1926. New York City went on to develop more complex zoning regulations encompassing floor-area ratio regulations, air rights, and others according to the density-specific needs of the neighborhoods. The constitutionality of zoning ordinances was upheld in 1926. The zoning ordinance of Euclid, Ohio was challenged in

neg: Gary Elkins (politician) HB 3418, which would make it more difficult for local governments to designate historic landmarks. According to the historic preservation group, Preservation Texas, Inc., the legislation would make it easier for the owners of previously-designated landmarks to uproot those facilities. It would limit public input in the zoning process and impede local governments in the passage of zoning regulations. Texas municipalities have long depended on zoning ordinances as well as historic resource surveys, and tax incentives to assist in the preservation of historic landmarks. The bill is pending before the House Urban Affairs Committee. One of Elkins's attempts to defeat

neg: Zoning in the United States which was eventually reviewed by the United States Supreme Court ("Euclid v. Ambler Realty"). Zoning, narrowly construed, refers to the designation of discrete land uses to well-defined areas of the city. More broadly construed, zoning refers to a wide range of local regulations enabled by police powers delegated from the states. In the beginning, zoning ordinances in the United States were more narrow in scope, and later ordinances were more comprehensive. Los Angeles City Council passed the first municipal zoning ordinance in the United States on September 24, 1908. Though the ordinance did not assign all parts of the city

neg: Hillsborough, California Park to the south, and Interstate 280 to the west. Hillsborough's landscape is dominated by large homes; the town zoning and subdivision ordinances require a minimum house size and minimum lot size of . As a result, there are no apartments, condominiums or townhouses in the city limits; however, it is not unusual for the homes along the eastern edge of Hillsborough to face condominiums in neighboring Burlingame, sharing the ZIP code 94010. The town has no commercial zoning and thus no businesses within the town limits; the only non-residential properties are the town's four public and three private schools,

neg: Zoning in the United States Zoning in the United States Zoning in the United States includes various land use laws falling under the police power rights of state governments and local governments to exercise authority over privately owned real property. The earliest zoning laws originated with the Los Angeles zoning ordinances of 1908 and the New York City Zoning resolution of 1916. Starting in the early 1920s, the United States Commerce Department drafted model zoning and planning ordinances in the 1920s to facilitate states in drafting enabling laws. Also in the early 1920s, a lawsuit challenged a local zoning ordinance in a suburb of Cleveland,

neg: Hydraulic fracturing in the United States However, in many cases state law can intervene and dominate local law. In Texas, the Railroad Commission of Texas has the authority to regulate certain industries and the specifics of their safety standards and production regulations. In this case, the state determined the zoning, permitting, production, delivery, and safety standards. In New York, local land use laws are considered in state regulations, and in Pennsylvania, the state's Oil and Gas Act superseded all local ordinances purporting to regulate gas well operations.” Additionally, Los Angeles in 2013 become the largest city in the US to pass a hydraulic fracturing moratorium. Hydraulic

neg: Regulatory taking the city adopted zoning ordinances that placed the owners' property in a zone in which property may be devoted to one-family dwellings, accessory buildings, and open-space uses, with density restrictions permitting appellants to build between one and five single-family residences on their tract. The city expressed its intention to acquire the Agins parcel for open space, and actually commenced condemnation proceedings to take title to it. Later, the city abandoned the condemnation, and adopted the ordinance in issue. Without having sought approval for development of their tract under the ordinances, appellants brought suit against the city in state court, alleging

neg: Neighborhood planning unit by the Georgia Legislature. That same section of the Charter also contains the Office of the Mayor as well as the Atlanta City Council. There are 25 NPUs, lettered from A to Z, except U. Each NPU represents the citizens in a specified geographic area. Each NPU meets once a month to review applications for rezoning properties, varying existing zoning ordinances for certain properties, applications for liquor licenses, applications for festivals and parades, any changes to fees charged by the City, any changes to the City's Comprehensive Development Plan, and any amendments to the City's Zoning Ordinances. Once an NPU

neg: Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. would have to show that the law in question is discriminatory and has no rational basis. The Court found that Euclid's zoning ordinance in fact did have a rational basis. Planner and lawyer Alfred Bettman, supported by the Ohio Planning Conference (now APA-Ohio, a chapter of the American Planning Association), submitted a friend of the court brief on behalf of Euclid, arguing that zoning is a form of nuisance control and therefore a reasonable police power measure. In short the court ruled that zoning ordinances, regulations and laws must find their justification in some aspect of police power and asserted

neg: Special-use permit to operate at low power from an emergency radio antenna or radio tower after a disaster or major equipment failure (STA). Special-use permit A special use permit authorizes land uses that are allowed and encouraged by the ordinance and declared harmonious with the applicable zoning district. Land use is governed by a set of regulations generally known as ordinances or municipal codes, which are authorized by the state's zoning enabling law. Within an ordinance is a list of land use designations commonly known as zoning. Each different type of zone has its own set of allowed uses. These are known

neg: Inclusionary zoning Inclusionary zoning Inclusionary zoning (IZ), also known as inclusionary housing, is an American term which refers to municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes. The term "inclusionary" zoning indicates that these ordinances seek to counter exclusionary zoning practices, which aim to exclude low-cost housing from a municipality through the zoning code. There are variations among different inclusionary zoning programs. Firstly, they can be mandatory or voluntary. There are also variations among the set-aside requirements, affordability levels coupled with the period of control. In order

