query: who serves as a primary connection between the population and the criminal justice system

pos: Criminal justice punishments for committing such a crime. No criminal law can be valid unless it includes both of these factors. The subject of criminal justice is, of course, primarily concerned with the enforcement of criminal law. The criminal justice system consists of three main parts: In the criminal justice system, these distinct agencies operate together as the principal means of maintaining the rule of law within society. The first contact a defendant has with the criminal justice system is usually with the police (or "law enforcement") who investigate the suspected wrongdoing and make an arrest, but if the suspect is dangerous

pos: Criminal justice Criminal justice Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have committed crimes. The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions whose goals are to identify and catch unlawful individuals to inflict a form of punishment on them. Other goals include the rehabilitation of offenders, preventing other crimes, and moral support for victims. The primary institutions of the criminal justice system are the police, prosecution and defense lawyers, the courts and prisons. The Law From Old English "lagu" (something laid down or fixed) (); "legal" comes from Latin "legalis", from "lex" "law," "statute" ()

pos: American juvenile justice system American juvenile justice system The American juvenile justice system is the primary system used to handle youth who are convicted of criminal offenses. The system is composed of a federal and many separate state, territorial, and local jurisdictions, with states and the federal government sharing sovereign police power under the common authority of the United States Constitution. The juvenile justice system intervenes in delinquent behavior through police, court, and correctional involvement, with the goal of rehabilitation. Youth and their guardians can face a variety of consequences including probation, community service, youth court, youth incarceration and alternative schooling. The juvenile justice

pos: Criminal justice punishments for committing such a crime. No criminal law can be valid unless it includes both of these factors. The subject of criminal justice is, of course, primarily concerned with the enforcement of criminal law. The criminal justice system consists of three main parts: In the criminal justice system, these distinct agencies operate together as the principal means of maintaining the rule of law within society. The first contact a defendant has with the criminal justice system is usually with the police (or "law enforcement") who investigate the suspected wrongdoing and make an arrest, but if the suspect is dangerous

pos: Criminal justice an academic discipline in the 1920s, beginning with Berkeley police chief August Vollmer who established a criminal justice program at the University of California, Berkeley in 1916. Vollmer's work was carried on by his student, O.W. Wilson, who led efforts to professionalize policing and reduce corruption. Other programs were established in the United States at Indiana University, Michigan State University, San Jose State University, and the University of Washington. As of 1950, criminal justice students were estimated to number less than 1,000. Until the 1960s, the primary focus of criminal justice in the United States was on policing and police

pos: Criminal justice system of Japan Criminal justice system of Japan Three basic features of Japan's system of criminal justice characterize its operations. First, the institutions—police, government prosecutors' offices, courts, and correctional organs—maintain close and cooperative relations with each other, consulting frequently on how best to accomplish the shared goals of limiting and controlling crime. Second, citizens are encouraged to assist in maintaining public order, and they participate extensively in crime prevention campaigns, apprehension of suspects, and offender rehabilitation programs. Finally, officials who administer criminal justice are allowed considerable discretion in dealing with offenders. Until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the Japanese criminal justice system was

pos: Oklahoma Secretary of Safety and Security Safety. As of 2011, all Secretaries of Safety and Security have served in that dual position. The Secretary of Safety and Security is responsible for overseeing State police services, criminal investigations, criminal justice and adult criminal corrections. The Secretary also coordinates the State's justice system by overseeing all state prosecutors and generally maintains public order throughout the State through oversight of all State law enforcement agencies. Homeland security, emergency management and law enforcement training are also overseen by the Secretary. The Secretary serves "ex officio" as the Governor's Representative for Highway Safety. As such, the Secretary is responsible for administering

pos: Criminal justice policing strategies. In the 1990s, CompStat was developed by the New York Police Department as an information-based system for tracking and mapping crime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems. CompStat has since been replicated in police departments across the United States and around the world, with problem-oriented policing, intelligence-led policing, and other information-led policing strategies also adopted. Criminal justice Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have committed crimes. The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions whose goals are to identify and catch unlawful individuals to

pos: Conflict model (criminal justice) where police coerced a man to confess to over 400 burglaries so that they could have a high rate of crime solving (clearance). Conflict model (criminal justice) The conflict model of criminal justice, sometimes called the non-system perspective or system conflict theory, argues that the organizations of a criminal justice system either do, or should, work competitively to produce justice, as opposed to cooperatively. System conflict theory argues that worries over fame, promotions, s, and success cause the criminal justice system to conflict with itself. This perspective argues that there is no true system and points to the role of

pos: Race and crime in the United Kingdom 1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act per head of population than any other ethnicity,<ref name="2008/09p23">"Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2008/09", p. 23.</ref> and black people were seven times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people.<ref name="2008/09p22">"Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2008/09", p. 22.</ref> Black people were the subject of 14.8 percent of all stop and searches, compared to 7.6 percent of arrests and 6.7 percent of cautions. The disproportionate number of stop and searches is partly accounted for by the fact that 54 percent of the black population in

pos: Criminal justice system of the Netherlands Criminal justice system of the Netherlands The criminal justice system of the Netherlands is the system of practices and institutions of the Netherlands directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, and sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. The Netherlands' criminal code is based on the Napoleonic Code, imposed during the time of the French Empire. The Dutch largely kept the Napoleonic Code after their independence, but tempered it with a significantly more rehabilitative penological focus. Law enforcement in the Netherlands is provided by the national police force. The police make use of over

pos: Criminal justice the American revolution the primary type of punishment was to be hanged or sent to prison ships such as the notorious HMS Jersey. After the American revolution the British-based criminal justice system was then adopted by other developing nations (Such as the United States). The first modern police force is commonly said to be the Metropolitan Police in London, established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel. Based on the Peelian principles, it promoted the preventive role of police as a deterrent to urban crime and disorder. In the United States, police departments were first established in Boston in 1838, and

pos: Race and crime proportion of a racial or ethnic group within the criminal justice system exceeding the proportion of such a group within the general population. People of color are more likely to be racially profiled, stopped, and harassed by the police. Racial disparities in the US criminal justice system worsened after 1980 following various political developments. The Nixon, Reagan and Bush administrations are credited for directing what is known as the War on Drugs. In 1986, the U.S. Congress passed laws that created a 100 to 1 sentencing disparity for the trafficking "or possession" of crack when compared to penalties for "trafficking"

