query: who was the first leader of the universities mission to central africa

pos: Universities' Mission to Central Africa was inspired by lectures that Livingstone gave on his return from Africa in 1857. Though named to reflect its university origins, from the outset it welcomed contributions from wellwishers unaffiliated to those institutions. The society had two major goals: to establish a mission presence in Central Africa, and to actively oppose the slave trade. To advance these goals, it sought to send a mission led by a bishop into Central Africa; Charles Mackenzie was duly consecrated in 1860 and led an expedition in 1861 up the Zambezi into the Shire Highlands. This first expedition was more or less disastrous. The

pos: History of Malawi Tete. In 1859 it is recorded that he discovered the mass of water which was called by Yao people as Nyasa in Chiyao. Livingstone was surprised seeing the presence of Islam among the Yao of chief Mponda who had more than twelve madrassas running Islamic lessons, writing and reading Arabic. With this background, Livingstone painted a gloomy picture of the Mang'anja being captured, killed and enslaved by the marauding Yao from Mozambique. In 1861 under Bishop Charles Mackenzie missionaries of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (U.M.C.A) were sent to open a mission in Magomero where the Yao were already

pos: Bishop Mackenzie International School memory of Charles Mackenzie, a prominent figure in the early history of Malawi. He joined David Livingstone on the Zambezi in 1861 as Bishop of Central Africa and Head of the Anglican Universities Mission. Mackenzie died of malaria and the mission collapsed almost before it began; yet he helped create a vanguard for the abolition of the slave trade by means of Livingstone's much heralded "Commerce and Christianity". BMIS was founded in 1944 as The Lilongwe European School. Originally there were no more than a dozen pupils, with a single teacher, Miss Fairly, housed on the site of the Golf

neg: Annie Allen (missionary) Annie Allen (missionary) Miss Annie Allen was a medical missionary from England. She was the daughter and granddaughter of missionaries who later took it upon herself to continue in the family business. She worked primarily with the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (which would later become the United Mission to Central Africa) in their hospitals at Mkunazini and Zanzibar. She was the director of the hospital in Mkunazini. Though she was mainly concerned with the health of the people she served, she helped them in many other ways as well. She was a leader who pushed for the education of

neg: Universities' Mission to Central Africa Universities' Mission to Central Africa The Universities' Mission to Central Africa (c.1857 - 1965) was a missionary society established by members of the Anglican Church within the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, and Dublin. It was firmly in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of the Church, and the first to devolve authority to a bishop in the field rather than to a home committee. Founded in response to a plea by David Livingstone, the society established the mission stations that grew to be the bishoprics of Zanzibar and Nyasaland (later Malawi), and pioneered the training of black African priests. The society's foundation

neg: Christianity in Malawi the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA), and the first missionary expedition of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa arrived in Malawi in 1861. Missionaries included Bishop Edward Steere, William Tozer, Charles Alan Smythies, Chauncy Maples who drowned on Lake Nyasa, and W. Percival Johnson, a graduate of University College, Oxford, who was to remain in Malawi for 40 years and to translate the Bible into Chichewa language. The Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) established a base at Nkhoma then expanded to other parts of central Malawi, including Mlanda and Mchinji, and into Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The history of Roman

neg: Universities' Mission to Central Africa combined organisation celebrated the UMCA's 150th anniversary by emphasising the continuing importance of global fellowship and mission for its members. Postcolonial historians' analyses of the UMCA have both praised its efforts to raise European humanitarian concern about slavery in East Africa and criticised the paternalistic attitudes toward Africans it continued to perpetuate, especially early in its history. Universities' Mission to Central Africa The Universities' Mission to Central Africa (c.1857 - 1965) was a missionary society established by members of the Anglican Church within the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, and Dublin. It was firmly in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of the

neg: Leader Stirling Leader Stirling Leader Dominic Stirling (19 January 1906 – 7 February 2003) was a missionary surgeon and former Health Minister in Tanzania. Born in Finchley, England and raised in Sussex Weald, Stirling attended Bishop's Stortford College and the University of London. After a brief period of general practice, Stirling joined the Universities' Mission to Central Africa and was deployed to Tanzania. He spent 14 years of service to the UMCA in Lulindi. He then converted to Catholicism and joined the Benedictine Mission, working with them in Mnero, where he built another hospital. After 15 years he left to Kibosho, on

neg: Church of the Province of Central Africa Central Africa. In 1861, the first Anglican missionary to the area was Bishop Charles Frederick Mackenzie, who arrived with David Livingstone. In 1855, he went to Natal with Bishop John Colenso. They worked among the English settlers till 1859. In 1860, Mackenzie became head of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa and he was consecrated bishop in St George's Cathedral, Cape Town, on 1 January 1861. Following Dr David Livingstone's request to Cambridge, Bishop Mackenzie took on the position of being the first missionary bishop in Malawi (Nyasaland). Moving from Cape Town, he arrived at Chibisa’s village in June 1861

neg: Annie Allen (missionary) the women and children of the areas where she worked. She founded the Zenana Mission in Zanzibar through the UMCA. The main goal of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) was evangelistic. They were an Anglo-Catholic organization and they brought their religious beliefs to the people of Africa. She was one of the most important missionaries of the time because she endured so much hardship, helped so many people, and overcame the difficulty that came with being a woman at the time. The Universities' Mission to Central Africa was founded in 1860 at the request of "the great David

neg: Annie Allen (missionary) like manner and neat dress." She also was very happy to report that the women seemed receptive toward Christianity. In all of her years as a Zenanan missionary, these were the characteristics she expected to see in women who were served by similar establishments. Annie Allen (missionary) Miss Annie Allen was a medical missionary from England. She was the daughter and granddaughter of missionaries who later took it upon herself to continue in the family business. She worked primarily with the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (which would later become the United Mission to Central Africa) in their hospitals at

neg: Universities' Mission to Central Africa only six months earlier. It was completed in time for Christmas 1880 and a mass celebrated there. Miss Annie Allen came to the Zanzibar Mission in 1878 and later came to consider it home. Here she created a Zenana Mission that served many women and children. In 1874, Tozer was succeeded as bishop by Edward Steere, who pursued the mission's aim of returning to establish a presence at Lake Nyasa. Rather than attempting the arduous river navigation that had doomed the first mission, they set out for Lake Malawi this time overland, developing a network of mission stations toward the

neg: Leader Stirling the London Hospital to work in a private practice in South London as a surgeon. He then worked as Outpatient Surgical Officer at a nearby hospital from his private practice for a brief time, when he finally decided to "continue the upward climb on the ladder of specialization". He applied for Medical Officer to the General Post Office, Resident Medical Officer to Hertford Hospital and Deputy Medical Superintendent to Sunderland Infirmary. He got interviews for all of those positions but was undecided. It was 14 January 1935, when Leader Stirling received a letter from the Universities' Mission to Central Africa