neg: Inclusionary zoning was necessary and successful. Inclusionary zoning Inclusionary zoning (IZ), also known as inclusionary housing, is an American term which refers to municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes. The term "inclusionary" zoning indicates that these ordinances seek to counter exclusionary zoning practices, which aim to exclude low-cost housing from a municipality through the zoning code. There are variations among different inclusionary zoning programs. Firstly, they can be mandatory or voluntary. There are also variations among the set-aside requirements, affordability levels coupled with the period

neg: Zoning in the United States city continued to use their racially based residential zoning maps. Other municipalities tested the limits of "Buchanan". In Florida, Apopka and West Palm Beach drafted rece-based residential zoning ordinances. Birmingham, Indianapolis, and New Orleans all passed race-based zoning laws, while Atlanta, Austin, Kansas City, Missouri, and Norfolk considered race in their "spot zoning" decisions. In some cases, these practices continued for decades after "Buchanan". In 1916, New York City adopted the first zoning regulations to apply citywide as a reaction to construction of the Equitable Building (which still stands at 120 Broadway). The building towered over the neighboring residences, completely

neg: Inclusionary zoning did not extend the inclusionary zoning ordinance and therefore it expired and is no longer in effect. Other communities with inclusionary zoning ordinances on the books include: While inclusionary zoning can be either mandatory or voluntary, some studies have shown that mandatory approaches would be crucial to the success of inclusionary zoning programs in terms of providing a larger number of affordable housing. Below are some examples showing the greater effect of mandatory practice over voluntary practice: By 2002, Denver's mandatory ordinance law contributed approximately 3,400 units of affordable housing, including those constructed and planned, providing evidence that the law

neg: Contributing property such as the "Columbia Law Review" in 1963, indicate differing dates for the preservation ordinances in both Charleston and New Orleans. The "Columbia Law Review" gave dates of 1925 for the New Orleans laws and 1924 for Charleston. The same publication claimed that these two cities were the only cities with historic district zoning until Alexandria, Virginia adopted an ordinance in 1946. The National Park Service appears to refute this. In 1939, the city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted an ordinance that protected the area of La Villita, which was the city's original Mexican village marketplace. In 1941 the authority

neg: Transportation in South Florida city has begun construction of bike routes as of late 2009, and under the new Miami 21 zoning laws ordinances requiring bike parking in all future construction in the city is now mandatory as of October 2009. In 2010, Miami was ranked number 44 most bike-friendly city in the U.S. according to "Bicycling Magazine". Several large biking events are planned throughout South Florida for the fall 2011 season, including possible 100+ mile charity and timed runs. In early 2012, a major gap in the MetroPath, which follows the Metrorail guideway from Brickell station to Dadeland South station, was completed with

neg: Exclusionary zoning The Supreme Court sided with the proponents of exclusionary zoning in near unanimity which virtually halted any zoning reform movement. The ability of minorities and other excluded populations to challenge exclusionary zoning became essentially nonexistent, allowing the policy's unabated continuation today. Currently, exclusionary zoning ordinances are standard in almost all communities. A recent comprehensive survey found that over 80% of United States jurisdictions imposed minimum lot size requirements of some kind on their inhabitants. These ordinances continue to reinforce discriminatory housing practices throughout the United States. American courts have historically most greatly valued individual property rights. However, more recently, concern

neg: Zoning in the United States ordinances were adopted in New Orleans, Louisville, St. Louis, and Oklahoma City. In the end, the United States Supreme Court struck down the Louisville ordinance, ruling in "Buchanan v. Warley" that race-based zoning was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment; more specifically, the Court held that the law violated the "right to contract" and the right to alienate property. Despite the "Buchanan" ruling, the city of Atlanta devised a new race-based zoning ordinance, arguing that the Supreme Court had merely applied to specific defects of the Louisville ordinance. Even after the Georgia Supreme Court struck down the Atlanta ordinance, the

neg: Bike Week (Bicycle Week) released in the US. The popularity of Bike Week has caused cities to do major overhauls in respect to city planning. Things like smooth bicycle lanes and better bicycle laws are being demanded by citizens and the pressure is causing change. Many cities that hold annual Bike Weeks have committees who push for the improvement of city regulation. Cleveland Bikes has a committee that is about to contact city governments to advocate for better (safer and more fair) local ordinances covering bicycle operation. We have rated the ordinances ... Only one city, Brook Park, has excellent ordinances (rated A). About

neg: Trap–neuter–return governments in the United States had enacted ordinances supporting TNR; a ten-fold increase from 2003. New Jersey, California and Texas had the highest number of local ordinances. New York City-based organization Neighborhood Cats has cataloged local ordinances in 24 US states. Model ordinances are available from Neighborhood Cats, Alley Cat Allies, and the No Kill Advocacy Center. Many US communities with ordinances favorable toward TNR are described in the list of governments supporting trap–neuter–return. TNR dates back to the late 1960s in the US. In approximately 1970, a group in Ocean County, New Jersey began its efforts. In 1984, AnnaBelle

neg: History of Virginia–Highland However, Summerfest did continue as usual in 2001 as one of Atlanta's highest profile neighborhood festivals. In November 2006, the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation added Virginia–Highland to its list of "places in peril" due to an acceleration of teardowns and infill projects by real estate developers and newcomers to the area. However, Virginia–Highland remains one of the most architecturally historic, distinct and vibrant neighborhoods in Atlanta. Residents, through the VHCA, succeeded in getting the city council to pass zoning legislation prescribing development that fits the scale of the streets, rolling back loose zoning ordinances passed in the 1960s. The

