query: during which literary periods did phillis wheatley publish a book of poems

pos: Phillis Wheatley and imprisoned for debt in 1784, leaving an impoverished Wheatley with a sickly infant son. She went to work as a scullery maid at a boarding house to support them, a kind of domestic labor that she had not been accustomed to, even before becoming a free person. Wheatley died on December 5, 1784, at the age of 31. In 1768, Wheatley wrote "To the King's Most Excellent Majesty," in which she praised King George III for repealing the Stamp Act. As the American Revolution gained strength, Wheatley's writing turned to themes that expressed ideas of the rebellious colonists. In

pos: Phillis Wheatley and imprisoned for debt in 1784, leaving an impoverished Wheatley with a sickly infant son. She went to work as a scullery maid at a boarding house to support them, a kind of domestic labor that she had not been accustomed to, even before becoming a free person. Wheatley died on December 5, 1784, at the age of 31. In 1768, Wheatley wrote "To the King's Most Excellent Majesty," in which she praised King George III for repealing the Stamp Act. As the American Revolution gained strength, Wheatley's writing turned to themes that expressed ideas of the rebellious colonists. In

neg: Phillis Wheatley able to express her thoughts, comments and concerns to others. In 1775, Phillis Wheatley sent a copy of a poem entitled, "To His Excellency, George Washington" to him. In 1776, Washington invited Wheatley to visit him at his headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which she did in March 1776. Thomas Paine republished the poem in the "Pennsylvania Gazette" in April 1776. In 1773, sometime between July and October, Wheatley was emancipated by the Wheatley family shortly after her book, "Poems on Subjects Religious and Moral", was published in London. Susanna Wheatley died in the spring of 1774. John Wheatley's death followed

neg: Phillis Wheatley in 1778. Shortly after, Phillis Wheatley met and married John Peters, a free black grocer. They struggled with poor living conditions and the deaths of two babies. In 1779, Wheatley submitted a proposal for a second volume of poems, but was unable to publish it because of her financial circumstances, the loss of patrons after her emancipation (often publication of books was based on gaining subscriptions for guaranteed sales beforehand), and the Revolutionary War. However, some of her poems that were to be published in that volume were later published in pamphlets and newspapers. Her husband John Peters was improvident,

neg: George Moses Horton as "Liberty and Slavery". Horton's first book was republished under the title "Poems by a Slave" in 1837. It was collected with a biography and poetry by Phillis Wheatley a year later in a book called "Memoir and Poems of Phillis Wheatley, a Native African and Slave: Also Poems by a Slave". The book was published by Boston-based publisher and abolitionist Isaac Knapp. This is believed to be the first complete collection of Wheatley's poems in book form. Newspapers again took note of Horton. In 1845, Horton published another book of poetry, "The Poetical Works of George M. Horton, The

neg: History of women in the United States composed in 1746 and was first published in 1855 in Josiah Holland's "History of Western Massachusetts ". The poem describes a violent incident that occurred between settlers and Native Americans in Deerfield, Massachusetts in 1746. Former slave Phillis Wheatley became a literary sensation in 1770 after she wrote a poem on the death of the evangelical preacher George Whitefield. In 1773, 39 of Phillis Wheatley's poems were published in London as a book entitled "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral". This was the first published book by an African American. In 1756, Lydia Chapin Taft of Uxbridge, Massachusetts became

neg: Phillis Wheatley to a Christian path in life. Boston-based publisher and abolitionist Isaac Knapp collected Wheatley's poetry along with that of enslaved North Carolina poet George Moses Horton in 1838 under the title "Memoir and Poems of Phillis Wheatley, A Native African and a Slave. Also, Poems by a Slave". The memoir was earlier published in 1834 by Geo W. Light, but did not include poems by Horton. Wheatley believed that the power of poetry is immeasurable. John C. Shields notes that her poetry did not simply reflect the literature that she read but was based on her personal ideas and beliefs.

neg: Phillis Wheatley left the household labor to their other domestic slaves. The Wheatleys often showed off her abilities to friends and family. Strongly influenced by her studies of the works of Alexander Pope, John Milton, Homer, Horace and Virgil, Phillis Wheatley began to write poetry. In 1773, at the age of 20, Phillis accompanied Nathaniel Wheatley to London in part for her health, but also because Susanna believed she would have a better chance publishing her book of poems there. She had an audience with the Lord Mayor of London (an audience with George III was arranged, but Phillis returned home beforehand),

neg: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral oppressive life of slavery. But it was written when Wheatley was but sixteen years old, and it cannot be assumed that she was free to express her ideas and feelings given her situation and status as a slave. Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral by Phillis Wheatley, Negro Servant to Mr. John Wheatley, of Boston, in New England (published 1 September 1773) is a collection of 39 poems written by Phillis Wheatley the first professional African-American woman poet in America and the first African-American woman whose writings were published. Phillis Wheatley broke

neg: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral by Phillis Wheatley, Negro Servant to Mr. John Wheatley, of Boston, in New England (published 1 September 1773) is a collection of 39 poems written by Phillis Wheatley the first professional African-American woman poet in America and the first African-American woman whose writings were published. Phillis Wheatley broke barriers as the first American black woman poet to be published, opening the door for future black authors. James Weldon Johnson, author, politician, diplomat and one of the first African-American professors at New York University, wrote of Wheatley

neg: Ann Plato Ann Plato Ann Plato (c. 1824 – unknown) was a 19th-century Black (African-American and Native American) educator and author. She was the second woman of color to publish a book in America and the first to publish a book of essays and poems. As a young Black girl writing in the 19th century, Plato has been described as an heir to Phillis Wheatley, who wrote her first published poem at 13 in 1766. There is not much biographical information on Plato, and most of her life is known from her only published work, "Essays," including the preface written by Reverend

neg: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral "the Critic will not severely censure their Defects; and we presume they have too much Merit to be cast aside with Contempt, as worthless and trifling Effusions." Included in editions of "Poems on Various Subjects" is a letter from John Wheatley to Archibald Bell, explaining how Phillis Wheatley was brought from Africa to America at the age of eight as a slave, that she had no prior knowledge of the English language and what she did know, she did not learn from formal education, but from the Wheatley family. The letter also stated that Phillis had begun to learn to

neg: Phillis Wheatley "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral," published in London in 1773. Publishers in Boston had declined to publish it, but her work was of great interest in London. There, Selina, Countess of Huntingdon and the Earl of Dartmouth acted as patrons to help Wheatley gain publication. Her poetry received comment in The London Magazine In 1773, which published as a "specimen" of her work, her poem 'Hymn to the Morning', and said: "these poems display no astonishing works of genius, but when we consider them as the productions of a young, untutored African, who wrote them after six months

