query: tool used to measure distance on a map

pos: Opisometer length can be directly read. The instrument is most commonly used to measure the lengths of roads, rivers and other line features on maps. Opisometers designed for this purpose provide scales reading the measured distance in kilometers and miles. Early versions of this instrument were patented in 1873 by the English engineer Edward Russell Morris. The instruments he produced were initially described as a "Patent Chartometer" although later versions were sold under the curious name of "Wealemefna". Writing in 1881, Morris described how he had created a wholly original name in an attempt to outwit his imitators; he also refused

neg: Melnikov distance Melnikov distance The Melnikov method is a tool to identify the existence of chaos in a class of dynamical systems under periodic perturbation. The Melnikov method is used in many cases to predict the occurrence of chaotic orbits in non-autonomous smooth nonlinear systems under periodic perturbation. According to the method is possible to construct a function called "Melnikov function", and hence to predict either regular or chaotic behavior of a studied dynamical system. Thus, the Melnikov function will be used to determine a measure of distance between stable and unstable manifolds in the Poincaré map. Moreover, when this measure is

neg: Calipers to measure a distance between two points on a map. The two caliper's ends are brought to the two points whose distance is being measured. The caliper's opening is then either measured on a separate ruler and then converted to the actual distance, or it is measured directly on a scale drawn on the map. On a nautical chart the distance is often measured on the latitude scale appearing on the sides of the map: one minute of arc of latitude is approximately one nautical mile or 1852 metres. Dividers are also used in the medical profession. An ECG (also

neg: Ninety Six, South Carolina was located in Clarendon Parish, it is possible that parish linear measurements as used in England were used on colonial maps to measure distances in "chains". In England, according to a British and Welsh booklet designating linear measurements, parish maps used a rule of "4 chains to the inch". In using that parish rule on an early map of colonial South Carolina, 90 "chains" on a map would probably cover approximately , the map distance from "Saxe Gotha" (modern Lexington, South Carolina) to Ninety-Six. Using the same measurements for the distance from Ninety-Six to the Savannah River, the measurement would

neg: Compass (drawing tool) keeping the hinge on the same angle. The radius of the circle can be adjusted by changing the angle of the hinge. Distances can be measured on a map using compasses with two spikes, also called a dividing compass. The hinge is set in such a way that the distance between the spikes on the map represents a certain distance in reality, and by measuring how many times the compasses fit between two points on the map the distance between those points can be calculated. Compasses-and-straightedge constructions are used to illustrate principles of plane geometry. Although a real pair of

neg: Tape measure used for surveying purposes are classified in 4 types according to the material from which they are manufactured: Tape measure A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler and used to measure distance. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure around curves or corners. Today it is ubiquitous, even appearing in miniature form as a keychain fob, or novelty item. Surveyors

neg: Tape measure Tape measure A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler and used to measure distance. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure around curves or corners. Today it is ubiquitous, even appearing in miniature form as a keychain fob, or novelty item. Surveyors use tape measures in lengths of over 100 m. There are two basic types of tape measures with

neg: Angle gauge needs to know the limiting distance for a tree. The PRF using a 10 BAF angle gauge is for every inch of tree diameter. Therefore, 20 inches × 2.75 ft/inch = . This means that a tree must be over away from the center of the plot using a BAF 10 angle gauge to be out of the plot. Angle gauge An angle gauge is a tool used by foresters to determine which trees to measure when using a variable radius plot design in forest inventory. Using this tool a forester can quickly measure the trees that are in or

neg: Angle gauge Angle gauge An angle gauge is a tool used by foresters to determine which trees to measure when using a variable radius plot design in forest inventory. Using this tool a forester can quickly measure the trees that are in or out of the plot. An angle gauge is similar to a wedge prism though it must be held a fixed distance from the eye to work properly. Unlike the wedge prism, which is held over the plot center, the surveyor's eye is kept over plot-center when using an angle gauge. When using an angle gauge the user must count

neg: Wireline (cabling) the received gamma rays is dependent on the source emitting gamma rays, the density of the formation, and the distance between the source and the tool detector. The log recorded by this tool is used to identify lithology, estimate shale content, and depth correlation of future logs. Nuclear tools measure formation properties through the interaction of reservoir molecules with radiation emitted from the logging tool. The two most common properties measured by nuclear tools are formation porosity and rock density: Formation porosity is determined by installing a radiation source capable of emitting fast neutrons into the downhole environment. Any pore

neg: Self-organizing map be attached to the associated nodes in the trained net. During mapping, there will be one single "winning" neuron: the neuron whose weight vector lies closest to the input vector. This can be simply determined by calculating the Euclidean distance between input vector and weight vector. While representing input data as vectors has been emphasized in this article, it should be noted that any kind of object which can be represented digitally, which has an appropriate distance measure associated with it, and in which the necessary operations for training are possible can be used to construct a self-organizing map. This

neg: Head and shoulders (chart pattern) the neckline on small volume, there may be a "wave up", although it is not certain, but it is observed, the rally normally does not cross the general level of the Neckline and before selling pressure increases, the steep decline occurs and prices tumble with greater volume. Head and Shoulders is an extremely useful tool after its confirmation to estimate and measure the minimum probable extent of the subsequent move from the neckline. To find the distance of subsequent move, measure the vertical distance from the peak of the head to the neckline. Then measure this same distance down from

neg: IGeoSIT example, a units current location can be visually compared to a SQL response which contains the geospatial data point for a nearby military outpost. The Java tool has things like rulers to physically measure distance(s), or draw shapes for export to PowerPoint for a mission brief, or event log. IGeoSIT iGeoSIT, the Interim Geo-Spatial Intelligence Tool, is a situational awareness tool developed by the NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCIA) used widely within NATO. iGeoSIT consists of a web-enabled Java server client and a central server, running Apache and Tomcat. When a NATO person enters the URL for an iGeoSIT

neg: Calipers Calipers A caliper (British spelling also calliper, or in plurale tantum sense a pair of calipers) is a device used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object. Many types of calipers permit reading out a measurement on a ruled scale, a dial, or a digital display. But a caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-facing points. The tips of the caliper are adjusted to fit across the points to be measured and then the caliper is then removed and the distance read by measuring between the tips with a measuring tool,

