query: when did worldwide efforts to eradicate polio begin

pos: Poliomyelitis eradication in a series of nationwide polio campaigns. The early success of these mass vaccination campaigns suggested that polioviruses could be globally eradicated. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), under the leadership of Ciro de Quadros, launched an initiative to eradicate polio from the Americas in 1985. Much of the work towards eradication was documented by Brazilian photographer Sebastião Salgado, as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, in the book "The End of Polio: Global Effort to End a Disease". In 1988, the World Health Organization, together with Rotary International, UNICEF, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention passed the Global

pos: Polio vaccine A global effort to eradicate polio, led by the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and The Rotary Foundation, began in 1988 and has relied largely on the oral polio vaccine developed by Albert Sabin and Mikhail Chumakov (Sabin-Chumakov vaccine). Polio was eliminated in the Americas by 1994. The disease was officially eliminated in 36 Western Pacific countries, including China and Australia, in 2000. Europe was declared polio-free in 2002. Since January 2011, no cases of the disease have been reported in India, hence in February 2012, the country was taken off the WHO list of polio-endemic countries. In March 2014, India

pos: Global Polio Eradication Initiative from individual countries. In fact Bill Gates has listed polio eradication as one of his "Top Personal Priorities". A 2011 study by Middlebury College (commissioned by the Gates Foundation) indicated a list recommendations for how the GPEI should operate moving forward: The final steps of polio eradication for the GPEI, or what is known as the "endgame" are as follows: Global Polio Eradication Initiative The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is an initiative created in 1988, just after the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate the disease poliomyelitis by the year 2000. It was described by the World Health Organization as

pos: Poliomyelitis of poliovirus vaccine in the mid-1950s, the incidence of poliomyelitis declined dramatically in many industrialized countries. A global effort to eradicate polio began in 1988, led by the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and The Rotary Foundation. These efforts have reduced the number of annual diagnosed cases by 99.9 percent; from an estimated 350,000 cases in 1988 to a low of 483 cases in 2001, after which it remained at a level of about 1,000 – 2000 cases per year for a number of years. In 2015, cases decreased to 98 and further decreased in 2016 to 37 wild cases and

pos: Global Polio Eradication Initiative Global Polio Eradication Initiative The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is an initiative created in 1988, just after the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate the disease poliomyelitis by the year 2000. It was described by the World Health Organization as the largest public health initiative in history. The strategy for the eradication of polio rests on immunizing every at risk child until there is no one left for the disease to transmit to and the disease eventually dies out. The Initiative is spearheaded by the following Organizations: Key tactics used by the GPEI include strengthening childhood immunization through oral vaccines,

pos: Rotary International 30 across the globe that aims to unite and provide resources for future leaders. The most notable current global project, PolioPlus, is contributing to the global eradication of polio. Since beginning the project in 1985, Rotarians have contributed over US$850 million and hundreds of thousands of volunteer-hours, leading to the inoculation of more than two billion of the world's children. Inspired by Rotary's commitment, the World Health Organization (WHO) passed a resolution in 1988 to eradicate polio by 2000. Now a partner in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) with WHO, UNICEF and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and

pos: Eradication of infectious diseases the incidence of poliomyelitis in industrialized countries followed the development of a vaccine in the 1950s. In 1960, Czechoslovakia became the first country certified to have eliminated polio. In 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotary International, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) passed the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Its goal was to eradicate polio by the year 2000. The updated strategic plan for 2004–2008 expects to achieve global eradication by interrupting poliovirus transmission, using the strategies of routine immunization, supplementary immunization campaigns, and surveillance of possible outbreaks. The

pos: Isao Arita of wild poliovirus from North and South America in 1997. Despite these regional successes, the global eradication of polio – planned for 2000 – has yet to be achieved. In 2006, with Fenner and Miyuki Nakane, Arita published an opinion piece in the journal "Science" that questioned whether it was feasible to eradicate polio globally, and suggested that control might be a preferable option. He has also published on severe acute respiratory syndrome, measles, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and other viral diseases. In 1988, Arita, together with Henderson and Fenner, was awarded the Japan Prize – considered the Japanese equivalent

pos: Poliomyelitis eradication free of these risks but does not induce contact immunity. IPV is more costly and the logistics of delivery are more challenging. The 22 diagnosed wild polio virus (WPV) cases worldwide in 2017 represented a reduction from the 719 diagnosed cases in 2000 and a reduction from the estimated 350,000 cases when the eradication effort began in 1988. Of the three strains of polio virus, the last recorded wild case caused by type 2 (WPV2) was in 1999, and WPV2 was declared eradicated in 2015. Type 3 (WPV3) is last known to have caused polio on 11 November 2012, with

pos: World Health Organization 2005, over 46 million people have been treated and an estimated 7 million lives saved through practices advocated by WHO. These include engaging national governments and their financing, early diagnosis, standardising treatment, monitoring of the spread and effect of tuberculosis and stabilising the drug supply. It has also recognized the vulnerability of victims of HIV/AIDS to tuberculosis. In 1988, WHO launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to eradicate polio. It has also been successful in helping to reduce cases by 99% since which partnered WHO with Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United Nations

pos: Poliomyelitis Warm Springs, Georgia, US. In 2008 four organizations (Rotary International, the World Health Organization, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and UNICEF) were added to the Hall of Fame. World Polio Day (24 October) was established by Rotary International to commemorate the birth of Jonas Salk, who led the first team to develop a vaccine against poliomyelitis. Use of this inactivated poliovirus vaccine and subsequent widespread use of the oral poliovirus vaccine developed by Albert Sabin led to establishment of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988. Since then, GPEI has reduced polio worldwide by 99 percent. The term

pos: 1988 gradual dissolution. The Iron Curtain began to disintegrate in 1988 as Hungary began allowing freer travel to the West. The first extrasolar planet, Gamma Cephei Ab (confirmed in 2002) was detected this year and the World Health Organization began its mission to eradicate polio. 1988 In the 20th century, the year 1988 has the most Roman numeral digits (11). 1988 was a crucial year in the early history of the Internet—it was the year of the first well-known computer virus, the 1988 Internet worm. The first permanent intercontinental Internet link was made between the United States (NSFNET) and Europe (Nordunet)

pos: Vaccine controversies lower completion rates for vaccination. Scientific evidence for the effectiveness of large-scale vaccination campaigns is well established. Vaccination campaigns helped eradicate smallpox, which once killed as many as one in seven children in Europe, and have nearly eradicated polio. As a more modest example, infections caused by "Haemophilus influenzae", a major cause of bacterial meningitis and other serious diseases in children, have decreased by over 99% in the US since the introduction of a vaccine in 1988. It is estimated that full vaccination, from birth to adolescence, of all US children born in a given year would save 33,000 lives

