query: which is the asian tiger mosquito 's species within its genus

pos: Aedes albopictus Aedes albopictus Aedes albopictus ("Stegomyia albopicta"), from the mosquito (Culicidae) family, also known as (Asian) tiger mosquito or forest mosquito, is a mosquito native to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia; however, in the past few decades, this species has spread to many countries through the transport of goods and international travel. It is characterized by the white bands on its legs and body. This mosquito has become a significant pest in many communities because it closely associates with humans (rather than living in wetlands), and typically flies and feeds in the daytime in addition to at dusk

pos: Aedes albopictus especially in urban areas. "Aedes albopictus" mosquitoes have been identified in 1,368 counties in 40 U.S states. In Latin America, the Asian tiger mosquito was first discovered 1986 in Brazil and in 1988 in Argentina and Mexico, as well. Other parts of Latin America where the Asian tiger mosquito was discovered are the Dominican Republic in 1993, Bolivia, Cuba, Honduras, and Guatemala in 1995, El Salvador in 1996, Paraguay in 1999, Panama in 2002, and Uruguay and Nicaragua in 2003. In Africa, the species was first detected in 1990 in South Africa. In Nigeria, it has been domestic since at

pos: Aedes albopictus and dawn. The insect is called a tiger mosquito for its striped appearance, which resembles that of the tiger. "Ae. albopictus" is an epidemiologically important vector for the transmission of many viral pathogens, including the yellow fever virus, dengue fever, and Chikungunya fever, as well as several filarial nematodes such as "Dirofilaria immitis". "Aedes albopictus" is capable of hosting the Zika virus and is considered a potential vector for Zika transmission among humans. In 1894, a British-Australian entomologist, Frederick A. Askew Skuse, was the first to scientifically describe the Asian tiger mosquito, which he named "Culex albopictus" (lat. ' "gnat",

pos: Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation mosquitoes who will pass on the disease by biting a susceptible individual after having bitten an infected individual. The main mosquito vector ("Culex quinquefasciatus") was introduced over a hundred years before the pathogen ("Plasmodium r. capistranoae"), mostly hosted by the blue-breasted quail ("Coturnix chinensis"). Later, two other mosquito species, the Asian tiger mosquito ("Aedes albopictus") and the bromeliad mosquito ("Wyeomyia mitchellii") were introduced to the islands. The immune system of the honeycreepers had not been exposed to avian malaria since its common ancestor existed 4 to 5 million years ago. Thus, the honeycreepers had not co-evolved with the pathogen to

pos: Aedes geniculatus spread the Zika virus. Aedes geniculatus The Tree Hole mosquito ("Aedes geniculatus"), a close relative to the better known Asian Tiger mosquito ("Aedes albopictus"), is native to Europe and North Africa. After the Zika epidemic in 2016, it was mistakenly reported to Public Health England by members of the public, who were monitoring the spread of Zika-carrying mosquitoes in southern England following media reports of the spread of the Asian Tiger mosquito. Although it has not been observed in the wild as a disease vector, in laboratory tests, the Tree Hole mosquito can transmit yellow fever and chikungunya and so

pos: Aedes geniculatus Aedes geniculatus The Tree Hole mosquito ("Aedes geniculatus"), a close relative to the better known Asian Tiger mosquito ("Aedes albopictus"), is native to Europe and North Africa. After the Zika epidemic in 2016, it was mistakenly reported to Public Health England by members of the public, who were monitoring the spread of Zika-carrying mosquitoes in southern England following media reports of the spread of the Asian Tiger mosquito. Although it has not been observed in the wild as a disease vector, in laboratory tests, the Tree Hole mosquito can transmit yellow fever and chikungunya and so may be able to

pos: Culex pipiens vector of many diseases that are transmitted to hosts when the mosquito bites them. It has been found that by using the "Wolbachia" infection to intentionally infect this species, their reproduction can be suppressed by inserting genes through the infection that restrict their ability to reproduce. This has also proved successful in the related "Aedes albopictus" species, also known as the Asian Tiger mosquito. "Culex pipiens molestus" lives in the London Underground and other underground railways. The more common "Culex pipiens" subspecies observed above ground is sometimes referred to as "Culex pipiens pipiens". Culex pipiens Culex pipiens (the common house

pos: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Acinetobacter calcoaceticus is a bacterial species of the genus "Acinetobacter". It is a nonmotile, gram negative coccobacillus. It grows under aerobic conditions, is catalase positive and oxidase negative. It is part of the normal human intestinal flora. Together with "A. baumannii", it is referred to as the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex, which is relatively simple to identify based on the beforementioned phenotypic characteristics. To identify other Acinetobacter species genotyping is required. "A. calcoaceticus" is a soil bacterium. It has been shown to be prevalent in the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus microflora. Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid is a degradation product

pos: 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic "Aedes aegypti" mosquito, which is commonly found throughout the tropical and subtropical Americas. It can also be spread by the "Aedes albopictus" ("Asian tiger") mosquito, which is distributed as far north as the Great Lakes region in North America. Men infected with Zika can transmit the virus to their sexual partners. A number of countries have issued travel warnings, and the outbreak is expected to reduce tourism significantly. Several countries have taken the unusual step of advising their citizens to delay pregnancy until more is known about the virus and its impact on fetal development. Furthermore, the outbreak raised concerns

pos: Aedes albopictus as they are unable to reproduce successfully with uninfected females (unidirectional CI). When artificially infected males are unable to reproduce, the population size can be controlled, thereby reducing the transmission of the harmful disease of interest. Artificial infection of males is achieved by the removal of cytoplasm from infected oocytes, which is then transferred into embryos prior to the blastoderm stage. Aedes albopictus Aedes albopictus ("Stegomyia albopicta"), from the mosquito (Culicidae) family, also known as (Asian) tiger mosquito or forest mosquito, is a mosquito native to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia; however, in the past few decades,

pos: Aedes albopictus "midge" and ' "white-painted"). Later, the species was assigned to the genus "Aedes" (gr. , "unpleasant") and referred to as "Aedes albopictus". Like the yellow fever mosquito, it belongs to the subgenus "Stegomyia" (Gr. , "covered, roofed", referring to the scales that completely cover the dorsal surface in this subgenus, and , "fly") within the genus "Aedes". In 2004, scientists explored higher-level relationships and proposed a new classification within the genus "Aedes" and "Stegomyia" was elevated to the genus level, making "Aedes albopictus" now "Stegomyia albopicta". This is, however, a controversial matter, and the use of "Stegomyia albopicta" versus "Aedes

neg: Aedes albopictus mosquito to be a potential bridge vector for certain pathogens that can jump species boundaries, for example the West Nile virus. Primarily, other mosquito larvae, flatworms, swimming beetles, fungi, ciliates, paramecia, protozoans which act as parasites, predatory copepods, and spiders are natural enemies of the larval stage of Asian tiger mosquitoes. "Toxorhynchites" larvae, a mosquito genus that does not suck blood, feeds upon other mosquito larvae and are often found with tiger mosquito larvae. Flatworms and small swimming beetles are considered natural predators. Fungi from the genus "Coelomomyces" (order Blastocladiales) develop inside the visceral cavity of mosquito larvae. The species