neg: Linear scale Linear scale A linear scale, also called a bar scale, scale bar, graphic scale, or graphical scale, is a means of visually showing the scale of a map, nautical chart, engineering drawing, or architectural drawing. On large scale maps and charts, those covering a small area, and engineering and architectural drawings, the linear scale can be very simple, a line marked at intervals to show the distance on the earth or object which the distance on the scale represents. A person using the map can use a pair of dividers (or, less precisely, two fingers) to measure a distance by

neg: Mercator 1569 world map that OE=OD, here approximately 54°. This is a measure of the rhumb line distance between the points on the sphere corresponding to A and B on the spherical Earth. Since each degree on the equator corresponds to 60 nautical miles the sailing distance is 3240 nautical miles for this example. If B is in the second quadrant with respect to A then the upper rose is used and if B is west of A then the longitude separation is simply reversed. Mercator also gives a refined method which is useful for small azimuths. The above method is explained in Legend

neg: UNITED for Intercultural Action more than 15,181 deaths have been documented. The so-called "List of Deaths" plays an important role in UNITED's annual Refugee Day campaign and is also used as lobby tool. To measure the magnitude of the "war on migrants", OWNI – an online information and news platform – built an interactive map as an electronic memorial for these tragedies. The "List of Deaths" was also used in several art projects. The European Address Book Against Racism is an annual publication that holds contact details and working-field information of organisations active within the scope of UNITED. The printed edition 2011 contained addresses

neg: Magnetic flux leakage electronics or "brains" of the smart pig. The Electronics Can also contains the batteries and is some cases an IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) to tie location information to GPS coordinates. On the very rear of the tool are odometer wheels that travel along the inside of the pipeline to measure the distance and speed of the tool. As a MFL tool navigates the pipeline a magnetic circuit is created between the pipewall and the tool. Brushes typically act as a transmitter of magnetic flux from the tool into the pipewall, and as the magnets are oriented in opposing directions, a

neg: Levenshtein distance time). It was made two-dimensional by Papadimitriou (2009), who gave a formula for the calculation of spatial complexity of a 2-dimensional map from the Levenshtein distances of strings representing horizontal and vertical stripes of the map. It was thus shown that this (Papadimitriou-Levenshtein) measure can as well serve to evaluate a map's spatial complexity and, in this way, was created a Spatial Levenshtein Distance. Levenshtein distance In information theory, linguistics and computer science, the Levenshtein distance is a string metric for measuring the difference between two sequences. Informally, the Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of single-character

neg: Subsurface scattering measure of the distance the light has traveled through the material must be obtained. One method of estimating this distance is to use depth maps, in a manner similar to shadow mapping. The scene is rendered from the light's point of view into a depth map, so that the distance to the nearest surface is stored. The depth map is then projected onto it using standard projective texture mapping and the scene re-rendered. In this pass, when shading a given point, the distance from the light at the point the ray entered the surface can be obtained by a simple

neg: Power mapping steps for moving forward by determining the best way to access the individuals through the relationships determined. Power mapping can be helpful for the clinician and the client or group to see environmental factors contributing to their identified issue(s) as well as the potential strengths that can contribute to client well-being. Power mapping has been used in the clinical setting in order to enhance the life of the client and to measure the potential power of an individual. In this setting, the power map is used as a visual tool showing the potential assets and resources and can include proximal

neg: Kar-go existing shareholders. The company shortly after unveiled its autonomous data-gathering vehicles. These were vehicles were used to develop Kar-go's driverless vehicle technology. Data such as imagery for object recognition and geometry to measure distance were collected, to be processed for use in their autonomous vehicles. Kar-go uses Bayesian Simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) algorithms, which fuse data from multiple sensors and an off-line map into current location estimates and map updates. Detection and tracking of other moving objects (DATMO) technology will lower the risk of it crashing into other cars and pedestrians. Sensors include lidar and stereo vision, GPS and

neg: PSYCHLOPS PSYCHLOPS PSYCHLOPS (psychological outcome profiles) is a type of psychological testing, a tool used in primary care to measure mental health outcomes and as a quality of life measure. It is also one intervention that has been adapted for use in children and adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in response to a demand for guidance on psychological interventions for people exposed to adversity, including humanitarian disasters. PSYCHLOPS is a mental health outcome-measure tool used in primary care or community care settings and is self-completed. It measures mental health problems, quality of life, social functioning and wellbeing. Others include

neg: Machine-tool dynamometer Machine-tool dynamometer A machine-tool dynamometer is a multi-component dynamometer that is used to measure forces during the use of the machine tool. Empirical calculations of these forces can be cross-checked and verified experimentally using these machine tool dynamometers. With advances in technology, machine-tool dynamometers are increasingly used for the accurate measurement of forces and for optimizing the machining process. These multi-component forces are measured as an individual component force in each co-ordinate, depending on the coordinate system used. The forces during machining are dependent on depth of cut, feed rate, cutting speed, tool material and geometry, material of the work

neg: Landscape ecology by Carl Troll, Isaak S. Zonneveld, Zev Naveh, Richard T. T. Forman/Michel Godron and others that landscapes are arenas in which humans interact with their environments on a kilometre-wide scale; instead, he defines 'landscape'—regardless of scale—as "the template on which spatial patterns influence ecological processes". Some define 'landscape' as an area containing two or more ecosystems in close proximity. A main concept in landscape ecology is "scale". Scale represents the real world as translated onto a map, relating distance on a map image and the corresponding distance on earth. Scale is also the spatial or temporal measure of an object

neg: Development of Doom rather than calculating how light traveled from light sources to surfaces using ray tracing, the game calculates the "light level" of a section of a level, which can be as small as a single stair step, based on its distance from light sources. It then modifies the color palette of that section's surface textures to mimic how dark it would look. Romero used the map editing tool he developed to build grandiose areas with these new possibilities, and came up with new ways to use Carmack's lighting engine such as strobe lights. He also programmed engine features such as switches

