query: this type of memory contains concepts meaning of words and facts

pos: Autobiographical memory memory where a person cannot relive memories from their lives, although this does not affect their everyday functioning. Autobiographical memory Autobiographical memory is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory. It is thus a type of explicit memory. Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) proposed that autobiographical memory is constructed within a self-memory system (SMS), a conceptual model composed of an autobiographical knowledge base and the working self.

pos: Self-knowledge (psychology) are facets of "declarative memory", which contains memory of facts. Declarative memory is the explicit counterpart to "procedural memory", which is implicit in that it applies to skills we have learnt; they are not "facts" that can be "stated". Episodic memory is the autobiographical memory that individuals possess which contains events, emotions, and knowledge associated with a given context. Semantic memory does not refer to concept-based knowledge stored about a specific experience like episodic memory. Instead it includes the memory of meanings, understandings, general knowledge about the world, and factual information etc. This makes semantic knowledge independent of context and

pos: Autobiographical memory Autobiographical memory Autobiographical memory is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory. It is thus a type of explicit memory. Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) proposed that autobiographical memory is constructed within a self-memory system (SMS), a conceptual model composed of an autobiographical knowledge base and the working self. The autobiographical knowledge base contains knowledge of the self, used to provide information on what the self is,

neg: Semantic memory Semantic memory Semantic memory is one of the two types of declarative or explicit memory (our memory of facts or events that is explicitly stored and retrieved). Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge that we have accumulated throughout our lives. This general knowledge (facts, ideas, meaning and concepts) is intertwined in experience and dependent on culture. Semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory, which is our memory of experiences and specific events that occur during our lives, from which we can recreate at any given point. For instance, semantic memory might contain information about what a cat is, whereas

neg: Semantic memory that within the temperoparietal network, the anterior temporal lobe is relatively more important for semantic processing, and posterior language regions are relatively more important for lexical retrieval. Semantic memory Semantic memory is one of the two types of declarative or explicit memory (our memory of facts or events that is explicitly stored and retrieved). Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge that we have accumulated throughout our lives. This general knowledge (facts, ideas, meaning and concepts) is intertwined in experience and dependent on culture. Semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory, which is our memory of experiences and specific events

neg: Explicit memory specific destination on a specific day and time, the memory of being notified that you are being terminated from your job, or the memory of notifying a subordinate that they are being terminated from their job. The retrieval of these episodic memories can be thought of as the action of mentally reliving in detail the past events that they concern. Episodic memory is believed to be the system that provides the basic support for semantic memory. Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge (facts, ideas, meaning and concepts) that can be articulated and is independent of personal experience. This includes

neg: Semantics "semantic data model" are used to describe particular types of data model characterized by the use of directed graphs in which the vertices denote concepts or entities in the world and their properties, and the arcs denote relationships between them. These can formally be described as description logic concepts and roles, which correspond to OWL classes and properties. In psychology, "semantic memory" is memory for meaning – in other words, the aspect of memory that preserves only the "gist", the general significance, of remembered experience – while episodic memory is memory for the ephemeral details – the individual features, or

neg: Rudolf Carnap in the use of concepts that are not useful for science. For Carnap, the scientific legitimacy of these concepts was doubtful, because the sentences containing them do not express facts. Indeed, a logical analysis of those sentences proves that they do not convey the meaning of states of affairs. In other words, theses sentences are meaningless. Carnap explains that to be meaningful, a sentence should be factual. It can be so, for one thing, by being based on experience, i.e. by being formulated with words relating to direct observations. For another, a sentence is factual if one can clearly state

neg: Kannauji language language, but the words used to express that concept are made in the target language. In this type of borrowing concepts/words are localized. For example: Coining is a less frequent and a less productive word formation process. In coining meaning of a word is extended up to an extent that it starts being used as an category. Here are some examples of coining. In Kannauji new words are formed by inflection old words, too. According to different properties this process is divided into two main types: In inflection a new word is formed from an old word by adding something

neg: Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules build on facts, and facts build on concepts as expressed by terms". This mantra is memorable, but a simplification since in SBVR: Meaning is separate from expression; Fact Types (Verb Concepts) are built on Noun Concepts; Noun Concepts are represented by Terms; and Fact Types are represented by Fact Symbols (verb phrases). Rule statements are expressed using either alethic modality or deontic modality and require elements of modal logic as formalization. SBVR Structural Business Rules use two alethic modal operators: SBVR Operative Business Rules use two deontic modal operators: Structural business rules (static constraints) are treated as alethic necessities by

neg: Dual-coding theory had improved memory for spoken words and sentences when paired with an image, imagined or real, and showed increased brain activation to process abstract words not easily paired with an image. Dual-coding theory is not accepted by everyone. John Anderson and Gordon Bower proposed an alternative method – the propositional theory – of how knowledge is mentally represented. The propositional theory claims that mental representations are stored as propositions rather than as images. Here, proposition is defined as the meaning that underlies the relationship between concepts (Sternberg, 2003). This theory states that images occur as a result of other cognitive

neg: Gellish Gellish currently consists of more than 1500 concepts of which about 650 are standard relation types. In addition to that the Gellish Dictionary-Taxonomy contains more than 40,000 concepts. This indicates the large semantic richness and expression capabilities of Gellish. Furthermore, Gellish contains definitions of many facts about the defined concepts that are expressed as relationships between those concepts. 5. Extensibility OWL has a fixed set of concepts (terms) that are only extended when the OWL standard is extended. Gellish is extensible by any user, under Open Source conditions. Gellish is a further development of ISO 10303-221 (AP221) and ISO 15926.

