query: what is the name of the first four books of the new testament

pos: New Testament the New Testament before 70 AD. Others give a final date of 80 AD, or at 96 AD. Collections of related texts such as letters of the Apostle Paul (a major collection of which must have been made already by the early 2nd century) and the Canonical Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John (asserted by Irenaeus of Lyon in the late-2nd century as "the" Four Gospels) gradually were joined to other collections and single works in different combinations to form various Christian canons of Scripture. Over time, some disputed books, such as the Book of Revelation and the Minor

pos: Books of the Bible of Christian Bibles is called the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the above 24 books but divided into 39 books and ordered differently. The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches also hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon. The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books; the four Canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation. The King James Bible—which has been called "the most influential version of the most influential book in the world, in what is now its most influential language"

pos: Saint Peter only a connotation; that in the Attic Greek "petra" denotes "grown rock, rocky range, cliff, grotto"; and that "petros" means "small stone, firestone, sling stone, moving boulder". The combined name Σίμων Πέτρος (Simon Peter) appears 19 times in the New Testament. In some Syriac documents he is called, in English translation, Simon Cephas. Peter's life story is told in the four canonical gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, New Testament letters, the non-canonical Gospel of the Hebrews and other Early Church accounts of his life and death. In the New Testament, he is among the first of the disciples called

pos: Development of the New Testament canon Development of the New Testament canon The canon of the New Testament is the set of books Christians regard as divinely inspired and constituting the New Testament of the Christian Bible. For most, it is an agreed-upon list of twenty-seven books that includes the Canonical Gospels, Acts, letters of the Apostles, and Revelation. The books of the canon of the New Testament were written before 120 AD. For the Orthodox, the recognition of these writings as authoritative was formalized in the Second Council of Trullan of 692. The Catholic Church made dogmatic definition upon its Biblical canon in 382 at

pos: Isaiah 40 Isaiah 40 Isaiah 40 is the fortieth chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, and the first chapter of the section known as "Deutero-Isaiah" (Isaiah 40-55), dating from the time of the Israelites' exile in Babylon. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is a part of the Books of the Prophets. Parts of this chapter are cited in all four canonical Gospels of the New Testament. Some most ancient manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew language: Ancient translations in Koine Greek: The English Standard

neg: Christianity in the 2nd century it directly. The oldest list of books for the New Testament canon is the Muratorian fragment dating to c. 170. It shows that by 200 there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to what is now the 27-book New Testament, which included the four gospels. Thus, while there was debate in the Early Church over the New Testament canon, the current books of the New Testament were accepted by almost all Christians by the middle of the 2nd century, with the exception of James, Hebrews, and 2nd Peter. However, these 3 books were also agreed upon and recognized

neg: New Testament but the discovery of some New Testament manuscripts and fragments from the 2nd and 3rd centuries, one of which dates as early as 125 (Papyrus 52), disproves a 3rd-century date of composition for any book now in the New Testament. Additionally, a letter to the church at Corinth in the name of Clement of Rome in 95 quotes from 10 of the 27 books of the New Testament, and a letter to the church at Philippi in the name of Polycarp in 120 quotes from 16 books. Therefore, some of the books of the New Testament must have been in

neg: Biblical canon theologians like Origen of Alexandria may have been using—or at least were familiar with—the same 27 books found in modern New Testament editions, though there were still disputes over the canonicity of some of the writings (see also Antilegomena). Likewise by 200, the Muratorian fragment shows that there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to what is now the New Testament, which included four gospels and argued against objections to them. Thus, while there was a good measure of debate in the Early Church over the New Testament canon, the major writings were accepted by almost all Christians

neg: Tetragrammaton from other words translated as "Lord". Translations where the divine name occurs in the Old Testament only: Translations where the divine name occurs in the New Testament: Translations where the divine name occurs in the New Testament as well as in the Old Testament: The Eastern Orthodox Church considers the Septuagint text, which uses Κύριος (Lord), to be the authoritative text of the Old Testament, and in its liturgical books and prayers it uses Κύριος in place of the tetragrammaton in texts derived from the Bible. In the Catholic Church, the first edition of the official Vatican "Nova Vulgata Bibliorum

neg: Malachi Septuagent or Greek Old Testament, the Prophetic Books are placed last, making Book of Malachi the last protocanonical book before the Deuterocanonical books or The New Testament. According to the 1897 Easton's Bible Dictionary, it is possible that Malachi is not a proper name, but simply means "messenger of YHWH". The Greek Old Testament superscription is ἐν χειρὶ ἀγγέλου αὐτοῦ, (by the hand of his messenger). Because Malachi's name does not occur elsewhere in the Bible, some scholars doubt whether "Malachi" is intended to be the personal name of the prophet. None of the other prophetic books of the Hebrew

neg: Priscilla and Aquila "[explaining] to him the way of God more accurately" (). It is thought by some to be possible, in light of her apparent prominence, that Priscilla held the office of presbyter . She also is thought by some to be the anonymous author of the Epistle to the Hebrews. They are mentioned six times in four different books of the New Testament, always named as a couple and never individually. Of those six references, Aquila's name is mentioned first three times and Priscilla's name is mentioned first on three occasions (as shown in italics in the list below.) This may

neg: Dating the Bible Dating the Bible The four tables give the most commonly accepted dates or ranges of dates for the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, the Deuterocanonical books (included in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox bibles, but not in the Hebrew and Protestant bibles) and the New Testament, including, where possible, hypotheses about their formation-history. Table I is a chronological overview. Table II treats the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible books, grouped according to the divisions of the Hebrew Bible with occasional reference to scholarly divisions. Table III gives the Deuterocanonical books. Table IV gives the books of the New Testament, including the earliest preserved fragments

neg: Names for books of Judeo-Christian scripture law." These writings take several forms: For Christians, the Bible refers to the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Protestant Old Testament is largely identical to what Jews call "the Bible"; the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Old Testament (held to by some Protestants as well) is based on the prevailing first century Greek translation of the Jewish Bible, the Septuagint. The Bible as used by Christianity consists of two parts: Christians disagree on the contents of the Old Testament. The Catholic Church, the Orthodox Churches and some Protestants recognize an additional set of Jewish writings, known as the deuterocanonical