neg: Tangent measure “looks like” "k"-dimensional Hausdorff measure "H" on "P". More precisely: Further study of tangent measures and tangent spaces leads to the notion of a varifold. Tangent measure In measure theory, tangent measures are used to study the local behavior of Radon measures, in much the same way as tangent spaces are used to study the local behavior of differentiable manifolds. Tangent measures (introduced by David Preiss in his study of rectifiable sets) are a useful tool in geometric measure theory. For example, they are used in proving Marstrand’s theorem and Preiss' theorem. Consider a Radon measure "μ" defined on an

neg: Machine-tool dynamometer piece and other factors such as use of lubrication/cooling during machining. Machine-tool dynamometer A machine-tool dynamometer is a multi-component dynamometer that is used to measure forces during the use of the machine tool. Empirical calculations of these forces can be cross-checked and verified experimentally using these machine tool dynamometers. With advances in technology, machine-tool dynamometers are increasingly used for the accurate measurement of forces and for optimizing the machining process. These multi-component forces are measured as an individual component force in each co-ordinate, depending on the coordinate system used. The forces during machining are dependent on depth of cut, feed

neg: Dark Energy Survey effect can be observed by looking for oscillations in the matter power spectrum, formula_11. Measurement of BAO are an important tool for probing cosmology, and in particular the evolution of dark energy. As described above, BAO imparts a characteristic signal in the matter power spectrum on the scale of the sound horizon at recombination. This signal in the power spectrum can be used as a standard ruler to map out the evolution of the Hubble parameter, formula_12, and the angular diameter distance formula_13 with redshift. This in turn constrains the properties of dark energy and other cosmological parameters. The angle

neg: Geographic information system helikites first pioneered the use of compact airborne digital cameras as airborne geo-information systems. Aircraft measurement software, accurate to 0.4 mm was used to link the photographs and measure the ground. Helikites are inexpensive and gather more accurate data than aircraft. Helikites can be used over roads, railways and towns where unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are banned. Recently aerial data collection is becoming possible with miniature UAVs. For example, the Aeryon Scout was used to map a 50-acre area with a ground sample distance of in only 12 minutes. The majority of digital data currently comes from photo interpretation of

neg: Meteodyn WT wind conditions and therefore the wind resources of the desired terrain. Meteodyn WT has been validated with actual wind measurements by independent studies. Meteodyn WT is used by wind turbine manufacturers, wind farm developers, consulting firms and wind farm operators. The current version of Meteodyn WT displays all projects in one world map; this map already includes terrain and roughness data. Meteodyn WT features a geographical data management tool, a meteorological data processing tool, a LIDAR correction tool, a wind turbine creation tool, a wind turbines micro-siting tool, a wind atlas tool and an auto-convergence tool. It also includes the

neg: Gold Mining Water Race, Windeyer designers used their considerable ingenuity and skill to collect water from the upper reaches of the Meroo River, where the stream drops quite rapidly. Using a small dam construction to collect the water initially, then a water race. The water was carded thus until the terrain became difficult, steep and rocky. Here the Chinese constructed a shale stone wall to support the race, and so carried the water around the bend in the river. The tool that was used to measure the level of the water course, and so to carry the water a long distance with a minimal drop,

neg: Tangent measure Tangent measure In measure theory, tangent measures are used to study the local behavior of Radon measures, in much the same way as tangent spaces are used to study the local behavior of differentiable manifolds. Tangent measures (introduced by David Preiss in his study of rectifiable sets) are a useful tool in geometric measure theory. For example, they are used in proving Marstrand’s theorem and Preiss' theorem. Consider a Radon measure "μ" defined on an open subset Ω of "n"-dimensional Euclidean space R and let "a" be an arbitrary point in Ω. We can “zoom in” on a small open

neg: The Graded Care Profile Tool The Graded Care Profile Tool The Graded Care Profile Tool is a practice tool which gives an objective measure of the quality of care in terms of a parent/carer's commitment. It was developed in the UK. It is often used in cases where child neglect is suspected. The Graded Care Profile was developed by Dr Srivastava in the early 1990s as a practical tool to give an objective measure of the care of children across all areas of need. A recent qualitative evaluation of the Graded Care Profile found that social workers felt the tool was useful in helping them

neg: Underwater orienteering Cup by competitors from South Africa resulted in its renaming as the World Cup in 1989. Underwater orienteering Underwater orienteering is an underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba diving equipment and consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water that test the competitors competency in underwater navigation. The competition is principally concerned with the effectiveness of navigation technique used by competitors to swim an underwater course following a route marked on a map prepared by the competition organisers, a compass and a counter meter to measure the distance covered. The

neg: Underwater orienteering Underwater orienteering Underwater orienteering is an underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba diving equipment and consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water that test the competitors competency in underwater navigation. The competition is principally concerned with the effectiveness of navigation technique used by competitors to swim an underwater course following a route marked on a map prepared by the competition organisers, a compass and a counter meter to measure the distance covered. The sport was developed in the Soviet Union during the late 1950s and is currently played mainly

neg: Underwater sports but instead surface for air every 30 seconds. Underwater orienteering is an underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba diving equipment and consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water that test the competitors’ competency in underwater navigation. The competition is principally concerned with the effectiveness of navigation technique used by competitors to swim an underwater course following a route marked on a map prepared by the competition organisers, a compass and a counter meter to measure the distance covered. The sport was developed in the USSR during the late 1950s

neg: Isochrone map Isochrone map An isochrone map (or chart/diagram) in geography and urban planning is a map showing areas related to isochrones between different points. An isochrone is defined as "a line drawn on a map connecting points at which something occurs or arrives at the same time". Such a map is sometimes termed simply an isochrone (iso = equal, chrone = time). In hydrology and transportation planning isochrone maps are commonly used to depict areas of equal travel time. The term is also used in cardiology as a tool to visually detect abnormalities using body surface distribution. Isochrone maps have been

neg: Biltmore stick Biltmore stick The Biltmore stick is a tool used by foresters to estimate tree trunk diameter at breast height. The tool very often includes a hypsometer scale to estimate height as well. It looks much like an everyday yardstick. A Biltmore stick is considered to be only marginally accurate. Some foresters use the tool regularly, however, many prefer to use more accurate tools such as a diameter tape to measure diameter at breast height (DBH) and a clinometer to measure height. On the other end of the spectrum, some foresters consider the use of a Biltmore stick to be no