neg: Semantic dispute should switch from the original thesis to the meaning of the terms of which there are different definitions (understandings, concepts, etc.). Semantic disputes can result in the logical fallacy of equivocation. In politics, for example, semantic disputes can involve the meaning of words such as liberal, democrat, conservative, republican, progressive, free, welfare or socialist. Semantic dispute "For semantic arguments in linguistics, see verb argument." A semantic dispute is a disagreement that arises if the parties involved disagree about the definition of a word or phrase, not because they disagree on material facts, but rather because they disagree on the definitions

neg: Linguistics wars was derived from the underlying order of the words being used, the generative semanticists cited the meaning of the words as giving rise to their order. Eventually, generative semantics spawned an alternative linguistic paradigm, known as cognitive linguistics, which attempts to correlate the understanding of language with the concepts of cognitive psychology, such as memory, perception and categorization. While generative semanticists operate on the premise that the mind has a unique and independent module for language acquisition, cognitive linguists deny this. Instead, they assert that the processing of linguistic phenomena is informed by conceptual deep structures and—more significantly—that the cognitive

neg: Sonnet 1 this quatrain, such as "fresh", "herald", "bud", "burial", and the oxymoron "tender churl". Other words and themes the speaker uses are explained by Helen Vendler: "The concepts – because Shakespeare's mind works by contrastive taxonomy – tend to be summoned in pairs: increase and decrease, ripening and dying; beauty and immortality versus memory and inheritance; expansion and contraction; inner spirit (eyes) and outward show (bud); self-consumption and dispersal, famine and abundance". Shakespeare uses these words to make "an aesthetic investment in profusion". Shakespeare finishes the sonnet with a couplet: two consecutive rhyming lines. Each line contains ten syllables, and the

neg: Speech production person has about ideas of particular concepts. The conceptual stratum also contains ideas about how concepts relate to each other. This is where word selection would occur, a person would choose which words they wish to express. The next, or middle level, the lemma-stratum, contains information about the syntactic functions of individual words including tense and function. This level functions to maintain syntax and place words correctly into sentence structure that makes sense to the speaker. The lowest and final level is the form stratum which, similarly to the Dell Model, contains syllabic information. From here, the information stored at

neg: Dual-route hypothesis to reading aloud and correctly pronounce words, regardless of length, meaning, or how common they are, as long as they are stored in memory. This type of dyslexia is thought to be caused by damage in the nonlexical route, while the lexical route, that allows reading familiar words, remains intact. A computational model of a cognitive task is essentially a computer program that aims to mimic human cognitive processing This type of model helps bring out the precise parts of a theory and disregards the ambiguous sections, as only the clearly understood parts of the theory can be converted into a computer program.

neg: Semantic decomposition (natural language processing) describe the meaning of concepts with other concepts. Given that an AI does not inherently have language, it is unable to think about the meanings behind the words of a language. An artificial notion of meaning needs to be created for a strong AI to emerge. AI today is able to capture the syntax of language for many specific problems, but never establishes meaning for the words of these languages, nor is it able to abstract these words to higher-order concepts Creating an artificial representation of meaning requires the analysis of what meaning is. Many terms are associated with meaning,

neg: McAlpine v Bercow literal meaning or a meaning "that does not require the support of extrinsic facts passing beyond general knowledge." An innuendo meaning, he said, "is a meaning which can be implied from the words complained of, but only if the reader also knows other facts (which are not general knowledge). These are generally called extrinsic facts." The judge decided that any "reasonable" reader would understand both meanings of Bercow's tweet and interpret the "innocent face" as insincere and ironical: "There is no sensible reason for including those words in the tweet if they are to be taken as meaning that the

neg: Institutional memory Institutional memory Institutional memory is a collective set of facts, concepts, experiences and knowledge held by a group of people. Institutional memory has been defined as "the stored knowledge within the organization." Institutional memory requires the ongoing transmission of these memories between members of this group. Elements of institutional memory may be found in corporations, professional groups, government bodies, religious groups, academic collaborations, and by extension in entire cultures. There are different ideas about how institutional memory is transferred, whether it is between people or through written sources. Institutional memory may be encouraged to preserve an ideology or way of

neg: Glossary of Islam language itself, can be difficult. Many Arabic concepts have an Arabic secular meaning as well as an Islamic meaning. One example is the concept of dawah. Arabic, like all languages, contains words whose meanings differ across various contexts. The word "Islam" is itself a good example. Arabic is written in its own alphabet, with letters, symbols, and orthographic conventions that do not have exact equivalents in the Latin alphabet (see Arabic alphabet). The following list contains transliterations of Arabic terms and phrases; variations exist, e.g. "din" instead of "deen" and "aqidah" instead of "aqeedah". Most items in the list also

neg: Semantic differential Semantic differential Semantic Differential (SD) is a type of a rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events, and concepts. The connotations are used to derive the attitude towards the given object, event or concept. Osgood's Semantic Differential was an application of his more general attempt to measure the semantics or meaning of words, particularly adjectives, and their referent concepts. The respondent is asked to choose where his or her position lies, on a scale between two polar adjectives (for example: "Adequate-Inadequate", "Good-Evil" or "Valuable-Worthless"). Semantic differentials can be used to measure opinions, attitudes and values on

neg: Semantic amnesia Semantic amnesia Semantic amnesia is a type of amnesia that affects semantic memory and is primarily manifested through difficulties with language use and acquisition, recall of facts and general knowledge. A patient with semantic amnesia would have damage to the temporal lobe. Memory has two classifications -- short-term memory and long-term memory. Long-term memory can store information for a long duration and is subdivided into non-declarative (implicit) memory for learned skills and habits, and declarative (explicit) memory for knowledge of facts and events. Declarative memory consists of semantic memory and episodic memory. Semantic memory refers to acquired facts and general

neg: Semantic decomposition (natural language processing) Semantic decomposition (natural language processing) A semantic decomposition is an algorithm that breaks down the meanings of phrases or concepts into less complex concepts. The result of a semantic decomposition is a representation of meaning. This representation can be used for tasks, such as those related to artificial intelligence or machine learning. Semantic decomposition is common in natural language processing applications. The basic idea of a semantic decomposition is taken from the learning skills of adult humans, where words are explained using other words. It is based on Meaning-text theory. Meaning-text theory is used as a theoretical linguistic framework= to

neg: Memory rehearsal tool for learning particularly when paired with other modes. Elaborative rehearsal is a type of memory rehearsal that is useful in transferring information into long term memory. This type of rehearsal is effective because it involves thinking about the meaning of the information and connecting it to other information already stored in memory. It goes much deeper than maintenance rehearsal. According to the levels-of-processing effect by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972, this type of rehearsal works best because of this depth of processing. In addition to processing novel information in which the meaning behind the

neg: James Paul Gee specifies key elements (present in the latter four learning principles): carefully prioritized information, relevant and applicable facts, and a set of related skills with which to construct strategies in a safe and authentic context. In Gee’s cluster of Understanding principles, he includes “system thinking,” and “meaning as action image.” In “system thinking”, students have an overview of their learning context as a distinct system with its own naturally reinforced set of behaviors and embedded values. Here, the meanings of words and concepts become clear – not through “lectures, talking heads, or generalities" (p. 14) – but through the experiences the