neg: British Polio Fellowship support amongst members to be carried out in a caring and inclusive environment; and by developing worldwide alliances with other polio and post-polio groups. It aims to be the first resource on polio and post polio syndrome. It has around 8,000 members and over 40 branches and groups across the UK. It publishes a bi-monthly newsletter, "the bulletin"; and campaigns to raise awareness of PPS among healthcare professionals, members of parliament and the general public and supports the efforts of fellow Polio organisations in their attempts to eradicate the disease worldwide. The British Polio Fellowship, then called The Infantile Paralysis

neg: The Final Inch ongoing to eradicate polio in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan (it has since been eradicated in India; efforts continue in Pakistan and Afghanistan). The corollary goal of worldwide eradication of polio has attracted attention, but "getting rid of the last 1 percent has been like trying to squeeze Jell-O to death." The philanthropic division of Google backed the film's production to promote public awareness about polio and to raise awareness about the efforts of public health workers and volunteers fighting the disease in counties around the world. They approached Brodsky about making the film and she accepted the task of educating

neg: India National PolioPlus India had traditionally been considered one of the toughest places in the world to eradicate polio. In 2009, India reported 741 polio cases, more than any other country in the world. In 2010, India reported just 42 cases out of 1,352 cases reported globally. Google.org, inspired by Rotary’s efforts donated a sum of US $3.5 million to the Polio eradication effort worldwide to Rotary Foundation. In India, the Aditya Birla Group with its patron Rajashree Birla, who is an honorary member of Rotary Club Mumbai has contributed US $9 million. Usha Mittal (of Arcellor Mittal Group) has donated to Rotary

neg: Poliomyelitis eradication Polio Eradication Initiative, with the goal of eradicating polio by the year 2000. The initiative was inspired by Rotary International's 1985 pledge to raise $120 million toward immunising all of the world's children against the disease. The last case of wild poliovirus poliomyelitis in the Americas was reported in Peru, August 1991. On 20 August 1994 the Americas were certified as polio-free. This achievement was a milestone in efforts to eradicate the disease. In 1994 the Indian Government launched the Pulse Polio Campaign to eliminate polio. The current campaign involves annual vaccination of all children under age five. In 1995

neg: Poliomyelitis eradication and surveillance of possible outbreaks. Several key strategies have been outlined for stopping polio transmission: There are two distinct polio vaccines. The oral polio vaccine (OPV, or Sabin vaccine) contains an attenuated poliovirus, 10,000 times less able to enter the circulation and cause polio, delivered as oral drops or infused into sugar cubes. It is highly effective and inexpensive (about US$0.12 per dose in 2016) and its availability has bolstered efforts to eradicate polio. A study carried out in an isolated Eskimo village showed that antibodies produced from subclinical wild virus infection persisted for at least 40 years. Because the

neg: Polio vaccine other live-virus vaccines, immunity initiated by OPV is probably lifelong. The trivalent (against wild types 1, 2, and 3) OPV has been used to nearly eradicate polio infection worldwide. Led by The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 155 countries switched to use the bivalent (against wild type 1 and 3) between 17 April and 1 May 2016. The bivalent OPV is at more effective against type 1 and 3 but does not cover type 2. The United States as of 2017 continues to recommend the use of a trivalent version, but a fully inactivated version. In countries with endemic polio or

neg: Amador Valley High School coordination with the local Rotary chapter, and is one of 33,000 Rotary chapters in the world. Every year, the Interact Club coordinates several local fundraisers as well as nationwide campaigns in conjunction with Rotary events. Club members are a part of millions of worldwide Rotary and Interact members who work "locally, regionally, and internationally to combat hunger, improve health and sanitation, provide education and job training, promote peace, and eradicate polio under the motto Service Above Self." Amador Valley's Interact Club has been praised for its efforts to "educate, advocate and fundraise for life-changing programs." The Human Rights Club is

neg: Polio vaccine Vaccines and Immunization supplies the inactivated vaccine to developing countries for as little as (about ) per dose in 10-dose vials. In the United States, the inactivated form costs between $25 and $50. A widespread misconception has arisen in Pakistan that polio vaccine contained "haram" ingredients and could cause impotence and infertility in male children, leading some parents not to have their children vaccinated. This belief is most prevalent in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and the FATA region. Attacks on polio vaccination teams have also occurred, thereby hampering international efforts to eradicate polio in Pakistan and globally, since the virus

neg: Bruce McTavish Rotary International efforts eradicate polio worldwide. The club approached then First Lady Imelda Marcos which led to the formation of one of the first partnership between a private entity and a government agency. He is the first non-Filipino president of the Rotary Club of Mabalacat and the Rotary Club of Clark Centennial. McTavish is currently involved with the Bahay Bata Foundation, a residence center for street children in Angeles, Pampanga, as the chairman of the center's board of trustees. Bahay Bata is a project of Rotary Club of Clark Centennial. McTavish is the first non-Filipino director of the Metro Angeles

neg: The Final Inch shows that there was an opportunity to eradicate polio from India (the last case of wild polio in India was reported on 13 January 2011 and the WHO announced the eradication of poliomyelitis in the region on 27 March 2014) and honors the work of health services and service volunteers. It recalls the devastating polio epidemics in the United States that occurred during the 1930s and 1950s, and discusses the dangers of a resurgence that still remain in the United States unless the disease is wiped out worldwide. Obstacles to eradication include lack of awareness, the large number of children

neg: Neela Wickramasinghe named "The Mother" with the aim of catering to children, elders and artists who made a lifetime contribution to the field. She is the president of the organisation Wickramasinghe participated in the UNICEF Project to save the children by eradicating polio from our country in 1989. She sang a song composed for this campaign, which was heard frequently over the airwaves and T.V. channels. Her efforts helped immensely to eradicate polio through this campaign and by 2000 not a single case of polio had been recorded since. She has won the Sarasaviya Award thrice, Presidential award, Sumathi tele award, Zonta

neg: Nigeria and the World Bank They have had a history of long-term malnutrition that is spread out unevenly across Nigeria. Malnutrition is affecting about 44% percent of children under the age of five. Putting them at risk of not developing to their fullest potential or at risk of dying. This project is aimed toward pregnant women, adolescent girls, and children under the age of five. It will benefit over 8.7 million people.$150 million IDA credits is being put toward the The Nigeria Polio Eradication Support Project part of the effort to eradicate polio worldwide. This project will bring oral polio immunizations to at least 80%

neg: Pulse Polio of water treatment made it easier for a child to swallow more polio virus. As a result, children with too few doses of vaccine were not fully protected and sometimes got polio. The eradication program therefore gave drops over and over again, to boost children's immunity higher and as a precaution against missed children. Few parents initially knew that the vaccination campaign was trying to eradicate the disease, so they did not understand the reasons for the increasing intensity of vaccination. The increasing frequency of the drops and cases of polio among partially vaccinated children, caused rumours that the drops