neg: Pacing (surveying) Pacing (surveying) Pacing is a reasonably easy and quick method of measuring distance in the field. It is used to measure a distance and is often used with a sighting or a hand compass. Most commonly, pacing is split up into segments, such as chains, which are set measures of distance. By determining one's own pace, distance can easily be estimated. To estimate one's own pace, a measure of known distance, such as or , should be marked in a straight line on level ground. One pace is defined as two footsteps. The distance is paced several times and the

neg: Thinking Maps Calvo's (2011) "Concept Maps as Cognitive Visualizations of Writing Assignments", concept maps are discussed as a means of scaffolding university-aged students' ideas in writing, as well as their metacognitive skills. In their study, Villalon and Calvo evaluated a new Concept Map Mining tool, which was used in an "e-learning environment" that automatically generated maps using students' written work (p. 16). The Concept Map Mining tool was used to look at a collection of annotated essays written by undergraduate college students (p. 16). Villalon and Calvo (2011) found that "Cognitive Visualizations [such as Concept Map Mining] provide quality feedback because they

neg: VISTA (telescope) our galaxy in much more detail than ever before. Another VISTA survey will study our neighbouring small galaxies, the Magellanic Clouds, and their surroundings. VISTA data will also be used to create a 3D map of about 5% of the entire observable Universe. Further out, VISTA will be a powerful tool for discovering remote quasars and studying the evolution of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. It will help to probe the nature of dark energy by finding very distant galaxy clusters. Infrared measurements from the VVV astronomical survey have been employed to bolster the cosmic distance ladder, namely by providing

neg: Pacing (surveying) to be applied to record accurate data. Pacing (surveying) Pacing is a reasonably easy and quick method of measuring distance in the field. It is used to measure a distance and is often used with a sighting or a hand compass. Most commonly, pacing is split up into segments, such as chains, which are set measures of distance. By determining one's own pace, distance can easily be estimated. To estimate one's own pace, a measure of known distance, such as or , should be marked in a straight line on level ground. One pace is defined as two footsteps. The

neg: Reino Antero Hirvonen society Ursa. R.A. Hirvonen participated in the 1930s in the construction of triangulation towers, and measurements, for the first order triangulation of Finland. He also developed over the years many new mathematical algorithms for manual calculations (before the computer era), e.g., for calculating the Gauss-Krüger map projection. In 1947 he led a team of Finnish scientists to Brazil to measure the distance between South America and Africa. (T.J. Kukkamäki was the leader of the team sent to, then, Gold Coast, Africa.) They succeed with measurements using a method based on observing from points in Brazil and Africa. They used the

neg: Clementine (spacecraft) and an absolute calibration of 30%. The gain varied from 0.5X to 36X. [[Image:Moon clementine lidar.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Relief measurements made by LIDAR]] The "Clementine" Laser Image Detection And Ranging ([[LIDAR]]) experiment was designed to measure the distance from the spacecraft to a point on the surface of the Moon. This will allow an altimetric map to be made, which can be used to constrain the morphology of large basins and other lunar features, study stress and strain and flexural properties of the lithosphere, and can be combined with gravity to study the density distribution in the crust. The experiment was also designed

neg: Spliceman in positional distributions between RNA sequences. Users enter a DNA sequence as input to the program with an indicated mutation. Spliceman isolates the changed hexamers and computes the L1-distance between the frequencies of each hexamer appearing at each location near the splice site to measure the differences in their positional distributions. They distances are then assigned percentile ranks to estimate the likelihood of a splicing mutation. The Spliceman tool has applications in personalized genomic medicine. It has been used in several studies to identify disease-causing mutant alleles. Its applications so far include aid in the location of mutations related to

neg: Distance transform Rendering on typical GPU hardware requires conversion to polygon meshes, e.g. by the marching cubes algorithm. The distance transform can also be used for font rendering using vectors instead of sampling from texture, as in the opensource project GLyphy. Distance transform A distance transform, also known as distance map or distance field, is a derived representation of a digital image. The choice of the term depends on the point of view on the object in question: whether the initial image is transformed into another representation, or it is simply endowed with an additional map or field. Distance fields can also

neg: Distinguo Distinguo Distinguo is a proprietary software application for Semantic search based on description logic that enables users to search for meaning instead of just keywords. This API permits developers to integrate into their applications a tool to parse natural language (generating an XML summary), and then measure the semantic "distance" between a query and a target text. "Guha et al." distinguish two major forms of search: Navigational and Research. In navigational search, the user is using the search engine as a navigation tool to navigate to a particular intended document. Semantic Search is not directly applicable to navigational searches. In

neg: Distinguo into electronic dictionary or phrasebook applications. Distinguo Distinguo is a proprietary software application for Semantic search based on description logic that enables users to search for meaning instead of just keywords. This API permits developers to integrate into their applications a tool to parse natural language (generating an XML summary), and then measure the semantic "distance" between a query and a target text. "Guha et al." distinguish two major forms of search: Navigational and Research. In navigational search, the user is using the search engine as a navigation tool to navigate to a particular intended document. Semantic Search is not

neg: Walking distance measure to Jeddah. Walking distance measure The walking distance measure denotes the distance that can be travelled by walking in a fixed amount of time. In Japan, the standard measure for walking distance is 80 meters for 1 minute of walking time. It is the standard used in real estate listings. For example, if a building is a 10 minute walk from a particular park or train station, it is 800 meters away. In the last century, throughout most Middle Eastern countries, it was common to give the distances between cities in walking distances. For example, Khaybar is ten days' journey

neg: Machinability geometry, machine condition, cutting tool clamping, cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut. Also, the machinability for one tool type cannot be compared to another tool type (i.e. HSS tool to a carbide tool). formula_1 The forces required for a tool to cut through a material is directly related to the power consumed. Therefore, tool forces are often given in units of specific energy. This leads to a rating method where higher specific energies equal lower machinability. The advantage of this method is that outside factors have little effect on the rating. The surface finish is sometimes used to measure

neg: Walking distance measure Walking distance measure The walking distance measure denotes the distance that can be travelled by walking in a fixed amount of time. In Japan, the standard measure for walking distance is 80 meters for 1 minute of walking time. It is the standard used in real estate listings. For example, if a building is a 10 minute walk from a particular park or train station, it is 800 meters away. In the last century, throughout most Middle Eastern countries, it was common to give the distances between cities in walking distances. For example, Khaybar is ten days' journey by foot