pos: Northern Virginia Criminal Justice Training Academy Northern Virginia Criminal Justice Training Academy The Northern Virginia Criminal Justice Training Academy is a law enforcement training facility located in Ashburn, Virginia. It serves 17 agencies in Virginia and Washington, D.C., and is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA). It offers training for entry-level police officers, sheriff's deputies, and 9-1-1 dispatchers; as well as advanced training for veteran officers in subjects such as identity theft investigations, leadership, and hostage negotiation. The Northern Virginia Criminal Justice Training Academy was established in 1965 as the Northern Virginia Police Academy. In 1971 the Virginia Department of Criminal

pos: Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice appointed Pro Vice Chancellor in July 2016 and also serves as VC. Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice is a state university located at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. It was established in 2012 by the Government of Rajasthan through "Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice, Jodhpur Act, 2012", named after Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister of India. It focuses on teaching and research in the fields of police science, social sciences, criminal law, criminology, public safety, national security and related areas. M. L. Kumawat

neg: Oklahoma Criminal Justice Resource Center Oklahoma Criminal Justice Resource Center The Oklahoma Criminal Justice Resource Center (OCJRC) was an agency of the State of Oklahoma. Dissolved on July 1, 2009, the Center was a division of the Oklahoma Legislative Service Bureau with its director appointed by the Oklahoma Sentencing Commission (OSC). As its primary responsibilities, the OCJRC provides research and analysis relating to the state's criminal justice system and integrated, customizable records management software for law enforcement in the form of the Offender Data Information System (ODIS). OCJRC serves as the state's Statistical Analysis Center (SAC), the official point of contact with the federal Bureau

neg: American juvenile justice system show that young adults' brains do not finish developing until their mid-20s, well beyond the age of criminal responsibility in most states. Other non-criminal justice systems acknowledge these differences between adults and young people with laws about drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, etc. New York and North Carolina remain the only states to prosecute all youth as adults when they turn 16 years of age. Connecticut Governor, Danell Mallor proposed in 2016 raising the age in his state to 20. American juvenile justice system The American juvenile justice system is the primary system used to handle youth who are convicted of

neg: Anti-Recidivism Coalition In 2013, Budnick officially launched the Anti-Recidivism Coalition (ARC), a formal organization of formerly-incarcerated young adults who work to support one another, and that also aims to lower the number of people flowing into the criminal justice system through policy advocacy and community organizing. Budnick said "I started to see that there was not an organization out there that had high-achieving guys coming out of prison who could articulate why hope is important and why kids deserve a second chance and why kids are different from adults." ARC serves as a support network and a connection to services for over

neg: National Criminal Justice Association challenges for the justice system. Criminal Justice professionals should strive to have administration be representative of the population they serve, as well as work to seek out effective measures to reduce over-representation of minority victims and offenders in the criminal justice system. The NCJA states that prison systems are ill-equipped to address the problems and needs of inmates with mental disorders. As recommendations to the justice system, the NCJA says that "early identification and treatment, law enforcement and correctional officer training, provision of housing, adequate discharge medication amounts, and standardized assessment and diagnostic tools" are necessary for inmates who are

neg: Race in the United States criminal justice system other. The criminal justice system in the United States has a staggering imbalance in the composition of races, specifically between blacks and whites, incarcerated. Alfred Blumstein states, "Although blacks comprise roughly one-eighth of the population, they represent about one-half of the prison population. Thus, the race-specific incarceration rates are grossly disproportionate." The research done by Alfred Blumstein and the apparent dis-proportionality raise the problem of injustice within the United States criminal justice system. This injustice is alluded to further, but not directly linked to racial injustice, because black males are the victims of having an incarceration rate twenty five times

neg: Gideon's Promise communities. Public defenders are necessary if we are to realize equal justice in America. Gideon's Promise sees public defenders as the primary engine of change in the criminal justice system and thus they are the primary focus of our efforts. They seek to transform the culture of offices in the belief that it will affect both the larger criminal justice system and communities. The organization partners with public defender offices around the country to implement best practices while driving systemic reform. Jonathan Rapping, president and founder of Gideon's Promise, is a nationally renowned criminal justice innovator and 2014 MacArthur Foundation

neg: Zemiology rarely criminalised such as mortgage misselling, poverty and unemployment. Hillyard and Tombs outline a number of criticisms of criminology and crime: Hillyard and Tombs argue that the criminal justice system fails to protect people from criminal harms whilst inflicting serious harms on those people who travel through the system. These harms often outweigh the harm caused by the original crime. However, current criminal justice policy within countries like the UK continues to champion the use of prison as a means to deal with social problems. In 2002, the UK prison population was 80,144. The population rate, per hundred thousand of

neg: East Dubuque, Illinois Dubuque in 1879. The main roads in East Dubuque are Sinsinawa Avenue and U.S. Route 20 (Wall Street). The Julien Dubuque Bridge serves as the connection between East Dubuque and Dubuque. Illinois Route 35 serves as the primary connection between East Dubuque and Wisconsin. East Dubuque is located at (42.491103, -90.641214). According to the 2010 census, East Dubuque has a total area of , of which (or 97.2%) is land and (or 2.8%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,995 people, 864 households, and 527 families residing in the city. The population density was 967.4 people

neg: Criticism of the War on Terror McDonald, Britain's most senior criminal prosecutor, stated that those responsible for acts of terrorism such as the 7 July 2005 London bombings are not "soldiers" in a war, but "inadequates" who should be dealt with by the criminal justice system. He added that a "culture of legislative restraint" was needed in passing anti-terrorism laws and that a "primary purpose" of the violent attacks was to tempt countries such as Britain to "abandon our values." He stated that in the eyes of the UK criminal justice system, the response to terrorism had to be "proportionate and grounded in due process and

neg: Trevor Goring Martineau. Further seeking a connection between the arts and social justice Trevor Goring founded Images of Justice (1991), researching the visual history and symbolism of law from earliest times. Working closely with plaintiff litigators and criminal defence lawyers he has produced over 200 original paintings, hundreds of limited edition prints, two legal art history books, (Women In Law, preface by Margaret Sumerville and Judges In Time, preface by Hon. Colin D. McKinnon), and numerous magazine articles, video productions and public lectures, actively supporting and promoting the democratic values inherent in the civil and criminal justice system. Trevor Goring’s work with

neg: Criminal justice reform in the United States that advocate to reform the criminal justice system such as: Penal Reform International, Sentencing Project, Brennan Center for Justice, Cut 50 ( funded by the Koch Brothers) and the Innocence Project. Most states have a criminal justice reform act as well. These organizations use legal disputes and public events to make the problems aware to the public but mostly the state and federal governments. Sentencing laws within the U.S. criminal justice system are criticized for being both draconian and racially discriminatory. Additionally, they are cited as a main contributor to the growing and excessive prison population known as mass incarceration.