neg: Mohammad Gulzar Saifi section of the society." Mohammad Gulzar Saifi Mohammad Gulzar Saifi (born 16 February 1983) is an Indian educator, community organizer and polio survivor in the north Indian city of Meerut in Uttar Pradesh. He was the featured protagonist in the 2009 Academy Award-nominated documentary film, "The Final Inch." The short film profiles one of those stricken by polio; and in this way, the documentary establishes a context for global efforts to eradicate the paralysing illness. Gulzar is a graduate in English from Meerut's Chowdhary Charan Singh University. In part, because of the celebrity status which attended the film, this teacher

neg: Mohammad Gulzar Saifi Mohammad Gulzar Saifi Mohammad Gulzar Saifi (born 16 February 1983) is an Indian educator, community organizer and polio survivor in the north Indian city of Meerut in Uttar Pradesh. He was the featured protagonist in the 2009 Academy Award-nominated documentary film, "The Final Inch." The short film profiles one of those stricken by polio; and in this way, the documentary establishes a context for global efforts to eradicate the paralysing illness. Gulzar is a graduate in English from Meerut's Chowdhary Charan Singh University. In part, because of the celebrity status which attended the film, this teacher with a disability has

neg: Entertainment Industry Foundation Permanent Charities Committee founded by M. C. Levee) was established in 1942 by Samuel Goldwyn, with friends Humphrey Bogart, James Cagney, and the Warner brothers. Their vision was to unify Hollywood's philanthropy efforts in order to maximize the charitable dollars raised annually, and guarantee that worthy charities receive these contributions. They recognized that banding together would heighten the studios’ impact on World War II relief efforts. A “United Appeal” payroll deduction – a first for any U.S. industry – launched, with $1 million raised. Celebrity involvement in President Roosevelt’s awareness campaign to eradicate childhood polio, as well as fundraising that

neg: India National PolioPlus vaccinators. 2007: Rotary's constant bridge building efforts with the minority community helps in creating Rotary' Muslim Ulema Committee in Uttar Pradesh to garner support and leadership from the community towards polio eradication. 2007: Accelerated immunization rounds, almost every month, using the more efficient mOPVs begin in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Tracking newborns for polio vaccination begins. Identification and immunization of migratory populations to minimize the risk of virus spread from the remaining endemic states. 2008: Efforts intensify in Bihar's high- risk blocks under the 'Kosi-river plan'. 2009 : The 107 Block Plan identifies highest risk blocks of UP and Bihar

neg: Pulse Polio polio eradication efforts. In 1998, in Bhavnagar district of Gujarat, immunisation officers reported that 98 children out of the total of 2,000 missed the vaccine. Health workers were first prevented from coming to village. Later, when the booths were established and the program started, many parents did not bring their children. According to them, children from their village developed polio-paralysis even after the immunisation. Health officers who visited a village in West Bengal saw utter discontent among the people as they stated that two children contracted the virus after the vaccine. In another instance, parents of a two-and-a-half-year-old child who

neg: Justin Merriman as to the battlefields in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan. He also traveled to Cuba in 2002 to report on life on the island nation under Fidel Castro, visited India to tell of the efforts to eradicate polio on the subcontinent, was in Haiti in the aftermath of the devastating 2010 earthquake, returned to Cuba in 2012 to photograph Pope Benedict XVI's visit, and was at The Vatican for the 2013 papal conclave and subsequent election of Pope Francis. Merriman covered the second anniversary of Egypt's revolution and the unrest that followed, Russia's 2014 invasion of Crimea and the subsequent international

neg: Raelyn Campbell Washington, D.C. judge, Roy Pearson, had sued a dry cleaners for the same amount after the business had lost a pair of his pants. She said she never expected to receive the amount she sued for, but wanted to bring attention to the case. According to an April 30, 2008 post on the website pointoflaw.com, Campbell's case was dismissed. Campbell's writings include her observations on her experiences in Japan as well as on world affairs, including her efforts in attempting to eradicate polio. She has also written a blog on her lawsuit against Best Buy. Raelyn Campbell Raelyn Campbell is

neg: Bloomberg Philanthropies Following new commitments in December 2016, Bloomberg Philanthropies reached a total of $1 billion in its campaign to reduce tobacco use, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In 2009, Bloomberg Philanthropies partnered with the World Health Organization to donate $125 million to reduce traffic-related fatalities, and in 2014, it committed an additional $125 million to combat road traffic deaths in low- and middle-income cities. In March 2013, Bloomberg Philanthropies donated $100 million to help the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation eradicate polio worldwide. Bloomberg Philanthropies has also supported initiatives to improve women’s health. In July 2012, the foundation committed $50

neg: Project Concern International entrepreneurship. As of June 2016, WE works with 18 local partners in 19 programs across 12 countries. Globally, WE groups – with over 438,000 members – surpassed $3.5 million in cumulative savings and over $2.9 million in loans issued. PCI is on the frontlines working with communities to have clean water, improve maternal and child health, and fight deadly threats such as Ebola, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, cervical cancer, and polio through prevention and lifesaving treatment. Communities in West Africa where PCI works remained over 90 percent Ebola-free in Liberia through education and prevention efforts to end the epidemic. PCI helped eradicate

neg: The Final Inch The Final Inch The Final Inch is a short documentary about the effort to eradicate polio. It was directed by Irene Taylor Brodsky and focuses on health workers on the front lines of the fight to eliminate the disease. It was filmed on location in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, and received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) at the 81st Academy Awards. The film debuted on HBO on April 1, 2009. "The Final Inch" is the first film project of Google.org, the philanthropic division of Google. "The Final Inch" focuses on the efforts that were

neg: Carlos Canseco (UANL) and raised money to build the first Children's Hospital in Monterrey. In 1950 he co-founded the Monterrey Football Club and joined Rotary International, a philanthropic organization he chaired worldwide in 1984. As president of Rotary he launched an international campaign to eradicate polio by using an aerosol vaccination he co-developed with Albert Sabin in 1982. Dr. Canseco served as Nuevo León's state secretary of health and has received honorary degrees from several universities including the Seoul National University in South Korea. On October 7, 2004 he received the Belisario Domínguez Medal from the Mexican Senate. Dr. Canseco died on

neg: Social history of viruses Plan was established in December 2007, with a view to eliminating the disease from the country. The possibility of global elimination of measles has been debated in medical literature since the introduction of the vaccine in the 1960s. Should the current campaign to eradicate poliomyelitis be successful, it is likely that the debate will be renewed. During the summers of the mid-20th century, parents in the US and Europe dreaded the annual appearance of poliomyelitis (or polio), which was commonly known as "infantile paralysis". The disease was rare at the beginning of the century, and worldwide there were only a