neg: Dogmatic fact taught in the "Augustinus". This brings us to what are called "particular facts of doctrine". Thus it is a "fact" (in this sense) that God exists, and that there are Three Persons in God; here the same thing is fact and dogma. The Jansenists admitted that the pope is competent to deal with particular facts of doctrine, but not to determine the meaning of a book. The controversy was then carried to the meaning of the book. The pope cannot define the purely internal, subjective, perhaps singular meaning, which an author might attach to his words. But the pope, in

neg: Semantic memory all knowledge one has obtained—whether it be vocabulary, understanding of math, or all the facts one knows. In his book titled "Episodic and Semantic Memory", Endel Tulving adopted the term "semantic" from linguists to refer to a system of memory for "words and verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, the relations between them, and the rules, formulas, or algorithms for influencing them." The use of semantic memory is quite different from that of episodic memory. Semantic memory refers to general facts and meanings one shares with others whereas episodic memory refers to unique and concrete personal experiences. Tulving's proposal of

neg: Fragmentation of memory Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, vol. 36, no. 1, 2005, pp. 43–59., doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.11.005."></ref> This leads to fragmentation of memory relating to the events of the trauma, meaning that the individual encoded the trauma based on facts of what they saw but they are missing the structure that pieces this together into one synthesized memory. Fragmentation of memory is claimed to happen in posttraumatic stress disorder victims often. During the traumatic event, dissociation occurs and this leads to irregularities in the encoding process. This then leads to lapses in the memory and therefore fragmentation of memory. Therefore, it is important to

neg: As To The Meaning of Words Wallace - Dann Florek Nurse Gloria Sanders - Stephanie Musnick Clerk - Sally Burnett Voices - Harry Bennet & Mary Cunniff As To The Meaning of Words As to the Meaning of Words is a stage play written by Mark Eichman, a slightly fictionalized account of a 1975 court case in which a physician who had performed a seemingly legal abortion was afterwards charged with manslaughter. The play premiered in New York in 1981, and while the names of the people involved had been changed, the facts of the case very much remained intact in this courtroom drama. The play

neg: Semantic analysis (linguistics) considers the unique or particular meaning derived from context or tone. To reiterate in different terms, semantics is about universally coded meaning, and pragmatics, the meaning encoded in words that is then interpreted by an audience. Semantic analysis can begin with the relationship between individual words. This requires an understanding of lexical hierarchy, including hyponymy and hypernymy, meronomy, polysemy, synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms. It also relates to concepts like connotation (semiotics) and collocation, which is the particular combination of words that can be or frequently are surrounding a single word. This can include idioms, metaphor, and simile, like, "white as

neg: Dual-coding theory y, 1, 2, etc.) can arbitrarily represent something other than itself. For instance, the letter x is often used to represent more than just the concept of an x, the 24th letter of the alphabet. It can be used to represent a variable x in mathematics, or a multiplication symbol in an equation. Concepts like multiplication can be represented symbolically by an "x" because we arbitrarily assign it a deeper concept. Only when we use it to represent this deeper concept does the letter "x" carry this type of meaning. Many researchers have agreed that only words and images are

neg: Type–token distinction Type–token distinction The type–token distinction is used in disciplines such as logic, linguistics, metalogic, typography, and computer programming to clarify what words mean. The sentence ""they drive the same car"" is ambiguous. Do they drive the same "type" of car (the same model) or the same instance of a car type (a single vehicle)? Clarity requires us to distinguish words that represent abstract types from words that represent objects that embody or exemplify types. The type–token distinction separates types (abstract descriptive concepts) from tokens (objects that instantiate concepts). For example: "bicycle" represents a type: the concept of a bicycle; whereas

neg: Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination current version of the test is the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III). This consists of 19 activities which test five cognitive domains: attention, memory, fluency, language and visuospatial processing. Attention is tested by asking the patient for the date including the season and the current location; repeating back three simple words; and serial subtraction. Memory is tested by asking the patient to recall the three words previously repeated; memorising and recalling a fictional name and address; and recalling widely-known historical facts. Fluency is tested by asking the patient to say as many words as they can think of starting with a

neg: Trace (deconstruction) least the track, even the spoor, contained within the French word". Because the meaning of a sign is generated from the difference it has from other signs, especially the other half of its binary pairs, the sign itself contains a trace of what it does not mean, i.e. bringing up the concepts of woman, normality, or speech may simultaneously evoke the concepts of man, abnormality, or writing. Derrida does not positively or strictly define trace, and denies the possibility of such a project. Indeed, words like "différance", "arche-writing", "pharmakos/pharmakon", and especially "specter", carry similar meanings in many other texts by

neg: Eating disorders and memory towards negative words, but individuals with BED retrieved positive words less often. This demonstrates an explicit memory bias in which individuals with BED avoid encoding or pay less attention to positive words and focus their conscious attention almost exclusively on negative words. This is similar to the "selective memory bias" mentioned above. It was once thought that individuals with eating disorders had different implicit memory biases and attitudes towards food, depending on the type of eating disorder. BED was associated with positive evaluation of food and anorexia and bulimia were associated with negative evaluation of food. This turns out to

neg: As To The Meaning of Words As To The Meaning of Words As to the Meaning of Words is a stage play written by Mark Eichman, a slightly fictionalized account of a 1975 court case in which a physician who had performed a seemingly legal abortion was afterwards charged with manslaughter. The play premiered in New York in 1981, and while the names of the people involved had been changed, the facts of the case very much remained intact in this courtroom drama. The play opened in June 1981 at the American Theater of Actors in New York. The doctor accused of manslaughter (whose real name

neg: Word unit of speech that can stand by themselves. This correlates phonemes (units of sound) to lexemes (units of meaning). However, some written words are not minimal free forms as they make no sense by themselves (for example, "the" and "of"). Some semanticists have put forward a theory of so-called semantic primitives or semantic primes, indefinable words representing fundamental concepts that are intuitively meaningful. According to this theory, semantic primes serve as the basis for describing the meaning, without circularity, of other words and their associated conceptual denotations. In the Minimalist school of theoretical syntax, words (also called "lexical items" in