neg: Violence the US, the criminal justice system has, for instance, funded school- and community-based initiatives to reduce children's access to guns and teach conflict resolution. In 1974, the US Department of Justice assumed primary responsibility for delinquency prevention programmes and created the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, which has supported the "Blueprints for violence prevention" programme at the University of Colorado Boulder. The public health approach is a science-driven, population-based, interdisciplinary, intersectoral approach based on the ecological model which emphasizes primary prevention. Rather than focusing on individuals, the public health approach aims to provide the maximum benefit for the

neg: Criminal justice reform in the United States system. They also work closely with other groups mostly fixating on the global drug problem. Criminal justice reform in the United States Criminal justice reform in the United States refers to reform aimed at fixing perceived errors in the criminal justice system. Goals of organizations spearheading the movement for criminal justice reform include decreasing the United States' prison population, reducing prison sentences that are perceived to be too harsh and long, altering drug sentencing policy, policing reform, reducing overcriminalization, and juvenile justice reform. Criminal justice reform also targets reforming policies for those with criminal convictions that are receiving other consequences

neg: Jewish-Arab Center the connection between the Restorative justice and the Koran. The incoming President of the Haifa District Court the Honorable Judge Dr. Ron Shapiro gave a guest lecture. He described how the criminal legal system generally focuses on one tool almost exclusively. A punishment in response to social crime. The severity of the punishment reflects how severely society views the act committed by the accused. There are hardly any references in the criminal procedure relating to the victim or his needs, which are often only an apology or responsibility rather than punishment. The Restorative justice, which was designed to address these

neg: Incarceration of women women who escape almost half escape while receiving medical attention at a hospital. As of March 1, 2012, the Russian Criminal Justice system housed about 60,500 women, 8.1% of the total number of people incarcerated in the country . Russia has been slow to implement reform for the rights of its incarcerated population, especially for women. Russia has some criminal laws that contain articles that govern the treatment and status of women in the criminal justice system; however, with the exception of a law preventing women from receiving the death penalty, these laws are mostly limited to the status of

neg: Jim Webb 714), which would create a blue ribbon commission to reevaluate the criminal justice system and drug policy and make recommendations for reform. Noting that the United States houses 25% of the world's inmates despite having only 5% of the world's population, Webb proposed a comparison between U.S. incarceration policies and those of other developed nations. At a United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs hearing, Webb described the criminal justice system as being in "... a profound, deeply corrosive crisis that we have largely been ignoring at our peril." He also criticized the lack of standards in prison

neg: Stories of the Law and How It's Broken by tens or even hundreds of thousands of pounds in legal fees that the state will not repay. The author also addresses policy issues, and argues that "a working criminal justice system, properly resourced and staffed by dedicated professionals ... serves to protect the innocent, protect the public and protect the integrity, decency and humanity of our society. This should be a societal baseline. Not a luxury". The criminal justice system, the author argues, has suffered grievously in recent years from chronic underfunding. Its flaws are not those of the people who work within it, but are imposed from without:

neg: Non-Registered Intermediary give evidence through an intermediary or otherwise if the court concludes that such measures are required. The primary responsibility of the Non-Registered Intermediary is to enable complete, coherent and accurate communication to take place between a defendant who requires special measures and the court Non-Registered Intermediaries must have a clear and comprehensive understanding of the responsibilities and duties of their role within the criminal justice system, including their primary responsibility to the court They must conduct themselves in court in a manner that facilitates accurate and coherent communication between the defendant and the court They must respect at all times

neg: Punishment community service." The restorative justice approach aims to help the offender want to avoid future offences. Punishment can be explained by positive prevention theory to use the criminal justice system to teach people what are the social norms for what is correct, and acts as a reinforcement. Punishment can serve as a means for society to publicly express denunciation of an action as being criminal. Besides educating people regarding what is not acceptable behavior, it serves the dual function of preventing vigilante justice by acknowledging public anger, while concurrently deterring future criminal activity by stigmatizing the offender. This is sometimes

neg: Race in the United States criminal justice system were black. Two competing hypotheses exist regarding why racial/ethnic minorities, especially African Americans, are overrepresented in the criminal justice system compared to their share of the general population.. These are the differential offending or differential involvement hypothesis, which proposes that this overrepresentation is a result of African Americans committing more of the crimes that result in criminal justice processing, and the differential selection hypothesis, which proposes that this disproportionality is a result of discrimination by the criminal justice system. Piquero (2008) argues that it is difficult, if not impossible, to determine which of these factors is more important than the

neg: Race in the United States criminal justice system unequal treatment in the criminal justice system, contributed to this gap in incarceration rates by race. Failure to achieve literacy (reading at "grade level") by the third or fourth grade makes the likelihood of future incarceration twenty times more likely than other students. Some states use this measurement to predict how much prison space they will require in the future. It appears to be a poverty issue rather than a race issue. According to Dorothy Roberts the current prison system serves as a punitive system in which mass incarceration has become the response to problems in society. Field studies regarding

neg: Ronald S. Sullivan Jr. Criminal Justice Institute. He continues to write in the areas of criminal law, criminal procedure, democracy, and race. Sullivan serves, in residence, as the Faculty Dean of Winthrop House at Harvard College, where he lives with his wife (fellow Harvard Law School instructor and Class of 1994 Harvard Law School alumna Stephanie Robinson) and two sons. He is the Director of the Criminal Justice Institute at Harvard Law School, where he serves as "a real live criminal defense lawyer for clients who can't afford one." Sullivan also oversees the January term Trial Advocacy Workshop, an intensive three-week course for Harvard

neg: Criminal justice reform in the United States Criminal justice reform in the United States Criminal justice reform in the United States refers to reform aimed at fixing perceived errors in the criminal justice system. Goals of organizations spearheading the movement for criminal justice reform include decreasing the United States' prison population, reducing prison sentences that are perceived to be too harsh and long, altering drug sentencing policy, policing reform, reducing overcriminalization, and juvenile justice reform. Criminal justice reform also targets reforming policies for those with criminal convictions that are receiving other consequences from food assistance programs, outside of serving their time in prison. There are many organizations

neg: Brian Benczkowski report's investigation found that "there was no communications link between the Trump Organization and Alfa Bank." Stroz Friedberg, gave the same explanation for why it, along with Mandiant, was "unable to verify" the data, that it was unable to inspect the bank's Domain Name System logs from 2016, because Alfa retained such records for only twenty-four hours. Brian Benczkowski Brian Allen Benczkowski (born October 1, 1969) is an American lawyer who currently serves as the Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division of the United States Department of Justice. Prior to assuming his current role, he was a partner at