neg: Virginia–Highland distinct and vibrant neighborhoods in Atlanta. Residents, through the VHCA, succeeded in getting the city council to pass zoning legislation prescribing development that fits the scale of the streets, rolling back loose zoning ordinances passed in the 1960s. The new zoning also prescribes a maximum number of each type of establishment – restaurants, bars, retail and other types. The zoning aims to preserve a vibrant mix of enterprises while keeping control noise, parking and traffic issues but also addresses specific problems which came up in 2005-2008: In December 2008 the VHCA bought the land for New Highland Park, a small

neg: Belle Meade Apartments (then the president of the Cumberland Valley National Bank). In 1919, Herbert H. Corson purchased the building. After his death, it was inherited by his descendants. The City of Belle Meade was subsequently incorporated to ensure, by the enactment of zoning ordinances, that there would be no further apartment or other commercial development within the vicinity. The building was designed in the Tudor Revival architectural style by architect Edwin Dougherty. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 19, 1984. Belle Meade Apartments The Belle Meade Apartments is a historic building in Belle Meade, Tennessee

neg: Miller Beach the six-lined racerunner and the state-endangered Blanding's turtle. In addition, the slender glass lizard inhabits the Inland Marsh area in the neighborhood's southeast. The Miller Citizens Corporation (MCC) has played a key role in Miller Beach politics and society since its foundation in 1971. Founded to help prevent white flight and disruption during the sudden changes of the 1970s, the MCC quickly expanded into other ways of promoting community stability, including through environmental preservation and zoning ordinances. In the 21st century, the MCC has also been active in addressing city fees and taxation issues. Other major civic organizations in the

neg: Atlanta City Council their views on any piece of legislation. Comments from the public on matters related to zoning changes are heard by the Zoning Review Board, an independent body composed of appointed city residents. The Zoning Review Board meets once a month. The Council is required by law to hold a public hearings on certain matters including changes to the City Charter, changes to the City Code of Ordinances, tax increases, etc. Notification must be provided to residents in advance of any public hearing. Legislation can be introduced on the floor of Council by a Councilmember as a personal paper, or can

neg: Inclusionary zoning guarantees, left established neighborhoods and communities. These newly populated places were generally more economically homogeneous than the cities they encircled. Many suburban communities enacted local ordinances, often in zoning codes, to preserve the character of their municipality. One of the most commonly cited exclusionary practices is the stipulation that lots must be of a certain minimum size and houses must be set back from the street a certain minimum distance. In many cases, these housing ordinances prevented affordable housing from being built, because the large plots of land required to build within the code restrictions were cost-prohibitive for modestly priced

neg: Inclusionary zoning v. City of Napa", the California First District Court of Appeal upheld the inclusionary zoning ordinances of City of Napa that require 10 percent of units of the new development project to be moderate income housing against the Home Builders Association that challenged the City of Napa. Cities have also attempted to impose inclusionary requirements on rental units. However, the Costa-Hawkins Rental Housing Act prohibits cities in California from imposing limitation on rental rates on vacant units. Subsequently, developers have won cases, such as "Palmer/Sixth Street Properties, L.P. v. City of Los Angeles (2009)", against cities that imposed inclusionary requirements

neg: Edward Howard (bishop) name of the archdiocese was changed from "Oregon City" to "Portland in Oregon". During his tenure as archbishop, Howard created a chancery in the cathedral rectory, later transferring it to a separate building. He reorganized the St. Vincent de Paul and Holy Name Societies, fostered the growth of Catholic Charities, and removed the "Catholic Sentinel" from private ownership. In 1931, Howard led a successful campaign to repeal local zoning ordinances that prohibited the building of churches and parochial schools. He convened the Fourth Provincial Council of the archdiocese in 1932, and held a synod for the clergy in 1935. In

neg: Zoning in the United States the three 1908 Residential Districts. They did this through the legal device of districts within districts. While some might have been benign, such as motion picture districts, some others were polluting, such as poultry slaughterhouse districts. Despite the expanding list of exceptions, new ordinances in other cities (i.e., 1914 Oakland ordinance) followed the 1908 Los Angeles model through about 1917. There existed 22 cities with zoning ordinances by 1913. Many American cities passed residential segregation laws based on race between 1910 and 1917. Baltimore City Council passed such a law in December 1910. Unlike the Los Angeles Residential District which

neg: Times Square LED signs have been one of New York's iconic images as well as a symbol of the intensely urban aspects of Manhattan. Such signage is mandated by zoning ordinances that require building owners to display illuminated signs, the only district in New York City with this requirement. The neighborhood actually has a minimum limit for lighting instead of the standard maximum limit. The density of illuminated signs in Times Square rivals that in Las Vegas. Officially, signs in Times Square are called "spectaculars", and the largest of them are called "jumbotrons". This signage ordinance was implemented in accordance with guidelines

neg: Nonconforming use Nonconforming use A type of zoning variance where a parcel of land may be given an exception from current zoning ordinances due to improvements made by a prior owner or before the current zoning ordinances made the desired use non-conforming under local law. Secondary suites are commonly permitted as a non-conforming use in the zoning district they are located in because the suite was developed prior to the zoning ordinance coming into effect. The landowner may explicitly intend to discontinue the use by agreeing to end the use Implied intent exists if the landowner fails to exercise the nonconforming use.

