query: describe the two phases of civil war in china

pos: Chinese Civil War Chinese Civil War The Chinese Civil War was a war fought between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC). Although particular attention is paid to the four years of Chinese Communist Revolution from 1945 to 1949, the war actually started in August 1927, with the White Terror at the end of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition, and essentially ended when major hostilities between the two sides ceased in 1950. The conflict took place in two stages: the first between 1927 and 1937, and the second from 1946 to 1950, with the

pos: Period of mobilization for the suppression of Communist rebellion Period of mobilization for the suppression of Communist rebellion Period of mobilization for the suppression of Communist rebellion () was a political term used by the government of the Republic of China and Kuomintang party to describe its rule of mainland China from 1947 to 1949, of Taiwan from 1949 to 1987 and of Kinmen, Matsu Islands and Spratly Islands from 1949 to 1991 under martial law. In Taiwan the term "White Terror" is often used to describe the era. In 1946, the Chinese Civil War between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Government of the Republic of China

pos: Chinese Civil War Chinese Civil War The Chinese Civil War was a war fought between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC). Although particular attention is paid to the four years of Chinese Communist Revolution from 1945 to 1949, the war actually started in August 1927, with the White Terror at the end of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition, and essentially ended when major hostilities between the two sides ceased in 1950. The conflict took place in two stages: the first between 1927 and 1937, and the second from 1946 to 1950, with the

pos: Chinese Civil War and 1949. Atrocities include deaths from forced conscription and massacres. Chinese Civil War The Chinese Civil War was a war fought between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC). Although particular attention is paid to the four years of Chinese Communist Revolution from 1945 to 1949, the war actually started in August 1927, with the White Terror at the end of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition, and essentially ended when major hostilities between the two sides ceased in 1950. The conflict took place in two stages: the first between 1927 and

pos: Chinese Civil War Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937–1945 separating them. The war marked a major turning point in modern Chinese history, with the Communists gaining control of mainland China and establishing the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, forcing the Republic of China (ROC) to retreat to Taiwan. It resulted in a lasting political and military standoff between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, with the ROC in Taiwan and the PRC in mainland China both officially claiming to be the legitimate government of all China. The war represented an ideological split between the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the

pos: National Protection War the country through the Northern Expedition, the Central Plains War and many other civil wars before the onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War. National Protection War The National Protection War (), also known as the anti-Monarchy War, was a civil war that took place in China from 1915–1916. Only three years earlier the last Chinese dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, had been overthrown and the Republic of China established in its place. The cause of the war was the proclamation by Yuan Shikai, the President of the Republic, of himself as a new Emperor of the Empire of China. In Yunnan

pos: Siege of Changchun Siege of Changchun The Siege of Changchun was a military blockade undertaken by the People's Liberation Army against Changchun between May and October 1948, the largest city in Manchuria at the time, and one of the headquarters of the Republic of China Army in Northeast China. It was one of the longest campaigns in the Liaoshen Campaign of the Chinese Civil War. Immediately after the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the civil war between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC) resumed. Manchuria, also known as the Northeast China, was the center of focus as both

neg: The Big Picture (TV series) I -- The Winds of Change (B&W - 1964) U.S. Army posture during first quarter of 20th century -- World War I buildup, peacetime demobilization, and life in U.S. during the 20s and 30s. TV 635 Army in Action -- Episode II -- The Three Faces of Evil (B&W - 1964) Post World War I: Rise of Mussolini and Hitler, Japan's aggression in China, Ethiopian War, Spanish Civil War, and effects of depression in U.S. TV 636 Army in Action -- Episode III -- Flames on the Horizon (B&W - 1964) World events 1939-1941: War in China, early phases of

neg: Political status of Taiwan previously was recognised as (""de facto""). From the 1990s onwards, media wire services sometimes describe Taiwan as having de facto independence, whereas the Republic of China has always considered itself as a continuously functioning "de jure" state. Political status of Taiwan The controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan, sometimes referred to as the Taiwan Issue or Taiwan Strait Issue, or from a Taiwanese perspective as the Mainland Issue, is a result of the Chinese Civil War and the subsequent split of China into the two present-day self-governing entities of the People's Republic of China (PRC; commonly known as China)

neg: Xiamen the Republic of China, the area around Xiamen was renamed Siming County. Xiamen's trade during the period was largely conducted through Taiwan, which had been seized by Japan during the First Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese subsequently claimed Fujian as their sphere of influence during the colonial squabbling over China. Japan occupied Xiamen Island from May 1938 to September 1945 during World War II. In the late phases of the Chinese Civil War that followed, the Communists captured Xiamen and Gulangyu in October 1949 but failed to capture Jinmen. The same year, Xiamen became a provincially administered city (). In 1955

neg: Beijing of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, a puppet state that ruled the ethnic-Chinese portions of Japanese-occupied northern China. This government was later merged into the larger Wang Jingwei government based in Nanjing. In the final phases of the Chinese Civil War, the People's Liberation Army seized control of the city peacefully on 31 January 1949 in the course of the Pingjin Campaign. On 1 October that year, Mao Zedong announced the creation of the People's Republic of China from atop Tian'anmen. He restored the name of the city, as the new capital, to Beijing, a decision that

neg: Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 the nose for servicing and reloading, allowing pre-prepared packs to be rapidly swapped out. (Some sources mistakenly claim the pack was added in later models.) The MiG-15 was widely exported, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) receiving MiG-15"bis" models in 1950. Its baptism of fire occurred during the last phases (1946–49) of the Chinese Civil War. During the first months of 1950, the aviation of Nationalist China attacked from Taiwan the communist position in continental China, especially Shanghai. Mao Zedong requested the military assistance of the USSR, and the 50th IAD (; ; Fighter Aviation Division) equipped with the

neg: Communist bandit Communist bandit Communist bandit () is an anti-communist insult directed to the Chinese Communist Party. The term originated from the Nationalist Government in 1927. Nowadays outside mainland China, some Chinese people use the term "中共" (literally "Chinese Communist") to refer to the Communist China or Chinese Communist Party. The sinograms for "Communist bandits," or "gòngfei", can be analysed in the following manner: The term of "Communist bandits" to describe the Communist Party of China was first heralded in the tumultuous years of the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalists and the Communists. On July 15, 1947, the Document 0744 ordered

