query: who introduced the earliest belief that life was spontaneously generated from nonliving matter

pos: Abiogenesis in heterogenesis, i.e., that one form of life derived from a different form (e.g., bees from flowers). Classical notions of spontaneous generation held that certain complex, living organisms are generated by decaying organic substances. According to Aristotle, it was a readily observable truth that aphids arise from the dew that falls on plants, flies from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay, crocodiles from rotting logs at the bottom of bodies of water, and so on. In the 17th century, people began to question such assumptions. In 1646, Sir Thomas Browne published his "Pseudodoxia Epidemica" (subtitled "Enquiries into Very many Received

pos: History of biology theory of disease, creating extensive interest in microorganisms and their interactions with other forms of life. By the 1880s, bacteriology was becoming a coherent discipline, especially through the work of Robert Koch, who introduced methods for growing pure cultures on agar gels containing specific nutrients in Petri dishes. The long-held idea that living organisms could easily originate from nonliving matter (spontaneous generation) was attacked in a series of experiments carried out by Louis Pasteur, while debates over vitalism vs. mechanism (a perennial issue since the time of Aristotle and the Greek atomists) continued apace. In chemistry, one central issue was

pos: Spontaneous generation factor that instigates and delineates the thing's existence. Yet, as proposed in the "History of Animals", many creatures form not through sexual processes but by spontaneous generation: According to this theory, living things may come forth from nonliving things in a manner roughly analogous to the "enformation of the female matter by the agency of the male seed" seen in sexual reproduction. Nonliving materials, like the seminal fluid present in sexual generation, contain "pneuma" (πνεῦμα, "breath"), or "vital heat". According to Aristotle, pneuma had more "heat" than regular air did, and this heat endowed the substance with certain vital properties:

pos: Abiogenesis M.D. Brazier has shown that early micro-fossils came from a hot world of gases such as methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, which are toxic to much current life. Another analysis of the conventional threefold tree of life shows thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacteria and archaea are closest to the root, suggesting that life may have evolved in a hot environment. Belief in spontaneous generation of certain forms of life from non-living matter goes back to Aristotle and ancient Greek philosophy and continued to have support in Western scholarship until the 19th century. This belief was paired with a belief

pos: Spontaneous generation Aristotle drew an analogy between the "foamy matter" (τὸ ἀφρῶδες) found in nature and the "seed" of an animal, which he viewed as being a kind of foam itself (composed, as it was, from a mixture of water and pneuma). For Aristotle, the generative materials of male and female animals (semen and menstrual blood) were essentially refinements, made by male and female bodies according to their respective proportions of heat, of ingested food, which was, in turn, a byproduct of the elements earth and water. Thus any creature, whether generated sexually from parents or spontaneously through the interaction of vital

neg: Biogenesis coined by Henry Charlton Bastian to mean the generation of a life form from nonliving materials, however, Thomas Henry Huxley chose the term abiogenesis and redefined biogenesis for life arising from preexisting life. The generation of life from non-living material is called abiogenesis, and occurred through stepwise chemical and molecular evolution over millions of years. The term "biogenesis" may also refer to biochemical processes of production in living organisms (see biosynthesis). The Ancient Greeks believed that living things could spontaneously come into being from nonliving matter, and that the goddess Gaia could make life arise spontaneously from stones – a

neg: Spontaneous generation ἀρχή) of things, emphasizing the rational unity of the external world and rejecting theological or mythological explanations. Anaximander, who believed that all things arose from the elemental nature of the universe, the "apeiron" (ἄπειρον) or the "unbounded" or "infinite," was likely the first western thinker to propose that life developed spontaneously from nonliving matter. The primal chaos of the "apeiron," eternally in motion, served as a substratum in which elemental opposites (e.g., wet and dry, hot and cold) generated and shaped the many and varied things in the world. According to Hippolytus of Rome in the third century CE, Anaximander

neg: Rudolf Virchow ("all cells (come) from cells"), which he published in 1855. (The epigram was actually coined by François-Vincent Raspail, but popularized by Virchow.) It is a rejection of the concept of spontaneous generation, which held that organisms could arise from nonliving matter. For example, maggots were believed to appear spontaneously in decaying meat; Francesco Redi carried out experiments which disproved this notion and coined the maxim "Omne vivum ex ovo" ("Every living thing comes from a living thing" — literally "from an egg"); Virchow (and his predecessors) extended this to state that the only source for a living cell was another

neg: Non-cellular life their discovery as pathogens. They were described as poisons or toxins at first, then as "infectious proteins", but with advances in microbiology it became clear that they also possessed genetic material, a defined structure, and the ability to spontaneously assemble from their constituent parts. This spurred extensive debate as to whether they should be regarded as fundamentally organic or inorganic — as very small biological organisms or very large biochemical molecules — and since the 1950s many scientists have thought of viruses as existing at the border between chemistry and life; a gray area between living and nonliving. The recent

neg: History of zoology since 1859 between somatic cells and germ cells (arguing that chromosome number must be halved for germ cells, a precursor to the concept of meiosis), and adopted Hugo de Vries's theory of pangenes. Weismannism was extremely influential, especially in the new field of experimental embryology. By the 1880s, bacteriology was becoming a coherent discipline, especially through the work of Robert Koch, who introduced methods for growing pure cultures on agar gels containing specific nutrients in Petri dishes. The long-held idea that living organisms could easily originate from nonliving matter (spontaneous generation) was attacked in a series of experiments carried out by Louis

neg: Lepas anatifera nests and eggs were never seen by the British. It was thought at the time that the gooseneck barnacles that wash up occasionally on the shore had spontaneously generated from the rotting wood to which they were attached, and that the geese might be generated similarly. Credence to the idea was provided by the tuft of brown cirri that protruded from the capitulum of the crustaceans which resembled the down of an unhatched gosling. Popular belief linked the two species and a writer in 1678 wrote "multitudes of little Shells; having within them little Birds perfectly shap'd, supposed to be

neg: History of experiments nonliving matter. This idea was called spontaneous generation. Pasteur's observations of tiny organisms under the microscope caused him to doubt spontaneous generation. He designed an experiment to test it. His hypothesis was that life could not arise from where there is no life. He took care to control possible confounding factors. For example, he needed to make sure there was no life, even microscopic, in the flasks of broth he used as a test medium. He decided to kill any microscopic organisms already present by boiling the broth until he was confident that any microorganisms present were killed. Pasteur also

