query: in addition to fishes the subphylum vertebrata includes

pos: Vertebrate "fertilization assurance" (reproductive assurance) at each generation. Vertebrate Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 69,276 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fishes and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, and ratfish) and the bony fishes. Other vertebrates are the tetrapods, which include a bony fish clade known as the lobe-finned fishes, as well as amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Extant vertebrates range in size from the frog species "Paedophryne amauensis", at as little as , to the

pos: Vertebrate Vertebrate Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 69,276 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fishes and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, and ratfish) and the bony fishes. Other vertebrates are the tetrapods, which include a bony fish clade known as the lobe-finned fishes, as well as amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Extant vertebrates range in size from the frog species "Paedophryne amauensis", at as little as , to the blue whale, at up to . Vertebrates

pos: Lamprey still swimming downstream after their metamorphosis provides them with eyes, teeth, and a sucking mouth. Those that are anadromous are carnivorous, feeding on fishes or marine mammals. Anadromous lampreys spend up to four years in the sea before migrating back to freshwater, where they spawn. Adults create nests (called redds) by moving rocks, and females release thousands of eggs, sometimes up to 100,000. The male, intertwined with the female, fertilizes the eggs simultaneously. Being semelparous, both adults die after the eggs are fertilized. Taxonomists place lampreys and hagfish in the subphylum Vertebrata of the phylum Chordata, which also includes the

pos: Crown group branches, from the divergence of the lineage from the Sauropsida to the last common ancestor of the living mammals. This group includes the synapsids as well as mammaliaforms like the morganucodonts and the docodonts; the latter groups are traditionally and anatomically been considered mammals even though they fall outside the crown group mammals. Stem tetrapods are the animals belonging to the lineage leading to tetrapods from their divergence from the lungfish, our nearest relatives among the fishes. In addition to a series of lobe-finned fishes, they also include some of the early labyrinthodonts. Exactly what labyrinthodonts are in the stem

pos: Chordate mammals; the Tunicata, which includes salps and sea squirts; and lastly the Cephalochordata, which includes the lancelets. There are also additional extinct taxa such as the Vetulicolia. The Vertebrata are sometimes considered as a subgroup of the clade Craniata, which is consisting of chordates with a already formed skull; the Craniata and Tunicata compose the clade Olfactores. Of the more than 65,000 living species of chordates, about half are bony fish that are members of the superclass Osteichthyes. The world's largest and fastest animals, the blue whale and peregrine falcon respectively, are chordates, as are humans. Fossil chordates are known

pos: Chordate Chordate A chordate () is an animal belonging to the phylum Chordata; chordates possess a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail, for at least some period of their life cycle. Chordates are deuterostomes, as during the embryo development stage the anus forms before the mouth. They are also bilaterally symmetric coelomates with metameric segmentation and a circulatory system. In the case of vertebrate chordates, the notochord is usually replaced by a vertebral column during development. Taxonomically, the phylum includes the following subphyla: the Vertebrata, which consists of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and

pos: Threatened arthropods and other animals that prey upon arthropods. This includes enormous numbers of mammals, avafauna, fishes, reptiles and amphibians; in addition, arthropods constitute the bulk of faunal pollinators, so that the survival of crops as well as millions of natural flora species depend on robust and biologically diverse arthropod populations. The survival of diverse arthropods is essential to propagation of higher animals on the food chain, e.g. those species who prey upon the insectivores and other taxa that consume arthropods. Even if constant arthropod total biomass results after certain arthropod extinctions, the ecosystem stability is compromised by reduction in species numbers.

pos: Craniate with well-defined heads, thus excluding members of the chordate subphyla Tunicata (tunicates) and Cephalochordata (lancelets), but including Myxini, which have cartilaginous skulls and tooth-like structures composed of keratin. Craniata also includes all lampreys and armoured jawless fishes, armoured fish, sharks, skates, and rays, and teleostomians: spiny sharks, bony fish, lissamphibians, temnospondyls and protoreptiles, sauropsids and mammals. The craniate head consists of a brain, sense organs, including eyes, and a skull. In addition to distinct crania (sing. "cranium"), craniates possess many derived characteristics, which have allowed for more complexity to follow. Molecular-genetic analysis of craniates reveals that, compared to less complex

pos: John Avise assessments of marine and freshwater turtles, catadromous eels, unisexual fishes, and regional assemblages of birds, fishes, mammals, herps, and marine invertebrates. In the 1990s, Avise capitalized upon highly polymorphic microsatellite loci to analyze animal mating systems in nature, on creatures ranging from sea spiders and snails to polyembryonic armadillos to numerous fishes, including male-pregnant pipefishes and seahorses, and hermaphroditic killifishes. This line of inquiry eventuated in many articles plus a trilogy of books dealing with evolutionary perspectives on clonality (2008), hermaphroditism (2011), and pregnancy (2013). In addition to research in molecular ecology and evolution, Avise has published on the relevance

pos: Sitio Sierra from Parita Bay. Non-estuarine remains have been calculated to account for as much as 11% of the diet. In addition, fossil evidence for over 400 species of birds and other animals include the orange-chinned parakeet ("Brotogeris jugularis"), crested bobwhite ("Colinus cristatus"), possible mangrove cuckoo ("Coccyzus minor"), groove-billed ani ("Crotophaga sulcirostris"), great-tailed grackle ("Cassidix mexicanus"), giant toad ("Bufo marinus"), a lizard ("Ameiva ameiva"), Green Iguana ("Iguana iguana"), mud turtle ("Kinosternon" spp.), painted terrapin ("Chrysemys scripta"), several species of shark (superorder Selachimorpha), estuarine fishes, non-estuarine marine fishes, freshwater fish, mangrove and mudflat mollusks, and mudflat crabs (Haller 2004). In addition to the

neg: Invertebrate Invertebrate Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a "backbone" or "spine"), derived from the notochord. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata. Familiar examples of invertebrates include insects; crabs, lobsters and their kin; snails, clams, octopuses and their kin; starfish, sea-urchins and their kin; jellyfish, and worms. The majority of animal species are invertebrates; one estimate puts the figure at 97%. Many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of Vertebrata. Some of the so-called invertebrates, such as the Tunicata and Cephalochordata are

neg: Chondrichthyes appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago. Cartilaginous fishes first appeared about 395 Ma, having evolved from "Doliodus"-like spiny shark ancestors. The first abundant genus of shark, "Cladoselache", appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period. A Bayesian analysis of molecular data suggests that the Holocephali and Elasmoblanchii diverged in the Silurian () and that the sharks and rays/skates split in the Carboniferous (). Subphylum Vertebrata Chondrichthyes Chondrichthyes (; from Greek χονδρ- "chondr-" 'cartilage', ἰχθύς "ichthys" 'fish') is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes: they are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares,

neg: Invertebrate Arthropoda, Vertebrata or Manidae do. Each of these terms describes a valid taxon, phylum, subphylum or family. "Invertebrata" is a term of convenience, not a taxon; it has very little circumscriptional significance except within the Chordata. The Vertebrata as a subphylum comprises such a small proportion of the Metazoa that to speak of the kingdom Animalia in terms of "Vertebrata" and "Invertebrata" has limited practicality. In the more formal taxonomy of Animalia other attributes that logically should precede the presence or absence of the vertebral column in constructing a cladogram, for example, the presence of a notochord. That would at

