query: when did puerto rico become apart of america

pos: Puerto Rico New Spain. Spain's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century, producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous, African, and European elements. In 1898, following the Spanish–American War, the United States acquired Puerto Rico under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Puerto Ricans have been citizens of the United States since 1917, and enjoy freedom of movement between the island and the mainland. As it is not a state, Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress, which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto

pos: Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico they formed the bulk of the Jíbaro, or white peasant stock, of the mountainous interior of the island. The Isleños increased their commercial traffic and immigration to the two remaining Spanish colonies in America, Puerto Rico and Cuba. Even after the Spanish–American War of 1898, Canarian immigration to the Americas continued. Successive waves of Canarian immigration continued to arrive in Puerto Rico, where entire villages were founded by relocated islanders. In the 1860s, Canarian immigration to America took place at the rate of over 2,000 per year, at a time when the total island population was 237,036. In the two-year

pos: Latino theatre in the United States Latino theatre in the United States Latino theatre in the United States Latinos and Hispanics immigrating to North America faced many struggles with the immigration process as well as with learning how to adapt and, in many ways, assimilate into the modern, mainstream culture developing in North America. Puerto Rico, one of the largest Latino groups of the time, was annexed in 1898 following the Spanish–American War. Puerto Rico shortly thereafter became known as Porto Rico and English became the official language that was taught and learned by the people of Porto Rico (Puerto Rico). The previously all Catholic Puerto

pos: Independence movement in Puerto Rico or "Criollos", occurred in the 19th century. These include the conspiracy at San Germán in 1809, and the uprisings of people in Ciales, San Germán and Sabana Grande in 1898. Many Puerto Ricans became inspired by the ideals of Simón Bolívar to liberate South America from Spanish rule. Bolívar sought to create a federation of Latin American nations, to include Puerto Rico and Cuba. Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabé, also known as "The Liberator from Puerto Rico", fought for the independence of South America together with Bolívar; he also wanted an independent Puerto Rico. María de las Mercedes Barbudo,

neg: Puerto Rico Open Puerto Rico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. The other four additional exemptions are unrestricted. For 2018, the Puerto Rico Open was made an unofficial event as a fundraiser for relief efforts after Hurricane Maria, where it is played at TPC Dorado Beach. The event will again become official in 2019 and 2020. "Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records." Winners of earlier events with the same name Puerto Rico Open The Puerto Rico Open is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour that was first played in 2008. It is the only PGA Tour event ever held in

neg: Shenti Lauren Shenti Lauren Shenti Lauren, is a Puerto Rican beauty pageant titleholder from Barranquitas, Puerto Rico who was named Miss America Puerto Rico 2013. She won the title of Miss Puerto Rico on July 2013, when she received her crown from outgoing titleholder Kiaraliz Medina. Miss Barranquitas, Shenti Lauren, was crowned as Miss Puerto Rico 2013 at the San Juan Marriott Stellaris Resort in San Juan, Puerto Rico. As the official preliminary to the Miss America Pageant, Shenti will represent Puerto Rico at the national Miss America event to take place on September 15, 2013 in Atlantic City, New Jersey which

neg: History of Puerto Rico US administration. They wanted to fully integrate US law and government. Their plan was to become a territory and have representation through a delegate and eventually become a US state with no restrictions. The Partido Obrero Socialista de Puerto Rico did not advocate for independence. Instead party leader, Santiago Iglesias Pantin, advocated for statehood and change in economic policies which were influenced by his practice in founding the Federación Regional de Trabajadores (Regional Workers Federation) and labor newspaper "Ensayo Obrero". The party was based on the principles of the Socialist Labor Party of America and received much support from American

neg: Santiago Iglesias 75th, and 76th Congresses, from March 4, 1933 until his death. Iglesias served as a member of the first Senate of Puerto Rico in 1917, and reelected several times, until his election to Congress in 1932. He pushed for many social reforms, many of which did become law, either as part of the PDP's reform agenda in the 1940s or as part of the Constitution of Puerto Rico in 1952. Iglesias unsuccessfully pushed for legislation to enable Puerto Ricans to elect their own Governor, a concept that did not become law until 1947. He was able to have Puerto Rico

neg: Destiny Vélez Miss Puerto Rico role but after her apology, she was reinstated back with her title and did participate in the Miss America pageant. She crowned her successor Carole Rigual the following summer in 2016. Destiny Vélez Destiny Vélez (born November 19, 1995) is a beauty pageant titleholder from San Juan, Puerto Rico, who was crowned Miss Puerto Rico 2015. She competed for the Miss America 2016 title in September 2015 and placed outside the Top 15. On December 20, 2015, she was suspended indefinitely from her Miss Puerto Rico position after a series of anti-Muslim comments via Twitter. As a

neg: English language in Puerto Rico that if Puerto Rico opted to become a state, it would have to make English its primary language. As the "New York Times" reported: Santorum opponent Mitt Romney's campaign issued a statement contrasting his position on the issue with Santorum's. "Puerto Rico currently recognizes both English and Spanish as the official languages of the commonwealth," Romney spokeswoman Andrea Saul said. "Gov. Romney believes that English is the language of opportunity and supports efforts to expand English proficiency in Puerto Rico and across America. However, he would not, as a prerequisite for statehood, require that the people of Puerto Rico cease

neg: Puerto Rico national football team for Puerto Rico in the 1993 Caribbean Cup. In the tournament, Puerto Rico established a 4-game win streak without conceding a goal. The competition was not then recognized by FIFA, and so his five matches were considered friendlies. As a result, he was later allowed to switch his allegiance to the United States of America, for whom he has since been capped over fifty times. Puerto Rico did not record a win, and had only four draws. During this time, the team dropped down in the FIFA Rankings to 202nd. Over the past few years, Puerto Rico has begun to

neg: Balzac v. Porto Rico doubt by a Puerto Rican District Judge in "Consejo de Salud v. Rullan", 586 F.Supp 2d 22 (D.P.R. 2008). Judge Gustavo Gelpi held that continued action by part of the federal government had strengthened ties with Puerto Rico, and the latter had become an incorporated territory. Balzac v. Porto Rico Balzac v. Porto Rico, , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that certain provisions of the U.S. Constitution did not apply to territories not incorporated into the union. It originated when Jesús M. Balzac was prosecuted for criminal libel in a district court

neg: Puerto Rico Young Democrats Puerto Rico Young Democrats The Young Democrats of America Puerto Rico Chapter is a non-profit political corporation organized pursuant to General Corporate Law of Puerto Rico and duly registered in the Department of State of Puerto Rico. The organization is the official chapter of the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico certified by the Young Democrats of America (YDA) and the Democratic Party of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (DPCPR). Its premier purposes are promoting Puerto Rican youth involvement and activism within the United States Democratic Party and representing the island at all Young Democrats of America national meetings and conventions.

