query: who did america fight in the war of 1812

pos: War of 1812 the Indians' lack of power was apparent and the stage was set for further incursions of territory by the United States in subsequent decades. War of 1812 The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theater of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right, though it was separate. From the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France, Britain had enforced a naval blockade

pos: Results of the War of 1812 and Loyalist elite were able to set the different colonies, of what would later become Canada, on a different course from that of their former enemy. Canada discouraged further American immigration. When the United States attacked British North America, most of the British forces were engaged in the Napoleonic Wars. Thus, British North America had minimal troops to defend against the United States, who had a much larger (though initially poorly trained) military force. For most of the war, British North America stood alone against a much stronger American force. Reinforcements from the United Kingdom did not arrive until 1814,

pos: United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom An Act Declaring War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Dependencies Thereof and the United States of America and Their Territories was passed by the 12th United States Congress on June 18, 1812, thereby beginning the War of 1812. It was signed by James Madison, the 4th President of the United States. "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled", That war be and is hereby declared to exist between the United Kingdom of Great

pos: United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom the subjects thereof. United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom An Act Declaring War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Dependencies Thereof and the United States of America and Their Territories was passed by the 12th United States Congress on June 18, 1812, thereby beginning the War of 1812. It was signed by James Madison, the 4th President of the United States. "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled", That war be and is hereby declared to exist between the United

neg: Edward Griffith Colpoys commander off the French coast, later becoming the captain of the ship of the line HMS "Dragon" during the Trafalgar campaign. Although "Dragon" did not fight at the climactic Battle of Trafalgar, Griffith was engaged at the preceding Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. In 1812, Griffith was advanced to rear-admiral and later that year commanded a squadron off Maine during the War of 1812, leading a successful attack up the Penobscot River in 1814 to re-establish New Ireland (Maine). Griffith remained in North America until 1821, as commander of the base at Halifax, Nova Scotia. On his return

neg: Fort Johnston (North Carolina) War of 1812. Many locals feared that Fort Johnston provided inadequate defense for the region. The British, however, did not attack the region during the war. After the War of 1812, an individual sergeant sometimes commanded Fort Johnston, and the Army abandoned it altogether at least once while engaging its troops elsewhere. Nevertheless, the surgeon began to record meteorological observations from the early 1820s. Its garrison departed to fight in Second Seminole War in 1836. The Army completed Fort Caswell two miles away in 1838, reducing the importance of Fort Johnston. The Fort Johnston garrison again departed to fight in

neg: Benedict Arnold (governor) his great-grandson, also named Benedict Arnold, the general of the American Revolutionary War who is remembered primarily for his treason to America when he switched sides to fight with the British. Descendants through his son Caleb Arnold include Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, American hero of the Great Lakes during the War of 1812, and his younger brother Commodore Matthew C. Perry, who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. Senator Stephen Arnold Douglas is also descended through this line, who debated Abraham Lincoln in 1858 before a senate race and later lost

neg: Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain off war to continue to make money. Movements, such as the Friends of Peace, sprung up to oppose the war with France and the war with America. The last major point of opposition against the War of 1812 came when the British burned the White House, along with other public buildings in Washington, D.C, in August of 1814. Many argued that America deserved to be treated with the same wartime respect that the European powers received, especially when a battle did not involve Native Americans or American militia forces. Other feared it might weaken Britain’s position at the Congress of

neg: Opposition to the American Civil War fighting in the war. Some of the soldiers may have been peace Democrats as well as Southern sympathizers. Many did consist of Irish Catholics, who immigrated to the east coast and were mentioned earlier. Another reason immigrants avoided the draft was because they just arrived into America. They did not want to fight and die for a country they had only been in for a short time. The Confederate States of America issued its first draft that called upon all able-bodied white males aged from eighteen to thirty-five to fight. However, it changed the draft age from seventeen to fifty.

neg: War of 1812 an editorial on September 14, 1816, announced that the Americans had crushed the British, declaring "...we did virtually dictate the treaty of Ghent to the British". A minority of Americans, mostly associated with the Federalists, saw the war as a defeat and an act of folly on Madison's part, caustically asking if the Americans were "dictating" the terms of the treaty of Ghent, why the British Crown did not cede British North America to the United States? However, the Federalist view of the war is not the mainstream American memory of the war. The view of Congressman George Troup, who

neg: Quebec City North America. In effect, the battle's outcome was the split of British North America into two distinct political entities. The city itself was not attacked during the War of 1812, when the United States again attempted to annex Canadian lands. Amis fears of another American attack on Quebec City, construction of the Citadelle of Quebec began in 1820. The Americans did not attack Canada after the War of 1812, but the Citadelle continued to house a large British garrison until 1871. It is still in use by the military and is also a tourist attraction. Until the late 18th century

neg: William James (naval historian) sources. In places, Roosevelt becomes almost mocking in his criticism of James. The book was an immediate sensation in the United States and is still considered a source book on the subject (no less than three books on the War of 1812 written in 2006 alone quoted from Roosevelt's response); however, Roosevelt's conclusions have been disputed by Professor Andrew Lambert in his 2012 book "The Challenge: Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812". Scholars further note that Roosevelt's effort did not actually refer to James's two books on the War of 1812. Instead, Roosevelt referred to James's "Naval

neg: Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own) the 3rd battalion were in North America, having been sent in late 1814 to participate in the final stages of the War of 1812. With the return of Napoleon from exile, all of the companies in England crossed the channel and landed in Belgium in May 1815, joining with those already present, so that the entire regiment, bar the five companies still in America, became part of Wellington's Anglo-Dutch army. The first battalion went on to fight at the Battle of Quatre Bras on 16 June 1815, while all three battalions would fight at the Battle of Waterloo on 18

neg: Results of the War of 1812 if the War of 1812 had not taken place, because more and more American settlers would have arrived and Canadian nationalism would not have developed. The War of 1812 was highly significant in Britain's North American colonies. After the war, British sympathizers portrayed the war as a successful fight for national survival against an American democratic force that threatened the peace and stability the Canadians desired. Throughout the war, most of Canada's inhabitants assigned the war to an American desire to annex the British colonies, a perception reinforced by American Generals like William Hull, who issued proclamations stating that Canada

neg: José María de Torrijos y Uriarte by an introduction - in which he showed his admiration for Bonaparte as a forger of a "national" army, among other reasons - and supplemented by numerous notes, And from English into Spanish the "Memoirs of General Miller," who had participated in the Peruvian war, and which Torrijos had personally met in 1812 during the campaigns of the Spanish War of Independence. In the prologue of the latter Torrijos emphasized that Miller had left his land to fight for the freedom "of South America", without even knowing the language, and that "it always served to the homeland that had adopted,