neg: Master of Criminal Justice period of professional experience in the criminal justice system, however the quantum varies between universities. Master of Criminal Justice The Master of Criminal Justice (MCJ) is a postgraduate professional master's degree that is designed as a terminal degree for professionals in the field of criminal justice or as preparation for doctoral programs. Areas of concentration include probation and court services, administration, forensic psychology, justice administration, security management, corrections and correctional counseling, homeland security, crime and delinquency, crime analysis, prevention and control, human services, criminal justice planning and research, global issues, law, leadership and executive management, and public safety. In most

neg: Comparative criminal justice leniency is varied widely between societies. Many governments such as the one mentioned above in Burma provide swift and heavy punishment to assert their roles of power. Comparative criminal justice Comparative criminal justice is a subfield of the study of Criminal Justice that compares justice systems worldwide. Such study can take a descriptive, historical, or political approach. It studies the similarities and differences in structure, goals, punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political stature of different systems. It is common to broadly categorize the functions of a criminal justice system into policing, adjudication (i.e.: courts),

neg: Criminal justice system of the Netherlands “Sentencing and Sanctions in Western Countries”. New York: Oxford University Press. Tonry, Michael, and Catrien Bijleveld. (2007). "Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in the Netherlands". in Michael Tonry and Catrien Bijleveld eds. “Crime and Justice in the Netherlands”. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Criminal justice system of the Netherlands The criminal justice system of the Netherlands is the system of practices and institutions of the Netherlands directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, and sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. The Netherlands' criminal code is based on the Napoleonic Code, imposed during

neg: Anne Milgram re-inventing the criminal justice system through the strategic employment of smart data, analytics, and technology. She serves as a member of the Covenant House International Board of Directors, the National Center for State Courts Board of Directors, and the Institute for Innovation in Prosecution Advisory Board. Milgram is a former TED speaker and published author. She has received the United States Department of Justice Director’s Award, and the Department of Justice Special Commendation for Outstanding Service. Milgram is currently serves as a law professor at New York University School of Law and as special counsel at Lowenstein Sandler. Milgram grew

neg: Washington State Route 8 of SR 8 is expressway. When combined with US 12 to the west and US 101 to the east, it serves as the primary connection between the Puget Sound region and Washington's Pacific coast. Before the Primary and Secondary system, SR 8 in 1923 was part of a branch of State Road 9, from Elma to Grand Mound. Later, in 1937, the route from Elma to Grand Mound became part of Elma – Grand Mound branch of Primary State Highway 9 (PSH 9 EG). PSH 9 EG became SR 8 in 1964 during the 1964 highway renumbering, in which the

neg: Integrated criminal justice information system Integrated criminal justice information system An integrated justice information system, commonly referred to as IJIS or Integrated Justice Information "Sharing", is any computer network, system or architecture that allows justice practitioners and agencies to electronically access and share information between systems and/or across jurisdictional lines. Integrated Justice Information Sharing generally refers to the ability to access and share critical information at key decision points throughout the justice enterprise . Integration also includes sharing information with traditionally non-justice agencies (for example other governmental agencies, health and human services organizations, treatment service providers, schools and educational institutions, licensing authorities, etc.) and with

neg: Georgia Department of Community Supervision 2013, Governor Nathan Deal and the Georgia General Assembly passed legislation creating The Georgia Council on Criminal Justice Reform. The Council’s charge is to conduct periodic comprehensive reviews of criminal laws, criminal procedure, sentencing laws, adult correctional issues, juvenile justice issues, enhancement of probation and parole supervision, better management of the prison population and of the population in the custody of the Department of Juvenile Justice, and other issues relates to criminal proceedings and accountability courts. After a comprehensive study of the current issues facing Georgia’s community corrections system, the Council and Governor Deal determined that enhancements to public safety

neg: Trial as an adult the youth's offense history. In contrast, in criminal proceedings, the severity of the offense and criminal history weigh most heavily in sentencing outcome. Upon release, those who pass through the juvenile justice system receive parole-like surveillance along with reintegration programs, reflecting the belief that juvenile behavior can be changed. Those released from prison receive surveillance which serves to monitor and report illegal behavior. During the late 1980s and early 1990s murders by juveniles increased dramatically, which resulted in new legislation that allowed for more juveniles and younger juveniles to be transferred to criminal court. These changes, many of which took

neg: Conflict model (criminal justice) Conflict model (criminal justice) The conflict model of criminal justice, sometimes called the non-system perspective or system conflict theory, argues that the organizations of a criminal justice system either do, or should, work competitively to produce justice, as opposed to cooperatively. System conflict theory argues that worries over fame, promotions, s, and success cause the criminal justice system to conflict with itself. This perspective argues that there is no true system and points to the role of adversarial processes, in particular, which are seen to be basic to the "system", and the fact that many criminal justice organizations habitually share

neg: Ernie Preate served a year in Federal prison. He was succeeded as Attorney General by Tom Corbett, who later went on the become Governor of Pennsylvania. Since his return to Scranton, he has resumed the practice of law, doing criminal and civil trial work. He has also been retained as a lobbyist by numerous prison and Criminal Justice reform groups. He has served as a consultant to Chuck Colson’s Justice Fellowship in Reston, Virginia, which advocates rehabilitative and faith-based reform of the criminal justice system and has become outspoken about the shortcomings of the U.S. criminal justice system, urging reforms to enable

neg: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and remove immigrants who have absconded from immigration proceedings and remain in the United States with outstanding warrants for deportation. ERO manages the Secure Communities program which identifies removable immigrants located in jails and prisons. Fingerprints submitted as part of the normal criminal arrest and booking process will automatically check both the Integrated Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) of the FBI's Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division and the Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT) of the Department of Homeland Security's US-VISIT Program. ERO was formerly known as the Office of Detention and Removal Operations (DRO). OSLTC is ICE's primary outreach

neg: Vera Baird women and, as is the obligation to the Trust, to study the chosen topics of her 3 Co-Fellows, which were HIV/AIDs, environmental issues in connection with mineral extraction and Health Service delivery. She was a Patron of the Jubilee Debt Campaign of EVA-Women’s Aid of FOCAS (autistic charity) and ROC (disabled charity). She was Chair of the Fawcett Commission on Women and Criminal Justice 2002 – 2006. This latter was a seminal review of women as defendant, as victims & witnesses and as workers in the criminal justice system which triggered a number of major legislative and non-legislative changes including