neg: Evolution of fish mainly with very similar body plans. The first animals to venture onto dry land were arthropods. Some fish had lungs and strong, bony fins and could crawl onto the land also. Jawless fishes belong to the superclass Agnatha in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata. Agnatha comes from the Greek, and means "no jaws". It excludes all vertebrates with jaws, known as gnathostomes. Although a minor element of modern marine fauna, jawless fish were prominent among the early fish in the early Paleozoic. Two types of Early Cambrian animal apparently having fins, vertebrate musculature, and gills are known from the early

neg: Agnatha Agnatha Agnatha (Greek, "no jaws") is a superclass of jawless fish in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, consisting of both present (cyclostomes) and extinct (conodonts and ostracoderms) species. The group is sister to all vertebrates with jaws, known as gnathostomes. Recent molecular data, both from rRNA and from mtDNA as well as embryological data strongly supports the hypothesis that living agnathans, the cyclostomes, are monophyletic. The oldest fossil agnathans appeared in the Cambrian, and two groups still survive today: the lampreys and the hagfish, comprising about 120 species in total. Hagfish are considered members of the subphylum Vertebrata, because they

neg: Lancelet with which it is grouped together into a clade (sometimes called Notochordata) which in turn is the sister group to the simpler still Urochordata. Newer research suggests this is not the case. The Cephalochordata is the most basal subphylum of the chordates, while the sister group of the vertebrates are the tunicates, previously known as the urochordates. However, older molecular studies placed cephalochordates nearer to vertebrates, and "[m]ost authors regard amphioxus as the closest relative of the Vertebrata on the basis of 10–15 [morphological] features that are not seen in tunicates". Among the three extant (living) genera, "Asymmetron" is basal

neg: Agnatha are present in many fossil agnathans, including conodonts. Agnathans declined in the Devonian and never recovered. Phylogeny based on the work of Mikko Haaramo and Delsuc et al. Agnatha Agnatha (Greek, "no jaws") is a superclass of jawless fish in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, consisting of both present (cyclostomes) and extinct (conodonts and ostracoderms) species. The group is sister to all vertebrates with jaws, known as gnathostomes. Recent molecular data, both from rRNA and from mtDNA as well as embryological data strongly supports the hypothesis that living agnathans, the cyclostomes, are monophyletic. The oldest fossil agnathans appeared in the

neg: Pejelagarto in length and weighing over 40 kg. They are most commonly found living in calm waters. See the main article on gars for more on these fish. While gar are not widely eaten, there is a traditional Tabasco dish of the same name that uses chili, limes, and salt to cook the animal. Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Actinopterygii, Order Semionotiformes, Family Lepisosteidae, Order Semionotiformes. The family Lepisosteidae consists of the following main genera and species: Genus: Atractosteus (broadhead gars) Genus: Lepisosteus (slender gars) Pejelagarto Pejelagarto is the Spanish name for the large freshwater gar very common in the Mexican

neg: Dorsal nerve cord four limbs the dorsal surface is the top (back) and the ventral surface is the bottom (belly). Dorsal nerve cord The dorsal nerve cord is a unique feature to chordates, and it is mainly found in the Vertebrata chordate subphylum. The dorsal nerve cord is only one embryonic feature unique to all chordates, among the other four chordate features-- a notochord, a post-anal tail, an endostyle, and pharyngeal slits. The dorsal hollow nerve cord is a hollow cord dorsal to the notochord. It is formed from a part of the ectoderm that rolls, forming the hollow tube. This is important,

neg: Dorsal nerve cord Dorsal nerve cord The dorsal nerve cord is a unique feature to chordates, and it is mainly found in the Vertebrata chordate subphylum. The dorsal nerve cord is only one embryonic feature unique to all chordates, among the other four chordate features-- a notochord, a post-anal tail, an endostyle, and pharyngeal slits. The dorsal hollow nerve cord is a hollow cord dorsal to the notochord. It is formed from a part of the ectoderm that rolls, forming the hollow tube. This is important, as it distinguishes chordates from other animal phyla, such as Annelids and Arthropods, which have solid, ventral

neg: Craniate develop more complex digestive systems for optimal food processing. Craniates have cardiovascular systems that include a heart with two or more chambers, red blood cells, and oxygen transporting hemoglobin, as well as kidneys. Linnaeus (1758) used the terms "Craniata" and "Vertebrata" interchangeably to include lampreys, jawed fishes, and terrestrial vertebrates (or tetrapods). Hagfishes were classified as Vermes, possibly representing a transitional form between 'worms' and fishes. Dumeril (1806) grouped hagfishes and lampreys in the taxon "Cyclostomi", characterized by horny teeth borne on a tongue-like apparatus, a large notochord as adults, and pouch-shaped gills (Marspibranchii). Cyclostomes were regarded as either degenerate

neg: Edward Drinker Cope by their husbands. In fewer than 40 years as a scientist, Cope published over 1,400 scientific papers, a record that stands to this day. These include three major volumes: "On the Origin of Genera" (1867), "The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the West" (1884) and "Essays in Evolution". He discovered a total of 56 new dinosaur species during the Bone Wars compared to Marsh's 80. Although Cope is today known as a herpetologist and paleontologist, his contributions extended to ichthyology, in which he catalogued 300 species of fishes over three decades. In total, he discovered and described over 1,000

neg: Hagfish to refer to animals that had a developed skull but were not considered true vertebrates. Molecular evidence in the early 1990’s first began suggesting that lampreys and hagfish were closer related to each other than to gnathostomes. The validity of the taxon "Craniata" was further examined by Delarbre et al. (2002) using mtDNA sequence data, concluding the Myxini are more closely related to Hyperoartia than to Gnathostomata – i.e., that modern jawless fishes form a clade called Cyclostomata. The argument is that if the Cyclostomata are indeed monophyletic, Vertebrata would return to its old content (Gnathostomata + Cyclostomata) and the

neg: Cladistics fishes/vertebrata, or monkeys/anthropoidea would be used, these terms would include humans. Many of these terms are normally used paraphyletically, outside of cladistics, e.g. as a 'grade'. Radiation results in the generation of new subclades by bifurcation. The techniques and nomenclature of cladistics have been applied to other disciplines. (See phylogenetic nomenclature.) Cladistics is now the most commonly used method to classify organisms. The original methods used in cladistic analysis and the school of taxonomy derived from the work of the German entomologist Willi Hennig, who referred to it as phylogenetic systematics (also the title of his 1966 book); the terms

neg: Craniate gill pouches) are either instances of convergent evolution for feeding and gill ventilation in animals with an eel-like body shape, or represent primitive craniate characteristics subsequently lost or modified in gnathostomes. On this basis Janvier (1978) proposed to use the names "Vertebrata" and "Craniata" as two distinct and nested taxa. The validity of the taxon "Craniata" was recently examined by Delarbre et al. (2002) using mtDNA sequence data, concluding that Myxini is more closely related to Hyperoartia than to Gnathostomata - i.e., that modern jawless fishes form a clade called Cyclostomata. The argument is that, if Cyclostomata is indeed monophyletic,

neg: Francis Maitland Balfour bilateral ancestors. In June 1878 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1881 was awarded their Royal Medal ""For his numerous and important contributions to animal morphology; and more especially for his investigations respecting the origin of the urogenital organs and the cerebrospinal nerves of the Vertebrata; and for his work on the development of the Elasmobranch fishes."" Balfour never delivered a lecture in his new position. In the first term after his appointment he was prevented from working by an attack of typhoid fever, and went to the Alps for his health. Balfour and the