neg: Universities' Mission to Central Africa Johnson, first reached the lake in 1884; Janson died there, but he lent his name to a ship the UMCA commissioned for use in ministering around the lake. which Steere's successor, Charles Alan Smythies, was able to use to travel widely through Africa on mission work. He oversaw the establishment on Likoma Island, in the lake, of a mission station, and then of an entire new diocese with its own bishop and its own cathedral, St Peter's, is still standing in the 21st century. Another of Smythies's commitments was to the principle that Africa be converted and ministered by African

neg: Anne Mackenzie (writer) Anne Mackenzie (writer) Anne Mackenzie (died 1877) was a 19th-century British writer, editor for thirty one years of the missionary magazine "The Net Cast in Many Waters: Sketches from the Life of Missionaries", published in London from 1866 to 1896. Mackenzie was the unmarried sister of Charles Frederick Mackenzie (1825–1862), Anglican priest and bishop of British Central Africa. She spent some time teaching at mission schools in South Africa before joining the Zambesi Mission of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, which was led by her brother. After his death she returned to England, where she edited the monthly magazine

neg: Frank Weston (bishop of Zanzibar) Longmans, Green, & Co., 1914) "Kitabu cha Elimu ya Dini", with Samwil Sehoza (Zanzibar: Universities Mission to Central Africa Press, 1914) "The Fulness of Christ: An Essay" (London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1916) "The Black Slaves of Prussia: An Open Letter Addressed to General Smuts" (London: Universities Mission to Central Africa, 1918). Published in Portuguese as "Os Escravos Negros da Prussia" (Lisbon: Bureau da Imprensa Britanica, 1918) "Conquering and to Conquer" (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1918) "God with Us: The Meaning of the Tabernacle" (London: Mowbray, 1918) "The Christ and His Critics: An Open Pastoral Letter to the

neg: William Percival Johnson William Percival Johnson William Percival Johnson (12 March 1854 in St Helens, Isle of Wight – October 1928 in Liuli, Tanganyika) was an Anglican missionary to Nyasaland. After education at Bedford School (1863–1873) and graduation from University College, Oxford he went to Africa with the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, under Bishop Edward Steere. He translated the Bible into the Likoma Island dialect of Chinyanja, under the title "Chikalakala choyera : ndicho Malangano ya Kale ndi Malangano ya Chapano" which was published in 1912. Together with another Universities' Mission missionary, Arthur Glossop (1867-1949), he also translated the Book of Common

neg: Anglican Church of Tanzania Anglican Church of Tanzania, or ACT. The church's origins lie in the Diocese of Eastern Equatorial Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania) founded in 1884, with James Hannington as the first bishop; however, Anglican missionary activity had been present in the area since the Universities' Mission to Central Africa and the Church Missionary Society began their work in 1864 and 1878 at Mpwapwa. In 1898, the diocese was split into two, with the new diocese of Mombasa governing Kenya and northern and Central Tanzania (the other diocese later became the Church of Uganda); northern and central Tanzania was separated from the diocese

neg: Liuli British lake steamer gunboat HMS "Gwendolen" caught the German armed steamer "Hermann von Wissmann" on a slipway at Sphinxhafen. The German steamship was named after the explorer Hermann von Wissmann who raised funds for the vessel as an anti-slavery gunboat in 1890. The HMS Gwendolen commenced bombarding the German port. The King's African Rifles later attacked Sphinxhafen in May 1915. Liuli was originally, as Sphinxhafen, a German mission. After World War I it became a mission station for the Universities' Mission to Central Africa. William Johnson is buried in the church there and regarded locally as a saint. The mission

neg: British Central Africa Protectorate British Central Africa Protectorate The British Central Africa Protectorate (BCA) was a protectorate proclaimed in 1889 and ratified in 1891 that occupied the same area as present-day Malawi: it was renamed Nyasaland in 1907. British interest in the area arose from visits made by David Livingstone from 1858 onward during his exploration of the Zambezi area. This encouraged missionary activity starting in the 1860s, undertaken by the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, the Church of Scotland and the Free Church of Scotland followed by a small number of settlers. The Portuguese government attempted to claim much of this area, but

neg: Albert Jenkin in 1905 he left the position when he joined the Universities' Mission to Central Africa taking a missionary role in Mponda, Nyasaland. He stayed at Mponda until 1911, then joined missions at Zomba and Blantyre until 1916. After the outbreak of World War I he served as an Army chaplain in East Africa, before settling for some time in South Africa, where he became an Archdeacon in Pretoria. He eventually returned to Britain and died in Bromley in 1961. Jenkin first joined first class Welsh team Swansea in 1893, and in the winter of the 1895 season he was selected

neg: Horace Waller (activist) Horace Waller (activist) Horace Waller (1833–1896) was an English anti-slavery activist, missionary and clergyman. He was known as a writer on Africa, evangelical Christian, close associate of David Livingstone and others involved in central and east African mission and exploration work, and advocate of British imperial expansion. Born in London, Waller was educated under Dr. Wadham at Brook Green. He was for some time in business in London. With the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA), Waller went out in 1861 to the regions recently visited by David Livingstone and Sir John Kirk. For a period he worked with Charles

neg: John Buchanan (settler) John Buchanan (settler) John Buchanan (1855–1896), was a Scottish horticulturist who went to Central Africa, now Malawi, in 1876 as a lay member of the missionary party that established Blantyre Mission. Buchanan came to Central Africa as an ambitious artisan: his character was described as dour, devout and as restlessly ambitious, and he saw in Central Africa a gateway to personal achievement. He started a mission farm on the site of Zomba, Malawi but was dismissed from the mission in 1881 for brutality. From being a disgraced missionary, Buchanan first became a very influential planter owning, with his brothers, extensive

neg: Makololo Chiefs (Malawi) he had left there in 1856 and attempted to repatriate them all to Barotseland. However, by this time Sekeletu was facing increasing opposition from the Lozi majority, and a number of porters decided to remain on the middle Zambezi. These included two Makololo who had a superior status and their servants, the remainder being porters or canoemen from the subject peoples, and there were either 15 or 16 of them. They were used from 1859 onward, first by Livingstone and then by missionaries of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA), as porters and armed guards to support their activities

neg: John Ramadhani to 1979. Ramadhani was bishop of the Diocese of Zanzibar and Tanga, from 1980 to 2001. After the diocese split, he served as interim Bishop of Zanzibar until 2002, when Bishop Douglas Toto took office and Ramadhani retired. Ramadhani was archbishop and primate of the Anglican Church of Tanzania from 1984 to 1998. John Ramadhani John Acland Ramadhani (born Zanzibar, 1 August 1932) is a former Tanzanian Anglican archbishop. His grandfather was Cecil Majaliwa, the first African Anglican priest of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa. Ramadhani completed a degree at the University of East Africa. He also gained degrees