neg: Spontaneous generation among biologists. By the middle of the 19th century, experiments of Louis Pasteur and others refuted the traditional theory of spontaneous generation and supported biogenesis. Spontaneous generation refers both to the supposed processes by which different types of life might repeatedly emerge from specific sources other than seeds, eggs, or parents, and also to theoretical principles presented in support of any such phenomena. Crucial to this doctrine are the ideas that life comes from non-life and that no causal agent, such as a parent, is needed. The hypothetical processes by which life routinely emerges from nonliving matter on a time

neg: Spontaneous generation refer to the formation of life from nonliving matter. Soon thereafter, however, English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley proposed the term "abiogenesis" to refer to this same process and adopted "biogenesis" for the process by which life arises from existing life; it is this latter set of definitions that became dominant. Active in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, early Greek philosophers, called "physiologoi" in antiquity (Greek: φυσιολόγοι; in English, physical or natural philosophers), attempted to give natural explanations of phenomena that had previously been ascribed to the agency of the gods. The "physiologoi" sought the material principle or "arche" (Greek:

neg: Flaubert's letters work was done, he expresses much more spontaneously his own personal views. Their themes often arise from his life as a reader and writer. They discuss the subject-matter and structural difficulties of his novels, and explore the problems Flaubert faced in their composition, giving the reader a unique glimpse of his art in the making. They illustrate his extensive reading of the creative literatures of France, England (he loved Shakespeare, Byron and Dickens), Germany and the classical world; also his deep researches into history, philosophy and the sciences. Above all, they constantly state and restate Flaubert's belief in the duty

neg: Spontaneous generation life arises from a different, unrelated form, such as tapeworms from the bodies of their hosts. In the years following Louis Pasteur's 1859 experiment, the term "spontaneous generation" fell increasingly out of favor. Experimentalists used a variety of terms for the study of the origin of life from nonliving materials. "Heterogenesis" was applied to the generation of living things from once-living organic matter (such as boiled broths), and Henry Charlton Bastian proposed the term "archebiosis" for life originating from inorganic materials. Disliking the randomness and unpredictability implied by the term "'spontaneous' generation," in 1870 Bastian coined the term "biogenesis" to

neg: Life of Joseph Smith from 1839 to 1844 majority of the citizens. While burdened with the temporal business of creating a city, Smith also elaborated on the cosmology of the new religion. According to Richard Bushman, Smith moved from "a traditional Christian belief in God as pure spirit to a belief in His corporeality." In other words, Smith declared that God had a body of flesh and bone and taught that "the great principle of happiness consists in having a body." Instead of affirming that there was an eternal God who had created matter, Smith taught that matter was eternal and that it was God who had developed

neg: Maria Sibylla Merian of the life stages of European moths and butterflies, because he had believed that caterpillars were generated from water. When Merian published her study of insects it was still widely believed that insects were spontaneously generated. Merian's discoveries were made independently and supported the findings of Francesco Redi, Marcello Malpighi and Jan Swammerdam. While Merian's depiction of insects' life cycle was innovative in its accuracy, it was her observations on the interaction of organisms that became her major contribution to the emerging field of ecological studies. The depiction of insects and their plant hosts not only set Merian's work apart

neg: Bagele Chilisa farmers. Her parents, and her grandmother, Ponya Kenosi, passed oral literature to her as a child, stimulating her lifelong interest in indigenous knowledge systems. In her book, "Indigenous Research Methodologies" (2012), Chilisa states:I belong to the Bantu people of Africa, who live a communal life based on a connectedness that stretches from birth to death, continues beyond death, and extends to the living and the nonliving. I am known and communicate in relational terms that connect me to all my relations, living and the nonliving. It is common for people to refer to each other using totems as well as

neg: Arabic literature Kamil in "Theologus Autodidactus") who were autodidactic individuals spontaneously generated in a cave and living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone on the desert island for most of the story in "Philosophus Autodidactus" (until he meets a castaway named Absal), the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in "Theologus Autodidactus" (when castaways take him back to civilization with them), developing into the earliest known coming of age plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel. Ibn al-Nafis described

neg: Caterpillar The role of caterpillars in the life stages of butterflies was badly understood. In 1679 Maria Sibylla Merian published the first volume of "The Caterpillars' Marvelous Transformation and Strange Floral Food", which contained 50 illustrations and a description of insects, moths, butterflies and their larvae. An earlier popular publication on moths and butterflies, and their caterpillars, by Jan Goedart had not included eggs in the life stages of European moths and butterflies, because he had believed that caterpillars were generated from water. When Merian published her study of caterpillars it was still widely believed that insects were spontaneously generated. Merian's

neg: Bugonia of Tate & Lyle golden syrup. William Shakespeare knew of bugonia as he says in Henry IV: ""Tis seldom when the bee doth leave her comb, in the dead carrion"". Bugonia In the ancient Mediterranean region, bugonia or bougonia was a ritual based on the belief that bees were spontaneously (equivocally) generated from a cow's carcass, although it is possible that the ritual had more currency as a poetic and learned trope than as an actual practice. A detailed description of the bugonia process can be found in byzantine Geoponica: Build a house, ten cubits high, with all the sides

neg: Bugonia Bugonia In the ancient Mediterranean region, bugonia or bougonia was a ritual based on the belief that bees were spontaneously (equivocally) generated from a cow's carcass, although it is possible that the ritual had more currency as a poetic and learned trope than as an actual practice. A detailed description of the bugonia process can be found in byzantine Geoponica: Build a house, ten cubits high, with all the sides of equal dimensions, with one door, and four windows, one on each side; put an ox into it, thirty months old, very fat and fleshy; let a number of young

neg: Cathy McMorris Rodgers another bill was introduced in 2006, one year after McMorris Rodgers entered the House of Representatives. This bill was subsequently passed and signed into law by Governor Christine Gregoire shortly after. During an interview with Nick Gillespie in 2014, McMorris Rodgers stated her belief that marriage should be between a man and a woman, but also indicated her belief that marriage is a state, not federal issue and that her party had been overtly hostile to LGBT people, saying "the Republicans are about empowering everyone; individuals, no matter who you are, no matter your background and we [Republicans], we have

neg: Lionel Smith Beale in the way in which active, living organisms responded to staining compared with nonliving organisms, he concluded that the nucleus must hold the "bioplasm", or the essence of life. He was a passionate and vocal advocate of the view that there is an essential difference between living and inert matter. He felt that there were reasons to doubt the evidence for human evolution. Beale has been described as a "staunch vitalist". He believed in a "vital force", saying, He said, Citations Sources Lionel Smith Beale Lionel Smith Beale (5 February 1828 – 28 March 1906) was a British physician, microscopist,