neg: Cosmic distance ladder luminosity. The ladder analogy arises because no single technique can measure distances at all ranges encountered in astronomy. Instead, one method can be used to measure nearby distances, a second can be used to measure nearby to intermediate distances, and so on. Each rung of the ladder provides information that can be used to determine the distances at the next higher rung. At the base of the ladder are "fundamental" distance measurements, in which distances are determined directly, with no physical assumptions about the nature of the object in question. The precise measurement of stellar positions is part of the

neg: Sine bar is raised by a known distance, usually using gauge blocks, then the top edge of the bar will be tilted by the same amount forming an angle that may be calculated by the application of the sine rule. Angles may be measured or set with this tool. Angles are measured using a sine bar with the help of gauge blocks and a dial gauge or a spirit level. The aim of a measurement is to measure the surface on which the dial gauge or spirit level is placed horizontally. For example, to measure the angle of a wedge, the wedge

neg: Lithic analysis in these analytic method. The premise is that archaeologists presume a blueprint of the end-product of stone tool, or say a mental map with step-by-step processes of prehistoric people in mind. This assumption contain the concept that people tend to shape stone tool into certain specific form for specific purpose. This is the foundation of lithic typology and widely accepted. However Hiscock (2004) provides an ethnographic observation from Australia and points out that the processes of making lithic flake are actually more social dynamic and with lots of negotiation between lithic knappers, the common measure attributes, such as retouched scar,

neg: Marine sandglass period, the importance of a sand-glass was more commonly related to its use at sea and its fabrication demand may have been originated from the navigational needs from the Crown of Aragon a maritime power of the moment in the Mediterranean. In long-distance navigation through the open ocean, the sandglass or "glass" used to measure the time was a tool as important as the compass (which indicated sailing direction, and so ship's course). Filled with the amount of sand suitable for measuring a lapse of half an hour, each time the sand emptied was also called a "glass"; eight glasses

neg: Ballistic pendulum of a bullet, the basic calculations for a ballistic pendulum do not require any measurement of time, but rely only on measures of mass and distance. In addition its primary uses of measuring the velocity of a projectile or the recoil of a gun, the ballistic pendulum can be used to measure any transfer of momentum. For example, a ballistic pendulum was used by physicist C. V. Boys to measure the elasticity of golf balls, and by physicist Peter Guthrie Tait to measure the effect that spin had on the distance a golf ball traveled. The ballistic pendulum was invented

neg: Cartographic propaganda or Afghanistan to the Indian Ocean (Black 1997; 2008). Similarly, maps illustrating rocket positions used a polar azimuth projection with the North Pole at its center, which gave the map reader the perception that there existed a relatively small distance between the countries on opposing sides of the Cold War. Scale, map projection, and symbolization are characteristics of cartography that can be selectively applied that will therefore transform a map into cartographic propaganda. Scales are used to relate distance because maps are usually smaller than the area they represent. Because of the need for a scale, the cartographer often makes

neg: Asymptotic equipartition property is given by Gromov Given a sequence of Cartesian powers formula_56 of a measure space "P", this sequence admits an "asymptotically equivalent" sequence "H" of homogeneous measure spaces ("i.e." all sets have the same measure; all morphisms are invariant under the group of automorphisms, and thus factor as a morphism to the terminal object) . The above requires a definition of "asymptotic equivalence". This is given in terms of a distance function, giving how much an injective correspondence differs from an isomorphism. An injective correspondence formula_57 is a partially defined map that is a bijection; that is, it is a

neg: Mahalanobis distance the slope or coefficients of the regression equation. Mahalanobis distance is also used to determine multivariate outliers. Regression techniques can be used to determine if a specific case within a sample population is an outlier via the combination of two or more variable scores. Even for normal distributions, a point can be a multivariate outlier even if it is not a univariate outlier for any variable (consider a probability density concentrated along the line formula_26, for example), making Mahalanobis distance a more sensitive measure than checking dimensions individually. Mahalanobis distance The Mahalanobis distance is a measure of the distance between

neg: Strainmeter Strainmeter A strainmeter is an instrument used by geophysicists to measure the deformation of the Earth. Linear strainmeters measure the changes in the distance between two points, using either a solid piece of material (over a short distance) or a laser interferometer (over a long distance, up to several hundred meters). The type using a solid length standard was invented by Benioff in 1932, using an iron pipe; later instruments used rods made of fused quartz. Modern instruments of this type can make measurements of length changes over very small distances, and are commonly placed in boreholes to measure small

neg: Quilling The circle sizer ruler is not essential in making coils into a desired size after curling. The ruler on the side is used to measure each strip to ensure they are the same length before curling. Curling coaches make a great compliment tool for slotted tools and are recommended for younger kids and for people who like to quill 3D miniatures. It makes curling the strips much faster and easier than if they were curled with just the slotted tool. This tool is used to make crimped quilling strips. It helps to create different patterns. Quilling paper is available on

neg: 3D reconstruction on model. These methods actively interfere with the reconstructed object, either mechanically or radiometrically using rangefinders, in order to acquire the depth map, e.g. structured light, laser range finder and other active sensing techniques. A simple example of a mechanical method would use a depth gauge to measure a distance to a rotating object put on a turntable. More applicable radiometric methods emit radiance towards the object and then measure its reflected part. Examples range from moving light sources, colored visible light, time-of-flight lasers to microwaves or ultrasound. See 3D scanning for more details. Passive methods of 3D reconstruction do

neg: Moment map Moment map In mathematics, specifically in symplectic geometry, the momentum map (or moment map) is a tool associated with a Hamiltonian action of a Lie group on a symplectic manifold, used to construct conserved quantities for the action. The momentum map generalizes the classical notions of linear and angular momentum. It is an essential ingredient in various constructions of symplectic manifolds, including symplectic (Marsden–Weinstein) quotients, discussed below, and symplectic cuts and sums. Let "M" be a manifold with symplectic form ω. Suppose that a Lie group "G" acts on "M" via symplectomorphisms (that is, the action of each "g" in