neg: Mather Byles for his scholarly and well-written sermons, as well as his ready wit. He often exchanged poetic satires and parodies with another Boston wit of that time, Joseph Green. At state funerals, he was often a picked to give the sermon. He published a book of verse, "Poems on Various Occasions" in 1744 (see 1744 in poetry). In 1773, he was chosen to be one of the eminent Boston literary intellectuals to examine Phillis Wheatley in order to determine if the black woman was actually the author of a proposed book of poems. (He and the rest of the panel determined

neg: Portrait of Phillis Wheatley Portrait of Phillis Wheatley Portrait of Phillis Wheatley is an engraving by Scipio Moorhead. It is in a private collection. The painting was used as the frontispiece for poet Phillis Wheatley's poetry collection "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral", first published in 1773. Wheatley was the United States' first professional African-American woman poet and the first African-American woman whose writings were published. She is also the third woman in the United States, regardless of ethnicity, to have her written work published. The painting is also the major, recognized work of Moorhead, the first significant African American painter in the

neg: Portrait of Phillis Wheatley over her dress. Phillis Wheatley failed to have her book published in the United States, therefore, she had her book published in London. To verify that she was indeed, African American, the publisher asked that she provide a portrait for the work. Wheatley commissioned Scipio Moorhead to create the portrait. She knew of Moorhead because he was the slave of Reverend John Moorhead in Boston, where she used to live. Portrait of Phillis Wheatley Portrait of Phillis Wheatley is an engraving by Scipio Moorhead. It is in a private collection. The painting was used as the frontispiece for poet Phillis

neg: Phillis Wheatley Wheatley had proved that black people could write poetry. John Paul Jones asked a fellow officer to deliver some of his personal writings to "Phillis the African favorite of the Nine (muses) and Apollo." She was honored by many of America's founding fathers, including George Washington, who told her that "the style and manner [of your poetry] exhibit a striking proof of your great poetical Talents." Critics consider her work fundamental to the genre of African-American literature. She is honored as the first African-American woman to publish a book and the first to make a living from her writing. She

neg: Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley, also spelled Phyllis and Wheatly (c. 1753 – December 5, 1784) was the first published African-American female poet. Born in West Africa, she was sold into slavery at the age of seven or eight and transported to North America. She was purchased by the Wheatley family of Boston, who taught her to read and write and encouraged her poetry when they saw her talent. The publication of her "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral" on September 1, 1773 brought her fame both in England and the American colonies. Figures such as George Washington praised her

neg: Phillis Wheatley as well as with other significant members of British society. She was also never able to personally meet Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, who served as the patron of Wheatley's volume of poems, which was published in the summer of 1773. Phillis Wheatley wrote a letter to Reverend Samson Occom, commending him on his ideas and beliefs of how the slaves should be given their natural born rights in America. Wheatley also exchanged letters with the British philanthropist John Thornton, who in turn discussed Wheatley and her poetry in his correspondence with John Newton. Along with her poetry, she was

neg: Phillis Wheatley if any surname was used for slaves. The Wheatleys' 18-year-old daughter, Mary, first tutored Phillis in reading and writing. Their son Nathaniel also helped her. John Wheatley was known as a progressive throughout New England; his family gave Phillis an unprecedented education for an enslaved person, and for a female of any race. By the age of 12, Phillis was reading Greek and Latin classics and difficult passages from the Bible. At the age of 14, she wrote her first poem, "To the University of Cambridge, in New England." Recognizing her literary ability, the Wheatley family supported Phillis's education and

neg: Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon arts to secure publication for Wheatley's 1773 volume of poems, "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral by Phillis Wheatley, Negro Servant to Mr. John Wheatley, of Boston, in New England", which was dedicated to the Countess"." Despite acting as Wheatley's patron, the Countess' ill-health during her visit to London meant that the two women never met, but several pieces of their correspondence are extant. During the mid-1760s, she met and befriended Mohegan preacher Samson Occom, then on a tour of England to raise funds for Indian missions. She also sent missionaries to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to attend

neg: Phillis Wheatley it brought her to Christianity. But, in another poem, she wrote that slavery was a cruel fate. Many colonists found it difficult to believe that an African slave was writing "excellent" poetry. Wheatley had to defend her authorship of her poetry in court in 1772. She was examined by a group of Boston luminaries, including John Erving, Reverend Charles Chauncey, John Hancock, Thomas Hutchinson, the governor of Massachusetts, and his lieutenant governor Andrew Oliver. They concluded she had written the poems ascribed to her and signed an attestation, which was included in the preface of her book of collected works:

neg: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral It therefore became necessary for Phillis, her master, John Wheatley, as well as many respectable members of Boston to explain how a slave had come to read and write poetry, and to convince readers that work was truly Wheatley's own. In what became standard practice for black authors writing in the 18th and early 19th centuries (including Olaudah Equiano and Venture Smith), Wheatley included in her book an apologetic and deferential preface, explaining how the poems "were written originally for the Amusement of the Author, as they were the products of her leisure Moments." her humble upbringings and asks that

neg: Phillis Wheatley work. During Wheatley's visit to England with her master's son, African-American poet Jupiter Hammon praised her work in his own poem. Wheatley was emancipated (set free) shortly after the publication of her book. She married in about 1778. Two of her children died as infants. After her husband was imprisoned for debt in 1784, Wheatley fell into poverty and died of illness, quickly followed by the death of her surviving infant son. Although the date and place of her birth are not documented, scholars believe that Phillis Wheatley was born in 1753 in West Africa, most likely in present-day Gambia

neg: American poetry poetry published in New England was by Samuel Danforth in his "almanacks" for 1647–1649, published at Cambridge; these included "puzzle poems" as well as poems on caterpillars, pigeons, earthquakes, and hurricanes. Of course, being a Puritan minister as well as a poet, Danforth never ventured far from a spiritual message. A distinctly American lyric voice of the colonial period was Phillis Wheatley, a slave whose book "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral," was published in 1773. She was one of the best-known poets of her day, at least in the colonies, and her poems were typical of New England

neg: Phillis Wheatley Elementary School, New Orleans Phillis Wheatley Elementary School, New Orleans Phillis Wheatley Elementary School is a school in New Orleans. The original school building was designed by the architect Charles Colbert in 1954 as a segregated school for African American students. The cantilevered steel truss structure allows for a covered play space underneath. The primary school building did not flood after Hurricane Katrina, but it remained closed. On June 17, 2011, the school was demolished, despite an 11-hour protest to save the building. In 2014, a newly constructed three-story campus opened to students. The school is located at 2300 Dumaine Street in New Orleans'

neg: Jupiter Hammon proportion of free blacks among African Americans increased from less than one percent in 1790 to more than 10 percent by 1810. In the United States as a whole, by 1810 the number of free blacks was 186,446, or 13.5 percent of all African Americans. Hammon's speech and his poetry are often included in anthologies of notable African-American and early American writing. He was the first known African American to publish literature within the present-day United States (in 1773, Phillis Wheatley, also an American slave, had her collection of poems first published in London, England). His death was not recorded.