neg: Miss Puerto Rico Rico has sent a delegate to the Miss America pageant. 2010 was the first time Puerto Rico has done so since 1961. Miss Puerto Rico Miss Puerto Rico is a national Beauty pageant in Puerto Rico. Currently, there are two separate televised pageants held annually: Miss Universe Puerto Rico to select the representative for Miss Universe and Miss Mundo de Puerto Rico to select the representatives for Miss World and Miss Earth. Additionally, the Miss Puerto Rico Scholarship Organization selects the representative for Miss America. Puerto Rico has been represented in the Big Four international beauty pageants, the four major

neg: Luis A. Ferré Luis A. Ferré Don Luis Alberto Ferré Aguayo (February 17, 1904 October 21, 2003) was a Puerto Rican engineer, industrialist, politician, philanthropist, and a patron of the arts. He was the third Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, serving from 1969 to 1973. He was the founding father of the New Progressive Party, which advocates for Puerto Rico to become a state of the United States of America. He is a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Luis Alberto Ferré Aguayo was born in the southern city of Ponce, Puerto Rico on February 17, 1904. Ferré's grandfather Maurice

neg: University of Puerto Rico Since its creation 24 years ago, Puerto Rico EPSCoR has received over $180 million from NSF, NASA, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. Department of Defense. The University of Puerto Rico: The University of Puerto Rico placed in the 800-1000 bracket in the 2018 edition of QS World University rankings, and was ranked 42nd in Latin America. UPR was ranked among the best 20 universities in Latin America by SCImago ranking in 2010. The University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras ranked 81st and University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez ranked 73rd in Top Latin America by Webometrics.

neg: Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico) historical status debate, proposals consistent with the modern free association movement can be traced to the times when Puerto Rico was a colony of the Spanish Empire. In March 1887, Román Baldorioty de Castro presented a proposal based on the British North America Act of 1867, the accord that ended the United Kingdom's colonial rule over Canada and allowed it to become a sovereign Dominion, during the inaugural convention of the Autonomist Party. However, there this effort was thwarted by the conservative members of the party, who supported a project that would turn the remaining Spanish colonies into autonomous provinces.

neg: Kiaraliz Medina Kiaraliz Medina Kiaraliz Medina Morales (born November 24, 1992) is a Puerto Rican beauty pageant titleholder from Moca, Puerto Rico who was named Miss America Puerto Rico 2012. She won the title of Miss Puerto Rico on July 14, 2012, when she received her crown from outgoing titleholder Laura Ramirez. Medina’s platform is “The Power within Us: Reinforcing positive self-esteem” and she said she hoped to improve self-esteem among young people during her year as Miss Puerto Rico. Her competition talent is Flamenco dancing. Medina is a junior at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez majoring in chemical engineering.

neg: 2008 Copa América (baseball) Group B consists of Puerto Rico, Brazil, Aruba, Guatemala and Panama. Cuba did not compete because they already qualified for the 2009 World Cup as they were Olympic competitors the same year. Puerto Rico won the tournament, defeating Nicaragua 4:1 in the final. 2008 Copa América (baseball) The 2008 America Baseball Cup was held in the Venezuelan cities of Puerto Ordaz and El Tigre, from September 26 to October 7. The tournament acted as a qualifier for the 2009 World Cup. "America Baseball Cup" is the English translation of the competition's Spanish name, which is "Copa America de Beisbol". The

neg: Puerto Rico Young Democrats National Committeewoman are automatic members of the Young Democrats National Committee. Puerto Rico Young Democrats The Young Democrats of America Puerto Rico Chapter is a non-profit political corporation organized pursuant to General Corporate Law of Puerto Rico and duly registered in the Department of State of Puerto Rico. The organization is the official chapter of the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico certified by the Young Democrats of America (YDA) and the Democratic Party of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (DPCPR). Its premier purposes are promoting Puerto Rican youth involvement and activism within the United States Democratic Party and representing the

neg: Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico smuggling organization operating out of the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. The organization was transporting, moving, concealing, harboring and shielding aliens. They arranged the transportation and moving of Chinese nationals from the Dominican Republic into the United States. The following are common Chinese surnames in Puerto Rico: Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico Large-scale Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico and the Caribbean began during the 19th century. Chinese immigrants had to face different obstacles that prohibited or restricted their entry in Puerto Rico. When Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony, the Spanish government did not encourage settlers of non-Hispanic origin. Although

neg: José Miguel Class in Hato Rey, Puerto Rico. José Miguel Class José Miguel Class (September 26, 1935 – April 13, 2017) was a Puerto Rican singer who garnered international fame during the 1960s and 1970s. Nicknamed "El Gallito de Manatí" ("Manati's Bantam"), Class achieved fame in Puerto Rico in the 1960s before moving to Mexico, where he achieved wide success. His period as a resident there proved important for his career: He released various Mexican music albums and he was able to achieve fame across Central America, South America and the rest of the Caribbean. When Class returned to Puerto Rico during the

neg: Bills in U.S. Congress regarding the political status of Puerto Rico admission of the territory of Puerto Rico into the Union as a State, and for other purposes." The bill has been referred to the House Committee on Natural Resources. Bills in U.S. Congress regarding the political status of Puerto Rico The Territories Clause of the United States Constitution () allows for Congress to "dispose of" Puerto Rico and allow it to become independent of the U.S. (in the same way as the Philippines did in 1945) or, under the authority of the Admissions Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 1) for it to be admitted as a state of the

neg: Los Chicos de Puerto Rico Los Chicos de Puerto Rico Los Chicos (also known as Los Chicos de Puerto Rico) were a popular boy band in Puerto Rico, South America and in Central America, created to rival Menudo's success. The band was created by Eric Laboy in 1978, with the name Encuentro. Due to a political campaign slogan, the name was changed to Los Chicos, which translates to "The Kids" by Mr. Carlos Alfonso Ramirez who took ownership and managed the boy band. They enjoyed huge success during the early 1980s, under the new management particularly in Puerto Rico South America and Central America. Mr.

