query: who is the head of the supreme court

pos: Chief Justice of the United States Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution and, by custom, is elected chancellor of the board. Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 people have served as chief justice. The first was John Jay (1789–1795). The current chief justice is John Roberts (since 2005). Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, and William Rehnquist were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately. The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice, but presupposes its existence with a single reference in : "When the President of the United

neg: Supreme Court of Seychelles Mauritius were abolished. In 1993, under the new constitution, the judicial power of Seychelles is vested in the Supreme Court, a Court of Appeal, and such subordinate courts or tribunals that may be established by legislature. The Attorney-General and the judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President from a list of candidates prepared by the Constitutional Appointments Authority. The head of the Supreme Court, who is also the head of the Judiciary, is entitled the Chief Justice. The other judges of the Supreme Court are referred to as Puisne Judges. Supreme Court of Seychelles The Supreme Court

neg: Politics of Samoa who was the deputy Head of State or a member of the Council of Deputies when Samoa gained its independence in 1962. The judicial system is based on English common law and local customs. The Supreme Court of Samoa is the court of highest jurisdiction. The Court of Appeal has a limited jurisdiction to hear only those cases referred to it by the Supreme Court. Below the Supreme Court are the district courts. The chief justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the Head of State on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Perhaps the most important court in

neg: James F. Byrnes build a strong political machine in the state with him. In part as a reward for his crucial support on many issues, Roosevelt appointed Byrnes an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court in July 1941. He was the penultimate Justice appointed to the Supreme Court who had been admitted to practice by reading law and the last who had never attended law school. Byrnes resigned from the Court after only fifteen months to head the Office of Economic Stabilization. Byrnes' Supreme Court tenure is the second shortest of any Justice. Byrnes left the Supreme Court to head Roosevelt's Office of

neg: Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Lists of United States Supreme Court cases This page serves as an index of lists of United States Supreme Court cases. The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court of the United States. Court historians and other legal scholars consider each Chief Justice of the United States who presides over the Supreme Court of the United States to be the head of an era of the Court. These lists are sorted chronologically by Chief Justice and include most major cases decided by the Court. Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States are officially published in the

neg: Court of Audit of Slovenia In addition to the Members the Court of Audit also has a maximum of six Supreme State Auditors, who head the audit departments and Secretary of the Court of Audit, who head the support services. They all have the status of public officials. They are appointed by the President of the Court of Audit for a term of nine years. Members, Supreme State Auditors and Secretary of the Court of Audit may stand as candidates for the same office several times without restriction. The Court of Audit is represented and headed by its President, who simultaneously holds the office of

neg: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia () is the head of the Supreme Court of Indonesia. The chief justice and his or her deputy is elected by the Supreme Court justices from among the members of the court. Sometimes the process is controversial and attracts public criticism. For example, in early 2012 rumours about vote buying were reported in the Jakarta press as speculation mounted about the arrangements underway for the selection of new chief justice to replace Harifin Tumpa, who retired as chief justice in March 2012. It

neg: Politics in Futurama an interplanetary incident. This reflects several controversies surrounding the desecration of the American flag. The former U.S. Supreme Court has become the Earth's Supreme Court. According to Richard Nixon's head, the Earth's Supreme Court is the "one place where the Constitution doesn't mean squat". The current Chief Justice is Snoop Dogg while the other members of the Supreme Court are several preserved, jar heads of the members of the U.S. Supreme Court during the 1990s, like Scalia, Thomas or Ginsberg, while the other members are singers or actresses such as Björk or Katey Sagal (who voices Leela). Myrtle Fu, a

neg: Jimmy Carter Supreme Court candidates of the six women ever to have served as full Cabinet members. One of these Cabinet members was Shirley Hufstedler, who in 1979 resigned her seat on Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to serve as head of the newly created Department of Education. According to White House officials, Hufstedler received assurances that accepting the Cabinet position would not preclude her from being nominated to the Supreme Court. Following is a list of individuals who were mentioned in various news accounts and books as having been considered by Carter for a Supreme Court appointment: Jimmy Carter Supreme Court candidates

neg: Supreme Court of Lithuania Court, the Chairman of the relevant Division, or a panel of judges may forward the case to be heard by an extended panel of seven judges or by a plenary session of the relevant Division. The Supreme Court has the Civil Division and the Criminal Division. The Supreme Court of Lithuania is composed of 37 judges. The head of the Court since 2009 is Gintaras Kryževičius. Prof. Jonas Prapiestis manages the Criminal Division and Janina Stripeikienė is the head of the Civil Division. Supreme Court of Lithuania The Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania () is the only court

neg: Supreme Court of Indonesia President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on 1 March 2012. Hatta first became a judge in 1982 when he took up a position on the North Jakarta District Court. He was appointed to the High Court in 2003 and then to the Supreme Court in 2007. Wirjono Prodjodikoro, who held office from 1952 to 1966, has been the longest office-holder of the position of head justice. Like most of the Indonesian legal system, the Supreme Court is badly overloaded with demands on resources. One observer has noted that "the Supreme Court is drowning in an increasing flood of new cases each year".