neg: Type–token distinction using the new terminology to disambiguate the first paragraph. Type–token distinction The type–token distinction is used in disciplines such as logic, linguistics, metalogic, typography, and computer programming to clarify what words mean. The sentence ""they drive the same car"" is ambiguous. Do they drive the same "type" of car (the same model) or the same instance of a car type (a single vehicle)? Clarity requires us to distinguish words that represent abstract types from words that represent objects that embody or exemplify types. The type–token distinction separates types (abstract descriptive concepts) from tokens (objects that instantiate concepts). For example: "bicycle"

neg: Implicit memory with the words in a relatively superficial way, such as counting the number of letters in each given word. For one set of words, subjects performed tasks that required elaborative processing (denotation), such as answering questions about a word's meaning. They were then given a test that assessed their ability to recognize whether they had seen the word in the studying part of the experiment. Because depth of processing aids in the explicit memory of a word, subjects showed better memory for the words that required elaborative processing on this test. When implicit memory was tested through flashing words on

neg: David Swinney as quickly as possible once the probes were processed. Here, the idea is that multiple meanings are activated at the moment an ambiguity is encountered in a sentence, which primes related concepts. Swinney’s theory followed that once these related concepts are primed, recognition of them in this task will be quicker than words that are not activated. This study utilized a CMPT, in order to investigate the process by which people resolve lexical ambiguity. Specifically, do people access all meanings of words at such moments, or only one meaning? Subjects listened to pre-recorded series of sentences that contained ambiguous words.

neg: Linguistic purism in Icelandic new technical lexis, which diversifies the Icelandic lexicon as a whole. When introducing words for new or modern concepts, it is common to revitalise old words that have fallen into disuse but have a similar meaning or are in the same semantic field. For example, the word ', an old word for "long thread", was brought back with a new meaning: "telephone". Alternatively, new compound words such as ' ("meteorology") can be formed from old words (in this case ' "weather", and ' "science"). Thus speakers of Icelandic can easily deconstruct many words to find their etymologies; indeed compound words

neg: ChatScript just said. Patterns describe conditions under which a rule may fire. Patterns range from extremely simplistic to deeply complex (analogous to Regex but aimed for NL). Heavy use is typically made of concept sets, which are lists of words sharing a meaning. ChatScript contains some 2000 predefined concepts and scripters can easily write their own. Output of a rule intermixes literal words to be sent to the user along with common C-style programming code. Rules are bundled into collections called topics. Topics can have keywords, which allows the engine to automatically search the topic for relevant rules based on user

neg: Bidirectional associative memory Bidirectional associative memory Bidirectional associative memory (BAM) is a type of recurrent neural network. BAM was introduced by Bart Kosko in 1988. There are two types of associative memory, auto-associative and hetero-associative. BAM is hetero-associative, meaning given a pattern it can return another pattern which is potentially of a different size. It is similar to the Hopfield network in that they are both forms of associative memory. However, Hopfield nets return patterns of the same size. A BAM contains two layers of neurons, which we shall denote X and Y. Layers X and Y are fully connected to each other.

neg: Verbal fluency test or concept is activated in memory, and then spoken, it will activate other words or concepts which are associatively related or semantically similar to it. This evidence suggests that the order in which words are produced in the fluency task will provide an indirect measure of semantic distance between the items generated. Data from this semantic version of the task have therefore been the subject of many studies aimed at uncovering the structure of semantic memory, determining how this structure changes during normal development, or becomes disorganized through neurological disease or mental illness. These studies generally make use of multiple

neg: Truthiness "truthiness" was selected as its 2005 Word of the Year. The Society described its rationale as follows: In its 16th annual words of the year vote, the American Dialect Society voted "truthiness" as the word of the year. First heard on "The Colbert Report", a satirical mock news show on the Comedy Central television channel, "truthiness" refers to the quality of preferring concepts or facts one wishes or believes to be true, rather than concepts or facts known to be true. As Stephen Colbert put it, "I don't trust books. They're all fact, no heart." On December 10, 2006 the

neg: Neuroscience of music the tones in music "seem" like a characterization of the tones in human speech, which indicate emotional content. The vowels in the phonemes of a song are elongated for a dramatic effect, and it seems as though musical tones are simply exaggerations of the normal verbal tonality. Musical memory involves both explicit and implicit memory systems. Explicit musical memory is further differentiated between episodic (where, when and what of the musical experience) and semantic (memory for music knowledge including facts and emotional concepts). Implicit memory centers on the 'how' of music and involves automatic processes such as procedural memory and

neg: Tao Buddhism, including the use of 'Dao' for central concepts and tenets of Buddhism. Pai-chang Huai-hai told a student who was grappling with difficult portions of suttas, "Take up words in order to manifest meaning and you'll obtain 'meaning'. Cut off words and meaning is emptiness. Emptiness is the Dao. The Dao is cutting off words and speech." Ch'an (Zen) Buddhists regard the Dao as synonymous with both the Buddhist Path ("marga") and the results of it; the Eightfold Path and Buddhist enlightenment ("satori"). Pai-chang's statement plays upon this usage in the context of the fluid and varied Chinese usage of

neg: Bootstrapping (linguistics) a concept of time outside of semantics. In other words, the child must be able to have some mental grasp on the concept of events, memory, and general progression of time before attempting to conceive it semantically. Semantics, especially with regard to events and memory concepts, appears to be far more language-general, with meanings being more universal concepts rather than the individual segments being used to represent them. For this reason, semantics requires far more cognition than external stimuli in acquiring it, and relies much on the innate capability of the child to develop such abstraction; the child must first

neg: Sex differences in cognition common and abstract words. Contrary to common beliefs, women gave more negative scores to the concepts describing sensational objects, social and physical attractors but more positive estimations to work- and reality-related words, in comparison to men This suggests that men favour concepts related to extreme experience and women favour concepts related to predictable and controllable routines. In a light of the higher rates of sensation seeking and deviancy in males, in comparison to females, these sex differences in meaning attribution were interpreted as support for the Evolutionary theory of sex. Sex differences in spatial abilities are widely established in literature.