neg: Vertebrata thuyoides Vertebrata thuyoides Vertebrata thuyoides ("Boergeseniella thuyoides" (Harvey in Mackay) Kylin) is a small marine algae in the Division Rhodophyta. "Vertebrata thuyoides" is a small marine algae growing to 15 cm high in dense tufts of erect branches borne alternately and in one plane. The erect branches have 8 to 10 pericentral cells surrounding the central axis and are all of the same length. The whole plant is corticated, and is attached by rhizoids. It is very similar to "Vertebrata fruticulosa"."Pterosiphonia complanata" is similar but can be distinguished by having 5 pericentral around the central cells of the axes. Common in

neg: Vertebrata fruticulosa shape. Epiphytic on other algae such as "Corallina" also on rock in rock pools in the littoral. In the eastern Atlantic from the Shetland Isles, Britain, Ireland, Morocco and the Mediterranean. Vertebrata fruticulosa Vertebrata fruticulosa("Boergeseniella fruticulosa" (Wulfen) Kylin) is a small marine alga in the Division Rhodophyta. "Vertebrata fruticulosa" is a small branched alga growing to 15 cm long. The erect axes are surrounded by 11 to 12 pericentral cells all of the same length. Cortication of small cells cover these branches. They are attached by rhizoids. Very similar to "Vertebrata thuyoides" and certain other species of "Polysiphonia". There are

neg: Vertebrata fruticulosa Vertebrata fruticulosa Vertebrata fruticulosa("Boergeseniella fruticulosa" (Wulfen) Kylin) is a small marine alga in the Division Rhodophyta. "Vertebrata fruticulosa" is a small branched alga growing to 15 cm long. The erect axes are surrounded by 11 to 12 pericentral cells all of the same length. Cortication of small cells cover these branches. They are attached by rhizoids. Very similar to "Vertebrata thuyoides" and certain other species of "Polysiphonia". There are male and female plants. Spermatangial branches grow near the apices of the young branches. Cystocarps are sessile. Tetraspores are formed near the ends of the branches distorting it into a spiral

neg: Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer (3 September 1801 – 2 April 1869), known as Hermann von Meyer, was a German palaeontologist. He was awarded the 1858 Wollaston medal by the Geological Society of London. He was born at Frankfurt am Main. In 1832, Meyer issued a work entitled "Palaeologica", and in course of time he published a series of memoirs on various fossil organic remains: molluscs, crustaceans, fishes and higher vertebrata, including the Triassic predator "Teratosaurus", the earliest bird "Archaeopteryx lithographica" (1861), the pterosaur "Rhamphorhynchus", and the prosauropod dinosaur "Plateosaurus". In "Palaeologica", Meyer proposed a

neg: Necrogammarus three articulated segments, the middle one being the segment that Peach had interpreted as a diplosegment. One of the segments possess a structure identified by Peach as a uniramous limb, an identification agreed upon by Almond. As the outer segments do not appear to be double nor possess any overlap of segments in addition to the complete lack of evidence of any terrestrial habits, Almond considered the genus to tentatively represent an early aquatic relative of the Uniramia subphylum of arthropods (the group that includes myriapods, hexapods and velvet worms). Following further examination of the fossil in 1986, Paul Selden

neg: Vertebrata thuyoides the British Isles on the southern coasts and Orkney. Also recorded from Morocco and the Mediterranean. The sexes are separate. Cystocarps are very small, sessile and borne on the branches. Spermatangial occur in tufts at the apices of the branches and the tetrasporangia occur in the branches in a spiral series. Vertebrata thuyoides Vertebrata thuyoides ("Boergeseniella thuyoides" (Harvey in Mackay) Kylin) is a small marine algae in the Division Rhodophyta. "Vertebrata thuyoides" is a small marine algae growing to 15 cm high in dense tufts of erect branches borne alternately and in one plane. The erect branches have 8 to

neg: Vertebrata subulifera Vertebrata subulifera Vertebrata subulifera ("Polysiphonia subulifera" (C.Agardh) Harvey) is rather small marine alga in the division Rhodophyta. This alga consists of branched thalli growing to a length of 20 cm. It grows as tufts of very branched axes attached by rhizoids. A main branched is absent. In section the main branches can be seen to be composed of a central axis with 12 pericentral cells all of equal length. Trichoblasts are abundant. Similar to "Vertebrata fruticulosa" ("Boergeseniella fruticulosa") which it is distinguished by small corticated cells. Growing on the seashore on pebbles and other surfaces at the very low water.

neg: Vertebrata subulifera Ireland, Great Britain and north-west France. Vertebrata subulifera Vertebrata subulifera ("Polysiphonia subulifera" (C.Agardh) Harvey) is rather small marine alga in the division Rhodophyta. This alga consists of branched thalli growing to a length of 20 cm. It grows as tufts of very branched axes attached by rhizoids. A main branched is absent. In section the main branches can be seen to be composed of a central axis with 12 pericentral cells all of equal length. Trichoblasts are abundant. Similar to "Vertebrata fruticulosa" ("Boergeseniella fruticulosa") which it is distinguished by small corticated cells. Growing on the seashore on pebbles and other

neg: Paleozoology the dinosaurs. Other popularly known animal-derived macrofossils include trilobites, crustaceans, echinoderms, brachiopods, mollusks, bony fishes, sharks, Vertebrate teeth, and shells of numerous invertebrate groups. This is because hard organic parts, such as bones, teeth, and shells resist decay, and are the most commonly preserved and found animal fossils. Exclusively soft-bodied animals—such as jellyfish, flatworms, nematodes, and insects—are consequently rarely fossilized, as these groups do not produce hard organic parts. Vertebrate paleozoology refers to the use of morphological, temporal, and stratigraphic data to map vertebrate history in evolutionary theory. Vertebrates are classified as a subphylum of Chordata, a phylum used to

neg: Atlantic blue marlin guard. The blue marlin is placed in the genus "Makaira". This name is derived from the Greek word "machaira", meaning "a short sword or bent dagger", and the Latin "machaera", "sword". The specific epithet "nigricans" is Latin for "becoming black". The blue marlin is part of the billfish family Istiophoridae and is in the perch-like order Perciformes. In addition, it is in the suborder Xiphioidei and is a member of the subclass Neopterygii, which means "new wings". It is also in the class of Actinopterygii, which includes ray-finned fishes and spiny-rayed fishes, and the superclass Osteichthyes, which includes all of

neg: Polistes annularis Insectorum", where he named the species "Vespa annularis". It was moved to the genus "Polistes" by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1804, two years after Pierre André Latreille had erected the new genus. "P. annularis" is classified as part of the kingdom Animalia, the phylum Arthropoda, the subphylum Hexapoda, the class Insecta, the order Hymenoptera, the suborder Aculeata, the superfamily Vespoidea, and the family Vespidae. Its subphylum Hexapoda indicates it has six feet; the order Hymenoptera includes ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies; the Aculeata include ants, bees, and stinging wasps in particular; the Vespoidea include yellow jackets, hornets, paper wasps, potter

neg: Brachiopod horseshoe worms are the closest relatives of the inarticulate brachiopods rather than articulate brachiopods. For now, the weight of evidence is inconclusive as to the exact relations within the inarticulates. Consequently, it has been suggested to include horseshoe worms in the Brachiopoda as a class named Phoronata in addition to the Craniata and Lingulata, within the subphylum Linguliformea. The other subphylum Rhynchonelliformea only contains one class, which is subdivided in the orders Rhynchonellida, Terebratulida and Thecideida. Brachiopods live only in the sea. Most species avoid locations with strong currents or waves, and typical sites include rocky overhangs, crevices and caves,