neg: Development of the New Testament canon groups, and the order, naming, and chapter/verse division of some of the books is also slightly different. The "broader" Ethiopian New Testament canon includes four books of "Sinodos" (church practices), two "Books of Covenant", "Ethiopic Clement", and "Ethiopic Didascalia" (Apostolic Church-Ordinances). However, these books have never been printed or widely studied. This "broader" canon is also sometimes said to include, with the Old Testament, an eight-part history of the Jews based on the writings of Flavius Josephus, and known as "Pseudo-Josephus" or "Joseph ben Gurion" ("Yosēf walda Koryon"). The "Encyclopedia of Theology" says that the 27 books which make up

neg: Pseudepigrapha misrepresented. Such works include the following: Some Christian scholars maintain that nothing known to be pseudepigraphical was admitted to the New Testament canon. However, reputable biblical scholars, such as Dr. Bart D. Ehrman, have demonstrated that only seven of Paul's epistles are convincingly genuine. All of the other 20 books in the New Testament appear to be written by unknown people who were not the well-known biblical figures to whom the early Christian leaders originally attributed authorship. Even the Catholic Church has admitted that the New Testament Gospels are pseudepigraphical. The Catholic Encyclopedia notes, The first four historical books of

neg: Lutheran scholasticism conformity with the New Testament to write books about Christian doctrine." He noted that before the Apostles wrote books, they "previously preached to and converted the people with the physical voice, which was also their real apostolic and New Testament work." To Luther, it was necessary to write books to counter all the false teachers and errors of the present day, but writing books on Christian teaching came at a price. "But since it became necessary to write books, there is already a great loss, and there is uncertainty as to what is meant." Martin Luther taught preaching and lectured

neg: A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament: For the Use of Biblical Students is one of the books of Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener (1813–1891), biblical scholar and textual critic. In this book Scrivener listed over 3,000 Greek manuscripts of the New Testament, as well as manuscripts of early versions. It was used by Gregory for further work. The book was published in four editions. The first edition, published in 1861, contained 506 pages. The second edition (1874) was expanded into 626 pages; the third into 751 pages;

neg: New Testament as citations of the New Testament by ancient authors and the New Testament text in lectionaries in order to reconstruct the earliest recoverable form of the New Testament text and the history of changes to it. Books that later formed the New Testament, like other Christian literature of the period, originated in a literary context that reveals relationships not only to other Christian writings, but also to Graeco-Roman and Jewish works. Of singular importance is the extensive use of and interaction with the Jewish Bible and what would become the Christian Old Testament. Both implicit and explicit citations, as well

neg: Greek New Testament Greek New Testament The Greek New Testament is the original form of the books that make up the New Testament as they appeared in Koine Greek, the common dialect from 300 BC to 300 AD. There are several Greek-language versions of the New Testament that approximate the original form of the New Testament books in Greek. The first published edition of the Greek New Testament was produced by Erasmus in 1516. There are multiple Greek copies of the New Testament Byzantine text-types, used by the Greek Orthodox Church. There exist multiple copies of the New Testament "Textus Receptus", the basis

neg: Greek New Testament their chief foundations being: Greek New Testament The Greek New Testament is the original form of the books that make up the New Testament as they appeared in Koine Greek, the common dialect from 300 BC to 300 AD. There are several Greek-language versions of the New Testament that approximate the original form of the New Testament books in Greek. The first published edition of the Greek New Testament was produced by Erasmus in 1516. There are multiple Greek copies of the New Testament Byzantine text-types, used by the Greek Orthodox Church. There exist multiple copies of the New Testament

neg: Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition translations and Latin ones especially the Latin translation known as the vulgate." Not all the books in the Septuagint are included among those that the Catholic Church considers to be part of the Old Testament. On the other hand, the early Eastern translation known as the Peshitta excluded five New Testament books that the Catholic Church declares to be canonical. Translations used by Protestants typically use the shorter Masoretic Text as their basis regarding the Old Testament. The Luther Bible included what he called the Apocrypha and changed the traditional order of some of the New Testament books. Some minor

neg: Luther's canon "Up to this point we have had to do with the true and certain chief books of the New Testament. The four which follow have from ancient times had a different reputation." It is opined by some that Luther's low view of these books was more due to his theological reservations than on any historical basis regarding them. In his book "Basic Theology", Charles Caldwell Ryrie countered the claim that Luther rejected the Book of James as being canonical. In his preface to the New Testament, Luther ascribed to several books of the New Testament different degrees of doctrinal value:

neg: Codex Sangermanensis I "Itala" recension. The text of Vulgate is with strong admixture of Old Latin elements. The Order of books in New Testament: Gospels, Acts, Catholic epistles, Apocalypse, and Pauline epistles. It contains also some books of the Old Testament and Apocrypha (Par, Esr, Est, Prv, Sap, Sir). The Stuttgart Vulgate cites it as "G" in the New and Old Testaments and as "S" in the appendix. It is one of only three exemplars of the "Vetus Latina" version of 1 Esdras, the others being Codex Colbertinus and Vercelli Archivio Capitolare codex XXII. Sangermanensis, however, only witnesses to the first four chapters,

neg: New Testament are incorporated (along with readings from the Old Testament) into the various Christian liturgies. The New Testament has influenced religious, philosophical, and political movements in Christendom and left an indelible mark on literature, art, and music. The New Testament is a collection of Christian works written in the common (Koine) Greek language of the first century, at different times by various writers, and the modern consensus is that it provides important evidence regarding Judaism in the first century AD. In almost all Christian traditions today, the New Testament consists of 27 books. The canon or list of the books of

neg: Development of the New Testament canon sola fide, but this was not generally accepted among his followers. However, these books are ordered last in the German-language Luther Bible to this day. Among confessions of faith drawn up by Protestants, several identify by name the 27-books of the New Testament canon, including the French Confession of Faith (1559), the Belgic Confession (1561), and the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647) during the English Civil War. The Thirty-Nine Articles, issued by the Church of England in 1563, names the books of the Old Testament, but not the New Testament. None of the Confessional statements issued by any Lutheran church