neg: Choctaw with Tecumseh. On Tecumseh's departure, Pushmataha accused him of tyranny over his own Shawnee and other tribes. Pushmataha warned Tecumseh that he would fight against those who fought the United States. On the eve of the War of 1812, Governor William C. C. Claiborne of Louisiana sent interpreter Simon Favre to give a talk to the Choctaws, urging them to stay out of this "white man's war." Ultimately, however, the Choctaw did become involved, and with the outbreak of the war, Pushmataha led the Choctaws in alliance with the U.S., arguing in favor of opposing the Creek Red Sticks' alliance

neg: William Orlando Butler of 1861, which sought to defuse the secession crisis that arose following the 1860 presidential election. During the Civil War, Butler was a War Democrat who favored the Union. Butler was born in Jessamine County, Kentucky (then Fayette County), and graduated from Transylvania University in 1812. He began the study of law with Robert Wickliffe, but his education was interrupted by the War of 1812. When the War of 1812 began, Butler volunteered as a private to fight the British and the Indians. He took part in the Battle of the River Raisin. During the battle, Butler and fellow soldiers

neg: William Lenoir (general) only American Patriot casualty. Lenoir subsequently gathered troops together to fight at the Battle of Guilford Court House, but arrived too late. After the war, William and his wife, Ann, lived in their home, called Fort Defiance( built by Thomas Fields. Only years after the war did Lenoir achieve the rank of major general from service in the state militia. Shortly after achieving that rank, he desired to fight in the War of 1812, but was deemed too old to do so. The disappointment of that led Lenoir to resign from the militia. Fort Defiance continues today, restored as a

neg: War of 1812 in British North America, especially from Nova Scotia took 250 American ships and proved especially effective in crippling American coastal trade and capturing American ships closer to shore than the Royal Navy cruisers. The naval blockade of the United States began informally in 1812 and expanded to cut off more ports as the war progressed. Twenty ships were on station in 1812 and 135 were in place by the end of the conflict. In March 1813, the Royal Navy punished the Southern states, who were most vocal about annexing British North America, by blockading Charleston, Port Royal, Savannah and New

neg: War of 1812 side lost territory in the war, nor did the treaty that ended it address the original points of contention—and yet it changed much between the United States of America and Britain. The Treaty of Ghent established the "status quo ante bellum"; that is, there were no territorial losses by either side. The issue of impressment was made moot when the Royal Navy, no longer needing sailors, stopped impressment after the defeat of Napoleon in spring 1814 ended the war. (Napoleon unexpectedly returned in 1815, after the final end of the war of 1812.) Except for occasional border disputes and some

neg: War of 1812 victories that it won against all odds. After engagements during the final actions of the war, U.S. Marines had acquired a well-deserved reputation as excellent marksmen, especially in ship-to-ship actions. In British North America, the War of 1812 was seen by Loyalists as a victory, as they had claimed they had successfully defended their country from an American takeover. A long-term consequence of the Canadian militia's success was the view widely held in Canada at least until the First World War that Canada did not need a regular professional army. While Canadian militia units had played instrumental roles in several

neg: Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States York, General George McClure tried to call up the local militia to drive them back, but found that most would not respond, tired of repeated drafts and his earlier failures. Even those who did appear, McClure wrote, were more interested "in taking care of their families and property by carrying them into the interior, than helping us to fight." There were many examples of other militias refusing to enter Canada, and either disobeying or simply refusing orders to move into Canadian territory. Political opinions even interfered with communication between officers at the beginning of the war. This was shown in

neg: Jonathan C. Gibson, Sr. with his brothers in the Sperryville Rifles as a Sergeant, but later served with Mosby's Rangers, John Williams Gibson would become a private with Crenshaw's Battery of Virginia Artillery, and Eustace Gibson would become captain and quartermaster of the Sperryville Rifles and later a lawyer, member of the West Virginia House of Delegates and the U.S. House of Representatives. Jonathan C. Gibson, Sr. Jonathan Catlett Gibson Sr. (1793– Dec. 9, 1849) was a nineteenth-century Virginia farmer, lawyer, politician and War of 1812 veteran, whose five sons would fight for the Confederate States of America, including three sons who followed in

neg: Jonathan C. Gibson, Sr. Jonathan C. Gibson, Sr. Jonathan Catlett Gibson Sr. (1793– Dec. 9, 1849) was a nineteenth-century Virginia farmer, lawyer, politician and War of 1812 veteran, whose five sons would fight for the Confederate States of America, including three sons who followed in his footsteps and became lawyers, of which two served in the Virginia House of Delegates and West Virginia House of Delegates. J.C. Gibson married Martha Dandridge Ball (1799-1823), daughter of Col. Burgess Ball and George Washington's niece Frances Ann Washington, but she died when their two daughters were infants: Martha Dandridge Gibson and Frances Anne Gibson Welch Burt (1818-1901).

neg: Thomas Ewing III resigned his position to recruit an Army infantry regiment and to fight for the Union. His son was known as Thomas Ewing, Jr. until his father died and then he graduated to Thomas Ewing, Sr. But he was actually the fifth Thomas Ewing of his line. His great-great-great grandfather was the first Thomas Ewing, who came to America from Derry, Ireland, in 1718. On his mother's side, the fifth Thomas was the great grandson of a War of 1812 general and U.S. Congressman, Reasin Beall of Wooster, Ohio. Ewing grew up in Washington, D.C. (1865–1870), and Lancaster, Ohio (1870–1879), while

neg: HMS Alphea (1806) behavior, though highly improper and reprehensible, did not contravene Article 33 of the Articles of War. In 1812 Lieutenant Thomas William Jones replaced Gibbons. He sailed "Alphea" for North America on 17 May 1812. On 13 August she was in company when captured the "William Tell". When "Alphea" returned to Britain, the Admiralty dismissed Jones from his command for having detained an American vessel at the commencement of the war with the U.S., in advance of having received authorization. In May 1813, "Alphea" was under the command of Lieutenant M'Donald when she brought dispatches to Admiral Lord Keith from the

neg: Origins of the War of 1812 hindered by weak diplomats in Washington (such as David Erskine) who misrepresented British policy and by communications that were so slow the Americans did not learn of the reversal of policy until they had declared war. When Americans proposed a truce based on British ending impressment, Britain refused, because it needed those sailors. Horsman explains, "Impressment, which was the main point of contention between England and America from 1803 to 1807, was made necessary primarily because of England's great shortage of seamen for the war against Napoleon. In a similar manner the restrictions on American commerce imposed by England's Orders