neg: Jellyfish the presence of a named and cited example indicates that at least that species within its group has been called a jellyfish. The subphylum Medusozoa includes all cnidarians with a medusa stage in their life cycle. The basic cycle is egg, planula larva, polyp, medusa, with the medusa being the sexual stage. The polyp stage is sometimes secondarily lost. The subphylum include the major taxa, Scyphozoa (large jellyfish), Cubozoa (box jellyfish) and Hydrozoa (small jellyfish), and excludes Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones). This suggests that the medusa form evolved after the polyps. Medusozoans have tetramerous symmetry, with parts in fours

neg: Starfish collagen fibres. Starfish are included in the subphylum Asterozoa, the characteristics of which include a flattened, star-shaped body as adults consisting of a central disc and multiple radiating arms. The subphylum includes the two classes of Asteroidea, the starfish, and Ophiuroidea, the brittle stars and basket stars. Asteroids have broad-based arms with skeletal support provided by calcareous plates in the body wall while ophiuroids have clearly demarcated slender arms strengthened by paired fused ossicles forming jointed "vertebrae". The starfish are a large and diverse class with about 1,500 living species. There are seven extant orders, Brisingida, Forcipulatida, Notomyotida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida,

neg: Lobosa Foraminifera. The name Lobosa was chosen for these amoebae "as expressing the lobe-like character of their pseudopodial extensions". As currently defined, the subphylum Lobosa includes both shelled (testate) and naked amoebae (gymnamoebae), but excludes some organisms traditionally regarded as "lobosean", such as "Pelomyxa" and "Entamoeba" (Amoebozoa) and some Heterolobosea (Excavata). Lobosa Lobosa is a taxonomic group of amoebae possessing broad, bluntly rounded pseudopods. In current classification schemes, it is a subphylum of Amoebozoa, composed of amoebae that have lobose pseudopods but lack cilia or flagella. The group was originally proposed in 1861 by William B. Carpenter, who created it as

neg: Tunicate Tunicate A tunicate is a marine invertebrate animal, a member of the subphylum Tunicata, which is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords. The subphylum was at one time called Urochordata, and the term urochordates is still sometimes used for these animals. They are the only chordates that have lost their myomeric segmentation, with the possible exception of the seriation of the gill slits. Some tunicates live as solitary individuals, but others replicate by budding and become colonies, each unit being known as a zooid. They are marine filter feeders with

neg: Nasi lemak an addition of small fish locally known as "ikan tamban", usually fried with "sambal" chili paste and very crispy, the whole fish is edible. Prawns and squids are also commonly stir-fried in chili paste as "sambal udang" or "sambal cumi". In Indonesia, nasi lemak is often sprinkled with "bawang goreng" (crispy fried shallot granules). In Pekanbaru city in Sumatran province of Riau however, freshwater river fishes are commonly used as "lauk" to accompany nasi lemak. The freshwater fishes includes "ikan selais" ("Kryptopterus cryptopterus") and "ikan patin" ("Pangasius"). Other fish such as "ikan lomek" ("Harpadon nehereus") is also commonly used. These

neg: Polistes metricus by are "P. pallipes "and "P. metricus" Say. "P. metricus" is found to be most closely related to "P. carolina." The most recent phylogenetic analysis shows that both share a common ancestor with "P. bellicosus." "P. metricus" belongs to the kingdom Animalia (animals), the phylum Arthropoda (arthropods), the subphylum Hexapoda (having six legs), the class Insecta (insects), the order Hymenoptera (which includes ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies), the taxon Aculeata (which includes stinging wasps, bees, and ants), the superfamily Vespoidea (which includes hornets, yellowjackets, paper wasps, potter wasps, mason wasps, and pollen wasps), the family Vespidae, the subfamily Polistinae (paper

neg: RNA virus evolved from a totivirus ancestor. Hypoviruses and barnaviruses appear to share an ancestry with the potyvirus and sobemovirus lineages respectively. This analysis also suggests that the dsRNA viruses are not closely related to each other but instead belong to four additional classes—Birnaviridae, Cystoviridae, Partitiviridae, and Reoviridae — and one additional order (Totiviridae) of one of the classes of positive ssRNA viruses in the same subphylum as the positive-strand RNA viruses. One study has suggested that there are two large clades: One includes the Caliciviridae, Flaviviridae, and Picornaviridae families and a second that includes the Alphatetraviridae, Birnaviridae and Cystoviridae, Nodaviridae, and

neg: Chordate from at least as early as the Cambrian explosion. Hemichordata, which includes the acorn worms, has been presented as a fourth chordate subphylum, but it now is usually treated as a separate phylum. The Hemichordata, along with the Echinodermata (which includes starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and crinoids), form the Ambulacraria, the sister taxon of the Chordates. The Chordata and Ambulacraria form the superphylum Deuterostomia, composed of the deuterostomes. Attempts to work out the evolutionary relationships of the chordates have produced several hypotheses. The current consensus is that chordates are monophyletic, meaning that the Chordata include all and only the

neg: Medusozoa Medusozoa Medusozoa is a clade in the phylum Cnidaria, and is often considered a subphylum. It includes the classes Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Staurozoa and Cubozoa, and possibly the parasitic Polypodiozoa. Medusozoans are distinguished by having a medusa stage in their often complex life cycle, a medusa typically being an umbrella-shaped body with stinging tentacles around the edge. With the exception of some Hydrozoa (and Polypodiozoa), all are called jellyfish in their free-swimming medusa phase. The phylum Cnidaria is widely accepted as being monophyletic and consisting of two clades, Anthozoa and Medusozoa. Anthozoa includes the classes Hexacorallia, the hard corals, and Octocorallia,

neg: Saccharomycotina and subsequently give better understanding of biodiversity in this group. Much of the future classification of Saccharomycotina will rest on phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences rather than on the morphological and developmental characters. Saccharomycotina Saccharomycotina is a subdivision (subphylum) of the division (phylum) Ascomycota in the Kingdom Fungi. It comprises most of the ascomycete yeasts. The members of Saccharomycotina reproduce by budding and they do not produce ascocarps (fruiting bodies). The subdivision includes a single class: Saccharomycetes, which again contains a single order: Saccharomycetales. Notable members of Saccharomycotina are the baker's yeast "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" and the genus ""Candida"" that includes

neg: Saccharomycotina Saccharomycotina Saccharomycotina is a subdivision (subphylum) of the division (phylum) Ascomycota in the Kingdom Fungi. It comprises most of the ascomycete yeasts. The members of Saccharomycotina reproduce by budding and they do not produce ascocarps (fruiting bodies). The subdivision includes a single class: Saccharomycetes, which again contains a single order: Saccharomycetales. Notable members of Saccharomycotina are the baker's yeast "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" and the genus ""Candida"" that includes several human pathogens. The name comes from the Greek word σάκχαρον ("sákkharon"), meaning "sugar" and μύκης ("mukēs") meaning "fungus". Historical records from ancient Egypt and China describe the process of brewing and baking

neg: Polysiphonia fucoides grooves between the pericentral cells. The branching may resemble "Vertebrata thuyoides", but the branches of "B.thuyoides" are corticated almost to the tips. The plants are dioecious. Spermatangial branchlets occur near the apices of the branches. Cystocarps are borne on short stalks. and tetrasporangia occur in series towards the apices of the branches. On open rock, in pools in the littoral. Generally distributed around Great Britain, Ireland, Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. Polysiphonia fucoides Polysiphoides fucoides (Hudson) Greville ("Vertebrata fucoides") is a common marine alga in the Division Rhodophyta. "Polysiphonia fucoides" is a relatively small seaweed. It grows as

