query: who formed part of the process of setting up the freedom charter

pos: Freedom Charter people", "Living wages and shorter hours of work", "Free and compulsory education, irrespective of colour, race or nationality" were synthesized into the final document by ANC leaders including Z.K. Mathews, Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, Ethel Drus, Ruth First and Alan Lipman (whose wife, Beata Lipman, hand-wrote the original Charter). The Charter was officially adopted on 26 June 1955 at a Congress of the People in Kliptown. The meeting was attended by roughly 3,000 delegates but was broken up by police on the second day, although by then the charter had been read in full. The crowd had shouted its approval of

neg: South African Communist Party committed itself to a democratic, non-racial South Africa where the "people shall govern" through the Freedom Charter. The Freedom Charter was adopted by the ANC, the SACP and other partners in the Alliance in accordance with its evolution. The Charter has since remained the cornerstone of the Alliance, as its basic, shared programme to advance a national democratic revolution, both a process of struggle and transformation to achieve a non-racial, non-sexist, democratic and prosperous South Africa. The SACP played a role in the development of the Freedom Charter through its cadres who were openly active in the Congress Alliance and

neg: Charter of the Commonwealth Charter of the Commonwealth The Charter of the Commonwealth is a charter setting out the values of the Commonwealth of Nations as well as the commitment of its 53 member states to equal rights, democracy and so on. It was proposed at the 2011 CHOGM in Perth, Australia, adopted on 19 December 2012 and officially signed by Queen Elizabeth II at Marlborough House, London, on the Commonwealth Day on 11 March 2013. A total of sixteen core beliefs are drawn up in the charter, namely, democracy, human rights, international peace and security, tolerance, respect and understanding, freedom of expression, separation

neg: National and Local Government Officers' Association of the pay, conditions and status of local government officers; the abolition of nepotism (at the time rife in local government); and the welfare of members and their families. In 1917, a parliamentary committee chaired by J.H. Whitley MP recommended setting up joint committees of employers and workers throughout industry for consultations on pay and working conditions, and in 1919 the first Whitley Council for local government was formed on NALGO’s insistence. After a prolonged process of negotiations, NALGO and the employers agreed a national charter of pay scales in local government in 1946. Although Hill had previously remarked that

neg: Media freedom in the European Union Media freedom in the European Union Media freedom in the European Union is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its citizens, as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights. Within the EU enlargement process, guaranteeing media freedom is named a "key indicator of a country's readiness to become part of the EU". Media freedom, including freedom of the press, is the principal platform for ensuring freedom of expression and freedom of information, referring to the right to express value judgments and the

neg: Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1651, William Coddington obtained a separate charter from England setting up the Coddington Commission, which made him life governor of the islands of Rhode Island and Conanicut in a federation with Connecticut Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony. Protest, open rebellion, and a further petition to Oliver Cromwell in London led to the reinstatement of the original charter in 1653. Following the 1660 restoration of royal rule in England, it was necessary to gain a Royal Charter from King Charles II. Charles was a Catholic sympathizer in staunchly Protestant England, and he approved of the colony's promise of religious freedom. He

neg: John Clarke (Baptist minister) presented it to the king, and it was approved with the king's seal on 8 July 1663. This charter granted unprecedented freedom and religious liberty to Rhode Islanders and remained in effect for 180 years, making it the longest-lasting constitutional charter in history. Clarke returned to Rhode Island following his success at procuring the charter; he became very active in civil affairs there, and continued to pastor his church in Newport until his death in 1676. He left an extensive will, setting up the first educational trust in America. He was an avid proponent of the notion of soul-liberty that

neg: Commonwealth of Independent States The process of Eurasian integration began immediately after the break-up of the Soviet Union to salvage economic ties with Post-Soviet republics. On 22 January 1993, the Charter (Statutes) of the CIS were signed, setting up the different institutions of the CIS, their functions, the rules and statutes of the CIS. The Charter also defined that all countries having ratified the Agreement on the Establishment of the CIS and its relevant (Alma-Ata) Protocol would be considered to be founding states of the CIS, as well as that only countries ratifying the Charter would be considered to be member states of the

neg: Freedom of the press citizens, as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights. Within the EU enlargement process, guaranteeing media freedom is named a "key indicator of a country's readiness to become part of the EU". According to the "New York Times", "Britain has a long tradition of a free, inquisitive press", but "[u]nlike the United States, Britain has no constitutional guarantee of press freedom." Freedom of the press was established in Great Britain in 1695, with Alan Rusbridger, former editor of "The Guardian", stating: “When people talk about licensing journalists or newspapers the

neg: African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights universally accepted civil and political rights. The civil and political rights recognised in the Charter include the right to freedom from discrimination (Article 2 and 18(3)), equality (Article 3), life and personal integrity (Article 4), dignity (Article 5), freedom from slavery (Article 5), freedom from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (Article 5), rights to due process concerning arrest and detention (Article 6), the right to a fair trial (Article 7 and 25), freedom of religion (Article 8), freedom of information and expression (Article 9), freedom of association (Article 10), freedom to assembly (Article 11), freedom of movement (Article

neg: Jehovah's Witnesses and governments the results of the Witnesses' legal battles was the long process of discussion and debate that led to the Charter of Rights, which is now part of the fundamental law of Canada. Other battles in countries around the world have involved the rights to decline military service or martial arts training, to decline to participate in political parties or governmental elections, to exercise free and anonymous speech, to exercise freedom of association, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, medical self-determination, etc. Witnesses continue to, in their words, 'defend and legally establish the Good News' around the world." In 1930,

neg: History of freedom of religion in Canada enacted the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1963, which protected freedom of religion in matters coming within federal jurisdiction. The federal Parliament followed up by enacting the "Canadian Human Rights Act" in 1977, to prohibit discrimination on a wide range of personal characteristics, including protecting religion. Finally, in 1982, the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" was enacted as part of the Constitution of Canada. Section 2 of the Charter protects fundamental freedoms, including "freedom of conscience and religion." The Lord's Day Act, which since 1906 had prohibited business transactions from taking place on Sundays, was struck down as unconstitutional

neg: Hate speech laws in Canada to the hate propaganda offences in the "Criminal Code", and has also rejected challenges to the hate publication provisions in human rights legislation. The Court has ruled that while the provisions restrict freedom of expression, the restrictions are justifiable under section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" is part of the Constitution of Canada. Section 2 of the Charter protects freedom of expression, including freedom of the press, and also freedom of religion. Section 1 of the Charter guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in the Charter, but also