neg: Judiciary of Russia increased utilization of the justice system under Putin. Russia has a trifurcated court system, with constitutional, ordinary, and commercial courts. The Constitutional Court of Russia is considered a separate, independent court. The district courts are the primary criminal trial courts, and the regional courts are the primary appellate courts. The ordinary courts have a four-tiered hierarchy and are responsible for civil and criminal cases: In 1995, the courts sentenced about 1 million people for criminal offenses, and considered 3 million administrative offenses and 2.5 million civil cases. The Constitutional Court of Russia () is responsible for cases concerning conformity with

neg: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences are scholars who are international in scope and multidisciplinary in orientation, professionals from all sectors of the criminal justice system, and students seeking to explore the criminal justice field as future scholars or practitioners. Aside from belonging to the national organization, members also can belong to regional organizations of ACJS. ACJS is broken up into five regions: the Northeastern Association of Criminal Justice, the Southern Criminal Justice Association, the Midwestern Criminal Justice Association, the Southwestern Association of Criminal Justice, and the Western Association of Criminal Justice. ACJS has 12 scholarly sections that its members can subscribe to based on their

neg: George Davis (robber) had a history of organising radical defence campaigns around the criminal justice system. In particular, among these core activists (who had supported and helped organise "defence campaigns" in connection with The Angry Brigade arrests and criminal prosecutions) were a number who went on to establish "Up Against The Law" (UPAL) a London-based "political collective". This Collective publicised the Ince case and went on to produce the most detailed publicly available investigation of the 1974 Davis Case armed robbery. In September 1975 Peter Chappell, awaiting trial in prison for the August 1975 Headingley sabotage, wrote to UPAL: "When this campaign started

neg: Prison abolition movement beneficial for business. Many organizations and abolitionists in the United States advocate community accountability practices an alternative to the criminal justice system. Organizations such as INCITE! and Sista II Sista that support women of color who are survivors of interpersonal violence argue that the criminal justice system does not protect marginalized people who are victims in violent relationships. Instead, victims, especially those who are poor, people of color, or trans or gender non-conforming, can experience additional violence at the hands of the state. Instead of relying on the criminal justice system, these organizations work to implement community accountability practices, which

neg: Criminal justice reform in the United States the rehabilitation of individuals. The abolition movement believes that prisons should not be reformed by replaced as they are not productive social institutions and instead only serve to incapacitate individuals. Opposition to reform Opposition to criminal justice reform typically is expressed by conservatives who do not perceive errors in the criminal justice system. Those that believe this also typically reject the claim from reform activists that the criminal justice system acts in a way that is racially disparate, and do not acknowledge the War on Drugs as "the new Jim Crow." Instead, "blue racism," or discrimination against law enforcement is

neg: Duane Buck was Buck's own attorney who elicited the correlation between race and future risk for criminal actions. Retired Justice John Paul Stevens commented that he believed the decision would be different if the prosecution presented the testimony. Sonia Sotomayor described Buck's death sentence as "marred by racial overtones" that "our criminal justice system should not tolerate." Sotomayor and Justice Elena Kagan dissented from the denial. On August 20, 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit rejected hearing the question of race being allowed as a deciding factor for executing the guilty. The 5th denied a certificate of

neg: Alaska Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers field of criminal defense advocacy. To sponsor periodic meetings of the criminal defense bar; to provide a forum for the exchange of information regarding the administration of criminal justice; and thereby to protect individual rights and improve the practice and procedures of criminal law. To represent the association before the legislative, executive, and judicial bodies which determine policy for the state and federal governments in a manner that promotes the mission of the association and its objectives and purposes. To preserve, protect, and defend the adversary system of justice and the Alaska and U.S. Constitutions. AKACDL's primary mission is to

neg: DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 D.C. Code § 22-4151(1)-(46). These qualifying offense include, for example, arson, aggravated assault, burglary, kidnaping, robbery, attempted robbery, and carjacking. Id. Once a DNA sample is entered into the CODIS database, the information can be released only (1) "to criminal justice agencies for law enforcement identification purposes;" (2) "in judicial proceedings;" (3) "for criminal defense purposes, to a defendant, who shall have access to samples and analyses performed in connection with the case in which such defendant is charged;" or (4) "if personally identifiable information is removed, for a population statistics database, for identification research and protocol development purposes, or

neg: Criminal Justice Act 2003 impose conditions upon the offender. If those conditions are breached the offender may then be prosecuted for the offence. The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 extends the adult conditional caution scheme to young offenders. The Act makes amendments to the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 relating to prosecution and defence disclosure. The old system was that the prosecution would provide initial disclosure to the defence (known as "primary disclosure"), the defence would provide a "defence statement" and the prosecution would provide "secondary disclosure" in response to that defence statement. Now the prosecution are under a continuous duty to

neg: John Whitmire Senator Whitmire serves as Chair of the Senate Criminal Justice Committee and works to bring about needed changes to the adult and juvenile criminal justice systems. Senator Whitmire passed legislation to free the Texans who were imprisoned as a result of the notorious Tulia drug raid. That incident resulted in the conviction of 38 Texans based on the testimony of one individual who has since been indicted and arrested for perjury. The legislation allowed the judge to release the prisoners on bond pending the decision of the Court of Criminal Appeals. On June 10, 2003, the Tulia defendants were freed

neg: International Bridges to Justice for local defenders and neutral meeting ground for dialogue between judicial stakeholders. IBJ provides training and support to the Fellows, who go on to head the IBJ Country Programs and to provide legal aid to the local population. JusticeMakers JusticeMakers is an online community created by IBJ to share information and best practice models in different criminal justice systems. Community members are members of the global criminal defense community. The JusticeMakers program hosts an annual criminal justice innovation competition that awards project funding to grassroots legal rights projects in communities around the world. Legal Training Resource Center The IBJ Legal

neg: Gender responsive approach for girls in the juvenile justice system to recidivate and continue a cycle of criminal justice involvement. Research has shown that juvenile-justice involved youth who have been sexually abused are at increased risk for being victims of human trafficking. In a study by Reid et al. (2017) examining the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences among boys and girls in the juvenile justice system in Florida who were reported as victims of human trafficking between 2009–2015, sexual abuse history was determined to be the strongest factor predicting likelihood of human trafficking victimization. While sex trafficking by minors under age 18 has been decriminalized in many states, with young