neg: Amygdala the right amygdala, producing an unpleasant or fearful response. This emotional response conditions the individual to avoid fear-inducing stimuli and more importantly, to assess threats in the environment. The right hemisphere is also linked to declarative memory, which consists of facts and information from previously experienced events and must be consciously recalled. It also plays a significant role in the retention of episodic memory. Episodic memory consists of the autobiographical aspects of memory, permitting you to recall your personal emotional and sensory experience of an event. This type of memory does not require conscious recall. The right amygdala plays a

neg: Memory and aging memory impairment (AMI) or age-associated memory impairment (AAMI). The ability to encode new memories of events or facts and working memory shows decline in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Studies comparing the effects of aging on episodic memory, semantic memory, short-term memory and priming find that episodic memory is especially impaired in normal aging; some types of short-term memory are also impaired. The deficits may be related to impairments seen in the ability to refresh recently processed information. Source information is one type of episodic memory that suffers with old age; this kind of knowledge includes where and when the

neg: Longusunguis Longusunguis Longusunguis is an extinct genus of bohaiornithid enantiornithean dinosaur known from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, northeastern China. It contains a single species, Longusunguis kurochkini. "Longusunguis" was first described and named by Min Wang, Zhong-He Zhou, Jingmai K. O'Connor and Nikita V. Zelenkov in 2014 and the type species is "Longusunguis kurochkini". The generic name is derived from the Latin words "longus", meaning "long", and "unguis", meaning "claw", in reference to the distinctly elongated pedal unguals that this taxon shares with other bohaiornithids. The specific name, "kurochkini", honors the late Prof. Evgeny Kurochkin, a prominent paleontologist, for his

neg: Episodic memory person's experience that held temporally dated information and spatio-temporal relations. A feature of episodic memory that Tulving later elaborates on is that it allows an agent to imagine traveling back in time. A current situation may cue retrieval of a previous episode, so that context that colours the previous episode is experienced at the immediate moment. The agent is provided with a means of associating previous feelings with current situations. Semantic memory, on the other hand, is a structured record of facts, concepts, and skills that we have acquired. Semantic information is derived from accumulated episodic memory. Episodic memory can

neg: Paging whether these terms apply literally to a specific computer system. Ferranti introduced paging on the Atlas, but the first mass market memory pages were concepts in computer architecture, regardless of whether a page moved between RAM and disk. For example, on the PDP-8, 7 of the instruction bits comprised a memory address that selected one of 128 (2) words. This zone of memory was called a "page". This use of the term is now rare. In the 1960s, swapping was an early virtual memory technique. An entire program would be "swapped out" (or "rolled out") from RAM to disk, and

neg: Sparse distributed memory saturation of the memory. Kanerva's proposal is based on four basic ideas: The SDM works with n-dimensional vectors with binary components. Depending on the context, the vectors are called points, patterns, addresses, words, memory items, data, or events. This section is mostly about the properties of the vector space N = formula_4. Let n be number of dimensions of the space. The number of points, or possible memory items, is then formula_2. We will denote this number by N and will use N and formula_2 to stand also for the space itself. Concepts Related to the space N: formula_4 Properties

neg: Rhetoric of health and medicine Rhetorical concepts help rhetoricians convey information that would otherwise be unascertainable by the audience, which is especially important for topics that carry heavy implications, such as the complications that often follow complex medical and health needs. Figures of speech are a type of figurative language that often convey specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words that make up the figure. Often providing emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity, they can be used to explain complex, unknown topics to readers and audiences in a way that makes them easier for the reader to understand. Metaphor and analogy

neg: Owen Barfield mind's myth making capacity, and the formation of words. Barfield uses numerous examples to demonstrate that words originally had a unified "concrete and undivided" meaning, which we now distinguish as several distinct concepts. For example, the single Greek word "pneuma" (which can be variously translated as "breath", "spirit", or "wind") reflects, Barfield argues, the primordial unity of these concepts of air, spirit, wind, and breath, all included in one "holophrase". This Barfield considers not the application of analogy to natural phenomena, but the discernment of its pre-existence. This is the perspective Barfield believes is original in the evolution of consciousness,

neg: Orthographies and dyslexia problems underlying this type of dyslexia are related directly to memory and coding skills that allow representation of printed letters and words, not to poor phonological processing. This type of dyslexia is also termed surface dyslexia because people with this type have the inability to recognize words simply on a visual basis. Words that are misspelled cause the readers difficulty because they attempt to sound out the words by looking at each individual letter rather than the word as a whole. So a reader might read the word "cat" and pronounce the "c" as a hard "c" but then read

neg: Cyanocorax jay as the type species. The name of the genus is from Ancient Greek "kuanos" "dark-blue" and "korakos" "raven" or "crow". The genus contains 17 species: Some ornithologists treat the green jay and the Inca jay as conspecific with "C. yncas luxuosus" as the green jay and "C. yncas yncas" as the Inca jay. Cyanocorax Cyanocorax is a genus of New World jays, passerine birds in the crow family, Corvidae. The generic name is derived from the Greek words κυανος ("kuanos"), meaning "dark blue," and κοραξ ("korax"), meaning "raven". It contains several closely related species that primarily are found in

neg: Meaning (philosophy of language) achieved without analysing additional factors. For example, language plays a role in that all languages have words to represent concepts that are virtually undefined in other languages. The German word "Zeitgeist" is one such example: one who speaks or understands the language may "know" what it means, but any translation of the word apparently fails to accurately capture its full meaning (this is a problem with many abstract words, especially those derived in agglutinative languages). Thus, some words add an additional parameter to the construction of an accurate truth predicate. Among the philosophers who grappled with this problem is Alfred

neg: Associative memory (psychology) Associative memory (psychology) In psychology, associative memory is defined as the ability to learn and remember the relationship between unrelated items. This would include, for example, remembering the name of someone or the aroma of a particular perfume. This type of memory deals specifically with the relationship between these different objects or concepts. A normal associative memory task involves testing participants on their recall of pairs of unrelated items, such as face-name pairs. Associative memory is a declarative memory structure and episodically based. Two important processes for learning associations, and thus forming associative memories, are operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

neg: Gellish Naming Table and a Fact Table. It contains not only columns for the expression of facts, but also columns for the names of the related objects and the additional columns to express auxiliary facts. This enables the use of a single table, also for the specification and use of synonyms and homonyms, multiple languages, etcetera. The core of a Message Table is illustrated in the following table: In the above example, the concepts with the names, as well as the (standard) relation types are selected with their UID's from the Gellish English Dictionary. A Gellish Database table can be implemented