neg: Fort Worth, Texas over 1000 natural gas wells (December 2009 count) tapping the Barnett Shale. Each well site is a bare patch of gravel in size. As city ordinances permit them in all zoning categories, including residential, well sites can be found in a variety of locations. Some wells are surrounded by masonry fences, but most are secured by chain link. The Fort Worth Stockyards are a National Historic District. The Stockyards was once among the largest livestock markets in the United States and played a vital role in the city's early growth. Today the neighborhood is characterized by its many bars, restaurants,

neg: Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah of "Merced v. Kasson." Merced was a Santeria priest and the president of Templo Yoruba Omo Orisha Texas, Inc., a Santeria religious group. He challenged Euless, Texas city ordinances prohibiting the slaughter of four-legged animals. The court ruled that the ordinances "substantially burden plaintiff's free exercise of religion without advancing a compelling governmental interest using the least restrictive means" and that Merced was entitled under the Texas Religious Freedom Restoration Act (TRFRA) to an injunction preventing the city from enforcing its ordinances that burdened his religious practices relating to the use of animals. The court did not reach Merced's claims

neg: Elaine Didier to make the museum more visible across the Grand River running next to the museum. Although the sign was about 12 times larger than allowed by the city's zoning ordinance, the museum was exempt from local zoning ordinances as a federal governmental installation. A few months later, Didier oversaw "Play Ball Mr. President!," an exhibit at the museum that celebrated ties between U.S. presidents and baseball through a display of more than 75 photographs of presidents playing or otherwise participating in the game. She noted that the exhibit was conceived in connection with an upcoming 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star

neg: Michigan Townships Association water and sewer services, trash collection and recycling programs, sidewalks and trails, and cemeteries are other common township functions. Townships, as well as other local governments, can provide these services by themselves, or jointly with another entity, and townships can buy from and sell to other governments any function it can produce by itself. In some but not all cases, townships can also contract with private entities to provide programs and services. Townships have broad powers to enact and enforce ordinances. Zoning ordinances regulate land use, while many other “police power,” non-zoning ordinances control activities that protect the health, safety

neg: Exclusionary zoning declared unconstitutional in 1917. Despite the unconstitutionality of such explicit measures, exclusionary ordinances continued to gain popularity throughout the country. Given the increased utilization of exclusionary zoning, the United States federal government finally addressed the issue with the enactment of the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act of 1922. This legislation established the institutional framework for zoning ordinances. It delegated land-use power to local authorities for the conservation of community welfare and provided guidelines for appropriate regulation usage. In light of these developments, the Supreme Court considered zoning's constitutionality in the 1926 landmark case of Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler

neg: Peachtree Corners, Georgia lane connecting to neighboring Duluth and Norcross. Peachtree Corners is working on adding additional sidewalks and safety upgrades for pedestrians. Furthermore, the city is progressing with the creation of other multi-use trail systems that will crisscross the city linking office parks, restaurants, retail centers, the new town center and surrounding neighborhoods. The City of Peachtree Corners was incorporated on July 1, 2012, and provides many services. These include land-use planning, zoning, infrastructure maintenance and improvements, capital improvements, other public works, zoning enforcement, promulgation of building and environmental ordinances, business licensing and enforcement of them, and solid waste collection, among others.

neg: Little Free Library ordinance prohibiting detached structures. The family of the nine-year-old boy who built the structure created a Facebook page to support the amendment of Leawood's city code. Another resident of the city who erected a Little Free Library was threatened with a $25 fine. In July, the city council unanimously approved a temporary moratorium to permit Little Free Libraries on private property. On January 29, 2015, the Metropolitan Planning Commission in Shreveport, Louisiana shut down a Little Free Library. Zoning administrator Alan Clarke said that city ordinances only permitted libraries in commercial zones and that the one that was shut down

neg: United States Wind Energy Policy energy from the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE) Wind power investors frequently encounter non-financial dilemmas in the wind energy development process, due to zoning ordinances and permits. Zoning was first implemented in the 1920s, and it is one form of a land-use law. According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, "having zoning requirements is the means for local governments to implement land-use planning". The intent of establishing zoning laws is that land-use choices and regulation be done at a local level, staying as close as possible to the property owners affected by the installation. However, according

neg: Judiciary of Texas In recent years, municipal courts and justice court in Texas have become the primary venue for acts of misconduct committed by children. Within the city limits, these courts have shared jurisdiction with the JP courts on Class C criminal misdemeanor cases, and have exclusive jurisdiction on cases involving city ordinances. Municipal courts have limited civil jurisdiction over public matters relating to public safety (e.g., dangerous dog determinations). Confusion surrounding a municipal court's civil jurisdiction is complicated that if a municipal court is a "court of record," the Legislature has authorized municipalities to adopt ordinances that give municipal courts concurrent jurisdiction

neg: Marvin Heemeyer with Granby officials, particularly over fines for violating city ordinances and a zoning dispute regarding a concrete batch plant constructed opposite his muffler shop. Heemeyer lived in Grand Lake, Colorado, about away from Granby. According to a neighbor, Heemeyer moved to town more than 10 years before the incident. Heemeyer's friends stated that he had no relatives in the Granby–Grand Lake area. John Bauldree, a friend of Heemeyer, said that Heemeyer was a likable person. Ken Heemeyer said his brother "would bend over backwards for anyone". While many people described Heemeyer as an affable person, local resident Christie Baker claimed