neg: Hundred Days military success he might have achieved using the offensive military option available to him, then the war would continue and he could turn his attention to defeating the rest of the Coalition armies. Napoleon's decision to attack in Belgium was supported by several considerations. First, he had learned that the British and Prussian armies were widely dispersed and might be defeated in detail. Further, the British troops in Belgium were largely second-line troops; most of the veterans of the Peninsular War had been sent to America to fight the War of 1812. And, politically, a French victory might trigger a

neg: Laurent Durocher in 1805. He volunteered to fight in the American army under General William Hull prior to the outbreak of the War of 1812. Following Hull's surrender of Detroit on August 16, 1812, Durocher and the other defenders of Frenchtown held out for two more days before surrendering their arms. Left free, but unarmed, they were unable to stop the Native Americans who began to pillage the town. Durocher remained there as a paroled prisoner of war until the town was recaptured by General James Winchester in the First Battle of Frenchtown. Durocher was one of several people who went to

neg: Royal Newfoundland Regiment in 1812, for the regiment's role at the battle of Maumee in 1813 and a general "theatre honour" ("Defence of Canada 1812–1815"), for the regiment's broader service in successful engagements throughout the War of 1812. Colours emblazoned with these battle honours were presented to the regiment's 2nd battalion in the presence of their Colonel-in-Chief, HRH the Princess Royal, in June 2016. The ceremonies coincided with events marking the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Beaumont-Hamel. The Royal Newfoundland Regiment of Fencible Infantry was disbanded in 1816 following the conclusion of hostilities with both America and Napoleonic France. Newfoundland did not

neg: Canadian identity by immigrants from Britain who were imperial-minded. W. L. Morton says the war was a "stalemate" but the Americans "did win the peace negotiations." Arthur Ray says the war made "matters worse for the native people" as they lost military and political power. Bumsted says the war was a stalemate but regarding the Indians "was a victory for the American expansionists." Thompson and Randall say "the War of 1812's real losers were the Native peoples who had fought as Britain's ally." On the other hand, the "1812 Great Canadian Victory Party will bring the War of 1812...to life," promised the

neg: HMS Fairy (1812) HMS Fairy (1812) HMS "Fairy" (1812) was a , built by William Taylor at Bideford and launched in 1812. She escorted convoys during the War of 1812 and participated in the Raid on Alexandria, the Royal Navy’s incursion up the Potomac in 1814. She was broken up in 1821. "Fairy" was commissioned in August 1812 under Commander Edward Grey for South America. On 25 December she recaptured the "Viagante". While on the South America station she escorted convoys; in June 1813 she joined a convoy of over 500 merchant vessels bound for Spain, Portugal, the Mediterranean, Brazil, North America, and

neg: HMS Fairy (1812) HMS Fairy (1812) HMS "Fairy" (1812) was a , built by William Taylor at Bideford and launched in 1812. She escorted convoys during the War of 1812 and participated in the Raid on Alexandria, the Royal Navy’s incursion up the Potomac in 1814. She was broken up in 1821. "Fairy" was commissioned in August 1812 under Commander Edward Grey for South America. On 25 December she recaptured the "Viagante". While on the South America station she escorted convoys; in June 1813 she joined a convoy of over 500 merchant vessels bound for Spain, Portugal, the Mediterranean, Brazil, North America, and

neg: Results of the War of 1812 maritime trade. Furthermore, of the few ships that left port, a total 1400 were captured. In addition, Britain did win many sea battles. The Royal Navy had been able to deploy overwhelming strength to American waters, annihilating rather than merely denting American maritime trade, and driving the American economy close to bankruptcy. The Royal Navy would emerge unchecked from the conflict. The British Army regarded the 1812-15 conflict in Canada and America as a sideshow. Only one regiment, the 41st, was awarded a battle honor (Detroit) from the war. The army was more interested in the lessons of the Peninsular

neg: Desegregation continued to fight in every American war integrated with whites up until the War of 1812. They would not fight in integrated units again until the Korean War. Thousands of black men fought on the side of rebellious colonists in the American Revolutionary War, many in the new Continental Navy. Their names, accomplishments or total numbers are unknown because of poor record keeping. During the American Civil War, Blacks enlisted in large numbers. They were mostly enslaved blacks who escaped in the South, although there were many northern black Unionists as well. More than 180,000 blacks served with the Union

neg: Captain America: Civil War the viewer to take it all in." In September 2015, Mark Ruffalo, who plays Bruce Banner / Hulk in the MCU films, stated that his character was originally in the "Civil War" script, but was removed due to the end of "Age of Ultron", as Marvel did not "want to reveal where [he is] and why" in this film. Markus added that as soon as the Hulk joined a side, the fight would be quickly over, saying, "You've got to kind of choose your roster [of characters] depending on what kind of fight you want to have." He later explained

neg: Tecumseh's Confederacy The Americans responded quickly and launched a second campaign, destroying Prophetstown a second time. The American frontiersmen had a grievance that motivated their demand for war in 1812. Overall, Tecumseh's Confederacy played a crucial role in causing the War of 1812, and in early operations in the west. In 1812 Tecumseh's warriors, as shock troops, assisted a small force of 700 British regulars and Canadian militia to force the surrender of 2,500 American soldiers, by threatening to massacre any captives of the Siege of Detroit. General William Hull surrendered Fort Detroit in August 1812 without a fight. Tecumseh's frontier war

neg: War of 1812 widely supported by dozens of War Hawk congressmen such as John A. Harper, Felix Grundy, Henry Clay, and Richard M. Johnson, who voted for war with expansion as a key aim. However, Horsman states that in his view "the desire for Canada did not cause the War of 1812" and that "The United States did not declare war because it wanted to obtain Canada, but the acquisition of Canada was viewed as a major collateral benefit of the conflict." Historian Alan Taylor says that many Democratic-Republican congressmen, such as Richard M. Johnson, John A. Harper and Peter B. Porter, "longed

neg: José Joaquim Almeida was soon well known in Baltimore, as Joseph, father of ten children, owner of a home in Duke Street, and a war hero. When the War of 1812 began between the United States and Great Britain, Almeida participated as a privateer in the fight against the British. Acting wisely, he brought in 16 investors who bought his schooner "Joseph & Mary", which weighed 139 tons, and only kept one share. The "Joseph & Mary", under Captain William Westcott, was hit by friendly fire, and after capturing only two ships (the "Piscataqua" and a sloop) was captured on November 25, 1812,