neg: Mathematical modelling of infectious disease of the population that is immune exceeds the herd immunity level for the disease, then the disease can no longer persist in the population. Thus, if this level can be exceeded by vaccination, the disease can be eliminated. An example of this being successfully achieved worldwide is the global smallpox eradication, with the last wild case in 1977. The WHO is carrying out a similar vaccination campaign to eradicate polio. The herd immunity level will be denoted "q". Recall that, for a stable state: "S" will be (1 − "q"), since "q" is the proportion of the population that is

neg: Tessanne Chin to eradicate Polio. Polio Ambassador, Tessanne partnered with Rotary International on "World Polio Day" in which she made a performance at the event "World Polio Day and a live global update" held in Chicago, IL on October 24, 2014. Tessanne Chin Tessanne Amanda Chin (; born September 20, 1985) is a Jamaican recording artist, best known for winning Season 5 of NBC's reality TV singing competition "The Voice" as part of Adam Levine's team. She has opened for famous acts such as Patti Labelle, Peabo Bryson and Gladys Knight, and toured for three years with Jimmy Cliff. She is the

neg: Poliomyelitis eradication the Islamic background, engaged in mass resistance to immunization. At this time, the Indian state Uttar Pradesh accounted for nearly two-thirds of total worldwide cases reported. (See the .) However, by 2004, India had adopted strategies to increase ownership of polio vaccinations in marginalized populations, and the immunity gap in vulnerable groups rapidly closed. In August 2003, rumors spread in some states in Nigeria, especially Kano, that the vaccine caused sterility in girls. This resulted in the suspension of immunization efforts in the state, causing a dramatic rise in polio rates in the already endemic country. On 30 June 2004,

neg: World Health Organization Children's Fund (UNICEF), and smaller organizations. , it has been working to immunize young children and prevent the re-emergence of cases in countries declared "polio-free". In 2017, a study was conducted where why Polio Vaccines may not be enough to eradicate the Virus & conduct new technology. Polio is now on the verge of extinction, thanks to a Global Vaccination Drive. the World Health Organization (WHO) stated the eradication programme has saved millions from deadly disease. Another of the thirteen WHO priority areas is aimed at the prevention and reduction of "disease, disability and premature deaths from chronic noncommunicable diseases,

neg: South Asia polio, Pakistan and Afghanistan, with 306 & 28 polio cases registered in 2014 respectively. Attempts to eradicate polio have been badly hit by opposition from militants in both countries, who say the program is cover to spy on their operations. Their attacks on immunization teams have claimed 78 lives since December 2012. According to the World Bank's 2011 report, based on 2005 ICP PPP, about 24.6% of the South Asian population falls below the international poverty line of $1.25/day. Afghanistan and Bangladesh rank the highest, with 30.6% and 43.3% of their respective populations below the poverty line. Bhutan, Maldives and

neg: CIA transnational health and economic activities of being false, or merely as a means to get information using the aid workers. A CIA polio vaccination program in Abbottabad, Pakistan came under fire in 2011 after it was revealed the CIA used the program to get information about Osama bin Laden. Shakil Afridi, the man who helped the CIA orchestrate the campaign, was sentenced to jail by Pakistani officials. A number of relief workers were also killed while trying to hand out polio vaccines after mistrust about the workers being CIA spies grew. This caused a weakening in U.S/Pakistan relations and set the campaign to eradicate polio

neg: Eradication of infectious diseases it has not been seen since 2012, leaving only wild poliovirus type 1 and circulating vaccine-derived polio circulating in a few isolated pockets, with all wild polio cases after August 2016 in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Dracunculiasis, also called Guinea worm disease, is a painful and disabling parasitic disease caused by a worm, "Dracunculus medinensis". It is spread through consumption of drinking water infested with copepods hosting "Dracunculus" larvae. The Carter Center has led the effort to eradicate the disease, along with the CDC, the WHO, UNICEF, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Unlike diseases such as smallpox and polio,

neg: Paul Wehrle California Medical School. From 1969 to 1970 he was part of the World Health Organization's campaign to eradicate smallpox. He performed vaccinations, presented lectures and did research into the disease. He also signed the WHO smallpox proclamation. Wehrle was an advisor to the Surgeon General on immunizations. Paul Wehrle Paul Francis Wehrle (18 December 1921–11 May 2004) was a researcher and physician who helped develop of methods to prevent and treat polio and smallpox. He graduated from the University of Arizona and received his M.D. degree from Tulane University in 1947. He then became acting chairman of the Microbiology Department

neg: History of poliomyelitis History of poliomyelitis The history of poliomyelitis (polio) infections extends into prehistory. Although major polio epidemics were unknown before the 20th century, the disease has caused paralysis and death for much of human history. Over millennia, polio survived quietly as an endemic pathogen until the 1900s when major epidemics began to occur in Europe; soon after, widespread epidemics appeared in the United States. By 1910, frequent epidemics became regular events throughout the developed world, primarily in cities during the summer months. At its peak in the 1940s and 1950s, polio would paralyze or kill over half a million people worldwide

neg: Aishwarya Rai Akshaye Khanna and Twinkle Khanna. In the same year, she was appointed as Longines Ambassador of Elegance. In 2003, she became the first Indian actress to be a jury member at the Cannes Film Festival. In the same year she became a global brand ambassador of L'Oréal, alongside Andie MacDowell, Eva Longoria and Penélope Cruz. Rai is the brand ambassador for The Eye Bank Association of India's nationwide campaign to promote eye donation in India. In 2005, she became a brand ambassador for Pulse Polio, a campaign established by the Government of India in 1994 to eradicate polio in India.

neg: Poliomyelitis eradication 2013, the WHO announced a new $5.5 billion, 6-year cooperative plan (called the 2013–18 Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan) to eradicate polio from its last reservoirs. The plan called for mass immunization campaigns in the three remaining endemic countries, and also dictated a switch to inactivated virus injections, to avoid the risk of the vaccine-derived outbreaks that occasionally occur from use of the live-virus oral vaccine. In 2014, there were 359 reported cases of wild poliomyelitis, spread over twelve countries. Pakistan had the most with 306, an increase from 93 in 2013, which was blamed on Al Qaeda and

neg: Coca in Bolivia Chapare. Government efforts to eradicate the expansion of coca cultivation in Bolivia began in 1983, when Bolivia committed itself to a five-year program to reduce coca production and created the Coca Eradication Directorate (Dirección de la Reconversión de la Coca—Direco) under the Ministry of Agriculture, Campesino Affairs, and Livestock Affairs. Bolivia's National Directorate for the Control of Dangerous Substances (Dirección Nacional para el Control de Substancias Peligrosas—DNCSP) was able to eradicate several thousand hectares of coca. These efforts, however, put only a small dent in the coca industry and were highly controversial among thousands of peasants. Under the joint agreement