neg: Legal status of striptease Francisco, have enacted ordinances prohibiting "adult entertainment" businesses from within a certain distance of houses, schools and churches, and perhaps each other. Often, a distance of nearly half-a-mile is stipulated, which ensure that new strip clubs can not open in many major cities. Courts have generally upheld these zoning laws. Many United States jurisdictions have laws pertaining to striptease or public nudity. In some parts of the United States, laws forbid exposure of female nipples, but does not apply if a stripper wears pasties. In early 2010, the city of Detroit banned fully exposed breasts in its strip clubs, following

neg: Maquoketa, Iowa passes motions, resolutions and ordinances. Resolutions are statements of policy and ordinances are the laws of the city. The votes of each council member are recorded in the minutes of the meeting. The council also approves expenditures and the budget, contracts, city policies and zoning changes. Mayor The mayor is Don Schwenker. The mayor is the city's chief executive officer and presides over council meetings. City Council The city council members are (listed by seniority): Maquoketa's day-to-day operations are run by the city manager, Brian Wagner. The Maquoketa Community School District, in partnership with the community, oversees the public school

neg: Hadacheck v. Sebastian Hadacheck v. Sebastian Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U.S. 394 (1915), was an early U.S. Supreme Court case on the constitutionality of zoning ordinances. The Court held that an ordinance of Los Angeles, California, prohibiting the manufacturing of bricks within specified limits of the city did not unconstitutionally deprive the petitioner of his property without due process of law, or deny him equal protection of the laws. Los Angeles City Councilman Josias J. (Jerry) Andrews, one of the owners of the Victoria Park tract, moved the City Council to eliminate all brickyards in an area bounded by Wilshire Boulevard on the

neg: Highland Park, Texas destruction of old buildings. Since 1990, Highland Park has maintained strict zoning ordinances. Known for its quality housing, the town still has many parks running along Turtle Creek and is home to the Dallas Country Club. Highland Park became somewhat famous in the early 1980s when the popular television show "Dallas" used to shoot on location there. The 2012 TV series "GCB" took place in the fictitious "Hillside Park", which is likely a stand-in for Highland Park; however, the residence in the show where the mother of the main character, "Amanda Vaughn", lived is actually located in East Dallas. From

neg: Contributing property had enacted historic preservation ordinances. Contributing properties are defined through historic district or historic preservation zoning laws, usually at the local level. Zoning ordinances pertaining to historic districts are designed to maintain a district's historic character by controlling demolition and alteration to existing properties. In historic preservation law, a contributing property is any building, structure, object or site within the boundaries of the district that contributes to its historic associations, historic architectural qualities or archaeological qualities of a historic district. It can be any property, structure or object that adds to the historic integrity or architectural qualities that make the

neg: Zoning in the United States asserting police powers to control land use. First, constitutional constraints include freedom of speech (First Amendment), unjust takings of property (Fifth Amendment), and equal protection (Fourteenth Amendment). There are also federal statutes that sometimes constrain local zoning. These include the Federal Housing Amendments Act of 1988, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000. Local governments regulate signage on private property through zoning ordinances. Sometimes courts invalidate laws which regulate the content of speech rather than the manners and modes of speech. One court invalidated a local ordinance that prohibited

neg: Zoning in the United States as the city of Miami is proposing. The following three techniques may be used to accomplish either conventional separation of uses or more environmentally responsible, traditional neighborhood development, depending on how the codes are written. For serious reform of Euclidean zoning, traditional neighborhood development ordinances such as form-based codes or the SmartCode are usually necessary. Floating zones involve an ordinance that describes a zone's characteristics and requirements for its establishment, but its location remains without a designation until the board finds that a situation exists that allows the implementation of that type of zone in a particular area. When the

neg: Connecticut are Democrats. Locally elected representatives also develop Local ordinances to govern cities and towns. The town ordinances often include noise control and zoning guidelines. However, the State of Connecticut does also provide statewide ordinances for noise control as well. The highest court of Connecticut's judicial branch is the Connecticut Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of Connecticut. The Supreme Court is responsible for deciding on the constitutionality of the law or cases as they relate to the law. Its proceedings are similar to those of the United States Supreme Court, with no testimony given by witnesses, and the lawyers

neg: Administrative divisions of Texas also have much less legal power than home rule municipalities. They can only pass ordinances (local laws with penalties for violations) in cases where the Texas statutes have given them express permission to. Counties in Texas do "not" have zoning power (except for limited instances around some reservoirs, military establishments, historic sites and airports, and in large counties over "communication facility structures": visible antennas). However, counties can collect a small portion of property tax and spend it to provide residents with needed services or to employ the power of eminent domain. Counties also have the power to regulate outdoor lighting

neg: Big Boy Restaurants that chain, some Frisch's restaurants currently display the West Coast statue instead. In recent years, Big Boy statues have come into conflict with local zoning ordinances. In 2002, Tony Matar, a Big Boy franchisee in Canton, Michigan was cited in violation of local sign ordinances. The town claimed the statue was a prohibited second sign; Matar asserted that the 7 foot statue was a sculpture, not a sign. A 2004 compromise allows the existing statue to remain with the words "Big Boy" removed from the figure's bib. When a Brighton, Michigan franchise closed in early 2015 for financial reasons, zoning