neg: John Ramadhani John Ramadhani John Acland Ramadhani (born Zanzibar, 1 August 1932) is a former Tanzanian Anglican archbishop. His grandfather was Cecil Majaliwa, the first African Anglican priest of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa. Ramadhani completed a degree at the University of East Africa. He also gained degrees in England from Queens College, Birmingham, and the University of Birmingham. Ramadhani was principal at St. Andrew's Teachers College, in Korogwe, from 1967 to 1969. Ramadhani was ordained a priest in 1976 at Christ Church, Zanzibar by Mussa Kahurananga. He was warden at St. Mark's Theological College, in Dar es Salaam, from 1977

neg: United Society Partners in the Gospel United Society Partners in the Gospel United Society Partners in the Gospel (USPG) is a United Kingdom-based charitable organization (registered no. 234518). First incorporated under Royal Charter in 1701 as the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) as an overseas missionary organization of the Church of England. The group was renamed in 1965 as the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (USPG) after incorporating the activities of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA). In 1968 the Cambridge Mission to Delhi also joined the organization. From November 2012 until 2016, the name was

neg: Robert Keable with the Church. In a letter he told Keable: From 1912–1914 Keable was sent overseas with the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, a decision perhaps intended to "save him from Rome". He served under Frank Weston, the Bishop of Zanzibar, a staunch Anglican with whom Keable clashed: Keable objected to Weston's unorthodox methods for training black African priests; Weston, a vehement supporter of these priests, saw prejudice in Keable's views. Weston was to inspire the "Bishop of Moçambique" character in Keable's 1921 novel "Peradventure". In Africa, Keable wrote his first two books: 1912's "Darkness or Light", a history of the

neg: Universities' Mission to Central Africa its staff included the novelist Robert Keable, and bishop Chauncy Maples, who joined the UMCA as an archdeacon and became the second Bishop of Likoma before drowning on the lake. The UMCA later commissioned a boat that bore his name, as they had with Charles Janson before. SS "Chauncy Maples", built in 1899, is believed to be the oldest ship in Africa. The society's centenary fell amid a context of decolonisation, and at a time when the UMCA was increasingly collaborating with the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. The two organizations merged in 1965. The

neg: Urbain Mbenga the Community of Christ's Africa and Haiti Mission Field. Urbain Mbenga Urbain Mbenga Mpiem Ley is a leader in the Community of Christ. He is the president of the church's First Quorum of the Seventy. Mbenga was born in Mamou, Guinea. He emigrated to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and was educated at a school in Kananga and at universities in Kinshasa. Mbenga went on to teach high school in Beno and was a high school principal in Kinshasa. He later became the head of the geography department at the Université Pédagogique Nationale in the DRC. As president

neg: Gustav Nachtigal Gustav Nachtigal Gustav Nachtigal (); born 23 February 1834 – 20 April 1885) was a German explorer of Central and West Africa. He is further known as the German Empire's consul-general for Tunisia and Commissioner for West Africa. His mission as commissioner resulted in Togoland and Kamerun becoming the first colonies of a German colonial empire. The "Gustav-Nachtigal-Medal", awarded by the Berlin Geographical Society, is named after him. Gustav Nachtigal, the son of a Lutheran pastor, was born at Eichstedt in the Prussian province of Saxony-Anhalt. After medical studies at the universities of Halle, Würzburg and Greifswald, he practiced for

neg: Universities' Mission to Central Africa area chosen as a base, near Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi), proved highly malarial; Bishop Mackenzie died there of the disease on 31 January 1862, along with many local people and three others among the tiny missionary party. Early conversion efforts from this base yielded little result, and supplies ran out or were destroyed during a period of famine. The mission then withdrew from the area, abandoning the graves of the missionaries who had died there, and though it established a new presence in Zanzibar many years passed before it returned to Malawi. Bishop Tozer, Mackenzie's successor, deemed the mission's early

neg: Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – Blantyre Synod Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – Blantyre Synod The Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – Blantyre Synod is a synod of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian, located in southern Malawi. It was founded by Church of Scotland missionaries in 1876. Blantye Synod started as a mission of the Church of Scotland. The first missionary was Henry Henderson accompanied by a freed slave. He chosen the mission ground suggested by David Livingstone. The Blantyre Mission was founded in 1876, with a church and school. It became a refuge for slaves. The number of Christians grew, and in 1891 the St

neg: James Atlay has a magnificent memorial in the north transept. Among his children was George William Atlay, who was murdered by a party of Ngoni people while attached to the Universities' Mission to Central Africa at Likoma, Lake Nyasa. James Atlay James Atlay (3 July 1817 – 24 December 1894) was the 98th Anglican Bishop of Hereford, from 1868 to 1894. James Atlay was born in Wakerley, Northamptonshire, the son of Henry Atlay (Rector of Great Casterton) and Elizabeth Rayner Hovell. Educated at Oakham School, he entered St John's College, Cambridge, where he held a fellowship from 1846 to 1859. He was

neg: History of the Anglican Communion have served both to record progress and to stimulate to new effort. The Diocese of New Zealand was founded in 1841, being endowed by the Church Missionary Society through the council, and George Augustus Selwyn was chosen as the first bishop. Moreover, in many cases bishops have been sent to inaugurate new missions, as in the cases of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, Lebombo, Corea and New Guinea; and the missionary jurisdictions so founded develop in time into dioceses. It was only very gradually that these dioceses acquired legislative independence and a determinate organization. At first, sees were created

neg: Universities' Mission to Central Africa lake. Prominent among these were the stations at Magila and Masasi: Magila had been chosen after an initial site the mission had sought at Vuga, the capital of the Kilindi kingdom, was ruled out by the suspicious Kilindi chief. The site for the mission village at Masasi was reportedly chosen by African converts whom the missionaries were attempting to lead back to the homes from which they had been captured by slavers: though sure that the site was not their original home, they said it resembled it enough to settle. Via these routes, two missionaries, Charles Janson and William Percival

neg: Leroy Vail Leroy Vail Leroy Vail (August 5, 1940 – March 27, 1999) whose birth name was Hazen Leroy Vail was an American specialist in African studies and educator who specialised in the history and linguistics of Central Africa and later extended his interests to Southern Africa. He taught in universities in Malawi, Zambia and the United States and his research in the first two countries inclined him toward the view that Central Africa underwent a period of underdevelopment that began in the mid-19th century and accelerated under colonial rule. After his return to the United States, he cooperated with Landeg White