neg: Charter Oath emperor himself saw it as a statement of the existence of democracy in Meiji era. Charter Oath The was promulgated at the enthronement of Emperor Meiji of Japan on 6 April 1868 in Kyoto Imperial Palace. The Oath outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during Emperor Meiji's reign, setting the legal stage for Japan's modernization. This also set up a process of urbanization as people of all classes were free to move jobs so people went to the city for better work. It remained influential, if less for governing than inspiring, throughout the Meiji

neg: Charter Oath Charter Oath The was promulgated at the enthronement of Emperor Meiji of Japan on 6 April 1868 in Kyoto Imperial Palace. The Oath outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during Emperor Meiji's reign, setting the legal stage for Japan's modernization. This also set up a process of urbanization as people of all classes were free to move jobs so people went to the city for better work. It remained influential, if less for governing than inspiring, throughout the Meiji era and into the twentieth century, and can be considered the first constitution of modern

neg: Highland Academy Charter School municipality of Anchorage. The curriculum holistically supports a more modern approach to learning, incorporating standards in career development and technology, as well as social, public service, and personal learning. Social-emotional learning is imbedded into curriculum in a variety of ways. All students are part of an advisory team where academic coaching, goal setting, team building, and parent connections are focused. Highland Academy was formerly known as Highland Tech High and Highland Tech Charter School. Student may choose one or more standards and create an activity or project that addresses these standards. The process is designed to allow flexibility in the

neg: Freedom of religion in the Philippines Aquino who replaced Marcos as president with Cardinal Sin calling for support. Aquino then initiated a new constitutional commission to frame a new charter again for the country. It is noted that Roman Catholic religious and clergy like Christine Tan, R.G.S., a nun, Joaquin Bernas, S.J., and Bishop Teodoro C. Bacani became part of the 1986 Constitutional Commission and left their mark on the promulgation of the charter and its numerous provisions on the Church and state. Freedom of religion in the Philippines Freedom of religion in the Philippines is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Philippines. The 1987 Constitution

neg: Optional federal charter bills would largely end the state practice of overseeing—and in some cases setting—the particular rates that insurance companies charge. Groups like the Consumer Federation of America argue that this process of government rate setting tends to provide lower prices for consumers. Opponents also argue that the state-based system does a more efficient job responding to local consumer needs and desires. Optional federal charter Optional Federal Charter (OFC) is a proposal to streamline and simplify US insurance regulation by allowing insurance companies to choose between a current state-based regulatory system and a single federal regulatory agency. This would mean that insurance

neg: Alemo-Herron v Parkwood Leisure Ltd Court of Justice held that the employees could not be regarded as transferring automatically under the terms of the Directive. The reason was that Parkwood Leisure Ltd would not be represented on the National Joint Committee that set the new "dynamic" terms that would form a part of the employees' contracts. Without any scope for representation in this process, there would be an undue limit on the employer's business freedom, and freedom of contract, protected by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, article 16. The "Alemo-Herron" decision of the Court of Appeal would imply that a collective

neg: Congress Alliance Congress Alliance The Congress Alliance was an anti-apartheid political coalition formed in South Africa in the 1950s. Led by the African National Congress, the CA was multi-racial in makeup and committed to the principle of majority rule. Congress Alliance was instrumental in the development of the Freedom Charter, the statement of core principles of the Alliance. Characterized by its opening demand, "The People Shall Govern!", the Charter was ratified at a mass rally, the Congress of the People, held at Kliptown, Soweto in June 1955. The Congress Alliance was part of the ANC's efforts to promote a multi-racial anti-apartheid movement.

neg: Dawn of Freedom Brigades Northern Sun Battalion (making the Dawn of Freedom Brigades defunct in the process) and smaller FSA groups formed the Army of Revolutionaries. Although most of the Dawn of Freedom Brigades joined the Army of Revolutionaries, its founder, Nizar al-Khatib, did not, and criticized the Army. Dawn of Freedom Brigades The Dawn of Freedom Brigades () was a Free Syrian Army-affiliated Syrian rebel alliance which participated in the Syrian Civil War. It coordinated with the joint operations room Euphrates Volcano and eventually became part of the Army of Revolutionaries ("Jaysh al-Thuwar") in 2015. The founder of the Dawn of Freedom Brigades

neg: Wyoming e Academy of Virtual Education Wyoming e Academy of Virtual Education The Wyoming "e" Academy of Virtual Education, or WeAVE is an online high school in the western region of the United States, operating out of Fort Washakie, Wyoming. It is part of the Fort Washakie Charter High School (FWCHS), which was formed in 2002 to bring a secondary school to one of two remaining K-8 districts in the state. Fort Washakie Charter High School was supported financially and programmatically by the local school board, unlike most charter schools. After investigating some of the nation’s premiere online high schools, they created WeAVE. The process to

neg: July Monarchy of national sovereignty over the principle of the divine right. The new Charter was a compromise between the "Doctrinaires" opposition to Charles X and the Republicans. Laws enforcing Catholicism and censorship were repealed and the revolutionary tricolor flag re-established. Louis-Philippe pledged his oath to the 1830 Charter on 9 August setting up the beginnings of the July Monarchy. Two days later, the first cabinet was formed, gathering the Constitutionalist opposition to Charles X, including Casimir Perier, the banker Jacques Laffitte, Count Molé, the duke of Broglie, François Guizot, etc. The new government's first aim was to restore public order, while

neg: Municipal charter Municipal charter A city charter or town charter (generically, municipal charter) is a legal document ("charter") establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages. Traditionally the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system. Townspeople who lived in chartered towns were burghers, as opposed to serfs who lived in villages. Towns were often "free", in the sense that they were directly protected by the king or emperor, and were not part of a feudal fief. Today the process for

neg: National Council of Young Israel emulated them (by setting up their own original Young Israel lectures and shuls). The other neighborhood groups agreed to abide by the charter. By 1926, the organization was incorporated, and owned the trademarked name, "Young Israel. "Any new shuls wishing to use the name would have to get agreement from the central organization, which required subscription to the charter. This prevented any Young Israel shul from moving toward Conservative practice. By 1925, Young Israel was extending into social services, and formed a support agency for Sabbath-observant employment that included job placement and vocational training. Later in the decade, the synagogue