neg: New Testament apocrypha term antilegomena, or "spoken against", although some canonical books were also spoken against, such as the Apocalypse of John in the East. Often used by scholars is the term pseudepigrapha, or "falsely inscribed" or "falsely attributed", in the sense that the writings were written by an anonymous author who appended the name of an apostle to his work, such as in the Gospel of Peter or The Æthiopic Apocalypse of Enoch: almost all books, in both Old and New Testaments, called "apocrypha" in the Protestant tradition are pseudepigrapha. In the Catholic and Orthodox traditions, what are called the apocrypha by

neg: Luther Bible his translation of the New Testament, Luther moved Hebrews and James out of the usual order, to join Jude and the Revelation at the end, and differentiated these from the other books which he considered "the true and certain chief books of the New Testament. The four which follow have from ancient times had a different reputation." His views on some of these books changed in later years, and became more positive. Luther chose to place the Biblical apocrypha between the Old and New Testaments. These books and addenda to Biblical canon of the Old Testament are found in the

neg: Four Prophets Four Prophets Four Prophets: Amos, Hosea, First Isaiah and Micah: A Modern Translation from the Hebrew by J. B. Phillips is a modern translation from Hebrew sources of the books of Amos, Hosea, First Isaiah and Micah by scholar J. B. Phillips. The book was published in 1963 Macmillan in the US and Geoffrey Bles in the UK. Phillips also published "The New Testament in Modern English". The remainder of the Old Testament was never completed by him. Excerpt from First Isaiah 21:1-2, translated in a "thought-for-thought" pattern: The same text from the American Standard Version translation, a "word-for-word" translation:

neg: Development of the Old Testament canon of the Catholic Church. All of these we also judge to be Canonical Books, and confess them to be Sacred Scripture. Not all books of the Old Testament are covered in the "Prophetologion", the official Old Testament lectionary: "Because the only exposure most Eastern Christians had to the Old Testament was from the readings during services, the Prophetologion can be called the Old Testament of the Byzantine Church." Development of the Old Testament canon The Old Testament is the first section of the two-part Christian Biblical canon; the second section is the New Testament. The Old Testament includes the books

neg: History of Christian theology 200 the Muratorian fragment shows that there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to what is now the 27-book New Testament. In his Easter letter of 367, Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, gave a list exactly the same in number and order with what would become the New Testament canon and be accepted by the Greek church. The African Synod of Hippo, in 393, approved the New Testament, as it stands today, together with the Septuagint books, a decision that was repeated by the Council of Carthage (397) and the Council of Carthage (419). Pope Damasus I's Council of

neg: Biblical manuscript of 25 to over 125 years. The earliest manuscript of a New Testament text is a business-card-sized fragment from the Gospel of John, Rylands Library Papyrus P52, which may be as early as the first half of the 2nd century. The first complete copies of single New Testament books appear around 200, and the earliest complete copy of the New Testament, the Codex Sinaiticus dates to the 4th century. The following table lists the earliest extant manuscript witnesses for the books of the New Testament. Palaeography is the study of ancient writing, and textual criticism is the study of manuscripts

neg: Bible translations into Spanish Puerto Rico in 2012. The Old Testament books follow the same order as the Jewish Bible and also includes Psalm 151. This translation is only available in Spanish. The Old Testament is based on the Hebrew Masoretic Text while the New Testament is based on the Novum Testamentum of Westcott & Hort (The New Testament in the Original Greek). This translation uses the divine name of the Hebrew tetragrammaton which renders it as Yahweh and/or Elohim throughout the text, while the Messiah's name is rendered Yahoshua as opposed to the more common and popular form of Yeshua or Jesus. The

neg: New Testament apocrypha Protestants include the deuterocanonical books: in the Catholic tradition, the term "apocrypha" is synonymous with what Protestants would call the pseudepigrapha, the latter term of which is almost exclusively used by scholars. That some works are categorized as New Testament apocrypha is indicative of the wide range of responses that were engendered in the interpretation of the message of Jesus of Nazareth. During the first several centuries of the transmission of that message, considerable debate turned on safeguarding its authenticity. Three key methods of addressing this survive to the present day: ordination, where groups authorize individuals as reliable teachers of

neg: Development of the Old Testament canon Development of the Old Testament canon The Old Testament is the first section of the two-part Christian Biblical canon; the second section is the New Testament. The Old Testament includes the books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) or protocanon, and in various Christian denominations also includes deuterocanonical books. Orthodox Christians, Catholics and Protestants use different canons, which differ with respect to the texts that are included in the Old Testament. Martin Luther, holding to Jewish and other ancient precedent, excluded the deuterocanonical books from the Old Testament of his translation of the Bible, placing them in a section he labeled

neg: Typology (theology) needed to decide what its role and purpose was for them, given that Christian revelation and the New Covenant might be considered to have superseded it, and many specific Old Testament rules and requirements were no longer being followed from books such as Leviticus dealing with Expounding of the Law. One purpose of the Old Testament for Christians was to demonstrate that the Ministry of Jesus and Christ's first coming had been prophesied and foreseen, and the Gospels indeed contain many Old Testament prophecies fulfilled by Christ and quotations from the Old Testament which explicitly and implicitly link Jesus to

neg: The Samuel Scroll The Samuel Scroll The Samuel scroll was one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered in 1947, by a Bedouin shepherd who stumbled across them in what was termed "The greatest archaeological find of the twentieth century" by William Foxwell Albright. Among these scrolls were over 930 biblical manuscripts - the oldest known copies of the Hebrew Bible, over 1000 years older than the Masoretic text from which the Old Testament was then translated from. Among these manuscripts, four contain parts of what is commonly referred to as "The First and Second Books of Samuel". What is commonly known as two

neg: Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts of this purpose, most of the illuminated manuscripts to have survived the ages are religious in nature. In most cases, rich patrons or churches would commission the creation of their own copies of various religious scriptures. These were most commonly complete copies of the Bible or a subsection, such as individual books of the Old Testament, collections of 150 psalms, or collections of the first four books of the New Testament (Anderson 9). In later cases, when more people could read, books of hours were also widely called for. All of these books were created by either nuns or monks,

neg: Names for books of Judeo-Christian scripture regard both the Old Testament and the New Testament as scriptural. The same books are presented in a different order in the Jewish Tanakh and the Christian Old Testament. The Torah/Pentateuch comes first in both. The Tanakh places the prophets next, then the historical material. The Christian Old Testament inverts this order, since the prophets are seen as prefiguring the coming of Christ. Up to the first century CE, the books of the Tanakh were separate scrolls and their order was unimportant. The question of order arose with the invention of the codex. The order of the books is bound