neg: Frank Weston (bishop of Zanzibar) (London: Universities Mission to Central Africa, 1904) "The One Christ: An Enquiry into the Matter of the Incarnation" (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1907) "Ecclesia Anglicana, for what does she stand? An Open Letter to the Right Rev. Father in God, Edgar, Lord Bishop of St. Albans" (London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1913) "Proposals for a Central Missionary Council of Episcopal and Non-Episcopal Churches in East Africa" (London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1914) "The One Christ: An Enquiry into the Matter of the Incarnation" (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1914) "The Case Against Kikuyu: A Study in Vital Principles" (London:

neg: Leroy Vail significant increases in Social Services and Natural Resources spending and staff, although the amounts were small. Leroy Vail Leroy Vail (August 5, 1940 – March 27, 1999) whose birth name was Hazen Leroy Vail was an American specialist in African studies and educator who specialised in the history and linguistics of Central Africa and later extended his interests to Southern Africa. He taught in universities in Malawi, Zambia and the United States and his research in the first two countries inclined him toward the view that Central Africa underwent a period of underdevelopment that began in the mid-19th century and

neg: Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – Blantyre Synod Michael and All Angels Church was dedicated. In the late 1920s, responsibility for the church shifted from Scottish missionaries to African leaders. Presbyterian Church in Northern Ireland Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – Blantyre Synod The Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – Blantyre Synod is a synod of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian, located in southern Malawi. It was founded by Church of Scotland missionaries in 1876. Blantye Synod started as a mission of the Church of Scotland. The first missionary was Henry Henderson accompanied by a freed slave. He chosen the mission ground suggested by David Livingstone. The

neg: WEC International people groups. Central Asia was entered next, then Arabia, followed by West Africa (Spanish Guinea), and then Colombia, South America A branch of WEC International was formed in the U.S. in 1939 and is located in Fort Washington, PA. The Heart of Africa Mission was begun in northern Congo in 1913 by Charles Thomas Studd and A.B. Buxton, beginning at Niangara on the banks of the Uele River. After the death of the founder in 1931, his missionary colleague Norman Percy Grubb was appointed General Secretary (leader). Grubb built the mission up from 30 missionaries to 800 in 20 countries

neg: Louisa McLaughlin three sisters, one of whom, Sophia, served as a nurse with the Universities' Mission to Central Africa for five years, until she took charge of wards at the Civil Hospital in Kandy, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in 1893. Louisa's brothers included a Major General Edward McLaughlin, Judge Frederick McLaughlin, Royal Navy Captain Charles McLaughlin, the agent to the Earl of Feversham (William McLaughlin), and two Church of England clergymen the Rev. Alfred McLaughlin, whose son was Christian thinker Father Patrick McLaughlin, and the Rev. Randolph McLaughlin Berens, who became a wealthy collector of antiquities). Two other brothers died in childhood.

neg: Robert Keable Universities' Mission to Central Africa, and the manuscript for "City of the Dawn" (published in 1915), a portrait of Zanzibar that "showed genuine religious fervour, as well as a characteristic sentimentality." Keable returned to the UK in 1914 as a result of illness, precipitated perhaps by the rigour of service upon which Weston insisted in Zanzibar. He was offered a church posting in Sheffield but declined, fearing "the pull of Rome" if left within reach of Catholic influences in Britain. Instead, he made two attempts to enlist for armed service during the First World War; ill health thwarted both, so

neg: MV Chauncy Maples shores. Conceived and commissioned by the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA), the 150 ton ship was one of the last designs produced by Henry Marc Brunel, son of the Victorian engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Once dismantled, the complex kit of almost 3,481 parts was transported by cargo ship to Portuguese East Africa, then towed by barge up the dangerous waters of the Zambezi. The boiler was built by Abbott of Newark. It weighed 11 tons and was transported in one piece on a special wagon fitted with Sentinel wheels, to be hauled overland by 450 Ngoni tribesmen for through

neg: William Percival Johnson letter to the Lambeth Conference in 1958, where a compromise that he was regarded as "Blessed" was offered. The Anglican Diocese of South West Tanganyika continues to regard Johnson as a saint. William Percival Johnson William Percival Johnson (12 March 1854 in St Helens, Isle of Wight – October 1928 in Liuli, Tanganyika) was an Anglican missionary to Nyasaland. After education at Bedford School (1863–1873) and graduation from University College, Oxford he went to Africa with the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, under Bishop Edward Steere. He translated the Bible into the Likoma Island dialect of Chinyanja, under the title

neg: Universities' Mission to Central Africa years "a miserable failure". Mackenzie's successor, Bishop Tozer, relocated the society's base to Zanzibar in 1864. Here they enjoyed much greater success, receiving a cordial welcome from the island's Arab and African residents, and establishing a number of operations, including a mission school, St Andrew's at Kiungani. The mission's early work in Zanzibar substantially involved caring for and schooling children rescued from slavery, and establishing a settlement - Mbweni, founded 1871 - for these released slaves to live in. On Christmas Day, 1873, the foundation stone of Christ Church was laid in the grounds of the former slave market, closed

neg: United Society Partners in the Gospel War. In the context of decolonization and India's Independence in 1947, new models of global mission engagement between the interdependent member provinces of the Anglican Communion were required. With the merger in 1965 of the SPG with the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) and in 1968 the Cambridge Mission to Delhi to form the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (USPG), the Society found a new role in support of clergy training and in the movement of community development specialists, resources and ideas around the world church. The list of SPG and USPG founded and sponsored church

neg: Likoma Island Chintheche. In 1880 missionaries from the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, founded in response to a plea by David Livingstone, established their headquarters on Likoma Island. Due to the presence of British missionaries, the island was assigned to Malawi rather than Mozambique when national borders in East Africa were established after World War II. Despite a high population density, the natural environment of Likoma island is largely unspoiled. The coast is varied, with rocky slopes, sandy bays and swamps. The interior of the island is mostly covered by grassland, with a large number of baobab trees (of the "Adansonia digitata"

neg: Universities' Mission to Central Africa priests, and he made many improvements to the arrangements for their teaching at Kiungani, ordaining the first local African priests. The organisation continued to work out of its bases on Zanzibar, Likoma, and on the Tanzanian mainland until 1910, when it commenced work also in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). It then pursued missionary work in these four areas throughout the first half of the twentieth century, offering medical provision and education as well as religious instruction and services. It played a prominent role in twentieth-century church history, with bishops including Frank Weston and John Edward Hine. Other notable Europeans among

neg: Michel Djotodia as a "contribution to the search for peace in central Africa." Seleka announced in July 2014 that Djotodia had been restored as leader of the group. Michel Djotodia Michel Am-Nondokro Djotodia (born c. 1949) is a Central African politician who was President of the Central African Republic from 2013 to 2014. He was the first Muslim to hold that office in the predominantly Christian country. Djotodia was a leader of the almost entirely Muslim Séléka rebel coalition in the December 2012 rebellion against President François Bozizé. Following a peace agreement, Djotodia was appointed to the government as First Deputy Prime