neg: Pan American Health Organization ago to buy vaccines through a revolving fund, bringing them tangible benefits and helping advance PAHO's efforts to eliminate or control vaccine-preventable diseases. These are among the Organization's most notable successes, starting with the eradication of smallpox from the Americas in 1973; a triumph followed five years later by global eradication of the dreaded disease. A major effort committing the Americas to embark on polio eradication in 1985 succeeded in September 1994, when a distinguished International Commission declared the Americas officially polio-free. The last case of polio in the Americas was identified August 23, 1991 in a young boy named

neg: Larry Brilliant with Stewart Brand, The Well, a prototypic online community that has been the subject of multiple books and studies. "Time magazine" said, "Well was a huge hit, a precursor of every online business from Amazon.com to eBay." He spent the first half of 2005 as a volunteer helping out in the tsunami in Sri Lanka and working in India with WHO in the campaign to eradicate polio. On February 22, 2006, Google Inc. appointed him as the Executive Director of Google.org, the philanthropic arm of Google, a position which he held until April, 2009, when he joined the Skoll Foundation,

neg: Poliomyelitis world, polio survivors also helped to advance the modern disability rights movement through campaigns for the social and civil rights of the disabled. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 10 to 20 million polio survivors worldwide. In 1977 there were 254,000 persons living in the United States who had been paralyzed by polio. According to doctors and local polio support groups, some 40,000 polio survivors with varying degrees of paralysis live in Germany, 30,000 in Japan, 24,000 in France, 16,000 in Australia, 12,000 in Canada and 12,000 in the United Kingdom. Many notable individuals have survived polio and

neg: History of poliomyelitis world. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 10 to 20 million polio survivors worldwide. In 1977, the National Health Interview Survey reported that there were 254,000 people living in the United States who had been paralyzed by polio. According to local polio support groups and doctors, some 40,000 polio survivors with varying degrees of paralysis live in Germany, 30,000 in Japan, 24,000 in France, 16,000 in Australia, 12,000 in Canada and 12,000 in the United Kingdom. History of poliomyelitis The history of poliomyelitis (polio) infections extends into prehistory. Although major polio epidemics were unknown before the 20th century,

neg: Poliomyelitis eradication Afghanistan) were reported to have endemic polio. Cases in other countries are attributed to importation. A total of 1,997 cases worldwide were reported in 2006; of these the majority (1,869 cases) occurred in countries with endemic polio. Nigeria accounted for the majority of cases (1,122 cases) but India reported more than ten times more cases this year than in 2005 (676 cases, or 30% of worldwide cases). Pakistan and Afghanistan reported 40 and 31 cases respectively in 2006. Polio re-surfaced in Bangladesh after nearly six years of absence with 18 new cases reported. "Our country is not safe, as neighbours

neg: India National PolioPlus eradication. 1580-1350 BC: An Egyptian tablet portrays a priest with a withered leg, suggesting Polio dates back to ancient times and has been paralysing people for centuries. 1840: German doctor Jacob von Heine investigates and suggests polio may be contagious. 1894: An outbreak of infantile paralysis – subsequently identified as polio – sweeps the United States. 1916: The New York Polio epidemic receives worldwide attention, accelerating research into polio. 1948: Thomas Huckle Weller and Frederick Robbins grow poliovirus in cells, for which they later receive Nobel Prize. 1952: Dr. Jonas Salk develops the first vaccine against polio – an injectable,

neg: Post-Polio Health International a searchable archive of information on polio, post-polio syndrome, and independent living. It has recently begun to fund a modest amount of scientific research related to its mission – usually pilot studies, and occasionally to manage research projects for other organizations such as the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation. Increasingly, it is addressing the need to organize and fund a digitized archive of information on polio, and living with polio, that is relevant to all neuromuscular disabilities. And it has been working with other organizations to include rehabilitation for polio survivors in the current program for the worldwide eradication of

neg: Post-Polio Health International its mission from polio to birth defects; most of the special rehabilitation hospitals and clinics devoted to polio survivors were closing; clinical specialists in polio were scattering. Polio survivors (substantially more in 1960 than the CDC-estimated one million in the US who were still alive in 1995) were often isolated from the support needed to cope with maturing and aging with a significant physical disability. PHI at first devoted itself to making sure polio survivors could stay in touch with each other as needed, and with clinicians who had special expertise with polio. These efforts evolved into a variety of

neg: Rotary Foundation available for eradication efforts in polio-endemic, recently endemic, and high-risk countries, including National Immunization Days, poliovirus transmission monitoring, and other activities. "PolioPlus Partners" is a program that allows Rotarians to participate in the polio eradication effort by contributing to specific social mobilization and surveillance activities in polio-endemic countries. In 2003–2004, grants were approved in Africa and South Asia for a total of $330,000. "Disaster Recovery": Facilitates club efforts to support disaster preparedness and recovery. "District Simplified Grants": Support for short-term service activities or humanitarian endeavors of districts in communities locally or internationally. This program began in 2003–2004 and, projects in

neg: MECACAR It introduced "National Immunization Days", held at the same dates in bordering member countries; and also coordinated the efforts of different laboratories. After Europe was declared polio-free in 2002, MECACAR's objectives became maintaining polio-free status in the region and also achieve measles and rubella elimination. On May 17, 2007, the MECACAR New Millennium declaration was signed. The event took place in Geneva. MECACAR Operation MECACAR (currently known as MECACAR New Millennium) is a multi-national immunization program launched in 1995 by the World Health Organization to coordinate polio vaccination efforts (currently it is also used to coordinated measles and rubella vaccination

neg: Global Poverty Project million in pledges for polio eradication. In October 2011 the campaign brought 4,000 people together at The End of Polio campaign in Perth, where artists, local celebrities, polio survivors and former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd spoke about the importance of polio eradication. The next day 4 Governments and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation committed an additional $118 million to global polio eradication efforts. Global Citizen is a website and mobile application designed to help interested members of the general public find effective and relevant ways to take action on extreme poverty. It is designed as a platform to

neg: Vladimír Janda 21, he published his first book, Funkcní svalový test [Function Muscle Test] on muscle testing and functionality. It was the first of its kind in the Czech language and became a primary literature in rehabilitation. Since then, it has been re-printed in many editions worldwide. Janda earned a degree in Neurology from Charles University School of Medicine in Prague in 1952 and joined the Vinohrady Neurology Clinic, working under professor Macek. He also worked in a rehabilitation center for post-polio patients. Janda’s interest in the sensory-motor system led him to begin researching muscle activity at the hip joint using EMG.