neg: Chief Justice of India Chief Justice of India The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the head of the judiciary of India and the Supreme Court of India. The CJI also heads their administrative functions. As head of the supreme court, the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law. In accordance with Article 145 of the Constitution of India and the Supreme Court Rules of Procedure of 1966, the Chief Justice allocates all work to the other judges who are bound to refer the matter back to him or her

neg: Supreme Court of Liberia land speculation. Roberts won in the lower court on account of his powers, the Supreme Court overturned the decision. During August 2007, the Supreme Court allowed proceedings against Gyude Byrant, who was an interim President and allegedly stole $1.3 million of government property. The Court noted he was not immune to prosecution as a Head of the state as he was not elected by people and was not abiding by laws of the nation. The Supreme Court, as in other democratic countries, is found to be the weakest among the three arms of democracy. Some experts quote the language in

neg: Government of Vermont court is the Vermont Supreme Court made up of five justices who serve six-year terms.. The Chief Justice is the head of the judiciary and, with the other justices of the supreme court, oversees the judicial branch. Vermont has three additional courts and one division. Vermont is one of only nine states without an intermediate appellate court. Appointments to the state supreme court, superior court, and district courts are made by the governor, from a list of names submitted by the state's Judicial nominating committee and then are confirmed by the Senate. At the end of each six-year term, the

neg: Supreme Court of Israel regard, or has taught law at a university or a higher school of learning as designated in regulations in this regard. An "eminent jurist" can also be appointed to the Supreme Court. The number of Supreme Court Judges is determined by a resolution of the Knesset. Currently, there are 15 Supreme Court Judges. At the head of the Supreme Court and at the head of the judicial system as a whole stands the President of the Supreme Court, and at his or her side, the Deputy President. A judge's term ends when he or she reaches 70 years of age,

neg: Judiciary of Colorado of these are the administrative law judges handling election law violations in the Colorado Secretary of State's office, the Public Utilities Commission when it acts in a quasi-judicial manner, unemployment-insurance hearing officers, administrative law judges handling motor vehicle license revocations, quasi-judicial municipal land use boards, professional regulatory boards, and an Independent Ethics Commission. The judicial branch is headed by the Colorado Supreme Court, the state supreme court. The Colorado Supreme Court selects the Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court from its own membership who is the executive head of the judicial system. In addition to its role as the

neg: President Constitutional Court is not part of the Judiciary, but the leader of it is called President of the Constitutional Court. In the recently established Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, the most senior judge is called the President of the Supreme Court. The Lady/Lord President of the Court of Session is head of the judiciary in Scotland, and presiding judge (and Senator) of the College of Justice and Court of Session, as well as being Lady/Lord Justice General of Scotland and head of the High Court of Justiciary, the offices having been combined in 1784. Head of state: Other head

neg: Chief Justice of Bangladesh consultation with the Supreme Court and urgent matters relating thereto are dispensed with in consultation with the Chief Justice. Chief Justice of Bangladesh The Chief Justice of Bangladesh ( — ) is the chief amongst the judges of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, and also head of the whole judicial establishments, including subordinate courts. The Chief Justice is appointed by The President of Bangladesh, who sits in the Appellate Division with other judges to hear and decide cases. Chief Justice presides over full court meetings to transact business relating to the administration of the Supreme Court, and control discipline of

neg: Judiciary of Chile its role in protecting basic rights during Chile's military rule in the 1970s and 1980s. The head of the Chilean Judiciary System is the Supreme Court of Justice, a body integrated by twenty one members called "Ministers" ("Ministros"), one of them is elected by its peers as the President for a two-year period. Supreme Court's Ministers are designated by the President of the Republic, who chooses from five candidates proposed by the Supreme Court, with the agreement of the Senate. Of the twenty one members of the Supreme Court, sixteen must be judges of Courts of Appeal and five must

neg: Supreme Court of Iran of the Supreme Court is nominated by the head of the judiciary for a period of five years in consultation with the judges of the Supreme Court. The chief of the Supreme Court must be mujtahid, even-handed and well-versed in judicial matters. Currently Hojatoleslam Hossein Karimi presides the Supreme Court of Iran. The General Board of the Supreme Court classifies matters given their nature (juridical, criminal, or issuing a vote of Judicial Precedent) into: Supreme Court of Iran The Supreme Court of Iran, consisting of the most prominent judges of the country, is the highest juridical authority in Iran, established

neg: Supreme People's Court of Vietnam Supreme People's Court of Vietnam The Supreme People's Court of Vietnam () is the highest court of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Supreme People's Court is one of the two institutions at the apex of the judicial system of Vietnam, with the other body being the Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam. Both are accountable to the President of Vietnam, the highest institution of government power in the country. The head of the Supreme People's Court of Vietnam is the Chief Justice. The current Chief Justice of Vietnam is Nguyen Hoa Binh. The Supreme People's Court is responsible for providing