neg: Chama Cha Mariamu Mtakatifu Chama Cha Mariamu Mtakatifu The Chama cha Mariamu Mtakatifu (Community of St. Mary of Nazareth and Calvary), (CMM) is a large Anglican religious order operating within the Anglican Church of Tanzania, and with its headquarters at Masasi, Tanzania. Female religious were first introduced to Tanzania by clergy missionaries of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, working in conjunction with the sisters of the Community of the Sacred Passion (CSP). The Order was formally recognised in 1946, and then in 1968 gained independence from CSP, and became the autonomous CMM. Today the sisters focus their work on caring for parish churches,

neg: Makololo Chiefs (Malawi) part of the state apparatus. Makololo Chiefs (Malawi) The Makololo chiefs recognised by the governments of colonial Nyasaland and independent Malawi have their origin in a group of porters that David Livingstone brought from Barotseland in the 1850s to support his first Zambezi expedition that did not return to Barotseland but assisted Livingstone and British missionaries in the area of southern Malawi between 1859 and 1864. After the withdrawal of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa those Makololo remaining in the Shire valley used firearms provided by the Europeans to attract dependants seeking protection, to seize land and to establish

neg: Makololo Chiefs (Malawi) Makololo Chiefs (Malawi) The Makololo chiefs recognised by the governments of colonial Nyasaland and independent Malawi have their origin in a group of porters that David Livingstone brought from Barotseland in the 1850s to support his first Zambezi expedition that did not return to Barotseland but assisted Livingstone and British missionaries in the area of southern Malawi between 1859 and 1864. After the withdrawal of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa those Makololo remaining in the Shire valley used firearms provided by the Europeans to attract dependants seeking protection, to seize land and to establish a number of chieftainships. At

neg: Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa of a mixed racial group, and many who attended the first services were Zionists. The missionaries moved to the Central Tabernacle, Bree Street, Johannesburg as the young Pentecostal movement grew. It was there that the Apostolic Faith Mission developed, initially as a committee first meeting in September 1908. It was not registered as a legal entity until 1913, however. By 1909, it had spread to the Orange River Colony. In South Africa, as at Azusa Street, the movement was initially multi-racial, appealing to both Boers and blacks. It expanded rapidly among African farm workers in the Orange River Colony and

neg: Seth Mokitimi Seth Mokitimi was appointed to head the Osborn Mission, he became the first black minister to be appointed as a mission governor and superintendent. At Osborn Mission Mokitimi also built a girls' hostel, so that girls would have equal access to the education offered there. Seth Mokitimi was elected as president of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa at the annual Conference in October 1963., He was the first black minister to be elected as the leader of any major church denomination in South Africa. This was just two years after Sharpeville, when apartheid was very much in the ascendancy

neg: Presbyterian Church of East Africa the late Sir William Mackinnon, Mr. A.L. Bruce and other directors of the Imperial British East Africa Company, a band of Missionaries left London for British East Africa. These were Mr. Thomas Watson, Evangelist Mr. John Greig, Mr. John Linton, Mr. C.M.A Rahman and were met at Mombasa by Dr. Moffat. The party was later in the year joined by Dr. James Stewart of Lovedale, South Africa, who became the leader of the Mission. These missionaries arrived in Kibwezi in October of the same year and established a mission under the name of the "East African Scottish Mission". In 1892,

neg: Research university again has the US top, with 62, followed by the UK with 31, Germany with 20 and the Netherlands with 13. The top 200 features one university from Africa (the University of Cape Town), but none from Latin America. The U.S. News and World Report Best Global Universities Ranking 2018 gives numbers by country for the 1250 universities ranked: the US is again top, with 221, followed by China with 136, Japan with 76 and the UK with 73. Research university A research university is a university that is committed to research as a central part of its mission. Such

neg: History of Malawi of the Lake Nyasa, Livingstone had to review his plans for colonising Malawi. He used the church to start the process of colonising the land. He brought the Universities Mission to Central Africa (U.M.C.A) under Bishop Frederick Mackenzie in 1861 to Magomero. The Yao had already settled in Magomero before 1860 and the Christian missionaries encountered resistance from them. The Yao of Magomero had embraced Islam before the 1860s. Bishop Mackenzie and Livingstone took sides with the Mang'anja who were non-Muslims. Wars erupted between the Yao and Bishop Mackenzie. Livingstone and Bishop Mackenzie shot the Yao, burnt their houses and

neg: Hassan Zia-Zarifi liberal National Front and soon gained prominence as a student activist and he was elected to the central committee of the law students' association (where he joined Abolhassan Banisadr, who would be the first elected president of the Islamic Republic). He was arrested on numerous occasions as the universities became the central battleground against the monarchy. By 1962, he was a leader of the widespread student political movement. He was elected to represent university students in the National Front of Iran's central congress in 1962, but National Front member Shapur Bakhtiar (who later gained notoriety as the last prime minister

neg: Joseph Crane Hartzell Liberia Annual Conference. On 9 July 1897 he organized the Congo Mission Conference. He also laid the foundations of the Mission in New and Old Umtali in Manicaland. He received, as donations from the British South Africa Company, valuable lots in New Umtali. These came with appropriations of funds for the maintenance of a school among Europeans, and a tract of several thousand acres with twelve buildings (worth over $100,000 at that time) at Old Umtali, for the establishment of an industrial Mission. Bishop Hartzell held the first sessions of the East Central Africa and West Central Africa Mission Conferences,

neg: Makololo tribe increasing opposition from the Lozi majority, and around 16 of them decided to remain on the middle Zambezi. Those Makololo remaining were used from 1859 onward, by Livingstone and by missionaries of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA), as porters and armed guards to support their activities in the Shire valley and Shire Highlands including the freeing of slaves, and were paid in guns, ammunition and cloth. The Makololo decided to remain in the Shire valley when the missionaries left in January 1864. After the 1864 departure of the UMCA mission, which left behind supplies of arms and ammunition,

neg: Central Applications Office Central Applications Office The Central Applications Office (CAO) () is the organisation responsible for overseeing undergraduate applications to colleges and universities in the Republic of Ireland. The primary mission of the Central Applications Office is to centrally process applications in a fair and efficient manner. The colleges and universities delegate the administration of admissions to the Central Applications Office; colleges and universities retain full control of admissions. The Postgraduate Applications Centre is a related organisation that oversees some taught postgraduate courses. The "Central Applications Office" was founded in January 1976 based in Galway, with nine colleges and universities participating initially.