neg: AIDS and Its Metaphors but the "indignity of the symptoms" made it more dreadful. Polio "withered the body" but did not touch the face, placing it above afflictions like leprosy. Sontag defines metaphors as "giving the thing a name that belongs to something else", and notes that they have been used throughout history to discuss the body, illness, and health. When it was discovered that illnesses were caused by pathogens, the associated metaphors took on a military flair, and military metaphors have since come to dominate the way we talk about medical situations. There are "immunological defenses" and "aggressive" medicine, and the "efforts to

neg: Poliomyelitis eradication in the laboratory, as control of an infection to the point at which transmission of the disease ceased within a specified area, and as reduction of the worldwide incidence of poliomyelitis to zero as a result of deliberate efforts, and requiring no further control measures. In theory, if the right tools were available, it would be possible to eradicate all infectious diseases that reside only in a human host. In reality there are distinct biological features of the organisms and technical factors of dealing with them that make their potential eradicability more or less likely. Three indicators, however, are considered

neg: Widad Akrawi EEC, she had pointed out that "violence against females is a worldwide pandemic that devastates victims, threatens families, intensifies inequality, weakens societies and undermines global efforts to combat poverty through sustainable development," and she was listed as a policy advisor. In June 2010, she addressed the UN Fourth Biennial Meeting of States, in New York to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects. She shared her views on the importance of investing in a "Culture of Peace," expressing her concerns about

neg: Poliomyelitis eradication the world occurred in Nigeria (760 out of 1,170 total). In May 2004 the first case of the polio outbreak in Sudan was detected. The reemergence of polio led to stepped up vaccination campaigns. In the city of Darfur, 78,654 children were immunized and 20,432 more in southern Sudan (Yirol and Chelkou). In 2005 there were 1,979 cases of wild poliovirus (excludes vaccine-derived polio viruses). Most cases were located in two areas: the Indian subcontinent and Nigeria. Eradication efforts in the Indian sub-continent met with a large measure of success. Using the Pulse Polio campaign to increase polio immunization rates,

neg: Polio Children the Chelsea College of Science and Technology before attaining his degree from Surrey University. As well as founding Polio Children and the OKAS Fund along with his brothers, Mayoor Patel is also on the National Advisory Council for Milapfest, an Indian Arts Development Trust. He has also been involved with the Little Drops Shravana Project since 2007 (for the hearing impaired), a charity which aims to improve health and education in developing countries. Polio Children currently supports projects in India, Tanzania and South Sudan, with projects pending to begin in Sierra Leone. Polio Children work in partnership with the Indiability

neg: Kean University Human Rights Institute human rights since 2008. The institute's work is recognized as a major regional and national resource for developing curricula, seminars, and other materials designed to promote tolerance and understanding, break barriers, and inspire people to take action on behalf of human rights. The Human Rights Institute at Kean University was designed to broaden the university's longstanding efforts to promote awareness of human rights issues and violations worldwide and to develop initiatives designed to help eradicate these abuses and their root causes. Billed as a "call to action", the institute aims to teach, to educate, and to act on behalf of

neg: Human trafficking in California lawsuits against their traffickers. In 2011, California enacted a new law called the "Transparency in Supply Chains Act." The law requires certain retailers to disclose their efforts to eradicate slavery and human trafficking from their supply chains. The law went into effect January 1, 2012, and it applies to any company that is in the "retail trade" that has annual worldwide gross receipts in excess of $100 million and annual California sales exceeding $500,000. In 2012, California Senate Bill1193 was passed which required certain businesses to post a human trafficking hotline in a public location. California criminal code specifies that

neg: Luciano Ravaglia known as Polio2005, and later renamed PolioPlus, resulting in the vaccination of more than 6 million children in that country. A director of Rotary International from the Philippines, Sabino “Benny” Santos, loved to recall how, when it came to polio immunization in his country “Even before we received the first shipment of oral polio vaccine purchased with money authorized by the Rotary International board, we received 500,000 doses in a shipment as a gift from Italian schoolchildren to the schoolchildren of the Philippines. This came through the efforts of Past District Governor Sergio Mulitsch and the newly chartered Rotary Club

neg: Poliomyelitis in Pakistan channels to make people aware of the problems facing people affected by the disease. Opposition to the polio vaccination program by militant groups continues to thwart the success of eradication efforts. In 2014, the number of polio cases reached 306, the highest it has been since 2000. In August 2015, the country launched an injectable polio vaccine intended to treat four million children and bring Pakistan closer to its goal of eradication by 2016. While the new vaccine is pricier than the traditional oral polio vaccine (OPV) and requires that a doctor or nurse administer it, the injection needs only

neg: India National PolioPlus recommends responding to any wild poliovirus detection as a public health emergency. 2011: Last incidence of Polio reported in Howrah, West Bengal on 13 January 2011. Aggressive mopping up vaccination in response to the only case in the country ... 2012: February, Rotary International jointly with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, hosts Polio Summit 2012to renew commitment and efforts to ending Polio. On 25 February, during the Summit, India is removed from the list of polio endemic countries by WHO. May, at the Rotary International Convention in Bangkok, Thailand, it is announced that Rotary has

neg: Light pollution East and North Africa like Tehran and Cairo, but even relatively small amounts of light can be noticed and create problems. Awareness of the deleterious effects of light pollution began early in the 20th Century (see e.g. Beston), but efforts to address effects did not begin until the 1950s. In the 1980s a global dark-sky movement emerged with the founding of the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA). There are now such educational and advocacy organizations in many countries worldwide. Energy conservation advocates contend that light pollution must be addressed by changing the habits of society, so that lighting is used more

neg: Poliomyelitis eradication International Development (USAID)—launched its effort to support national eradication efforts at the grassroots level. The CORE Group initiated this initiative in Bangladesh, India and Nepal in South Asia, and in Angola, Ethiopia and Uganda in Africa. By 2001, 575 million children (almost one-tenth the world's population) had received some 2 billion doses of oral polio vaccine. The World Health Organization announced that Europe was polio-free on 21 June 2002, in the Copenhagen Glyptotek. In 2002, an outbreak of polio occurred in India. The number of planned polio vaccination campaigns had recently been reduced, and populations in northern India, particularly from

neg: Vaccination and religion although this is a lower than average rate. In 2003 imams in northern Nigeria advised their followers not to have their children vaccinated with oral polio vaccine, perceived to be a plot by Westerners to decrease Muslim fertility. The boycott caused the number of polio cases to rise not only in Nigeria but also in neighboring countries. The followers were also wary of other vaccinations, and Nigeria reported over 20,000 measles cases and nearly 600 deaths from measles from January through March 2005. In 2006 Nigeria accounted for over half of all new polio cases worldwide. Outbreaks continued thereafter; for