neg: Vulgate be ascertained from the spelling of Eve's name in Genesis 3:20. By the end of the 4th century the New Testament had been established in both Greek and Latin Bibles as containing the 27 books familiar to this day; and these are the books found in all Vulgate New Testaments. Over 100 late antique and medieval Vulgate texts also include the concocted "Epistle to the Laodiceans" (accepted as a genuine letter of Paul by many Latin commentators), although often with a note to the effect that it was not counted as canonical. The Vulgate Old Testament from the first comprised

neg: Development of the New Testament canon a novelty in Irenaeus's time. "Against Heresies" 3.11.7 acknowledges that many heterodox Christians use only one gospel while 3.11.9 acknowledges that some use more than four. The success of Tatian's Diatessaron in about the same time period is "...a powerful indication that the fourfold Gospel contemporaneously sponsored by Irenaeus was not broadly, let alone universally, recognized." Irenaeus apparently quotes from 21 of the New Testament books and names the author he thought wrote the text. He mentions the four gospels, Acts, the Pauline epistles with the exception of Hebrews and Philemon, as well as the first epistle of Peter, and

neg: History of the Cherokee language is online in the Cherokee Syllabary, and there is a Cherokee language Wikipedia featuring over 400 articles. Most Linux distributions support Cherokee input and display in any font containing the characters in Unicode environments. Windows 8, the first Windows release in Cherokee, contains "nearly 180,000 words and phrases" in Cherokee, and is the first Windows release in a Native American language. Beginning in 2001, the Cherokee Bible Project began posting the New Testament and portions of Old Testament Books on the internet. The New Testament is completely present online as are several Old Testament books including Genesis, Haggai, and Jonah.

neg: Easter letter they appear in modern editions of the New Testament), the 14 Pauline Epistles (listed with the Letter to the Hebrews placed between those to the Thessalonians and the Pastoral Epistles), and the Book of Revelation. Although the order in which Athanasius places the books is different from what is now usual, his list is the earliest reference to the present canon of the New Testament. Athanasius reckons, not as part of the canon of Scripture, but as books "appointed by the Fathers to be read by those who newly join us, and who wish for instruction in the word of

neg: Old Testament Old Testament The Old Testament (abbreviated OT) is the first part of Christian Bibles, based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh), a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God. The second part of the Christian Bible is the New Testament. The books that comprise the Old Testament canon, as well as their order and names, differ between Christian denominations. The Catholic canon comprises 46 books, and the canons of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches comprise up to 51 books and the most

neg: Confraternity Bible Old Testament books versus the 1970 NAB OT books, along with various other minor orthographic and grammatical revisions. Given the Confraternity's completion of the Old Testament in 1969 and the NAB's introduction in 1970, there has never been a release of a complete Confraternity Bible (that is, with both Old and New Testaments) featuring all of the Confraternity's translations from 1941 to 1969. The most complete editions include the Confraternity's 1941 New Testament and those portions of the Old Testament that had been translated by 1961, namely the first eight books (the Octateuch - Genesis through Ruth), the seven Sapiential

neg: Biblical canon Finally, the Book of Joseph ben Gurion, or Pseudo-Josephus, is a history of the Jewish people thought to be based upon the writings of Josephus. The Ethiopic version (Zëna Ayhud) has eight parts and is included in the Orthodox Tewahedo broader canon. Among the various Christian denominations, the New Testament canon is a generally agreed-upon list of 27 books. However, the way in which those books are arranged may vary from tradition to tradition. For instance, in the Slavonic, Orthodox Tewahedo, Syriac, and Armenian traditions, the New Testament is ordered differently from what is considered to be the standard arrangement.

neg: The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden the Old Testament" (Oxford, 1913). More modern translations of these works include J. H. Charlesworth, ed. "Old Testament Pseudepigrapha"; W. Schneemelcher, ed. "New Testament Apocrypha"; and M. R. James, "The Apocryphal New Testament". The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden (1926) is a collection of 17th-century and 18th-century English translations of some Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and New Testament Apocrypha, some of which were assembled in the 1820s, and then republished with the current title in 1926. Rutherford Hayes Platt, in the preface to

neg: Development of the New Testament canon excerpt from Metzger's translation: This is evidence that, perhaps as early as 200, there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to what is now the 27-book NT, which included four gospels and argued against objections to them. Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215) made use of an "open canon". He seemed "practically unconcerned about canonicity. To him, inspiration is what mattered." In addition to books that did not make it into the final 27-book NT but which had local acceptance (Barnabas, Didache, I Clement, Revelation of Peter, the Shepherd, the Gospel according to the Hebrews), he

neg: Morna Hooker the first woman to have the honour of being elected President of the "Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas", an international society of New Testament scholars, and in 2004 was awarded the Burkitt Medal for Biblical Studies by the British Academy. A Methodist local preacher, she is the widow of fellow theologian and Methodist minister the Rev. David Stacey, and is sometimes styled Morna Hooker-Stacey. Her books, however, are published under the name Morna Hooker. They include: Morna Hooker Morna Dorothy Hooker (born 1931) is a British theologian and New Testament scholar. She was Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity within the University

neg: Seven Archangels "I am Raphael, one of the seven angels who stand in the glorious presence of the Lord, ready to serve him." (Tobit 12:15) The other two archangels mentioned by name in the Bible are Michael and Gabriel. The four names of the other archangels come from tradition. One such tradition of archangels comes from the Old Testament Jewish apocrypha, namely the third century BCE Book of the Watchers, which at some point was merged with some other books in what is known today as "1 Enoch" (the Book of Enoch), and was made part of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's

neg: Legion in popular culture Legion in popular culture Legion, the demon of Gadarenes, is the name given in two of three New Testament accounts of the exorcism connected with the Gadarene swine. As the only named demon in the New Testament the name "Legion" has received frequent use in popular culture. The Christian New Testament gospels of Matthew (8:28-34), Mark and Luke describe an incident in which Jesus meets a man, or in Matthew two men, possessed by demons who, in the Mark and Luke versions, when asked what their name is, respond: The miracle of the Gadarene swine is found in many artworks,