neg: Supreme Court of Iran Supreme Court of Iran The Supreme Court of Iran, consisting of the most prominent judges of the country, is the highest juridical authority in Iran, established to supervise the correct implementation of laws by courts of justice, to ensure uniformity of judicial procedure and to carry out the legal responsibilities being assigned to it based on the criteria determined by the head of the judiciary. The hearing of offenses committed by the head of the executive is also one of the functions of this court. The General Board of the Supreme Court has the right to issue "vote of Judicial

neg: Chief justice Supreme Court of the United States, and provincial or state supreme courts. The situation is slightly different in the three legal jurisdictions within the United Kingdom. The courts of England and Wales are headed by the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales; in Northern Ireland's courts, the equivalent position is the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, and in the courts of Scotland the head of the judiciary of Scotland is the Lord President of the Court of Session, who is also Lord Justice General of Scotland. These three judges are not, though, part of the Supreme Court of

neg: Mexico The executive is the President of the United Mexican States, who is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Mexican military forces. The President also appoints the Cabinet and other officers. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the power to veto bills. The highest organ of the judicial branch of government is the Supreme Court of Justice, the national supreme court, which has eleven judges appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency. Other

neg: Supreme Court of Nevada of the Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court will be at the discretion of the Supreme Court, as with intermediate appellate courts in other states. Supreme Court of Nevada The Supreme Court of Nevada is the highest state court of the U.S. state of Nevada, and the head of the Nevada Judiciary. The main constitutional function of the Supreme Court is to review appeals made directly from the decisions of the district courts. The Supreme Court does not pursue fact-finding by conducting trials, but rather determines whether legal errors were committed in the rendering of the lower court's decision.

neg: Chief Justice of Western Australia Chief Justice of Western Australia The Chief Justice of Western Australia is the most senior judge of the Supreme Court of Western Australia and the highest ranking judicial officer in the Australian state of Western Australia. The Chief Justice is both the judicial head of the Supreme Court as well as the administrative head. He or she is responsible for arranging the business of the court and establishing its rules and procedures. The office of Chief Justice was created in 1861 when the Supreme Court was established through the amalgamation of the Court of Quarter Sessions and the Civil Court.

neg: Susie Sharp Susie Sharp Susie Marshall Sharp (July 7, 1907 – March 1, 1996) was an American jurist who served as the first female chief justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court. She was not the first woman to head the highest court in a U.S. state, but is believed to be the first woman elected to such a post in a state, like North Carolina, in which the position is elected by the people separately from that of Associate Justice. In 1965, Lorna E. Lockwood became the first female chief justice of a state supreme court, but in Arizona, the Supreme

neg: Supreme Court of Singapore of Singapore vests the judicial power of Singapore in the Supreme Court and the Subordinate Courts. The Chief Justice is the head of the judiciary. The Supreme Court is a superior court of record. It is superior in the sense that its jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases is unlimited compared to the Subordinate Courts, and it hears appeals from these courts. As a court of record, it keeps a perpetual record of its proceedings. The Court of Appeal is the upper division of the Supreme Court, the lower one being the High Court. The Supreme Court Bench consists

neg: Montana Supreme Court to run as a candidate for justice since his active and inactive time combined for at least five years. Justices must reside within the state during their term. The Chief Justice is the administrative head of the Supreme Court. He or she presides over oral argument and court conferences, and represents the court at all official state functions. The position of Chief Justice is filled directly by election, and candidates do not need to have previously served as an Associate Justice. Whenever the Chief Justice is temporarily absent, or permanently leaves the court during his term, the justice who is

neg: Faisal Arab Faisal Arab Faisal Arab () is a Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan since 13 December 2015. He was formerly the Chief Justice of Sindh High Court from 17 February 2015 until his appointment to the Supreme Court. who also served as head of a special three-member court to hear the high treason case against former military ruler General Pervez Musharraf in November 2013. He was among those judges who refused to take the oath as a PCO judge in 2007. Justice Arab has been described, by legal observers, as liberal in his jurisprudence and has taken moderate stance

neg: Chief Justice of Nigeria Chief Justice of Nigeria The Chief Justice of Nigeria or CJN is the head of the judicial arm of the government of Nigeria, and presides over the country's Supreme Court and the National Judicial Council The current Chief Justice is Walter Samuel Nkanu Onnoghen who was appointed by the President on acting capacity after the retirement of Mahmud Mohammed who attained the prescribed retirement age. The Supreme Court of Nigeria is the highest court in Nigeria aqond its deciposion thumb yet is final. The Chief Justice of Nigeria is nominated by the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria upon

neg: Court of Appeal (Ireland) nine ordinary judges, and two "ex officio" members: the Chief Justice (head of the Supreme Court) and the President of the High Court. The President of the Court of Appeal is "ex officio" an additional judge of both the Supreme Court and the High Court. Court of Appeal (Ireland) The Court of Appeal () is a court in Ireland that sits between the High Court and Supreme Court. Its jurisdiction derives from Article 34.4. It was established in 2014, taking over the existing appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in 2014 and replacing the Court of Criminal Appeal and the