neg: Spontaneous generation and appointed a commission to judge the winner. Spontaneous generation Spontaneous generation refers to an obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms. The theory of spontaneous generation held that living creatures could arise from nonliving matter and that such processes were commonplace and regular. For instance, it was hypothesized that certain forms such as fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as dust, or that maggots could arise from dead flesh. A variant idea was that of equivocal generation, in which species such as tapeworms arose from unrelated living organisms, now

neg: Spontaneous generation Spontaneous generation Spontaneous generation refers to an obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms. The theory of spontaneous generation held that living creatures could arise from nonliving matter and that such processes were commonplace and regular. For instance, it was hypothesized that certain forms such as fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as dust, or that maggots could arise from dead flesh. A variant idea was that of equivocal generation, in which species such as tapeworms arose from unrelated living organisms, now understood to be their hosts. The idea of

neg: Fig wasp (larvae), and the adult "psen" splits its "skin" (pupa) and flies out of the fig to find and enter a cultivated fig, saving it from dropping. He believed that the "psen" was generated spontaneously; he did not recognise that the fig was reproducing sexually and that the "psen" was assisting in that process. The fig wasps are a polyphyletic group, including several unrelated lineages whose similarities are based upon their shared association with figs; efforts are underway to resolve the matter, and remove a number of constituent groups to other families, particularly the Pteromalidae and Torymidae. Thus, the number of

neg: Emblemata of Zinne-werck excels frequently has the most flaws". While the motto derives from a common belief, that sharpening a knife too often will make it chip easily, no imagery of sharpening or knives occurs in the image. Interpreting the cheese becomes possible only in context: cheese comes from a then poorly understood process of coagulation possibly pointing to "monstrous powers" within the matter. It was believed, for instance, that maggots were born spontaneously in cheese, and that (especially older) cheese was a suspicious food item, possibly causing constipation and other physical ailments: it is food and putrefaction simultaneously. 19 shows a pretzel

neg: Biogenesis Biogenesis Biogenesis is the production of new living organisms or organelles. Conceptually, biogenesis is primarily attributed to Louis Pasteur and encompasses the belief that complex living things come only from other living things, by means of reproduction. That is, life does not spontaneously arise from non-living material, which was the position held by spontaneous generation. This is summarized in the phrase "Omne vivum ex vivo", Latin for ""all life [is] from life."" A related statement is "Omnis cellula e cellula", "all cells [are] from cells;" this conclusion is one of the central statements of cell theory. The term biogenesis was

neg: Middle-earth weapons and armour books.) Christopher Tolkien suggested that Narsil was introduced during the writing of "The Lord of the Rings" rather spontaneously: "It is possible that the Sword that was Broken actually emerged from the verse 'All that is gold does not glitter': on this view, in the earliest form of the verse ... the words "a king may yet be without crown, A blade that was broken be brandished" were no more than a further exemplification of the general moral [that not everything is what it appears to be]." Following this, references to the Sword were introduced during major recastings of "At

neg: Old Norse religion integrated with other aspects of Norse life, including subsistence, warfare, and social interactions. Open codifications of Old Norse beliefs were either rare or non-existent. The practitioners of this belief system themselves had no term meaning "religion", which was only introduced with Christianity. Following Christianity's arrival, Old Norse terms that were used for the pre-Christian systems were "forn sið" ("old custom") or "heiðinn sið" ("heathen custom"), terms which suggest an emphasis on rituals, actions, and behaviours rather than belief itself. The earliest known usage of the Old Norse term "heiðinn" is in the poem "Hákonarmál"; its uses here indicates that the

neg: Three-age system whole is altered by age. Everything must pass through successive phases. Nothing remains forever what it was. Everything is on the move. Everything is transformed by nature and forced into new paths ... The Earth passes through successive phases, so that it can no longer bear what it could, and it can now what it could not before. The Romans believed that the species of animals, including humans, were spontaneously generated from the materials of the Earth, because of which the Latin word "mater", "mother", descends to English-speakers as matter and material. In Lucretius the Earth is a mother, Venus,

neg: Samuel Butler (novelist) In a collection of essays published after his death entitled "God the Known and God the Unknown", Samuel Butler argued for the existence of a single, corporeal God and argued that belief in an incorporeal deity was essentially the same thing as atheism. He asserted that this "body" of God was, in fact, composed of the bodies of all living things on earth, a belief which may be classed as "panzoism". He later changed his views and decided that God was composed not only of all living things but all nonliving things as well. He argued, however, that "...some vaster

neg: Biogenesis empirical results were summarized in the phrase "Omne vivum ex vivo", Latin for "all life [is] from life". After obtaining his results, Pasteur stated: ""La génération spontanée est une chimère"" ("Spontaneous generation is a dream"). Biogenesis Biogenesis is the production of new living organisms or organelles. Conceptually, biogenesis is primarily attributed to Louis Pasteur and encompasses the belief that complex living things come only from other living things, by means of reproduction. That is, life does not spontaneously arise from non-living material, which was the position held by spontaneous generation. This is summarized in the phrase "Omne vivum ex vivo",

neg: Nuclear winter entered the stratosphere, and while ozone depletion of 2.2 percent was noted in 1963, the decline had started prior to 1961 and is believed to have been caused by other meteorological effects. In 1982 journalist Jonathan Schell in his popular and influential book "The Fate of the Earth", introduced the public to the belief that fireball generated NOx would destroy the ozone layer to such and extent that crops would fail from solar UV radiation and then similarly painted the fate of the Earth, as plant and aquatic life going extinct. In the same year, of 1982, Australian physicist Brian

neg: Cosmic ancestry come to be associated with an expanded hypothesis proposed by Klyce, which incorporates the Gaia hypothesis of James Lovelock. Cosmic ancestry holds that life is neither the product of supernatural creation, nor is it spontaneously generated through abiogenesis, but that it has always existed in the universe. It claims that the evolutionary progression from simpler to more complex organisms utilises pre-existing genetic information and does not compose this information as it occurs. According to this proposition, higher life forms, including intelligent life, descend ultimately from pre-existing life which was at least as advanced as the descendants. The genetic programs for