neg: Fauna of Bangladesh marine shrimps are recorded. Six species of lobsters are found to occur in the Bay of Bengal, "Panulirus polyphagus" and "Thenus orientalis" are the two most commercially important species. "Daphnia" is a common freshwater genus among the 20 copepod species. Two species of starfish have also been recorded. The vertebrate fauna includes about 1,600 species. Fishes hold the largest number of species among them. Of the 708 species of fishes, 442 are marine and the rests are of fresh and brackish waters. The marine fishes are split into 18 orders and 123 families. Their species include 56 of cartilaginous fishes

neg: Subcommissural organ in Vertebrata. This glycoprotein shares molecular domains with axonal pathfinding molecules. The ependymal cells and the SCO–spondin secretion are thought to play a role in homeostasis. The ependymal cells of the SCO are also involved in the production of brain transthyretin, a protein involved in the transport of thyroid hormones in blood. Some studies indicate the presence of both tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibers and dopamine receptors in the SCO ependyma. In addition, there is evidence suggesting that the SCO activity in adult animals may be regulated by serotonin. All capillaries in the central nervous system with a functional blood-brain barrier express

neg: William Buelow Gould fruit" (1832), "Sketchbook of fishes" (c1832) (see below), "Native orchid, Dipodium punctatum" (c1830-1840), "Still life, game", "River scene with aborigines" (1838), and "Still life, flowers in a blue jug" (c1840). It was around 1832, at Macquarie Harbour Penal Station, that Gould produced his noted "Sketchbook of fishes", also known as "Gould's sketchbook of fishes", "Gould's book of fish", or "Sketchbook of Fishes in Macquarie Harbour". This sketchbook consisted of thirty-six separate watercolour-on-paper sketches measuring x each. While only six of these works are signed by the author, and none are dated, all works are attributed to Gould. The sketchbook includes

neg: Lebiasinidae Lebiasinidae The pencil fishes are a family (Lebiasinidae) of freshwater fishes found in Costa Rica, Panama, and South America. They are usually small and are known as ornamental fishes in aquaria, including popular fishes such as the various pencil fish and the splashing tetra. Lebiasinids are small, cylindrical fish, ranging from in adult length. They prey on insect larvae, especially those of mosquitos. The family includes the voladoras (genera "Lebiasina" and "Piabucina"), mostly found in highlands of the north Andes, the Guiana Shield and Central America, but the other species are mainly lowland fish inhabiting the Orinoco, Amazon and Paraguay

neg: Lebiasinidae River basins, and rivers of the Guianas. Around 67 species are placed in these genera: Subfamily Lebiasininae - voladoras Subfamily Pyrrhulininae, tribe Pyrrhulinini Subfamily Pyrrhulininae, tribe Nannostomini Lebiasinidae The pencil fishes are a family (Lebiasinidae) of freshwater fishes found in Costa Rica, Panama, and South America. They are usually small and are known as ornamental fishes in aquaria, including popular fishes such as the various pencil fish and the splashing tetra. Lebiasinids are small, cylindrical fish, ranging from in adult length. They prey on insect larvae, especially those of mosquitos. The family includes the voladoras (genera "Lebiasina" and "Piabucina"), mostly

neg: Bettine van Vuuren for the Biodiversity Act (#10 of 2004) as the Coordinator for the listing on invasive vertebrate species (excluding fishes) and was largely responsible, in collaboration with Dr Preston (Deputy Director General: Environmental Programmes, Department of Environmental Affairs), for the listing of mammal species and associated distribution maps. She serves, when required, as a scientific adviser to the Department of Environmental Affairs: Directorates Biodiversity and Conservation (this work relates mostly to the translocation and permitting of antelope species), as well as Environmental Programmes (this includes work from an alien invasive perspective). In addition to studying spatial patterns on the African continent,

neg: Osteichthyes a tooth pattern that is in between the tooth rows of sharks and bony fishes. Osteichthyes can be compared to Euteleostomi. In paleontology, the terms are synonymous. In ichthyology, the difference is that Euteleostomi presents a cladistic view which includes the terrestrial tetrapods that evolved from lobe-finned fish, whereas prior to 2014 the view of most ichthyologists was that Osteichthyes includes only fishes, and were therefore paraphyletic. However, in 2014, an ichthyology paper was published with phylogenetic trees that treat the Osteichthyes as a clade including tetrapods. Bony fish are characterized by a relatively stable pattern of cranial bones, rooted,

neg: Flying fish festival be various ceremonies happening throughout the season and all of the ceremonies are collectively known as Flying Fish Festival. With Kuroshio (black tide) happening between January to June and it brings a rich amount of migratory fish to Orchid Island, therefore, the festival starts around February or March and it continues till October. The festival includes different parts of ceremonies, such as giving the blessing to the boats, praying for bumper harvest of the year and first-fishing night ceremony. In addition, this is the reason why the Yami treasure the festival as they believe that the fishes are the gift

neg: Ovalentaria Edition of Fishes of the World the Ovalentaria is classified as follows: The sister clades to the Ovalentaria is the group of taxa called the Carangimorpharia or Carangaria which includes the flatfishes, billfishes and jacks among others. Ovalentaria Ovalentaria is a clade of ray-finned fishes within the Percomorpha, referred to as a subseries. It is made up of a group of fish families which are referred to in Fishes of the World's fifth edition as incertae sedis as well as the orders Mugiliformes, Cichliformes and Blenniiformes. It was named by W. L. Smith and T. J. Near in Wainwright "et

neg: Cyclostomata Cyclostomata Cyclostomata is a group of agnathans that comprises the living jawless fishes: the lampreys and hagfishes. Both groups have jawless mouths with horny epidermal structures that function as teeth, and branchial arches that are internally positioned instead of external as in jawed fishes. The name Cyclostomata means "round mouths".It was named by Joan Crockford Beattie This taxon is often included in the paraphyletic superclass Agnatha, which also includes several groups of extinct armored fishes called ostracoderms. Most fossil agnathans, such as galeaspids, thelodonts, and related to vertebrates with jaws (called gnathostomes) than to cyclostomes. Cyclostomes seem to have split

neg: Centipede "if you enjoy frightening others, you will be reborn as a centipede." The fossil record of centipedes extends back to , during the Late Silurian. They belong to the subphylum Myriapoda which includes Diplopoda, Symphyla, and Pauropoda. The oldest known fossil land animal, "Pneumodesmus newmani", is a myriapod. Being among the earliest terrestrial animals, centipedes were one of the first to fill a fundamental niche as ground level generalist predators in detrital food webs. Today, centipedes are abundant and exist in many harsh habitats. Within the myriapods, centipedes are believed to be the first of the extant classes to branch

neg: Latidae devastation on the native fishes of the lake, causing the extinction of many endemic cichlids there. Latidae The Latidae, known as the lates perches, are a family of perch-like fishes found in Africa, Asia and the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. The family includes about 13 species. The family, previously classified subfamily Latinae in family Centropomidae, was raised to family status in 2004 after a cladistic analysis showed the original Centropomidae were paraphyletic. Many species in this family are important food fishes, and some have been introduced outside their native ranges to provide fishing stocks. The freshwater Nile perch, a