neg: History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989) rapprochement between China and the West (generally within the capitalist/Western bloc). The term was first used, before the establishment of the PRC, in the late 1940s during the Chinese Civil War, to describe the Communist side, and saw great prevalence in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s. Starting around 1972-1973, following Richard Nixon's visit to China and the beginning of rapprochment and mounting likelihood of diplomatic normalization, the term began to drop in usage significantly. By the early 1980s, it was increasingly rare in mainstream journalism and publications in the Western countries. Since the early 1980s, however, the term remains

neg: Johns Hopkins having been represented as such both prior to the Civil War period, as well as during the Civil War and Reconstruction Era. There are several accounts that describe the abolitionist influence Hopkins was privy to as a 12-year-old participant in his parents' emancipation of their family's slaves in 1807. Prior to the Civil War, Johns Hopkins worked closely with two of America's most famous abolitionists, Myrtilla Miner and Henry Ward Beecher. During the Civil War Johns Hopkins, being a staunch supporter of Lincoln and the Union, was instrumental in bringing fruition to Lincoln's emancipatory vision. After the Civil War and

neg: Diauxie Diauxie Diauxie is a Greek word coined by Jacques Monod to mean two growth phases. The word is used in English in cell biology to describe the growth phases of a microorganism in batch culture as it metabolizes a mixture of two sugars. Rather than metabolizing the two available sugars simultaneously, microbial cells commonly consume them in a sequential pattern, resulting in two separate growth phases. Jacques Monod discovered diauxic growth in 1941 during his experiments with "Escherichia coli" and "Bacillus subtilis". While growing these bacteria on various combination of sugars during his doctoral thesis research, Monod observed that often

neg: Wu Xing the "Wǔ Xíng" as "Wǔ Dé" (五德), the Five Virtues (). The five phases are around 72 days each and are usually used to describe the state in nature: The doctrine of five phases describes two cycles, a generating or creation (生, "shēng") cycle, also known as "mother-son", and an overcoming or destruction (剋/克, "kè") cycle, also known as "grandfather-grandson", of interactions between the phases. Within Chinese medicine the effects of these two main relations are further elaborated: The common memory jogs, which help to remind in what order the phases are: Other common words for this cycle include "begets",

neg: First Sudanese Civil War to completely dispel the tensions that had originally caused it, leading to a reigniting of the north-south conflict during the Second Sudanese Civil War, which lasted from 1983 to 2005. The period between 1955 and 2005 is thus sometimes considered to be a single conflict with an eleven-year ceasefire that separates two violent phases. Until 1946, the British government, in collaboration with the Egyptian government (under a condominium governing arrangement) administered south Sudan and north Sudan as separate regions. At this time, the two areas were merged into a single administrative region as part of British strategy in the Middle

neg: Chinese Civil War received $4.43 billion from the US—most of which was military aid. As postwar negotiations between the Nationalist government in Nanjing and the Communist Party failed, the civil war between these two parties resumed. This stage of war is referred to in mainland China and Communist historiography as the "War of Liberation" (). On 20 July 1946, Chiang Kai-shek launched a large-scale assault on Communist territory in North China with 113 brigades (a total of 1.6 million troops). This marked the first stage of the final phase in the Chinese Civil War. Knowing their disadvantages in manpower and equipment, the CPC

neg: Ethanol-induced non-lamellar phases in phospholipids six basic functions that are associated with biomembranes: There are two basic terms used to describe lipid phases: lamellar and non-lamellar phases. Lipids can undergo polymorphic or mesomorphic changes leading to the formation of lamellar or non-lamellar phases. Various factors can affect the overall function of the biomembrane and decrease its ability to function as a protective barrier and maintained the order of the inner components. The bilayer thickness, surface charge, intermolecular forces, amphiphilic molecules, changes in free energy, alternating or spontaneous curvatures, increase or decrease in temperature, solvents, and the environment are all examples of different conditions that cause

neg: Big Four Conference Union and China, although never meeting all together directly, held talks on peace and post-war security and established the framework for the post-war United Nations organization. The conversations were held in two phases, since the Soviets were unwilling to meet directly with the Chinese. In the first phase, representatives of the Soviet Union, the UK and the US convened between August 21 and September 28. In the second, representatives of Republic of China, the UK and the US held discussions between September 29 and October 7. The representatives were Edward R. Stettinius, US Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Andrei

neg: Wan Li Communist Party of China (CPC) in 1936, and served in party administrative positions, many in Shandong province, from county level on up. Wan led the party organization in his native Dongping County in between 1937 and 1938, Propaganda and Organization Department director in Taixi Prefecture in 1938-40, deputy head of propaganda for Western Shandong regional CPC committee in 1940, and Secretary of the party's 2nd, 7th and 8th Prefectural Committees in the Hebei-Shandong-Henan Border Area in 1940-47. In the last phases of the Civil War, Wan Li served as Secretary-General of the Border Area committee (1947–49). After the establishment of

neg: Phase rule example, consider the system of two completely miscible liquids such as toluene and benzene, in equilibrium with their vapours. This system may be described by a boiling-point diagram which shows the composition (mole fraction) of the two phases in equilibrium as functions of temperature (at a fixed pressure). Four thermodynamic variables which may describe the system include temperature ("T"), pressure ("p"), mole fraction of component 1 (toluene) in the liquid phase ("x"), and mole fraction of component 1 in the vapour phase ("x"). However, since two phases are present () in equilibrium, only two of these variables can be independent

neg: Chinese Civil War Nationalist Party of China (or Kuomintang). Conflict continued intermittently until late 1937, when the two parties came together to form the Second United Front to counter the Imperial Japanese Army threat and to prevent the country from crumbling. Full-scale civil war in China resumed in 1946, a year after the end of hostilities with the Empire of Japan in September 1945. Four years later came the cessation of major military activity, with the newly founded People's Republic of China controlling mainland China (including the island of Hainan), and the Republic of China's jurisdiction restricted to Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy, Matsu and

neg: China–Kazakhstan border eventually the two agreed that Afghanistan would remain an independent buffer state between them, with Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor being created in 1895. China was not a party to these agreement and hence the southern-most section of the China-Russia boundary remained undefined. After the Xinhai Revolution and the Chinese Civil War in China and the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War in Russia, the Sino-Russian border became the PRC-USSR border. However, the Chinese and Soviet authorities were not always in agreement where the border line ran on the ground, which led, in particular to a border conflict east of Lake