neg: Leopoldo Figueroa a "state" of the United States of America. He then began to associate himself with political organizations whose ideals were pro-statehood. He then decided to study law at the University of Puerto Rico and in 1927, he earned his degree. The Alliance Party did not last long, as a united political organization and was soon divided into two factions, one that believed in independence and later became the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico, the other being pro-statehood. Figueroa joined the latter and later the pro-statehood Puerto Rican Republican Party, also known as the Partido Estadista de Puerto Rico, founded in

neg: El Tiempo Es Oro (game show) El Tiempo Es Oro (game show) El Tiempo es Oro was a Puerto Rican television game show, hosted by Josue Carrion, nicknamed "Mr. Cash" because of the type of business he runs apart from the show, several pawn shops. The show was shown on WAPA-TV in Puerto Rico and on WAPA America in the United States. Josue Carrion began participating in different television shows, such as "Que Suerte!" and "Pegate al Mediodia" when WAPA-TV's directors offered him to host his own show, beginning in 2012. Carrion participated in television shows as a way of promoting his business, a chain of

neg: Ruth Mary Reynolds only had Albizu Campos learned about the group's activities with the Puerto Rican community, he'd also learned that the group was involved with the non-violent "Free India" movement." He convinced their group to become involved with a "Free Puerto Rico" movement, since he thought it was a comparable case of colonialism – the United States colonization of Puerto Rico. Even though the members of the group opposed the use of violence as a way of obtaining independence, they did agree that Puerto Rico should have its independence and became advocates of the island's independence. Soon afterwards, Reynolds and her colleagues

neg: History of women in Puerto Rico issuing "Certificates of Puerto Rican Citizenship" to anyone born in Puerto Rico or to anyone born outside of Puerto Rico with at least one parent who was born in Puerto Rico. Currently, women in Puerto Rico and outside of Puerto Rico have become active participants in the political and social landscape in both, their homeland and in the continental United States. Many of them are involved in the fields that were once limited to the male population and have thus, become influential leaders in their fields. Puerto Rico was originally called "Boriken" by the Taínos, which means: "La tierra del

neg: Puerto Rico Police covered by this region are: Luquillo, Ceiba, Rio Grande, Vieques, Culebra and Fajardo. Their headquarters are located at #99 E. Victoria St. in Fajardo, Puerto Rico. A significant distinction of this region from the 13 other regions in Puerto Rico, is the protection and enforcement of the island-municipalities of Vieques (located east of Puerto Rico), and Culebra (17 miles east of Puerto Rico). Because of the islands' distance from Puerto Rico, they are easy places for drug connections from South America and North America. This is why most of these areas are protected with a coordination of U.S. Federal Agencies,

neg: Puerto Rico governmental line of succession Puerto Rico governmental line of succession The Puerto Rico governmental line of succession defines who may become or act as Governor of Puerto Rico upon the incapacity, death, resignation, or removal from office (by impeachment and subsequent conviction) of a sitting governor or a governor-elect. Article IV of the Constitution of Puerto Rico establishes that when a vacancy occurs in the post of Governor said post shall devolve upon the Secretary of State, who shall hold it for the rest of the term and until a new governor has been elected and qualifies. In the event that vacancies exist at

neg: Invasive species in Puerto Rico Invasive species in Puerto Rico Invasive species are species that are native to foreign environments which typically wreak havoc on a specific area's economy, ecosystem and infrastructure. These species can be introduced by natural causes or human intervention. There are many invasive species that exist around the world, however, two that are abundant in Puerto Rico are the Green Iguana and the Lionfish. These two species are incredibly dangerous to the biodiversity of Puerto Rico. These species damage infrastructure and ultimately cost the country money when repairs become necessary. Green Iguana were introduced to Puerto Rico through the pet trade

neg: No Podrás Escapar de Mí of soap operas not only in Colombia, but Puerto Rico . Apart from softer ballads, heavy songs like Charly Garcia as "Yo No Quiero Volverme Tan Loco" ("I do not want to become so crazy") with a rocker style to what he Vives and while the song "Quizas Porque" ("Perhaps because") ends with very soft acoustic style driven by sound. In the back of the album says Vives this: Translated into English and is: Vives was nominated for Premios Lo Nuestro in 1987 Breakthrough Artist, also won the " Prize Stereo Tempo " in Puerto Rico in 1988 and "

neg: Scouting in Puerto Rico Scouting in Puerto Rico Scouting in Puerto Rico has a long history, from the 1920s to the present day, serving both boys and girls. Troops, Venturing Crews and Sea Scouting units are part of the Boy Scouts of America, for both boys and girls, or the Girl Scouts of the USA, for girls. Several campsites are owned and maintained by these organizations. Puerto Rican Boy Scouting is served by the Puerto Rico Council () of the Boy Scouts of America. Founded in 1927 as the "Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands Council" and part of the Northeast Region of the Boy

neg: Guillermo Irizarry where he continued to serve past the end of the term of then Governor Muñoz on January 2, 1965, and until December, 1966 when then Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella nominated him to become Secretary of State of Puerto Rico. It was as Secretary of State of Puerto Rico that he represented the People of Puerto Rico at Martin Luther King's wake. He served as Secretary of State, and provided needed stability to the government of Puerto Rico, during one of Puerto Rico's most tumultuous times. During his term, Gov. Sánchez Vilella's relationship with his predecessor and first elected governor, Luis

neg: Nu Sigma Beta of Río Piedras and member of the Constitutional Convention of Puerto Rico and former Senator Luis Alfredo Colon Velanuez, Helcías Bermudez Colom, President of NBM, Corp., Efraín Rivera Pérez, Former member of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, José Esteves, Journalist Telemundo Canal 2, ref>, </ref> and others. CHAPTERS: Alpha Puerto Rico University; Beta RUM, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico; Gamma Interamerican University, San German, Puerto Rico; Delta PUCPR, Ponce, Puerto Rico; Kappa Puerto Rico University, Cayey; Omega Puerto Rico University, Humacao; Omicrón Puerto Rico University, Arecibo; Chi United States of America, Florida State University (2018). ZONES: Zona Alumni, Mayaguez, PR; Zona

neg: Puerto Rico Highway 901 the views of the Pacific Ocean from California Route 1 in California. Yet, people have to be extremely cautious in this road. People who go from Humacao to the area of Guayama are recommended to take PR-30, PR-52 and then PR-53 (Salinas-Guayama) than the PR-3/PR-901 route, because it is more safe and takes the same time. This will end when PR-53 is finished. When PR-53 is finished, PR-901 will become a normal rural road, and PR-53 will become the primary route to Maunabo. Puerto Rico Highway 901 Puerto Rico Highway 901 is a temporary primary highway in the southeast of

neg: Nazario Collection acquiring a copy of 1889's "Historia De Las Naciones: Caldea" (English: "History of the Nations: Chaldea") and using the characters present in a Babylonian religious artifact reproduced there. The document would be modified and later become known as "Escritura Fonética de los Indios de Puerto Rico" (English: "Phonetic orthography of the Indians of Puerto Rico"). Nazario hypothesized that perceived linguistic similarities could imply that some of the Ten Lost Tribes crossed Asia making their way into the Bering Strait and traveled from there to North America, before dividing somewhere near Central America, from where they arrived to the Caribbean. The