neg: Morchella populiphila "M. populiphila", and they cannot be reliably distinguished on morphology alone. The distribution of "M. punctipes" extends from the Great Plains eastward. The widespread European species "Morchella semilibera" is morphologically indistinguishable from "M. populiphila", in both macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Like many morel species, the ecological mode of "Morchella populiphila" is not known with certainty, but it is suspected of being both saprobic (obtaining its nourishment from nonliving or decaying organic matter) and mycorrhizal (symbiotic with trees) at different stages in its life cycle. Fruit bodies grow singly, scattered, or in groups. It is found in Oregon to Nevada and

neg: Regeneration in humans mammalian cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells) cannot proliferate (multiply) and heart damage causes scarring and fibrosis. Despite the earlier belief that human cardiomyocytes are not generated later in life, a recent study has found that this is not the case. This study took advantage of the nuclear bomb testing during the Cold War, which introduced carbon-14 into the atmosphere and therefore into the cells of nearby inhabitants. They extracted DNA from the myocardium of these research subjects and found that cardiomyocytes do in fact renew at a slowing rate of 1% per year from the age of 25, to 0.45% per

neg: Tree of knowledge system with modern cosmology, matter is theorized to have emerged from a pure energy singularity at the Big Bang. Space and time were also born at such a point. Nonliving material objects range in complexity from subatomic particles to large organic molecules. The physical sciences (i.e., physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy) describe the behavior of material objects. The dimension of life refers to organisms and their behaviors through time. Living objects are considered a unique subset of material objects. Just as quantum particles form the fundamental units of material complexity, genes are the fundamental units of living information. Although many questions about

neg: Piraeus Apollo that nature expresses itself in ideal everlasting simple-forms which can be traced by the senses and depicted in a way of illusive-reality. Matter was not regarded lifeless but something full of life, in an almost animistic belief. These ideas seem to go parallel with the natural- philosophical conceptions of Thales from Miletus who searched a simple material-form behind the appearances of the things and also believed that matter was alive (υλοζωϊσμός). This material character is paralleled in sculpture by the absolute representation of blooming life through unnaturally simplified forms. The Piraeus Apollo is a product of the late archaic period

neg: Golem (Dungeons & Dragons) authors described the flesh golem as the most common example of a golem: "magical constructs, creatures of nonliving matter given animation through powerful spells and rites". The flesh golem is fully detailed in Paizo Publishing's book "Classic Horrors Revisited" (2009), on pages 10–15. A construct created not through magic but through the dark desires of its creator is known as a golem of obsession, or a dread golem. Dread golems are created when the individual becomes obsessed with giving life to the inanimate. The possible reasons for such an obsession are numerous. The creator may see the creation of life

neg: Islamic philosophy to al-Ghazali's "The Incoherence of the Philosophers", and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a fictional novel "Theologus Autodidactus" as a response to Ibn Tufail's "Philosophus Autodidactus". Both of these novels had protagonists (Hayy in "Philosophus Autodidactus" and Kamil in "Theologus Autodidactus") who were autodidactic individuals spontaneously generated in a cave and living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone on the desert island for most of the story in "Philosophus Autodidactus", the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in "Theologus Autodidactus", developing into

neg: Early Islamic philosophy a fictional novel "Theologus Autodidactus" as a response to Ibn Tufail's "Philosophus Autodidactus". Both of these novels had protagonists (Hayy in "Philosophus Autodidactus" and Kamil in "Theologus Autodidactus") who were autodidactic individuals spontaneously generated in a cave and living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone on the desert island for most of the story in "Philosophus Autodidactus", the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in "Theologus Autodidactus", developing into the first example of a science fiction novel. Ibn al-Nafis described his book

neg: Theologus Autodidactus as a rebuttal of Abubacer's arguments in "Philosophus Autodidactus". Both of these narratives had protagonists (Hayy in "Philosophus Autodidactus" and Kamil in "Theologus Autodidactus") who were autodidactic individuals spontaneously generated in a cave and living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on a desert island for the rest of the story in "Philosophus Autodidactus", the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in "Theologus Autodidactus", developing into a coming-of-age plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.

neg: History of abortion law debate most texts allow abortion to save the woman's life. Following the decline of the Roman Empire, Ecclesiastical courts held wide jurisdiction throughout Europe. Their purpose was to instruct and correct, rather than to punish, and therefore imposed sentences of penance, rather than corporal punishment. The Church treated the killing of an unformed or "unanimated" fetus as a matter of "anticipated homicide", with a corresponding lesser penance required, while late abortion was homicide. One of the earliest Churchmen, Tertullian, believed that the soul of the fetus is generated by the parents along with the generation of the new body. This viewpoint,

neg: Abiogenesis "creation". No new notable research or hypothesis on the subject appeared until 1924, when Alexander Oparin reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevents the synthesis of certain organic compounds that are necessary building blocks for the evolution of life. In his book "The Origin of Life", Oparin proposed that the "spontaneous generation of life" that had been attacked by Louis Pasteur did in fact occur once, but was now impossible because the conditions found on the early Earth had changed, and preexisting organisms would immediately consume any spontaneously generated organism. Oparin argued that a "primeval soup" of organic molecules could be created

neg: Georg Ernst Stahl to King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia and in charge of Berlin's Medical Board. He had two wives, who died from puerperal fever in 1696 and 1706. He also had a son Johnathan and a daughter who died in 1708. Stahl's focus was on the distinction between the living and nonliving. Although he did not support the views of iatro-mechanists, he believed that all non-living creatures are mechanical and so are living things to a certain degree. His views were that nonliving things are stable throughout time and did not rapidly change. On the other hand, living things are subject

neg: Panton, Leslie & Company slaves tended the company's corn and vegetable crops fields, herded cattle, and tanned deerskins from the Indian towns. Other slaves processed the hides for export at the warehouse in St. Augustine. The travel writer John Pope, who visited the region in 1790 on his tour of the southern and western territories of the United States, inquired into the accounting of profits generated by the Indian trade, and concluded that William Panton generally sold his goods at 500 percent of prime cost. From its earliest days the trade had yielded high returns: the apparently enormous profits were a matter of concern

neg: Film colorization with automatically generated grayscale. The earliest form of colorization introduced limited color into a black-and-white film using dyes, as a visual effect. The earliest Edison films, most notably the "Annabelle Serpentine Dance" series, were also the earliest examples of colorization, done by painting aniline dyes onto the emulsion. Around 1905, Pathé introduced "Pathéchrome", a stencil process that required cutting one or more stencils for each film frame with the aid of a reducing pantograph. In 1916, the Handschiegl Color Process was invented for Cecil B. DeMille's film "Joan the Woman" (1917). Another early example of the Handschiegl process can be