neg: YWCA, Phillis Wheatley Branch YWCA's hotel rooms. The building was constructed in 1927 for the St. Louis Women's Christian Association, also known as the Women's Christian Home, which was first organized in 1868. In 1941 they sold the building to the YWCA. YWCA, Phillis Wheatley Branch The YWCA, Phillis Wheatley Branch in St. Louis, Missouri is a building dating from 1927. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The branch was founded in 1911 and named for Phillis Wheatley, the first African-American poet. It was only the fifth YWCA for African-Americans. The YWCA was a center of intellectual life

neg: Phillis Wheatley 1770 Wheatley wrote a poetic tribute to the evangelist George Whitefield, which received widespread acclaim. Her poetry expressed Christian themes, and many poems were dedicated to famous figures. Over one-third consist of elegies, the remainder being on religious, classical, and abstract themes. She seldom referred to her own life in her poems. One example of a poem on slavery is "On being brought from Africa to America": Historians have commented on her reluctance to write about slavery. Perhaps it was because she had conflicting feelings about the institution. In the poem above, critics have said that she praises slavery because

neg: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral fit for manual labor, and could not produce literature or poetry as they required higher cognitive ability. They looked to London for a publisher more favorable towards poetry authored by an African slave. Wheatley sent her poem "On the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield", which had previously brought her national attention, to Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, a Calvinist evangelist, who had been a member of Whitefield's parish. She directed Wheatley to a Bostonian bookseller, Archibald Bell, London's foremost bookseller and printer. Bell replied that since Phillis was a slave, he would need proof that she had written the poems herself.

neg: Phillis Wheatley is commemorated on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail. The Phyllis Wheatley YWCA in Washington, D.C. and the Phyllis Wheatly High School in Houston, Texas are named for her, as was the historic Phyllis Wheatley School in Jensen Beach, Florida, which is now the oldest building on the campus of American Legion Post 126, (Jensen Beach, Florida). Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley, also spelled Phyllis and Wheatly (c. 1753 – December 5, 1784) was the first published African-American female poet. Born in West Africa, she was sold into slavery at the age of seven or eight and transported to North America. She

neg: YWCA, Phillis Wheatley Branch YWCA, Phillis Wheatley Branch The YWCA, Phillis Wheatley Branch in St. Louis, Missouri is a building dating from 1927. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The branch was founded in 1911 and named for Phillis Wheatley, the first African-American poet. It was only the fifth YWCA for African-Americans. The YWCA was a center of intellectual life in the Mill Creek Valley neighborhood. The Fisk Jubilee Singers performed at Wheatley in 1916, and W.E.B. Du Bois gave a lecture in 1922. Maya Angelou, Mary McLeod Bethune and Butterfly McQueen all visited or stayed in the

neg: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral Hon. Benjamin Franklin, Esq.: One of the Ambassadors of the United States at the Court of France". As with "Poems on Various Subjects", however, the American populace would not support one of its most noted poets. An estimated total of 145 of Wheatley's poems have been lost. Thomas Jefferson panned Wheatley's ability in his "Notes on the State of Virginia", writing that "[r]eligion, indeed, has produced a Phillis Wheatley; but it could not produce a poet. The compositions published under her name are below the dignity of criticism." However, Wheatley received praise from such notables as Benjamin Franklin and Voltaire,

neg: Book TV appear on a talk show and come and go before I even had a chance to determine if I wanted to read the book." In 2010, "Book TV" received the Phillis Wheatley Award from the organizers of New York's Harlem Book Fair. The award, named for the first published African-American female writer, is given for literary work and advocacy that "transcends boundaries, race and perception". According to book fair founder Max Rodriguez, "Book TV" was honored for giving a voice to African-American literature in a manner unlike other television media outlets. Book TV Book TV is the name given to

neg: Patricia Smith (poet) praised this collection, saying that it is "a supremely arresting and affecting match of potent images and singing words." For "Shoulda Been Jimi Savannah", Smith won three awards: the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize, the Rebekah Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry, and the Phillis Wheatley Book Award in Poetry. The collection contains poems about the urban areas of Chicago and Detroit, discussing themes of first love, Motown, personal narrative, and cultural journey. Gregory Orr, judge of the 2014 Lenore Marshal Prize, said that her poems “plunge to the soul-depths of the people who inhabit them." As an editorial assistant at the

neg: Harlem Book Fair been hosted in other cities including Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Boston, Hempstead, Newark, and Buffalo, Caribbean authors have also been promoted at the book fair, with the inclusion of such Caribbean initiatives as the Bocas Lit Fest. The Harlem Book Fair has given the Phillis Wheatley Awards to authors including Maya Angelou, Gordon Parks, and Terry McMillan for their body of work. Harlem Book Fair The Harlem Book Fair is the United States' largest African-American book fair and the nation’s flagship Black literary event. Held annually in Harlem, New York, the Harlem Book Fair features exhibition booths, panel discussions, book

neg: Phillis Wheatley careful study of the English language, we cannot but suppress our admiration for talents so vigorous and lively." In 1778, the African-American poet Jupiter Hammon wrote an ode to Wheatley ("An Address to Miss Phillis Wheatley"). Hammon wrote this poem while Hammon's owner, Lloyd, had temporarily moved himself and the slaves he owned to Hartford, Connecticut, during the Revolutionary War. Hammon saw Wheatley as having succumbed to what he believed were pagan influences in her writing, and so the "Address" consisted of twenty-one rhyming quatrains, each accompanied by a related Bible verse, that he thought would compel Wheatley to return

neg: Ishmael Reed In 1998, Reed also received a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship award. In 1999, he received a Fred Cody Award from the Bay Area Book Reviewers Association, and was inducted into Chicago State University's National Literary Hall of Fame of Writers of African Descent. Other awards include a Rene Castillo OTTO Award for Political Theatre (2002); a Phillis Wheatley Award from the Harlem Book Fair (2003); and in 2004, a Robert Kirsch Award, a "Los Angeles Times" Book Prize, besides the D.C. Area Writing Project's 2nd Annual Exemplary Writer's Award and the Martin Millennial Writers, Inc. Contribution

neg: Phillis Wheatley or Senegal. Wheatley was sold by a local chief to a visiting trader, who took her to Boston in the British colony of Massachusetts, on July 11, 1761, on a ship called "The Phillis". It was owned by and captained by Peter Gwinn. On arrival she was re-sold to the wealthy Boston merchant and tailor John Wheatley, who bought the young girl as a servant for his wife Susanna. John and Susanna Wheatley named the young girl Phillis, after the ship that had brought her to America. She was given their last name of Wheatley, as was a common custom