neg: Moffatt, New Translation In beginning his work in 1901, he arranged the New Testament into what he perceived to be historical order and provided an original translation of the New Testament, "The Historical New Testament. Being the Literature of the New Testament Arranged in the Order of Its Literary Growth and According to the Dates of the Documents." Moffatt's departed from traditional translations in several areas. Firstly, he held to the documentary hypothesis and printed his Bible in different typefaces according to which author he believed had written each particular section. Secondly, he dated most books hundreds of years later than most theologians

neg: Development of the New Testament canon if they wished to deny that Marcion's list was the true one, it was incumbent on them to define what the true one "was." The expansion phase of the "New Testament canon" thus could have begun in response to Marcion's proposed "limited canon". The Muratorian fragment is the earliest known example of a defined list of mostly New Testament books. It survives, damaged and thus incomplete, as a bad Latin translation of an original, no longer extant, Greek text that is usually dated in the late 2nd century, although a few scholars have preferred a 4th-century date. This is an

neg: Old Testament of Anglican and Lutheran bibles place such books in a separate section called Apocrypha. These extra books are ultimately derived from the earlier Greek Septuagint collection of the Hebrew scriptures and are also Jewish in origin. Some are also contained in the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Old Testament consists of many distinct books by various authors produced over a period of centuries. Christians traditionally divide the Old Testament into four sections: (1) the first five books or Pentateuch (Torah); (2) the history books telling the history of the Israelites, from their conquest of Canaan to their defeat and exile in

neg: Biblical manuscript Armenian, geo for Georgian, got for Gothic, aeth for Ethiopic, and slav for Old Church Slavonic). The New Testament books appear to have been completed within the 1st century. The original manuscripts of the New Testament books are not known to have survived. The autographs are believed to have been lost or destroyed a long time ago. What survives are copies of the original. Generally speaking, these copies were made centuries after the originals from other copies rather than from the autograph. Paleography, a science of dating manuscripts by typological analysis of their scripts, is the most precise and objective

neg: Joseph Rabinowitz rate, as early as 1883 Rabinowitz gave his nephew Samuel Rabinowitz a New Testament in Hebrew with the following comment: “Read it, and do not be afraid of the name of Jesus…” (p 21). He was of the strong conviction that the best remedy for the “sin sick soul” was to be found by reading of the New Testament. “When a Jew asks me what he is to do, and what way he is to take? Then I tell him to read the New Testament. When he says that I have done that, “ then I say to him as

neg: The New Church (Swedenborgian) among the books of the New Testament includes only the four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) and the Book of Revelation. Only these books contain an internal symbolism in a series, and are thus divinely inspired. Although this leaves out the Book of Acts and the letters of the apostles, the New Church holds them in esteem similar to that of the Jews for the Writings of the Old Testament. Swedenborg stated that these books were included as an act of divine providence, as books explaining Christian doctrine were needed for the general public. Paul's letters, although not containing a

neg: Law of Moses continues: The term occurs 15 times in the Hebrew Bible, a further 7 times in the New Testament, and repeatedly in Second Temple period, intertestamental, rabbinical and patristic literature. The Hebrew word for the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, "Torah" (which means "law" and was translated into Greek as "nomos" or "Law") refers to the same five books termed in English "Pentateuch" (from Latinised Greek "five books," implying the five books of Moses). According to some scholars, use of the name "Torah" to designate the "Five Books of Moses" of the Hebrew Bible is clearly documented only from

neg: John the Apostle causes. The traditions of most Christian denominations have held that John the Apostle is the author of several books of the New Testament. Church tradition has held that John is the author of the Gospel of John and four other books of the New Testament — the three Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation. In the Gospel, authorship is internally credited to the "disciple whom Jesus loved" (, "o mathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous") in . claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of the "Beloved Disciple". The authorship of some Johannine literature

neg: Apostolic Constitutions 692 but rejected by Pope Constantine. In the Western Church only fifty of these canons circulated, translated to Latin by Dionysius Exiguus on about 500 AD, and included in the Western collections and afterwards in the "Corpus Juris Canonici". Canon n. 85 is a list of canonical books: a 46-book Old Testament canon which essentially corresponds to that of the Septuagint, 26 books of what is now the New Testament (excludes Revelation), two Epistles of Clement, and the Apostolic Constitutions themselves, also here attributed to Clement, at least as compiler. It is also known as the Epitome, and usually named

neg: Testament (band) and changing their name from Legacy to Testament in 1986, they released their debut album "The Legacy" in 1987, and broke into the U.S. mainstream with its follow-up album "The New Order" (1988). Their next four studio albums—"Practice What You Preach" (1989), "Souls of Black" (1990), "The Ritual" (1992) and "Low" (1994)—were also successful, with the former of the three entering the Top 100 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. Over the course of its career, Testament has experienced several resurgences of popularity (with their 2012 album "Dark Roots of Earth" and 2016 follow-up "Brotherhood of the Snake" entering the Top

neg: Development of the New Testament canon writers. (Books not attributed to these three are: Matthew, Mark, Luke, Acts, James, and Jude. The authorship of Hebrews has long been disputed.) Many modern Protestants point to four "Criteria for Canonicity" to justify the books that have been included in the Old and New Testament, which are judged to have satisfied the following: The basic factor for recognizing a book's canonicity for the New Testament was divine inspiration, and the chief test for this was apostolicity. The term "apostolic" as used for the test of canonicity does not necessarily mean apostolic authorship or derivation, but rather "apostolic authority". "Apostolic

neg: Biblical canon the matter, however, they were not defining something new, but instead "were ratifying what had already become the mind of the Church". Thus from the 4th century there existed unanimity in the West concerning the New Testament canon (as it is today), and by the 5th century the East, with a few exceptions, had come to accept the Book of Revelation and thus had come into harmony on the matter of the New Testament canon. As the canon crystallised, non-canonical texts fell into relative disfavour and neglect. Martin Luther (1483–1546) moved seven Old-Testament books (Tobit, Judith, 1-2 Maccabees, Book of

neg: Bible Testament, probably earliest stated in , "All scripture is given by inspiration of God". The Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is wider than the canons used by most other Christian churches. There are 81 books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible. The Ethiopian Old Testament Canon includes the books found in the Septuagint accepted by other Orthodox Christians, in addition to Enoch and Jubilees which are ancient Jewish books that only survived in Ge'ez but are quoted in the New Testament, also Greek Ezra First and the Apocalypse of Ezra, 3 books of Meqabyan, and Psalm 151 at the

neg: Minuscule 15 Minuscule 15 Minuscule 15 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 283 (von Soden). It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 225 parchment leaves (), dated palaeographically to the 12th-century. It has liturgical books and full marginalia. The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels. It contains also liturgical books with hagiographies: synaxarion and Menologion. The biblical text is written in one column per page, 23-24 lines per page. It was written in neat, and regular letters. The first three pages are written in gold, with exquisite miniatures, four on page 2, four on page 3.