neg: Special-use permit Special-use permit A special use permit authorizes land uses that are allowed and encouraged by the ordinance and declared harmonious with the applicable zoning district. Land use is governed by a set of regulations generally known as ordinances or municipal codes, which are authorized by the state's zoning enabling law. Within an ordinance is a list of land use designations commonly known as zoning. Each different type of zone has its own set of allowed uses. These are known as by-right uses. Then there is an extra set of uses known as special uses. To build a use that is

neg: Texas Fair Trade Coalition trade agreement "only if it does not bear the flaws of other NAFTA-style agreements." The Texas Fair Trade Coalition also works on local issues including advocating for "sweat-free" city ordinances. Marc Jacobson, director of TFTC, said that 50-60 cities have passed ordinances that require city government to buy textiles and laundry services from companies that do not practice the worst forms of “sweat shop” worker abuse. The group is advocating for a similar ordinance in Dallas, Texas. TFTC also plans a variety of educational events around trade policy. Texas Fair Trade Coalition The Texas Fair Trade Coalition (TFTC) is a

neg: Nichols Hills, Oklahoma on the north. In 1959, thwarting a potential annexation from Oklahoma City, the first city charter was formed. Since its inception, Nichols Hills has maintained strict land use restrictions and zoning ordinances. Known for its quality housing, Nichols Hills and its citizens maintain parks running throughout the city. The city is home to the Oklahoma City Golf and Country Club which was designed by Perry Maxwell. Nichols Hills is known to have some of the highest housing prices in the state of Oklahoma. Its citizens have the highest average household income in Oklahoma. Nichols Hills has a full-service city government,

neg: Hadacheck v. Sebastian "Hadacheck v. Sebastian" was one of the first cases to deal with the issue of regulatory takings under zoning laws, even though the ordinance in question was simple and primitive in comparison to modern American zoning schemes. Because of this, the case is commonly discussed in first year constitutional law and/or property law classes in American law schools. Access to some of the links may require the use of a library card. Hadacheck v. Sebastian Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U.S. 394 (1915), was an early U.S. Supreme Court case on the constitutionality of zoning ordinances. The Court held that an

neg: Exclusionary zoning regulating occupancy. Eventually, the court sanctioned this variety of ordinances. A community's pursuit of homogeneity was self-justifying, the court logic went, so long as there is no explicit class or racial discrimination. Their decision hinged on the view that an area's definition of the family is acceptable as long as a rational basis exists for the determination. It is not a judge's domain to overrule such legislative decisions. Implicit within the case's ruling is permission for exclusionary zoning regulations to attempt preservation of identity in the context of family compositions. Thus, given the previous Village of Euclid decision, municipalities were

neg: Pittsboro, Indiana zoning, annexation, and various zoning ordinances. The Plan Commission can act alone in deciding street names, final plat approval, building permits, zoning violations, and addressing. The Plan Commission sets its own rules and procedures and appoints a Zoning Administrator. The Advisory Utility Board serves as overseer of the Town's four utilities water, sewer, electric, and gas. The five members are appointed by the Town Council and composed of one Town Council Member. The Utility Board advises the Town Council on rates and charges by the individual utilities. The Redevelopment Commission affords the Town a maximum opportunity for rehabilitation, redevelopment, or

neg: Austin, Texas the 1990s due to a rapid influx of technology and development companies. In recent years, some Austinites have adopted the unofficial slogan "Keep Austin Weird", which refers to the desire to protect small, unique, and local businesses from being overrun by large corporations. In the late 19th century, Austin was known as the "City of the Violet Crown", because of the colorful glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term "Violet Crown" in their name. Austin is known as a "clean-air city" for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all

neg: Smart growth neighborhoods and/or restrict new development in outlying or environmentally sensitive areas. Additional density incentives can be offered for development of brownfield and greyfield land or for providing amenities such as parks and open space. Zoning ordinances typically include minimum parking requirements. Reductions in or elimination of parking minimums or imposition of parking maximums can also reduce the amount of parking built with new development increasing land available for parks and other community amenities. Related to zoning ordinances, an Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) is a tool that used in some U.S. cities to contain high density development to certain areas. The

neg: Inclusionary zoning on rental units, as the state law supersedes local ordinances. Citizen groups and developers have also sought other ways to strengthen or defeat inclusionary zoning laws. For example, the initiative and referendum process in California allows citizen groups or developers to change local ordinances on affordable housing by popular vote. Any citizens or interest groups can participate in this process by gathering at least the required number of signatures so that the measure proposed can quality to be on the ballot; once enough signatures are submitted and the ballot measure is cleared by election officials, the ballot measure is typically

neg: City of Boerne v. Flores those pertaining to historic preservation. Under RFRA, an otherwise neutral state law—such as zoning, or historic preservation ordinances—needed to be scrutinized if its enforcement involved a religious group or individual. Therefore, by declaring extension of RFRA to apply against state laws unconstitutional, the ability of the states to establish and maintain historic preservation ordinances was made easier. However, in 2000, Congress enacted the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, in which it used the Spending Clause to require, for localities that receive federal funding, land use laws to accommodate religious freedom, essentially, as if RFRA had been ruled applicable