neg: Aedes albopictus malaria mosquito (genus "Anopheles") and yellow fever mosquito ("Aedes aegypti") had both been eliminated by the application of DDT. This may be because primarily the inner walls of the houses were treated with DDT to kill the mosquitoes resting there and fight the malaria mosquito. The yellow fever mosquito also lingers particularly in the inside of buildings and would have been also affected. The Asian tiger mosquito rests in the vicinity of human dwellings would therefore have an advantage over the other two species. In other cases, where the yellow fever mosquito was repressed by the Asian tiger mosquito, for

neg: Aedes albopictus to where this mosquito is found. Identifying tiger mosquitoes can seem easy with the above description, but many people mistakenly identify it. The best way to be sure is to compare the specimen with several approved pictures of the tiger mosquito. Some mosquitoes in North America, such as "Ochlerotatus canadensis", have a similar leg pattern. In Europe, the mosquito "Culiseta annulata", which is very common, but does not occur in high densities, can be mistaken for an Asian tiger mosquito because of its black-and-white-ringed legs. However, this species is missing the distinctive white line that runs from the middle of

neg: Aedes albopictus way that another dispersal of the disease in regions with the Asian tiger mosquito is feared. On the basis of experimental evidence and probability estimates, the likelihood of mechanical or biological transmission of HIV by insects is virtually nonexistent. The tiger mosquito is relevant to veterinary medicine. For example, tiger mosquitoes are transmitters of "Dirofilaria immitis", a parasitic roundworm that causes heartworm in dogs and cats. The Asian tiger mosquito is known for transmitting the "Wolbachia" infection. This bacterial genus is the most common infection in arthropods today, and over 40% of arthropods have contracted it. "Wolbachia" can be transmitted

neg: Chikungunya the genetic sequence which altered the E1 segment of the virus' viral coat protein, a variant called E1-A226V. This mutation potentially allows the virus to multiply more easily in mosquito cells. The change allows the virus to use the Asian tiger mosquito (an invasive species) as a vector in addition to the more strictly tropical main vector, "Aedes aegypti". Enhanced transmission of chikungunya virus by "A. albopictus" could mean an increased risk for outbreaks in other areas where the Asian tiger mosquito is present. "A albopictus" is an invasive species which has spread through Europe, the Americas, the Caribbean, Africa

neg: Aedes albopictus "Coelomomyces stegomyiae" was first found on the Asian tiger mosquito. Paramecia, or ciliates, can also affect "Ae. albopictus" larvae, and the first detected species was "Lambornella stegomyiae" (Hymenostomatida: Tetrahymenidae). The virulence, mortality rate, and subsequent possibilities of "Lambornella" being implemented as a biological remedy to control "Ae. albopictus", however, has conflicting views. Sporozoans of the genus "Ascogregarina" (Lecudinidae) infect the larval stage of mosquitoes. The species "Ascogregarina taiwanensis" was found in Asian tiger mosquitoes. When the adult mosquitoes emerge from their pupal case, they leave the infectious intermediary stage of parasites in the water and close off the infection cycle.

neg: Mosquito host's stimulants, then it follows a targeted approach. Most mosquito species are crepuscular (dawn or dusk) feeders. During the heat of the day, most mosquitoes rest in a cool place and wait for the evenings, although they may still bite if disturbed. Some species, such as the Asian tiger mosquito, are known to fly and feed during daytime. Prior to and during blood feeding, blood-sucking mosquitoes inject saliva into the bodies of their source(s) of blood. This saliva serves as an anticoagulant; without it the female mosquito's proboscis might become clogged with blood clots. The saliva also is the main

neg: Aedes albopictus the opportunity. Relatives of different genera could therefore present a possibility in the control of tiger mosquitoes. Predators of adult "Ae. albopictus" in Malaysia include various spider species. Up to 90% of the gathered spiders from rubber plantations and a cemetery fed upon Asian tiger mosquitoes. Whether the spiders would have an effect on the mosquito population is still unclear. Tiger mosquitoes were abundantly present despite the existence of the spiders. The Asian tiger mosquito originally came from Southeast Asia. In 1966, parts of Asia and the island worlds of India and the Pacific Ocean were denoted as the area

neg: Aedes albopictus instance in Florida, this explanation does not fit. Other hypotheses include competition in the larval breeding waters, differences in metabolism and reproductive biology, or a major susceptibility to sporozoans (Apicomplexa). Another species, which was suppressed by the migrating "Ae. albopictus" was "Ae. guamensis" in Guam. The Asian tiger mosquito is similar, in terms of its close socialization with humans, to the common house mosquito ("Culex pipiens"). Among other differences in their biology, "Culex pipiens" prefers larger breeding waters and is more tolerant to cold. In this respect, no significant competition or suppression between the two species likely occurs. A possible

neg: Mammal is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown for economic purposes. Hybrids between different subspecies within a species (such as between the [[Bengal tiger]] and [[Siberian tiger]]) are known as intra-specific hybrids. Hybrids between different species within the same genus (such as between lions and tigers) are known as interspecific hybrids or crosses. Hybrids between different genera (such as between sheep and goats) are known as intergeneric hybrids. Natural hybrids will occur in [[hybrid zone]]s, where two populations of species within the same genera or species living in the same or adjacent areas will

neg: Chloriridovirus Chloriridovirus Chloriridovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family "Iridoviridae". Diptera with aquatic larval stage, mainly mosquitoes, lepidoptera, and orthoptera insects serve as natural hosts. There are currently only one species in this genus: the type species "Invertebrate iridescent virus 3". Diseases associated with this genus include: yellow-green iridescence beneath the epidermis (early mosquito larval stages are most susceptible to infection). Death rates are highest in the fourth instar. Viruses within this genus have been found to infect mosquito larvae, in which they produce various iridescent colors. Group: dsDNA Viruses in the genus "Chloriridovirus" are enveloped, with icosahedral and

neg: Aedes albopictus competition among mosquito species that all lay their eggs in knotholes and other similar places ("Ae. cretinus", "Ae. geniculatus", and "Anopheles plumbeus") has yet to be observed. In Europe, the Asian tiger mosquito apparently covers an extensive new niche. This means that no native, long-established species conflict with the dispersal of "Ae. albopictus". "Ae. albopictus" is known to transmit pathogens and viruses, such as the yellow fever virus, dengue fever, Chikungunya fever, and Usutu virus. There is some evidence supporting the role of "Ae. albopictus" in the transmission of Zika virus, which is primarily transmitted by the related "Ae. aegypti".

neg: Aedes albopictus of circulation for the Asian tiger mosquito. "Ae. albopictus" as a native to tropical and subtropical regions with warm and humid climate, is active all year long; however, it has been adapting successfully to cooler, temperate regions, where they hibernate over winter. Eggs from strains in the temperate zones are more tolerant to the cold than ones from warmer regions. The species can even tolerate snow and temperatures under freezing. Adult tiger mosquitoes can survive throughout winter in suitable microhabitats. Since the mid 1960s, the tiger mosquito has spread to Europe, the Americas, the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East.