neg: Judiciary of the Bahamas Privy Council, which is the highest Court of Appeal in The Bahamas. Most civil cases are heard solely by a judge. Appeals from final judgments of the Supreme Court in civil cases lie as of right to the Court of Appeal, and with the leave of the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court in some interlocutory matters or further appeals from Tribunals. Stipendiary and Circuit Magistrates can also hear and determine Civil cases if the amount claimed does not exceed BS$5,000.00... The Court of Appeal is made up of a President, the Chief Justice who, as head of the judiciary,

neg: Supreme court unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin. Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial

neg: Chief Justice of Grenada Chief Justice of Grenada The Chief Justice of Grenada is the head of the Supreme Court of Grenada which consists of the High Court with three justices and a two-tier Court of Appeal. The original High Court of Grenada was replaced by the Windward and Leeward Islands Supreme Court and the Windward and Leeward Islands Court of Appeal in 1939; both of the latter were replaced in 1967 by the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court which performs both functions. The Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, known in Grenada as the Supreme Court of Grenada and the West Indies Associated States, is headquartered

neg: Supreme Court of Iowa that this ruling increases the odds that the fetal heartbeat bill will be successfully challenged and overturned at the Supreme Court of Iowa as unconstitutional under the state constitution, making a Supreme Court of the United States challenge much less likely. Supreme Court of Iowa The Supreme Court of Iowa is the highest court in the U.S. state of Iowa. As constitutional head of the Iowa Judicial Branch, the Court is composed of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices. The Court holds its regular sessions in Des Moines in the Iowa Judicial Branch Building located at 1111 East Court

neg: Oregon Supreme Court Supreme Court on any actions that may need to occur. The Supreme Court can then suspend judges, censure them, remove them from office, or take no action. One justice of the court is elected by the court to serve a six-year term as Chief Justice. The Chief Justice is then responsible for all administration of the Supreme Court. Under a law enacted in 1981 the chief is not only the titular head of the Supreme Court, but also is the chief executive officer of the Oregon Judicial Department. In that role the Chief Justice supervises all of the Oregon courts,

neg: Government of Bangladesh branch systematically contains an apex Supreme Court, composed of, Appellate Division and High Court Division. There are various levels of judiciary in Bangladesh – different types of courts form a strict hierarchy of importance, District Courts, City Criminal Courts and Specialized Courts and Tribunals ; all inferior to the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of Bangladesh is the head of the judiciary and the Supreme Court. The present and the 22nd Chief Justice of Bangladesh is Syed Mahmud Hossain. He succeeded Justice Md. Abdul Wahhab Miah on 2 February 2018. The President is the Head of State, a largely ceremonial

neg: Supreme Court of Nevada Supreme Court of Nevada The Supreme Court of Nevada is the highest state court of the U.S. state of Nevada, and the head of the Nevada Judiciary. The main constitutional function of the Supreme Court is to review appeals made directly from the decisions of the district courts. The Supreme Court does not pursue fact-finding by conducting trials, but rather determines whether legal errors were committed in the rendering of the lower court's decision. While the Court must consider all cases filed, it has the discretion to send appeals to the Nevada Court of Appeals for final resolution, as well

neg: Chief Justice of Ghana the Supreme Court judges acted as Chief Justice between March 2007 and June 2007. Chief Justice of Ghana The Chief Justice of Ghana is the highest judge of the Supreme Court of Ghana. The Chief Justice is also the head of the Judiciary of Ghana and is responsible for its administration and supervision. In order of state precedence, the Chief Justice is the fourth highest official in Ghana. The Supreme Court Ordinance of 1876 ended the 10-year absence of a Supreme Court, establishing a Supreme Court of Judicature for the Gold Coast Colony. The court consisted of the Chief Justice

neg: Chief Justice of India been laid down in "The Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act, 1958". This remuneration was revised in 2006-2008, after the sixth central pay commission's recommendation. Chief Justice of India The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the head of the judiciary of India and the Supreme Court of India. The CJI also heads their administrative functions. As head of the supreme court, the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law. In accordance with Article 145 of the Constitution of India and the Supreme

neg: Chief Justice of Western Australia in May 2006, but did not replace Malcolm as lieutenant governor until October 2009. Chief Justice of Western Australia The Chief Justice of Western Australia is the most senior judge of the Supreme Court of Western Australia and the highest ranking judicial officer in the Australian state of Western Australia. The Chief Justice is both the judicial head of the Supreme Court as well as the administrative head. He or she is responsible for arranging the business of the court and establishing its rules and procedures. The office of Chief Justice was created in 1861 when the Supreme Court was

neg: Zurab Agumava following the 2014 Abkhazian political crisis. On 9 September, this appointment was extended by acting President Valeri Bganba until 7 October 2014, on which date Parliament elected Aleksei Lomia. On 30 July, Agumava elected Head of the Supreme Court by Parliament, to succeed Roman Mushba who had announced his resignation, co-inciding with the end of his mandate. Zurab Agumava Zurab Agumava is the head of the Supreme Court and a former politician from Abkhazia. Agumava was born in 1961 in the village of Eshera and was educated in the local school. In 1987, Agumava graduated in jurisprudence from the Abkhazian