neg: Allinea MAP that are preparing to scale to 1 ExaFLOP/s The profiler uses adaptive sampling methods to identify process counters and activities, and combines data from multiple processes that may be running on multiple compute server nodes. It analyzes performance and causes of bottlenecks including: This enables developers to identify hotspots and areas of potential improvement. The tool is scalable - and merges performance data using the scalable architecture first used in Allinea DDT to debug Petascale (typically over 100,000 processes). Arm MAP shares a common user interface with Arm DDT which together make the Arm Forge tool suite. This is widely

neg: Ammeter portable hand-held clamp-on ammeter is a common tool for maintenance of industrial and commercial electrical equipment, which is temporarily clipped over a wire to measure current. Some recent types have a parallel pair of magnetically soft probes that are placed on either side of the conductor. Ammeter An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as "milliammeters" or "microammeters". Early ammeters were laboratory instruments which relied on

neg: Map projection that relative angles at each point of the map are correct, and the local scale (although varying throughout the map) in every direction around any one point is constant. These are some conformal projections: Equal-area maps preserve area measure, generally distorting shapes in order to do that. Equal-area maps are also called "equivalent" or "authalic". These are some projections that preserve area: These are some projections that preserve distance from some standard point or line: Great circles are displayed as straight lines: Direction to a fixed location B (the bearing at the starting location A of the shortest route) corresponds

neg: Managerial assessment of proficiency training." Dr. Scott Parry, founder of Training House, Inc.,creator of the tool and 1999 inductee into the ASTD (ATD) and, Academy of Resource Development, Halls of Fame, developed the MAP competency framework by first analysing the results of a series of large competency studies conducted by a number of major organisations. Dr. Parry, sold Training House in 1999 to HRD Press, Inc. who authorized Development Processes Group, plc as the exclusive representative and developer of the MAP assessment within the United Kingdom. Cliff Lansley leads the further development of MAP with fellow Director Cameron Robertson has used the tool in

neg: Bhattacharyya distance Bhattacharyya distance In statistics, the Bhattacharyya distance measures the similarity of two probability distributions. It is closely related to the Bhattacharyya coefficient which is a measure of the amount of overlap between two statistical samples or populations. Both measures are named after Anil Kumar Bhattacharya, a statistician who worked in the 1930s at the Indian Statistical Institute. The coefficient can be used to determine the relative closeness of the two samples being considered. It is used to measure the separability of classes in classification and it is considered to be more reliable than the Mahalanobis distance, as the Mahalanobis distance

neg: Hex map Hex map A hex map, hex board, or hex grid is a game board design commonly used in wargames of all scales. The map is subdivided into a hexagonal tiling, small regular hexagons of identical size. The primary advantage of a hex map over a traditional square grid map is that the distance between the center of each and every pair of adjacent hex cells (or "hex") is the same. By comparison, in a square grid map, the distance from the center of each square cell to the center of the four diagonal adjacent cells it shares a corner with

neg: Projection-valued measure "L"("X"). Then formula_4 is a projection-valued measure. If π is a projection-valued measure on a measurable space ("X", "M"), then the map extends to a linear map on the vector space of step functions on "X". In fact, it is easy to check that this map is a ring homomorphism. This map extends in a canonical way to all bounded complex-valued measurable functions on "X", and we have the following. Theorem. "For any bounded" "M"-"measurable function f on X, there exists" "a unique bounded linear operator" such that" "for all" formula_29. "Where," formula_30 "denotes the complex measure" "from the definition

neg: Shadow Complex developers sought to have their tool usable on any surface, and had to consider all the potentially game-breaking routes that would be created by introducing the tool too early. Several iterations of this paper map were performed, though Mustard noted that about 85% of their original design remained in the final map. With a brush stroke tool within the Unreal Engine, they were then able to quickly build out their drawn map into the 3D computer engine, using a cylinder to represent the player. After working on tightening the feel of the player's movement controls with the simplistic map, they

neg: PSYCHLOPS Outcome Profile), another outcome measure first published in 1996 and mainly used for people who present with physical, emotional, or social symptoms. There has been debate as to whether to identify and measure individualized outcomes that are unique for each patient (idiographic approach) or to use standardized measures (nomothetic approach). Both measures have their advantages and disadvantages. As a patient-generated measure, PSYCHLOPS appears a more sensitive (responsive) measure of change following a mental health intervention than some other standardised measures. PSYCHLOPS PSYCHLOPS (psychological outcome profiles) is a type of psychological testing, a tool used in primary care to measure mental

neg: Crime displacement quotient (WDQ) by rs and Johnson (2003). Although this tool is not widely recognized, its use has made displacement statistically recordable. WDQ is one part of understanding the effects of targeted law enforcement, but the ease with which the system can be used comes from its being a simple series of statistical tests on data. WDQ works as an overall process, and is an effective technique to measure the geographical displacement of crime. In addition to measuring this, the tool can also measure the diffusion of benefit of law-enforcement efforts. A study by Catherine Phillips for the Nottingham Trent University

neg: Flight zone significant interaction between them. This indicates that FID is species-specific, and while sites do influence the FID of a species, the average FID is a good reference for wildlife managers to use when creating buffer zones. While escape distance has been generally used as a measure of tolerance, other changes in animal behavior in presence of humans, such as increased vigilance time at the cost of decreased feeding time, may have significant overall impact on wildlife. Therefore, it is suggested that a more conservative measure, namely, the alert distance, should be used in determining minimum approaching distance. The latter typically

neg: DNA–DNA hybridization for comparison of closely related species, as any attempt to measure differences between orthologous sequences between organisms is overwhelmed by the hybridization of paralogous sequences within an organism's genome. DNA sequencing and computational comparisons of sequences is now generally the method for determining genetic distance, although the technique is still used in microbiology to help identify bacteria. The modern approach is to carry out DNA–DNA hybridization "in silico" using completely or partially sequenced genomes.<ref name="doi10.1186/1471-2105-14-60"></ref> The GGDC developed at DSMZ is the most accurate known tool for calculating DDH-analogous values. Among other algorithmic improvements, it solves the problem with paralogous