neg: Abiogenesis of experiments that demonstrated that organisms such as bacteria and fungi do not spontaneously appear in sterile, nutrient-rich media, but could only appear by invasion from without. The belief that self-ordering by spontaneous generation was impossible begged for an alternative. By the middle of the 19th century, the theory of biogenesis had accumulated so much evidential support, due to the work of Pasteur and others, that the alternative theory of spontaneous generation had been effectively disproven. John Desmond Bernal, a pioneer in X-ray crystallography, suggested that earlier theories such as spontaneous generation were based upon an explanation that life was

neg: Cell (biology) what the first self-replicating forms were. RNA is thought to be the earliest self-replicating molecule, as it is capable of both storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions (see RNA world hypothesis), but some other entity with the potential to self-replicate could have preceded RNA, such as clay or peptide nucleic acid. Cells emerged at least 3.5 billion years ago. The current belief is that these cells were heterotrophs. The early cell membranes were probably more simple and permeable than modern ones, with only a single fatty acid chain per lipid. Lipids are known to spontaneously form bilayered vesicles in

neg: Christian theology impact on the life of the church. Arianism affirmed that Jesus was divine, but taught that he was nevertheless a created being ("there was [a time] when he was not [in existence]"), and was therefore less divine than God the Father. The matter boiled down to one iota; Arianism taught "Homoiousia"—the belief that Jesus's divinity is "similar" to that of God the Father—as opposed to "Homoousia"—the belief that Jesus's divinity is the "same" as that of God the Father. Arius' opponents additionally included in the term "Arianism" the belief that Jesus' divinity is "different" from that of God the Father

neg: Vie et Passion du Christ Vie et Passion du Christ Vie et Passion du Christ (Life and Passion of the Christ) is a 44-minute French silent film that was produced and released in 1903. As such, it is one of the earliest feature-length narrative films. The film, with sequences made in the stencil color process Pathéchrome, takes a straightforward approach to its subject matter. All scenes are introduced by an inter-title giving the traditional name of the event (the Annunciation, the Nativity, etc.) followed by the actors playing out the familiar stories from the Gospels. Other than the scene titles, there are no other inter-titles.

neg: Vernon Treatt in the house. In 1940, he was made a King's Counsel (KC). As Minister for Justice, Treatt generated controversy when it was alleged that he had acted to reduce a fine imposed on the Abbco Bread Company who had sold short-weight bread to the Department of Defence. It resulted in a Royal Commission in the matter from March to August 1941, chaired by Justice Maxwell, after a censure motion introduced by Labor Leader William McKell was defeated. He was removed of any suspicion in the findings with the Royal Commissioner finding that: "There is no evidence, nor any thing even

neg: Robert Edmond Grant determines structure. The issue between them, however, was religious, political and social as well as scientific. Grant first went public on the subject of evolution in 1826. Here he speculated that 'transformation' might affect all organisms. He noted that successive strata seemed to show a progressive, natural succession of fossil animals. These forms "have evolved from a primitive model" by "external circumstances": this is a clear Lamarckian statement. Also, Grant accepted a common origin for plants and animals, and the basic units of life ('monads'), he proposed, were spontaneously generated. This is both reductionism and materialism, and obviously atheistic in

neg: Active Member of words in hip hop music, direct relationship with life. In other words, what holds the lead in Low Bap, is the verse. Moreover, it is largely and acceptance of the bands and artists who represent the public. The need that drove some people aspire to a musical and social situation such as the Low Bap, was initially a matter of artistic concern and secondly on organizational survival and subsistence in the same situation. Indeed, this new word and meaning, went to the conscience of the world spontaneously, but decisive. This is primarily due to full support of the idea

neg: Acid house and went on to play them when DJing in Ibiza; and in so doing inadvertently introduced the Chicago sound to the MDMA-using, Osho-following "orange people" in attendance at the time. P-Orridge's role is disputed by music journalist Simon Reynolds, who calls it a "self-serving myth", and by Psychic TV band member Fred Giannelli, who suggested that "Gen has made this claim so many times in interviews that he actually believes his own bullshit." The earliest recorded examples of acid house are a matter of debate. At least one historian considers the Phuture's "Acid Trax" to be the genre's earliest example;

neg: The Lightstone earth's magnetic and telluric currents, to generate beams of light, lightning, heat or fire. Black Gelestei (Baalstei) - devour light and are the stones of negation. Made originally to control the Red Gelestei. They can be wielded as weapons to attack people physically, mentally and spiritually, sucking away their vital energies and will. Purple Gelestei (Lilastei) - unlocks the light locked up in nonliving matter so that matter might be changed, molded and transformed. Sometimes called the alchemists' stones. The Lightstone The Lightstone is a fantasy book written by David Zindell in 2001. It is the first book of the

neg: Lucilio Vanini drew from Nicholas of Cusa typical pantheistic elements, similar to those which are also found in Giordano Bruno, but more materialistic. His world view was based on the eternity of matter, and of a God in nature as a "force" that shapes, orders and directs. All forms of life, he thought, had originated spontaneously from the earth itself as their creator. Vanini was considered an atheist, but his first work, published in Lyon in 1615, "Amphitheatrum", indicates otherwise. As a precursor of libertinism there are many elements that make his teaching close to the thought of the unknown author of

neg: Inner Plane Plane, which is composed equally of all 6 elements; Earth, Air, Fire, Water, Creation (Positive Energy), and Decay (Negative Energy). The Energy Planes are unique in that they are not composed of matter but rather a tangible form of creativeness or destructiveness. All life (or unlife) depends on them. Despite this, energy elementals or other forms of native life are not common. The Xag-Ya (positive) and Xeg-Yi (negative) energons were the earliest such denizens to be introduced. Also called the "Negative Material Plane" (in 1st Edition), this plane is the home of stagnation, entropy, and the undead. Any unprotected living

neg: Red rain in Kerala possible case of extraterrestrial life form. These cells can undergo rapid replication even at an extreme high temperature of 300 °C. They can also be cultured in diverse unconventional chemical substrates. The molecular composition of these cells is yet to be identified. In September 2010 a similar paper was presented at a conference in California, USA Researcher Chandra Wickramasinghe used Louis and Kumar's "extraterrestrial origin" claim to further support his panspermia hypothesis called cosmic ancestry. This hypothesis postulates that life is neither the product of supernatural creation, nor is it spontaneously generated through abiogenesis, but that it has always existed