neg: Charter School (Massachusetts) no tuition and are funded mostly by sending districts according to formulas set by the state. Massachusetts charter schools have a number of organizational features in common with charter schools in other states. First, they are typically outside local collective bargaining agreements. As a result, they have greater flexibility than traditional public schools when it comes to staffing, compensation, and scheduling. The increased freedom coupled with increased accountability infuses all aspects of the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education's oversight of charter schools, beginning with the rigorous application process that groups must go through to receive a charter. Once

neg: Jinder (musician) that Jinder would record for Folkwit Records, with Jinder amicably parting company with the label in late 2006 to begin establishing Din Of Ecstasy, his own record label. In early 2007, whilst still in the process of setting up his record company Din Of Ecstasy, Jinder reacted to his new freedom to record and release whatever and however he wished by setting himself a new challenge. The challenge was to write, record, package, press and release an entire new album within 24hrs. Starting work at 8am on a Sunday in early January 2007, the record came together quickly, with ten

neg: Children Act 1908 in dangerous trades and prevented them from purchasing cigarettes and entering pubs. The act also prevented children from learning criminal "tricks of the trade" in adult prisons, where children were often sent to serve time if a crime had been committed. Instead the Children's Charter had allocated Borstals. It eventually led to many councils setting up social services and Orphanages. Children Act 1908 The 1908 Children's Act, also known as Children and Young Persons Act, part of the Children's Charter was a piece of government legislation passed by the Liberal government, as part of the British Liberal Party's liberal reforms

neg: Thomas Nkobi a leading role in the 1952 ANC Defiance Campaign against Unjust Laws. He was one of the main volunteers who travelled from village to village collecting demands of the African population that were incorporated into the ANC Freedom Charter; he attended the 1955 Congress of the People in Kliptown that drew up the Freedom Charter as a delegate from Alexandra. In 1957 Thomas Nkobi shot to prominence when he chaired the Second Alexandra Peoples Transport Committee which was co-ordinating a bus boycott in the Johannesburg and Pretoria townships following a 25 per cent increase in bus fares. In the same

neg: Museum of the Swiss Charters of Confederation Charter of 1291 is no longer seen as Switzerland's founding document. Other documents have been given equal importance. Beginning with the exhibition design of 1999, the museum began to integrate the latest historical findings. Since 2014, the myth surrounding the Federal Charter is an important part of the current permanent exhibition, while the architectural setting of the 1930s remains present. Museum of the Swiss Charters of Confederation The Museum of the Swiss Charters of Confederation (German: "Bundesbriefmuseum"; up to 1992 the "Federal Charter Archive") is a history museum in Schwyz. It was built in 1936 as a national shrine for

neg: Antonio Añoveros Ataún that the Christians respectfully recognize Muslim spiritual and that moral values and all missionary endeavors be tailored accordingly. Contributing to Declaration on Religious Freedom, ("Dignitatis Humanae", 1965), and especially during the discussion on the so-called 4 SC (textus reemendatus), Añoveros spoke against the version prepared by the Council for Promoting Christian Unity and joined the 70-something group of bishops who formed part of the opposition nucleus. Though far from the fundamental rejection advocated by Marcel Lefebvre (or even critique from some fellow Spaniards like ), Añoveros called for setting limits of religious liberty. He argued that the state had the

neg: Charter schools in New Zealand are fee paying private schools which receive limited funding from the state. Most follow the national curriculum or internationally recognized variations. Following the 2011 general election, the National Party, in return for confidence and supply, announced it would pick up an ACT party policy of setting up charter schools in southern Auckland and eastern Christchurch within three years. This followed the appointment of Lesley Longstone as the new Secretary of Education, who had experience in England with charter schools, although Longstone resigned in November 2012 after falling out with Education Minister Hekia Parata over the error-ridden Novopay payroll system. The

neg: Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms significant decision on limiting primary picketing is "British Columbia Government Employees' Union v British Columbia (AG)", where employees at the British Columbia Supreme Court, who were protesting as part of a province-wide public service employee strike, were ordered back to work by the Chief Justice of the court. The order was found to clearly violate section 2(b) but the Supreme Court upheld it on section 1. Section 2(b) guarantees freedom of thought, belief and opinion in addition to freedom of expression. However, some have argued that freedoms of thought, belief and opinion in the "Charter" have had little practical consequence,

neg: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms a violation will not be found until there has been sufficient encroachment on those rights. The sum effect is that both constitutions provide comparable protection of many rights. Fundamental justice (in section 7 of the Canadian Charter) is therefore interpreted to include more legal protections than due process, which is its US equivalent. Freedom of expression in section 2 also has a more wide-ranging scope than the First Amendment to the United States Constitution's freedom of speech. In "RWDSU v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd." (1986), the Canadian Supreme Court considered picketing of the kind the US First Amendment did not permit,

neg: Charter of 1814 Charter of 1814 The French Charter of 1814 was a constitution granted by King Louis XVIII of France shortly after his restoration. The Congress of Vienna demanded that Louis bring in a constitution of some form before he was restored. The opening twelve articles of the Charter are analogous to a "Bill of Rights". They contained such measures as a declaration of equality before the law, due process rights, religious toleration, freedom of the press, protection of private property, and abolition of conscription. These principles, together with the retention of the Napoleonic Code, represent some of the permanent gains of

neg: Freedom from Want (painting) 77th United States Congress on January 6, 1941. In the early 1940s, Roosevelt's Four Freedoms themes were still vague and abstract to many, but the government used them to help boost patriotism. The Four Freedoms' theme was eventually incorporated into the Atlantic Charter, and it became part of the charter of the United Nations. The series of paintings ran in "The Saturday Evening Post" accompanied by essays from noted writers on four consecutive weeks: "Freedom of Speech" (February 20), "Freedom of Worship" (February 27), "Freedom from Want" (March 6), and "Freedom from Fear" (March 13). Eventually, the series was widely

neg: Koreans in the Philippines city's potential is relatively "untapped" compared to other markets in the Philippines such as Cebu or Baguio. About 2,647 Korean tourists visited Davao in 2006, up slightly from 2,622 in 2005. There are a number of Korean investment projects in the region. As early as 2002, two consortiums of Korean and Japanese investors were in the process of setting up used-car refurbishment plants in Davao City. SK Chemicals, part of the SK Group, looked into the possibility of setting up a coconut-processing plant there in 2004, which would process one billion coconuts per year. Korean and Japanese investors have set