neg: Pace count beads Pace count beads Pace count beads or ranger beads is a manual counting tool used to keep track of distance traveled through a pace count. It is used in military land navigation or orienteering. The tool is usually constructed using a set of 13 beads on a length of cord. The beads are divided into two sections, separated by a knot. Nine beads are used in the lower section, and four or more beads are used in the upper section. There is often a loop in the upper end, making it possible to attach the tool to the user's gear

neg: Tree height measurement is measured. The vertical distance added by the pole to the tape length is (sin Θ x pole length). There are several additional methods that can be used to measure tree heights from a distance that can produce reasonably accurate results. These include traditional surveying methods using a theodolite, cross-triangulation, the extended baseline method, the parallax method, and the triangle method. Standard surveying techniques may be used to measure tree heights. A theodolite with an electronic distance measurement (EDM0 function or Total Station can provide accurate heights because a specific point on the tree crown could be consistently chosen and

neg: U-matrix U-matrix The U-matrix (unified distance matrix) is a representation of a self-organizing map (SOM) where the Euclidean distance between the codebook vectors of neighboring neurons is depicted in a grayscale image. This image is used to visualize the data in a high-dimensional space using a 2D image. Once the SOM is trained using the input data, the final map is not expected to have any twists. If the map is twist-free, the distance between the codebook vectors of neighboring neurons gives an approximation of the distance between different parts of the underlying data. When such distances are depicted in a

neg: Brüel & Kjær enables the use of simulation models and test data to develop modifications to improve the sound quality and to achieve the ultimate objective of designing the desired sound characteristics into the product. Brüel & Kjær has developed an NVH tool for surreptitious recording and analysis called SoNoScout. It can be carried in the tester’s pocket on a train or bus without distracting the passengers or in a competitor’s vehicle where it can be combined with a GPS unit to generate a map of the test route, measure speed and even generate an RPM profile. The software runs on a PDA

neg: Concept map Concept mapping can also be seen as a first step in ontology-building, and can also be used flexibly to represent formal argument — similar to argument maps. Concept maps are widely used in education and business. Uses include: Concept map A concept map or conceptual diagram is a diagram that depicts suggested relationships between concepts. It is a graphical tool that instructional designers, engineers, technical writers, and others use to organize and structure knowledge. A concept map typically represents ideas and information as boxes or circles, which it connects with labeled arrows in a downward-branching hierarchical structure. The relationship between

neg: Sociomapping Real Time Sociomapping® software that enables customers to do team sociomapping on the spot and is used for commercial purposes. The basic principle of Sociomapping is transforming original data concerning a set of objects in such a way that the distance of each pair of objects on the map corresponds to the distance between the two objects in the underlying data. Transformation of the data is a matter of 1) choosing some metric that could be reasonably interpreted as distance, and 2) translating the multi-dimensional distance matrix into 2D coordinate system so that the correlation between map-distances and data-distances is

neg: Unit of account highest profit. The unit of account in financial accounting refers to the words that are used to describe the specific assets and liabilities that are reported in financial statements rather than the units used to measure them. That is, unit of account refers to the object of recognition or display whereas unit of measure refers to the tool for measuring it. Unit of measure and unit of account are sometimes treated as synonyms in financial accounting and economics. Unit of measure in financial accounting refers to the monetary unit to be used; that is, whether it should be nominal units

neg: Net-map toolbox program of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Net-Map expands on the Power Mapping Tool (http://www.ifpri.org/publication/tracing-power-and-influence-networks). The White Volta River Basin Board in rural Ghana, responsible for overseeing local water resources, was looking to enhance decision making among its many collaborators. The Board used Net-Map to identify its partners, its linkages with those partners, and their distinct goals and levels of influence. A representation of the Board’s network map is available in a World Bank Sourcebook for Development Practitioners. Net-Map was also presented at the International Network of Social Network Analysis' International Sunbelt Social Network Conference in 2007. Several

neg: Strategy map lacking significant investment areas, that of infrastructure and IT. Today, the lower-most perspective has been renamed to Organisational Capacity. The strategy map is a device that promotes three stages of conversation during the strategy development, implementation and learning process Over the years many have suggested that it can be used as, in part, a strategy development tool. Kaplan & Norton in their book "The Strategy Focused Organisation" [citation needed] argue that organisations could adopt 'industry standard' templates (basically a set of pre-determined strategic objectives). Strategy map A strategy map is a diagram that is used to document the primary strategic

neg: Collaboration graph nodes in a collaboration graph exists, the collaboration distance between them is said to be infinite. The collaboration distance may be used, for instance, for evaluating the citations of an author, a group of authors or a journal. In the collaboration graph of mathematicians, the collaboration distance from a particular person to Paul Erdős is called the Erdős number of that person. MathSciNet has a free online tool for computing the collaboration distance between any two mathematicians as well as the Erdős number of a mathematician. This tool also shows the actual chain of co-authors that realizes the collaboration distance.

neg: Refractive index of any optical instrument. It determines the focusing power of lenses, the dispersive power of prisms, the reflectivity of lens coatings, and the light-guiding nature of optical fiber. Since refractive index is a fundamental physical property of a substance, it is often used to identify a particular substance, confirm its purity, or measure its concentration. Refractive index is used to measure solids, liquids, and gases. Most commonly it is used to measure the concentration of a solute in an aqueous solution. It can also be used as a useful tool to differentiate between different types of gemstone, due to the

neg: Moment map quotient is a symplectic manifold, called the Marsden–Weinstein quotient, symplectic quotient or symplectic reduction of "M" by "G" and is denoted formula_115. Its dimension equals the dimension of "M" minus twice the dimension of "G". Moment map In mathematics, specifically in symplectic geometry, the momentum map (or moment map) is a tool associated with a Hamiltonian action of a Lie group on a symplectic manifold, used to construct conserved quantities for the action. The momentum map generalizes the classical notions of linear and angular momentum. It is an essential ingredient in various constructions of symplectic manifolds, including symplectic (Marsden–Weinstein) quotients,

neg: Colloidal probe technique a distance resolution between 0.5 and 2 nm. The colloidal probe technique has been developed in 1991 independently by Ducker and Butt. Since its development this tool has gained wide popularity in numerous research laboratories, and numerous reviews are available in the scientific literature. Alternative techniques to measure force between surfaces involve the surface forces apparatus, total internal reflection microscopy, and optical tweezers techniques to with video microscopy. The possibility to measure forces involving particles and surfaces directly is essential since such forces are relevant in a variety of processes involving colloidal and polymeric systems. Examples include particle aggregation, suspension