neg: Operator grammar require the presence of other words. Class O contains the words (e.g. "sleeps") that require exactly one word of type N. Class O contains the words (e.g. "wears") that require two words of type N. Class O contains the words (e.g. "because") that require two words of type O, as in "John stumbles because John wears boots". Other classes include O ("is possible"), O ("put"), O ("with", "surprise"), O ("know"), O ("ask") and O ("attribute"). The categories in operator grammar are universal and are defined purely in terms of how words relate to other words, and do not rely on

neg: Baddeley's model of working memory information with time sequencing (or episodic chronological ordering), such as the memory of a story or a movie scene. The episodic buffer is also assumed to have links to long-term memory and semantic meaning. "It acts as a buffer store, not only between the components of Working Memory, but also linking Working Memory to perception and Long-Term Memory". Baddeley assumes that "retrieval from the buffer occurred through conscious awareness". The episodic buffer allows individuals to use integrated units of information they already have to imagine new concepts. Since this is likely "an attention-demanding process...the buffer would depend heavily on the

neg: Comprehension of idioms model suggests, highly familiar idioms may lead to direct memory retrieval. Processing unfamiliar idioms, on the other head, requires contextual information and commonsense knowledge. Idiom transparency can refer to the “literalness” of an idiom; how easy it is to understand an idiom based on the words it contains. Idioms can be sorted depending on their degree of transparency. Three categories of idioms have been identified: "decomposable", "abnormally decomposable", and "nondecomposable". Decomposable idioms are composed of words that literally contribute to their overall figurative meaning, e.g. "pop the question". "Pop" refers to "sudden" and "the question" refers to "marriage proposal". Abnormally

neg: Fuzzy-trace theory be predicted or explained by earlier approaches to cognition and its development (e.g., constructivism and information processing). One of such challenges was the statistical independence between memory and reasoning, that is, memory for background facts of problem situations is often unrelated to accuracy in reasoning tasks. Such findings called for a rethinking of the memory-reasoning relation, which in FTT took the form of a dual-process theory linking basic concepts from psycholinguistic and Gestalt theory to memory and reasoning. More specifically, FTT posits that people form two types of mental representations about a past event, called verbatim and gist traces. Gist

neg: Kingdom of Kongo the introduction of KiKongo words to translate Christian concepts. The KiKongo words "ukisi" (an abstract word meaning charm, but used to mean "holy") and "nkanda" (meaning book) were merged so that the Christian Bible became known as the "nkanda ukisi". The church became known as the "nzo a ukisi". While some European clergy often denounced these mixed traditions, they were never able to root them out. Part of the establishment of this church was the creation of a strong priesthood and to this end Afonso's son Henrique was sent to Europe to be educated. Henrique became an ordained priest and

neg: Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules of what is possible, necessary, permissible, and obligatory in each possible world. The set of facts instantiates the conceptual schema by assertion to describe one possible world. A rule is a fact that asserts either a logical necessity or an obligation. Obligations are not necessarily satisfied by the facts; necessities are always satisfied. SBVR contains a vocabulary for conceptual modeling and captures expressions based on this vocabulary as formal logic structures. The SBVR vocabulary allows one to formally specify representations of concepts, definitions, instances, and rules of any knowledge domain in natural language, including tabular forms. These features make SBVR

neg: Meaning (linguistics) that a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning. The original use of "meaning" as understood early in the 20th century occurred through Lady Welby, after her daughter translated the term "semantics" from French. Languages allow information to be conveyed even when the specific words used are not known by the reader or listener. People connect words with meaning and use words to refer to concepts. A person's intentions affect what is meant. "Meaning" (in English) as "intent" harkens back to the Anglo-Saxons and is associated today still, with the German verb "meinen" as

neg: Collective unconscious the brain to the rest of the nervous system and said to control vital processes including emotions and long-term memory . A more common experimental approach investigates the unique effects of archetypal images. An influential study of this type, by Rosen, Smith, Huston, & Gonzalez in 1991, found that people could better remember symbols paired with words representing their archetypal meaning. Using data from the Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism and a jury of evaluators, Rosen et al. developed an "Archetypal Symbol Inventory" listing symbols and one-word connotations. Many of these connotations were obscure to laypeople. For example, a

neg: SDS 9 Series memory map to provide virtual memory. The map formats differ slightly between a "user memory map" and a "monitor memory map". For programs running in user mode, the high-order three bits of the address field of an instruction serve as an index to an array of eight registers (R0-R7). Each register contains a 5-bit value (R) which is prepended to the low-order 11 bits of the instruction address field to form the 16-bit physical address. This divides virtual memory logically into eight "blocks" of 2048 words each. The registers allow access to 16K words at any one time out of

neg: Glottochronology vocabulary was designed to encompass concepts common to every human language (such as personal pronouns, body parts, heavenly bodies, verbs of basic actions, numerals 'one' and 'two', etc.), eliminating concepts that are specific to a particular culture or time. It has been found that this ideal is not in fact possible and that the meaning set may need to be tailored to the languages being compared. Many alternative word lists have been compiled by other linguists, often using fewer meaning slots. The percentage of cognates (words that have a common origin) in these word lists is then measured. The larger

neg: Comprehension of idioms literal language involved different kinds of processes. The non-compositional models of idiom comprehension were constructed based on this assumption. Non-compositional models in general assume that idioms are stored like long words in memory. For example, the entire phrase "kick the bucket" is represented by the meaning "to die". The words kick and bucket separately do not contribute to the idiomatic meaning. Since individual words do not matter in an idiomatic expression, they are thought to be processed together as one entity during comprehension. In contrast, processing a literal expression requires the meaning of each word to be derived and then

neg: Fuzzy-trace theory greatly increases between 4-year-olds and 6-year-olds, and memory for nonsense words (i.e., words without a meaning, such as neppez) has been shown to increase between 7- and 10-year-olds. Gist processes also improve with age. For example, semantic clustering in free recall increases from 8-year-olds to 14-year-olds, and meaning connection across words and sentences has been shown to improve between 6- and 9-year-olds. In particular, the notion that gist memory improves with age plays a central role in FTT's prediction of age increases in false memory, a counterintuitive pattern that has been called developmental reversal. Regarding old age, several studies suggest