neg: The Bold Canadian The Bold Canadian "The Bold Canadian" was a patriotic song for Canadians that originated during the War of 1812. It celebrated the conquering of Detroit in Michigan Territory. It is believed that "The Bold Canadian" was written by a private from the Third York Militia's First Flank Company named Cornelius Flummerfelt, who wrote the lines while marching in the Detroit campaign, or on the way back to York, Upper Canada. The song was used to further increase the numbers of Canadian militia to fight during the war. Although composed in late 1812, the first publication of the song was not

neg: Desegregation in the United States Marine Corps of minorities in the general population. In America, blacks fought alongside whites in the Continental Army against Great Britain, and in every war up to the War of 1812. The first black American to fight in a Marine role was John Martin, also known as Keto, the slave of a Delaware man, recruited in April 1776 without his owner's permission by Captain of the Marines Miles Pennington of the Continental brig USS "Reprisal". Martin served with the Marine platoon on the "Reprisal" for a year and a half, involved in hard ship-to-ship fighting, but was lost with the rest of

neg: 62nd (Wiltshire) Regiment of Foot war ended. The 2nd battalion was then sent to Ireland after a brief period of occupation duties in France. In 1814, after spending time in Spain, 1st battalion was assigned again to an expedition to Italy. The battalion landed at Livorno before marching on Genoa. Like many other units of the British Army, upon Napoleon's abdication, the 1st battalion was ordered to North America to fight against the United States in the War of 1812. Neither of the battalions of the regiment were present at the Battle of Waterloo. The 1st battalion was sent to the West Indies, while the

neg: Battle of Waterloo recruit and train more men before turning his armies against the Austrians and Russians. An additional consideration for Napoleon was that a French victory might cause French-speaking sympathisers in Belgium to launch a friendly revolution. Also, coalition troops in Belgium were largely second-line, as many units were of dubious quality and loyalty, and most of the British veterans of the Peninsular War had been sent to North America to fight in the War of 1812. The initial dispositions of British commander Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, were intended to counter the threat of Napoleon enveloping the Coalition armies by

neg: Waterloo Campaign Austria would not be able to reinforce the Prussians and British. This was because the Russian army was still moving across Europe and the Austrian army was still mobilizing. Also, the British troops in Belgium were largely second-line troops; most of the veterans of the Peninsular War had been sent to America to fight the War of 1812. In addition, the army of the United Netherlands was reinforcing the British. These Dutch troops were ill-equipped and inexperienced. And, politically, a French victory might trigger a pro-French revolution in French-speaking Belgium. During the Hundred Days both the Coalition nations and Napoleon

neg: History of the Canadian Army the War of 1812 battle honours awarded to many of these units, are perpetuated by current units within the Canadian Army. While Canada developed a volunteer militia force of partially trained and often unpaid amateurs, defence of the country was dependent on a contingent of regular British soldiers, as well as naval defence through the Royal Navy. The Canadian Militia evolved from the various British garrison forces on the North American continent in the 19th century. In 1854, with the outbreak of the Crimean War, virtually the entire British garrison was pulled out of British North America to fight against

neg: United States Revenue Cutter Service Americans ran out of cannonballs, they still did not surrender, instead retrieving the cannonballs fired at them by "Dispatch" and shooting them back. Even after being forced to use the ship's logbook for wadding, the crew, together with local militia, continued to fight. Eventually, the British retrieved "Eagle" and took her away. After the War of 1812, British and Spanish sea power in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico weakened, allowing a resurgence of piracy along the Gulf Coast. Revenue cutters were dispatched to fight the pirates. In 1819, the one-gun schooners USRC "Alabama" and USRC "Louisiana" fought two

neg: Privateer 1800 and would lead the United States to fight the Barbary states in the First Barbary War and Second Barbary Wars. During the War of 1812, the British attacked Essex, Connecticut, and burned the ships in the harbor, due to the construction there of a number of privateers. This was the greatest financial loss of the entire War of 1812 suffered by the Americans. However, the private fleet of James De Wolf, which sailed under the flag of the American government in 1812, was most likely a key factor in the naval campaign of the war. De Wolf's ship, the

neg: Samuel Pechell were so good that "Topaze" was soon unable to respond, and the arrival of two other Royal Navy ships allowed him to bring his prize out of the bay successfully. The following month, "Cleopatra" performed a supporting role in the successful invasion of Martinique and later in the year the ship returned to European waters, Pechell briefly moving to HMS "Guerriere" before returning to "Cleopatra" in 1811, operating in the North Sea and off Gibraltar. In 1812, Pechell became captain of Warren's flagship HMS "San Domingo", the flagship of the North America Station during the War of 1812. Pechell did

neg: HMS Ramillies (1785) George", "HMS Northumberland", "HMS Canada" and "HMS Cerberus", captured the "Telemaco", "Carvalho" and "Master" on 17 April 1807. Following the concern in Britain that neutral Denmark was entering an alliance with Napoleon, in December "Ramillies" participated in Cochrane's expedition that captured the Danish islands of St Thomas on 22 December and Santa Cruz on 25 December. The Danes did not resist and the invasion was bloodless. In August 1812, Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy took command of "Ramillies" and was sent to North America at the outbreak of the War of 1812. Hardy led the fleet in "Ramillies" that escorted and

neg: French invasion of Russia historians who use Clausewitz's account of his time in Russian service as their main source for the 1812 campaign to those historians who might use an account written by a Free French officer who did not speak English who served with the British Army in World War II as their main source for the British war effort in the Second World War. In Russia, the official historical line until 1917 was that the peoples of the Russian Empire had rallied together in defense of the throne against a foreign invader. Because many of the younger Russian officers in the 1812

neg: War of 1812 sailors into the Royal Navy. Incidents such as the "Chesapeake–Leopard" affair, which happened five years before the war, inflamed anti-British sentiment in the US. In 1811, the British were in turn outraged by the "Little Belt" affair, in which 11 British sailors died. Britain supplied Native Americans who raided American settlers on the frontier, hindering American expansion and provoking resentment. Historians debate whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America (Canada) contributed to the American decision to go to war. On June 18, 1812, US President James Madison, after heavy pressure from the War Hawks in