neg: Mike Morath his tenure as a trustee, Morath sold his company, Minute Menu, and formed Morath Investments. Morath was also the originator of a home-rule movement in the DISD that began in early 2014. His idea was to use a never-before used provision in Texas' charter school legislation to the convert the school district into a "home-rule charter" system, allowing DISD more autonomy and self-governance. Although intended to allow the district the freedom to enact reforms, the idea drew criticism from some, especially the local teacher's unions, Texas State Teachers Association and Alliance AFT, who opposed the possibility of "fewer safeguards for

neg: Pillars of Freedom Pillars of Freedom Pillars of Freedom is a multi-platform children's series created by Smiley Guy Studios Inc. and Nexus Media Inc. for TVO. It consists of animated TV episodes and a website with online games. The plot follows two young dragons called Spirit and Imm who are trying to restore freedom to their kingdom of Moltonia from the reign of the oppressive Mayor Crag. As Spirit and Imm stand up for their rights based on the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms they unlock the seven forgotten Pillars of Freedom and defeat the mayor in the coming election. The seven

neg: European Centre for Press and Media Freedom European Centre for Press and Media Freedom The European Centre for Press and Media Freedom (ECPMF) is a no-profit organisation founded on 2 June 2015 in Leipzig, Germany. As a pan-European organisation of journalists, the core targets of the ECPMF are to monitor the application of the European Charter on Freedom of the Press, signed in 2009, and to fight back against attacks on press and media freedom. Its founding members include 25 organisations from across Europe, based on a "European Charta" signed by 48 editors-in-chief and leading journalists. It is in the process of being established as a European

neg: Social Democratic Party (Nigeria) the political education of the citizenry. 6. Defense: SDP shall encourage as a deliberate policy of self reliance, local production of arms and military armament as well as exploring the possibilities of setting up armament industries in locations within the country. 7. Police: SDP shall launch an in house political education of among the police to change their attitude to the state, perception of their and obligations and relations with the citizenry. After the ban on old SDP as part of democratic process of Major General Ibrahim Babangida. A new merger party emerged in the name of SDP was formed

neg: Eleven-plus the lack of consistency between different 11+ tests. Between them, GL and CEM earn an estimated £2.5m annually from setting and marking the 11+ tests. Releasing the raw marks would bring some clarity to the admissions process but attempts to do so have generally been unsuccessful. GL have used the fact that they are not covered by Freedom of Information legislation to withhold information made for information relating to the 11+ exams used by Altrincham Grammar School for Boys, who stated, “Our examination provider, GL Assessment Limited (GL) is not subject to the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOI) as

neg: Freedom of Worship (painting) Durant. "Freedom of Worship" is the second of a series of four oil paintings by Norman Rockwell entitled "Four Freedoms". The works were inspired by President Franklin D. Roosevelt's State of the Union Address delivered to the 77th United States Congress on January 6, 1941, known as Four Freedoms. Of the Four Freedoms, the only two described in the United States Constitution are freedom of speech and freedom of religion. The Four Freedoms' theme was later incorporated into the Allies' World War II policy statement, the Atlantic Charter, and became part of the charter of the United Nations. The series

neg: Northern Sun Battalion 2015, some of former members of the northern branches of the Hazzm Movement, (including the Atarib Martyrs Brigade) and the Syrian Revolutionaries Front along with Jabhat al-Akrad, the Dawn of Freedom Brigades main component group the Northern Sun Battalion (making the Dawn of Freedom Brigades defunct in the process) and smaller FSA groups formed the Army of Revolutionaries. Many of the northern members of the Syrian Revolutionaries Front and Hazzm Movement also joined the Levant Front. In October 2015 it became part of the Syrian Democratic Forces. Subsequently, the Dawn of Freedom Brigades went defunct. In November, the battalion participated

neg: Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell) Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell) The Four Freedoms is a series of four 1943 oil paintings by the American artist Norman Rockwell. The paintings—"Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Want", and "Freedom from Fear"—are each approximately × , and are now in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. The four freedoms refer to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's January 1941 Four Freedoms State of the Union address in which he identified essential human rights that should be universally protected. The theme was incorporated into the Atlantic Charter, and became part of the charter of the United Nations. The paintings

neg: European Chemical Site Promotion Platform pro-active in profiling itself as an attractive region for new chemical investment. In November 2003, Peter Anderton invited a number of chemical site management organizations to Rotterdam to take part in a brainstorming session to determine whether there was wider support for setting up such a forum, to be known as European Chemical Site Promotion Platform (ECSPP). There was enthusiastic backing for the idea and it was decided to develop the framework and conditions required to establish ECSPP as a formal organization. A steering committee was formed to manage this process and in the course of 2004, a Business Plan

neg: Congress of the People (1955) to their communities or organizations to spread the adoption of the Freedom Charter. By the end of 1955, 156 leading Congress Alliance activists were arrested and tried for treason and the Charter itself would be used as evidence and would eventually be declared illegal. These arrests would result in the 1956 Treason Trial. Congress of the People (1955) The Congress of the People was a gathering held in Kliptown on 26 June 1955 to lay out the vision of the South African people. The Freedom Charter was drawn-up at the gathering; the charter became the manifesto of the African National

neg: Jaggi Singh (activist) lengthy pre-trial process, the weapons charge was dropped, and Singh’s request in November 2003 for a stay of proceedings based on "unreasonable delay and abuse of process," was accepted two months before the case would have gone to trial in January 2004. In his ruling, Judge Beaulieu of the Quebec Superior Court agreed with Singh’s position that: "... the bail conditions imposed on May 2001 have restrained his right to freedom, opinion, expression and the right of freedom of association as protected by article 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms." Singh is also known for his pro-Palestinian

neg: Charter an incorporated body could be formed, but other means (such as the registration process for limited companies) are generally now used instead. A charter of "Inspeximus" (Latin, literally "We have inspected") is frequently a royal charter, by which an earlier charter or series of charters relating to a particular foundation (such as a monastery or a guild) was recited and incorporated into a new charter, usually in order to confirm and renew its validity under present authority. Where the original documents are lost, an inspeximus charter may sometimes preserve their texts and lists of witnesses. Charter A charter is the