neg: Articles of Religion (Methodist) of Chronicles, The Second Book of Chronicles, The Book of Ezra, The Book of Nehemiah, The Book of Esther, The Book of Job, The Psalms, The Proverbs, Ecclesiastes or the Preacher, Cantica or Songs of Solomon, Four Prophets the Greater, Twelve Prophets the Less. All the books of the New Testament, as they are commonly received, we do receive and account canonical. Article VI - Of the Old Testament The Old Testament is not contrary to the New; for both in the Old and New Testaments everlasting life is offered to mankind by Christ, who is the only Mediator between

neg: Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript The Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript is a 12th-century Aramaic manuscript containing 27 books of the New Testament. This manuscript is notable because its final book, the Book of Revelation, is the sole surviving manuscript of any Aramaic version of the otherwise missing Book of Revelation from the Peshitta Syriac New Testament. Five books were translated into Syriac later for the Harklean New Testament. It is held in the John Rylands Library in Manchester, and is sometimes called the "Crawford MS" because it is so inscribed on the backstrip after having previously been in the

neg: Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript differences from the Greek, indicating variant Greek originals or conflation. Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript The Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript is a 12th-century Aramaic manuscript containing 27 books of the New Testament. This manuscript is notable because its final book, the Book of Revelation, is the sole surviving manuscript of any Aramaic version of the otherwise missing Book of Revelation from the Peshitta Syriac New Testament. Five books were translated into Syriac later for the Harklean New Testament. It is held in the John Rylands Library in Manchester, and is sometimes called the "Crawford MS" because it is so

neg: Chester Beatty Papyri described as being eclectic, mixed, or unaligned. The manuscripts provided many new textual variations, especially because the Old Testament manuscripts predated the revision activity of Lucian and Origen and others, and the New Testament manuscripts are some of the earliest yet quite extensive examples of the corresponding books. Originally, there were believed to be eight manuscripts in the Chester Beatty collection that contained portions of the Old Testament. However, what was believed to be two different manuscripts actually belonged to the same codex, resulting in a total of seven Old Testament manuscripts in the collection, all following the text of

neg: Asimov's Guide to the Bible Asimov's Guide to the Bible Asimov's Guide to the Bible is a work by Isaac Asimov that was first published in two volumes in 1968 and 1969, covering the Old Testament and the New Testament (including the Catholic Old Testament, or deuterocanonical, books (See Catholic Bible) and the Eastern Orthodox Old Testament books, or "anagignoskomena", along with the Fourth Book of Ezra), respectively. He combined them into a single 1296-page volume in 1981. They included maps by the artist Rafael Palacios. Including numerous black-and-white maps, the guide goes through the books of the Bible in the order of the King

neg: Internal consistency of the Bible instance, the words of the Torah, or the first five books of the Old Testament, have traditionally been believed to be by the hand of Moses, and the New Testament Gospels have been attributed to the Four Evangelists. Modern scholarship calls these attributions into question. Eliot Rabin writes: "For the past 400 years, readers have been openly questioning the traditional attribution of these five books to Moses." For instance, he quotes Thomas Hobbes in his 1651 "Leviathan" as writing that, when Genesis 12:6 has "and the Canaanite was then in the land", it could not have been written by Moses.

neg: Dating the Bible for each. The tables are in chronological order in reference to how they read in the Bible. This table summarises the chronology of the main tables and serves as a guide to the historical periods mentioned. Much of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament may have been assembled in the 5th century BCE. The New Testament books were composed largely in the second half of the 1st century CE. The Deuterocanonical books fall largely in between. Dating the Bible The four tables give the most commonly accepted dates or ranges of dates for the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, the Deuterocanonical books (included in

neg: The New Church (Swedenborgian) the Bible from other books, and each statement Swedenborg makes is supported through numerous quotations of Biblical passages. The books that have this inner spiritual meaning is what forms the true Biblical canon, as follows: According to Swedenborg, the original text of the Old Testament is preserved in the Hebrew Masoretic edition, where letters were counted by the Masorites to ensure that the scripture remained accurate and free from corruption. Similar to Judaism, Swedenborg divides the Old Testament into three main divisions: the Law of Moses, the Prophets, and the Psalms. The same divisions were specified by Jesus Christ in

neg: Religion and abortion or karmic consequences. There is scholarly disagreement on how early Christians felt about abortion, and no explicit prohibition of abortion in either the "Old Testament" or "New Testament" books of the Christian Bible. Some scholars have concluded that early Christians took a nuanced stance on what is now called abortion, and that at different times, and in separate places, early Christians have taken different stances. Other scholars have concluded that early Christians considered abortion a sin at all stages; although there is disagreement over their thoughts on what type of sin it was and how grave a sin it was

neg: New Testament people named John among Jews of the time. He is usually identified with the Mark mentioned in various epistles, and with Mark the Evangelist. This John is occasionally proposed as author of some of the Johannine works as well. Tarazi even goes so far as to attribute to him the Gospels of both Mark and John and all the other Johannine books. Five canonical books of the New Testament are ascribed to John and thus called collectively the "Johannine literature": Only in Revelation does the text itself name its author as John; the other Johannine works are ascribed to John only through their

neg: Forged (book) entire books of the Bible were then alleged to have been written by them. In addition to the eleven books of the New Testament Ehrman identifies as forgeries, there are eight originally anonymous New Testament texts that had names of apostles ascribed to them later and are falsely attributed. These are not forgeries since the texts are anonymous but have had false authors ascribed to them by others. Forged (book) Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are is a book written by the noted biblical scholar Bart D.