neg: Post-polio syndrome occur years after a nonparalytic polio (NPP) infection. The precise mechanism that causes PPS is unknown. It shares many features with chronic fatigue syndrome, but, unlike that disorder, it tends to be progressive and can cause loss of muscle strength. Treatment is primarily limited to adequate rest, conservation of available energy, and supportive measures, such as leg braces and energy-saving devices such as powered wheelchairs, analgesia (pain relief) and sleep aids. After a period of prolonged stability individuals who had been infected and recovered from polio begin to experience new signs and symptoms, characterised by muscular atrophy (decreased muscle mass),

neg: Poliomyelitis eradication levels are high. It is estimated that 80–86 percent of individuals in a population must be immune to polio for the susceptible individuals to be protected by herd immunity. If routine immunization were stopped, the number of unvaccinated, susceptible individuals would soon exceed the capability of herd immunity to protect them. While vaccination has played an instrumental role in the reduction of polio cases worldwide, the use of attenuated virus in the oral vaccine carries with it an inherent risk. The oral vaccine is a powerful tool in fighting polio in part because of its person-to-person transmission and resulting contact

neg: Polio vaccine attenuated vaccine strains. In 1958, the National Institutes of Health created a special committee on live polio vaccines. The various vaccines were carefully evaluated for their ability to induce immunity to polio, while retaining a low incidence of neuropathogenicity in monkeys. Large-scale clinical trials performed in the Soviet Union in late 1950s to early 1960s by Mikhail Chumakov and his colleagues demonstrated safety and high efficacy of the vaccine. Based on these results, the Sabin strains were chosen for worldwide distribution. Fifty-seven nucleotide substitutions distinguish the attenuated Sabin 1 strain from its virulent parent (the Mahoney serotype), two nucleotide substitutions

neg: Species II will soon mature and begin mating themselves, preparing them to eradicate humanity. Back at the lab, Laura discovers Dennis was not infected because he is a carrier of sickle-cell disease, as the species lacks immunity to human genetic diseases. While they plan to weaponise this weakness, Eve breaks out of her confinement to find Patrick. Press, Laura and Dennis pursue her, with Burgess and the military following. At the shed, they kill Patrick's offspring while Eve and Patrick transform into their alien forms and begin to mate. The mating stops when Press and Dennis intervene, allowing Eve to break free;

neg: Polio Children Foundation to support the Sucheta Kriplani Shiksha Niketan (SKSN) Institute in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Since its inception in 1991 the SKSN institute has flourished from educating just 15 disabled boys into a boarding school now holding over 200 disabled and able-bodied boys and girls. Polio Children’s fundraising efforts, along with generous donations from other organisations around the world, have enabled the school to build a computer lab, a library and a prosthetics laboratory where, funds permitting, bespoke artificial limbs can be manufactured. Polio Children's most significant contribution to SKSN was the construction of a girls hostel to provide accommodation for the

neg: Gerhard Fischer (diplomat) need donations, but could survive on their production. Fischer's leprosy treatment, rehabilitation and vocational training centres also cared for polio victims. By 2005, new polio cases had been greatly reduced, thanks to vaccination and joint efforts between the Indian government and NGOs. As a result, Fischer's centres were able to take on additional responsibilities in other areas. But Fischer stressed the need for medical practitioners in the primary health centres to maintain a watch over polio and leprosy, and to be trained in recognising the symptoms. Fischer insisted that his patients should never be called "lepers", but rather "leprosy patients".

neg: Poliomyelitis in Pakistan socioeconomic percentile. In addition to cases of dengue fever, cholera, and measles, the WHO reported an upsurge in cases of polio. By November 2010, Pakistan accounted for about 62% of all polio cases from endemic countries, with most new cases being from areas affected by the floods. Another reason for the resistance to the polio vaccine is one of mindset. There is a common perception that other issues are more pressing than vaccination. A manifestation of this is the policy perspective that, if the source of the virus is contaminated drinking water, efforts should be made to purify the water

neg: Taliban forced to suspend vaccination efforts from the Nuristan Province because of a large Taliban influence in the province. But in May 2013, Taliban leaders changed their stance on polio vaccination, saying the vaccine is the only way to prevent polio and that they would work with immunisation volunteers so long as polio workers are "unbiased" and "harmonised with the regional conditions, Islamic values and local cultural traditions." The Taliban's ideology has been described as an "innovative form of "sharia" combining Pashtun tribal codes," or Pashtunwali, with radical Deobandi interpretations of Islam favored by JUI and its splinter groups. Also contributing

neg: Rotary International in all its known wild forms would be eliminated by late 2008, provided efforts in Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India all proceed with their current momentum. As of October 2012, Nigeria, Afghanistan, and Pakistan still had wild polio, but it had been eliminated in India. In 2014, polio survivor and Rotarian Ramesh Ferris met with the Dalai Lama to discuss the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The meeting went viral via a selfie taken by Ferris with the Dalai Lama. Some of Rotary's most visible programs include Rotary Youth Exchange, a student exchange program for students in secondary education, and the

neg: UNICEF UK graduate. UNICEF also supplies educational materials, mobilises teachers, registers children, prepares school facilities and develops curricula in countries affected by conflict and other emergencies. In terms of child survival, UNICEF is seeking to completely eradicate polio, to increase the percentage of children protected against malaria by mosquito nets, to protect children in the early years of life by promoting exclusive breastfeeding and to reduce the risk of children dying from diarrhoeal diseases by improving access to water and sanitation facilities. In 2005, UNICEF launched a five-year global campaign, Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS, to raise awareness about how HIV

neg: Water contamination in Crestwood, Illinois identity of this poster or their intentions has never been made public. Janecyk learned about Tricia Krause's efforts to explain the illnesses of her children, who were all born in Crestwood, when he did a Google search using the words "Crestwood cancer", and he contacted her to begin a months-long collaboration to expose the use of the well. It was Krause's efforts that established proof of the subterfuge when she acquired numerous documents through many Freedom of Information Act requests that showed without a doubt that the village was using the contaminated well to provide drinking water for the residents.