neg: Wausau, Wisconsin District, housed in Wausau East High School, and is for students who do not find the traditional school setting to be a fit for their academic needs. EEA services grades 6–12. The Idea Charter School, a project based charter school that is a part of the D.C. Everest School District, had its first year in operation in the 2011–2012 school year. The charter school serves grades 6-12. The city's Roman Catholic parochial schools are known as the Newman Catholic Schools. They include St. Anne, St. Michael and St. Mark, Newman Middle School, and Newman Catholic High School. Other parochial schools

neg: Civil liberties of association amidst growing authoritarianism. The Constitution of Canada includes the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which guarantees many of the same rights as the U.S. constitution, with the notable exceptions of protection against establishment of religion. However, the Charter does protect freedom of religion. The Charter also omits any mention of, or protection for, property. The United States Constitution, especially its Bill of Rights, protects civil liberties. The passage of the Fourteenth Amendment further protected civil liberties by introducing the Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process Clause, and Equal Protection Clause. Human rights within the United States are

neg: Kate Molale a member of the National Executive of the ANC Women's League. She was also the ANC Youth League Transvaal secretary. Conducting surveys amongst the South African populace, Molale played a key role in the drafting process of the Freedom Charter. In 1955 Molale was part of a delegation that went to the Native Commissioner in Johannesburg to deliver a protest against the extension of pass laws to include African women. As the delegation left the Native Commissioner's office, they were detained and charged. Molale was one of the key activists in mobilising women during the 9 August 1956 anti-pass campaign,

neg: Gregory N. Todd part of response teams that responded after the crashes of EgyptAir Flight 990 and American Airlines Flight 587. Todd returned to ministry within the Marine Corps in 2002, reporting to the Second Force Service Support Group based at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He deployed to Kuwait with the group's Forward Battalion at a part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2004, he deployed to Afghanistan with the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. setting up the ministry at Forward Operating Base Ripley in Afghanistan's Oruzgan Province. In May 2005, he assumed the duties as officer in charge

neg: History of Ohio Wesleyan University On March 7, 1842, the founders formed a Board of Trustees and secured a charter, edited by a local resident Joseph Trimble, from the Ohio legislature. The charter established wide powers to a board comprising twenty-one members. The charter emphasized the democratic spirit of freedom of teaching. Following the formal recognition by the state, the school appointed its first Principal, Solomon Howard and the formally recognized school unofficially opened its doors on November 1, 1842 six months later after the school obtained its official charter. The enrollment on November 1 comprised four boys. However, it increased to 130 students by

neg: Seminole Tribe of Florida to men trying to buy homes. The Seminole consulted with other tribes and experts to help them develop their government structure. They wrote a constitution and corporate charter, modeled on the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. The vote was opened in 1957 to the 448 reservation Seminole and any Trail Indians who wanted to participate; the Seminole approved the constitution and corporate charter on August 21, 1957. The Seminole Tribe of Florida received federal recognition later that year. This process had heightened the differences among the groups. The Trail peoples, who were Mikasuki-language speakers, formed their own government, receiving state

neg: Media freedom in the European Union and the EU Candidate, Potential Candidate, as well as Eastern Partnership countries. The organisations' work includes theoretical activities such as producing reports on the state of media freedom in different countries, as well as giving practical help, such as financial or legal support, to people active in journalism. Media freedom in the European Union Media freedom in the European Union is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its citizens, as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights. Within the EU enlargement process,

neg: KIPP (organization) February 2007 strategy paper for the think tank the Brookings Institution commented favorably on the accomplishment of KIPP. A research report published in March 2005 by the Economic Policy Institute in book form as "The Charter School Dust-Up: Examining the Evidence on Enrollment and Achievement", however, described the degree to which KIPP's admission process selects for likely high achievers: Some observers, such as the authors of "The Charter School Dust-Up", say that KIPP's admission process self-screens for students who are motivated and compliant and come from similarly motivated, compliant as well as supportive families. The 2010 Mathematica Policy Research study

neg: Hellblazer Constantine cuts his own wrists, in order to free himself from consciousness, and plays a confidence trick on the beast, allowing his friends time to use the collective consciousness to rebuild the guardian that had kept the beast trapped. However, in this process, Swamp Thing has his human soul removed, setting up the fourth run of the comic, relaunched shortly afterward. In the process John loses his memory, setting up the events leading up to the 200th issue. Leading up to the landmark issue, John has little control over events, and is led along by a psychic serial killer, who

neg: Victoria Charter began with the title "Part I - Political Rights", which contained nine "articles." This bill of rights, however, was not as elaborate as Canada's current constitutional bill of rights, the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms". The first article "declared" the existence of freedom of expression and freedom of religion, and like the 1960 "Canadian Bill of Rights", stipulated that "all laws shall be construed and applied so as not to abrogate or abridge any such freedom." Article 2 established the applicability of the bill of rights to Parliament and the legislatures, and article 3 allowed for reasonable limits on

neg: Freedom Press with the intention of moving most of its content online and switching to a less regular freesheet for paper publication. Other regular publications by Freedom Press have included "Freedom Bulletin", "Spain and the World", "Revolt!" and "War Commentary". The core group which went on to form Freedom Press came out of a circle of anarchists with international connections formed around the London-based radical firebrand Charlotte Wilson, a Cambridge-educated writer and public speaker who was in the process of breaking from Fabian Society orthodoxy. Among this founding group were Nikola Chaikovski, Francesco Saverio Merlino, and as of 1886, celebrated anarchist-communist Peter

neg: Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Section 2 of the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" (""Charter"") is the section of the Constitution of Canada that lists what the "Charter" calls "fundamental freedoms" theoretically applying to everyone in Canada, regardless of whether they are a Canadian citizen, or an individual or corporation. These freedoms can be held against actions of all levels of government and are enforceable by the courts. The fundamental freedoms are freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of thought, freedom of belief, freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association. Section 1

neg: Royal charter At one time, a royal charter was the sole means by which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means (such as the registration process for limited companies) are generally used nowadays instead. Among the past and present groups formed by royal charter are the Company of Merchants of the Staple of England (13th Century), the British East India Company (1600), the Hudson's Bay Company, Standard Chartered, the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O), the British South Africa Company, and some of the former British colonies on the North American mainland, City livery companies, the Bank of England