neg: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia was said to be "all-out competition" for the post of chief justice because of the influence that the position holds and it was rumoured that the competition might include payments. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia () is the head of the Supreme Court of Indonesia. The chief justice and his or her deputy is elected by the Supreme Court justices from among the members of the court. Sometimes the process is controversial and attracts public criticism. For example, in early 2012 rumours about vote buying were reported in

neg: High Court of New Zealand from other courts and certain tribunals. The High Court comprises the Chief Justice of New Zealand (who is head of the Judiciary) and up to 55 other Judges (which includes the Judges of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal). The administrative head of the court is known as the Chief High Court Judge. Associate Judges of the High Court (formerly known as Masters) supervise the Court's preliminary processes in most civil proceedings, and have jurisdiction to deal with summary judgment applications, company liquidations, bankruptcy proceedings, and some other types of civil proceedings. The High Court Judges and Associate Judges

neg: Medhat al-Mahmoud of the Federal Court of Cassation. On 3 March 2005 he was appointed as Chairman of the Federal Supreme Court as well as head of the Supreme Judicial Council, a body responsible for the oversight of all courts across Iraq. He was removed from his position as Head of the Supreme Judicial Council in February 2013 following the passing of a new law preventing the Head of the Council from also being the Chairman of the Federal Supreme Court. In mid February 2013 Iraq's Justice and Accountability Committee decided to remove al-Mahmoud from his role as Chairman of Iraq's Supreme

neg: Judicial system of Iran full authority to the Minister of Justice in financial and administrative areas and for employment of personnel other than judges. The Minister is to be chosen by the President from a list of candidates proposed by the Head of the Judiciary. The Head of the Supreme Court and Prosecutor-General are also to be "just mujtahids" "nominated" by the Head of the Judiciary "in consultation with the judges of the Supreme Court" and serving for a period of five years. According to Luiza Maria Gontowska, the Iranian court structure includes Revolutionary Courts, Public Courts, Courts of Peace and Supreme Courts of

neg: 2018 Slovenian parliamentary election the party since the head of the party, Aleš Primc, would run in this constituency. The Electoral Commission of the 5th constituency rejected the list of United left and Unity for a similar reason. According to the head of Unity Janko Veber, the Supreme Court rejected their appeal and he added that they would contest its decision in the Constitutional Court. However, according to the law a decision by the Supreme Court is final, said Director of the State Election Commission Dušan Vučko. Unity proposed delaying the election until the verdict of the Constitutional court after the Supreme Court rejected

neg: Chief Justice of Sri Lanka other supreme court judges wear scarlet gowns when attending court. On ceremonial occasions (such as ceremonial sittings of the Supreme Court) they would wear a scarlet gown, barrister's bands and mantle and a long wig. Data based on: Chief Justice of Sri Lanka The Chief Justice of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is the head of the judiciary of Sri Lanka and the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka. Established in 1801, the Chief Justice is one of ten Supreme Court justices; the other nine are the Puisne Justices of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka. The post was

neg: Supreme Court of El Salvador El Salvador, the legislature also designates one judge as the President of the Supreme Court. This person is also then the head of the judicial branch and the Constitutional Court. Article 176 of the Constitution establishes the criteria for a Supreme Court judgeship: The Supreme Court is organized into four courts: In 2009, the Legislative Assembly elected Supreme Court judges for the period from July 16, 2009 through July 15, 2018. However, judges sitting on the Constitutional bench will serve for the period from July 16, 2012 through July 15, 2021, with the exception of Judge Bonilla Flores whose term

neg: Cannabis trafficking penalties for juveniles a single supreme entity to oversee the lower courts, instead it has four high courts, which are the supreme tribunals of decision in their respective fields. The four high courts are the Constitutional Court (head of the constitutional jurisdiction), the Supreme Court (head of the ordinary jurisdiction), the Council of State (head of the administrative jurisdiction), and the Superior Council of Judicature (head of the disciplinary jurisdiction). Trafficking of Marijuana in Switzerland is punished with a 1 to 3 year prison sentence and a fine. Marijuana is considered a Class B drug. Trafficking of a Class B drug can result

neg: Supreme Court of Mauritius Supreme Court of Mauritius The Supreme Court of Mauritius is the highest court of Mauritius and is the final court of appeal in the Mauritian judicial system. It was established in its current form in 1850, replacing the "Cour d'Appel" established in 1808 during the French administration and has a permanent seat in Port Louis. There is a right of appeal from the Supreme Court of Mauritius directly to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. The chief justice is the head of the court and has precedence over any other judges in the republic. The chief justice