neg: Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District January 1, 2014. Due to a citizen petition aimed at controlling mosquitoes emerging from the Los Angeles River, GLACVCD's first vector to control are mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are primary vectors in transmitting West Nile virus in California. The first reported sign of West Nile virus didn't appear until 2003. Since then, GLACVCD has been controlling mosquitoes as well as monitoring West Nile virus. In 2001, the Asian tiger mosquito, an imported exotic species of mosquito, was discovered in a shipment of lucky bamboo. GLACVCD was the first agency to take responsive action. In September 2011, an infestation of the Asian tiger

neg: Aedes albopictus located in Cyprus, Greece, Macedonia, Georgia and Turkey. In Asia, the Asian tiger mosquito can be mistaken for other members of the subgenus "Stegomyia", particularly the yellow fever mosquito "Aedes aegypti" (the most prevalent species in the tropics and subtropics), because both species display a similar black and white pattern. It can be hard to distinguish "Ae. albopictus" from the closely related "Aedes scutellaris" (India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines), "Aedes pseudoalbopictus" (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam) and "Aedes seatoi" (Thailand). Like other mosquito species, only the females require a blood meal to develop

neg: Eilat virus vertebrate cell lines. Therefore, evolutionary these results aid in suggesting that EILV lost its capability in infecting vertebrate cells. Thus, EILV appears to be mosquito-specific and represents a previously undescribed complex within the genus Alphavirus. Reverse genetic studies of EILV may help in the discovery of determinants of alphavirus host range which balances disease emergence. When tested on four different mosquito species the Eilat virus had similar effects on certain organs of the mosquitos and did not infect other organs. This bar graph shows the percentage of the specified mosquito species infected by the EILV in several different organs of

neg: Anopheles genus within this group. The parasite "Wolbachia" bacteria have also been studied for use as control agents. Anopheles Anopheles (Greek anofelís: "useless") is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus "Plasmodium", which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. "Anopheles gambiae" is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the most dangerous malaria parasite species (to humans) – "Plasmodium falciparum". The name comes from the Greek

neg: Epidemiology of chikungunya the introduction of chikungunya into Asia occurred in the 19th century or more recently, but this epidemic Asian strain causes outbreaks in India and continues to circulate in Southeast Asia. A number of chikungunya outbreaks have occurred since 2005. An analysis of the chikungunya virus's genetic code suggests that the increased severity of the 2005–present outbreak may be due to a change in the genetic sequence, altering the virus' viral coat protein, which potentially allows it to multiply more easily in mosquito cells. The change allows the virus to use the Asian tiger mosquito (an invasive species) as a vector

neg: Asian whiting Asian whiting The Asian whiting, "Sillago asiatica", is a species inshore marine fish in the smelt whiting family, Sillaginidae, distributed along the Asian coastline from the Gulf of Thailand to Taiwan. The Asian whiting's appearance is very similar to other closely related species in the genus "Sillago", with swim bladder morphology and ray counts of fins the most reliable identifying features. The species inhabits slightly deeper water than many of the sillaginid species its distribution overlaps, forming an important part of the whiting fishery in the countries within its range. The Asian whiting is a species of the genus "Sillago",

neg: Smilodon Smilodon Smilodon is a genus of the extinct machairodont subfamily of the felids. It is one of the most famous prehistoric mammals, and the best known saber-toothed cat. Although commonly known as the saber-toothed tiger, it was not closely related to the tiger or other modern cats. "Smilodon" lived in the Americas during the Pleistocene epoch (2.5 mya–10,000 years ago). The genus was named in 1842, based on fossils from Brazil. Three species are recognized today: S. gracilis, S. fatalis, and S. populator. The two latter species were probably descended from "S. gracilis", which itself probably evolved from "Megantereon". The

neg: Aedes albopictus in places where traps were installed. Although the "Wolbachia" infection is prevalent in arthropod species, especially the Asian tiger mosquito, it is a useful mechanism for inhibiting the spread of dengue. "Ae. aegypti" individuals, a close relative of "Ae. albopictus", with an artificial "Wolbachia" infection, cannot transmit dengue, an infectious virus, but they can pass on the "Wolbachia" infection to other populations. This could lead to many more discoveries in disease control for "Ae. albopictus" and other mosquito species. In addition, due to the cytoplasmic incompatibility caused by "Wolbachia", the artificial infection of males can serve as a biological control

neg: Oriental trumpeter whiting Oriental trumpeter whiting The oriental trumpeter whiting, "Sillago aeolus", is a widely distributed species of benthic inshore fish in the smelt-whiting family. The species ranges from east Africa to Japan, inhabiting much if the southern Asian and Indonesian coastlines. Its morphology is very similar to other species within the genus "Sillago", with a long, compressed body and silvery overall colour. It can be distinguished from its relatives by colour patterns and particularly swim bladder morphology, which helps define most species of "Sillago". "S aeolus" is a benthic predator, consuming a variety of crustaceans and polychaetes. As with most members of

neg: Aedes albopictus segment VII. The transparent wings have white spots on the base of the costae. With older mosquito specimens, the scales could be partially worn off, making these characteristics not stand out as much. The typical "Ae. albopictus" individual has a length around 2 to 10 mm. As with other members of the mosquito family, the female is equipped with an elongated proboscis that she uses to collect blood to feed her eggs. The Asian tiger mosquito has a rapid bite that allows it to escape most attempts by people to swat it. By contrast, the male member of the species

neg: Seadornavirus routes are zoonosis and bite. Seadornavirus Seadornavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Reoviridae, in the subfamily Sedoreovirinae. Human, cattle, pig, and mosquitoes serve as natural hosts. There are three species of viruses in this genus: type species: "Banna virus" (BAV), "Kadipiro virus" and "Liao ning virus". Each of these viruses has been isolated from "Aedes", "Anopheles" and "Culex" mosquito populations, but only BAV has been shown to cause infection in humans, in which the symptoms are similar to Japanese encephalitis—fever, malaise and encephalitis. The word "seadornavirus" is an acronym, meaning Southeast Asian dodeca RNA virus. Group: dsRNA

neg: Seadornavirus Seadornavirus Seadornavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Reoviridae, in the subfamily Sedoreovirinae. Human, cattle, pig, and mosquitoes serve as natural hosts. There are three species of viruses in this genus: type species: "Banna virus" (BAV), "Kadipiro virus" and "Liao ning virus". Each of these viruses has been isolated from "Aedes", "Anopheles" and "Culex" mosquito populations, but only BAV has been shown to cause infection in humans, in which the symptoms are similar to Japanese encephalitis—fever, malaise and encephalitis. The word "seadornavirus" is an acronym, meaning Southeast Asian dodeca RNA virus. Group: dsRNA Viruses in Seadornavirus are non-enveloped,

neg: Stewartia Stewartia Stewartia (sometimes spelled Stuartia) is a genus of 8-20 species of flowering plants in the family Theaceae, related to "Camellia". Most of the species are native to eastern Asia in China, Japan, Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, with two ("S. malacodendron, S. ovata") in southeast North America, from Virginia and Kentucky south to Florida and Louisiana. They are shrubs and trees, mostly deciduous, though some species (e.g. "S. pteropetiolata") are evergreen; the evergreen species form a genetically distinct group and are split into a separate genus "Hartia" by some botanists, but others retain them within "Stewartia". The Asian