neg: Early Canadian banking system by French merchants, who, lacking in any other form of currency, were forced to create their own, and who consequently became the first Canadian bankers. The issue of "bons" spread rapidly into British North America after 1763, when New France became a British possession. "Bons" persisted as the most common type of currency until 1812, along with the English pound, American and Spanish coinage, and the "Halifax standard". The British administration under Isaac Brock introduced what became known as "army bills" in 1812, in order to finance the War of 1812. The total value of these bills was 250 000

neg: Robert Barrie was sunk while approaching Portsmouth. The subsequent court-martialled for the loss of the ship acquitted Barrie of misconduct but did censure the pilot. Barrie took command of the 74-gun third-rate in October 1812, and sailed to America during the War of 1812. He participated in the blockade of Chesapeake Bay. He served as the commodore of the squadron for several months, and captured over 85 vessels. His squadron blockaded the Patuxent River between June and August. In September 1814 he joined Sir John Coape Sherbrooke's forces for the attack on the Penobscot River region in the American state of Maine

neg: Donald Macpherson (army officer) of Fort Kingston in Ontario Canada where he served with distinction during the American Invasion of 1812. With his family he retired to Kingston where he became a leading member of the community. He was instrumental in bringing his sister in law and family over from Scotland and their son was John Alexander Macdonald Prime Minister of Canada. Donald Macpherson (army officer) Lt-Col Donald Macpherson of Gaskmore and Kingston was an army officer who fought in the American Revolution, the War of 1812 and who raised a regiment of Clansmen from Scotland at his own expense to fight for Britain

neg: Bucky Barnes that Captain America would learn that Bucky had a sister, Rebecca, whom he met at a veterans Christmas celebration. Bucky also had one notable post-mortem appearance when the Grandmaster challenged the West and East Coast Avengers for the destruction of the universe, apparently resurrecting long-dead friends and foes for them to fight. Captain America battled Bucky, whom he defeated, and the apparitions disappeared. In 2005, Marvel launched a new "Captain America" series (Volume 5) with writer Ed Brubaker, who revealed that Bucky did not die in World War II. It was revealed that after the plane exploded, General Vasily Karpov

neg: Paladin (comics) the money. As it turns out, he was a traitor to the group, only using the Heroes as a means to hunt down Captain America for S.H.I.E.L.D. as part of the "Civil War". He single-handedly defeated Captain America and the entire Heroes for Hire team, with the exceptions of Tarantula, and Orka, who weren't present when the fight took place, with a special gas weapon that affected the nervous system. He then radioed S.H.I.E.L.D. and told them he had Captain America in custody. However, he did not account for Shang-Chi's ability to hold his breath over an extended period (thanks

neg: War of 1812 was dropped. Although Article IX of the treaty included provisions to restore to Natives "all possessions, rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed, or been entitled to in 1811", the provisions were unenforceable; the British did not try and the Americans simply broke the treaty. The Americans (at a later stage) demanded damages for the burning of Washington and for the seizure of ships before the war began. American public opinion was outraged when Madison published the demands; even the Federalists were now willing to fight on. The British had planned three invasions. One force burned Washington but failed

neg: War of 1812 from $45 million in 1812 to $127 million by the end of 1815, although by selling bonds and treasury notes at deep discounts—and often for irredeemable paper money due to the suspension of specie payment in 1814—the government received only $34 million worth of specie. Stephen Girard, the richest man in America at the time, was one of those who personally funded the United States government involvement in the war. In addition, at least 3,000 American slaves escaped to the British lines. Many other slaves simply escaped in the chaos of war and achieved their freedom on their own. The

neg: John Harvey Stevens which supported the 1st and 2nd Battalions, Royal Marines to North America in 1813 to fight the War of 1812. As part of Sir George Cockburn's, he participated, in the Battle of Craney Island, and the attacks on Hampton, Virginia and Ocracoke Island. The brigade of Royal Marine Artillery served in Canada during 1814, and he was mentioned in Lieutenant General Sir Gordon Drummond's despatches for his conduct during the Battle of Fort Oswego (1814). He was present at the Siege of Fort Erie, and was subsequently employed on improving the defences at Chippawa Creek, where an impending attack by

neg: Joseph Napoleon's Regiment (France) regiment consisted of four combat battalions and one depot battalion; each battalion had four fusilier (regular infantry) companies, one grenadier (heavy infantry) company, and one voltigeur (skirmisher) company. Formation of the new regiment was slow, since it was formed entirely from Spanish prisoners of war and distinctions had to be made between those who genuinely wanted to serve and those who would desert and fight against the French. General Jean Kindelan commanded Joseph Napoleon’s Regiment from 13 February 1809 until 19 January 1812. Colonel Jean Baptiste Marie Joseph de Tschudy commanded from 19 January 1812 until 25 November 1813, when

neg: Insurgent privateer gain money and was not political in nature. They captured merchant vessels and slave ships to seize loot but they refused to fight against Spanish warships. After the War of 1812, the privately armed vessels were mostly coming from North America, Baltimore in particular. There were shipowners of other nationalities involved as well, such as French and British. These vessels were fast sailers. They could be schooners or brigs, typically armed with 12-16 guns, usually of 12 or 24 lb caliber. Cádiz was the principal port attacked, but there were other targets in the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands.

neg: New Orleans Squadron 27, as part of the Battle of New Orleans, the "Carolina" was badly damaged by enemy artillery fire and abandoned by her crew. She later exploded when fire reached her powder magazine. Although Jean Lafitte fought for America at New Orleans, the squadron operated against his pirates until ultimately being evicted from their base at Barataria on September 16, 1814 by Commodore Patterson. Six of his pirate ships were captured without a fight and around $500,000 worth of valuables were taken as prize. Between the War of 1812 and 1830, piracy in the West Indies flared up again, prompting the

neg: Sonny Liston America." United States President John F. Kennedy also did not want Patterson to fight Liston. When Patterson met with the president in January 1962, Kennedy suggested that Patterson avoid Liston, citing Justice Department concerns over Liston's ties to organized crime. Jack Dempsey spoke for many when he was quoted as saying that Sonny Liston should not be allowed to fight for the title. Liston angrily responded by questioning whether Dempsey's failure to serve in World War I qualified him to moralize. Frustrated, Liston changed his management in 1961 and applied pressure through the media by remarking that Patterson, who had

neg: War of 1812 of the British Army was deployed in the Peninsular War (in Portugal and Spain), and the Royal Navy was compelled to blockade most of the coast of Europe. The number of British regular troops present in Canada in July 1812 was officially stated to be 6,034, supported by Canadian militia. Throughout the war, the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was Earl Bathurst. For the first two years of the war, he could spare few troops to reinforce North America and urged the Commander-in-Chief, North America (Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost) to maintain a defensive strategy. The