neg: Fish anatomy possess a cranium. For this reason, the vertebrate subphylum is sometimes referred to as "Craniata" when discussing morphology. Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that the hagfishes are most closely related to lampreys, and so also are vertebrates in a monophyletic sense. Others consider them a sister group of vertebrates in the common taxon of Craniata. The head or skull includes the skull roof (a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils), the snout (from the eye to the forward most point of the upper jaw), the operculum or gill cover (absent in sharks and jawless fish), and

neg: Crustacean Crustacean Crustaceans (Crustacea ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, woodlice, and barnacles. The crustacean group is usually treated as a subphylum, and because of recent molecular studies it is now well accepted that the crustacean group is paraphyletic, and comprises all animals in the Pancrustacea clade other than hexapods. Some crustaceans are more closely related to insects and other hexapods than they are to certain other crustaceans. The 67,000 described species range in size from "Stygotantulus stocki" at , to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span

neg: Krill catch is used for aquaculture and aquarium feeds, as bait in sport fishing, or in the pharmaceutical industry. In Japan, the Philippines, and Russia, krill are also used for human consumption and are known as in Japan. They are eaten as "camarones" in Spain and Philippines. In the Philippines, krill are also known as "alamang" and are used to make a salty paste called "bagoong". Krill are also the main prey of baleen whales, including the blue whale. Krill belong to the large arthropod subphylum, the Crustacea. The most familiar and largest group of crustaceans, the class Malacostraca, includes the

neg: Artiopoda Artiopoda The Artiopoda is a grouping of extinct arthropods that includes trilobites and their close relatives. It was erected by Hou and Bergström in 1997 to encompass a wide diversity of arthropods that would traditionally have been assigned to the Trilobitomorpha. Hou and Bergström used the name Lamellipedia as a superclass to replace Trilobitomorpha that was originally erected at the subphylum level, which they considered inappropriate. Leif Størmer recognised on the basis of limb types that a diverse group of Cambrian arthropods, known largely from the Burgess Shale, were likely to be relatives of the trilobites. Hou and Bergström formalised

neg: Arachnid Arachnid Arachnids () are a class (Arachnida) of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata. Almost all adult arachnids have eight legs, although the front pair of legs in some species has converted to a sensory function, while in other species, different appendages can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs. The term is derived from the Greek word ("aráchnē"), from the myth of the hubristic human weaver Arachne who was turned into a spider. Spiders are the largest order in the class, which also includes scorpions, ticks, mites, harvestmen, and solifuges. Almost

neg: Order (biology) Naturae" refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use (e.g. Lepidoptera for the order of moths and butterflies, or Diptera for the order of flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses's virus classification includes fifteen taxa: realm, subrealm, kingdom, subkingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily, genus, subgenus, and species, to be applied for viruses, viroids and satellite nucleic acids. There are nine viral orders, each ending in the suffix "-virales". Order (biology) In biological classification, the order () is What does and does not belong

neg: Holocephali Holocephali The subclass Holocephali ("complete heads") is a taxon of cartilaginous fish in the class Chondrichthyes. The earliest fossils are of teeth and come from the Devonian period. Little is known about these primitive forms, and the only surviving group in the subclass is the order Chimaeriformes. This group includes the rat fishes in the genus "Chimaera", and the elephant fishes in the genus "Callorhynchus". These fishes move by using sweeping movements of their large pectoral fins. They have long slender tails and live close to the seabed feeding on benthic invertebrates. They lack a stomach, food moving directly into

neg: Medusozoa of life cycles among medusozoans, with either the polyp or the medusa stage being missing in some groups. In general, medusae are budded laterally from polyps, become mature and spawn, releasing gametes into the water. The planulae may settle to become polyps or continue living in the water column as medusae. Medusozoa Medusozoa is a clade in the phylum Cnidaria, and is often considered a subphylum. It includes the classes Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Staurozoa and Cubozoa, and possibly the parasitic Polypodiozoa. Medusozoans are distinguished by having a medusa stage in their often complex life cycle, a medusa typically being an umbrella-shaped

neg: Pollicipes polymerus Pollicipes polymerus Pollicipes polymerus, commonly known as the gooseneck barnacle or leaf barnacle, is a species of stalked barnacle. It is found, often in great numbers, on rocky shores on the Pacific coasts of North America. Barnacles are classified with shrimps, crabs, isopods and amphipods in the subphylum Crustacea. They are included in the class Maxillopoda, though this class does not appear to be a monophyletic grouping. They are included in the infraclass Cirripedia, the barnacles, members of which are sessile suspension feeders with two active swimming larval stages, the nauplius and the cyprid. The order Pedunculata includes barnacles attached

neg: Tunicate the subphylum derives its name. This varies in thickness between species but may be tough, resembling cartilage, thin and delicate, or transparent and gelatinous. The tunic is composed of proteins and complex carbohydrates, and includes tunicin, a variety of cellulose. The tunic is unique among invertebrate exoskeletons in that it can grow as the animal enlarges and does not need to be periodically shed. Inside the tunic is the body wall or mantle composed of connective tissue, muscle fibres, blood vessels, and nerves. Two openings are found in the body wall: the buccal siphon at the top through which water

neg: Hexapoda ago. Hexapoda The subphylum Hexapoda (from the Greek for "six legs") constitutes the largest number of species of arthropods and includes the insects as well as three much smaller groups of wingless arthropods: Collembola, Protura, and Diplura (all of these were once considered insects). The Collembola (or springtails) are very abundant in terrestrial environments. "Hexapods" are named for their most distinctive feature: a consolidated thorax with three pairs of legs (six legs). Most other arthropods have more than three pairs of legs. Hexapods have bodies ranging in length from 0.5 mm to over 300 mm which are divided into an

neg: Hexapoda Hexapoda The subphylum Hexapoda (from the Greek for "six legs") constitutes the largest number of species of arthropods and includes the insects as well as three much smaller groups of wingless arthropods: Collembola, Protura, and Diplura (all of these were once considered insects). The Collembola (or springtails) are very abundant in terrestrial environments. "Hexapods" are named for their most distinctive feature: a consolidated thorax with three pairs of legs (six legs). Most other arthropods have more than three pairs of legs. Hexapods have bodies ranging in length from 0.5 mm to over 300 mm which are divided into an anterior

neg: Fish fin and appear as a series of disks stacked one on top of another. The genetic basis for the formation of the fin rays is thought to be genes coded for the production of certain proteins. It has been suggested that the evolution of the tetrapod limb from lobe-finned fishes is related to the loss of these proteins. Cartilaginous fishes are a class of fishes called Chondrichthyes. They have skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. The class includes sharks, rays and chimaeras. Shark fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein

neg: Centipede the former Neogeophilidae and Eriphantidae). Centipede Centipedes (from Latin prefix ', "hundred", and ', ""foot"") are arthropods belonging to the class Chilopoda of the subphylum Myriapoda, an arthropod group which also includes Millipedes and other multi-legged creatures. Centipedes are elongated metameric creatures with one pair of legs per body segment. Centipedes are known to be highly venomous, and often inject paralyzing venom. Despite the name, centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354. Centipedes always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Therefore, no centipede has exactly 100 legs. A key trait uniting this

neg: Centipede Centipede Centipedes (from Latin prefix ', "hundred", and ', ""foot"") are arthropods belonging to the class Chilopoda of the subphylum Myriapoda, an arthropod group which also includes Millipedes and other multi-legged creatures. Centipedes are elongated metameric creatures with one pair of legs per body segment. Centipedes are known to be highly venomous, and often inject paralyzing venom. Despite the name, centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354. Centipedes always have an odd number of pairs of legs. Therefore, no centipede has exactly 100 legs. A key trait uniting this group is a pair of