neg: Aedes albopictus to transfer certain genes into the population to further control the spread of diseases. In the natural environment, "Wolbachia" and the Asian tiger mosquito are in a symbiotic relationship, so both species benefit from each other and can evolve together. The relationship between "Wolbachia" and its host might not have always been mutualistic, as "Drosophila" populations once experienced decreased fecundity in infected females, suggesting that "Wolbachia" evolved over time so that infected individuals would actually reproduce much more. The mechanism by which "Wolbachia" is inherited through maternal heredity is called cytoplasmic incompatibility. This changes the gamete cells of males and

neg: Aedes albopictus from parent to offspring or between breeding individuals. "Wolbachia" is easily transmitted within the "Ae. albopictus" mosquito due to the effects it has on fecundity in females. Once female Asian tiger mosquitos have contracted the infection, they produce more eggs, give birth more frequently, and live longer than uninfected females. In this way, "Wolbachia" provides a fitness advantage to the infected females and prevents uninfected females from reproducing. This allows control of the spread of diseases that many species carry by suppressing reproduction of the individuals with the harmful disease, but without the "Wolbachia" infection. "Wolbachia" can also be used

neg: Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District to control black flies along a special 26-mile corridor of the Los Angeles River was established, and a proactive midge program focused on preventing midge nuisance associated with water reclamation, water regeneration, and flood control improvement sources was implemented. The Africanized honey bee removal program began following bee colonization in Los Angeles County. In 2001, the Asian tiger mosquito, an imported exotic species of mosquito, was discovered in a shipment of lucky bamboo. GLACVCD was the first agency to take responsive action. In 2002, the District discontinued its Africanized honeybee removal service. The control and removal of Africanized honeybees (AHB)

neg: Botany nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and administered by the International Botanical Congress. Kingdom Plantae belongs to Domain Eukarya and is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is: Kingdom; Phylum (or Division); Class; Order; Family; Genus (plural "genera"); Species. The scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus, resulting in a single worldwide name for each organism. For example, the tiger lily is "Lilium columbianum". "Lilium" is the genus, and "columbianum" the specific epithet. The combination is

neg: Aedes fever exists, and measures to prevent mosquito bites include: insecticides such as DDT, mosquito traps, insect repellents, and mosquito nets. The genus was named by Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1818. The generic name comes from the Ancient Greek ἀηδής, "aēdēs", meaning "unpleasant" or "odious". As historically defined, the genus contains over 700 species (see the list of "Aedes" species). The genus has been divided into several subgenera ("Aedes", "Diceromyia", "Finlaya", "Stegomyia", etc.), most of which have been recently treated by some authorities as full genera. The classification was revised in 2009. Aedes Aedes is a genus of mosquitoes originally found

neg: Schistosoma and Asia during the Cenozoic era the genus might have originated as parasites of hippos. The original hosts for the South East Asian species were probably rodents. Based on the phylogenetics of the host snails it seems likely that the genus evolved in Gondwana between and . The sister group to "Schistosoma" is a genus of elephant-infecting schistosomes — "Bivitellobilharzia". The cattle, sheep, goat and cashmere goat parasite "Orientobilharzia turkestanicum" appears to be related to the African schistosomes. This latter species has since been transferred to the genus "Schistosoma". Within the haematobium group "S. bovis" and "S. curassoni" appear to

neg: Palmyra Atoll of the samples analyzed with unknown long-term and sublethal effects. One side effect was the demise of the island's population of Asian tiger mosquitoes. This was claimed to be the first time that killing off one unwanted species resulted in the removal of a second unwanted species. The other mosquito species on the island, "Culex quinquefasciatus," was not eliminated. Palmyra Atoll's location in the Pacific Ocean, where the southern and northern currents meet, results in its beaches becoming littered with trash and debris. Plastic mooring buoys and plastic bottles are plentiful on the beaches of Palmyra. Since the 1940s, Palmyra's

neg: Suillus sibiricus edge. Characteristics of species in subsection "Latiporini" include cinnamon-coloured spore prints without an olive tinge, and wide pores on the underside of the cap (wider than 1 mm when mature). Other species in the subsection include "S. flavidus", "S. umbonatus", "S. punctatipes", and "S. americanus". A phylogenetic analysis of various eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct "Suillus" species revealed that "S. sibiricus" forms a well-supported clade with "S. americanus" and "S. umbonatus"; these relationships are corroborated by a previous analysis (1996), which used a larger sampling of "Suillus" species to determine taxonomic relationships in the genus. Within this clade,

neg: Asian water monitor of rice fields". They are also protected due to eating venomous snakes. Asian water monitors fall within the kingdom: Animalia, phylum: Chorodata, class: Reptilia, order: Squamata, family: Varanidae, genus: "Varanus", and species: "V. salvator". The family: Varanidae contains nearly 80 species of monitor lizards, all of which belong to the genus: "Varanus". This genus has been proven to show the widest size range of any vertebrate genus. There is a significant amount of taxonomic uncertainty within this species complex. Morphological analyses have begun to unravel this taxonomic uncertainty but molecular studies are needed to test and confirm the validity of

neg: Chikungunya the Pasteur Institute in Paris has suggested chikungunya virus strains in the 2005-2006 Reunion Island outbreak incurred a mutation that facilitated transmission by the Asian tiger mosquito ("A. albopictus"). Other species potentially able to transmit the chikungunya virus include "Ae. furcifer-taylori", "Ae. africanus", and "Ae. luteocephalus". The chikungunya virus is passed to humans when a bite from an infected mosquito breaks the skin and introduces the virus into the body. The pathogenesis of chikungunya infection in humans is still poorly understood, despite recent outbreaks. It appears that "in vitro", chikungunya virus is able to replicate in human epithelial and endothelial

neg: Psorophora ciliata water. Typically, females in the genus are capable of laying their eggs on dry or damp land to hatch months or years later, depending on the species. Psorophora ciliata Psorophora ciliata is a species of large mosquito indigenous to the United States east of the continental divide. It is one of thirteen species of the genus that reside in the continental United States. The mosquito has been referred to as the “gallinipper” or “shaggy-legged gallinipper” due to its tendency for aggressive behavior. "P. ciliata" occurs east of the Continental Divide of the Americas. In North America, its range is from

neg: Bithynia (gastropod) Bithynia (gastropod) Bithynia is a genus of small freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Bithyniidae. The diploid chromosome number of "Bithynia" sp. from Egypt is 2n=32. Lake Skadar with 5 species of "Bithynia" is a biodiversity hotspot of "Bithynia" evolution. Glöer (2002) recognized four subgenera "Bithynia", "Codiella", "Neumayria" and "Parafossarulus" within European species. He reassigned two European extinct species of "Parafossarulus" into a subgenus of the genus "Bithynia", but the genus "Parafossarulus" is generally accepted for the Asian species. The subgenus "Digoniostoma" is also recognized for Asian species. Subgenera and species within the genus