neg: John Buchanan (settler) main activity of Blantyre and East Africa Ltd was the ownership of estates and its main crops were tobacco and tea. Blantyre and East Africa Ltd was one of four large estate-owning companies in colonial Nyasaland. John Buchanan (settler) John Buchanan (1855–1896), was a Scottish horticulturist who went to Central Africa, now Malawi, in 1876 as a lay member of the missionary party that established Blantyre Mission. Buchanan came to Central Africa as an ambitious artisan: his character was described as dour, devout and as restlessly ambitious, and he saw in Central Africa a gateway to personal achievement. He started

neg: Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – Synod of Zambia Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – Synod of Zambia The Synod of Zambia is one of the five synods of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian. The Zambia Synod was the work of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – Synod of Livingstonia. Those mission stations and surrounding Christian communities become part of the United Church in Central Africa in Rhodesia later the United Church in Zambia. However, congregations around Lundazi were cut off from the United Church in Zambia and they developed a separate church life, linked with the CCAP Synod of Livingstonia. The first Presbytery in Zambia was

neg: William Percival Johnson Prayer into Chinyanja (1897, revised 1909). Johnson also published two other books: "Nyasa, the Great Water, being a Description of the Lake and the Life of the People" (Oxford University Press, 1922) and "My African Reminiscences", 1875-1895 (London: Universities Mission to Central Africa, 1925). He died at Liuli, Mbinga District, on the shores of what is today the Tanzanian side of Lake Malawi in 1928, the site of the largest mission in the Ruvuma region of Tanzania. He is regarded locally as a saint and there is a "St Johnson's Day" celebrated. Local demands for his canonization were referred by

neg: Blackman's Church of Africa Presbyterian After a further two years, Chinula won a scholarship to the Overtoun Institute at Livingstonia, where he met Charles Domingo, who gave Chinula the first name of Charles. In 1907, Chinula qualified as a teacher and began teaching in Loudon Mission in Mzimba district. While in Loudon Mission, Chinula opposed the efforts of the missionaries to suppress such elements of Ngoni culture as traditional dances but also acted as an evangelist and from 1918 expressed his wish to train for the ministry. He undertook theological training in Tanganyika and was ordained in 1925 in the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian,

neg: Afro-Germans and Berlin. At the 1884 Berlin Congo conference, attended by all major powers of the day, European states divided Africa into areas of influence which they would control. Germany controlled colonies in the African Great Lakes region and West Africa, from which numerous Africans migrated to Germany for the first time. Germany appointed indigenous specialists for the colonial administration and economy, and many young Africans went to Germany to be educated. Some received higher education at German schools and universities, but the majority were trained at mission training and colonial training centers as officers or domestic mission teachers. Africans frequently

neg: Ronald O'Ferrall Ronald O'Ferrall Ronald Stanhope More O’Ferrall was the fourth Anglican Bishop of Madagascar from 1926 until 1940. O'Ferrall was born in 1890 and educated at Charterhouse School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was ordained in 1915 and was a curate at Chesterfield Parish Church after which he was an asstistant priest at St. George's Cathedral, Jerusalem and a housemaster at its adjacent school. He was a Universities' Mission to Central Africa missionary in Northern Rhodesia before his ordination to the episcopate. On his return to England he became an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Derby and was the rector

neg: M'Bona Cult at least temporarily, and the original Lundu state descended into obscurity. The situation of the Mang'anja in the 1860s, as described by members of David Livingstone's expedition or the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, was that there was a hierarchy of chiefs and headmen of varying power and influence. Theoretically, the paramount chief with the title Lundu was at the apex of this hierarchy, his prestige deriving from his control of one or more rain shrines, but his power over other major chiefs was limited. In practice, Mankhokwe had more power. Senior chiefs controlling significant areas were in theory appointed

neg: Christianity in Zambia their development, becoming isolated and voiceless from the ruling European elite. "Though white settlers ... were able to organize themselves in Formal groups… the colonial authorities provided little space for urban indigenous people to formally organize. Although there was some tolerance of group activity under the umbrella of the church. Traditional Anglican involvement in Zambia was undertaken by the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA), which had been founded in Cambridge as a direct result of the fiftieth anniversary of Livingstone's call for African evangelism. Though unlike many of Livingstone's original audience the UMCA held to a less Evangelical and

neg: Edward Hawkins died before him; the latter went out on the universities' mission to Central Africa, and died in 1862 at the age of twenty-nine. Edward Hawkins Edward Hawkins (27 February 1789 – 18 November 1882) was an English churchman and academic, a long-serving Provost of Oriel College, Oxford known as a committed opponent of the Oxford Movement from its beginnings in his college. He was born at Bath, Somerset, 27 February 1789. He was the eldest child of Edward Hawkins, successively vicar of Bisley in Gloucestershire and rector of Kelston in Somerset. Caesar Henry Hawkins and Francis Hawkins were his brothers.

neg: Africa Partnership Station her APS mission) other ships continued the initiative. visited East Africa, bringing APS once again to the East coast of Africa and expanding the range of cooperative training. At the same time HSV "Swift" and the US Coast Guard Cutter Legare (USCGC Legare) continued the APS mission in West and Central Africa. While APS Swift conducted a series of training, humanitarian and outreach missions in the west, Legare led and participated in the first African Maritime Law Enforcement Partnership or AMLEP (the name used to replace the LEDETs mentioned above). While on the mission with members of the Sierra Leone

neg: David Livingstone at his request from Ujiji were slaves. By the late 1860s Livingstone's reputation in Europe had suffered owing to the failure of the missions he set up, and of the Zambezi Expedition; and his ideas about the source of the Nile were not supported. His expeditions were hardly models of order and organisation. His reputation was rehabilitated by Stanley and his newspaper, and by the loyalty of Livingstone's servants whose long journey with his body inspired wonder. The publication of his last journal revealed stubborn determination in the face of suffering. In 1860, the Universities' Mission to Central Africa was

neg: Lake Malawi Malawi's oil exploration initiative brought the issue to the fore, with Tanzania demanding that exploration cease until the dispute was settled. In 1954, an agreement was signed between the British and the Portuguese making the middle of the lake their boundary with the exception of Chizumulu Island and Likoma Island, which were kept by the British and are now part of Malawi. began service on the lake in 1901 as the SS "Chauncy Maples": a floating clinic and church for the Universities' Mission to Central Africa. She later served as a ferry and is currently being renovated into a mobile

neg: Africa University where no private universities existed, President Robert Mugabe formed a government commission in 1987 to study the country's higher education needs and make recommendations about the role of private universities in the nation's overall education scheme. At the 1988 General Conference, United Methodists overwhelmingly accepted the General Board of Higher Education and Ministry's proposal to begin the university. On 6 April 1991, thousands of people throughout Zimbabwe watched as the groundbreaking ceremony took place and one acacia tree was planted at the Old Mutare Mission site of Africa University. In January 1992, President Robert Mugabe granted Africa University's Charter by