neg: Olmstead v. United States seizure clause of the Fourth Amendment. Butler writes that though there was no direct search and seizure in "Boyd v. United States", the Court still found such exercise as occurred in that case to be in violation of the constitutional protections afforded to the criminal defendant. The Court does not limit its decisions to the literal meaning of the words of the Constitution. "Under the principles established and applied by this court, the Fourth Amendment safeguards against all evils that are like and equivalent to those embraced within the ordinary meaning of its words." Thus, when all these facts are

neg: Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development testing, controlled experimentation, and abstract concepts, such as energy, inertia, etc., can be taught. The neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development suggest that in addition to the concerns above, sequencing of concepts and skills in teaching must take account of the processing and working memory capacities that characterize successive age levels. In other words, the overall structure of the curriculum across time, in any field, must reflect the developmental processing and representational possibilities of the students as specified by all of the theories summarized above. This is necessary because when understanding of the concepts to be taught at a given age

neg: Mental status examination word backwards, saying the months or days of the week in reverse order, serial threes (subtract three from twenty five times), and by testing digit span. Memory is assessed in terms of immediate registration (repeating a set of words), short-term memory (recalling the set of words after an interval, or recalling a short paragraph), and long-term memory (recollection of well known historical or geographical facts). Visuospatial functioning can be assessed by the ability to copy a diagram, draw a clock face, or draw a map of the consulting room. Language is assessed through the ability to name objects, repeat phrases,

neg: D-37C These sections are enclosed in one case. The memory is a two-sided, fixed head disk which rotates at 6000 rpm. It contains 7222 words of 27 bits. Each word contains 24 data bits and three spacer bits not available to the programmer. The memory is arranged in 56 channels of 128 words each plus ten rapid access channels of one to sixteen words. The memory also includes the accumulators and instruction register. The MM II missile was deployed with a D-37C disk computer. Autonetics also programmed functional simulators for flight program development and testing, and the code inserter verifier that

neg: Multimedia journalism information presented in a single channel. This "redundancy" of content, according to Sundar, contributing to "cognitive rehearsal, thereby enhancing its likelihood of storage in memory". Combining pictures, audio, and words in a multimedia context hence leads to better memory and comprehension of that content. Multimedia report, moreover, contributing to the contextualization of the events covered in news stories. By providing real-time report through both traditional broadcasting and digital content, this form of journalistic practice offers clarifications regarding facts or systems difficult to understand. Classical model simply focuses on a single distribution platform, limiting the scope of demonstration. According to Stevens,

neg: Brotli API was improved, and more compression quality levels have been added. Additionally, the new release shows performance improvements across platforms, with decoding memory reduction. Unlike most general purpose compression algorithms, Brotli uses a pre-defined 120 kilobyte dictionary, in addition to the dynamically populated ("sliding window") dictionary. The pre-defined dictionary contains over 13000 common words, phrases and other substrings derived from a large corpus of text and HTML documents. Using a pre-defined dictionary has been shown to increase compression where a file mostly contains commonly-used words. Brotli's decoding memory use is limited to 16 MB. This enables decoding on mobile phones

neg: Language development for grass cutter). Then, they might have the right structure but the words are inappropriate since English already has words with the intended meaning such as car-smoke = exhaust. This process points to a preference for building words from other words, thus place less demand on memory than learning an entirely new word for each concept. Grammar describes the way sentences of a language are constructed, which includes both syntax and morphology. Syntactic development involves the ways that various morphemes are ordered or combined in sentences.Morphemes, which are basic units of meaning in language, get added as children learn to

neg: Sous rature where key terms and concepts may be paradoxical or self-undermining, rendering their meaning undecidable. To extend this notion, deconstruction and the practice of "sous rature" also seek to demonstrate that meaning is derived from difference, not by reference to a pre-existing notion or freestanding idea. "Sous rature" as a literary practice originated in the works of German philosopher Martin Heidegger (1889–1976). The practice of placing words or terms under erasure first appeared in Heidegger's work "The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics", Heidegger's lecture course of 1929/30. And subsequently in a letter he penned to Ernst Jünger in 1956 titled "Zur Seinsfrage"

neg: Rudolf Carnap are empirical and, therefore, must be based on experimental procedures and the observation of relevant facts. On the contrary, statements belonging to the first concept do not say anything about facts. Their meaning can be grasped solely with an analysis of the signs they contain. They are analytical sentences, i.e. true by virtue of their logical meaning. Even though these sentences could refer to states of affairs, their meaning is given by the symbols and relations they contain. In other words, the probability of a conclusion is given by the logical relation it has to the evidence. The evaluation of

neg: Lexis (Aristotle) speaking naturally and not artificially." When one seems to speak with ease, the audience is more easily persuaded that the facts he is communicating are truthful. Also, a speaker must avoid using very many "strange words, compound words, and invented words.". Aristotle considered this kind of language an excessive departure from the way people normally speak. However, one acceptable departure from plain language is the use of metaphor because metaphors are used by all people in everyday conversation. According to Aristotle, lexis, meaning the delivery of words, is the least important area of speech when in comparison to invention, arrangement

neg: Integrational theory of language "n"-place relations in the intension hold. Such 'relational concepts' typically occur as lexical meanings of verbs and adpositions (prepositions, etc.) but also of other kinds of relational words. The only concept for which the notions of intension and extension are not defined is the (0-place) 'empty concept,' occurring as the meaning component of lexical words such as auxiliaries and modal particles, and of all affixes, that is, of linguistic entities whose contribution to meaning composition is not based on lexical meanings. Given the notion of empty concept, the IL conception of concepts is both flexible and powerful enough to assign

neg: Gender schema theory the early tests of gender schema theory came in the form of memory and other cognitive tasks designed to assess facilitated processing of sex-typed information. Much of this early research found that participants who were sex-typed remembered more traits associated with their sex, as well as processed sex-type congruent information more efficiently, suggesting that the gender schemata possessed by sex-typed individuals help to assimilate sex-associated information into one’s self-concept (see Bem, 1981). Bem showed that when given the option of clustering words by either semantic meaning or gender, sex-typed individuals are more likely to use the gender clustering system, followed