neg: Khammouane Province and coauthors, who considered the animal to be so distinct from all living rodents. They placed it in a new family, Laonastidae. It is in the monotypic genus "Laonastes".' Species of mammals, some discovered relatively recently, include the following (Robichaud 2005): saola, giant muntjac, Roosevelt's muntjac, Truong Son muntjac, Indochinese warty pig, Heude's pig, Annamite striped rabbit, Javan rhinoceros ("Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus"), Indochinese tiger, and Asian elephant. The 68,125 hectare Hin Nam No (also Hin Namno) Important Bird Area (IBA) is within the Hin Namno NBCA. Its topography features limestone karst outcrops, undulating limestone hills, as well as valleys. The

neg: Salvinia Salvinia Salvinia, a genus in the family Salviniaceae, is a floating fern named in honor of Anton Maria Salvini, a 17th-century Italian scientist. Watermoss is a common name for "Salvinia". The genus was published in 1754 by Jean-François Séguier, in his description of the plants found round Verona, "Plantae Veronenses" Twelve species are recognized, at least three of which ("S. molesta", "S. herzogii", and "S. minima") are believed to be hybrids, in part because their sporangia are found to be empty. "Salvinia" is related to the other water ferns, including the mosquito fern "Azolla". Recent sources include both "Azolla" and

neg: Smilax sect. Nemexia two well-defined clades." But according to the abstract of reference 2 (Fu et al. 2005) "Results strongly support a clade of two well-defined East Asian species, Smilax riparia and S. nipponica." Thus, the entry should read: "The two East Asian species, S. riparia and S. nipponica, formed a clade." Smilax sect. Nemexia Smilax" sect. "Nemexia is a section of plants in the family Smilacaceae. It consists of the herbaceous plants within the genus "Smilax". "Smilax" species fall into two groups with distinctive morphologies: one group has woody perennial stems with thorns and a vining habit, while the other group has

neg: Aedes albopictus least 1991. It spread to Cameroon in 1999/2000, to the Bioko Island of Equatorial Guinea in 2001, and to Gabon in 2006. In the Middle East, the species was detected in Lebanon in 2003 and in Syria in 2005; the first record in Israel was published in 2003. "Ae. albopictus" can outcompete and even eradicate other species with similar breeding habitats from the very start of its dispersal to other regions and biotopes. In Kolkata, for example, it was observed in the 1960s that egg depositing containers were being settled by the Asian tiger mosquito in city districts where the

neg: Aedes africanus Aedes africanus Aedes africanus is a species of mosquito that is found on the continent of Africa with the exclusion of Madagascar. "Aedes aegypti" and "Aedes africanus" are the two main yellow fever vector species in Zambia. "Aedes africanus" is mainly found in tropical forests not near wetlands. This mosquito has distinct white and black stripes along its body which help differentiate the genus from others in this family. Females of this species are ectoparasites and can most often be found on mammals living in the tropical forests of Africa. The "africanus" species can be distinguished from other mosquitoes in

neg: Penaeus monodon Penaeus monodon Penaeus monodon, commonly known as the giant tiger prawn or Asian tiger shrimp (and also known by other common names), is a marine crustacean that is widely reared for food. "Penaeus monodon" was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1798. That name was overlooked for a long time, however, until 1949, when Lipke Holthuis clarified to which species it referred. Holthuis also showed that "P. monodon" had to be the type species of the genus "Penaeus". Females can reach about long, but are typically long and weight ; males are slightly smaller at long and weighing .

neg: Aedes africanus virus, West Nile virus, and Rift Valley fever virus. It is also a vector of Zika virus, the causal agent of Zika fever. Aedes africanus Aedes africanus is a species of mosquito that is found on the continent of Africa with the exclusion of Madagascar. "Aedes aegypti" and "Aedes africanus" are the two main yellow fever vector species in Zambia. "Aedes africanus" is mainly found in tropical forests not near wetlands. This mosquito has distinct white and black stripes along its body which help differentiate the genus from others in this family. Females of this species are ectoparasites and can

neg: Scleropages Scleropages Scleropages is a genus of fish in the family Osteoglossidae found in Asia and Australia. All of these species are carnivorous and have great jumping ability. These species are highly valued as aquarium fish, particularly by those from Asian cultures. In 2003, a study redescribed several naturally occurring color varieties of "S. formosus" into four separate species. The majority of researchers dispute these redescriptions, arguing that the published data are insufficient to justify recognizing more than one Southeast Asian species of "Scleropages" and that divergent haplotypes used to distinguish the color strains into isolated species were found within a

neg: Stenochlaena Stenochlaena Stenochlaena is a genus of ferns of the plant family Blechnaceae. Six species were formally accepted in an April 2013 scientific review of the genus, first written some years earlier and submitted in 2009. One additional species "S. hainanensis" awaits confirmation of its difference from "S. palustris" by means of differences in fertile material and/or its formal publication. One additional likely species grows naturally in Cameroon, Africa, recognised with the descriptive name "Stenochlaena" sp. 'Cameroon' but it awaits formal description. Some species of Stenochlaena are common as climbing ferns in South-East Asian rainforests. After the end-Cretaceous mass extinction caused

neg: Asiatosaurus genus was classified within Brachiosauridae by Hou "et al.". Both are now classified as "nomina dubia". Asiatosaurus Asiatosaurus (meaning "Asian lizard") was a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur which lived during the early Cretaceous. Its fossils have been found in China and Mongolia. Its type species is known only from teeth, making it difficult to rely on information until more specimens are found to expand our knowledge. The type species, Asiatosaurus mongoliensis, was described by Osborn, in 1924. It was the first sauropod genus named from East-Asia. Asiatosaurus kwangshiensis was described by Hou, Yeh and Zhao, in 1975 based on

neg: Liao ning virus Liao ning virus Liao ning virus (LNV) is a virus belonging to the genus "Seadornavirus" within the family "Reoviridae", a family of segmented, non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses. LNV was first discovered in "Aedes dorsalis" populations in the Liaoning province of the People's Republic of China in 2006 from mosquito samples obtained in 1997. Its geographic distribution was previously thought to be limited to China, but it has since been found in mosquito populations in Australia. In addition to "Aedes dorsalis", LNV has been isolated from "Culex" species. LNV's genome is about 20,700 base pairs in length, and is segmented into

neg: London Underground mosquito London Underground mosquito The London Underground mosquito is a form of mosquito in the genus "Culex". It is found in the London Underground railway system as its name suggests, but has a worldwide distribution and long predates the existence of the London Underground. It was first described as a distinct species from Egyptian specimens by the biologist Peter Forsskål (1732–1763). He named this mosquito "Culex molestus" due to its voracious biting, but later biologists renamed it "Culex pipiens" f. "molestus" because there were no morphological differences between it and "Culex pipiens". Notably, this mosquito assaulted Londoners sleeping in the Underground

neg: Lutzia reducing domestic mosquito breeding in mosquito populations in desert environments where due to limited water sources, mosquito vectors must share the available breeding habitat. Subgenera and species listed by the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit: Lutzia The genus Lutzia, first described in 1903 by Frederick Vincent Theobald, includes species whose larval stages exhibit predatory behavior. The type species is "Lutzia bigoti". The genus includes two species with Neotropical distribution, four in Asia and Australasia, one Afrotropical, and one occurring in the Ogasawara Islands of Japan. Laboratory experiments on predation by "Lutzia" ("Metalutzia") "fuscana" under arid conditions showed that it preyed primarily