neg: Copa Luis Villarejo as teams with tickets secured to represent Puerto Rico in the 2017 Champions League Cup of the Caribbean Football Union (CFU), which is qualifying for the Champions League 2017-2018 Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Football (CONCACAF). On November 20 2016, Puerto Rico FC defeated the Criollos de Caguas FC 4-1 to become the cups 1st ever champion, with 3 goals coming from the Puerto Rican striker Hector Ramos, and one coming from "Georgie" to seal the deal in the 88th minute. On August 16 2017, The president of the Competitions Commission of the Puerto Rican Football Federation (FPF),

neg: 51st state to repeal or amend any existing laws that have unequal application between Puerto Rico and the several States to phase in equality for Puerto Rico. Under this legislation (if passed), Puerto Rico would become incorporated (from its current unincorporated status) while equality with US States is phased in and Puerto Rico would fully become a US State by January 2021. The bill introduced into the House has bipartisan support with 37 cosponsors, including 22 Republicans and 15 Democrats. Jenniffer Gonzalez-Colon is the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico. The Resident Commissioner is elected by the people of Puerto Rico to serve

neg: Currencies of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico, the archipelago became a strategic military location, used by Spain to protect its colonies and possessions in America. Vessels used it as a main point for resupplying before attempting long voyages and trading became a key part of economy. However, when the mines and rivers in the main island of Puerto Rico, then known as San Juan Bautista, were depleted Puerto Rico began suffering from shortage of gold and its income was reduced drastically, precipitating a recession. Beginning in the 16th century, the Spanish Crown was forced to issue a monetary support decree to the archipelago known as

neg: Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico Large-scale Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico and the Caribbean began during the 19th century. Chinese immigrants had to face different obstacles that prohibited or restricted their entry in Puerto Rico. When Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony, the Spanish government did not encourage settlers of non-Hispanic origin. Although the Spanish government changed its policy with the passage of the Royal Decree of Graces (Real Cédula de Gracias) of 1815, the decree was intended to attract non-Hispanic Europeans who were willing to swear their allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church, not non-Christian Asians. After Spain ceded

neg: José Torres Martino completing his degree, and he returned to Puerto Rico. He began working as a radio journalist upon his return to Puerto Rico from New York. He co-founded Puerto Rico's first magazine focusing on radio journalism when he was 22 years old. According to Margarita Fernandez Zavala, a professor of art at the University of Puerto Rico, Torres went on to become a well known voice for radio and television audiences between the 1940s and 1980s. Fernandez Zavala called Torres "one of the pioneers of radio and television on the island." Torres co-founded the Press and Television Guild of Puerto Rico

neg: Andrés Torres a season-ending Achilles injury in August. After going unsigned to begin 2014, Torres signed a minor league deal with the Boston Red Sox in June, but opted out of his contract in late July after not getting called up. Torres was born in Paterson, New Jersey, and moved to Aguada, Puerto Rico with his family when he was one year old. He played very little baseball as a child in Puerto Rico, and did not become serious about becoming a professional baseball player until he was 18. He attended Dr. Carlos Gonzalez High School and Miami-Dade Community College. At Miami-Dade,

neg: Irish immigration to Puerto Rico Irish immigration to Puerto Rico From the 16th to the 19th centuries, there was considerable Irish immigration to Puerto Rico for a number of reasons. During the 16th century, many Irishmen, who were known as "Wild Geese", escaped from forced service in the English Army and joined the Spanish Army. They did so either in Europe or when they could "jump ship" off the coast of Puerto Rico (whenever English ships came to trade or when the English Navy was engaged in attacks against the Spanish colonial forces on the island), at which time they joined the Spanish colonial army,

neg: History of Latin America could be made to work were absent. In the early nineteenth century nearly all of areas of Spanish America attained independence by armed struggle, with the exceptions of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Brazil, which had become a monarchy separate from Portugal, became a republic in the late nineteenth century. Political independence from European monarchies did not result in the abolition of black slavery in the new sovereign nations. Political independence resulted in political and economic instability in Spanish America immediately after independence. Great Britain and the United States exercised significant influence in the post-independence era, resulting in a form of

neg: Daisy Ocasio at various Olympics. Ocasio's photos were commonly seen on Puerto Rican newspapers during the early 1990s, when she was at the top of her career as a runner. She continued on running, and winning races, until the late 1990s. Many Puerto Ricans came to identify her, just as they did with Angelita Lind during the 1980s, as one of the most important runners of Puerto Rico. That's why, when she announced she would become a female boxer, she caused some shock among many of her fans. On July 23, 1998, she debuted as a boxer, defeating Andrea Figueroa by a

neg: Miss Puerto Rico Miss Puerto Rico Miss Puerto Rico is a national Beauty pageant in Puerto Rico. Currently, there are two separate televised pageants held annually: Miss Universe Puerto Rico to select the representative for Miss Universe and Miss Mundo de Puerto Rico to select the representatives for Miss World and Miss Earth. Additionally, the Miss Puerto Rico Scholarship Organization selects the representative for Miss America. Puerto Rico has been represented in the Big Four international beauty pageants, the four major international beauty pageants for women. These are Miss World, Miss Universe, Miss International and Miss Earth. In its various forms, the "Miss

neg: Tony Croatto moved back to Argentina in 1965. Tim eventually left the group in 1966 and returned to his native Italy to become a concert promoter. The music pairing of Nelly and Tony then became a duo. In 1968, after travelling across South America and spending two years in Venezuela (his then-wife Raquel Montero was an Argentine-born telenovela actress, whose good looks and dramatic talent were popular in the country; their mutual children Mara and Alejandro Croatto were born there). Tony moved to what would eventually become his adoptive homeland, Puerto Rico, when ""Nelly y Tony"" were hired by Puerto Rican promoter

neg: Sports in Puerto Rico female Olympic skier. Even though the team did not do well in the competition, they were highly respected by their competitors. Kristina Brandi represented Puerto Rico in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. She became the first tennis player representing Puerto Rico to win a singles match in an Olympic when she beat Jelena Kostanić from Croatia (7–5 and 6–1). She lost in the second round to Russian Anastasia Myskina. At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Monica Puig made Olympic history when she became the first person to win an Olympic gold medal for Puerto Rico

neg: People's Party (Puerto Rico) People's Party (Puerto Rico) The People's Party (PP) (, PP) was a political party in Puerto Rico, founded by Roberto Sánchez Vilella in 1968. It was also known as "el Partido del Sol" (the Party of the Sun) from its logo which featured a bright orange rising sun. In 1964, Partido Popular Democratico (PPD) candidate Roberto Sánchez Vilella had become the second governor to be democratically elected in Puerto Rico. The party remained in power until 1968, when Luis A. Ferré, of the newly founded Partido Nuevo Progresista (PNP), won the elections due to the PDP's big division of 1968.