neg: Phrase contains. This means that some expressions that may be called phrases in everyday language are not phrases in the technical sense. For example, in the sentence "I can't put up with Alex", the words "put up with" (meaning 'tolerate') may be referred to in common language as a phrase (English expressions like this are frequently called phrasal verbs) but technically they do not form a complete phrase, since they do not include "Alex", which is the complement of the preposition "with". In grammatical analysis, most phrases contain a key word that identifies the type and linguistic features of the phrase;

neg: Polynomial hierarchy hierarchy must collapse, since a PSPACE-complete problem would be a formula_39-complete problem for some "k". Each class in the polynomial hierarchy contains formula_40-complete problems (problems complete under polynomial-time many-one reductions). Furthermore, each class in the polynomial hierarchy is "closed under formula_40-reductions": meaning that for a class in the hierarchy and a language formula_42, if formula_43, then formula_44 as well. These two facts together imply that if formula_45 is a complete problem for formula_46, then formula_47, and formula_48. For instance, formula_49. In other words, if a language is defined based on some oracle in , then we can assume that it

neg: Binary prefix decimal prefixes: By the mid-1970s it was common to see K meaning 1024 and the occasional M meaning for words or bytes of main memory (RAM) while K and M were commonly used with their decimal meaning for disk storage. In the 1980s, as capacities of both types of devices increased, the SI prefix G, with SI meaning, was commonly applied to disk storage, while M in its binary meaning, became common for computer memory. In the 1990s, the prefix G, in its binary meaning, became commonly used for computer memory capacity. The first terabyte (SI prefix, bytes) hard disk

neg: Susanna Parigi Salgado. It was presented in live shows at Colosseo, in Milan, Florence, Bologna. In December 2006 the show became a DVD with the cooperation of Médecins Sans Frontières. A new album was released in 2009, titled "L'insulto delle parole" (The insult of words). A videoclip contains interviews with Italian writers and artists; the main theme is the way language is often mishandled by mass-media: new words for old facts, old words for new facts are, according to the author, an insult to people. In 2000 her song "Tre passi indietro" received the first prize and the "Special Award best composition"

neg: Sleep and memory sleep period contains both SWS and REM sleep. Declarative memory is the memory for conscious events. There are two types of declarative memory: episodic and semantic. Episodic memory is for remembering experiences whereas semantic memory is remembering specific facts. Temporal memory consists of remembering "when" a specific memory has occurred. In a study participants were placed in 4 groups; two control groups either given caffeine or a placebo and two groups that were sleep deprived for 36 hours either given caffeine or a placebo. The task used to measure temporal memory consisted of discriminating between recent and less recent face

neg: Mind words to express "mind", such as "hyge" "mind, spirit". The meaning of "memory" is shared with Old Norse, which has "munr". The word is originally from a PIE verbal root "", meaning "to think, remember", whence also Latin" mens" "mind", Sanskrit "" "mind" and Greek μένος "mind, courage, anger". The generalization of "mind" to include all mental faculties, thought, volition, feeling and memory, gradually develops over the 14th and 15th centuries. The attributes that make up the mind are debated. Some psychologists argue that only the "higher" intellectual functions constitute mind, particularly reason and memory. In this view the emotions

neg: Zhang Binglin his essay "Discussion on the Equalization of Things", Zhang uses Yogacara Buddhist concepts to make sense of Zhuangzi, an ancient Daoist philosopher. He claims that Zhuangzi's notion of equality entails making distinctions without the use of concepts: 'Equalizing things’ ("qiwuzhe") refers to absolute equality ("pingdeng"). If we look at its meaning carefully, it does not simply refer to seeing sentient beings as equal...One must speak form (xiang, laksana) without words, write of form without concepts (ming) and think form without mind. It is ultimate equality. This accords with the 'equalization of things.' Zhang tried to render equality without contradiction between

neg: AUI (constructed language) by any simpler concepts. Linguistically speaking, aUI attempts 'oligosynthesis' in which words are synthesized or composed from a minimal number of total morphemes or units of meaning. The motivated relationship between morphology, phonology, and semantics means that if words look and sound similar, they also mean similar; homophonous words become synonymous. aUI has 31 morphemes—phonemes each with an associated meaning, i.e. each morpheme = a phoneme = a sememe. Additionally, short nasal vowels (marked with an asterisk) are used for numerals: The phoneme , for instance, meaning "together", is a bilabial stop, pronounced with the lips pressed together. "Light" is

neg: Concept mining Concept mining Concept mining is an activity that results in the extraction of concepts from artifacts. Solutions to the task typically involve aspects of artificial intelligence and statistics, such as data mining and text mining. Because artifacts are typically a loosely structured sequence of words and other symbols (rather than concepts), the problem is nontrivial, but it can provide powerful insights into the meaning, provenance and similarity of documents. Traditionally, the conversion of words to concepts has been performed using a thesaurus, and for computational techniques the tendency is to do the same. The thesauri used are either specially created

neg: Implicit stereotype strength. Semantic priming measures the association between two concepts. In a lexical decision task, subjects are presented with pair of words, and asked to indicate whether the pair are words (for example, "butter") or non-words (for example, "tubter"). The theory behind semantic priming is that subjects are quicker to respond to a word if preceded by a word related to it in meaning (e.g. bread-butter vs. bread-dog). In other words, the word "bread" primes other words related in meaning, including butter. Psychologists utilize semantic priming to reveal implicit associations between stereotypic-congruent words. For instance, participants may be asked to indicate

neg: Sona language (artificial) are shortened before a vowel. The only consonant that is final allowed is "-n." The language consists of 360 radicals and 15 particles, each of which represents a single unit of meaning. Every word in Sona can be decomposed into radicals and, conversely, new words can be constructed by combining them in various ways. Radicals are meant to represent symbolic ideas or groups of ideas, and this simplifies the language by connecting words to one another based on universal concepts. The radicals are organized into groups of five which share both a consonant-vowel root and a fundamental meaning. Each radical

neg: Cognitive skill about the world. Old age and disease may affect cognitive function, causing memory loss and trouble thinking of the right words while speaking or writing ("drawing a blank"). Multiple sclerosis (MS), for example, can eventually cause memory loss, an inability to grasp new concepts or information, and depleted verbal fluency. Not all with the condition will experience this side effect, and most will retain their general intellect and the ability. Humans generally have a capacity for cognitive function once born, so almost every person is capable of learning or remembering. However, this is tested using tests like the IQ test,