neg: Liao ning virus serological surveys of LNV. Liao ning virus Liao ning virus (LNV) is a virus belonging to the genus "Seadornavirus" within the family "Reoviridae", a family of segmented, non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses. LNV was first discovered in "Aedes dorsalis" populations in the Liaoning province of the People's Republic of China in 2006 from mosquito samples obtained in 1997. Its geographic distribution was previously thought to be limited to China, but it has since been found in mosquito populations in Australia. In addition to "Aedes dorsalis", LNV has been isolated from "Culex" species. LNV's genome is about 20,700 base pairs in length,

neg: Aedes albopictus The Asian tiger mosquito particularly bites in forests during the day, so has been known as the forest day mosquito. Depending upon region and biotype, activity peaks differ, but for the most part, they rest during the morning and night hours. They search for their hosts inside and outside of human dwellings, but are particularly active outside. The size of the blood meal depends upon the size of the mosquito, but it is usually around 2 μl. Their bites are not necessarily painful, but they are more noticeable than those from other kinds of mosquitoes. Tiger mosquitoes generally tend to

neg: Nabalus Nabalus Nabalus is a genus of Asian and North American flowering plants in the dandelion tribe within the daisy family. "Nabalus" is now considered the correct name for a group of plants in North America that were formerly considered to be members of "Prenanthes", and were included in that genus in the Flora of North America treatment. The common name for the genus is "white lettuce", and reflects its close relationship to lettuce ("Lactuca sativa") but having flowers that are whitish or purplish-white in some species. Many (perhaps all) of the species are monocarpic perennials, in which an individual plant

neg: Sarcocystis suggested that "Frenkelia" is actually a species of "Sarcocystis". This genus was distinguished from "Sarcocystis" on the basis of its tendency to encyst within the brain rather than within muscle. This distinction may not be taxonomically valid. Within the genus a number of clades have been identified. These include one that contains "S. dispersa", "S. lacertae", "S. mucosa", "S. muris", "S. neurona" and "S. rodentifelis". "Frenkelia" also groups with this clade. These protozoa are mostly found in mammals. They do not appear to infect mammals of the superorder Afrotheria and infect only two species of the Xenarthra. Because of this

neg:
Anopheles subpictus Anopheles subpictus Anopheles (Celia) subpictus is a species complex of four species (A, B, C and D) of mosquito belonging to the genus "Anopheles". The genus "Anopheles" has been subdivided into seven subgenera - "Anopheles", "Baimaia", "Cellia", "Kerteszia","Lophopodomyia", "Nyssorhynchus" and "Stethomyia" - based primarily on the number and positions of specialized setae on the gonocoxites of the male genitalia. Within the subgenus but above the level of species a number of additional taxonomic ranks have been created. While not officially recognised they are in widespread use. The full classification of this species complex is: Subgenus Cellia
 Series Pyretophorus
 Complex "Anopheles

neg: Tiger snake Its common habitat includes the coastal areas of Australia. The genus "Notechis" is in the family of elapid snakes. A 2016 genetic analysis showed that the closest relative of the tiger snakes is the rough-scaled snake ("Tropidechis carinatus"). The two extensively recognized species of this genus are "Notechis scutatus" (Peters, 1861) and "Notechis ater" (Krefft, 1866), which show further variety in their characteristics. Several authors have published revisions or described subspecies of these species. Others consider the names contained by this taxonomic arrangement to be unwarranted, and describe "Notechis" as a monotypic genus. Various authorities accept some or all the

neg: Parantirrhoea Parantirrhoea Parantirrhoea is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae. Its only species, Parantirrhoea marshalli, the Tranvancore evening brown, is endemic to the Western Ghats of India. James Wood-Mason described this species from the specimens in the collection of G F L Marshall which were collected by Harold S. Ferguson who was director of the State Museum at Trivandrum. Little was known about the species in the wild until a population was discovered in the Periyar Tiger Reserve in 1993. Sightings of both sexes of this butterfly is reported in the southern region of the Western Ghats in 2002

neg: Parantirrhoea marked with a submarginal series of inconspicuous brown specks, the probable rudiments of ocelli. Parantirrhoea Parantirrhoea is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae. Its only species, Parantirrhoea marshalli, the Tranvancore evening brown, is endemic to the Western Ghats of India. James Wood-Mason described this species from the specimens in the collection of G F L Marshall which were collected by Harold S. Ferguson who was director of the State Museum at Trivandrum. Little was known about the species in the wild until a population was discovered in the Periyar Tiger Reserve in 1993. Sightings of both sexes of

neg: Aedes albopictus The Asian tiger mosquito was responsible for the Chikungunya epidemic on the French Island La Réunion in 2005–2006. By September 2006, an estimated 266,000 people were infected with the virus, and 248 fatalities occurred on the island. The Asian tiger mosquito was also the transmitter of the virus in the first and only outbreak of Chikungunya fever on the European continent. This outbreak occurred in the Italian province of Ravenna in the summer of 2007, and infected over 200 people. Evidently, mutated strains of the Chikungunya virus are being directly transmitted through "Ae. albopictus" particularly well and in such a

neg: Coquillettidia "Austromansonia" occurs only in New Zealand, while species of subgenus "Rhynchotaenia" are confined to the Neotropical Region. "Coquillettidia perturbans" is considered a vector of eastern equine encephalitis; other species are secondary or suspected vectors of "Brugia malayi" the cause of lymphatic filariasis, and Rift Valley fever. Coquillettidia Coquillettidia is a mosquito genus erected by entomologist Harrison Gray Dyar, Jr. in 1904 based primarily on unique features of its "peculiar" male genitalia. The specific epithet honors Dyar's colleague Daniel William Coquillett. The genus comprises three subgenera, "Austromansonia", "Coquillettidia", and "Rhynochotaenia", and 57 species, of which "Coquillettidia perturbans" is perhaps the best

neg: Papaver sharing glabrous buds, bright orange corollas, and yellow anthers. Their capsules are different, with "S. heterophylla" possessing a distinct style that is reminiscent of those in many "Meconopsis" species. However, Carolan et al.’s (2006) analysis strongly supports a monophyletic group for "S. heterophylla" and "P. californicum", sister to the core "Papaver" sects, with "Horrida", basal to that grouping. They recommended that both sects. "Californicum" and "Horrida" be elevated to “subgenera” within "Papaver". The authors reject the genus status of "Stylomecon". "Meconopsis" is composed of mostly Asian dwelling species, and a single European representative, "M. cambrica". Kadereit et al. (1997) first

neg: Tricarpelema Tricarpelema Tricarpelema is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the dayflower family consisting of 8 species. The genus is divided into two subgenera, subgenus "Tricarpelema", which includes 7 known species found in tropical Asia, and subgenus "Keatingia" with one species in western Africa. The Asian species are typically found in the forest understory while the single African species has evolved to drier, sunnier conditions and is usually associated with inselbergs. The genus "Tricarpelema" was created in 1966 by Kevin Cousins when he found that a Himalayan species then known as "Aneilema thomsonii" could not be satisfactorily classified within "Aneilema"