neg: Mannerheim Line on the Karelian Isthmus had already begun when the Bolsheviks won the Russian Civil War in 1922. The line was constructed in two phases: 1920–1924 and 1932–1939. During the civil war of 1918, the Finnish government and high command started to develop defence plans to protect possible attack routes to Finland from Soviet Russia. The main such route was the Karelian Isthmus. The most endangered part of that isthmus was to the west, near the Gulf of Finland, the eastern part was better protected by the natural water-ways of Vuoksi, Suvanto and Taipaleenjoki. The first plans for a defensive line

neg: History of the transitional federal government, Republic of Somalia of the civil war. The Federal Parliament of Somalia serves as the government's legislative branch. History of the transitional federal government, Republic of Somalia The transitional federal government (TFG) was the government of Somalia between 2004 and 2012. Established 2004 in Djabuti through various international conferences, it was an attempt to restore national institutions to the country after the 1991 collapse of the Siad Barre government and the ensuing Somali Civil War. There were two distinct phases of the transitional government: the transitional "national" government (TNG) and the transitional "federal" government: The TNG was opposed by a rival pan-Somali governmental

neg: China Area Fleet reorganized from the 5th Fleet on 15 November 1939. The 5th Fleet was reinforcements for 3rd Fleet and 4th Fleet. Their role was the guard and invasion of South China. Describe 5th Fleet and 2nd China Expeditionary Fleet in this section. The 2nd China Expeditionary Fleet kept appearance of a fleet until the end of war. The was reorganized from the 4th Fleet on 15 November 1939. The 4th Fleet was reinforcements for 3rd Fleet. Their role was the guard in Bohai Sea. Describe 4th Fleet and 3rd China Expeditionary Fleet in this section. The 3rd China Expeditionary Fleet was

neg: The Pearce Collections at Navarro College the civilians, soldiers, military, political, and civic leaders of the era. It is one of only two museums to tell the entire story of the Civil War from both the Confederate and the Union side of the conflict. The Pearce Civil War Collection is a balanced collection documenting the Northern and Southern experiences of the Civil War as well as its leaders, common soldiers, and residents. Letters from major military, political, and civic leaders as well as diaries and letters of the common soldier describe the gruesome realities of combat and the desperate loneliness of soldiers in letters to beloved

neg: Hundred Years' War Valois, with England permanently losing most of its possessions on the continent. Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453). Local conflicts in neighbouring areas, which were contemporarily related to the war, including the War of the Breton Succession (1341–1365), the Castilian Civil War (1366–1369), the War of the Two Peters (1356–1369) in Aragon, and the 1383–85 crisis in Portugal, were availed by the parties to advance their agendas. Later historians adopted the term "Hundred Years' War" as a historiographical periodization to encompass all

neg: RAAF Base Townsville to the base. Under the agreement between Commonwealth and Council, civil aviation activities were to continue on the site. The impact of the World War II on Australia occurred in two phases. Australia was automatically drawn into the war against Germany in September 1939 as the dominion's foreign policy was dictated by Britain's, and for the next two years Australian forces fought in the European Theatre, and the Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre in circumstances very similar to those of World War I. It was during this phase that RAAF Townsville was constructed. Plans for the buildings at RAAF Townsville

neg: Multiphase heat transfer Multiphase heat transfer A multiphase flow system is one characterized by the simultaneous presence of several phases, the two-phase system being the simplest case. The term ‘two-component’ is sometimes used to describe flows in which the phases consist of different chemical substances. For example, steam-water flows are two-phase, while air-water flows are two-component. Some two-component flows (mostly liquid-liquid) technically consist of a single phase but are identified as two-phase flows in which the term “phase” is applied to each of the components. Since the same mathematics describes two-phase and two-component flows, the two expressions can be treated as synonymous. The

neg: Miscibility gap Miscibility gap A miscibility gap is a region in a phase diagram for a mixture of components where the mixture exists as two or more phases - any region of composition of mixtures where the constituents are not completely miscible. The IUPAC Gold Book defines "miscibility gap" as ""Area within the coexistence curve of an isobaric phase diagram (temperature vs composition) or an isothermal phase diagram (pressure vs composition)."" A miscibility gap between isostructural phases may be described as the solvus, a term also used to describe the boundary on a phase diagram between a miscibility gap and other phases.

neg: Cavitation modelling on the bubbles. Discrete bubble models, e.g. the Rayleigh-Plesset, Gilmore and Keller-Miksis, describe the relation between the external pressure, bubble radius and the velocity and acceleration of the bubble wall. Two-phase modeling is the modelling of the two phases, as in a free surface code. Two common types of two phase models are "homogeneous mixture models" and "sharp interface models". The difference between both the models is in the treatment of the contents of cells containing both phases. Most recent cavitation modelling efforts have used homogeneous mixture models, in which the contents of individual cells are assumed to be uniform.

neg: Tanks in China Civil War (1946–1950) where several T-26 tanks were destroyed or captured by the People's Liberation Army during the Huaihai Campaign in 1949. The Huaihai Campaign was a military action during 1948 and 1949 that was the determining battle of the Chinese Civil War. It was one of the few conventional battles of the war with both sides using tanks, many captured from the Japanese or American tanks remaining from World War II. This campaign was one of the three campaigns that marked the end of Nationalist dominance in northern China, the other two campaigns being Liaoshen and Pingjin. 550,000 troops

neg: East Asia China and Korea during the Cold War. The Korean peninsula became independent but then it was divided into two rival states, while Taiwan became the main territory of de facto state Republic of China after the latter lost Mainland China to the People's Republic of China in the Chinese Civil War. During the latter half of the twentieth century, the region would see the post war economic miracle of Japan, the economic rise of South Korea and Taiwan, and the integration of Mainland China into the global economy through its entry in the World Trade Organization while enhancing its emerging

neg: Opium Shensi Provinces between 1921 and 1923, and food deficits in other provinces. Beginning in 1915, Chinese nationalist groups came to describe the period of military losses and Unequal Treaties as the "Century of National Humiliation", later defined to end with the conclusion of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. In the northern provinces of Ningxia and Suiyuan in China, Chinese Muslim General Ma Fuxiang both prohibited and engaged in the opium trade. It was hoped that Ma Fuxiang would have improved the situation, since Chinese Muslims were well known for opposition to smoking opium. Ma Fuxiang officially prohibited opium and

neg: Natalie Wood worked as a day laborer and carpenter. Natalia's mother was born in Barnaul. Her father Stepan Zudilov owned soap and candle factories, as well as an estate outside the city. With the start of the civil war, his family left Russia, resettling as refugees in the Chinese city of Harbin. Maria married Alexander Tatuloff in China and had a daughter, Olga (1927–2015). Natalie liked to describe her family as having been either gypsies or landowning aristocrats in Russia. In her youth, her mother had dreamed of becoming an actress or ballet dancer. Natalie and her sisters were raised Russian Orthodox