neg: Connecticut State University System Connecticut State University System The Connecticut State Universities (CSU) are part of the Connecticut State Colleges & Universities, the largest public higher education system in Connecticut, and the second largest in New England. The four comprehensive state universities enroll almost 35,000 students and 180,000 alumni. The first of the universities to be founded was Central Connecticut State University, established in 1849 as a normal school for teacher education. Over time the other three institutions were founded as normal schools and in 1959 they were converted into state colleges to reflect their expanded mission. From their founding until 1965, they were

neg: Montagu Burrows branch of the English Church Union until 1866, secretary of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, a founder of the Church of Sts Philip and James in North Oxford, president of the Church Schools Managers and Teachers Association, and a member of the group that founded Keble College, Oxford. He contributed often to the "Church and State Review", "The Churchman", and "The Guardian". Burrows was chairman of the school of modern history from 1889 to 1893. Due to increasing deafness, he retired from active lecturing in 1900, but remained active in Oxford faculty, city, and church affairs. Burrows died on

neg: Mission (LDS Church) areas of the world not otherwise assigned to organized missions. Its purpose was the dissemination of church materials to correspondents who did not reside in organized missions. As the missionary work has expanded, the role of the International Mission has been superseded, and it was closed in about 1989. The first mission in Africa was the South African Mission, originally organized in 1851. This became the South Africa Cape Town and South Africa Johannesburg missions in 1985. Later, the South Africa Durban Mission was created from portions of these missions as well as other regions in southern Africa. There were

neg: John Festing vicar of Christ Church, Westminster, London, from 1860–73. In 1873, he became vicar of St Luke's Church, Berwick Street, close to Seven Dials. On 19 May 1878, he was appointed vicar of Christ Church, Albany Street. In 1887, he became rural dean of St Pancras. On 26 June 1888, he became prebendary of Brondesbury in St Paul's Cathedral. His final clerical appointment was as Lord Bishop of St Albans on 24 June 1890 and he received a DD degree in the same year. He was President of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (1892–1902). He was buried at St Albans

neg: Frank Weston (bishop of Zanzibar) the East End of London from 1894 to 1896, he served at St Matthew's, Westminster, from 1896 to 1898. Weston had earlier applied to join the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) but had been turned down because of poor health. When Archdeacon Woodward of the UMCA came to stay at St Matthew's he encouraged Weston to apply again, this time his health was good enough for the missions. He was to spend the rest of his life in Zanzibar, where, after initially saying of his command of Swahili that "my grammar is bad and my vocabulary is very poor,

neg: Thomas Knox-Shaw on the committee of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa. Knox-Shaw played a role in the early developments of the National Health Service in the Cambridge area, and in 1954 was appointed a CBE. He retired in 1957. His gifts to the college include the picture of Oliver Cromwell which hangs in the college Hall. Knox-Shaw is commemorated in the Knox-Shaw Room at the college and on one of the Boat Club's racing shells. Thomas Knox-Shaw Thomas Knox-Shaw, CBE, MC, (1886 – July 1972) was an English educator. He was Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge and Master of the

neg: Civilizing mission opened to both the indigenous and European Portuguese of the territories. Examples of this policy include several black Portuguese Africans who would become prominent individuals during the war or in the post-independence, and who had studied during the Portuguese rule of the territories in local schools or even in Portuguese schools and universities in the mainland (the metropole) - Samora Machel, Mário Pinto de Andrade, Marcelino dos Santos, Eduardo Mondlane, Agostinho Neto, Amílcar Cabral, Joaquim Chissano, and Graça Machel are just a few examples. Two large state-run universities were founded in Portuguese Africa in the early 1960s (the "Universidade de

neg: Charles Mackenzie (bishop) and became a Fellow of Caius. He was ordained as a priest in 1852 and served as curate of Haslingfield near Cambridge, 1851-4. In 1855, he went to Natal with Bishop Colenso and served as Archdeacon of Natal. They worked among the English settlers till 1859 when he returned to England briefly to raise support for more direct missionary work. In 1860, Mackenzie became head of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa and he was consecrated bishop in St George's Cathedral, Cape Town, on 1 January 1861. Following Dr David Livingstone's request to Cambridge, Bishop Mackenzie took on the position

neg: Nightcrawler (comics) However, his work as a priest is retconned to be an illusion; he had, in fact, never attained priesthood. He has also met his half-brothers Nils Styger, alias Abyss, and Kiwi Black. With them, Nightcrawler defeated his father Azazel, who had tried to use him as a pawn in escaping his prison. Later, Nightcrawler served as the new leader of the Uncanny X-Men team alongside Wolverine, Bishop, Psylocke, Cannonball, and Marvel Girl. In the last mission against the Foursaken, Nightcrawler took Marvel Girl, Psylocke, Bishop, and Cannonball to Central Park. He later helped Storm liberate Africa from her uncle's control.

neg: DeepCwind Consortium to identify key deployment and installation factors. The performance data gathered from the 1/8 scale platform was used to further validate platform numerical models developed by NREL and others. Partners: Advanced Structures and Composites Center, Cianbro Corporation, General Dynamics Bath Iron Works, Maine Maritime Academy, Emera Maine, Central Maine Power Company, Technip USA, Reed and Reed, SGC DeepCwind Consortium The DeepCwind Consortium is a national consortium of universities, nonprofits, utilities, and industry leaders. The mission of the consortium is to establish the State of Maine as a national leader in floating offshore wind technology. Much of the consortium's work and

neg: Thomas Hooton Michael Dix After school he attended King’s College, London, and on graduation he became a school teacher in Hendon while also attaining the Associateship Diploma (ARCO) at the Royal College of Organists in 1934. He later returned to King’s College, London to study theology and, in 1940, attended the Bishops' College, Cheshunt. Following his theological studies, Dix became a curate at St Saviour’s, St Albans and was ordained as a deacon in 1940 and as a priest in 1941. In 1943 he joined the Universities' Mission to Central Africa and was sent to the Zanzibar Diocese where he served as Priest in

neg: Church of the Province of Central Africa of Churches. The Church of the Province of Central Africa is a member of the Global South. Former Archbishop Bernard Malango was involved in the Anglican realignment, while current Archbishop Albert Chama, despite having attended the Global South Fourth Encounter held in Singapore, on 19-23 April 2010, has been a supporter of "reconciliation" between the conservative and the liberal Anglican provinces. The Dioceses of Northern Malawi and Southern Malawi-Upper Shire are "mission partners" of the Anglican Mission in the Americas. Church of the Province of Central Africa The Church of the Province of Central Africa is part of the Anglican