neg: Tiger shrike with a black mask. Females and young birds are duller and browner and young birds lack the grey and black on the head. The tiger shrike was first described in 1822 by the Belgian naturalist Pierre Auguste Joseph Drapiez in the "Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle". He placed it in the genus "Lanius", a group of about 26 species living in open areas across Eurasia, Africa and North America. The name of the genus means "butcher" in Latin, referring to the birds' habit of impaling and storing prey. Within the genus, analysis of calls suggests that the tiger shrike is most

neg: Émile Brumpt for 1910. A number of parasitic species bear his name, including "Plasmodium brumpti" and "Xenocoeloma brumpti". Also, a genus of phlebotomine sand flies, "Brumptomyia", and a species of Corsican mosquito, "Culex brumpti", are named after him. Brumpt's best known written work is "Précis de Parasitologie", which was published in six editions between 1910 and 1949. He was the author of many scientific papers, including several on the Anopheles mosquito and its relationship to malaria. He was the President of the Société zoologique de France in 1922. With Maurice Neveu-Lemaire and Maurice Langeron, he founded in 1923 the parasitological journal "Annales

neg: Omus dejeani night and on cloudy days during the right time of year. Omus dejeani Omus dejeani is a species of flightless tiger beetle (Cicindelidae) that is found from British Columbia almost to northern California in dense, coastal forests. It is the largest species of the genus, at between 15–20 mm. The genus "Omus" is placed within the tribe "Omini", and is considered the most primitive of the tiger beetles. "Omus" is placed in Omini with the North American genera "Amblycheila" and the African "Platychile". It can be found quite commonly in suitable habitats in the spring. It is most often collected

neg: Omus dejeani Omus dejeani Omus dejeani is a species of flightless tiger beetle (Cicindelidae) that is found from British Columbia almost to northern California in dense, coastal forests. It is the largest species of the genus, at between 15–20 mm. The genus "Omus" is placed within the tribe "Omini", and is considered the most primitive of the tiger beetles. "Omus" is placed in Omini with the North American genera "Amblycheila" and the African "Platychile". It can be found quite commonly in suitable habitats in the spring. It is most often collected with pitfall traps, but can be found walking along trails at

neg: Grauer's broadbill Grauer's broadbill The Grauer's broadbill or African green broadbill ("Pseudocalyptomena graueri") is a species of bird in the Eurylaimidae family, and is monotypic within the genus Pseudocalyptomena. Its name commemorates the German zoologist Rudolf Grauer who collected natural history specimens in the Belgian Congo. Baron Walter Rothschild, who described this species, considered it to be a flycatcher only superficially similar to the Asian broadbills of the genus "Calyptomena", hence the name "pseudo-" or "false" "Calyptomena". It is currently regarded as an actual broadbill, one of only a few African representatives of a primarily Asian family. It is bright green with

neg: Aedes aegypti was universally used for the yellow fever mosquito, Linnaeus had actually described a species now known as "Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius". In 1964, the commission ruled in favour of the proposal, validating Linnaeus' name, and transferring it to the species for which it was in general use. The yellow fever mosquito belongs to the tribe Aedini of the dipteran family Culicidae and to the genus "Aedes" and subgenus "Stegomyia". According to one recent analysis, the subgenus "Stegomyia" of the genus "Aedes" should be raised to the level of genus. The proposed name change has been ignored by most scientists; at least

neg: Tiger snake Tiger snake Tiger snakes are a highly venomous snake species found in the southern regions of Australia, including its coastal islands, such as Tasmania. These snakes are highly variable in their colour, often banded like those on a tiger, and forms in their regional occurrences. All populations are in the genus Notechis, and their diverse characters have been described in further subdivisions of this group; they are sometimes described as distinct species and/or subspecies. "Notechis" is a genus of large venomous snake in the family Elapidae restricted to subtropical and temperate regions of Australia. Tiger snakes are a large group

neg: Cicindela broadest historical sense) the largest genus of tiger beetles, and they occur worldwide. The status of the genus is constantly in a state of flux, as various authorities on different continents have vastly different opinions about which (if any) of the dozens of subgenera traditionally recognized within the genus are deserving of being accorded status as independent genera. Moreover, this is one of the few insect taxa in which the rank of subspecies has traditionally been used repeatedly, and essentially no two classifications consistently treat the various members of the genus as to which are species and which are subspecies.

neg: Wolbachia are estimated to be potential hosts. The genus was first identified in 1924 by Marshall Hertig and Simeon Burt Wolbach in the common house mosquito. Hertig formally described the species in 1936 as "Wolbachia pipientis". Research on "Wolbachia" intensified after 1971, when Janice Yen and A. Ralph Barr of UCLA discovered that "Culex" mosquito eggs were killed by a cytoplasmic incompatibility when the sperm of "Wolbachia"-infected males fertilized infection-free eggs. The genus "Wolbachia" is of considerable interest today due to its ubiquitous distribution, its many different evolutionary interactions, and its potential use as a biocontrol agent. These bacteria can infect

neg: Babr Babr Babr is a genus of amphipod crustaceans in the family Pallaseidae, endemic to Lake Baikal. There are 2 species in the genus. Previously the species of this genus were a part of another Baikalian genus "Pallasea", which was recently split into several independent genera, including genus "Babr". "Babr" is endemic to Lake Baikal, inhabiting sandy and sandy-muddy shallows of the lake. Body length ranges from about . Typical dark spots and stripes on the body reminded the authors of the genus of a tiger, and the name of the genus is based on an old Siberian name of tiger,

neg: Rufescent tiger heron Rufescent tiger heron The rufescent tiger heron ("Tigrisoma lineatum") is a species of heron in the family Ardeidae. It is found in wetlands from Central America through much of South America. When he first described the rufescent tiger heron in 1783, based on a specimen collected in Cayenne, French Guiana, Pieter Boddaert named it "Ardea lineata". In 1827, William John Swainson moved the species to his newly created genus "Tigrisoma"; it is now one of three species in that genus. The rufescent tiger heron has two subspecies: The genus name "Tigrisoma" is a combination of two Greek words: "tigris", meaning

neg: London Underground mosquito during World War II, and genetic studies have indicated its most likely passage was from east Asia and Japan. It has also been identified as a potential vector for several Australian blood-borne diseases such as Ross River virus. London Underground mosquito The London Underground mosquito is a form of mosquito in the genus "Culex". It is found in the London Underground railway system as its name suggests, but has a worldwide distribution and long predates the existence of the London Underground. It was first described as a distinct species from Egyptian specimens by the biologist Peter Forsskål (1732–1763). He named

neg: Solemya cycle. This symbiosis has been best-studied in the Atlantic species "S. velum" and the Pacific species "S. reidi". Species within the genus "Solemya" include: Solemya Solemya is a genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the family Solemyidae, the awning clams. "Solemya" is the type genus of the family Solemyidae. The shell valves of species in this genus are fragile and subcylindrical in shape; there are no hinge teeth. The shell has a persistent thin periostracum which extends beyond the valve margins, hence the common name "awning clams". These clams have chemosynthetic bacterial symbionts that produce their food. The