neg: WPBS-DT Pennsylvania's WQLN, which serves viewers in the London, Ontario area through Rogers, was also threatened with removal from the Rogers system; as with WPBS, WQLN offered a fiber connection with Rogers. WPBS-TV can be seen by a total of 2.2 million viewers. This is despite the fact it is the smallest PBS member in New York State; its primary audience is a mostly rural area of only 252,000 people. However, the signal from its two towers reaches far enough to serve the Ottawa Valley region via cable. This market, with over 1.5 million people (almost six times the population of

neg: Ryan Bounds served as Special Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, acting as the White House's primary policy expert on criminal and civil justice issues. Before becoming a special prosecutor he served as Special Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. He currently serves as an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Oregon, where he prosecutes criminal cases on behalf of the United States. On September 7, 2017, President Trump nominated Bounds to serve as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, to the seat vacated by Judge

neg: Courtroom Workgroup Courtroom Workgroup In The United States criminal justice system, a Courtroom Workgroup is an informal arrangement between a criminal prosecutor, criminal defense attorney, and the judicial officer. This foundational concept in the academic discipline of criminal justice recharacterizes the seemingly adversarial courtroom participants as collaborators in "doing justice." The courtroom workgroup was proposed by Eisenstein and Jacob in 1977 to explain their observations of the ways courts, especially lower level courts, actually come to decisions. Because the courtroom workgroup deviates from the public consensus of how justice works, it has developed a deviant set of rules to continue its work

neg: Frank P. Miller the Task Force on Community Involvement in Criminal Justice, and as a volunteer for, and later president of, the Church Council on Justice and Corrections. Frank P. Miller Frank Miller (1912-Feb. 8, 2000) was a major figure in criminal-justice reform in Canada who helped create the modern parole system. He served as executive director of the National Parole Service, president of the Canadian Criminal Justice Association, and was a founding member of the Parole Board of Canada. He was also the first classification officer in the Canadian penitentiary system. Miller’s career in rehabilitation began in the Canadian Armed Forces during

neg: Race and crime in the United States representation in the general population. Some research indicates that the overrepresentation of some minorities in the criminal justice system can be explained by socioeconomic factors as well as racial discrimination by law enforcement and the judicial system. Other research on group criminality differences, both between and within racial populations, indicates that lower IQ, and especially the gap in verbal IQ scores between and within groups, is positively correlated with criminality. The degree to which cultural, societal, or biological underpinnings contributes to criminality differences between races has yet to be determined. In the United States, crime data are collected from three

neg: The New Jim Crow reforms of the 1960s, Alexander posits that the U.S. criminal justice system uses the War on Drugs as a primary tool for enforcing traditional, as well as new, modes of discrimination and oppression. These new modes of racism have led to not only the highest rate of incarceration in the world, but also a disproportionately large rate of imprisonment for African American men. Were present trends to continue, Alexander writes, the United States will imprison one-third of its African American population. When combined with the fact that whites are more likely to commit drug crimes than people of color, the

neg: Robert Craven Robert Craven Robert E. Craven, Sr. (born November 19, 1955) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives representing District 32 since January 1, 2013. He serves as Chairman of the House Municipal Government Committee and member of the House Judiciary Committee. Craven also serves on the R.I. Governor's "Justice Reinvestment Working Group," which advises on ways to improve Rhode Island's criminal justice system, with the overarching goals of protecting public safety, reducing recidivism, addressing racial disparities, promoting stronger, healthier communities, and reducing cost. Craven earned his BA from the University of Rhode

neg: Canadian Criminal Justice Association Canadian Criminal Justice Association The Canadian Criminal Justice Association (CCJA) is a national, voluntary organization founded in 1919, dedicated to improving Canada's justice system. Its office is in Ottawa. According to the organization's statement of purpose: "Recognizing that the criminal justice system must serve the needs of all people, the Canadian Criminal Justice Association is an umbrella organization representing all elements of the criminal justice system, including the public. It exists to promote rational, informed, and responsible debate in order to develop a more humane, equitable, and effective justice system." It works at the national level, in partnership with affiliates

neg: Youth justice in England and Wales Youth justice in England and Wales Youth justice system in England and Wales comprises the organs and processes that are used to prosecute, convict and punish persons under 18 years of age who commit criminal offences. The principal aim of the youth justice system is to prevent offending by children and young persons. Kids is irrefutably presumed to be incapable of committing an offence. Prior to 1998, a child aged between 10 and 13 was presumed under doli incapax to be incapable of committing an offence unless the prosecution were able to prove that the child knew the difference between

neg: National Criminal Justice Reference Service National Criminal Justice Reference Service The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) is a federally sponsored program that shares publications and other information including grants and funding opportunities and upcoming trainings and conferences from the United States Department of Justice's Office of Justice Programs (OJP) agencies and National Institute of Corrections (NIC). NCJRS also maintains a criminal justice library and serves as a resource for law enforcement and other criminal justice agencies. NCJRS services and resources are available to anyone interested in crime, victim assistance, and public safety including policymakers, practitioners, researchers, educators, community leaders, and the general public. NCJRS

neg: Criminal justice reform in the United States reform within juvenile justice highlights the notion that Black and Latinx individuals, especially males, are criminalized prior to adulthood. The juvenile justice system is viewed in the same light as the criminal justice system as a form of social control that incapacitates Black and Latinx youth. Criminalization is also thought to occur in other social institutions such as school businesses, the streets and community centers. The juvenile justice system itself is also often criticized by reformers for perpetuating the notion that non-criminal individuals are criminal. The majority of individuals that enter the system have committed non-violent offenses, but still experience

neg: Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales serves as President of the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal and Head of Criminal Justice, but under the 2005 Act can appoint another judge to these positions. The Lord Chief Justice's equivalent in Scotland is the Lord President of the Court of Session, who also holds the post of Lord Justice-General in the High Court of Justiciary. There is also a Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, successor to the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland of the pre-Partition era. For the entire United Kingdom judiciary, there is a President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, though

neg: Youth Criminal Justice Act federal and provincial governments on whether protective measures of the act are followed c. Advising the federal and provincial governments on policies and procedures related to the youth criminal justice system d. Informing the public in respect of the YCJA and the youth criminal justice system; e. Setting up conferences f. Any other task assigned by The Attorney General of Canada or a provincial minister Operating under the paradigm of restorative justice, YJCs aim to "strike the right balance between accountability and community intervention" YJCs are used extensively in Manitoba, Alberta and New Brunswick. A committee's activity largely depends on