neg: Freedom Charter future; <br>The right of all the peoples of Africa to independence and self-government shall be recognized and shall be the basis of close co-operation. Let all who love their people and their country now say, as we say here: 'THESE FREEDOMS WE WILL FIGHT FOR, SIDE BY SIDE, THROUGHOUT OUR LIVES, UNTIL WE HAVE WON OUR LIBERTY.' Adopted at the Congress of the People, Kliptown, South Africa, on 26 June 1955. Freedom Charter The Freedom Charter was the statement of core principles of the South African Congress Alliance, which consisted of the African National Congress (ANC) and its allies -

neg: Alexandrina Cantacuzino preserving control over CNFR and the smaller "Solidaritatea". One of the GFR's main goals, cemented in its charter, was "an active propaganda work, oral as well as written, among the feminine masses"; another one was the setting up of Initiative Committees for female representation. However, the GFR remained highly centralized, and no clear criterion for admitting or rejecting membership was ever recorded in its statutes. Political scientist Alexandra Petrescu finds that the GFR, a "matriarchal" order, mimicked the "masculine hierarchy" of traditional political parties, effectively subverting the democratizing process of first-wave feminism. Cantacuzino participated in the grand rally of 150

neg: Olaudah Equiano Equiano purchase his freedom, King also provided Equiano with education. Equiano saved as much as he could, then traveled to England, and as a freeman he formed part of the abolitionist movement in England. By about 1768, Equiano had gone to England. He continued to work at sea, travelling sometimes as a deckhand based in England. In 1773 on the British Royal Navy ship "Racehorse", he travelled to the Arctic in an expedition to find a northern route to India. On that voyage he worked with Dr. Charles Irving, who had developed a process to distill seawater and later made

neg: Freedom of religion in Canada symbolisms of a variety of religions. Donovan argued on behalf of Loyola High School that the ERC forbids teachers from teaching, in detail, the reasons why a given religious faith believes what it does believe; any form of instruction that could be perceived as an endorsement of a particular religion or proclaiming it as truth is prohibited and therefore seen by Donovan as a violation of religious freedom, as outlined in the Quebec Charter of Values. An additional concern is that government imposed religious and ethical curricula on institutions like Loyola, could be precedent-setting for government control on other faith

neg: D'Evelyn Junior/Senior High School Colorado Charter Schools Act of 1993 and the nascent school secured the "option school" status required to pursue its own academic objectives with a high degree of freedom from the district. David D'Evelyn was influential in helping the Colorado Charter Schools Act of 1993 become law. He died in a plane crash shortly before the act went into effect. At the same time the Colorado Charter Schools Act was going through the legislative process, the Dennison option school in Lakewood was straining at the limits of its site capacity providing a K-8 program. In response to the need to expand

neg: Fundamental rights in India Fundamental rights in India Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III(Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil

neg: Fundamental rights in India after giving special training. Fundamental rights in India Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III(Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for

neg: Amul the farmers. In 1946, the milk farmers of the area went on a strike which led to the setting up of the cooperative to collect and process milk. Milk collection was decentralized, as most producers were marginal farmers who could deliver, at most, 1–2 litres of milk per day. Cooperatives were formed for each village, too. By June 1948, the KDCMPUL had started pasteurizing milk for the 'Bombay Milk Scheme'. Under the selfless leadership of Tribhuvandas Patel, in 1973, Amul celebrated its with Morarji Desai, Maniben Patel and Verghese Kurien. The cooperative was further developed and managed by Dr. Verghese

neg: New Schools Network New Schools Network New Schools Network (NSN) is a United Kingdom-registered charity which aims to support groups setting up free schools within the English state education sector. The group was set up in 2009 by Rachel Wolf, a former adviser to Boris Johnson and Michael Gove, then Secretary of State at the Department for Education. Wolf started the group after visiting New York City whilst working for Gove and observing the city's charter schools as well as groups such as the Knowledge Is Power Program and the New York City Charter School Center, who advise new schools in the city.

neg: Una Baines with Martin Bramah, when he quit the Fall in 1979. Blue Orchids released their first single in 1980 and their first album, "The Greatest Hit (Money Mountain)", in 1982. After a brief stint as Nico's backing band on a European tour, they split in 1982, briefly reforming in 1985. Baines then formed a predominantly female band called the Fates, who released the album "Furia" on Baines' own Taboo label in late 1985. In 2002, an article revealed that Baines was working at a community centre in Whalley Range, South Manchester, where she was in the process of setting up a

neg: Olaudah Equiano of Equiano's former masters who allowed him to purchase his freedom. Enslaved, Equiano formed a part of the capitalist system which categorized him as a salable item. Equiano earned money through the short supply and high demand for clerks in Philadelphia. The Slave Codes allowed Equiano to purchase his freedom with his master's consent. Capitalism extended globally due to new forms of transportation, permitting the expanded sale of slaves across the Atlantic. As a freeman, Equiano continued to trade, and he formed part of skilled-based industries such as the writing industry where he wrote and published his memoir.Equiano forms part

neg: Congress of the People (1955) Congress of the People (1955) The Congress of the People was a gathering held in Kliptown on 26 June 1955 to lay out the vision of the South African people. The Freedom Charter was drawn-up at the gathering; the charter became the manifesto of the African National Congress and a symbol of internal resistance against apartheid. The Freedom Charter was the core statement of principles of the Congress Alliance, consisting of the African National Congress (ANC), the South African Indian Congress, the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU), and the Congress of Democrats. A call

neg: Walter Sisulu Square brick tower at the centre of the square is a monument to the document itself and contains the full principles of the charter engraved in bronze. Walter Sisulu Square Walter Sisulu Square, formally known as the Walter Sisulu Square of Dedication, is located in the heart of Kliptown in Soweto, South Africa. This location was the site where, on 26 June 1955, the Congress of the People, met to draw up the Freedom Charter, an alternative vision to the repressive policies of the apartheid state. The document emphasized a non-racial society, liberty and individual rights. The Freedom Charter remains the

neg: Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Jean Chrétien, who was the attorney general during negotiations of the "Charter", later recalled in his memoirs that freedom of conscience was nearly excluded from the "Charter". The federal and provincial negotiators found the right too difficult to define, and Chrétien eventually agreed to remove it. A legal advisor for the federal government, Pierre Genest, then kicked Chrétien's chair, prompting Chrétien to joke, "I guess we leave it in. Trudeau's spy just kicked me in the ass." Freedom of expression, section 2(b), is perhaps one of the most significant "Charter" rights in influencing Canadian society. The right is expressly named