neg: Snapshot (photography) images with the characteristics that distinguish photography from other visual media — its ubiquity, instantaneity, multiplicity and verisimilitude. Snapshot (photography) A snapshot is a photograph that is "shot" spontaneously and quickly, most often without artistic or journalistic intent. Snapshots are commonly technically "imperfect" or amateurish—out of focus or poorly framed or composed. Common snapshot subjects include the events of everyday life, such as birthday parties and other celebrations, sunsets, children playing, group photos, pets, tourist attractions and the like. The snapshot concept was introduced to the public on a large scale by Eastman Kodak, which introduced the Brownie box camera

neg: Polus about Polus comes from Plato's "Gorgias". What we get from this text is a look into Polus' belief of rhetoric. Polus advertises rhetoric as the quick route to the life of a tyrant who can run over others and escape punishment for his crimes. Polus saw rhetoric as the highest of all human arts and thinks that rhetoric is the only knowledge one needs to live well. Polus also saw rhetorical knowledge as a matter of experience rather than an art. Polus believed that experience makes our life to proceed in accordance with art whereas inexperience causes it to proceed

neg: Omor (even if for a while). Omor people can, among themselves, war and jaw physically, lock horns in litigious battles or in inter-family quarrels. But once faced by a common external enemy or adversary, the people spontaneously or automatically forget their differences and squabbles and unite to deal with the common foe. The Omor man does not believe or agree that one should remain at loggerheads with one's kith and kin in perpetuity. Omor belief or motto is that people should at times quarrel and settle in order to keep life going. There are no permanent enemies or friends in life,

neg: Hylozoism Herbert Spencer, Hermann Lotze, and Ernst Haeckel – was often called upon as a protest against a mechanistic worldview. In the 19th century, Haeckel developed a materialist form of hylozoism, specially against Rudolf Virchow's and Hermann von Helmholtz's mechanical views of humans and nature. In his "Die Welträtsel" of 1899 ("The Riddle of the Universe" 1901), Haeckel upheld a unity of organic and inorganic nature and derived all actions of both types of matter from natural causes and laws. Thus, his form of hylozoism reverses the usual course by maintaining that living and nonliving things are essentially the same, and

neg: RNA world panspermia. It discusses the possibility that the earliest life on this planet was carried here from somewhere else in the galaxy, possibly on meteorites similar to the Murchison meteorite. This does not invalidate the concept of an RNA world, but posits that this world or its precursors originated not on Earth but rather another, probably older, planet. There are hypotheses that are in direct conflict to the RNA world hypothesis. The relative chemical complexity of the nucleotide and the unlikelihood of it spontaneously arising, along with the limited number of combinations possible among four base forms, as well as the

neg: Saint Sylvester's Day Jews from living in Jerusalem and promoted anti-Semitic legislation. A possible source of this belief is the fact that the feast day was known by many immigrants from Europe who came to the country around the time it became a Jewish state. On Saint Sylvester's Day, "lentils and slices of sausage are eaten because they look like coins and symbolize good fortune and the richness of life for the coming year." On the morning of Saint Sylvester's Day, the children of a Christian family compete with one another to see who can wake up the earliest; the child who arises

neg: Paleolightning been a matter of speculation for quite some time. Living things did not spontaneously appear, so some sort of biological or even non-biological process must have been responsible for the generation of life. Lightning is a non-biological process, and many have speculated that lightning was present on early Earth. One of the most famous studies that investigated lightning on the early Earth was the Miller–Urey experiment. The Miller–Urey experiment sought to recreate the early Earth atmosphere within a laboratory setting to determine the chemical processes that ultimately led to life on Earth. The basis of this experiment was leveraged on

neg: Pasteur's portrait by Edelfelt fermentation and pasteurization. Louis Pasteur invented a vaccine against rabies. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of diseases, and his discoveries have saved countless lives ever since. Innovative laboratory glassware and experimental methods were developed by Louis Pasteur among others, and contributed to the developing field of bacteriology in the late 19th century. In the 1880s, bacteriology was becoming a coherent discipline, especially through methods for growing pure cultures on agar gels containing specific nutrients in Petri dishes. The long-held idea that living organisms could easily originate from nonliving matter called spontaneous generation was

neg: Biogeochemical cycle energy from the sun, its chemical composition is essentially fixed, as additional matter is only occasionally added by meteorites. Because this chemical composition is not replenished like energy, all processes that depend on these chemicals must be recycled. These cycles include both the living biosphere and the nonliving lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. The chemicals are sometimes held for long periods of time in one place. This place is called a "reservoir", which, for example, includes such things as coal deposits that are storing carbon for a long period of time. When chemicals are held for only short periods of time,

neg: Polydendrocytes they generate oligodendrocytes declines with age and is greater in white matter than in gray matter. These studies revealed that up to 30% of the oligodendrocytes that exist in the adult corpus callosum are generated de novo from polydendrocytes over a period of 2 months. It is not known whether all polydendrocytes eventually generate oligodendrocytes while self-renewing its population or whether some remain as polydendrocytes throughout the life of the animal and never differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Using NG2cre mice, it was shown that polydendrocytes in the prenatal and perinatal gray matter of the ventral forebrain and spinal cord generate protoplasmic

neg: Theodor Schwann tested the effects of purified air and unpurified air. He sterilized the air by passing it through heated glass bulbs. Fermentation did not occur in the presence of purified air. It did occur in the presence of unpurified air, suggesting that something in the air started the process. This was strong evidence against the theory of spontaneous generation, the idea that living organisms could develop out of nonliving matter. Schwann had demonstrated that fermentation required the presence of yeasts to start, and stopped when the yeasts stopped growing. He concluded that sugar was converted to alcohol as part of an

neg: Triangle choke variation or , typically seen in modern judo competition, was the next addition, preceding many others. Among those variations, the front triangle is particularly favored by practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu. According to a popular belief maintained by Romero Cavalcanti, the technique was introduced in Brazilian jiu-jitsu by Rolls Gracie after finding it in a judo book. Márcio "Macarrão" Stambowsky, who was named by Rickson Gracie as one of the earliest Brazilian competitors to popularize the concept, has also credited Rolls. Other sources, like Toshiya Masuda and Roberto Pedreira, believe it might have been introduced in Brazil much earlier by Yasuichi