neg: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral that "she is not a great American poet—and in her day there were no great American poets—but she is an important American poet. Her importance, if for no other reason, rests on the fact that, save one, she is the first in order of time of all the women poets of America. And she is among the first of all American poets to issue a volume." Phillis Wheatley had gathered 28 poems and ran advertisements searching for subscribers in Boston newspapers in February 1772 with the aid of her mistress, Mrs. Wheatley. Unable to find a publisher in the American

neg: Raúl Gómez Jattin economic support from his friend Juan Manuel Ponce, he managed to publish his first poetry book "Poemas" (1980). Journalist and writer Milcíades Arévalo received the book, and decided to publish a couple of his poems in Puesto de Combate, the literary magazine he had founded in 1972. Arévalo was responsible of making his work well known around the whole country, just at the time where his continuous cycle of mental health crises and periods of homelessness. His poetry has been described as stark and realist, and highly autobiographic, dealing with his struggles with mental illness, his solitude, his childhood memories,

neg: Female slavery in the United States freedom around the Revolutionary era was Phillis Wheatley of Massachusetts. She was a slave for most of her life but was given freedom by her master. Educated in Latin, Greek, and English, Wheatley wrote a collection of poems which asserted that Africans, as children of God just like Europeans, deserved respect and freedom. In 1777, Vermont drafted a state constitution that prohibited the institution of slavery. In 1780 Massachusetts a state judge declared slavery to be unconstitutional according to the state's new bill of rights, which declared "all men...free and equal." Slavery effectively ended in Massachusetts with this ruling in

neg: Phillis Wheatley worship of sun gods is expressed as part of her African culture. As her parents were sun worshipers, it may be why she used so many different words for the sun. For instance, she uses Aurora eight times, "Apollo seven, Phoebus twelve, and Sol twice." Shields believes that the word "light" is significant to her as it marks her African history, a past that she has left physically behind. He notes that Sun is a homonym for Son, and that Wheatley intended a double reference to Christ. Wheatley also refers to "heav'nly muse" in two of her poems: "To a

neg: Feminist poetry Wheatley was the first black person to publish a book of poems in the American colony, and though her poems are sometimes thought of as expressing "meek submission," she is also what Camille Dungy describes as "a foremother," and a role model for black women poets as "part of the fabric" of American poetry. Involved in the abolitionist movement, Wheatley became "a spokeswoman for the cause of American independence and the abolition of slavery." Nineteenth century poet Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) is often thought of as feminist, though she never wrote for public audiences. Not necessarily recognized in her own lifetime,

neg: Aldgate the original pump. A section of the remains of Holy Trinity Priory can be seen through a window in a nearby office block, on the north side. In 1773 "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral" by Phillis Wheatley, the first book by an African American was published in Aldgate after her owners could not find a publisher in Boston, Massachusetts. Daniel Mendoza was born in 1764 to a Jewish family in Aldgate. He was author of "The Art of Boxing" and became an English boxing champion from 1792 to 1795. Aldgate is one of 25 wards in the City

neg: Wheatley High School (Houston) Wheatley High School (Houston) Phillis Wheatley High School is a secondary school located at 4801 Providence Street in Houston, Texas, United States with a ZIP code of 77020. Wheatley is a part of the Houston Independent School District. Wheatley, named after Phillis Wheatley, is located inside the 610 Loop in the Fifth Ward. Wheatley has a technology magnet program inherited from the closure of Middle College for Technology Careers in spring 2006; Wheatley's program began in fall 2006. In 1979 Wheatley principal Charles Herbert said that "For many, Fifth Ward "is" Wheatley High School" and that African-Americans who grew up

neg: Phillis Wheatley Clergy Man on the Death of his Lady" and "Isaiah LXIII," signifying her idea of the Christian deity. Shields believes that her use of classicism set her work apart from that of her contemporaries. He writes, "Wheatley's use of classicism distinguishes her work as original and unique and deserves extended treatment." Shields sums up Wheatley's writing by characterizing it as "contemplative and reflective rather than brilliant and shimmering." With the 1773 publication of Wheatley's book "Poems on Various Subjects," she "became the most famous African on the face of the earth." Voltaire stated in a letter to a friend that

neg: Portrait of Phillis Wheatley country. It is unknown if an original painting exists, however, copies of the engraving reside in the National Portrait Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress. The painting depicts a young African American woman, Phillis Wheatley, sitting at a desk. She has a thoughtful look on her face, with her left hand poised against her chin, as if thinking about what she will write next with the quill in right hand. Her right hand sits atop a piece of paper. On the desk, is also ink and a small book. She wears a bonnet and a apron

neg: Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture the most prestigious for African-American materials in the country. As of 2010, the Collection stood at 10 million objects, The Center contains a signed, first edition of a book of poems by Phillis Wheatley, archival material of Melville J. Herskovits, John Henrik Clarke, Lorraine Hansberry, Malcolm X and Nat King Cole. The collection includes the files, or papers of the International Labor Defense, the Civil Rights Congress, the Symphony of the New World, and the National Negro Congress. It also includes the papers of Lawrence Brown (1893-1973), Ralph Bunche, Léon Damas, William Pickens, Hiram Rhodes Revels, Clarence Cameron White. The

neg: African-American literature She was enslaved in Deerfield at the time of the attack, when many residents were killed and more than 100, mostly women and children, were taken on a forced march overland to Montreal. Some were later ransomed and redeemed by their families or community; others were adopted by Mohawk families, and some girls joined a French religious order. The ballad was first published in 1854, with an additional couplet, in "The Springfield Republican" and in 1855 in Josiah Holland’s "History of Western Massachusetts". The poet Phillis Wheatley (1753–84) published her book "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral" in 1773,

neg: Mohammad Sharif Saiidi mention the modification of the book ‘Naqd’e Bidel’ i.e. critique of Bidel written by Salahuddin Saljoughi. Saiidi prepared this book for the Ehsani Publications in Qom in 1995 but the book did not get published as another publication managed to publish it quicker than Ehsani Publication and that limited the market for the book. The literary and academic community welcomed Saeedi’s poems. For example, his poems were cited in the textbooks of the Kabul University and Isfahan University. Many thesis and dissertation were dedicated to analysis of his poems and prose in Afghanistan universities. Ms. Somaye Arab Nezhad in Kashan

neg: Scipio Moorhead Scipio Moorhead Scipio Moorhead (active c. 1773) was an enslaved African-American artist who lived in Boston, Massachusetts. His only surviving work is a portrait of the African-American poet Phillis Wheatley. Moorhead gained recognition through Phillis Wheatley's inscription "To S. M. a young African Painter, on seeing his Works", published in "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral", 1773. Moorhead was a slave of the Reverend John Moorhead of Boston, Massachusetts. His talents for drawing were tutored by the Reverend's wife Sarah Moorhead, who was an art teacher. Although a slave, Scipio Moorhead enjoyed many of the rights of free workers.