neg: Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present) States' (ECCAS) Multinational Force of Central Africa, said the capital was "fully secured" by the troops from its MICOPAX peacekeeping mission, adding that reinforcements should arrive soon. However, military sources in Gabon and Cameroon denied the report, claiming no decision had been taken regarding the crisis. Government soldiers launched a counterattack against rebel forces in Bambari on 28 December, leading to heavy clashes, according to a government official. Several witnesses over away said they could hear detonations and heavy weapons fire for a number of hours. Later, both a rebel leader and a military source confirmed the military attack was

neg: American School of Kinshasa business people, missionaries, diplomats, and aid workers closed. A group of these led by American missionaries wanted to start a K-12 institution for their children and for others desiring an American-style of education in Central Africa. Land for the school was donated by the American Baptist Foreign Mission Board who resided on the mission station near Stanley Pool (now Pool Malebo) on the Congo River. Until the school buildings were completed, the first classes were held in buildings on the mission station. With the assistance of the U.S. Embassy, of land on Mt. Ngaliema near Camp Tshatshi and the principal

neg: Civilizing mission same main purpose of Christianisation. By the middle of the 16th century the Jesuits were present in West Africa, South America, Ethiopia, India, China, and Japan. In a period of history when the world had a largely illiterate population, the Portuguese Empire, was home to one of the first universities founded in Europe - the University of Coimbra, which currently is still one of the oldest universities. Throughout the centuries of Portuguese rule, Brazilian students, mostly graduated in the Jesuit missions and seminaries, were allowed and even encouraged to enroll at higher education in mainland Portugal. By 1700, and reflecting

neg: Pentecostal Foreign Mission of Norway Mission Association" (renamed"Norwegian Free Evangelical Hedningemission"- or NFEH - in 1920). For theological reasons, related to the Pentecostal movement's self-understanding as consisting of entirely independent and autonomous churches, NFEH was closed in 1930 and the associated Mission in 1932. The movement's founder in Norway and foremost leader figure, Thomas Ball Barratt, who had advocated the establishment of the organization, was also the deciding vote when the organization was disbanded. Missionary commitment was not weakened by this. New work was started in Paraguay and Brazil, and several missionaries were sent to established mission fields in Asia and Africa. In India the

neg: Baptist Churches of the Central African Republic Baptist Churches of the Central African Republic The Baptist Churches of the Central African Republic () is a Baptist Christian denomination, in Central African Republic. Baptist Mid-Missions sent six missionaries to French Equatorial Africa in the fall of 1921. Rev. Haas, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Rosenau, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Young, and Mrs. Rowena Becker reached Africa in January 1921 and journeyed inland to French Equatorial Africa. The first stations were established at Sibut, Crampel, and Bangassou, in what is now the "Central African Republic". Although Hass died in 1924, the mission continued to expand and by the 1960s had

neg: Kolobeng Mission Livingstone's presence. In 1852, Boer farmers attacked the tribes in the area, including the Bakwena at Kolobeng in the Battle of Dimawe. This prompted the Livingstones to leave Kolobeng, and the mission was abandoned. A fence was installed around the site in 1935, and the mission is now preserved by the Department of National Museum and Monuments under Botswana's Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism. Before David Livingstone arrived in Kolobeng, he was first assigned to a London Missionary Society mission in Kuruman in present-day South Africa in 1841. He met Sechele I, leader of the Bakwena, while stationed in

neg: Venom Snake in a series of missions in Afghanistan and Central Africa as he and Kazuhira Miller seek revenge for lost comrades and pursues the Cipher organization. Along the way, he recruits several individuals into his army, including companions such as the sniper Quiet and the canine D-Dog. Snake ultimately comes face to face with XOF's leader Skull Face, as well as child mercenary leader Eli. During an unspecified time period, he is shown in Outer Heaven receiving a cassette tape from Big Boss, with one side labelled "Operation Intrude N313" (the mission codename in the original "Metal Gear"), which he plays

neg: Academic boycott of South Africa academics who had been banned from teaching and writing in South Africa because of their political beliefs. In December 1980, the United Nations passed a resolution "Cultural, Academic and other boycotts of South Africa": "The ethical and other issues surrounding the academic boycott deeply divided the academic community, both within and outside South Africa." "Boycott proponents argued that academics should not be treated as an elite detached from the political and social environment in which it functions, especially since some of the South African universities seemed to be tools of the Nationalist government." Desmond Tutu, a prominent leader within the

neg: Celtel Africa Challenge Season 2 Celtel Africa Challenge Season 2 The Celtel Africa Challenge Season 2 was the second season of telecommunications company Celtel's round-based competition involving universities from Eastern and Southern Africa. Like the first season, the second season was hosted by John Sibi-Okumu. With the change from automatic selection for universities, sixteen Kenyan universities were entered into the preliminary elimination round, held in the University of Nairobi on 1 November 2007. The universities were: After the elimination process and seeding, Strathmore were seeded first, Egerton second, Kenyatta University third and Moi University fourth. The seeded universities proceed to the competition, to be held

neg: Diplomatic Mission Peace and Prosperity legal state. DMPP helps the talented boys and girls of the Balkans to get educated in universities such as Harvard, Oxford, Sorbonne, American University, Logos Instituto University of East Anglia, etc., to graduate as diplomats and leader economists who are capable to lead corporations, multinational companies, banks and international institutions that dictate the policies of the development of the regions and the whole world. DMPP fulfills every objective that it is related to the policies of peace and prosperity all over the world. Diplomatic Mission Peace and Prosperity Diplomatic Mission Peace and Prosperity (DMPP) is an international lobbying organization initiated

neg: Kim Soon-kwon in 55 years. This successful hybrid changed Korea's agriculture, who was unable to make more. The IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture) was founded in 1967 by 2 American organizations dedicated to caritative entities; this organization also held UN support. Dr Kim entered IITA, with his first mission in Nigeria, IITA's seat. Remembering his promise to help people, he went to Africa. There, he began to search for an African hybrid. It was said that central and western Africa weren't able to produce a hybrid, however Dr Kim continued to organize his efforts. He attempted to create varieties of cultivations,

neg: Hermannsburg Mission Seminary the necessary academic education. So the Hermannsburg Mission began as a "farmers' mission" ("Bauernmission"). Having qualified, The first "pupils" were sent overseas in 1854 and founded the work of the Hermannsburg Mission in South Africa, where the Evangelical-Lutheran Mission in Lower Saxony (ELM) is still active today. Even after the Second World War, spiritual impulses went out from the mission seminary under seminary leader, Olav Hanssen. this resulted in the foundation of groups like "Group 153", the "Epiphaniaskreis" and the Protestant "Gethsemane Monastery" in Riechenberg at Goslar. Between 1979 and 1993 the seminary was led by Dietrich Mann. Hermannsburg Mission