neg: Puerto Rico Air National Guard Puerto Rico Air National Guard The Puerto Rico Air National Guard (PR ANG) —— is the air force militia of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the United States of America. It is, along with the Puerto Rico Army National Guard and the Puerto Rico State Guard, an element of the Puerto Rico National Guard. After beginning as four units, the PRANG expanded to 11 units by the 1980s, including the 1956th Tactics Combat Group, the 140th Radar Squadron and others. As commonwealth militia units, the units in the Puerto Rico Air National Guard are not in

neg: Senate of Puerto Rico Senate of Puerto Rico The Senate of Puerto Rico () is the upper house of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, the territorial legislature of Puerto Rico. The Senate, together with the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico, control the legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico. The structure and responsibilities of the Senate are defined in Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico which vests all legislative power in the Legislative Assembly. Every bill must be passed by both, the Senate and the House, and signed by the Governor of Puerto Rico in order to become law.

neg: Maritime history of Colonial America Maritime history of Colonial America The history of ships in North America and the maritime history of Colonial America has a strong foundation. The beginnings go back to at least as far as the first European contact with the Americas, when Leif Erikson established a short-lived settlement called Vinland in present-day Newfoundland. The existence of an actual shipping industry gradually came into being. Christopher Columbus was the first European to set foot on what would one day become U.S. territory when he came to Puerto Rico in 1493. In the 15th century, Europeans brought horses, cattle and hogs to the

neg: Puerto Rican cuisine pork, chicken or beef and can be a start to a meal. Puerto Rico has become popular for their fried food, which can be found in Cuba, Panama, Dominican Republic, and parts of the U.S. Throughout the Caribbean and most of Latin America, it is a common practice to eat stews, fried plantains, rice, beans, flat breads wrapped with fish and boiled mashed plantains with eggs for breakfast. Puerto Rico has adopted a more traditional American breakfast menu including coffee and bread with butter or jam, pancakes, French toast, bacon, breakfast sausage, cold cereals, fresh fruit juice, eggs, and other

neg: Bills in U.S. Congress regarding the political status of Puerto Rico Bills in U.S. Congress regarding the political status of Puerto Rico The Territories Clause of the United States Constitution () allows for Congress to "dispose of" Puerto Rico and allow it to become independent of the U.S. (in the same way as the Philippines did in 1945) or, under the authority of the Admissions Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 1) for it to be admitted as a state of the United States (with a vote of Congress in the same way that Alaska and Hawaii were admitted in 1958 and 1959 respectively). Since Congress must approve of any political

neg: Political status of Puerto Rico the United States Constitution () allows for Congress to "dispose of" Puerto Rico and allow it to become independent of the U.S. (in the same way as the Philippines did in 1945) or, under the authority of the Admissions Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 1) for it to be admitted as a state of the United States (with a vote of Congress in the same way that Alaska and Hawaii were admitted in 1958 and 1959 respectively). Since Congress must approve of any political status change for Puerto Rico, some argue that "congressional agreement to the options [on a

neg: Puerto Rico previously served as U.S. ambassador to El Salvador. As it is a territory of the United States of America, the defense of Puerto Rico is provided by the United States as part of the Treaty of Paris with the President of the United States as its commander-in-chief. Puerto Rico has its own Puerto Rico National Guard, and its own state defense force, the Puerto Rico State Guard, which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard. The commander-in-chief of both local forces is the governor of Puerto Rico who delegates his authority to the Puerto

neg: Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico Under the Jones Act, foreign ships inbound with goods from Central and South America, Western Europe, and Africa cannot stop in Puerto Rico, offload Puerto Rico-bound goods, load mainland-bound Puerto Rico-manufactured goods, and continue to U.S. ports. Instead, they must proceed directly to U.S. ports, where distributors break bulk and send Puerto Rico-bound manufactured goods to Puerto Rico across the ocean by U.S.-flagged ships. In modern times, Puerto Rico has been able to establish several treaties and trade agreements mostly with Hispanic American nations due to their cultural and linguistic similarities. Today, Puerto Rico has trade agreements with Colombia and

neg: Puerto Rican Independence Party has issued opt-out forms to about 120,000 students in Puerto Rico and encouraged them to sign—and independista activists expect this year to mark their most successful effort yet." The article also quoted Juan Dalmau, then-secretary general of the Puerto Rican Independence Party as saying: "if the death of a Puerto Rican soldier is tragic, it's more tragic if that soldier has no say in that war [with Iraq]" and that he did not want the children of Puerto Rico to become "colonial cannon meat." Another article in "The Progressive" also reported on PIP's anti-war activity. It was written three years

neg: Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico German settlers had become successful businessmen, educators, and scientists and were among the pioneers of Puerto Rico's television industry. Among the successful businesses established by the German immigrants in Puerto Rico were Mullenhoff & Korber, Frite, Lundt & Co., Max Meyer & Co. and Feddersen Willenk & Co. Korber Group Inc. one of Puerto Rico's largest advertising agencies was founded by the descendants of William Korber. When the United States enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act on May 6, 1882, many Chinese in the United States fled to Puerto Rico, Cuba and other Latin American nations. They established small niches and

neg: Juan Manuel García Passalacqua 2006, he returned to Puerto Rico's most respected news radio station, WKAQ, as an on-air political commentator. "Juan Ma", as he was referred by some, participated in a televised program called "Medio Día Puerto Rico" (Midday Puerto Rico), during the lunchtime hours on Televicentro Puerto Rico in a segment called "La Escuelita" (The Small Schoolhouse). After an incident in which he apparently made mention of the daughter of Aníbal Acevedo Vilá (governor of Puerto Rico at the time), he was fired from the show and did not visit the TV station again, only talking via phone from outside when several

neg: Adam Beniquez was appealed multiple times by Beniquez, but unsuccessfully. According to Puerto Rican police detective Jose Rodriguez, he had become the "most wanted man in Puerto Rico". Adam Beniquez Adam Jorge Beniquez (born 1969 in San Juan, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican career criminal, murderer and suspected serial killer. He was convicted of murdering Daniel Valentine in Brooklyn, but was subsequently tied to the murders of 8 more people, including 3 police officers, in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and another man in New York. Beniquez's first known murder occurred on February 15, 1990, when he shot and killed a