neg: Scipio Moorhead It is possible that the copperplate engraving of Phillis Wheatley that adorns much of her published poetry is his creation. No original work by Scipio has survived, but he may be the person referred to the a "Boston News-Letter" advertisement on January 7, 1773, which spoke of a "negro artist... A negro of extraordinary genius." Scipio Moorhead Scipio Moorhead (active c. 1773) was an enslaved African-American artist who lived in Boston, Massachusetts. His only surviving work is a portrait of the African-American poet Phillis Wheatley. Moorhead gained recognition through Phillis Wheatley's inscription "To S. M. a young African Painter, on

neg: Phillis Wheatley Elementary School, New Orleans national school design award in 1954 and was profiled in a three-page article in the July 1956 issue of "Architectural Forum". The U.S. State Department displayed a model of the school in Berlin and Moscow to showcase American achievement in modern architecture. The World Monuments Fund cites the structure as "a valuable example of regional modernism." The Fund placed the building on its World Monument Watch list in 2009, along with the ruins at Machu Picchu and Antoni Gaudi's Sagrada Familia church in Barcelona. Phillis Wheatley Elementary School, New Orleans Phillis Wheatley Elementary School is a school in New Orleans.

neg: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral Midst the remembrance of thy favours past, The meanest peasants most admire the last * May George, beloved by all the nations round, Live with heav'ns choicest constant blessings crown'd! Great God, direct, and guard him from on high, And from his head let ev'ry evil fly! And may each clime with equal gladness see A monarch's smile can set his subjects free! </poem> Wheatley was the first African-American to publish a book, man or woman, and the first to achieve an international reputation when she traveled to London to publish "Poems on Various Subjects" in 1773. She was noticed

neg: The Less Deceived taught one as well to have confidence in what one felt. I have come, I think, to admire him even more than I did then." The poems in "The Less Deceived" are formalist. Like his admired Thomas Hardy, Larkin invents stanza forms of intricate patterns that become one with the content of the poems. His rigorous adherence to these patterns brings the sadness into sharp relief and gives the emotions their authority. The poet's refusal to publish any but the most perfectly realized poems marked him, from this book onward, as a literary artist of high accomplishment. With this book

neg: Henry Timrod the nightingale! While teaching and tutoring, he continued also to publish his poems in literary magazines. In 1860, he published a small book, which, although a commercial failure, increased his fame. The best-known poem from the book was "A Vision of Poesy". With the outbreak of American Civil War, in a state of fervent patriotism, Timrod returned to Charleston to begin publishing his war poems, which drew many young men to enlist in the service of the Confederacy. His first poem of this period is "Ethnogenesis", written in February, 1861, during the meeting of the first Confederate Congress at Montgomery,

neg: George Moses Horton of life, as well as his oppression "because my skin is black". His first collection was focused on the issues of slavery and bondage. He did not gain enough in sales from that book to purchase his freedom; in his second book, he mentions slavery only twice. The change in theme is also likely due to the more restrictive climate in the South in the years leading up to the Civil War. His later works, especially those written after his emancipation, expressed rural and pastoral themes. Like other early black American writers such as Jupiter Hammon and Phillis Wheatley, Horton

neg: Education during the Slave Period literacy led inexorably and inevitably to physical freedom and the idea that they needed an education to achieve and experience existential freedoms is surely problematic." As early as the 1710s slaves were receiving Biblical literacy from their masters. Enslaved writer Phillis Wheatley was taught in the home of her master. She ended up using her skills to write poetry and address leaders of government on her feelings about slavery. Not everyone was lucky enough to have the opportunities Wheatley had. Many slaves did learn to read through Christian instruction but only those whose owners allowed them to attend. Some slaveholders

neg: Jane Edna Hunter foundation for Black women. However many of the older Negro women were opposed, feeling that Hunter was starting self-segregation, which then prompted Jane Edna Hunter "with a nickel and a prayer" to establish the Phillis Wheatley Association. That functioned as an employment agency and a summer camp to help elevate African-American women and children. Jane Edna Hunter Jane Edna Hunter (December 13, 1882 – January 13, 1971), an African-American social worker, was born near Pendleton, South Carolina. In 1911 she established the Working Girls Association in Cleveland, Ohio, which later became the Phillis Wheatley Association of Cleveland. Her parents were

neg: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral by Benjamin Franklin, Brook Watson the Lord Mayor of London, who gave her a copy of "Paradise Lost" by John Milton, and she was also scheduled to recite a poem for King George III, but Wheatley was unable to attend as she was forced return to Boston a month before "Poems on Various Subjects" was to be published, due to a fatal illness of her mistress, Susana Wheatley. Wheatley was unable to publish any additional poetry. Between 30 October and 18 December 1779, she ran six advertisements soliciting subscribers for "300 pages in Octavo", a volume "Dedicated to the Right

neg: Jane Edna Hunter became the Phillis Wheatley Association of Cleveland, named in honor of the African-American poet Phillis Wheatley. In 1925, Hunter graduated from the Cleveland Law School, which was then affiliated with Baldwin-Wallace College. She was admitted to the Ohio Bar. Hunter oversaw the construction of an eleven-story residence for black women, completed in 1927, that had beauty school, dining facilities, a nursery school and the Booker T. Washington playground. She had invested in Cleveland real estate and was active in the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). She also served as a trustee of Ohio's Central State University. In 1937 Hunter

neg: Museum of the American Revolution diversity of revolutionary-era Americans and their opinions, for example by viewing an Oneida Indian council house, and the 1773 volume "Poems on Various Subjects" by Phillis Wheatley, America's first published black female poet. Several immersive gallery experiences feature a full-scale replica of Boston's Liberty Tree, the recreation of an Oneida Indian Council, the Battlefield Theater featuring the Battle of Brandywine, a recreation of Independence Hall, and a large model of an 18th-century privateer ship. A dedicated theater houses one of the most iconic surviving artifacts of the Revolution: General Washington's Headquarters Tent, which served as both his office and sleeping

neg: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral Family in this Town. She has been examined by some of the best Judges, and is thought qualified to write them" N. B. The original Attestation, signed by the above Gentlemen, may be seen by applying to Archibald Bell, Bookseller, No. 8, Aldgate-Street." Phillis Wheatley was an avid student of the Bible and especially admired the works of Alexander Pope (1688–1744), the British neoclassical writer. Through Pope's translation of Homer, she also developed a taste for Greek mythology, all which have an enormous influence on her work, with much of her poetry dealing with important figures of her day. Written