neg: Supreme Court of the Dominican Republic Supreme Court of the Dominican Republic The Supreme Court of the Dominican Republic (known by its acronym, SCJ) is the highest court existing in the Republic and is, therefore, the head of the judiciary in the country. The Supreme Court is the final court empowered to administer justice, i.e. that its judgments can not be appealed, although they may eventually be reviewed by the same court through the use of re consideration. It is in the highest place in the Dominican Judicial organization over the Courts of Appeal, Courts of First Instance, Peace Courts and special courts and corresponds super

neg: Supreme Court of the Dominican Republic In this case, the decision shall be taken by majority vote. Supreme Court of the Dominican Republic The Supreme Court of the Dominican Republic (known by its acronym, SCJ) is the highest court existing in the Republic and is, therefore, the head of the judiciary in the country. The Supreme Court is the final court empowered to administer justice, i.e. that its judgments can not be appealed, although they may eventually be reviewed by the same court through the use of re consideration. It is in the highest place in the Dominican Judicial organization over the Courts of Appeal, Courts

neg: Supreme court chose to incorporate in Delaware regardless of where in the United States their operations and head office may be located, it is not a supreme court because the Delaware Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over it. The official names of state supreme courts vary, as do the titles of its members, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for

neg: Law of Estonia Law of Estonia According to the Constitution of Estonia (), the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with 17 justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending

neg: Supreme Court of Chad Supreme Court of Chad The Supreme Court (French "Cour Suprême") is the highest jurisdiction of Chad in judiciary, administrative and tributary fields. Apart from being the country's highest jurisdiction, the court is also in charge of monitoring the regular ongoing of local elections. The Court is divided in three chambers of justice, with jurisdiction respectivilely in judiciary, administrative and auditing matters (article 152 of the constitution). As established by article 153 of the constitution, the Supreme Court is composed of 16 members, of whom the Chief Justice is selected by the Head of State among the highest ranking judges of

neg: Supreme Court of North Korea initially called the Supreme Court, but later renamed the Central Court. The 2012 Kim Il-sung–Kim Jong-il Constitution of North Korea restored the Supreme Court as its name, until a SPA session reverted to the name Central Court in 2016. The court is based in the capital Pyongyang. The Supreme Court is staffed by a chief judge or president, two associate chief judges or vice presidents, and an unknown number of regular judges. The president and justices are elected and serve for five years. The SPA also elects, and can recall, the head of the court. The Presidium of the SPA

neg: Supreme Court of Thailand is also the head of the Courts of Justice. At least three justices of the Supreme Court form a quorum. At present, the Supreme Court has divided the justices internally into 25 quorums. Each quorum has three justices; the most senior justice in a quorum is the presiding justice of the quorum. The Supreme Court has ten divisions for specialized cases, namely, Specialized divisions have nine justices in each division, as assigned by the President of the Supreme Court, and, also, one Chief Justice or Presiding Justice supervising the work of the division. The judgment will be made by the

neg: Ihor Shevchenko Ukrainian Bar Association is the most respected association of lawyers in Ukraine with members including the deputy head of the Presidential Administration Oleksiy Filatov, Constitutional Court Judge Stanislav Shevchuk, deputy head of the Supreme Court of Ukraine Oleksiy Muraviev, head of the High qualification commission of judges of Ukraine Serhiy Kozyakov, Judge of the Supreme Court of Ukraine Mykola Husak, deputy head of the Kyiv City State Administration (Mayor's office) Oleksiy Reznikov, Minister of Justice of Ukraine (1995-1997) Serhiy Holovatiy, Head of the Security Service of Ukraine (2005-2006) and deputy Prosecutor General (2003-2003) Ihor Drizhchaniy, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs

neg: Supreme Court of Georgia (country) the Regulation. The aim of the staff is to ensure unimpeded court activities. The court staff is led by the Chairman of the Supreme Court. The Head of Staff, employees and other members of staff are appointed and dismissed by the Chairman of the Supreme Court. The Staff follows the following structural units: On behalf of the judiciary power, the Supreme Court maintains close and active cooperation with various international organizations, which make important contribution to the development and promotion of the Georgian justice. Cooperation is carried out in system development, capacity building and public awareness, which from its side

neg: Judiciary of Colombia jurisdictions, does not have a single supreme entity to oversee the lower courts, but rather has four high courts, known in Colombia as the "High Courts", which are the supreme tribunals of decision in their respective fields. The four high courts are the Constitutional Court (head of the constitutional jurisdiction), the Supreme Court (head of the ordinary jurisdiction), the Council of State (head of the administrative jurisdiction), and the Superior Council of Judicature (head of the disciplinary jurisdiction). Though the courts are supposed to be equal, the Constitutional Court has a broad spectrum of judicial oversight which often allows it

neg: Chief Justice of Bangladesh Chief Justice of Bangladesh The Chief Justice of Bangladesh ( — ) is the chief amongst the judges of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, and also head of the whole judicial establishments, including subordinate courts. The Chief Justice is appointed by The President of Bangladesh, who sits in the Appellate Division with other judges to hear and decide cases. Chief Justice presides over full court meetings to transact business relating to the administration of the Supreme Court, and control discipline of the judges and magistrates of the subordinate courts. Most rules for regulating the practice and procedure of both the

neg: Liban Ali Yarrow Turyare was named the new head of the National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA). Liban Ali Yarrow Liban Ali Yarrow (, ) is a jurist and military leader from Somalia. He is the Chief of the Supreme Military Court. On 18 February 2014, Yarrow was appointed interim Chief of the Supreme Military Court of Somalia by presidential decree. He succeeded Hassan Mohamed Hussein Mungab at the position, who had earlier been appointed Governor of the Banaadir region and Mayor of Mogadishu. Yarrow's transitional term ended on 18 May 2014, when Abdurahman Mohamud Turyare was named the new Military Court Chief.