neg: Han Kuang Exercise Han Kuang Exercise The Han Kuang Exercise () is the annual military exercise of the Republic of China Armed Forces in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu for combat readiness in the event of an attack from the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China. The exercise is divided into two phases, which are the "Command Post Exercise" (CPX) and the computer-simulated war gaming followed by "Field Training Exercises" (FTX). The exercise was first held by Army General Hau Pei-tsun (the then Chief of the General Staff) on 23 April 1984. The 2000 exercise was held on August, focusing

neg: Han Kuang Exercise 4:18 p.m. by fire fighters after receiving initial reports from a hiker at 3:22 p.m. The air force then ordered to temporarily grounded all of F-16 aircraft until further notice pending investigation. Han Kuang Exercise The Han Kuang Exercise () is the annual military exercise of the Republic of China Armed Forces in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu for combat readiness in the event of an attack from the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China. The exercise is divided into two phases, which are the "Command Post Exercise" (CPX) and the computer-simulated war gaming followed by "Field

neg: Central America Resource Center the Cold War. President Dwight D. Eisenhower advocated that the government must back the Guatemalan rebels in what is known as coup d'état which worked to overthrow the country’s communist regime by instilling a right wing, authoritative and conservative governorship in Guatemala. The Guatemalan civil war was divided into several phases of violence and resistance. Through widespread human rights violations in which the people of Guatemala suffered, a three decade long civil war erupted that spanned from 1960 to 1996. Though a peace treaty was later signed, ending the Guatemalan civil l war in the late 1990’s, an influx of

neg: European Civil War European Civil War The European Civil War is a concept meant to describe a series of 19th- and 20th-century conflicts in Europe as segments of an overarching civil war within a supposed European society. The timeframes associated to this European Civil War vary among historians. Some descriptions range from 1914 to 1945, thus including World War I, World War II and many lesser conflicts of the interwar period. Others argue that this period started in 1870, with the Franco-Prussian War, or in 1905. Sometimes, the notion also serves to explain or justify the process of European integration and the creation

neg: History of Taiwan onward the Chinese Civil War was underway in mainland China between Chiang Kai-shek's ROC government and the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong. When the Communists gained complete control of Mainland China in 1949, two million refugees, predominantly from the Nationalist government, military, and business community, fled to Taiwan. On October 1, 1949 the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) was founded in mainland China by the victorious communists; several months before, Chiang Kai-shek had established a provisional ROC capital in Taipei and moved his government there from Nanjing. Under Nationalist rule, the mainlanders dominated the government and civil

neg: Far-right politics the far-left and the far-right as having more in common with each other as extremists than each of them has with moderate centrists. In the United States, the term hard right has been used to describe groups such as the Tea Party movement and the Patriot movement. The term has also been used to describe ideologies such as paleoconservatism, Dominion Theology and white nationalism. The German political scientist Klaus von Beyme describes three historical phases in the development of far-right parties in Western Europe after World War II. From 1945 to the mid-1950s, far-right parties were marginalised and their ideologies

neg: Civil aviation in China relief of RoC. As a result of the Chinese Civil War, the Communist Party of China took control of mainland China, and only Civil Air Transport moved along with the Kuomintang (KMT)-controlled RoC government to Taiwan. In 1949 the new government established the aviation authority and operator General Administration of Civil Aviation of China. In 1987, China's government separated the airline operations of General Administration of Civil Aviation of China into a number of state-owned enterprises. The regulatory role was retained by the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China which is now known as Civil Aviation Administration of China.

neg: 1948 Republic of China presidential election the wartime capital, as to broker a negotiation between the Kuomintang and Communists after the war. Two parties agreed to rebuild the country with democratization and military nationalization. Simultaneously, the Government of the Republic of China continued to draft the Constitution, however it was boycotted by the Communists and the full-scale Civil War was resumed. The indirect elections were held during the Civil War, elected by the members of the National Assembly. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek won a landslide victory against the same party candidate Ju Zheng in the presidential election, while Sun Fo, his preferred Vice-Presidential candidate, was defeated by

neg: 4th Cavalry Regiment (United States) the Civil War, Union commanders scattered their cavalry regiments, conducting company, squadron (two company) and battalion (four company) operations. The 4th Cavalry was no exception, with its companies scattered from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Coast carrying out the traditional cavalry missions of reconnaissance, screening and raiding. In the first phases of the war in the West, companies of 4th Cavalry saw action in various Missouri, Mississippi and Kentucky campaigns, as well as the seizure of Forts Henry and Donelson and the Battle of Shiloh. On 31 December 1862, a two-company squadron of the 4th Cavalry attacked and routed

neg: Leo Tolstoy Nicholas II of Russia and Wilhelm II of Germany. Tolstoy, a famous sinophile, also read the works of Chinese thinker and philosopher, Confucius. Tolstoy corresponded with the Chinese intellectual Gu Hongming and recommended that China remain an agrarian nation and warned against reform like what Japan implemented. The Eight-Nation Alliance intervention in the Boxer Rebellion was denounced by Tolstoy as were the Philippine–American War and the Second Boer War between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics. The words "terrible for its injustice and cruelty" were used to describe the Czarist intervention in China by Tolstoy. Confucius's works

neg: Cross-Strait relations "Taiwan" and "China" or Two Chinas: "Republic of China" and "People's Republic of China"), or two "parts" or "regions" of the same country (i.e. "One China"), and also whether the transfer of Taiwan to Republic of China was legal in the first place. In 1949, with the Chinese Civil War turning decisively in favour of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the Republic of China (ROC) government led by the Kuomintang (KMT) retreated to Taiwan and established the provisional capital in Taipei, while the CPC proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC) government in Beijing. Since then, the relations between

neg: Dalal Al-Bizri in 2011, Egypt is on my mind. She is known as a liberal and critical thinker as she wrote many times about Islam and fundamentalism. She co-authored several studies and books about Women in Egypt and Lebanon and the Islamic movements. In 2017, Al-Bizri published Journals of the Lebanese Civil War, a book that recalls the different phases of the Lebanese Civil War, the division of east and west Beirut, the political assassinations of Kamal Jumblatt in 1977, and Bachir Gemayel in 1982, the Sabra and Shatila massacre in 16-18 September 1982. The book reflects the civil war as lived