neg: HMS Frolic (1806) HMS Frolic (1806) HMS "Frolic" was an 18-gun of the Royal Navy. She was built by Boole, of Bridport and was launched on 9 February 1806. Although she took part in the capture of Martinique, Guadaloupe, and Saint Martin, she appears to have had an uneventful career until 8 October 1812, when the American sloop-of-war captured her after a fierce fight. Later that day the British recaptured "Frolic" and captured "Wasp". "Frolic" was broken up in 1813. On 26 October 1807, Tsar Alexander I of Russia declared war on Great Britain. The official news did not arrive there until 2

neg: Henry Marie Brackenridge South Dakota, hosted by fur trader Manuel Lisa. Henry was appointed deputy attorney general of the Territory of Orleans (Louisiana), and district judge of Louisiana in 1812. He played an intelligence role during the War of 1812, and in 1814 published a history of the war. In 1817 he was appointed secretary of a mission to South America. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1818. Brackenridge in 1821 entered the diplomatic service of General Andrew Jackson, who was the new commissioner of Florida. Through Jackson's influence, he served as U.S. judge for the western district

neg: Shingwauk resulted in him receiving the "deserving chief" status which was granted to Indigenous chiefs in British North America who had served the crown during the War of 1812. Tangibly, this status resulted in preferred treatment by the crown and superior 'presents' from the government during any negotiations. Following the War of 1812 Shingwaukonse developed a vision of Indigenous rights and self-determination for his community. He believed in the sharing of resources with European settlers in a way that would benefit the people of Garden River and the creation of a relationship with the crown which allowed for independence and autonomy

neg: USS Troup (1812) USS Troup (1812) The USS "Troup" was the British Post Office Packet Service packet "Princess Amelia", which Joshua Barney in the American privateer "Rossie" captured at the start of the War of 1812. After a short but intense fight, "Princess Amelia" struck on 16 September 1812. As a packet, "Princess Amelia" sailed from Falmouth on several voyages to Jamaica and to the Mediterranean. For instance, she arrived in Falmouth on 2 July 1811, having sailed from Jamaica in April. In August 1812 she left Bridgetown, Barbados, for St. Thomas. From there she sailed for England. It was on this voyage

neg: The Female Marine 16th and 19th centuries, many European and American women cross-dressed to enter the military. These women include Deborah Sampson Gannett who fought in the Revolutionary War followed by Sarah Emma Edmonds and Loreta Janeta Velazquez, two cross-dressing soldiers of the Civil War. For most literary female warriors, the objective of their struggle was to be reunited with friends and family. (Cohen 14) From a literary perspective, the act of cross-dressing to fight has been seen in storylines during the Civil War, Mexican–American War, and War of 1812. Historically, there are estimated to be hundreds of women who cross-dressed on both

neg: 1812 United States House of Representatives elections in New York Although the U.S. Census of 1810 showed that New York would be entitled to more seats in the House, the New York State Legislature adjourned on March 27, 1812 without re-apportioning the congressional districts. Congressional elections were held, as usual, together with the State elections from April 28 to 30, 1812, but these were subsequently declared void. On May 6, 1812, Robert Le Roy Livingston resigned his seat to fight in the War of 1812, leaving a vacancy in the 6th District. The State Legislature reconvened on May 21, 1812, and re-apportioned the congressional district by an Act passed on

neg: Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute was obvious, particularly as a large number of his crew were British mercenaries who were unwilling to fight their own countrymen. Such a situation was not unusual in the newly independent states in Latin America, where land forces were strong, but navies were frequently quite undermanned. He protested verbally, but departed without a fight on 5 January. The islands have since continued under British rule except during the Falklands War. After their return in 1833, the British did not attempt to develop the islands as a colony. Initially, plans were based upon the settlers remaining in Port Louis, supported by

neg: Oregon boundary dispute Ultimately a mild resolution was approved, the text of which called on both governments to settle the matter amicably. By a large margin, moderation had won out over calls for war. Unlike Western Democrats, most Congressmen—like Polk—did not want to fight for 54° 40′. The Polk administration then made it known that the British government should offer terms to settle the dispute. Despite the cooling diplomatic relations, a repeat of the War of 1812 was not popular with either nation's government. Time was of the essence, because it was well known that the Peel government would fall with the impending

neg: King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) America in June 1814 for service in the War of 1812 and saw action at the Battle of Bladensburg in August 1814, the Burning of Washington later in August 1814 and the Battle of Baltimore in September 1814 as well as the capture of Fort Bowyer in February 1815. It briefly returned to England in May 1815, before embarking for Flanders a few weeks later to fight at the Battle of Waterloo in June. Detachments of the regiment were used as guards upon convict ships travelling to Australia, with the detachments arriving from 1832. Detachments were stationed in Sydney, Tasmania,

neg: Blenheim, Ontario was suspended until the end of the War of 1812. After the War of 1812, North American settlers began arriving in this area to live peaceful lives after a violent war, as did settlers who came from England after a European war with France. After timber clearing, this land was ready for growth. Blenheim itself was established in 1825-1850. It was amidst of dense forest, and its development lagged behind other nearby settlements. Albert Robertson purchased this land, and after the real estate traded hands over a few years, Harvey Halstead, Thomas Lynch, and George Hughson were recorded as the

neg: HMS Barrosa (1812) HMS Barrosa (1812) HMS "Barrosa" was launched in 1812 for the Royal Navy and served during the War of 1812 suring which she captured some After the war she spent a decade or so (1823–1833) on harbour duties. The navy sold "Barrosa" in 1841. Captain William Henry Shirreff commissioned "Barrosa" on 25 October 1812. He sailed her for North America on 31 January 1813. She was serving as an escort to a convoy for the West Indies and the Brazils. On 22 May 1813 "Barrosa" captured the American schooner "William and Thomas", of 25 tons (bm). "Barrosa" kept her prize

neg: War of 1812 engagements, such as at the Battle of the Chateauguay, it was the regular units of the British Army, including its "Fencible" regiments which were recruited within North America, which ensured that Canada was successfully defended. The U.S. Army had done poorly, on the whole, in several attempts to invade Canada, and the Canadians had fought bravely to defend their territory. But the British did not doubt that the thinly populated territory would remain vulnerable in a third war. "We cannot keep Canada if the Americans declare war against us again", Admiral Sir David Milne wrote to a correspondent in 1817,

neg: Kentucky in the War of 1812 the outbreak of hostilities, six consecutive governors of Kentucky were veterans of the war. Later governors Charles A. Wickliffe and John J. Crittenden also served as aides-de-camp in the war. Twenty-two of Kentucky's one hundred twenty counties are named for participants in the War of 1812, including nine that were named after soldiers killed at the Battle of River Raisin. Kentucky in the War of 1812 During the War of 1812, Kentucky supplied numerous troops and supplies to the war effort. Because Kentucky did not have to commit manpower to defending fortifications, most Kentucky troops campaigned actively against the enemy.