neg: Vertical metre Vertical metre A vertical metre is the metric unit used to measure the difference in height between two points on the terrain. For example, if the base camp for a mountaineering expedition is at 2,000 metres above sea level and the upper camp is at 5,000 metres; the height difference between them is 3,000 vertical metres. The term is used when there may be confusion between the point-to-point distance and the vertical distance. Vertical metres are used to measure: In German-speaking countries the abbreviation 'Hm' for "Höhenmeter" ("height metre") is used. If it is preceded by a '±' it refers

neg: Vertical metre to the cumulative elevation gain. Vertical metre A vertical metre is the metric unit used to measure the difference in height between two points on the terrain. For example, if the base camp for a mountaineering expedition is at 2,000 metres above sea level and the upper camp is at 5,000 metres; the height difference between them is 3,000 vertical metres. The term is used when there may be confusion between the point-to-point distance and the vertical distance. Vertical metres are used to measure: In German-speaking countries the abbreviation 'Hm' for "Höhenmeter" ("height metre") is used. If it is preceded

neg: Living Standards Measure In effect, the LSM is an income inequality metric, despite specifically excluding income as one of the tested metric. Its components are reflective of the fact that South Africa has a high Gini coefficient. The current (2015) basket of variables used to calculate LSM is: Living Standards Measure The Living Standards Measure or LSM is a marketing and research tool used in South Africa to classify standard of living and disposable income. It segments the population into ten deciles based on their relative means, with LSM 1 being the decile with the least means and 10 being the decile with

neg: Davies–Bouldin index and "T" is the size of the cluster "i". "S" is a measure of scatter within the cluster. Usually the value of "p" is 2, which makes this a Euclidean distance function between the centroid of the cluster, and the individual feature vectors. Many other distance metrics can be used, in the case of manifolds and higher dimensional data, where the euclidean distance may not be the best measure for determining the clusters. It is important to note that this distance metric has to match with the metric used in the clustering scheme itself for meaningful results. Here "k" indexes

neg: Dynamical system Σ) is a measurable space. μ is a finite measure on the sigma-algebra, so that the triplet ("X", Σ, μ) is a probability space. A map τ: "X" → "X" is said to be Σ-measurable if and only if, for every σ ∈ Σ, one has formula_16. A map τ is said to preserve the measure if and only if, for every σ ∈ Σ, one has formula_17. Combining the above, a map τ is said to be a measure-preserving transformation of "X" , if it is a map from "X" to itself, it is Σ-measurable, and is measure-preserving. The

neg: Commodore 64 peripherals alarm system that indicate malfunction. Another feature is the one-second-precision 24-hour clock. Estimated arrival time with 1s precision, distance traveled which is incremented every and estimated distance to arrival that is also decremented with same value, Page 2 displayed the vehicle position along the map. Vehicle location indication is calculated from distance traveled. The accuracy of the vehicle location is dependent of the digital map construction and the accuracy of the local map used to construct the digital map. The best hope for accuracy is . But accuracy of one car length in has been realized. The use of assembly

neg: Orienteering map description of terrain features. For example, large rocks above the soil surface do not normally appear on topographic maps but can be important features on many orienteering maps. New features such as fence lines can be important navigational aids and may also affect route choice. Orienteering maps include these new features. Cartographer Jan Martin Larsen was a pioneer in the development of the specialized orienteering map. The map scale depends on the purpose of the competition and also the standard used, for example, a map used in a foot orienteering long distance event has scale of 1:15000. The map is

neg: Gene map within our genome and require a group of overlapping DNA fragments. PCR is generally used to produce the collection of DNA fragments. After overlapping fragments are created, the map distance between STSs can be analyzed. In order to calculate the map distance between STSs, researchers determine the frequency at which breaks between the two markers occur (see shotgun sequencing) Genetic mapping is focused on the principles first established by Gregor Mendel. This approach primarily focuses on linkage analysis and gene association techniques. The basis to linkage analysis is understanding chromosomal location and identifying disease genes. Certain genes that are linked

neg: Turbine map Turbine map Each turbine in a gas turbine engine has an operating map. Complete maps are either based on turbine rig test results or are predicted by a special computer program. Alternatively, the map of a similar turbine can be suitably scaled. A typical turbine map is shown on the right. In this particular case, lines of percent corrected speed (based on a reference value) are plotted against the x-axis which is pressure ratio, but deltaH/T (roughly proportional to temperature drop across the unit/component entry temperature) is also often used. The y-axis is some measure of flow, usually non-dimensional flow

neg: Managerial assessment of proficiency subject to significant change through participation in a training programme. The developers of MAP restricted the assessment to competencies that can be developed through training. Famous chef, Raymond Blanc, experienced the tool himself and he outlines in the link below how he used MAP within his organisation and found it to be a good predictor of managerial performance. MAP has also been used as a central part of qualifications accredited by the Institute of Leadership and Management and the Chartered Management Institute. MAP has been deployed across the UK by a range of Licensed Delivery Centres by Development Processes Group

neg: Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi of IBJJF rules, a competition gi must conform to these specifications: In addition to the above requirements, pockets of any kind are not allowed in a gi used at tournaments. A special gi checking tool is often used to determine acceptable measurements and fit of the gi. This tool resembles a block of wood 3.5 cm x 2.5 cm x 15 cm with a slit cut in the middle and is used to measure the following: According to article 13 of IBJJF rules, patches may be placed on the gi in one of thirteen different locations: On the jacket: On

neg: Protein contact map Protein contact map A protein contact map represents the distance between all possible amino acid residue pairs of a three-dimensional protein structure using a binary two-dimensional matrix. For two residues formula_1 and formula_2, the formula_3 element of the matrix is 1 if the two residues are closer than a predetermined threshold, and 0 otherwise. Various contact definitions have been proposed: The distance between the C-C atom with threshold 6-12 Å; distance between C-C atoms with threshold 6-12 Å (C is used for Glycine); and distance between the side-chain centers of mass. Contact maps provide a more reduced representation of a