neg: The Tales of Alvin Maker of Tippecanoe, in which both brothers were involved, occurs in the book, although its outcome is different from the historic one. Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son, discovers that his knack far surpasses that of everyone else. He can change both living and nonliving matter simply by force of will (hence the title "Maker"). This power comes at a cost, however; not only does Alvin feel a great responsibility to use his power for good, but there are forces that actively seek his death. Alvin must discover how to use his abilities, and how to apply them

neg: Acceptance of evolution by religious groups evolution is the belief that all life came from the same origin: "the origin of all material life is one..." He states that from this sole origin, the complete diversity of life was generated: "Consider the world of created beings, how varied and diverse they are in species, yet with one sole origin" He explains that a slow, gradual process led to the development of complex entities: Evolution contradicts a literalistic interpretation of Genesis; however, according to Catholicism and most contemporary Protestant denominations, biblical literalism in the creation account is not mandatory. Christians have considered allegorical interpretations of Genesis since

neg: Taijitu and called the "River Chart spontaneously generated by Heaven and Earth". By the end of the Ming period, this diagram had become a widespread representation of Chinese cosmology. The dots were introduced in the later Ming period (replacing the droplet-shapes used earlier, in the 16th century) and are encountered more frequently in the Qing period. The dots represent the seed of yin within yang and the seed of yang within yin; the idea that neither can exist without the other. Lai Zhide's design is similar to the "gakyil" ("dga' 'khyil" or "wheel of joy") symbols of Tibetan Buddhism; but while

neg: Maurice Sendak memory of Glynn who had treated young people there. The gift will name a clinic for Glynn. Sendak was an atheist. In a 2011 interview, he stated that he did not believe in God and explained that he felt that religion, and belief in God, "must have made life much easier [for some religious friends of his]. It's harder for us non-believers." Maurice Sendak drew inspiration and influences from a vast number of painters, musicians, and authors. Going back to his childhood, one of his earliest memorable influences was actually his father, Philip Sendak. According to Maurice, his father would

neg: Compounds of oxygen which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms. Oxygen reacts spontaneously with many organic compounds at or below room temperature in a process called autoxidation. Alkaline solutions of pyrogallol, benzene-1,2,3-triol absorb oxygen from the air, and are used in the determination of the atmospheric concentration of oxygen. Most of the organic compounds that contain oxygen are not made by direct action of oxygen. Organic compounds important in industry and commerce are made by direct oxidation of a precursor include: The element is found in almost all biomolecules that are important to, or generated by, life. Only

neg: J. B. S. Haldane ammonia and water vapour gave rise to a variety of organic compounds, "living or half-living things". The first molecules reacted with one another to produce more complex compounds, and ultimately the cellular components. At some point a kind of "oily film" was produced that enclosed self-replicating nucleic acids, thereby becoming the first cell. J. D. Bernal named the hypothesis biopoiesis or biopoesis, the process of living matter spontaneously evolving from self-replicating but lifeless molecules. Haldane further hypothesised that viruses were the intermediate entities between the prebiotic soup and the first cells. He asserted that prebiotic life would have been "in

neg: Spectre (Dungeons & Dragons) A spectre looks much as it did in life, and can be recognized by someone who knows what the person looked like. Spectre (Dungeons & Dragons) In the "Dungeons & Dragons" fantasy role-playing game, the spectre is an undead creature. The spectre was one of the earliest creatures introduced in the D&D game. The spectre was one of the first monsters introduced in the earliest edition of the game, in the "Dungeons & Dragons" "white box" set (1974). There they were described as having no corporeal body, being able to drain life energy levels, and identified with Tolkien's Ringwraiths. The

neg: Ki & Ka from linguistic gender divisions of the Hindi language found in the words "ladki" and "ladka" meaning "girl" and "boy". He said, ""In Hindi not just human beings but also nonliving objects have gender. Everybody and everything is categorised. But this film, like the couple's marriage, underlines the fact that "Ki and Ka" as genders don't matter." "Ki & Ka" has followed a similar path to "Kapoor & Sons" on day one and has seen a pick up in the evening and will finish with similar collections. It could go a little higher due to the slightly wider release. The early

neg: Israel the Levant during World War I, the territory was divided between Britain and France under the mandate system, and the British-administered area which included modern day Israel was named Mandatory Palestine. Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora, many Jews have aspired to return to "Zion" and the "Land of Israel", though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute. The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system. After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled

neg: Différance temporalisation, differentiation, and deferral by, of and in the nonliving, in the dead." What this suggests to Stiegler is that grammatology—a logic of the —must be supplemented with a history of grammatisation, a history of all the forms and techniques of inscription, from genetics to technics, each stage of which will be found to possess its own logic. Only in this way can be thought as the differing and deferral "of" life (life as the emergence of a difference from non-life, specifically as the deferral of entropy), "and" as the difference "from" "physis" through which the human must inevitably be

neg: Biermann battery in the general Ohm's law are neglected here since they typically vanish for zero magnetic field and do not spontaneously generate field. Inserting the above electric field into Faraday's law of induction gives an equation for the magnetic field: formula_3 This shows that magnetic fields develop "spontaneously", that is, from initially being zero, when there are non-parallel gradients in electron temperature and density. Biermann battery In astrophysics, the Biermann battery is a process by which a weak seed magnetic field can be generated from zero initial conditions. The relative motion between electrons and ions is driven by rotation. The process

neg: Robert Delford Brown of the Exquisite Panic, Inc. in 1964 it had been incubating for over half my life. I had hoped that its rituals and ikons would serve as an endless source of subject matter for my work as a painter and sculptor, and it would also help me to explain to myself a world that was totally overwhelming in its complexity and completely different from the world's that had given birth the established religions." Brown called the First National Church of the Exquisite Panic, Inc. (FUNKUP for short) an Orthodox Pagan belief. Its chief deity is named WHO? – as in,

neg: Headhunting experts theorize that the practice stemmed from the belief that the head contained "soul matter" or life force, which could be harnessed through its capture. Headhunting was practised by many Austronesian people in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Headhunting has at one time or another been practised among most of the peoples of Melanesia, including New Guinea. A missionary found 10,000 skulls in a community longhouse on Goaribari Island in 1901. Historically, the Marind-anim in New Guinea were famed because of their headhunting. The practice was rooted in their belief system and linked to the name-giving of the newborn.