neg: David Price (Royal Navy officer) was severely wounded and unable to serve again for almost a year. His next appointment was to the 74-gun off Cherbourg, then from September 1812 on off Toulon (under Henry Bourchier, who had been his captain on the "Hawk"). In December 1812 he gained his first command, the bomb vessel , with which he sailed for North America in summer 1814 and fought during the War of 1812 on the Potomac, at Baltimore and at New Orleans. He was severely wounded again on 24 December 1814 at New Orleans and returned to England, where he was promoted to post rank

neg: War of 1812 place in the west: principally around Lake Erie, near the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and near the Saint Lawrence River area and Lake Champlain. This was the focus of the three-pronged attacks by the Americans in 1812. Although cutting the St. Lawrence River through the capture of Montreal and Quebec would have made Britain's hold in North America unsustainable, the United States began operations first in the western frontier because of the general popularity there of a war with the British, who had sold arms to the Native Americans opposing the settlers. The British scored an

neg: Results of the War of 1812 Results of the War of 1812 The War of 1812 happened between Great Britain and the United States in 1812. It caused no geographical changes. The main result of the war was two centuries of peace between the United States and Britain. All the causes of the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of Indians to block American expansion into the Northwest. American fears of the Native Americans ended, as did British plans to create a buffer Native American state. The American quest for honor after

neg: Juana Galán second daughter's birth on September 24, 1812, the same day la Mancha was released by the troops of Napoleon. Juana Galán Juana Galán (1787–1812), nicknamed La Galana, was a guerrilla fighter of the Peninsular War (1808–1814) who took to the street to fight against the French cavalry that tried to pass through the town of Valdepeñas. At twenty years old, she was considered the best informed woman of the village, because she worked in a strategic location, the first tavern in the village. On June 6, 1808, in the Battle of Valdepeñas against Napoleon's troops, there was a lack of

neg: War bond offered by the market and are often made available in a wide range of denominations to make them affordable for all citizens. Governments throughout history have needed to borrow money to fight wars. Traditionally they dealt with a small group of rich financiers such as Jakob Fugger and Nathan Rothschild, but no particular distinction was made between debt incurred in war or peace. An early use of the term "war bond" was for the $ raised by the US Congress in an Act of 14 March 1812, to fund the War of 1812, but this was not aimed at the

neg: Canadian Volunteers Canadian Volunteers The Canadian Volunteers was a unit composed of pro-United States citizens or inhabitants of Upper Canada which fought for the United States of America during the Anglo-American War of 1812. Before the war, Americans had been encouraged to settle in Upper Canada by generous grants of land. The Lieutenant Governors and military commanders in the province were concerned that in the event of war with America, the Americans would receive active help from many of these, and from Canadians whom they induced to support them. In March 1812, Major General Isaac Brock claimed that many of them influenced

neg: American Revolutionary War desire to support the Americans the following year, hoping to weaken Britain's empire. The Portuguese threat was neutralized in the Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–77). On 12 April 1779, Spain signed the Treaty of Aranjuez with France and went to war against Britain. Spain sought to recover Gibraltar and Menorca in Europe, as well as Mobile and Pensacola in Florida, and also to expel the British from Central America. Meanwhile, George III had given up on subduing America while Britain had a European war to fight. He did not welcome war with France, but he believed that Britain had made all necessary

neg: Peruvian War of Independence year Mexico obtained the surrender of the Spanish bastion of San Juan de Ulúa in North America. The Spanish strongholds in Callao and Chiloé in South America fell in January 1826. Spain renounced all their continental American territories ten years later in 1836 leaving very little of its vast empire intact. Despite the royalist tendencies of Peru, junta movements did emerge, often fomented by the approach of patriot armies from Buenos Aires. There were two short-lived uprisings in the southern city of Tacna in 1811 and 1813. One significant movement, led by Natives in Huánuco, began on February 22, 1812.

neg: Alf Landon a third term. After war broke out in Europe in 1939 Landon fought against isolationists such as America First who supported the Neutrality Act; he feared it would mislead Nazi Germany into thinking the United States was unwilling to fight. In 1941, however, he joined isolationists in arguing against lend-lease, although he did urge that Britain be given $5 billion outright instead. After the war, he backed the Marshall Plan, while opposing high domestic spending. After the communist revolution in China, he was one of the first to advocate recognition of Mao Zedong's communist government, and its admission to the

neg: Royal Newfoundland Regiment veterans of the previous Newfoundland Regiment. By 1806 the regiment numbered nearly 700 men and was given the title Royal by King George III. 'Local defence' included all of British North America, and in 1807 the regiment was deployed to Fort Anne in Nova Scotia. The regiment was again transferred in 1808, this time to the Citadel in Quebec City where it remained until the outbreak of war in 1812. The regiment, called at the time the Royal Newfoundland Regiment of Fencible Infantry, was significantly involved in the War of 1812. In May 1812, weeks before outbreak of the war

neg: Hercules (1812 ship) Hercules (1812 ship) Hercules first appeared in "Lloyd's Register" in 1812, with origin America. In 1813 she appeared in the "Register of Shipping" with origin Britain; she had undergone a good repair in 1812. She made two voyages as a whaler in the Southern Whale Fishery and then was no longer listed in 1818. Although one source describes "Hercules" as a prize, she sailed under British colours well before the outbreak of the War of 1812. 1st whaling voyage (1812–1814): Captain Simon Coleman sailed from London on 19 March 1812. "Hercules" returned to London on 31 March 1814. She again

neg: Historiography of Canada in the decades that followed it. A powerful oligarchy closely tied to Britain controlled Upper Canada (Ontario), and their criteria for legitimacy was loyalty to London, rather than heroic episodes in the war of 1812. As result they did not promote the memory of the war. The War of 1812 is often celebrated in Ontario as a British victory for what would become Canada in 1867, but Canadian historians in recent decades look at it as a defeat for the First Nations of Canada, and also for the merchants of Montreal (who lost the fur trade of the Michigan-Minnesota area).