neg: Judiciary of Israel the prosecution and defense in lower military courts. In special instances, a decision of the Military Court of Appeals can be further appealed to the Supreme Court, but special permission from the Supreme Court is required, and permission is generally granted only when there is a significant legal issue. The military courts of first instance are generally composed of a three-judge panel. The head of the panel is a professional judge with a legal education and judicial experience, while the two others are officers who serve in units based in the court's regional district and generally do not have a

neg: High Court (Hong Kong) and the President of the Court of Appeal. He or she is responsible for the administration of the High Court and is accountable to the Chief Justice, who is head of the Judiciary. He or she must be a Chinese citizen who is a Hong Kong permanent resident with no right of abode in any foreign country. The Judges who have held the position of Chief Judge of the High Court of Hong Kong to date are: For pre-1997 Chief Justices, see: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong Full-time High Court Judges are given the prefix ‘the

neg: Chief Justice of Ghana Chief Justice of Ghana The Chief Justice of Ghana is the highest judge of the Supreme Court of Ghana. The Chief Justice is also the head of the Judiciary of Ghana and is responsible for its administration and supervision. In order of state precedence, the Chief Justice is the fourth highest official in Ghana. The Supreme Court Ordinance of 1876 ended the 10-year absence of a Supreme Court, establishing a Supreme Court of Judicature for the Gold Coast Colony. The court consisted of the Chief Justice and not more than four puisne judges. This led to the appointment of the

neg: Supreme Court of Spain Crown may exercise the prerogative of mercy to invalidate sentences imposed or ratified by the Supreme Court, but constitutionally, such appeals are resolved by the Council of Ministers and then formalized by the monarch, as head of state. Supreme Court decisions may, exceptionally, be overruled by the Constitutional Court if there has been an infringement of rights and freedoms of citizens embodied in the Spanish Constitution of 1978 or by decisions emanating from the European Court of Human Rights since Spain is a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights. The Supreme Court is one of the three branches

neg: UKSCblog UKSCblog UKSCblog (The United Kingdom Supreme Court blog) is a law blog dedicated to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The blog is based on the SCOTUSblog in the US which provides commentary and information about the United States Supreme Court. The establishment of the Supreme Court marks an important constitutional change for the UK, and to mark this development, the UKSC Blog has been set up to provide commentary on the court and its judgments. UKSCblog was created by, amongst others, Hugh Tomlinson QC of Matrix Chambers and Dan Tench, Head of Judicial Review and Public Law at

neg: Government of South Korea settle in separate locations: The judicial branch includes the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, regional appellate courts, and local district, branch, municipal, and specialized courts. All courts are under the jurisdiction of the national judiciary; independent local courts are not permitted. Judges throughout the system are required to have passed a rigorous training system including a two-year program and two-year apprenticeship. All judicial training is provided through the Judicial Research and Training Institute, and is limited to those who have already passed the National Judicial Examination. The Supreme Court is the head of the judicial branch of government and the

neg: Lord President of the Supreme Court Court. Lord President of the Supreme Court The title of Lord President of the Supreme Court was formerly the title of the head of the judiciary in Malaysia, until 1994 when the office was renamed "Chief Justice of the Federal Court". The Lord President was head of the highest court in Malaysia after the abolition of appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1985. Below him were the Chief Justices of the High Courts of Malaya and Borneo (and, until 1969, Singapore: see Law of Singapore). The office of Lord President of the Federal Court was created

neg: Judiciary of New Zealand and Māori Appellate Court which have jurisdiction over Māori land cases under the "Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993". The Supreme Court sits at the apex of the New Zealand court hierarchy as the final appellate court. Cases may only go to the Supreme Court if it grants "leave to appeal". It generally hears appeals of considerable public interest, commercial significance, substantial miscarriages of justice or significant issues relating to the Treaty of Waitangi. The Chief Justice presides over the Supreme Court and is described in the "Judicature Act" as the head of the judiciary. Before the Supreme Court first

neg: Death of Ayrton Senna deterioration and was subsequently destroyed. Senna's helmet was returned to Bell, and was incinerated. The car's engine was returned to Renault, and its fate is unknown. In January 2003, the Italian Supreme Court reopened the case, ruling that "material errors" had been made, referring it to the Bologna court of appeal. On 27 May 2005, the court gave a full acquittal to Adrian Newey, while the case against Head was "timed out" under a statute of limitations. On 13 April 2007, the Italian Supreme Court rejected a request for the acquittal of Patrick Head, ruling Head responsible for "badly designed