neg: Vasile Păun By 1870, the latter was appealing to Iacob Negruzzi on behalf of his "discouraged friend" Păun, whose poems Negruzzi had declined to publish in "Convorbiri Literare". Other magazines to which he submitted poems, as well as prose, criticism and literary reviews include "Traian", "Columna lui Traian", "Foaia Societății "Românismul"", "Foaia Societății "Renașterea"", "Povestitorul", "România Literară" and "Românul literar". His first published book was the 1877 "Odă la resbel". After 1890, Păun's interests shifted away from poetry and toward criticism, as well as literary and art theory. He published the biographical sketch "Ferdinand de Hohenzolern" (1889); "Catastrofa Nibelungilor", a "literary critical

neg: Jupiter Hammon himself and the slaves he owned to Hartford, Connecticut, during the Revolutionary War. Hammon saw Wheatley as having succumbed to pagan influences in her writing, and so the "Address" consisted of twenty-one rhyming quatrains, each accompanied by a related Bible verse, that he thought would compel Wheatley to return to a Christian path in life. He would later publish two other poems and three sermon essays. Although not emancipated, Hammon participated in new Revolutionary War groups such as the Spartan Project of the African Society of New York City. At the inaugural meeting of the African Society on September 24,

neg: The Newport Daily News to the time the British landed in Newport, when the press and types were buried. (The press, also used by Solomon Southwick to print copies of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, can be seen in the Museum of Newport History in downtown Newport.) After the Revolutionary War, the "Mercury" was issued again. The "Mercury" was the first paper to publish poetry by an African American woman, Phillis Wheatley. The "Mercury" was acquired by Edward A. Sherman, owner of the "Newport Daily News" in 1928. It continued as a subscription weekly published by the "Newport Daily News" until March 2005,

neg: Wheatley High School (Houston) a Guggenheim fellow, and a law school dean. As of Wheatley had an alumni chapter in Los Angeles that received Mickey Leland a special award in the fall of 1978, and as of 1979 had over 200 members. William Jackson III, American Football Cornerback Producer Elementary schools that feed into Wheatley include: Middle schools that feed into Wheatley include: Wheatley High School (Houston) Phillis Wheatley High School is a secondary school located at 4801 Providence Street in Houston, Texas, United States with a ZIP code of 77020. Wheatley is a part of the Houston Independent School District. Wheatley, named after

neg: Jane Edna Hunter briefly married to Edward Hunter, who was about 40 years her senior. She moved to Charleston, South Carolina. She began nursing training at the Cannon Street Hospital and Training School for Nurses. In 1904, she completed one year of training at the Hampton Institute in Virginia. She moved to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1905. In 1911, she founded the Working Girls Association to offer shelter, assistance, and education to women. The Phillis Wheatley Home was opened in 1911 with 23 rooms; Hunter worked with white leaders to expand the size and service of the facility. In 1912, the Phillis Wheatley Home

neg: Phillis Wheatley Elementary School, New Orleans Tremé neighborhood, one of the nation's oldest black neighborhoods. In keeping with the historical significance of the surrounding area, the school was named after Phillis Wheatley, the first black, female, slave poet in the United States. Architect Charles Colbert was assigned the task of designing a school that could accommodate 800 students but would occupy a two-acre campus, just one-sixth of the land area recommended for a student body that size. The resulting structure is considered his most important work and one of the best examples of Modern Architecture in New Orleans. Colbert's design incorporated glass windows instead of exterior

neg: White Rose Mission entertain callers. The White Rose Mission evolved to provide social services unavailable to African Americans in New York City such as enrichment classes, child-rearing instructions and a Penny Provident Bank thrift program. The White Rose Mission also maintained a library of works relevant to the history and accomplishments of African and African American people. Considered one of the most unusual and important early collections of special materials about Black people, the White Rose Mission's library included a 1773 edition of the poems of Phillis Wheatley, an 1859 volume of the "Anglo-African Magazine" and a first edition of "An Appeal in

neg: Therese Albertine Luise Robinson years were published during her lifetime, and most of it was probably destroyed, though poems such as ""Sehnsucht"" ('Nostalgia') from 1813 did appear in print. In 1816, the family moved back to Halle. Though she continued to write poetry and short stories, she was reluctant to publish them publicly in her own name. She translated Walter Scott's "Old Mortality" and "The Black Dwarf", which she published under the pseudonym "Ernst Berthold" (Halle, 1822), but this she purportedly did so for a little "pin-money" and "against her own inclination". In 1822 she submitted a series of literary criticisms, which were self-denigratingly

neg: Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral Latin and was making "some progress in it". On 8 October 1772, Phillis Wheatley, then about 18 years of age, was interviewed by 18 gentlemen identified publicly "as the most respectable characters in Boston." Among them were John Hancock, who served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,and would be remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, the Governor of Massachusetts Thomas Hutchinson, the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts Andrew Oliver and the Reverend Samuel Mather, son of Cotton Mather and grandson

neg: Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer Valeriano a government pension as an art painter of "Spanish regional folk costumes and traditions". During this period, the poet concentrated on finishing his compilations of poems "Rimas" (Rhymes) and "Libro de los gorriones" (Book of the Sparrows), so he did not publish a great deal of his works. A completed manuscript of his poems was given for its publication to Luis González Bravo, (President of Spain for a second time in 1868), as he had supportively offered so to Bécquer, but regrettably it was lost during the political revolution of 1868, which hastily exiled President Luis González Bravo and

neg: Máj (literary almanac) Jaromír Erben. The first manifestation of the new generation of authors appeared in the literary almanac "Lada Nióla" published by Josef Václav Frič in 1856, which was the first to admire the legacy of Karel Hynek Mácha. The authors of the young generation did not have much to publish, and the only literary periodicals were in the hands of old and conservative writers (Jakub Malý, "Lumír" of Ferdinand Břetislav Mikovec). The almanac was initiated by Jan Neruda, then a 24-year-old writer who had just entered his literary career with a collection of poems called "Hřbitovní kvítí" (Graveyard Flowers, 1857) which

neg: Wheatley Place, Dallas named for Phillis Wheatley, an African-American poet from the 18th century. The district was listed on the National Register on March 23, 1995, and the Dallas City Council designated Wheatley Place as a historic landmark district on October 25, 2000. Wheatley Place, Dallas Wheatley Place is a neighborhood in south Dallas, Texas, that is designated as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and as a somewhat smaller Dallas Landmark District by the city. Included among the buildings that compose the historic district is the Juanita J. Craft Civil Rights House, a museum that was the

neg: Caroline Randall Williams Co-written by Williams and Randall, the book was published by Turner Publishing Company in 2012. According to the publisher, the middle-grade fantasy book is the tale of one young woman's adventure to pass her Official Princess Test, discover a means of escape from her island, and reveal her true destiny. The book received the following accolades: The NAACP Image Award for Youth Literature, 2013 (nomination), Cybils Award in Middle Grade Fantasy, 2012 (nomination) and the Harlem Book Fair's Phillis Wheatley Award for Young Adult Readers, 2013 (winner). Caroline Randall Williams Caroline Randall Williams (born August 24, 1987) is an American