neg: Foreign relations of India Social Charter, the initiation of informal political consultations in SAARC forums, the lobbying for greater action on environmental issues, the proposal of numerous human rights measures such as the regional convention on child rights and for setting up a SAARC Human Rights Resource Centre. The Maldives is also an advocate of greater international profile for SAARC such as through formulating common positions at the UN. India is starting the process to bring the island country into India's security grid. The move comes after the moderate Islamic nation approached New Delhi earlier this year over fears that one of its island

neg: Freedom of speech by country Code that prohibited publication of false information or news, stating that it violated section 2(b) of the Charter and could not be justified under s. 1. Canada has had a string of high-profile court cases in which writers and publishers have been the targets of human rights complaints for their writings, in both magazines and web postings. The human rights process in Canada is civil in nature, not criminal. Most of those complaints were withdrawn or dismissed. Freedom of speech in Cuba is guaranteed by Article 53 of the Constitution of Cuba, and freedom of association by Article 54. These

neg: European Charter on Freedom of the Press European Charter on Freedom of the Press The European Charter on Freedom of the Press is a non-binding guideline on press freedom, signed on 25 May 2009 in Hamburg by 48 editors-in-chief and leading journalists from 19 European countries. It is open for signature by all journalists, e.g. the prohibition of censorship, free access to national and foreign media sources and freedom to gather and disseminate information. The Charter condense in 10 articles the main media freedom principles, including the right to safety from surveillance, electronic eavesdropping and searches of editorial departments and computers, and remarks the need for unimpeded

neg: Freedom of religion in Cameroon or "any group of persons living in community in accordance with a religious doctrine." The denomination then submits a file to the MINATD. The file must include a request for authorization, a copy of the group's charter describing planned activities, and the names and functions of the group's officials. The Minister reviews the file and sends it to the presidency with a recommendation to approve or deny. The president generally follows the recommendation of the Minister and grants authorization by a presidential decree. The approval process may take up to several years. The only religious groups known to be registered

neg: World League for Freedom and Democracy 1966, the delegates adopted the “Charter of the World Anti-Communist League” at the plenary session. It also resolved that the Republic of China Chapter was in charge of organizing the first General Conference. The Charter of the World Anti-Communist League (WACL), with 8 chapters and 32 articles, came into effect on 1 April 1967. It stated that the WACL should immediately set up its regional organizations in six regions: Asia (now known as Asian Pacific League for Freedom and Democracy), Middle East (now known as Middle East Solidarity Council), Africa (now known as the African Organization for Freedom and Democracy),

neg: 1960 South African republic referendum time that the winds of change are blowing up to hurricane force. Between May 1956 and June 1958, the anti-republican Freedom Radio, set up by John Lang, broadcast from the Natal Midlands, later resuming broadcasts shortly before the referendum in October 1960 until the proclamation of the republic in May 1961. Black South Africans, who were denied a vote in the referendum, were not against the establishment of a republic "per se", but saw the new constitution as a direct rejection of the principle of one person, one vote, as expressed in the Freedom Charter, drafted by the African National

neg: PCQuest (magazine) implementations In 1994, "PCQuest" launched India's first attempt by an Indian publication to create an online, interactive service for its readers, by setting up a BBS. With the proliferation of Internet access as of 1996, this service moved to the web. To support its own sister publications, as well as external entities requiring such services, "PCQuest" formed PCQ Labs in 1994. The charter of "PCQ Labs" was to do technology and product reviews, investigate new technologies, and document them for readers. The labs has since been renamed to "Cybermedia Labs". In 1995, PCQuest became the first Indian publication to carry

neg: Styria had damaged its credibility through scandals and the secession of a high-ranking party member who took part in the 2005 elections after setting up his own party. In these elections, the KPÖ also received many votes after it had gained much popularity through its role in local politics in Graz during the preceding few years. The two right-wing populist parties, the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) and the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ), failed to win seats. In subsequent elections in 2010 and 2015, the Social Democrats, the Austrian People's Party, and the Communist Party each lost between

neg: Egyptian Union of Liberal Youth movie, which informed youth on Egyptian NGO laws and how NGOs affect their daily lives . This project was jointly operated by EULY and ICNL. Liberal café June - December 2008: The liberal café provided an informal setting for Egyptian youth to discuss topics like liberty, freedom of speech, movies and liberal parties in Egypt. This event was conducted in cooperation with the Fredrish Numman Foundation. Seminar to Join IFLRY Membership October 2008, EULY organized a seminar as part of a process to gain membership in the International Federation of Liberal Youth. The seminar, "Liberalism in the Egyptian Society: How

neg: Politics of Benin lacked an overall majority. The success of a party formed by supporters of ex-president Kérékou, who had officially retired from active politics, encouraged him to stand successfully at both the 1996 and 2001 presidential elections. Spurred in part by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resultant lack of donor support from the superpower, as well as an economic crisis within the country, Benin adopted a new constitution in 1990 in order to open up and liberalise the political system and economy. Its chief aims are to enshrine in law accountability, transparency, freedom of religion, freedom of the press,

neg: Feargus O'Connor that the song "Lion of Freedom" was published in his honour. It was widely sung at Chartist meetings. Lovett, meanwhile, left the movement, full of anger at O'Connor. But O'Connor's energy and commitment was to keep Chartism alive for the rest of the 1840s. In 1842 a convention of the newly formed National Charter Association was held in order to draw up a new petition that was finally signed by 3,315,752 persons. The petition was denied a hearing, which added to the frustrations felt by working people at a time of great economic hardship. Across Britain in summer 1842 a

neg: Freedom Area School District district offers a variety of clubs, activities and sports. Eligibility for participation is determined by school board policy. By Pennsylvania law, all K-12 students in the district, including those who attend a private nonpublic school, cyber charter school, charter school and those homeschooled, are eligible to participate in the extracurricular programs, including all athletics. They must meet the same eligibility rules as the students enrolled in the district's schools. References: Freedom Area School District The Freedom Area School District is a small, rural, public school district in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, USA. It serves the boroughs of Freedom, Conway, and the

neg: Brad Hoover Academy Cardinals, replacing Lynn Keziah. Union Academy is a charter school located in Monroe NC. Union Academy hires Brad Hoover Hoover made a big impact at Western Carolina University being second all-time in school history in career yards. Hoover exploded his junior season by setting a school rushing record with 1,663 yards, scoring 13 touchdowns in the process. He earned first-team All-Southern Conference honors as a result. His senior year, he followed up with 1,025 yards and 12 touchdowns, good enough for second-team All-SoCon. He became only the second player in school history to post back-to-back 1,000 rushing yard seasons.