neg: Government of Texas county for needed services. Unincorporated areas are not part of a city; in these areas the county has authority for law enforcement and road maintenance. Their local ordinances, rules, and police regulations are usually codified in a "code of ordinances". Cities are classified as either "general law" or "home rule". A city may elect home rule status (i.e., draft an independent city charter) once it exceeds 5,000 population and the voters agree to home rule. Otherwise, it is classified as general law and has very limited powers. Larger cities (those exceeding 225,000) have a unique authority: that of "limited annexation",

neg: Vacation rental strictly enforced. The City of Portland, for example, does not allow rentals of less than 30 days in residential zones; however, according to local vacation property managers such as Vacasa, the average guest stays 3-10 nights. In most US cities and counties, zoning ordinances prohibit any type of lodging business in areas zoned for residential use. In some areas, zoning allows limited lodging uses provided that they are secondary to the primary residential use of the property. Vacation rental A vacation rental is the renting out of a furnished apartment, house, or professionally managed resort-condominium complex on a temporary basis

neg: Exclusionary zoning suburbs if left unchecked. Thus, middle-class and affluent whites, who constituted the majority of suburban inhabitants, more frequently employed measures preventing immigrant and minority integration. As a result of resident's newly found protectionism, the number of jurisdictions with such ordinances increased to over 5,200 by 1968. While well-off whites mainly inhabited the suburbs, the remaining city residents, primarily impoverished minorities, faced substantial obstacles to wealth. Many attributed their impecunious state to their exclusion from the suburbs. In response, a flurry of exclusionary zoning cases were brought before the Supreme Court in the 1970s that would ultimately determine the tactic's fate.

neg: Jersey Village, Texas government. The mayor and each council member have two year terms. Each member is limited to four terms as mayor, council member, or both. The mayor votes if the city council has a tie vote. The city manager has no voice in the city council; the city manager attends all council meetings and provides advice. The city manager manages all city affairs assigned to the city manager by the charter, implements city council directives, and ordinances. The city manager also manages and directs the city organization and employees. As of March 2017, the city manager is Austin Bleess. The council

neg: Zoning in the United States created well-defined areas for residential land use, the Baltimore scheme was implemented on a block-by-block basis. Druid Hill had already existed as a "de facto" all-black neighborhood, but some whites in nearby neighborhoods protested for formal segregation. Just a few months later, Richmond, Virginia passed its race-based zoning law, though it was struck down by the Virginia Supreme Court. Over the next few years, several southern cities established race-based residential zoning ordinances, including four other cities in Virginia, one in North Carolina, and another in South Carolina. Atlanta passed a law similar to 1910 Baltimore ordinance. Before 1918, race-based zoning

neg: Eaton County, Michigan 65 or over. Eaton County has been reliably Republican from the beginning. Since 1884, the Republican Party nominee has carried the county vote in 80% of the elections (27 of 34 elections). The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street

neg: Gladwin County, Michigan County has been reliably Republican from the beginning. Since 1884, the Republican Party nominee has carried the county vote in 85% of the elections (29 of 34 elections). The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are

neg: Hillsdale County, Michigan Party nominee has carried 94% of the elections (32 of 34). The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships. Hillsdale Municipal Airport (KJYM) established in 1934, has a 5000'

neg: Municipal Code of Chicago be published at least every six months. Building, Electrical, Fire Prevention, and Zoning Codes are contained within the Municipal Code and are published as separate volumes. Municipal Code of Chicago Municipal Code of Chicago The Municipal Code of Chicago is the codification of local ordinances of a general and permanent nature of the City of Chicago. The Code contains original and new ordinances, adopted by the Chicago City Council, organized into eighteen titles of varying subject matter. The first Code of Chicago was adopted in 1837. The current Code was adopted 28 February 1990 and wholly replaced and renumbered the

neg: Local government in Pennsylvania is one of the members of council and acts as president. Each council member is in charge of one of the five major departments. The city controller and treasurer are elected independently. Twenty cities employ this form of governance. The mayor-council form has a council of five, seven, or nine members, elected at large for overlapping four-year terms. A mayor, treasurer, and a controller also are elected for a four-year period. The mayor is the chief executive of the city and enforces the ordinances of council. The mayor may veto ordinances, but that can be overridden by at least two

neg: East Hampton (town), New York of the historic houses to the Town government site was part of the sale of the de Menil to financier Ron Baron for $103 million; in 2007 this was reported as the highest price ever paid for a single residence in United States history. The township has aggressively pursued zoning ordinances to protect its residential and rural character. It has no chain fast food restaurants and or big box stores (unlike Southampton, which has numerous fast food chains and stores such as K-Mart). The village of East Hampton formerly also exercised a "no chain" rule. Since the mid-1990s, a Starbucks

neg: Residential segregation in the United States later, the Supreme Court passage of Plessy v. Ferguson established "separate but equal" zoning ordinances that specified exclusively black, white and mixed districts and legally established segregation in housing opportunities. Many large and mid-sized cities in the South and mid-South adopted racial zonings between 1910 and 1915. In "Buchanan v. Warley (1917) the Supreme Court ruled that racial zoning was illegal but many local governments continued to enforce racial segregation with alternative land use designations. Many of these deeds and covenants remain active, and continue to influence settlement patterns. Local jurisdictions that adopt land-use zoning regulations such as large-lot zoning,