neg: Cypraea tigris Cypraea tigris Cypraea tigris, commonly known as the tiger cowrie, is a species of cowry, a large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries. The tiger cowry was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, "Systema Naturae", and the species still bears its original name of "Cypraea tigris". Its specific epithet "tigris" relates to its common name "tiger" (the shell however is spotted, not striped). This species is the type species of the genus "Cypraea". Roughly egg-shaped and dextral, the glossy shell is large and heavy for a

neg: Bigeye sand tiger scabbardfish ("Aphanopus carbo"). The specimen was mounted and later formed the basis for a scientific description authored by German ichthyologist Günther Maul in a 1955 article for "Notulae Naturae". He named the species "noronhai" in honor of Adolfo César de Noronha, the late Director of the Funchal Museum. Maul assigned his new species to the genus "Carcharias", which at the time was used for all members of the sand tiger shark family. When the "Odontaspis" came to be recognized as a valid genus separate from "Carcharias", the bigeye sand tiger was reassigned as well given its resemblance to the smalltooth

neg: Liger only in captivity. Historically, the Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger co-occurred in some Asian countries, and there are legends of male lions mating with tigresses in the wilderness, or of ligers existing there. The Caspian tiger co-occurred with the lion in places like northern Iran and eastern Anatolia (Turkey). Liger The liger is a hybrid offspring of a male lion ("Panthera leo") and a female tiger ("Panthera tigris"). The liger has parents in the same genus but of different species. The liger is distinct from the similar hybrid tigon, and is the largest of all known extant felines. They enjoy

neg: Plasmodium mosquito bites, repeating the cycle. "Plasmodium" belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa, a taxonomic group of single-celled parasites with characteristic secretory organelles at one end of the cell. Within Apicomplexa, "Plasmodium" is within the order Haemosporida, a group that includes all apicomplexans that live within blood cells. Based on the presence of the pigment hemozoin and the method of asexual reproduction, the order is further split into four families, of which "Plasmodium" is in the family Plasmodiidae. The genus "Plasmodium" consists of over 200 species, generally described on the basis of their appearance in blood smears of infected vertebrates. These speces

neg: Atlantic weasel shark Atlantic weasel shark The Atlantic weasel shark ("Paragaleus pectoralis") is a weasel shark of the family Hemigaleidae, found in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. Also known as the little tiger shark, it is the only species of the genus "Paragaleus" to have been recorded off the western coast of Africa . It is one of four species of small sharks within the carcharhinoid genus "Paragaleus", including Paragaleus leucolomatus (whitetip weasel shark), Paragaleus tengi (straight-tooth weasel shark), and Paragaleus randalli (slender weasel shark) . It also one of eight species within the weasel shark family, Hemigaleidae. It is currently considered by the

neg: Spondweni virus Spondweni virus Spondweni virus (SPOV) is an arbovirus, or arthropod-borne virus, which is a member of the family "Flaviviridae" and the genus "Flavivirus". It is part of the Spondweni serogroup which includes two species, Zika virus (ZIKV) and the Spondweni virus (SPONV). The Spondweni virus was first isolated in Nigeria in 1952, and ever since, SPONV transmission and activity have been reported throughout Africa. Its primary vector of transmission is the sylvatic mosquito "Aedes circumluteolus", though it has been isolated from several different mosquito genera. Transmission of the virus into humans can lead to a viral infection known as Spondweni

neg: Saber-toothed cat Saber-toothed cat A saber-toothed cat (alternatively spelled sabre-toothed cat) is any member of various extinct groups of predatory mammals that were characterized by long, curved saber-shaped canine teeth. The large maxillary canine teeth extended from the mouth even when it was closed. The saber-toothed cats were found worldwide from the Eocene epoch to the end of the Pleistocene epoch (42 million years ago (mya) – 11,000 years ago), existing for about . One of the best-known genera is "Smilodon", species of which, especially "S. fatalis", are popularly, but incorrectly referred as a "saber-toothed tiger," a genus within the subfamily Machairodontinae

neg: Psorophora ciliata Psorophora ciliata Psorophora ciliata is a species of large mosquito indigenous to the United States east of the continental divide. It is one of thirteen species of the genus that reside in the continental United States. The mosquito has been referred to as the “gallinipper” or “shaggy-legged gallinipper” due to its tendency for aggressive behavior. "P. ciliata" occurs east of the Continental Divide of the Americas. In North America, its range is from South Dakota south into Texas and east to Quebec and Florida. In South America, "P. ciliata" can be found in tropic or temperate environments. "P. ciliata" are

neg: West Nile virus West Nile virus West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes West Nile fever. It is a member of the family Flaviviridae, specifically from the genus "Flavivirus", which also contains the Zika virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus. West Nile virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, mostly species of the genus "Culex", but ticks have also been found to carry the virus. The primary hosts of WNV are birds, so that the virus remains within a "bird-mosquito-bird" transmission cycle. Like most other flaviviruses, WNV is an enveloped virus, but has icosahedral symmetry. Flavivirus envelopes consist of

neg: Raphanus Raphanus Raphanus (Latin for "radish") is a genus within the flowering plant family Brassicaceae. Carl Linnaeus described three species within the genus: the cultivated radish ("Raphanus sativus"), the wild radish or jointed charlock ("Raphanus raphanistrum"), and the rat-tail radish ("Raphanus caudatus"). Various other species have been proposed (particularly related to the East Asian daikon varieties) and the rat-tail radish is sometimes considered a variety of "R. sativus", but no clear consensus has emerged. "Raphanus" species grow as annual or biennial plants, with a taproot which is much enlarged in the cultivated radish. Unlike many other genera in the family Brassicaceae,

neg: Vietnamese leopard gecko Vietnamese leopard gecko The Vietnamese leopard gecko or Chinese tiger gecko ("Goniurosaurus araneus") is a species of lizards in the family Eublepharidae. It is endemic to the Cao Bằng Province of Vietnam. The scientific species name, is from the Latin, "aranea", which means "spider", due to the spindly, spider-like form of this species. The Vietnamese Tiger gecko is dark gray in color and has lots of black spots and four wide orange bands across the back. Its eyes are dark reddish brown. "Goniurosaurus araneus" is distinguished from other species of the same genus by its elongated dorsal scales. This gecko

neg: Anopheles Anopheles Anopheles (Greek anofelís: "useless") is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus "Plasmodium", which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. "Anopheles gambiae" is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the most dangerous malaria parasite species (to humans) – "Plasmodium falciparum". The name comes from the Greek , ', meaning "not", and , ', meaning "profit", and translates to "useless". "Anopheles" mosquitoes kill about

neg: Coquillettidia Coquillettidia Coquillettidia is a mosquito genus erected by entomologist Harrison Gray Dyar, Jr. in 1904 based primarily on unique features of its "peculiar" male genitalia. The specific epithet honors Dyar's colleague Daniel William Coquillett. The genus comprises three subgenera, "Austromansonia", "Coquillettidia", and "Rhynochotaenia", and 57 species, of which "Coquillettidia perturbans" is perhaps the best known. Not all species have been well documented, but females of some are known to feed primarily on birds but will also bite cattle. The females bite primarily at night, and are most active during the early part of the night. They occasionally attack humans during