neg: Sexual fetishism Sexual fetishism Sexual fetishism or erotic fetishism is a sexual fixation on a nonliving object or nongenital body part. The object of interest is called the fetish; the person who has "a fetish" for that object is a fetishist. A sexual fetish may be regarded as a non-pathological aid to sexual excitement, or as a mental disorder if it causes significant psychosocial distress for the person or has detrimental effects on important areas of their life. Sexual arousal from a particular body part can be further classified as partialism. While medical definitions restrict the term "sexual fetishism" to objects or

neg: Sexual fetishism boot, but not masturbate or touch it with his penis. Sexual fetishism Sexual fetishism or erotic fetishism is a sexual fixation on a nonliving object or nongenital body part. The object of interest is called the fetish; the person who has "a fetish" for that object is a fetishist. A sexual fetish may be regarded as a non-pathological aid to sexual excitement, or as a mental disorder if it causes significant psychosocial distress for the person or has detrimental effects on important areas of their life. Sexual arousal from a particular body part can be further classified as partialism. While

neg: Ecosystem and our future as a species. Ecosystem An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Energy enters the system through photosynthesis and is incorporated into plant tissue. By feeding on plants and on one-another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity of plant and microbial biomass present. By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere

neg: Ecosystem Ecosystem An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Energy enters the system through photosynthesis and is incorporated into plant tissue. By feeding on plants and on one-another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity of plant and microbial biomass present. By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting

neg: A New Theory of the Earth the introduction with his three "Postulata": Whiston begins by arguing for the existence of a human soul. He argues that the Newtonian laws of motion provide that matter may never move spontaneously, but only when acted upon by an outside force. He notes that humans, animals, and plants are able to move spontaneously, and concludes that they must be more than "mere matter," which, especially in the case of humans, he argues to be evidence of an incorporeal soul. In the next sections of his book, Whiston goes on to describe his theory of the creation of the Earth, and

neg: Qward entity that created the organization of warriors known as the Weaponers of Qward within the race known as Qwardians. The Qwardians are the anti-matter counterparts to the Guardians of the Universe. Although the Anti-Monitor was defeated and imprisoned by his counterpart from the positive-matter universe, the Weaponers themselves continued to rule their world. In one of the earliest JLA/JSA crossovers, a being from the anti-matter Universe called Anti-Matter Man appeared, who was an explorer who was travelling through warp-space towards Earth-1 and 2, apparently not aware that contact with them would make them explode. This being was tens of metres

neg: Oxygen similarly found in almost all biomolecules that are important to (or generated by) life. Oxygen reacts spontaneously with many organic compounds at or below room temperature in a process called autoxidation. Most of the organic compounds that contain oxygen are not made by direct action of . Organic compounds important in industry and commerce that are made by direct oxidation of a precursor include ethylene oxide and peracetic acid. The NFPA 704 standard rates compressed oxygen gas as nonhazardous to health, nonflammable and nonreactive, but an oxidizer. Refrigerated liquid oxygen (LOX) is given a health hazard rating of 3 (for

neg: Roy Hennessey selecting rose cultivars that will prosper in the particular climate they will be planted in; for not adding uncomposted organic matter in planting holes; for the installation of underground irrigation in rose gardens; and for providing some shade for roses in warm climates. He also credited anonymous Chinese gardeners with the creation of the double-flowered reblooming China and Tea roses introduced into European gardens and hybridizing programs, in contrast to the prevailing belief that these roses were discovered growing wild in China by European explorers. He ridiculed the belief that the Chinese could not possibly have created something that Europe

neg: God in Christianity offered salvation and the promise of eternal life. The belief in the redemptive nature of Jesus' death predates the Pauline letters and goes back to the earliest days of Christianity and the Jerusalem church. The Nicene Creed's statement that "for our sake he was crucified" is a reflection of this core belief. The two Christological concerns as to how Jesus could be truly God while preserving faith in the existence of one God and how the human and the divine could be combined in one person were fundamental concerns from well before the First Council of Nicaea (325). However, the

neg: Afterlife do your duty, then you are not adhering to dharmic principles." Jainism also believes in the after life. They believe that the soul takes on a body form based on previous karmas or actions performed by that soul through eternity. Jains believe the soul is eternal and that the freedom from the cycle of reincarnation is the means to attain eternal bliss. Sikhism may have a belief in the afterlife. They believe that the soul belongs to the spiritual universe which has its origins in God. However it's been a matter of great debate amongst the Sikhs about Sikhism's belief

neg: Hugo Rune Spontaneously Generated Crowd Phenomena - crowd mentality is caused by spores that drift throughout Earth and form wherever a potentially crowd-causing situation occurs. The Mystery of the Biro - Biros are actually sentient creatures that hate their role in life and constantly seek to escape. The Forbidden Zones - the "A-Z of London" actually stands for 'Allocated Zones', referring to the zones where human beings are allowed to live, with other zones and the aforementioned 'Forbidden Zones' being used by the secret masters of the world. Rune's list of apparent accomplishments is equally remarkable. If all available sources are to

neg: October Horse sacrificing a horse they do so because Troy was said to have been taken by means of a horse. Plutarch (d. 120 AD) also offers a Trojan origin as a possibility, noting that the Romans claimed to have descended from the Trojans and would want to punish the horse that betrayed the city. Festus said that this was a common belief, but rejects it on the same grounds as Polybius. Mars and a horse's head appear on opposite sides of the earliest Roman didrachm, introduced during the Pyrrhic War, which was the subject of Timaeus's book. Michael Crawford attributes Timaeus's

neg: Jean de Venette no doubt that his own humble beginnings afforded him a unique understanding of the hard life of these peasants. His work covers many important events of the fourteenth century including, Black Death, the Hundred Years' War and The Peasant's War. Venette first and foremost followed the teachings of the Pope. No matter the person or the circumstances, he did not deviate from his religious beliefs and criticised anyone who was "Excommunicate" or otherwise not following the teachings of God. Venette combines his religious belief with astronomical events. He quotes and agrees with the interpretation of Master Jean de Murs and

neg: Life the coast of the northwestern United States, as well as beneath the seabed off Japan. In August 2014, scientists confirmed the existence of life forms living below the ice of Antarctica. According to one researcher, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are." The biosphere is postulated to have evolved, beginning with a process of biopoesis (life created naturally from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds) or biogenesis (life created from living matter), at least some 3.5 billion years ago. The earliest evidence for life on Earth includes biogenic graphite found