neg: Moore v. City of East Cleveland Clause." Additionally, Justice White concluded that "the normal goals of zoning regulation are present here and that the ordinance serves these goals by limiting, in identifiable circumstances, the number of people who can occupy a single household." Analysts have observed that "Moore" is one of several cases have established "a constitutional right to family integrity." Some commentators have also noted that the "Moore" decision lies at the intersection between the competing goals of controlling population density and maintaining family integrity, but in their rush to overturn "traditional-family ordinances," the Court may have "burn[ed] the house to roast the pig." Other

neg: Howard County Department of Planning and Zoning operates 41 separate zoning classifications. A comprehensive zoning review occurs every ten years. Zoning regulations are also created and changed in "comp-lite" reviews, as well as from council bills. Planning was managed by the state of Maryland until the First edition of Howard County Subdivision and Land Development Regulations on 7 March 1961 The Zoning Enabling Act of 1948 was formed to create a zoning board of all three County Commissioners. James MacGill was the Zoning Commissioner. Established first set of zoning ordinances. Norman E. Moxley was Chairman in 1951. In 1951 the Department proposed the first county subdivision regulations.

neg: Summit, New Jersey 2-full-bath, 2-partial-bath single-family home built in 1939 had taxes of $16,000 in 2009. As of 2018, the average property tax bill in the city of Summit was $17,930, the 14th highest in the state. Summit, along with many suburban communities in the United States, adopted a policy of zoning ordinances requiring a single-family house on a large lot and could thereby "exclude any undesirable influences that might erode property values", a requirement that effectively excluded apartment buildings and multi-family dwellings, and tended to raise the price of houses. One study found that since 1945, the single-family house on a large

neg: Newaygo County, Michigan the Civil War era. Since 1884, the Republican Party nominee has carried the county vote in 91% of the national presidential elections (31 of 34). Newaygo County operates the County jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions – police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance etc. – are the responsibility of

neg: St. Joseph County, Michigan Party nominee has carried 79% of the elections (27 of 34). The county government operates the jail, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county board of commissioners controls the and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions – police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. – are the responsibility of individual cities and townships. St. Joseph County, Michigan St. Joseph County is a county located in the U.S.

neg: Antrim County, Michigan females there were 99.80 males. Antrim County has been reliably Republican since its organization. Since 1884 its voters have selected the Republican Party nominee in 94% (32 of 34) of the national elections through 2016. Antrim County operates the County jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions – police and fire, building and zoning,

neg: Berrien County, Michigan Berrien County began with three townships: Berrien County has favored a Republican Party candidate in all but six elections since 1884. The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages and vital records, oversees public health, and participates with the state in welfare and social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws and ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police, fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships. According to the

neg: Gogebic County, Michigan the county's mood, which has often voted for the Democratic presidential candidate since 1932. The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, maintains vital records and property records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships. Gogebic County, Michigan Gogebic

neg: Manistee County, Michigan jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and

neg: Zoning the invention of urban regulations. The shifts were informed by a new scientific rationality, the advent of mass production and complex manufacturing, and the subsequent onset of urbanization. Industry leaving the home was one major factor in reshaping industrial cities. Overcrowding, pollution, and the urban squalor associated with factories were major concerns that led city officials and planners to consider the need for functional separation of uses. It was in France, Germany, and Britain that the first pseudo-zoning was invented to prevent polluting industries to be built in residential areas. It was Germany that invented modern zoning, in the late-19th

neg: District Regionalism owned areas and blighted properties. The practice has been proven to alter larger sprawling co-dependant cities into smaller self-reliant communities. Community shares are sold in District Regionalist environments. As a community is defined by boundaries and image, the collective population of that community issues shares with monetary value. Initially, stock ownership is given to the community in order to promote the process. An increased number of shares allows a larger amount of voting privileges within that community, therefore allowing some margin within city ordinances and zoning. As more community shares are sold, the pool increases for that community allowing them

neg: Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler". The case opened the doors for municipalities across the United States to establish zoning ordinances. Euclid is home to a variety of ethnic groups. One of the largest is the city's historic Slovene population. There are a number of streets in Euclid that commemorate the Slovenian influence on Euclid, including Recher, Mavec, Drenik, Grdina, Trebec, Mozina, Kapel, and Ljubljana. Today, Euclid's largest ethnic population is African American, while also containing sizeable populations of Croats, Irish and Italian communities. Euclid, Ohio Euclid is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is an inner ring suburb of Cleveland.

neg: Zoning in the United States example, in a "traditional neighborhood" form district, a maximum setback might be from the property line, while in a suburban "neighborhood" there may be no maximum setback. Dallas, Texas, is currently developing an optional form-based zoning ordinance. Since the concept of form-based codes is relatively new, this type of zoning may be more challenging to enact. One version of form-based or "form integrated" zoning uses a base district overlay method or "composite" zoning. This method is based on a Euclidean framework and includes three district components - a use component, a site component, and an architectural component. The use component

neg: Costa–Hawkins Rental Housing Act with a larger number of units to be sold on the free market. About one-third of California cities and counties have inclusionary zoning ordinances. Such laws might require, beside affordable units for sale, units for rent. In this case, a Los Angeles housing ordinance in effect mandated that sixty "rentals" for low-income tenants be included in Geoff Palmer's 350-unit development west of downtown. The appellate court held, however, that the exemption from rent control of new construction under Costa–Hawkins applied to the particular facts of this case. Thus the city could not enforce its housing mandate against the real estate