neg: Sea urchin but is easily visible in the dried test. Specifically, the term "sea urchin" refers to the "regular echinoids", which are symmetrical and globular, and includes several different taxonomic groups, with two subclasses : Euechinoidea ("modern" sea urchins, including irregular ones) and Cidaroidea or "slate-pencil urchins", which have very thick, blunt spines, with algae and sponges growing on them. The "irregular" sea urchins are an infra-class inside the Euechinoidea, called Irregularia, and include Atelostomata and Neognathostomata. Irregular echinoids include: flattened sand dollars, sea biscuits, and heart urchins. Together with sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea), they make up the subphylum Echinozoa, which is characterized

neg: Carl Schreck to constructing family trees of fishes (phenograms). In addition, he and his graduate student were the first to combine multiple types of characteristics to establish genetic similarity among fishes – using morphology, allozyme patterns, and life history traits (DNA was added in subsequent publications). Since the mid-1990s, Dr. Schreck’s research program has expanded to include contributions to fish migration using biotelemetry, and to the post-release fate of fishes captured in commercial fishing gear. For example, his collaboration with scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on the effects of fisheries capture on immune function in sablefish remains the sole

neg: Millipede fossil millipede groups. Extinct groups are indicated with a dagger (†). The extinct order Zosterogrammida, a chilognath of uncertain position, is not shown. Although the relationships of millipede orders are still the subject of debate, the class Diplopoda as a whole is considered a monophyletic group of arthropods: all millipedes are more closely related to each other than to any other arthropods. Diplopoda is a class within of the arthropod subphylum Myriapoda, the myriapods, which includes centipedes (class Chilopoda) as well as the lesser-known pauropods (class Pauropoda) and symphylans (class Symphyla). Within myriapods, the closest relatives or sister group of

neg: Mucor plumbeus Mucor plumbeus Mucor plumbeus is a fungus in the family Mucoraceae (subphylum Mucoromycotina) that is very common, abundant and distributed worldwide. "Mucor plumbeus" is not known to be a plant or animal pathogen; however it is able to elicit an immune response in humans by activating the complement system. This species is commonly found in various types of soils over a range of pH, although alkaline soils seem more conducive to its growth. It is also known from the roots of wheat, oat and barley. In addition, "M. plumbeus" is a common fungal contaminant of indoor built environments. This species

neg: Physoclisti Physoclisti Physoclisti are fishes that lack a connection between the gas bladder and the alimentary canal, the bladder serving only as a buoyancy organ. Addition and removal of the gases from the gas bladder in these fishes occurs through specialised structures called the gas gland and ovale respectively. The pneumatic duct that connects the gut and gas bladder is present in the embryos of these fish but it is lost during development. This anatomical state is believed to be derived from the ancestral physostomous state. Some fishes, such as eels, are anatomically physostomous, but their gas bladders function similar to

neg: Holocephali research, it is estimated the Holocephali split from the Elasmobranchii about 421 million years ago. Holocephali The subclass Holocephali ("complete heads") is a taxon of cartilaginous fish in the class Chondrichthyes. The earliest fossils are of teeth and come from the Devonian period. Little is known about these primitive forms, and the only surviving group in the subclass is the order Chimaeriformes. This group includes the rat fishes in the genus "Chimaera", and the elephant fishes in the genus "Callorhynchus". These fishes move by using sweeping movements of their large pectoral fins. They have long slender tails and live close

neg: Physoclisti those of physoclists. Physoclisti Physoclisti are fishes that lack a connection between the gas bladder and the alimentary canal, the bladder serving only as a buoyancy organ. Addition and removal of the gases from the gas bladder in these fishes occurs through specialised structures called the gas gland and ovale respectively. The pneumatic duct that connects the gut and gas bladder is present in the embryos of these fish but it is lost during development. This anatomical state is believed to be derived from the ancestral physostomous state. Some fishes, such as eels, are anatomically physostomous, but their gas bladders

neg: Thaliacea Thaliacea The Thaliacea comprise a class of marine animals within the subphylum Tunicata. Unlike their benthic relatives the ascidians, thaliaceans are free-floating (pelagic) for their entire lifespan. The group includes species with complex life cycles with both solitary and colonial forms. The three orders of thaliaceans are filter feeders. Pyrosomes are colonial animals, with multiple tiny ascidian-like zooids arranged in a cylinder closed at one end. All of the atrial siphons point inwards, emptying into a single, common cloaca in the centre of the cylinder. As the water exhaled by the zooids exits through a common opening, the water movement

neg: Thaliacea one, and is divided into three orders: Class Thaliacea Thaliacea The Thaliacea comprise a class of marine animals within the subphylum Tunicata. Unlike their benthic relatives the ascidians, thaliaceans are free-floating (pelagic) for their entire lifespan. The group includes species with complex life cycles with both solitary and colonial forms. The three orders of thaliaceans are filter feeders. Pyrosomes are colonial animals, with multiple tiny ascidian-like zooids arranged in a cylinder closed at one end. All of the atrial siphons point inwards, emptying into a single, common cloaca in the centre of the cylinder. As the water exhaled by the

neg: Doliolida nigromaculata" that chews through and enters its body cavity and then ingests its internal tissues. Doliolida The Doliolida are an order of small marine animals of the subphylum Tunicata. They are in the class Thaliacea, which also includes the salps and pyrosomes. The doliolid body is small, typically 1–2 mm long, and barrel-shaped; it features two wide siphons, one at the front and the other at the back end, and eight or nine circular muscle strands reminiscent of barrel bands. Like all tunicates, they are filter feeders. Unlike the related class Ascidiacea, which are sessile, but like the class Appendicularia,

neg: Monadofilosa al. 2011 and Bass et al. 2016. Monadofilosa Monadofilosa is a grouping of Cercozoa. (It is sometimes considered one of three, the other two being Phytomyxa and Reticulofilosa.) These organisms are single-celled amoeboid protists. Monadofilosa includes the testaceans, which are testate filose amoeboids, and the cercomonads. It is sometimes described as Testaceafilosia and Sarcomonadea. It has also been described as Sarcomonadea ("Cercomonas, Heteromita, Bodomorpha, Proleptomonas, Allantion"), Thecofilosea ("Cryptodifflugia, Cryothecomonas"), Spongomonadea ("Spongomonas, Rhipidodendron"), and Imbricatea ("Thaumatomonas, Thaumatomastix, Allas, Gyromitus, Euglypha, Trinema, Paulinella"). Monadofilosa is sometimes treated as a superclass rather than a subphylum. "Sainouron" has been grouped in Monadofilosa. Phylogeny based

neg: Monadofilosa Monadofilosa Monadofilosa is a grouping of Cercozoa. (It is sometimes considered one of three, the other two being Phytomyxa and Reticulofilosa.) These organisms are single-celled amoeboid protists. Monadofilosa includes the testaceans, which are testate filose amoeboids, and the cercomonads. It is sometimes described as Testaceafilosia and Sarcomonadea. It has also been described as Sarcomonadea ("Cercomonas, Heteromita, Bodomorpha, Proleptomonas, Allantion"), Thecofilosea ("Cryptodifflugia, Cryothecomonas"), Spongomonadea ("Spongomonas, Rhipidodendron"), and Imbricatea ("Thaumatomonas, Thaumatomastix, Allas, Gyromitus, Euglypha, Trinema, Paulinella"). Monadofilosa is sometimes treated as a superclass rather than a subphylum. "Sainouron" has been grouped in Monadofilosa. Phylogeny based on Bass et al. 2009, Howe et