neg: Mia Farrow particularly for children's rights. She has worked to raise funds and awareness for children in conflict-affected regions and to draw attention to the fight to eradicate polio. Farrow has received several awards for her humanitarian work including the Leon Sullivan International Service award, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Moral Courage Award and the Marion Anderson Award. In 2006, Farrow and her son Ronan visited Berlin in order to participate in a charity auction of United Buddy Bears, which feature designs by artists representing 142 U.N. member states. In 2008, "Time" magazine named her one of the most influential people in the

neg: Thomas Sankara country into food self-sufficiency, but had in turn created a food surplus. Sankara also emphasized the production of cotton and the need to transform the cotton produced in Burkina Faso into clothing for the people. Sankara's first priorities after taking office were feeding, housing and giving medical care to his people who desperately needed it. Sankara launched a mass vaccination program in an attempt to eradicate polio, meningitis and measles. In one week, 2.5 million Burkinabé were vaccinated, garnering congratulations from the World Health Organization. Sankara's administration was also the first African government to publicly recognize the AIDS epidemic as

neg: Entertainment Industry Foundation was a springboard for the establishment of the L.A. paramedic program, are hallmarks of the Foundation’s early work. The EIF has focused on some of the most pressing needs of its time: from the first grants directed to wartime agencies like the United Service Organizations and American Red Cross, to providing funding and creating awareness to help eradicate childhood polio. The Entertainment Industry Foundation has initiatives to address many health concerns such as cancer and diabetes, as well as raise awareness about important social and educational issues especially those affecting children. It has developed programs that support charities in the

neg: Scoliosis the 1950s. The Milwaukee brace was the only nonoperative and noninvasive alternative to surgery at the time to provide postoperative correction to polio patients. A curve exceeding sixty degrees required the Harrington rod technique, otherwise the Milwaukee brace was recommended. However, Canadian physician, Elizabeth Wyne, observed that fifty percent of patients wearing the Milwaukee brace still required surgery later in life. Surgery may straighten the spine however it does not necessarily eradicate a patient of all the pain they suffer from due to scoliosis. Individuals who undergo surgery are left with scars and often have a lack of feeling in

neg: Booster dose it was found to increase the test subjects' antibody count by 39–75%. Often in developing countries, OPV is used over IPV, because IPV is expensive and hard to transport. However, in places where polio is still present, following up an OPV primary dose with an IPV booster may help eradicate the disease. In the United States, only the IPV is used. In rare cases (about 1 in 2.7 million), the OPV has reverted to a strengthened form of the illness, and caused paralysis in the recipients of the vaccine. For this reason, the US only administers IPV, which is given

neg: Healthcare in Cuba Privatization of healthcare in Cuba is illegal and unnecessary as high quality, equal, care covered by the state is available to everyone as made necessary by Cuba's constitution. Cuba's doctor to patient ratio grew significantly in the latter half of the 20th century, from 9.2 doctors per 10,000 inhabitants in 1958, to 58.2 per 10,000 in 1999. In the 1960s the government implemented a program of almost universal vaccinations. This helped eradicate many contagious diseases including polio, tetanus, diphtheria and rubella, though some diseases increased during the period of economic hardship of the 1990s, such as tuberculosis, hepatitis and chicken

neg: Faizullah Kakar Faizullah Kakar Faizullah Kakar (, , born 24 December 1950) is an Afghan epidemiologist and public leader. Kakar currently serves as the Afghan Ambassador to Qatar. He previously served as the Deputy Minister of Public Health for the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and was then appointed as the Minister Adviser to President for Health and Education. Kakar also previously served as the Presidential National Focal Point for Polio Eradication for Afghanistan. Kakar has written and spoken internationally about numerous challenges faced in Afghanistan, including infectious disease epidemics, maternal mortality and the dangers of herbicides used to eradicate poppy. Kakar attended

neg: Sania Nishtar her stance on a spurious drug scandal, abolition of the Ministry of Health, which was part of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, and the country's inability to eradicate polio. She also contributes time as a volunteer to health systems strengthening in her country and has signed two MoUs with Pakistan's Ministry of Health, committing her time pro bono. She authored Pakistan's first compendium of health statistics, and the country's first national public health plan for non-communicable diseases. Nishtar's book Choked Pipes, an analysis of Pakistan's health systems, became the blue print for the country's health policy. She

neg: Qatar Charity the world. in 2013 Qatar Charity signed an agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to raise funds in support of a six-year plan backed by the World Health Organization to eradicate polio globally. Qatar Charity signed a partnership agreement with Vodafone in August 2010 to create and implement charitable and socially beneficial initiatives. 1997: Accredited in Special Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council ECOSOC 2004: Observer membership at International Organization for Migration IOM 2008: Won Voluntary Award as "best organization" – Qatar 2009: Certificate of appreciation at Dubai International Humanitarian Aid & Development Conference &

neg: Philip Morrison popular science books and articles, and appearing in television programs. Philip Morrison was born in Somerville, New Jersey, November 7, 1915, the only son of Moses Morrison and Tillie Rosenbloom. He had a younger sister, Gail. The family moved to Pittsburgh when he was two. He contracted polio when he was four, and as a result wore a caliper on one leg, and spent his last years in a wheelchair. Because of his polio, Morrison did not commence school until the third grade. On graduating from high school he entered Carnegie Tech, planning to major in electrical engineering. While there

neg: Pulse vaccination strategy by: and that the eradication condition is: Pulse vaccination strategy The pulse vaccination strategy is a method used to eradicate an epidemic by repeatedly vaccinating a group at risk, over a defined age range, until the spread of the pathogen has been stopped. It is most commonly used during measles and polio epidemics to quickly stop the spread and contain the outbreak. Where T= time units is a constant fraction p of susceptible subjects vaccinated in a relatively short time. This yields the differential equations for the susceptible and vaccinated subjects as Further, by setting , one obtains that the

neg: Pulse vaccination strategy Pulse vaccination strategy The pulse vaccination strategy is a method used to eradicate an epidemic by repeatedly vaccinating a group at risk, over a defined age range, until the spread of the pathogen has been stopped. It is most commonly used during measles and polio epidemics to quickly stop the spread and contain the outbreak. Where T= time units is a constant fraction p of susceptible subjects vaccinated in a relatively short time. This yields the differential equations for the susceptible and vaccinated subjects as Further, by setting , one obtains that the dynamics of the susceptible subjects is given

neg: Every Last Child Every Last Child Every Last Child (2014) is a Pakistani and UAE documentary film directed and produced by Tom Roberts and made under the Imagenation Abu Dhabi FZ banner. Roberts also wrote the story of the film. The film was released in three different languages—Urdu, English and Pashto. "Every Last Child" shows the steps taken in Pakistan to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) infection from the country. Polio, which had almost been eradicated from the world, showed resurgence in Pakistan after the Taliban banned polio vaccinations. The film also shows the efforts made by health care workers, who, in spite of difficulties

neg: Campaign to Suppress Bandits in Southwestern China government, which previously had attempted to eradicate them. After the Chengdu Campaign concluded in December 1949, many retreating Nationalist military units joined forces with local bandits to continue their struggle against the Communists, but the alliance was a fragile one, and still allowed the Communists to defeat them separately. In February 1950, the Communists made it a top priority to eradicate the bandits. The Communists decided to first eradicate bandits in wealthy areas and regions adjacent to the communication/transportation lines, gradually expanding their efforts into more remote regions. The Communist III Corps, IV Corps, V Corps, XVIII Corps and the