neg: Freedom Air any international services. Flights to Nadi and Newcastle were withdrawn prior to 2008. Freedom Air Freedom Air was Air New Zealand Group's low-cost airline which operated from December 1995 to March 2008. It ran scheduled passenger services from New Zealand to Australia and Fiji and charter services within New Zealand. Its main base was Auckland Airport. The airline was established in 1995 as a response to the commencement of discount services between Australia and New Zealand by Kiwi Airlines and started operations on 8 December 1995 with a single Boeing 757. It was formed as South Pacific Air Charters by

neg: Air Charter Limited Air Charter Limited Air Charter was an early post-World War II private, British independent airline formed in 1947. The airline conducted regular trooping flights to Cyprus as well as worldwide passenger and freight charter flights from its bases at Southend Airport and Stansted. Following Freddie Laker's acquisition of Air Charter in 1951, Aviation Traders and Aviation Traders (Engineering) became associated companies. From 1955, it also operated scheduled coach-air/vehicle ferry services. These initially linked London and Paris (via Southend and Calais). In 1958, the process of transferring Air Charter's coach-air/vehicle ferry operation to sister company Channel Air Bridge began. In 1959,

neg: South African Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms and the non-religious. The group is concerned that the charter seeks to entrench religion in educational and state institutions using state powers and state funds. The group has drafted and proposed its own "South African Charter of the Freedom from Religion" in opposition to the charter. South African Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms The South African Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms (SACRRF) is a charter of rights drawn up by South African religious and civil organisations which is intended to define the religious freedoms, rights and responsibilities of South African citizens. The aim of the drafters of the

neg: Threnody Ensemble Threnody Ensemble Threnody Ensemble are a three piece experimental classical music group who formed in 1997, first as a two piece made up of Dave Cerf and Erik Hoversten, but soon as a trio when cellist Dominique Davison joined a year later. The band are unusual in that they are former rock musicians playing experimental music and recording for a classical music label, thus setting them apart from any particular music scene. Threnody Ensemble's music is neither strictly "classical" nor "popular"; it is both part composed and part improvised, part acoustic and part computer-generated. They fuse elements of non-Western musical

neg: Spiritual Assembly the Turkistan and Caucasus bodies were preliminary as well. By 1953 the number of National Spiritual Assemblies worldwide had increased to 12; in 1963, 56; by 1968, 81, by 1988, 148; by 2001, 182. An important part of the process was the establishment of “regional” National Spiritual Assemblies; thus in 1951 all of South America elected a single National Spiritual Assembly, but by 1963 nearly every nation on that continent had its own. National Spiritual Assemblies are still being formed as areas of the world achieve religious freedom. Some National Spiritual Assemblies have been formed in areas smaller than a

neg: Freedom Charter the South African government banned the ANC and arrested 156 activists, including Mandela who was imprisoned in 1962. However, the charter continued to circulate in the revolutionary underground and inspired a new generation of young militants in the 1980s. On 11 February 1990, Mandela was finally freed, and in May 1994 the ANC came to power. The new Constitution of South Africa included many of the demands of the Freedom Charter. It addressed directly nearly all demands for equality of race and language, but made no reference to nationalization of industry or redistribution of land which were outlined in the

neg: Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz the 20th century. The only surviving old streets lattice, dating back to the Middle Ages, consists of Focha, Jagiellońska, Dworcowa and Pomorska streets. Important milestones in the evolution of Gdańska street were the setting up of Freedom Square (, ) in 1854, and Adam Mickiewicz Alley in 1903, since they particularly influenced sections of Gdańska street in these areas. On Freedom Square has been established consecutively: in 1876 the Evangelical parish church; in 1893 an equestrian ; and in 1904 a monumental fountain. After 1854, in the western part of the street -between Artyleryjska street and Powstańców Warszawy street- was

neg: Dawn Zimmer property tax cap as the part of a package of legislation that includes changes to the arbitration process, shared services and the disciplinary process. "There is nothing partisan about being smart and responsible with money entrusted [to us] by our citizens", Zimmer said. That September Christie was invited back to the city to speak at Elysian Charter School about his education reform agenda and the role of charter schools. Zimmer, whose two children attend Elysian Charter School, echoed concerns on the feasibility of funding charter schools, in light of the lack of state aid for facility-related expenses. On August 20,

neg: Jerome of Périgord old mosque of Valencia was consecrated as the new cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary. That same year, after the consecration of the new cathedral, Rodrigo made the church a large endowment of his personal property. The charter of this endowment, possibly drawn up by Jerome himself, survives in its original form with Rodrigo's autograph. Jerome and the priests of the cathedral then pronounced excommunication and anathema on anyone who would deprive the church of this gift. The charter also specifies that Jerome "raised by a special privilege of freedom" ("specialis priuilegii libertate sublimato") from the pope, probably a reference

neg: Coartación (slavery) until reaching the full price for freedom. The setting of an unchangeable price was paramount in this process. If a "coartado" was bought by another master, the value of the "coartado" stayed the same minus whatever the "coartado" had already paid off. While a prospective buyer could pay more than the current price, this was rarely done because it would put the buyer at a financial disadvantage. Once a "coartado" had paid the full price, they would be issued "cartas de libertad coartado" (letters of freedom), though historians believe that "cartas de libertad venta" were also letters of freedom achieved

neg: Revised European Charter on the Participation of Young People in Local and Regional Life European municipalities who have chosen to set up youth councils. The revised Charter was taken up by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in a recommendation. lending it added political weight. A number of European NGOs, such as the European Youth Forum actively support the Charter through their activities. It has been translated into eleven languages, plus a plain English version and manual entitled “Have your say”. The Charter is divided into three sections. Part one gives local and regional authorities guidelines on how to conduct policies affecting young people; part two provides some tools for furthering

neg: Magna Carta arrangement, promising the freedoms and liberties of the church. The importance of this clause may also reflect the role of Archbishop Langton in the negotiations: Langton had taken a strong line on this issue during his career. Only three clauses of Magna Carta still remain on statute in England and Wales. These clauses concern 1) the freedom of the English Church, 2) the "ancient liberties" of the City of London (clause 13 in the 1215 charter, clause 9 in the 1297 statute), and 3) a right to due legal process (clauses 39 and 40 in the 1215 charter, clause 29