neg: Springtail each of those groups except mites is more inclusive: though taxonomic rank cannot be used for absolute comparisons, it is notable that nematodes are a phylum and crustaceans a subphylum. Most springtails are small and difficult to see by casual observation, but one springtail, the so-called snow flea ("Hypogastrura nivicola"), is readily observed on warm winter days when it is active and its dark color contrasts sharply with a background of snow. In addition, a few species routinely climb trees and form a dominant component of canopy faunas, where they may be collected by beating or insecticide fogging. These tend

neg: Chlorociboria wood is featured in "Tunbridge ware." Blue-green stain is evident year-round, with ascocarp production occurring from summer to fall. Chlorociboria Chlorociboria is a genus of fungi within the subphylum Pezizomycetes. The genus includes 17 species. Two common temperate zone species, "Chlorociboria aeruginascens" and "Chlorociboria aeruginosa", can only reliably be distinguished by microscopic examination. "Chlorociboria aeruginosa" has larger spores (9–15 µm × 1.5–2.5 µm) and the worm-like cells of the outer surface are rough, unlike the commoner "C. aeruginascens", of which the spores are 6–10 µm × 1.5–2 µm. The hyphae and fruiting bodies of all species make xylindein, a secondary

neg: Fibrobacteres in the gut of termites. and in some litter-feeding cockroaches. The predominance of Fibrobacteres subphylum 2 in cellulolytic fibre-associated bacterial communities in hindguts of wood-feeding Nasutitermes corniger suggests that they play an important role in the breakdown of plant material in higher termites. Fibrobacteres Fibrobacteres is a small bacterial phylum which includes many of the major rumen bacteria, allowing for the degradation of plant-based cellulose in ruminant animals. Members of this phylum were categorized in other phyla. The genus "Fibrobacter" (the only genus of Fibrobacteres) was removed from the genus "Bacteroides" in 1988. Although "Fibrobacteres", which consists of a single

neg: Doliolida Doliolida The Doliolida are an order of small marine animals of the subphylum Tunicata. They are in the class Thaliacea, which also includes the salps and pyrosomes. The doliolid body is small, typically 1–2 mm long, and barrel-shaped; it features two wide siphons, one at the front and the other at the back end, and eight or nine circular muscle strands reminiscent of barrel bands. Like all tunicates, they are filter feeders. Unlike the related class Ascidiacea, which are sessile, but like the class Appendicularia, they are free-swimming plankton; cilia pump water through the body which drives them forward. As

neg: Chlorociboria Chlorociboria Chlorociboria is a genus of fungi within the subphylum Pezizomycetes. The genus includes 17 species. Two common temperate zone species, "Chlorociboria aeruginascens" and "Chlorociboria aeruginosa", can only reliably be distinguished by microscopic examination. "Chlorociboria aeruginosa" has larger spores (9–15 µm × 1.5–2.5 µm) and the worm-like cells of the outer surface are rough, unlike the commoner "C. aeruginascens", of which the spores are 6–10 µm × 1.5–2 µm. The hyphae and fruiting bodies of all species make xylindein, a secondary metabolite that stains the substrate wood blue-green, with "green oak" being a valued commodity in woodworking. The blue-green pigmented

neg: Uniramia separate groups. This redefined the Uniramia as strictly "true" arthropods with exoskeletons and jointed appendages. Uniramians have strictly uniramous appendages. Systematics can result in rival taxonomies, and this seems to have happened to Uniramia. The name Uniramia was temporarily rejected as a polyphyletic group, but when used now refers to the subphylum consisting of the insects + myriapods. Subphylum Uniramia is characterized by uniramous (single-branching) appendages, one pair of antennae and two pairs of mouthparts (single pairs of mandibles and maxillae). Their body forms and ecologies are diverse. While most unirames are terrestrial, "some are aquatic for part or all

neg: Craniiformea Craniiformea Craniata (formerly Craniforma) is a class of Brachiopod originating in the Cambrian period and still extant today. They have calcitic inarticulated shells that are subcircular in outline. This subphylum of brachiopod has an unsupported lophophore and is always attached to a hard substrate in the fossil record. This hard substrate is usually another brachiopod. The plicae from the host brachiopod will then appear in the shell of the craniata. Craniata is the only class of brachiopods (lamp shells) from the subphylum Craniiformea. This class is further broken into three orders. One of the orders is still living (the Craniida).

neg: Fibrobacteres pigs. The two described species in this genus namely, "Fibrobacter succinogenes" and "Fibrobacter intestinalis" are important members of fibrolytic communities in mammalian guts and have received a lot of attention in recent decades due to the long-standing interest microbes capable of degrading plant fiber. Molecular evidence based on the amplification of 16rRNA genes from various environments suggest that the phylum is much more widespread than previously thought. Most of the clones from mammalian environments group along with the known isolates in what has been called Fibrobacteres subphylum 1. Members of Fibrobacteres subphylum 2 however, have so far been found only

neg: Amoebozoa phylum Amoebozoa to include both the subphylum Lobosa and a new subphylum Conosa, comprising the Archamoebae and the Mycetozoa. Recent molecular genetic data appear to support this primary division of the Amoebozoa into Lobosa and Conosa. The former, as defined by Cavalier-Smith and his collaborators, consists largely of the classic Lobosea: non-flagellated amoebae with blunt, lobose pseudopods ("Amoeba", "Acanthamoeba, Arcella, Difflugia etc."). The latter is made up of both amoeboid and flagellated cells, characteristically with more pointed or slightly branching subpseudopodia (Archamoebae and the Mycetozoan slime molds). Recent phylogeny indicates the Lobosa are paraphyletic: Conosa is sister of the Cutosea.

neg: Brettanomyces claussenii kingdom fungi, the phylum ascomycota and the subphylum saccharomycotina, the so-called "true yeasts". Yeasts in this subphylum reproduce asexually through budding. Baker’s yeast and Brewer’s yeast are in saccharomycotina as well. The genus "Dekkera" can be used interchangeably with "Brettanomyces" when describing species; "Dekkera" are the telemorphic (spore-forming) versions of the "Brettanomyces" species. "Dekkera claussenii" differs from other "Dekkera" species in its lack of blastese and inability to ferment lactose. Examination of the Mitochondrial DNA of the genus Brettanomyces showed identical genomes in three pairs of species: "Dekkera bruxellensis"/"Brettanomyces lambicus", "Brettanomyces abstinens"/"Brettanomyces custerianus" and B"rettanomyces anomalus"/"Brettanomyces clausenii". It is suspected

neg: Solenostomus find a coral reef or muddy bottom, changing color and shape to minimize visibility. In many respects, they are similar to the pipefishes, but can be distinguished by the presence of pelvic fins, a prominent, spiny, dorsal fin, and star-shaped plates on the skin. Unlike true pipefish, female ghostpipefishes use their enlarged pelvic fins to brood their eggs until they hatch. Solenostomus Solenostomus, also known as ghost pipefishes, false pipefishes or tubemouth fishes, is a genus of fishes in the order Syngnathiformes. "Solenostomus" is the only genus in the family Solenostomidae, and includes six currently recognized species. Ghostpipefishes are related