neg: History of the Republic of China Republic of China. During the civil war both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities with millions of non-combatants killed by both sides during the civil war. Benjamin Valentino has estimated atrocities in the Chinese Civil War resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927 and 1949. Atrocities include deaths from forced conscription and massacres. At the end of 1943 the Cairo Declaration was issued, including among its clauses that all territories of China—including Formosa (Taiwan)—that Japan had occupied would be returned to the Republic of China. This was reiterated in the Potsdam

neg: Christianity in China this helped lay the foundation for the independent denominations and churches of the post-war period and the eventual development of the Three-Self Church and the Patriotic Catholic Church. At the same time the intense war period hampered the rebuilding and development of the churches. The Chinese Civil War resulted in the establishment of the Two Chinas. The People's Republic of China was established on the mainland country in October 1949 by the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong, while the Republic of China led by the Kuomintang maintained its government on the insular land of Taiwan. Under Communist

neg: Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War are improvised firearms created and used by factions of the Syrian Civil War, most notably Syrian opposition forces. The weapons include the Hell Cannon and its variants, the Thunder Cannon and the Mortar Cannon. The weapons have been criticized for being inaccurate. The hell cannon (Arabic: مدفع جهنم) is a general name used to describe a class of mortar-like improvised firearms in-use by insurgent forces during the Syrian Civil War, mainly in the Aleppo area. It was first noted in 2013 and a number of home-made

neg: Paintings on masonite Paintings on masonite Paintings on masonite is a series of 27 abstract paintings made by Joan Miró using the type of proprietary hardboard known as masonite, just after the Spanish Civil War started on 18 July 1936. These works break with his earlier phase which was known as his "wild paintings" period. This was a label established to describe the work done during the two years preceding the Civil War, between 1934 and 1936. Rosa Maria Malet Ph.D, President of the Fundació Joan Miró in Barcelona, compares "masonites" with the "wild paintings" immediately preceding, painted on copper and other materials:

neg: European Civil War of both World Wars, which the description sometimes fails to account for. Consensus among historians does not support the notion of a European Civil War, and some even describe it as a fringe theory. The concept of a European Civil War attempts to characterize World War I and World War II, along with the inter-war period and its conflicts, as a protracted civil war taking place in Europe. It is used in referring to the repeated confrontations that occurred during the first half of the 20th century. Unlike traditional approaches to history, this construct re-interprets the past in the light

neg: Politics of China law, though a rudimentary civil code has been in effect since January 1, 1987 and new legal codes have been in effect since January 1, 1980. Continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law. Although current law of China cannot be categorised by arbitrary rule, it is over-simplifying to describe it as a system of rule of law. While personal freedom and right to private property is nominally guaranteed by law, officials maintain the right to trespass citizens before proving or suspecting them breaking the law through the use of Droit administrati. In other words,

neg: Nationalist government theory, the KMT was to rebuild China in three phases: the first stage was military unification, which was carried out with the Northern Expedition; the second was "political tutelage" which was a provisional government led by the KMT to educate people about their political and civil rights, and the third stage was constitutional government. By 1928, the Nationalists, having taken over power militarily and reunified China, started the second phase, promulgating a provisional constitution and beginning the period of so-called "tutelage". The KMT was criticized for instituting authoritarianism, but claimed it was attempting to establish a modern democratic society. Among

neg: China–India relations and Pudukkottai districts of Tamil Nadu, India). Under Rajaraja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola, the Cholas had strong trading links with Chinese Song Dynasty. The Chola navy conquered the Sri Vijaya Empire of Indonesia and Malaysia and secured a sea trading route to China. Many sources describe Bodhidharma, the founder of the Zen school of Buddhism in China, as a prince of the Pallava dynasty. During the 7th century, Tang dynasty China gained control over large portions of the Silk Road and Central Asia. Wang Xuance had sent a diplomatic mission to northern India, which was embroiled by civil

neg: China–Dominican Republic relations China–Dominican Republic relations China–Dominican Republic relations or Sino-Dominican relations refer to the ties and relations between China and Dominican Republic. The relations between the Dominican Republic and China began in 1932. Following the Chinese Civil War in 1949, relations were maintained in Taiwan and the other islands. After breaking off relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) on April 30, 2018, the Dominican Republic established diplomatic relations with the mainland government of the People's Republic of China. In 1932, the Chinese envoy to Cuba visited the Dominican Republic, the two countries began to negotiate a friendly treaty. The two countries

neg: History of West Africa a series of phases. The phases were, the Capture of Nsukka, the Capture of Ogoja, Capture of Abakaliki, and the Capture of Enugu. All of the perpetrated phases and campaigns were successful due to the advantaged army of Nigeria. By 1970, Biafraian general, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu, fled to the neighboring nation of Côte d'Ivoire. After the flee, Biafra, facing no other option, surrendered due to lack of resources and leadership. Biafra quickly united with the northern Nigeria on 15 January 1970. The conflict is estimated to have killed roughly 1 million people. The civil war began on 23 March 1991 as

neg: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505 early period of Chinese Civil War after 1945. In 1949, the Communist Party of China won the Chinese Civil War, resulting in the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949. The Kuomintang government of the Republic of China was forced to retreat to Taiwan, where it continued to maintain itself as the sole legitimate government of all China and declared the Communist government to be illegitimate. With the support of the Western bloc amid the Cold War, the Republic of China was able to retain the seat of China in the United Nations despite having lost

neg: Condensed matter physics substances. Two classes of phase transitions occur: first-order transitions and continuous transitions. For the later, the two phases involved do not co-exist at the transition temperature, also called critical point. Near the critical point, systems undergo critical behavior, wherein several of their properties such as correlation length, specific heat, and magnetic susceptibility diverge exponentially. These critical phenomena possess serious challenges to physicists because normal macroscopic laws are no longer valid in the region and novel ideas and methods must be invented to find the new laws that can describe the system. The simplest theory that can describe continuous phase transitions

neg: Spanish Army during the great depression. The Americans totalled 2,800 and suffered heavy casualties: 900 killed and 1,500 wounded. This period can be divided in four phases: At the end of the Civil War, the Spanish (Francoist) Army counted with 1,020,500 men, in 60 Divisions. During the first year of peace, Franco dramatically reduced the size of the Spanish Army to 250,000 in early 1940, with most soldiers two-year conscripts. A few weeks after the end of the war, the eight traditional Military Regions (Madrid, Sevilla, Valencia, Barcelona, Zaragoza, Burgos, Valladolid, La Coruña) were reestablished. In 1944 a ninth Military Region, with