neg: Leroy Waterman be considered more "progressive" than those of many of his time. In a series of six books that were both scholarly and directly concerned with the meaning of religion for the conduct of life, he put forward what he considered to be a positive and constructive understanding of Jesus' true message and its Old Testament background. Always concerned about the lack of communication between scholars who studied the Old and New Testaments, these six books together constitute an argument for and an elaboration of two major claims. According to Waterman; I. In the Old Testament there is a largely unappreciated

neg: The Books of the Bible was also presented as a single book in "The Original New Testament" (1985).) In 2006 the International Bible Society published Luke-Acts as a separate volume in the format of "The Books of the Bible" under the title "Kingdom Come, Kingdom Go." The accustomed order of the books of the Bible only became fixed in the mid–15th century with the advent of printing. Before that, the books were presented or listed in a variety of orders. In the case of the First Testament or Old Testament, Roger Beckwith explains that "this stability of order is a relatively modern phenomenon, and owes

neg: Logia words of the Lord are pure words." In Philo, however, the entire Old Testament was considered the Word of God and thus spoken of as the "logia", with any passage of Scripture, whatever its length or content, designated a "logion"; the sense of the word is the same as in the Septuagint, but applied broadly to inspired Scriptures. In this sense "logia" is used four times in the New Testament and often among the Church Fathers, who also counted the New Testament books among inspired Scripture. From "logia" is distinguished a related word "logoi" ('), meaning simply "words", often in

neg: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs implication that the Old Testament is outdated or inferior. They believe that the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) contain prophecy that was fulfilled in Jesus Christ, and that the books of the Christian Greek Scriptures (New Testament) are primarily directed to the 144,000 chosen by God for life in heaven. The Watch Tower Society's "New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures"—the main translation used by Jehovah's Witnesses—renders the name of God as "Jehovah", rather than ' or ' as found in English translations such as the King James Version. Jehovah's Witnesses believe God is the Creator and Supreme Being. Witnesses reject

neg: New Testament hypotheses put forth in the last hundred years or so. Ben Witherington points out that linguistic evidence makes it unlikely that the books were written by the same person. The earliest works that became part of the New Testament are the letters of the Apostle Paul. The earliest of the books of the New Testament was First Thessalonians, an epistle of Paul, written probably in 51, or possibly Galatians in 49 according to one of two theories of its writing. In the 1830s German scholars of the Tübingen school tried to date the books as late as the 3rd century,

neg: Statenvertaling the New Testament and preceded with a "warning for the reader". In the Hebrew Bible, God's name is written with the four consonants JHWH (as seen on the very top of the title page in Hebrew characters), and would not be pronounced by the Jews. During the 12th session, the synod decided to translate God's name with ""HEERE"" ("LORD"). In the margin where God's name first appears, the following note is given: The translators and overseers were appointed during the 13th session on 26 November 1618. Translators were Johannes Bogerman, Willem Baudartius, and Gerson Bucerus for the Old Testament, and

neg: Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon the aforementioned books of the narrower canon are also by definition part of the broader canon. The Orthodox Tewahedo broader Old Testament has one additional book: the Ethiopic version of the Book of Joseph ben Gurion or Yosëf wäldä Koryon, elsewhere called "Josippon", or referred to by its author, Pseudo-Josephus, categorizing its authorship as pseudepigraphaphical. The book is a history of the Jewish people thought to be based upon the writings of Josephus, in eight parts. The Orthodox Tewahedo broader New Testament canon has eight additional books. These are the four books of Sinodos, the two divisions of the Book

neg: Japanese New Interconfessional Translation Bible Hebrew for the Old Testament, Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece in Greek, and the Greek Old Testament for the Deuterocanonical books. Its publication is done by Japan Bible Society (日本聖書協会), a member of the United Bible Societies (UBS). It is published in various forms, such as the whole Old and New Testament book, Old Testament only book, New Testament only book, Old Testament with or without the Deuterocanonical books, Japanese translation with the English translation (Good News Bible (TEV) or New International Version (NIV)), with the Korean translation, etc. It is now the most widely read Japanese Bible, by both Catholics

neg: Confraternity Bible Books (Job through Sirach), and the eighteen Prophetic Books (Isaias through Malachias). Because of the hybrid nature of the various versions of the Confraternity Bible, it has been referred to as the "Douay-Confraternity Bible", referencing the fact that the Old Testament section was made up partly of books from the Challoner-Douay Old Testament and partly from books translated or revised by the CCD Publishers released "Confraternity Bibles" up to 1969, always indicating to what extent they featured Confraternity translations of the Old Testament. They typically included some variation on the following description of the edition's Old Testament contents: "With the

neg: New Testament to that mentioned above, or, if not, the list is at least a 6th-century compilation. Likewise, Damasus' commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible, c. 383, was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West. In "c." 405, Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, Exsuperius of Toulouse. Christian scholars assert that, when these bishops and councils spoke on the matter, however, they were not defining something new but instead "were ratifying what had already become the mind of the Church." The New Testament canon as it is now

neg: The Evangelists The Evangelists The Evangelists ("Evangheliştii" in Romanian) is a controversial play by Romanian academic and writer Alina Mungiu-Pippidi. The play received the UNITER Prize, one of Romania's most prestigious literary awards, in 1992. The play is set in Antioch, about two millennia ago, where Simon Peter calls on four students of the Cherintos Academy - John, Mark, Matthew and Luke, the writers of the New Testament - to write four "books" about the life of Jesus. The play tells the story of Jesus in a manner very different from that of the New Testament, with many subversions of plot. For

neg: Categories of New Testament manuscripts text (i.e. the four Gospels combined into a single narrative). Categories of New Testament manuscripts New Testament manuscripts in Greek are categorized into five groups, according to a scheme introduced in 1981 by Kurt and Barbara Aland in "The text of the New Testament". The categories are based on how each manuscript relates to the various text-types. Generally speaking, earlier Alexandrian manuscripts are category I, while later Byzantine manuscripts are category V. Aland's method involved considering 1000 passages where the Byzantine text differs from non-Byzantine text. The Alands did not select their 1000 readings from all of the NT books;

neg: Christianity in late antiquity Alexandrinus are examples of these Bibles. Together with the Peshitta, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles. In his Easter letter of 367, Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, gave a list of exactly the same books as what would become the New Testament canon, and he used the word "canonised" ("kanonizomena") in regards to them. The African Synod of Hippo, in 393, approved the New Testament, as it stands today, together with the Septuagint books, a decision that was repeated by the Council of Carthage (397) and the Council of Carthage (419). These councils were under the authority of St. Augustine,