neg: 19th Light Dragoons 19th Light Dragoons The 19th Light Dragoons was a cavalry regiment of the British Army created in 1781 for service in British India. The regiment served in India until 1806, and in North America during the War of 1812, and was disbanded in Britain in 1821. On 25 April 1779 warrants were issued to raise three regiments of light dragoons, the 19th, 20th and 21st, to address potential French aggression during the American Revolutionary War. The 19th was made up of drafts from the 1st and 2nd Dragoon Guards and the 4th and 10th Dragoons. The 19th did not see

neg: Manley Power and a counter-attack on the right flank (which was open because the rest of the army had not kept pace). Finally the 3rd was under the command of Charles Colville at the Battle of Nivelle where it took part in the main attack and then captured the bridge at Amotz under heavy resistance. Manley Power and two other successful Peninsular War veteran brigade leaders, Thomas Brisbane and Frederick Philipse Robinson, were sent to bolster British forces in the War of 1812 in North America (and therefore did not participate in the Battle of Waterloo). The veteran brigade leaders were deeply

neg: Jerome Township, Union County, Ohio It is the only Jerome Township statewide. Jerome Township was organized on March 12, 1821. As of 1854, the population of the township was 1249. In the Civil War, 367 residents of Jerome Township enlisted to fight. This was a remarkably high level, 151 more than were recognized as voters (only 216) and fully 25% of the population of 1398. It included several boys aged 16 and one aged 14. 75 of those who enlisted died or were killed in the war. They, and the service of township residents in the War of 1812, the Mexican War and the war

neg: War Eagle (Dakota Leader) commitment to peace. Housing projects on the east base of the bluff also bear his name. War Eagle (Dakota Leader) War Eagle (Dakota: Waŋbdí Okíčhize) was born in Minnesota or Wisconsin around 1785. He had left his own tribe, the Santee, to avoid bloodshed in a fight as to who would be chief. As a young man, War Eagle spent considerable time working among the white Americans. During the War of 1812, he carried messages for the United States government, and worked among the native peoples to promote the cause of the United States against the British. He worked as

neg: War Eagle (Dakota Leader) War Eagle (Dakota Leader) War Eagle (Dakota: Waŋbdí Okíčhize) was born in Minnesota or Wisconsin around 1785. He had left his own tribe, the Santee, to avoid bloodshed in a fight as to who would be chief. As a young man, War Eagle spent considerable time working among the white Americans. During the War of 1812, he carried messages for the United States government, and worked among the native peoples to promote the cause of the United States against the British. He worked as a riverboat guide on the upper Mississippi and also served as a messenger for the American

neg: Battle of Valparaíso butchered before his eyes." "Nor, by thus continuing to fight, did this American frigate, one iota, promote the true interests of her country." There is a memorial to the American dead in the Dissidents Cemetery in Valparaíso. Battle of Valparaíso The Battle of Valparaíso, also called the Capture of USS "Essex", was a naval action fought during the War of 1812. It took place off Valparaíso, Chile on March 28, 1814 between the frigate and the sloop of the United States Navy and the frigate and sloop of the Royal Navy. The British ships won the battle, and the American

neg: HMS Belvidera (1809) where her crew abandoned her; the British then burnt her. In 1811, "Belvidera" became the flagship of Admiral Herbert Sawyer on the Halifax station in Nova Scotia. "Belvidera" took part in one of the earliest actions of the War of 1812 when she encountered the American frigates , and on 23 June 1812, five days after the war had started. "Belvidera" had been shadowing "Marengo" captained by French privateer John Ordronaux. The British were not aware that war had been declared and after returning fire they managed to evade their pursuers during the night. "Belvidera"s course during the fight had

neg: John Baptiste Ford John Baptiste Ford Captain John Baptiste Ford (November 17, 1811 – May 1, 1903) was an American industrialist and founder of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, now known as PPG Industries, based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Born in a log cabin in Danville, Kentucky, he never remembered his father, Jonathan Ford, who in 1813 joined the Kentucky Volunteer Homespun regiment to fight the British forces at New Orleans in the War of 1812 and never returned. His mother, Margaret, the daughter of Jean Baptiste, an immigrant from France who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, apprenticed young John

neg: Neo-Confederate Neo-Confederate Neo-Confederate, or Southern nationalist, is a term used to describe the views of various groups and individuals who use historical negationism to portray the Confederate States of America and its actions in the American Civil War in a positive light. Historian James M. McPherson used the term "neo-Confederate historical committees" in his description of the efforts from 1890 to 1930 to have history textbooks present a version of the American Civil War in which secession was not rebellion, the Confederacy did not fight for slavery and the Confederate soldier was defeated by overwhelming numbers and resources. Historian Nancy MacLean

neg: Feminism in Mexico service to the country did not result in political rights until the middle of the twentieth century. Women distinguished themselves in battle and command during the Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821), and also were employed as spies, provocateurs, and seductresses. Newspapers in 1812 harangued women to take part in the independence effort as they owed their countrymen a debt for submitting to conquest and subordinating Mexico to Spanish rule. Mexican women did have some rights, including greater property rights, than their counterparts elsewhere in North America. Spanish colonial law, and Mexican law after independence, recognized the separate individual property of

neg: Gagauzia the Russo-Turkish War between 1806 and 1812 ("see Treaty of Bucharest (1812)"). Nogai tribes who inhabited several villages in south Bessarabia (or Budjak) were forced to leave. Between 1812 and 1846, the Russians relocated the Gagauz people from what is today eastern Bulgaria (which was then under the Ottoman Empire) to the orthodox Bessarabia, mainly in the settlements vacated by the Nogai tribes. They settled there together with Bessarabian Bulgarians in Avdarma, Comrat, Congaz, Tomai, Cișmichioi, and other former Nogai villages. Some Gagauz were also settled in the part of the Principality of Moldavia that did not come under Russian

neg: Siege of Tarifa (1812) Smith went on to take part in many more conflicts over the next 30 years. He became a Lieutenant General and was knighted. General Francisco Copons y Navia went on to fight many more battles alongside the British, his shining star failing on the return to Spain of King Fernando VII. The French did not return to Tarifa and their Siege of Cadiz was abandoned in August 1812, whereafter, over the next year, the French would gradually retreat all the way back to France. Siege of Tarifa (1812) In the Siege of Tarifa from 19 December 1811 to 5 January