neg: Tyree Scott Freedom School of the education system and the booming criminal justice system. Youth who are expelled from or drop out of school are much more likely to become involved in the juvenile justice system. In prisons across this country African-Americans make up 85% of the prison population, and have a 50% high school drop-out rate. In 2004–2005 the dropout rate for African American high school students in Seattle was almost twice that of white students, 21.1% compared to 11.9%. Underfunded schools, lack of resources, lack of teachers of color, lack of guidance counselors, biased standardized testing, inequities in the tracking system, disparities

neg: National Criminal Justice Association mentally ill. Policy makers, law enforcement, and mental health providers should work together to determine what practices and methods of implementation are most effective in dealing with mentally ill inmates. The NCJA is an advocate for the respect of tribal justice systems and tribal nations’ sovereignty. "Criminal justice and tribal justice systems should cooperate in matters of mutual concern, on an individual tribal basis, as appropriate." Governments should work with tribal governments based on their individual and cultural needs. The primary role of the NCJA in public policy is as a liaison between federal and state, local, and tribal government

neg: V. S. Malimath University conferred the Nadoja Award upon V.S. Malimath. V. S. Malimath V. S. Malimath (12 June 1929 – 22 December 2015) was an Indian jurist, who served as Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court and Karnataka High Court. He also was the Chairman of the Central Administrative Tribunal, and then member of the National Human Rights Commission of India. He headed the Committee on Reform of Criminal Justice System. Malimath did his primary education from Karnataka. He then secured First Rank in LL.B. and a post Graduate Diploma in Public International Law from University of London in 1952. Malimath

neg: V. S. Malimath V. S. Malimath V. S. Malimath (12 June 1929 – 22 December 2015) was an Indian jurist, who served as Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court and Karnataka High Court. He also was the Chairman of the Central Administrative Tribunal, and then member of the National Human Rights Commission of India. He headed the Committee on Reform of Criminal Justice System. Malimath did his primary education from Karnataka. He then secured First Rank in LL.B. and a post Graduate Diploma in Public International Law from University of London in 1952. Malimath started his law practice in the High Court

neg: Gender responsive approach for girls in the juvenile justice system with New York City. The task force will focus on identifying and developing a plan to interrupt the unique pathways that bring teenage girls into the city's criminal justice system. One community has begun using the restorative justice process to handle issues related to girls. They decided that they were ill-equipped to handle the complex and interrelated problems of abuse, prostitution and drug use and the effects on girls. The program serves as an instructive example of a recent innovation, demonstrating that when the vision of restorative gender-responsive programming is most fully actualized, it provides tremendous benefits to girls involved

neg: Stephanie Chang term, she served on the Committees on Criminal Justice, Education, and Judiciary. In her second term, she serves on the Committees on Education Reform, Law and Justice (where she serves as Minority Vice Chair), and Natural Resources. Much of her legislative work is focused on air quality, affordable and safe drinking water, education and criminal justice reforms. She is the chair of the Progressive Women’s Caucus, a founding member of the Asian Pacific American Legislative Caucus, and a member of the Detroit Caucus, Michigan Democratic Latino Legislative Caucus and Michigan Legislative Black Caucus. She also serves on the federal Environmental

neg: Built for Trouble connection between Nola and his supervisor, Hank Sawyer, now dead under mysterious circumstances. He determines that Nola and her sleazy theatrical agent, Joe Lamb, murdered Hank not only because of his complicity in the lucrative publicity stunt, but also because of what he knew about Nola's past as a teen-age prostitute in San Diego—the kiss of death for an aspiring Hollywood star. Armed with this information— and enough material evidence to hang Nola in both the criminal justice system and the court of public opinion—Hank offers Nola a "business proposition" which falls little short of blackmail. Varied games of cat-and-mouse

neg: Courtroom Workgroup settled by plea bargain. This figure appears to be stable over the last twenty years (Rainville & Reaves, 2003). Some collaborative efforts on the part of the courtroom workgroup simply must be present to facilitate this high percentage of pleas. Courtroom Workgroup In The United States criminal justice system, a Courtroom Workgroup is an informal arrangement between a criminal prosecutor, criminal defense attorney, and the judicial officer. This foundational concept in the academic discipline of criminal justice recharacterizes the seemingly adversarial courtroom participants as collaborators in "doing justice." The courtroom workgroup was proposed by Eisenstein and Jacob in 1977 to

neg: Criminal justice authorities, from the court system after the accused has been found guilty. Like all other aspects of criminal justice, the administration of punishment has taken many different forms throughout history. Early on, when civilizations lacked the resources necessary to construct and maintain prisons, exile and execution were the primary forms of punishment. Historically shame punishments and exile have also been used as forms of censure. The most publicly visible form of punishment in the modern era is the prison. Prisons may serve as detention centers for prisoners after trial. For containment of the accused, jails are used. Early prisons were

neg: Criminal justice system of Japan The new system aims to invite participation of the wider community and also provide a speedier, more democratic justice system, according to Eisuke Sato, the justice minister. The first trial by lay judge lasted four days, while some comparable criminal cases may last years under the old system. The historic trial of 72-year-old Katsuyoshi Fujii who stabbed his 66-year-old neighbor to death had substantial media attention. The selected lay judges must be voters, at least 20 years old, and possess a secondary level education. Professional lawyers and politicians may not serve as lay judges in the new system. At least

neg: Political positions of Bernie Sanders 2015, Sanders introduced the "Justice Is Not for Sale" Act, which prohibits the US government at federal, state and local levels from contracting with private firms to provide and/or operate detention facilities within two years. He noted that "We cannot fix our criminal justice system if corporations are allowed to profit from mass incarceration." Sanders voted in favor of the 1994 Crime Bill, which played a role in increasing the American prison population and causing racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Sanders said, at the time, he was voting for the crime bill because it included the Violence Against

neg: Rehabilitation Policy and incapacitation ruled over the criminal justice system until the 90's where an unmanageable increase of the prisoner population created gaps where the benefits of rehabilitative policy could be discussed. "The increase of the prisoner population in the United States has resulted in shifting opinions on punishment vs. rehabilitation policies. Indeterminate sentences are sentences where a judge indicates a minimum and maximum time for an offender to be imprisoned. The prisoner may be released anytime between the established minimum and maximum time. Indeterminate sentencing expanded discretion into the prison system so that prisoner rehabilitation could be analysed on the individual

neg: Women's Prison Association residence that allows homeless women who have become involved with the criminal justice system to reunite with their children. In this same period, WPA established a variety of programs for HIV-positive women involved in the New York criminal justice system. 25% of criminal justice-involved women in New York are HIV-positive. WPA programs include education and discharge planning in the city jail and state prisons, as well as case management services that can providing continuity after release. WPA coordinates inmate-peer HIV/AIDS education and support programs at Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women and Taconic Correctional Facility. Based on its successes in