neg: Cromwell's Castle Cromwell's Castle Cromwell's Castle is an artillery fort overlooking New Grimsby harbour on the island of Tresco in the Isles of Scilly. It comprises a tall, circular gun tower and an adjacent gun platform, and was designed to prevent enemy naval vessels from entering the harbour. The castle was built in two phases; Sir Robert Blake constructed the tower between 1651 and 1652 in the aftermath of the Parliamentary invasion of the islands at the end of the English Civil War, and Master Gunner Abraham Tovey added the gun platform during the War of Jenkins' Ear around 1739. The tower

neg: Sterling Price victories during all phases of the war, his strategically most important battles (other than Wilson's Creek) all ended in defeat. During the Civil War, a wooden river steamer built at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1856 as the "Laurent Millaudon" was taken into Confederate service and renamed the CSS "General Sterling Price". Participating in actions near Fort Pillow, Tennessee on May 10, 1862, she damaged two Federal gunboats before being temporarily put out of action. The "General Price" was sunk during the Battle of Memphis, raised, repaired, and served in the Union Navy under the name USS "General Price" although she was

neg: Armies in the American Civil War plagued by limited ordnance and available manpower, usually operated throughout the war with a four-gun battery, often with guns of mixed types and calibers. Confederate batteries seldom reached their initially authorized manning level of 80 soldiers. Prewar Federal mounted units were organized into five Regular regiments (two dragoon, two cavalry, and one mounted rifle), and one Regular cavalry regiment was added in May 1861. Although the term “troop” was officially introduced in 1862, most cavalrymen continued to use the more familiar term “company” to describe their units throughout the war. The Federals grouped two companies or troops into squadrons, with

neg: Diauxie been proposed and it suggests that the lactose-glucose diauxie in "E. coli" may be caused mainly by inducer exclusion. In this model, glucose transport via the EIIA shuts down lactose permease when glucose is being transported into the cell, so lactose is not transported into cell and used. While the cAMP/CAP mechanism may not play a role in the glucose/lactose diauxie, it is a suggested mechanism for other diauxie . Diauxie Diauxie is a Greek word coined by Jacques Monod to mean two growth phases. The word is used in English in cell biology to describe the growth phases of

neg: Cavalry American Civil War the regular United States Army mounted rifle, dragoon, and two existing cavalry regiments were reorganized and renamed cavalry regiments, of which there were six. Over a hundred other federal and state cavalry regiments were organized, but the infantry played a much larger role in many battles due to its larger numbers, lower cost per rifle fielded, and much easier recruitment. However, cavalry saw a role as part of screening forces and in foraging and scouting. The later phases of the war saw the Federal army developing a truly effective cavalry force fighting as scouts, raiders, and, with

neg: James River Squadron James River Squadron The James River Squadron was formed shortly after the secession of Virginia during the American Civil War. The squadron was part of the Virginia Navy before being transferred to the Confederate States Navy. The squadron is most notable for its role in patrolling the James River, which was the main water approach to the Confederate capital, Richmond. It had two phases: early war, when it consisted mostly of wooden ships (besides the famous CSS "Virginia") which ended with the Battle of Drewry's Bluff on May 15, 1862; and its later ironclad composition with the flagship CSS "Virginia

neg: Tanks in China war along with some 48 M3A3, M5A1 Stuart tanks in Lend/Lease from the USA in 1943, and 35 M4A4 Sherman tanks were acquired under the United States Military Assistance Program between 1943 and 1944. Upon the American entry into the war in 1941, it began to supply China with AFVs which the Soviets were unable to provide. M3 Stuarts, M4 Shermans, and M18 Hellcats trickled in through Burma and formed part of the several well-equipped, well-trained armies that the Nationalists could deploy. These units were responsible for stopping numerous Japanese attacks during the later phases of the war. The 200th

neg: Avery Brundage was recognized by the IOC as the nation's NOC. China participated in the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, as well as in Berlin four years later and the first post-war Olympics at London in 1948. When the communists were successful in the Chinese Civil War and established the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, most NOC members fled the mainland for the island of Taiwan. This left China with two rival NOCs, one on the mainland and one on Taiwan, each claiming to represent the whole of China. Matters came to a head in 1952, when the mainland NOC

neg: Matsu Islands China (CPC) which marked the beginning of Chinese Civil War. After years of war, the CPC finally managed to take over mainland China from KMT and established the People's Republic of China (PRC) on 1 October 1949 which also covers the Lianjiang County of Fujian. The KMT subsequently retreated from mainland China to Taiwan in end of 1949. After their retreat, the KMT retained the offshore part from the original Lianjiang County located on Matsu Islands, and also all of Kinmen County. In July 1958 the PRC began massing forces opposite the two islands and began bombarding them on 23

neg: Taiwan, China with "China" and a Chinese identity, (i.e., de-Sinicize), and consider it an oxymoron, i.e. in the view that Taiwan and China are different countries, and that the legitimacy of the ROC's rule of Taiwan is disputed in the first place. The dispute and ambiguity over the meaning of "China" and which "China" stemmed from the division of Republic of China into two Chinas at the "end" of the Chinese Civil War in 1955. (Fighting between the two merely eased off after 1949 and no signing of a peace treaty or armistice ever occurred; the PRC still threatens attack on ROC/Taiwan

neg: China Area Fleet specialization to guard unit for Qingdao and become extinct. Describe about pre-China Area Fleet in this section. The Southern Qing Fleet, China Expeditionary Fleet, 1st Expeditionary Fleet and 2nd Expeditionary Fleet were ancestor of China Area Fleet. The was organized after the Russo-Japanese War. They were reinforced by Xinhai Revolution in 1911, however, Beiyang Government declared neutrality in World War I. All gunboats were detained, and Southern Qing Fleet became extinct before long. The was reorganized on 9 August 1919 from . Their ancestor was under World War I. They became 11th Division only for gunboats and became extinct. The

neg: History of the People's Republic of China History of the People's Republic of China The history of the People's Republic of China details the history of mainland China since October 1, 1949, when, after a near complete victory by the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the Chinese Civil War, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC) from atop Tiananmen. The PRC has for several decades been synonymous with China, but it is only the most recent political entity to govern mainland China, preceded by the Republic of China (ROC) and thousands of years of imperial dynasties. Following the Chinese Civil War and victory of