neg: Economy of Puerto Rico to 66% of its gross domestic product over time. In comparison to the different states of the United States, Puerto Rico is poorer than the poorest state of the United States, with 45% of its population living below the poverty line. However, when compared to Latin America, Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita in the region, as well as being the most competitive economy among Ibero-American states, surpassing Chile and Spain. The Commonwealth has a massive bond debt that it is unable to service, $70 billion in early 2017, or $12,000 per capita, at a moment when its

neg: Magnolia portoricensis Magnolia portoricensis Magnolia portoricensis is a tree of the Caribbean region. Its vernacular names include jagüilla and Puerto Rico magnolia. It is native to Puerto Rico and it is found in the Toro Negro State Forest. It is an endangered tree and endemic to Puerto Rico. It is a dicot and apart of the Magnoliaceae family. It is an uncommon tree, found primarily in the central and western mountains at 500 to 925 m above sea level. Magnolia portoricensis is a fairly large evergreen tree that can grow as tall as 25 m. In Puerto Rico it can be found

neg: Puerto Rico is whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory, become a U.S. state, or become an independent country. Constitutionally, Puerto Rico is subject to the plenary powers of the United States Congress under the territorial clause of Article IV of the U.S. Constitution. Laws enacted at the federal level in the United States apply to Puerto Rico as well, regardless of its political status. Their residents do not have voting representation in the U.S. Congress. Like the different states of the United States, Puerto Rico lacks "the full sovereignty of an independent nation", for example, the power to manage its

neg: Statehood movement in Puerto Rico of the United States of America "The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States...". Puerto Rico is, by a considerable margin, the largest U.S. territory in terms of both population and geographical area, being similar to Connecticut with respect to population size and geographical area. Puerto Rican residents do not participate in the Presidential elections, although once they establish residency in any of the 50 states or the District of Columbia they become eligible voters. Statehood would allow the population to vote

neg: Germán Legarreta Germán Legarreta Germán Legarreta (born August 30, 1981) is a Puerto Rican-born American film and television actor. Legarreta was born Germán Legarreta Quiles in San Juan, Puerto Rico; It did not take long for him to get his first big break—a commercial when he was just three years old. Throughout his formative years, he balanced a career as a successful child star and a competitive gymnast. Germán soon emerged as "someone to watch" , and he and traveled to competitions throughout the United States, Europe and Central America. With roles on the Puerto Rican TV series, "Ola nueva, La" (1988)

neg: Fauna of Puerto Rico and extirpations (local extinctions). Conservation efforts, the most notable being for the Puerto Rican parrot, began in the second half of the 20th century. According to IUCN, as of 2002, there were 21 threatened species in Puerto Rico: two mammals, eight breeding birds, eight reptiles, and three amphibians. The Caribbean Plate, an oceanic tectonic plate on which Puerto Rico and the Antilles (with the exception of Cuba) lie, was formed in the late Mesozoic. According to Rosen, when South America separated from Africa, a volcanic archipelago known as "Proto-Antilles" was formed. It later divided into the present-day Greater and Lesser

neg: Braulio Castillo Jr. Braulio Castillo Jr. Braulio Castillo, Jr. (born c. 1958) in Santurce, Puerto Rico is a Puerto Rican actor and radio host. He is the son of Braulio Castillo, an actor across Latin America, and the brother of the lesser known Jorge Castillo, also a television and theater actor. For a short time during the 1970s, he was first known in Puerto Rico doing newsbreaks for WKBM-TV Channel 11 in Caguas, now Univision O&O WLII. Castillo reached national fame in Puerto Rico when he participated in the 1984 Spanish soap opera "Coralito" at San Juan-based WKAQ-TV Channel 2. There, he shared

neg: Balzac v. Porto Rico Balzac v. Porto Rico Balzac v. Porto Rico, , was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that certain provisions of the U.S. Constitution did not apply to territories not incorporated into the union. It originated when Jesús M. Balzac was prosecuted for criminal libel in a district court of Puerto Rico. Balzac declared that his rights had been violated under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution as he was denied a trial by jury, since the code of criminal procedure of Puerto Rico did not grant a jury trial in misdemeanor cases. In

neg: José Miguel Class José Miguel Class José Miguel Class (September 26, 1935 – April 13, 2017) was a Puerto Rican singer who garnered international fame during the 1960s and 1970s. Nicknamed "El Gallito de Manatí" ("Manati's Bantam"), Class achieved fame in Puerto Rico in the 1960s before moving to Mexico, where he achieved wide success. His period as a resident there proved important for his career: He released various Mexican music albums and he was able to achieve fame across Central America, South America and the rest of the Caribbean. When Class returned to Puerto Rico during the decade of the '70s, he

neg: Law enforcement in Puerto Rico Law enforcement in Puerto Rico Law enforcement in Puerto Rico is one of three major components of the criminal justice system of Puerto Rico, along with courts and corrections. Although there exists an inherent interrelatedness between the different groups that make up the criminal justice system based on their crime deterrence purpose, each component operates independently from one another. However, the judiciary is vested with the power to make legal determinations regarding the conduct of the other two components. Apart from maintaining order and service functions, the purpose of policing is the investigation of suspected criminal activity and the referral

neg: Law enforcement in Puerto Rico some correctional facilities (usually at the local level). Law enforcement in Puerto Rico Law enforcement in Puerto Rico is one of three major components of the criminal justice system of Puerto Rico, along with courts and corrections. Although there exists an inherent interrelatedness between the different groups that make up the criminal justice system based on their crime deterrence purpose, each component operates independently from one another. However, the judiciary is vested with the power to make legal determinations regarding the conduct of the other two components. Apart from maintaining order and service functions, the purpose of policing is the

neg: Sports in Puerto Rico 13.66 penalties compared to the 21.87 posted by Mexico. When presented with the Gold Medal, Watring unfurled and waved the Puerto Rican Flag. This win secured a berth in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece. Watring represented Puerto Rico in the 2004 Olympics. Fencing in Puerto Rico has become popular ever since David "Kike" Bernier, Victor Bernier and the brothers Jonathan and Marcos Peña have won medals in the 2003 Pan American Games celebrated in the Dominican Republic.Mirthescka Escanellas was also a popular Puerto Rican fencer. She participated at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, among many other

neg: Paloma Suau musical. Apart from Alejandro Fernández and Juanes, Paloma Suau has directed many Puerto Rican singers, such as José Feliciano, Manny Manuel and Andy Montañez. Tony Croatto, who lived many years in Puerto Rico but was actually Italian, also sang on a number of Suau's productions before his passing. Paloma Suau has revealed plans to film a movie about a Dominican Republic immigrant to Puerto Rico during 2006. Paloma Suau Paloma Suau (born circa 1972) is a Catalan–Puerto Rican film and video director, writer, editor and actress. Suau's father, Gabriel Suau, is a Spaniard who immigrated to Puerto Rico, where he