neg: Peshitta according to this account) and the other books of the New Testament into Syriac. What Theodore of Mopsuestia says of the Old Testament is true of both: "These Scriptures were translated into the tongue of the Syriacs by someone indeed at some time, but who on earth this was has not been made known down to our day". F. Crawford Burkitt concluded that the translation of the Old Testament was probably the work of Jews, of whom there was a colony in Edessa about the commencement of the Christian era. The older view was that the translators were Christians, and

neg: Books of the Latin Vulgate Old Testament in Anglo-Saxon England" page 450. In the Old Testament sequence set out by Jerome in the Prologus galeatus, he identifies the books into four categories; The Law (the five books of Moses); the Prophets (including Joshua, Judges and Kings; as well as the major and minor prophets); the Writings (including both Poetical and Wisdom books as well as narrative books); and finally the five apocryphal books of Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Judith, Tobit and Maccabees. Jerome's first three categories correspond to the rabbinic ordering of the Hebrew Bible, except that Jerome includes Ruth with Judges, and Lamentations with Jeremiah. Although

neg: Máire Máire Máire is the Irish language form of the Latin Maria, which was in turn a Latin form of the Greek names Μαριαμ, or Mariam, and Μαρια, or Maria, found in the New Testament. Both New Testament names were forms of the Hebrew name מִרְיָם or Miryam English language name "Mary". It was and still is a popular name in Ireland, and is sometimes spelt in its Anglicised form "Maura". Historically, "Maol Muire" (devotee of Mary) was the reverential form used by the Irish, just as "Giolla Phádraig" (servant of Pádraig) was the reverential usage for what subsequently became Pádraig.

neg: Athanas Sina with members of the "Frasheri" family and the Bible Society of Costantinople. Because of the strict censure of the Ottoman authorities, Sina moved to Monastir where the "Bashkimi" Society established there by the Qiriazi (Kyrias) family. Along with Gjergj Qiriazi he translated into Albanian a, but their big list of Old and New Testament books. The books of New Testament were ready and release in the "Bashkimi" Press of the town in 1912. The Old Testament books were close to finish, but the work was interrupted by the First Balkan War, with the Serbian army eventually occupying Monastir. They shut

neg: New Testament minuscule of the four groups of the books of the New Testament began with 1, and thus "1" might indicate a book in any of the manuscripts (f.e. 1, 1, 2, 2). Different parts of the same manuscript had different numbers (f.e. 18, 113, 132, and 51 belonged to the same manuscript). Only the first manuscript situation was simple, because it had number 1 in Gospels (1), in Acts and Catholic epistles (1), and in Pauline epistles (1). This system was complicated. Scrivener, for instance, enumerated known for him minuscule codices: It did not mean that the total number of minuscules

neg: Christian biblical canons council confirming the same list as produced at the Council of Florence in 1442, Augustine's 397-419 Councils of Carthage, and probably Damasus' 382 Council of Rome. The Old Testament books that had been rejected by Luther were later termed deuterocanonical, not indicating a lesser degree of inspiration, but a later time of final approval. Beyond these books, the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate contained in the Appendix several books considered as apocryphal by the council: Prayer of Manasseh, 3 Esdras, and 4 Esdras. Several Protestant confessions of faith identify the 27 books of the New Testament canon by name, including the French Confession

neg: Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament, were not universally accepted by the early Church. These books may be called the "New Testament deuterocanonicals", which are now included in the 27 books of the New Testament recognized by almost all Christians. The deuterocanonicals of the New Testament are as follows: Luther made an attempt to remove the books of Hebrews, James, Jude and Revelation from the canon (notably, he perceived them to go against his new doctrines such as "sola gratia" and "sola fide"), but this was not generally accepted among his followers. However, these books are ordered last in the German-language Luther

neg: The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden (1926) is a collection of 17th-century and 18th-century English translations of some Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and New Testament Apocrypha, some of which were assembled in the 1820s, and then republished with the current title in 1926. Rutherford Hayes Platt, in the preface to his 1963 reprint of "The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden" states: The translations were first published, under this title, by an unknown editor in "The Lost Books

neg: Highfather destruction was to attack first. Highfather Highfather is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Highfather is chief of the New Gods of New Genesis in the Fourth World and ruled the fictional planet. Highfather was created by Jack Kirby and first appeared in "The New Gods" #1 (March 1971). Highfather is, in reality, Izaya, sometimes known as Izaya the Inheritor. The name is a phonetical version of the Old Testament prophet Isaiah. Highfather thematically resembles the Greek god Zeus or the Norse god Odin (who was known as the all-father). Darkseid uses Izaya in

neg: New Testament including works composed well into Late Antiquity, are relegated to the so-called New Testament apocrypha. Although not considered to be inspired by God, these "apocryphal" works may be helpful in the study of the New Testament in that they were produced in the same ancient context and often using the same language as those books that would eventually form the New Testament. Some of these later works are dependent (either directly or indirectly) upon books that would later come to be in the New Testament or upon the ideas expressed in them. There is even an example of a pseudepigraphical

neg: Bible translations into Persian or "Tarjumeh-ye Hezare-ye no" (ترجمه هزارۀ نو). This translation of the Bible in Persian was completed and published in 22nd of Sep 2014. This translation was made and published by the UK-based Elam Ministries, This translation is also available on E-sword and a mobile version has also been made.<ref name="ترجمۀ هزارۀ نو/برای موبایل نوکیا">ترجمۀ هزارۀ نو/برای تلفن همراه</ref> A translation of the New Testament in modern Persian was released by Jehovah's Witnesses in 2014. A non-missionary version of New Testament (2008), Old Testament (2014) and Deuterocanonical books (2003) is translated by Iranian translator and researcher, and published in Tehran. Dari

neg: New Testament same list first. These councils also provided the canon of the Old Testament, which included the so-called apocryphal books . The original texts were written in the first century of the Christian Era, in Greek, which was the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean from the conquests of Alexander the Great (335–323 BC) until the Muslim conquests in the 7th century AD. All the works that eventually became incorporated into the New Testament are believed to have been written no later than around 120 AD. John A. T. Robinson, Dan Wallace, and William F. Albright dated all the books of