neg: China–United States relations and Patrick J. Hurley became ambassador. After World War II ended in 1945, the hostility between the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China exploded into open civil war. The KMT lost effective control of mainland China in the Chinese Civil War in 1949. In the China White Paper in August 1949 drafted by the US State Department that the United States was announcing the hands-off policy to the ROC in Taiwan to the upcoming military attacks from the People's Liberation Army. Chinese Military forces under Chiang Kai-shek went to the island of Taiwan to accept the surrender

neg: Barratry (admiralty law) destruction, not barratry and the insurance company was required to pay. "National Union Fire Insurance Co. v. Republic of China et al" considered how barratry applies during periods of civil war and insurrection. In the 1940s, the United States sold 13 ships to the Republic of China, the nationalist government that controlled China at the time. During the Chinese Civil War, the communist People's Republic of China took control of mainland China and forced the nationalist Republic of China to Taiwan. When the nationalist government fled to Taiwan in 1949, six of the ships were at ports in mainland China

neg: Operation Prone Operation Prone Operation Prone was a proposed military operation by the South African Defence Force (SADF) and South West African Territorial Force (SWATF) during the South African Border War and Angolan Civil War between May and September 1988. With the advance of the 50th Cuban Division towards Calueque and the South-West Africa border, the SADF formed the 10 SA Division to counter this threat. The plan for Operation Prone had two phases. Operation Linger was to be a counterinsurgency phase and Operation Pact a conventional phase. Like all good battle plans, events on the ground caused well thought out plans

neg: Domino theory in China (officially becoming the People's Republic of China). The installation of the new government was established after the People's Liberation Army defeated the Nationalist Republican Government of China in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War (1927-1949). Two Chinas were formed - mainland 'Communist China' (People's Republic of China) and 'Nationalist China' Taiwan (Republic of China). The takeover by Communists of the world's most populous nation was seen in the West as a great strategic loss, prompting the popular question at the time, "Who lost China?" The United States subsequently ended diplomatic relations with China in response to the

neg: David Hawkes (sinologist) and his Chinese classmates were present in Tiananmen Square on 1 October 1949 to hear Mao Zedong announce the founding of the People's Republic of China following the Communist Party of China's defeat of Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalist Party ("Kuomintang") in the Chinese Civil War. In 1950, Hawkes was joined in Beijing by his fiancée, Jean, and the two were married in April 1950 after a long negotiation with the local police station. Within several months Hawkes' wife became pregnant and China entered the Korean War, and the couple was strongly advised to leave China. They departed China in

neg: Battle of Jaffna (2006) Battle of Jaffna (2006) The Battle of Jaffna was a battle fought in two phases in August and October 2006 for the Jaffna peninsula. It was the fourth battle for the peninsula since the start of the Sri Lankan civil war. On August 11, 2006 fighting was renewed for control of the Jaffna peninsula, after six years of a World War One-like stalemate position. The city of Jaffna had been cut off by land from the rest of Sri Lanka after the Tigers (LTTE) overrun the Elephant Pass base in early 2000. The only way the city was receiving supplies

neg: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases The terms Primary Phase and Secondary Phase describe the first two radio series of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", first broadcast in 1978. These were the first incarnations of the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" franchise. Both were written by Douglas Adams and consist of six episodes each. The series followed the aimless wanderings of Arthur Dent, Ford Prefect and his book, the eponymous "Guide". It introduced unfamiliar music, mind stretching concepts and the newest science mixed together with out of context parodies, unfeasibly rude names, "semantic and philosophical

neg: Cross-Strait relations Cross-Strait relations Cross-Strait relations or Taiwan–China relations, Mainland–Taiwan relations refer to the relationship between the following two political entities, which are separated by the Taiwan Strait in the west Pacific Ocean: Their relationship is complex and controversial due to the dispute on the political status of Taiwan after the administration of Taiwan was transferred from Japan at the end of World War II in 1945 and the subsequent split of China into the above two in 1949 as a result of civil war, and hinges on the key questions of whether the two entities are two separate countries (either as

neg: Messerschmitt Bf 109 variants 20 mm MG FF in each wing, the V15 was just fitted with the two MG 17s mounted above the engine. After test fights, the V14 was considered more promising and a pre-production batch of 10 E-0 was ordered. Batches of both E-1 and E-3 variants were shipped to Spain for evaluation, and first saw combat during the final phases of the Spanish Civil War. The E-1 production version kept two 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17s above the engine and two more in the wings. Later, many were modified to the E-3 armament standard. The E-1B was a small

neg: Fukuda Doctrine gotten two major diplomatic reforms executed. Under Fukuda cabinet, Japan conducted an omnidirectional peace diplomacy, and signed Japan-China Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1978. He pushed forward Japan's pacifistic position while making an effort to strengthen relations with Asian countries. After the Second World War, Japan's policies towards Southeast Asia, can be divided into two distinct phases - a period of reparations (1952-1964) and a period of regional economic development (1965-1975). The historic events and the features of those periods have contributed to the development of Fukuda Doctrine and the subsequent policies towards the region. The first period in

neg: 11th Wing from Funafuti, Tarawa, and Kwajalein. In October 1944 the Group moved to Guam and attacked shipping and airfields in the Volcano and Bonin Islands. In July 1945 the 11th BG moved to Okinawa to take part in the final phases of the air offensive against Japan, bombing railways, airfields, and harbor facilities on Kyushu and striking airfields in China. After the war, the unit flew reconnaissance and surveillance missions over China. Its aircraft also ferried liberated prisoners of war from Okinawa to Luzon. The Group remained in the theater as part of Far East Air Forces but had no personnel

neg: Bougainville Civil War in two phases: the first being the Bougainville Constituent Assembly and the second being the elections for the Bougainville People's Congress. Elections were held in May, and Kabui was named president. However, the legality of this was contested by Momis, with the support of a number of tribal chiefs and Resistance leaders. In November, a new body, the Bougainville Interim Provincial Government, was established, headed by Momis. Rapprochment between Kauona and Momis led to an agreement through which the two bodies would act in consultation. An organised reconciliation process began at the tribal level in the early 2000s. A peace

neg: Two Chinas Two Chinas The term Two Chinas refers to the current geopolitical situation in which two political entities each call themselves "China": In 1912, the Xuantong Emperor abdicated as a result of the Xinhai Revolution, and the Republic of China was established in Nanjing by revolutionaries under Sun Yat-sen. At the same time, the Beiyang Government, led by Yuan Shikai, a former Qing Dynasty General, existed in Beijing, whose legitimacy was challenged by the Nanjing government under the Kuomintang, or the Chinese Nationalist Party. From 1912 to 1949, China was scarred by Warlords, the Japanese invasion and the Chinese Civil War.