neg: Economy of Puerto Rico foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports (a practice known as cabotage). Because of the Jones Act, foreign ships inbound with goods from Central and South America, Western Europe, and Africa cannot stop in Puerto Rico, offload Puerto Rico-bound goods, load mainland-bound Puerto Rico-manufactured goods, and continue to U.S. ports. Instead, they must proceed directly to U.S. ports, where distributors break bulk and send Puerto Rico-bound manufactured goods to Puerto Rico across the ocean by U.S.-flagged ships. Puerto Rican consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods again across the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea on U.S.-flagged ships subject

neg: Miguel A. García Méndez Ferré. This led to the party's dissolution after the 1968 elections when it did not poll the number of votes necessary to retain party registration. The following are García Méndez's business endeavors in chronological order: 1920–1932: Director and secretary for the board of directors of "Banco Caja de Economias y Prestamos de San German". 1937–1940: Member of "Junta de Sindicos" of the University of Puerto Rico. 1940: Presided "Asociacion de Productores de Azucar de Puerto Rico". Founding Partner of the Banker's Club, Puerto Rico. García Méndez founded the Western Federal Savings and Loan Association of Puerto Rico (now Westernbank) on

neg: Puerto Rico Republican Party split in the Republican Statehood Party between leaders Miguel A. García Méndez and Luis A. Ferré over the 1967 status plebiscite led to the formation of the New Progressive Party (NPP). The division caused the Republican Statehood Party to be dissolved after the 1968 elections when it did not poll the number of votes necessary to retain its party registration. The New Progressive Party went on to win the 1968 elections. The Republican Party of Puerto Rico believes in equality and full citizenship rights for U.S. citizens of Puerto Rico, which can only be achieved through statehood for Puerto Rico.

neg: Héctor Varela (author) Héctor Varela (author) Héctor Varela is a Puerto Rican author. His main work, the novel "Affinity for Trouble: A Puerto Rican Story" (2006) tells the story of a boy growing up in Santurce, a central neighborhood of San Juan, Puerto Rico, in the 1940s and 1950s. Varela was born and raised in Santurce, Puerto Rico, a neighborhood in San Juan, Puerto Rico until he was almost 11 years old, when he moved with his family to Fort Bliss, Texas. Upon arrival in the U.S., he did not speak English. After his father’s infantry duty tour in Korea, Héctor became an

neg: Puerto Rican cuisine Puerto Ricans indulge in a wide array of nationalistic dishes as described below. During Holy Week before and during Easter, people are encouraged to think more about spiritual matters and eat lightly. Rather than eat meat, they prepare dishes with fish, eggs and dairy. When Thanksgiving was first celebrated, Puerto Rico was not a part of the United States and did not recognize the holiday. After officially becoming a commonwealth, Thanksgiving was eagerly accepted by the people as their own and has become one of the most celebrated vacations (holidays) of the year. As many regions of the Continental United

neg: Jesús F. Méndez Jesús F. Méndez Jesús F. Méndez-Rodríguez was the Secretary of Treasury of Puerto Rico from 2011 to 2012. Nominated by Governor Luis Fortuño to a recess appointment in January, 2011, when his predecessor, Juan Carlos Puig, was appointed to become the first Inspector General of Puerto Rico, he was subsequently confirmed by the Senate of Puerto Rico and sworn in by Secretary of State Kenneth McClintock. Within three days of his swearing in, he began a rare two-day term as acting governor when Gov. Fortuño, as well as the next two officers that precede the Secretary of the Treasury in

neg: Jesús F. Méndez Lotto, a new free lottery designed to increase sales tax revenues by at least 50%. http://www.hacienda.gobierno.pr/conocenos/secretarios_de_hacienda.html Jesús F. Méndez Jesús F. Méndez-Rodríguez was the Secretary of Treasury of Puerto Rico from 2011 to 2012. Nominated by Governor Luis Fortuño to a recess appointment in January, 2011, when his predecessor, Juan Carlos Puig, was appointed to become the first Inspector General of Puerto Rico, he was subsequently confirmed by the Senate of Puerto Rico and sworn in by Secretary of State Kenneth McClintock. Within three days of his swearing in, he began a rare two-day term as acting governor when Gov.

neg: Alfonso Arana Alfonso Arana Alfonso Meléndez Arana (1927–2005) was a Puerto Rican painter. Arana was born in New York City from Mexican father and Puerto Rican mother. When he was young, the family moved to San Sebastián, Puerto Rico, where the young painter spent his youth. At age six, Arana made his first picture and presented it to his mother. His father, a businessman, did not want his son to become an artist. This caused a major rift between father and son. As a young man, Arana studied art in Mexico at the Atelier de Jose Bardasano, at the Manhattan School of

neg: Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico months earlier for the general election. Another referendum was scheduled for July 2007 to approve the specific amendments to the Constitution of Puerto Rico that are required for the change. However, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ruled in June that it could not force the Legislative Assembly to initiate a constitutional amendment process to become a single chamber legislature. Further moves to unicameralism have been tabled. Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico () is the territorial legislature of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, responsible for the legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico.

neg: History of Puerto Rico in the northeastern Caribbean, Puerto Rico formed a key part of the Spanish Empire from the early years of the exploration, conquest and colonization of the New World. The island was a major military post during many wars between Spain and other European powers for control of the region in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The smallest of the Greater Antilles, Puerto Rico was a stepping-stone in the passage from Europe to Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the northern territories of South America. Throughout most of the 19th century until the conclusion of the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico and

neg: Puerto Rico The median home value in Puerto Rico ranges from U.S.$100,000 to U.S.$214,000, while the national median home value sits at $119,600. One of the most cited contributors to the high cost of living in Puerto Rico is the Merchant Marine Act of 1920, also known as the Jones Act, which prevents foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports, a practice known as cabotage. Because of the Jones Act, foreign ships inbound with goods from Central and South America, Western Europe, and Africa cannot stop in Puerto Rico, offload Puerto Rico-bound goods, load mainland-bound Puerto Rico-manufactured goods, and continue

neg: Los Chicos de Puerto Rico with the help of Tony Ocasio (Original lead singer of Los Chicos) and original group members Rey Diaz and Migue Santa. The book recounts their experiences as members of the famous boy band, how they reached stardom and lost it all to mismanagement. Los Chicos Mil Recuerdos Sus Historias Los Chicos de Puerto Rico Los Chicos (also known as Los Chicos de Puerto Rico) were a popular boy band in Puerto Rico, South America and in Central America, created to rival Menudo's success. The band was created by Eric Laboy in 1978, with the name Encuentro. Due to a political