neg: In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens owners. Walker focuses on the phrase, "contrary instincts" used by Woolf, believing that this what Wheatley felt since she was taught that her origin was an untamed and inadequate culture and race. In Wheatley's poetry she describes a "goddess", which Walker perceives as her owner, whom Wheatley appreciates although she was enslaved by this person. Walker pays tribute to Wheatley when she writes, "But at last Phillis, we understand. No more snickering when your stiff, struggling, ambivalent lines are forced on us. We know now that you were not an idiot or a traitor". According to Walker, society viewed Black

neg: Education during the Slave Period writing instruction, there were some notable exceptions; perhaps the most famous of these was Phillis Wheatley, whose poetry won admiration on both sides of the Atlantic. The end of slavery and, with it, the legal prohibition of slave education did not mean that education for former slaves or their children became widely available. Racial segregation in schools, "de jure" and then "de facto", and inadequate funding of the schools for African Americans, continued into the later twentieth century and in many areas is still (2018) a serious problem. South Carolina passed the first laws prohibiting slave education in 1740. While

neg: Copper Canyon Press from The Pablo Neruda Foundation in the summer of 2014 just after the April 2013 exhumation of Neruda's body in Chile, this collection of poems has been called "a literary event of universal importance" and "the biggest find in Spanish literature in recent years". The collection, "Then Come Back: The Lost Neruda Poems", translated by Pulitzer finalist Forrest Gander, was released in April 2016 and includes full-color, facsimile presentations of Neruda's handwritten poems. Copper Canyon was also awarded the rights to publish Neruda's first book, "Crepusulario", which has also never appeared in the U.S. in English translation. Not only does

neg: Omar Tyree in Print journalism from Howard University. Shortly thereafter, he worked as a reporter and an assistant editor at "The Capitol Spotlight", a weekly newspaper in Washington, D.C. Later, he was hired as chief reporter for "News Dimensions", another Black-owned weekly newspaper. In 2003, Tyree released a hip-hop album titled "Rising Up!" Today, Tyree is a New York Times best-selling author, a 2001 NAACP Image Award recipient for Outstanding Literature in Fiction, and a 2006 Phillis Wheatley Literary Award winner for Body of Work in Fiction, and has published 16 books that have sold nearly 2 million copies worldwide. He also

neg: Mary Mossell Griffin Tanner Mossell was the first Africa-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the United States, also at the University of Pennsylvania. Another first cousin was singer and activist Paul Robeson. Her grandfather Charles Hicks Bustill was a prominent abolitionist in Philadelphia. Mary Campbell Mossell taught kindergarten from 1907 to 1908 in Darby, Pennsylvania. She wrote for several newspapers, including the "Philadelphia Courant", the "Philadelphia Tribune", and the "Washington Sun". She was president of the Harriet Tubman Association, and the Sojourner Truth Suffrage League, and she organized the Phillis Wheatley Literary Society. She was the author of "Afro American Men and

neg: Ana Blandiana as well as for an open society. She left literary work in the background, although she did publish "Arhitectura valurilor" ("Waves' Architecture", 1990), "100 de poeme" ("100 Poems", 1991), and "Sertarul cu aplauze" ("The Drawer of Applause", prose, 1992). In 1992 she advocates for the released from prison of old time Party member Gheorghe 'Gogu' Radulescu, a former member of the Executive Political Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and protector of herself during the communist period. Her work was translated into 16 languages. Ana Blandiana has also published: "50 de poeme", ("50 Poems"), 1970: "Octombrie, Noiembrie,

neg: Karla F.C. Holloway son, and the experiences of African-American women who faced public trials and tribulations; in the latter category, she places Tawana Brawley, Anita Hill, Phillis Wheatley, Zora Neale Hurston, and Whoopi Goldberg. This book also discusses the visual power of the black female body, the resonance and drama of language, and African-American community life. Holloway argues that the susceptibility of African-Americans to early death has had unique cultural effects, and this 2002 book examines the "life of death" in that culture. The book is a memorial for Bem Kayin Holloway, her adopted son who died in an attempted prison break, while

neg: Cheryl Hanna Mary Fields. Cheryl Hanna Cheryl Irene Hanna (born January 7, 1951) is an American artist and illustrator. Hanna was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and received her B.A. from Pratt Institute (1973). Hanna is a painter, children's book illustrator and is also known for her work in the medium of collage. Hanna's work has been exhibited at the Newark Museum and the National Museum of Women in the Arts. Hanna's 1987 book, "The Enchanted Hair Tale", in collaboration with author Alexis de Veaux was honored by the Coretta Scott King Award. She has also illustrated biographies of Phillis Wheatley, Selma

neg: Cheryl Hanna Cheryl Hanna Cheryl Irene Hanna (born January 7, 1951) is an American artist and illustrator. Hanna was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and received her B.A. from Pratt Institute (1973). Hanna is a painter, children's book illustrator and is also known for her work in the medium of collage. Hanna's work has been exhibited at the Newark Museum and the National Museum of Women in the Arts. Hanna's 1987 book, "The Enchanted Hair Tale", in collaboration with author Alexis de Veaux was honored by the Coretta Scott King Award. She has also illustrated biographies of Phillis Wheatley, Selma Burke, and

neg: Samuil Lehtțir (1929), was met with negative criticism. Lehtţir was accused of decadence and of belonging to the Petite bourgeoisie. However, he continued to publish: in 1930 along with Iosif Vainberg, he published a book of literary criticism "Întrebări literare" ("Literary Questions"), and another collection of poems ("In the flames") the following year. These were followed by three further volumes "Sirenele zidirii" (1932), "De pază" (1935) and "Dezrobire" (1935). Lehtţir is the author of the first dramas of Soviet Moldavian literature: "Codreanu" (1930) and "Biruinţa" ("Victory", 1933). He translated into the Moldovan language the poems of Sergei Yesenin, Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov,

neg: Jane Edna Hunter was awarded the NAACP's Spingarn Medal. She served as executive director of the Phillis Wheatley Association of Cleveland until she retired in 1947. She wrote an autobiographical book entitled "A Nickel and Prayer", which was published in 1940. She held honorary degrees from Allen University, Fisk University, Central State University and Tuskegee Institute. She was on the Board of Directors and was a Vice President of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Her health failed in the mid-1950s. She lived in a nursing home from the early 1960s until her death on January 13, 1971, in

neg: Tiphanie Yanique also won the Phillis Wheatley Award for Pan-African Literature, and the American Academy of Arts and Letters Rosenthal Family Foundation Award, and was listed by NPR as one of the Best Books of 2014, as well as being a finalist for the Orion Award in Environmental Literature and the Hurston-Wright Legacy Award. At the 2016 Forward Prizes for Poetry Yanique won the Felix Dennis Prize for Best First Collection for her 2015 collection "Wife", which the chair of judges Malika Booker described as: "a generous and witty book, an agile exploration of the many relationships within marriage. She has written