neg: Mental health court criminal justice system, it creates a perversion in the system were a person's best bet for obtaining services is to get arrested. Because mental health courts are such a new phenomenon, there is little in the way of outcome data to determine their impact. Several studies of the Broward County court were released in 2002 and 2003 and found that participation in the court led to a greater connection to services. A 2004 study of the Santa Barbara County, California, Mental Health Court found that participants had reduced criminal activity during their participation. An evaluation of the Brooklyn Mental Health

neg: Victimology the protection was still largely focused on victims of sex trafficking and not victims of labour trafficking. Justice proceedings in Germany take place under the Inquisitorial System of Justice, meaning that the judge has an active role within the investigation and trial process. In contrast to the Adversarial System of trial, it is possible to have more than two opposing parties in a criminal trial, as there is not such a large requirement of a balance between the prosecution and the rights of the defendant. Therefore, the German Code of Criminal Procedure 1987 (herein ‘Criminal Code’) gives victims a number

neg: Oklahoma Highway Patrol or Troop Z, serves as the primary criminal detection and investigation arm of the patrol. Troopers (styled "investigators") assigned to the Troop Z are responsible for investigating trooper-involved shootings and incidents, fugitive apprehensions, identity and driver license fraud, polygraph examinations, speed-trap investigations, threat assessments, auto theft, and all felony crimes which are committed on Oklahoma's Turnpike System. Investigators conduct crime scene investigations, including interviewing, interrogation, traffic collision reconstruction. The division provides evidence identification, collection, and preservation for the patrol. The division is also responsible for criminal intelligence gathering activities for the patrol. The Investigations Division serves as the professional responsibility

neg: History of criminal justice included various forms of corporal punishment. These included mutilation, whipping, branding, and flogging, as well as execution. Västgötalagen specifies exactly how much to pay, if anything, depending on who was slain. The primary form of state-administered punishment during ancient times and the Middle Ages was banishment or exile. Though a prison, Le Stinche, existed as early as the 14th century in Florence, incarceration was not widely used until the 19th century. Rather, it was used to detain prisoners before trial or for imprisoning people without judicial process. The Anglo-Saxon system of maintaining public order was a private system of tithings,

neg: Race in the United States criminal justice system the criminal justice system. It has also been suggested that differences in the way the criminal justice system treats blacks and whites decreases legitimacy, which, in turn, increases criminal behavior, leading to further increases in racial disparities in interactions with the criminal justice system. Crime in poorer urban neighborhoods is linked to increased rates of mass incarceration, as job opportunities decline and people turn to crime for survival. Crime among low-education men is often linked to the economic decline among unskilled workers. These economic problems are also tied to reentry into society after incarceration. Data from the Washington State Department

neg: Doctors for Cannabis Regulation Doctors for Cannabis Regulation Doctors for Cannabis Regulation (DFCR) is a 501(c)3 non-profit, international, educational organization comprising physicians, researchers, and government officials who are dedicated to the legalization, taxation, and regulation of cannabis in the United States and around the world. DFCR was founded on September 30, 2015 by Dr. David L. Nathan, MD, DFAPA and now has more than 160 members. DFCR serves as a voice for physicians who believe that cannabis prohibition has failed and that the misuse of cannabis should be treated outside the criminal justice system as a public health issue. DFCR’s physician members strive neither

neg: National Criminal Justice Association for criminal justice issues. Expressing state, local, and tribal concerns to the federal government to prevent and reduce the harmful effects of criminal and delinquent behavior is a part of its mission statement. The NCJA actively "seeks exemplary programs that significantly improve the administration of justice." An example of a program that has received an award from the NCJA is the Berks County (PA) Community Reentry Program. The NCJA primarily serves their organization's members through benefits such as the "Justice Bulletin," a weekly news letter detailing congressional updates and criminal justice research; "Beltway Short Takes," a bi-monthly publishing of the

neg: Kevin Zervos hoped would serve as "the catalyst for positive reform of the Hong Kong criminal justice system" by putting together topics for discussion to identify possible areas for reform. The Chairman of the Law Society's Criminal Law and Procedure Committee, Stephen Hung Wan-shun, praised him for making the Hong Kong criminal justice system more transparent and for increasing communication between the department and defence lawyers. He noted that Zervos was "open to different views" and more active than his predecessors in attending court sessions instead of sitting in his office." Zervos was also keen to help newly qualified lawyers in an

neg: Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction that it has wrought is here..." Schmalleger adds, "It is my hope that the technological and publishing revolutions will combine with growing social awareness to facilitate needed changes in our system; and will supplant self-serving system-perpetuated injustices with new standards of equity, compassion, understanding, fairness, and justice for all." Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction is a book written by Frank Schmalleger. It is intended to serve as an introductory text in the study of the American criminal justice system . There have been eight editions with the latest written in 2010. The text is printed

neg: Annabel Palma resides with her husband and her son, Jonathan, who is currently a student at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. In 2003, Palma was elected after defeating incumbent Pedro Espada, Jr. handily in a primary. She would win re-election in 2005, 2009 and 2013 easily. Palma serves on the Committees on Youth Services, General Welfare, Technology, Land Use, Community Development and the Subcommittee on Landmarks, Public Siting and Maritime Uses, and is a member of the Black, Latino and Asian Caucus and Women’s Caucus. She has come under fire for frequent absences from official council duties. Annabel Palma Annabel Palma

neg: David Loy freedom, progress, science, economic and political development have been understood and pursued. "The Great Awakening: A Buddhist Social Theory" develops the social implications of Buddhist teachings for our understanding (and response to) collective forms of dukkha (suffering). Today the "three poisons" – greed, ill will, and delusion – have been institutionalized. There are discussions of poverty, economic development, and corporate capitalism; Buddhist perspectives on the war on terror, our criminal justice system, and the connection between Zen and war; and essays addressing technology, deep ecology, and our relationship with the biosphere. "The Dharma of Dragons and Daemons: Buddhist Themes in

neg: Indigenous Australians Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health (OATSIH). Aboriginal Australians are overrepresented in Australia's criminal justice system. As of 2018, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander prisoners represented 28% of the total full-time adult prisoner population while only accounting for 2% of the general population. Furthermore, the increasing percentage of Aboriginal women in Australia's prisons also reflects this: while again being only 2% of the general population, Aboriginal women make up 34% of the prison population. These figures, however, are nowhere as startling as those exposed by a recent report into youth justice undertaken by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.