neg: Trento-class cruiser nevertheless exceeded the displacement limits imposed by the treaty. In the interwar period, the two cruisers served in the Cruiser Division, frequently alternating as the divisional flagship. "Trento" made two extensive trips abroad, the first was a tour of South American countries in mid to late-1929 and the second was a deployment to China to protect Italian nationals during the Chinese Civil War. In 1938, "Trieste" assisted in the repatriation of Italian volunteer soldiers who had fought in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Both ships saw extensive action in World War II, including the battles of Calabria, Cape Spartivento,

neg: Cold War II — a cold war not like we saw during THE Cold War (between the U.S. and the Soviet Union) but a cold war by definition." In October 2018, United States Vice President Mike Pence in a global press was also regarded as declaring a new cold war between the U.S. and China. Cold War II Cold War II (also called the New Cold War or Second Cold War) is a term used to describe an ongoing state of political and military tension between opposing geopolitical power-blocs, with one bloc typically reported as being led by Russia and/or China, and the

neg: Republic of China (1912–1949) authoritarian one-party military dictatorship. At the end of World War II in 1945, the Empire of Japan surrendered control of Taiwan and its island groups to the Allies, and Taiwan was placed under the Republic of China's administrative control. The communist takeover of mainland China in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 left the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) with control over only Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. With the 1949 loss of mainland China in the civil war, the ROC government retreated to Taiwan and the KMT declared Taipei the provisional capital. The Communist Party of China took

neg: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases complete episodes heard in the UK—they were edited down from their original 29+ minute running time to 25–26 minutes. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases The terms Primary Phase and Secondary Phase describe the first two radio series of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", first broadcast in 1978. These were the first incarnations of the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" franchise. Both were written by Douglas Adams and consist of six episodes each. The series followed the aimless wanderings of Arthur Dent, Ford Prefect and his book, the eponymous "Guide". It introduced unfamiliar music, mind

neg: Campaign of the North China Plain Pocket Campaign of the North China Plain Pocket The Campaign of the North China Plain Pocket, also called the Breakout on the Central Plains () by the Communist Party of China, was a series of battles fought between the nationalists and the communists during the Chinese Civil War, resulting in a successful communist breakout from the nationalist encirclement. The campaign marked the beginning of the full-scale civil war fought between the communists and the nationalists in the post-World War II era. The communist victory was largely attributed to their ability to surprise the nationalists with movements and avoid battle in locations

neg: Economic history of China (1912–49) into regional warlords, fighting for authority, causing misery and disrupting growth. After 1927, Chiang Kai-shek managed to reunify China. The Nanjing decade was a period of relative prosperity despite civil war and Japanese aggression. The government began to stabilize tax collection, establish a national budget, sponsor the construction of infrastructure such as communications and railroads, and draw up ambitious national plans, some of which were implemented after 1949. In 1937, the Japanese invaded and laid China to waste in eight years of war. The era also saw boycott of Japanese products. After 1945, the Chinese civil war further devastated China

neg: Walid Phares fighters during the Lebanese Civil War and his perceived far-right views as an academic and analyst of the Middle East region. His supporters argued that Phares had presciently discerned the threat of jihadist ideology and that he was eminently qualified for a senior post, and pointed to his strong pro-Israel track record. Phases does not have a government post in the Trump administration. Phares has drawn controversy over his association with Lebanese militant groups in the 1980s during the Lebanese Civil War. According to the "Washington Post", Phares "was a political adviser to Lebanese militants during their war against Muslim

neg: Dongcheng District, Beijing public for the first time. Under the government of the new Republic of China, the districts of Beijing were reorganized. Today's Dongcheng was known as the inner first and inner third districts. Four decades later, the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War led to the People's Republic of China displacing the Republic as the sovereign government of mainland China. This had two effects on Dongcheng. First, the two districts in the area were renamed Dongsi and Dongdan, corresponding to streets that still exist in the northern and central portions of the district, in 1952; six years later the two

neg: Drax power station Construction undertook the civil engineering works; Holst Civil Engineers built the chimney; N.G. Bailey installed cabling; Reyrolle, English Electric and South Wales Switchgear produced and installed the switchgear; English Electric manufactured the generator cooling water pumps; T.W. Broadbent maintained the temporary electrical supplies; and Sulzer Brothers manufactured the boiler feed pumps. In both phases the boilers were made by Babcock Power Ltd and the generators by C. A. Parsons and Company. Due to the project being split into two phases, it was decided for efficiency to design each phase as mirror image halves of one complete station with only the

neg: Adolph John Paschang Kaying) Taishan (previously known as Toishan) and Jiangmen. He was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Kongmoon on 17 June 1937, consecrated Bishop on 30 November 1937, and later appointed Bishop of the (previously known as Kongmoon) on 11 April 1946. He lived through the Japanese invasion and occupation of China in the Second World War. Japan invaded China in phases in the 1930s, gradually taking southern China towards the end of the decade. Until the attack on Pearl Harbor of 1941, Paschang and his diocese were relatively undisturbed by Japanese forces, given that he possessed American citizenship. In February 1941, Fr

neg: War of the Two Capitals War of the Two Capitals The War of the Two Capitals () was a civil war that occurred in 1328 under the Yuan dynasty based in China. It was a war of succession fought between the forces based in the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (Dadu, modern Beijing) and the forces based in the summer capital Shangdu after the death of Yuan emperor Yesün Temür in Shangdu. The clash between the two groups was the bloodiest and most destructive succession in all Yuan history. The War of the Two Capitals was less about ideology and more a struggle to advance individual family

neg: Camp Harlan-Camp McKean Historic District 1862 to November 1862 and it was utilized by the 25th Iowa Infantry. A total of 27 rendezvous camps were utilized in Iowa during the Civil War, and for the most part, they were located along the Mississippi River. In addition to these two camps, "inland" camps were located in Iowa City, Des Moines, Ottumwa, and Oskaloosa. Camp Harlan/McKean was one of five camps in the state that were in operation during rendezvous phases two to four from the fall 1861 to the end of 1862. The other camps include Camp McClellan in Davenport, Camp Lincoln in Keokuk, Camp Union