neg: The Brownies' Book who could become leaders in the black community. The seven goals stated in "The True Brownies" were: Each issue was published on good quality paper, the cover of each designed by prominent black artists. Its format and layout was similar to that of "The Crisis", and it contained little advertising. Illustrations and photographs complemented the varied content, which included poetry, literature, biographies of successful black people, music, games, plays, and current events. Biographies included those for Phillis Wheatley, the first published African-American woman, Bert Williams, a popular entertainer of the Vaudeville era, and Sojourner Truth, an abolitionist and women's rights

neg: Ajay Prabhakar Different Path and They lived before Adam. He has also been in the forefront of several community based projects in Africa, some of them notably the Education for all project, motherless babies and the child soldier rehabilitation projects. Books authored by Ajay Prabhakar White Papers by Dr. Ajay Prabhakar African Renaissance Ambassador "(Ambassadeur Afrique Renaissance)" Ambassador for World Peace Ambassador of Advancement in Research, Education and Technology The International Book Award 2010 The Flora Nwapa Award 2009 The Phillis Wheatley Award 2007 The Harlem Book Fair Award 2008 Ajay Prabhakar Ajay Prabhakar is an Indian researcher and author who until

neg: Catherine Eliza Richardson supposed to have encouraged her to publish collections on her own account. Henry Colburn's The New Monthly Magazine, in a review of "Poems", speculated that the two were related; David Richardson was an East India Company officer, on furlough to the UK during the LWR period. In 1828 she published a first collection, "Poems", by private subscription running to 1,700 copies. It was reviewed with considerable scorn in "The Edinburgh Literary Journal": 'How Mrs. G. G. Richardson took it into her head to publish a volume of "Poems" is a good deal more than we can understand...'; and more blandly

neg: Manuel Teixeira Gomes to them, North Africa and the Middle East, but meant that Manuel had to travel nine months of the year, returning to Portugal only during the fig picking season. After 1895 he established new contacts with the literary circles of Lisbon. Through Fialho de Almeida he met Marcelino Mesquita, Gomes Leal and others. Alfredo Mesquita, Luís Osório and António Nobre encouraged him to publish his first book, "O Inventário de Junho", which came out in 1899. Calmer now, and with more time, as his father's advanced age forced him to spend longer periods in Portimão, he published "Cartas sem Moral

neg: Mae Virginia Cowdery to attend Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, and frequented night places in Greenwich Village. During the late 1920s, she established her reputation by publishing in journals, magazines and anthologies. She did not publish her own collection of poetry until her book "We Lift Our Voices: And Other Poems" (1936), but was one of the few African-American women poets in the first half of the 20th century to publish a book of her work. "It was critically well received." She committed suicide in New York City in 1953 for unknown reasons. Mae Virginia Cowdery Mae Virginia Cowdery (January 10, 1909 – 1953)

neg: Catherine Grace Godwin allowed her to become a correspondent and eventually meet William Wordsworth. She published a romance titled "Reine Canziani" but she did not use her name on the cover. She did publish her best known work "The Wanderer's Legacy and othe poems" in 1828 which she dedicated to Wordsworth. Godwin published "The Night before the Bridal and other poems" before she married Thomas Godwin who had worked for the East India Company. She followed this with another book of poetry and she died in May 1845 in Barbon. In 1854 A. Cleveland Wigan gathered together her poems and had them published

neg: Jaybahadur Hitan Magar Bhanu, Laxmi ra Lekhanath" indicates that Hitan was impressed with top level Nepalese poets—Bhanubhakta, Laxmiprasad and Lekhnath—and although he took part in almost every literary discipline, he appears not to have joined any literary groups or organizations. To date, 44 poems, 36 songs, 2 narrative poems, 11 stories, 2 plays, 3 articles authored by him have been found in handwritten manuscripts. Although he, unfortunately, was unable to publish these as a book while he was alive, the majority of them have now been published in newspapers and magazines under the pen name "Avagi Hitan". In Hitan's mid life, after leaving

neg: Henri Coulette Henri Coulette Henri Coulette (November 17, 1927 – March 26, 1988) was an American poet and educator. His first book, "The War of the Secret Agents and Other Poems" (Scribner, 1965), was greeted with acclaim and won the Lamont Poetry Prize. His second collection, "The Family Goldschmitt" (Scribner, 1971), seems to have received little attention, and it has been reported that much of the print run was accidentally pulped. He did not publish another book during his life, but had been organizing a volume when he died. Of these later poems, Tad Richards has written, "Though only in his fifties,

neg: Jane Edna Hunter Jane Edna Hunter Jane Edna Hunter (December 13, 1882 – January 13, 1971), an African-American social worker, was born near Pendleton, South Carolina. In 1911 she established the Working Girls Association in Cleveland, Ohio, which later became the Phillis Wheatley Association of Cleveland. Her parents were wage earners on the Woodburn Plantation Farm. After her father died in 1892, she did housework for local families. She began school at the age of 14, attending the Ferguson and Williams Academy in Abbeville, South Carolina. She graduated with an eighth-grade education in 1900. She returned to work as a domestic. She was

neg: Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister "Printed for A.B." Both prefaces of the second and third volumes are signed "A.B." Other evidence includes: "the fact that Behn was having money difficulties and was having trouble selling her plays by the mid-1680s, as evidenced from her letter borrowing money from [Jacob] Tonson, and that her previous plays and poems indicate that she might have the literary skill to execute "Love-Letters."" However, the evidence is only circumstantial. Anonymous publication was very common, and Behn usually did not publish anonymously ("The Rover" is an exception). Nor can the initials on the book be concretely attributed to "Aphra Behn". Janet

neg: France Prešeren from his student years in Vienna. In 1824, he wrote some of his most popular poems, still under the influence of Valentin Vodnik and the rich tradition of Slovene folk poetry. In 1825, he completed a collection of "Carniolan poems," which he showed to the philologist Jernej Kopitar. Kopitar was very critical of the young man's literary attempts, and so Prešeren destroyed the entire collection. Kopitar's rejection hindered the development of Prešeren's creativity; he did not publish anything more until 1827, when his satirical poem "To Maidens" ("Dekletom") was published by the German language journal "Illyrian Paper" (). In 1828,

neg: Objectivism (poetry) followed by a longish period of poetic silence during which she was unable to find a publisher for her work. Although she continued writing for much of the intervening period, her next book, "My Friend Tree", did not appear until 1961. She published relatively frequently after that, and her "Collected Works" appeared in 2002. In 1941, Reznikoff published a collection of poems called "Going To and Fro and Walking Up and Down". After that, although he continued to write and to publish in periodicals, his poetry had no further book publication until the 1959 "Inscriptions: 1944–1956". In 1962, New Directions