neg: Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol de Puerto Rico United Soccer Leagues, the second division in the United States of America and Canada. Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol de Puerto Rico, became the first organised tournament to unify the domestic football scene established by the Federación Puertorriqueña de Fútbol. 2 groups of 8 teams participated: Group 1: Group 2: Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol de Puerto Rico Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol de Puerto Rico is an amateur football league in Puerto Rico. As of 2008 it has been replaced as the highest level football league in the country by the Puerto Rico Soccer League. It was created in 2005 by the

neg: Puerto Rico history; its highly politicized public policy which tends to change whenever a political party gains power; as well as its highly inefficient local government which has accrued a public debt equal to 68% of its gross domestic product throughout time. In comparison to the different states of the United States, Puerto Rico is poorer than Mississippi (the poorest state of the U.S.) with 41% of its population below the poverty line. When compared to Latin America, Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita in the region. Its main trading partners are the United States itself, Ireland, and Japan, with

neg: Puerto Ricans 201,310 (5.1%) born in the United States. The total population born outside Puerto Rico is 322,773 (8.1%). Of the 108,262 who were foreign born outside the United States (2.7% of Puerto Ricans), 92.9% were born in Latin America, 3.8% in Europe, 2.7% in Asia, 0.2% in Northern America, and 0.1% in Africa and Oceania each. The populations during Spanish rule of Puerto Rico were: The original inhabitants of Puerto Rico are the Taíno, who called the island "Borikén"; however, as in other parts of the Americas, the native people soon diminished in number after the arrival of European settlers. Besides

neg: Isla de Ratones (Ponce, Puerto Rico) Isla de Ratones (Ponce, Puerto Rico) Isla de Ratones is a small uninhabited island off the southern coast of Puerto Rico, off the coast of Ponce. The island is part of barrio Canas in the municipality of Ponce. The island gained attention in 2010 when the Puerto Rican Bird Society made it a target for the eradication of the black rat. While named as one single island, it is actually composed of two islands separated by a few feet of shallow water during high tide, which become a single island at low tide. The island, sometimes erroneously considered a cay

neg: Puerto Rico the United Nations approved Resolution 748, removing Puerto Rico's classification as a non-self-governing territory. The General Assembly did not apply the full list of criteria which was enunciated in 1960 when it took favorable note of the cessation of transmission of information regarding the non-self-governing status of Puerto Rico. According to the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico's Political Status in its December 21, 2007 report, the U.S., in its written submission to the UN in 1953, never represented that Congress could not change its relationship with Puerto Rico without the territory's consent. It stated that the U.S. Justice

neg: Bills in U.S. Congress regarding the political status of Puerto Rico Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. This bill, unlike any other bill in U.S. Congress regarding the Puerto Rico political status issue, made its way to both chambers of Congress. The House considered four versions of the bill. The version approved on March 4, 1998, which would have authorized referenda at least once every ten years, through which the people of Puerto Rico could indicate their preference among three status options: (1) “Puerto Rico should retain Commonwealth”; (2) ”The people of Puerto Rico should become fully self-governing through separate sovereignty in the form of independence or free association”; or (3) “Puerto Rico

neg: Commonwealth (U.S. insular area) Puerto Rico to hold a constitutional convention and in 1952, the people of Puerto Rico ratified a constitution establishing a republican form of government for the island. Puerto Rico's political relationship with the U.S. has been a continuing source of debate in Puerto Rico, the United States Congress, and the United Nations. The issue revolves around whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory, become a U.S. state, or become an independent country. The debate has spawned several referenda, presidential executive orders and bills in the U.S. Congress. Ultimately the U.S. Congress is the only body empowered to decide the

neg: Junior League World Series (Latin America Region) Junior League World Series (Latin America Region) The Junior League World Series Latin America Region is one of six International regions that currently sends teams to the World Series in Taylor, Michigan. The region's participation in the JLWS dates back to 2000. "As of the 2018 Junior League World Series." Prior to 2000, the champions of Mexico and Puerto Rico received automatic bids to the World Series. From 2000 to 2003, both Mexico and Puerto Rico were part of the Latin America Region. Starting in 2004, the Mexico Region has an automatic berth in even-numbered years and the Puerto Rico

neg: Raúl Gándara Cartagena Raúl Gándara Cartagena Raúl Gándara Cartagena (1895–1989) was fire chief in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and the first and longest-serving Commonwealth of Puerto Rico fire chief. He served from 1942 to 1972. In 1930, Raúl Gándara Cartagena entered the Ponce Fire Department as Commander. In 1942, the Puerto Rico Legislature created the "Servicio de Bomberos de Puerto Rico" (Puerto Rico Fire Service), and the governor of the island at the time, Rexford Guy Towell, selected Raúl Gándara—who at the moment was Captain of the Ponce Fire Corps—to become Puerto Rico's first state fire chief. Gandara was Puerto Rico state chief for

neg: Fauna of Puerto Rico (southern North America and Central America) origin with aggressive South American species having colonized the area only recently. The South American families occurring in the Greater Antilles are the hummingbirds (Trochilidae), tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae), bananaquit (Coerebidae) and tanagers (Thraupidae), all of which are represented in Puerto Rico. The prevailing theory suggests that bird fauna colonized the West Indies by transoceanic dispersal during the glacial periods of the Pleistocene. The most primitive West Indies birds are the todies which have an endemic representative in Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rican tody. Puerto Rico's avifauna has diminished due to extinction and extirpation, either

neg: Miss World Puerto Rico Miss World Puerto Rico Miss World Puerto Rico or "Miss Mundo de Puerto Rico" is a national Beauty pageant that selects Puerto Rico's representative to the Miss World pageant. Puerto Rico debuted in Miss World in 1959, then was absent from 1960 to 1969. In 1970 a new organization took the responsibility of sending contestants until 1985 via castings. Puerto Rico did not compete in Miss World from 1986 to 1988. The Miss Puerto Rico organization, directed by Anna Santisteban, obtained the Miss World franchise in 1989, Tania Collazo was her first Miss World delegate. Santisteban produced Miss World PR

neg: Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2008 Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2008 Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2008, The annual competition was held at the Centro de Bellas Artes in Santurce, televised live by Telemundo Puerto Rico. It was presented by Desirée Lowry and Osvaldo Ríos. Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2007, Uma Blasini of Guayanilla was succeeded by Ingrid Marie Rivera, from Dorado who won the Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2008 title on November 23, 2007. Music was performed by Puerto Rican singer Kany García. Rivera represented Puerto Rico at the Miss Universe 2008 contest in Nha Trang, Vietnam, but did not reach the semifinals. Here is a