neg: Jeff Wall (lawyer) Jeff Wall (lawyer) Jeffrey B. Wall is an American attorney who is Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States. Prior to his government service, Wall served as co-head of Appellate Litigation Practice at Sullivan & Cromwell LLP. Wall clerked for Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas during the 2004–2005 term and has argued sixteen cases before the Supreme Court of the United States. Wall was named a "rising star" by Law360 for his performances in awarding damages for patent cases. Wall argued on behalf of the United States in "Hawaii v. Trump" in front of the United States Court of

neg: Supreme Court of the Bahamas which is north of the building. On April 18, 1994, the first sitting of the Supreme Court in Grand Bahama was held at the Grant Levarity Justice Center in Freeport. The Supreme Court of the Bahamas has unlimited jurisdiction in general, civil and criminal matters. On the advice of the Prime Minister, and after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition, the Governor General of the Bahamas appoints the Chief Justice. The Chief Justice is the head of the Judicature in the Bahamas and sits in the Supreme Court. He cannot sit in the Court of Appeal unless invited by

neg: Iran of the country's judiciary, who in turn appoints the head of the Supreme Court and the chief public prosecutor. There are several types of courts, including public courts that deal with civil and criminal cases, and revolutionary courts which deal with certain categories of offenses, such as crimes against national security. The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed. The Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics, although it has also taken on cases involving laypeople. The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework, and is accountable only to the Supreme

neg: Israeli nationality law brought forward by citizens requesting to have their nationality registered as "Israeli" to the Supreme Court. Both times the request have been denied. The first of which was by human rights advocate and psychologist Georges Tamarin in 1971 who carried a plea to the Supreme Court to have his nationality identification as Jew changed to Israeli. An unanimous court ruled against him arguing that "there is no Israeli nation separate from the Jewish people." In 2010, retired computational linguist professor Uzi Ornan, head of the I am an Israeli movement, and other Israeli scholars such as Joseph Agassi lead a

neg: Lord President of the Supreme Court Lord President of the Supreme Court The title of Lord President of the Supreme Court was formerly the title of the head of the judiciary in Malaysia, until 1994 when the office was renamed "Chief Justice of the Federal Court". The Lord President was head of the highest court in Malaysia after the abolition of appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1985. Below him were the Chief Justices of the High Courts of Malaya and Borneo (and, until 1969, Singapore: see Law of Singapore). The office of Lord President of the Federal Court was created with

neg: Supreme Court of Fiji that it has previously rendered. Section 123 authorised the President of Fiji, on the advice of the Cabinet, to ask the Supreme Court to rule on actual or potential disagreements pertaining to the Constitution. The Supreme Court is required to pronounce its opinion in open court. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice, who is also the President of the Supreme Court, all Justices of Appeal (who are also members of the Court of Appeal), and others specifically appointed as Supreme Court judges. The puisne judges, who sit on the High Court and the Court of Appeal, are not

neg: Chief Justice of Grenada in St Lucia, and is now the superior court of record for Grenada and the other Caribbean states which comprise the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States. Chief Justice of Grenada The Chief Justice of Grenada is the head of the Supreme Court of Grenada which consists of the High Court with three justices and a two-tier Court of Appeal. The original High Court of Grenada was replaced by the Windward and Leeward Islands Supreme Court and the Windward and Leeward Islands Court of Appeal in 1939; both of the latter were replaced in 1967 by the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

neg: Mordovia of president, on the basis of which Guslyannikov was removed from his post. Guslyannikov appealed the action of the supreme legislative body of the republic in the Russian Constitutional Court, but the Constitutional Court declared its conformity with the Constitution of Russia. The head of the government in the Republic of Mordovia is the Head of the Republic. The office is currently held by the long-time Prime Minister, Vladimir Volkov, who was sworn in on May 14, 2012. His predecessor was Nikolay Merkushkin who held the office from 1995 to 2012. The State Assembly is the legislature of the republic.

neg: Supreme Court of Iowa Supreme Court of Iowa The Supreme Court of Iowa is the highest court in the U.S. state of Iowa. As constitutional head of the Iowa Judicial Branch, the Court is composed of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices. The Court holds its regular sessions in Des Moines in the Iowa Judicial Branch Building located at 1111 East Court Avenue on the state Capitol grounds just south of the Iowa State Capitol. In 1846, Iowa became the 29th state to join the United States. Following the constitution of the Federal government, the powers of the government in Iowa were divided

neg: Judiciary of Jamaica Justice of the Supreme Court is the head of the judiciary (currently Bryan Sykes). Besides the Chief Justice, the court is composed of the Senior Puisne Judge and additional Puisne Judges, with their number established by Parliament. In response to increasing case load, Parliament in 2008 increased the number of spaces on the Supreme Court from 26 to 40 with the new spaces filled over time by appointment of new judges. The Supreme Court has a number of divisions, in which a subset of the justices hear specific types of cases. The Circuit Court is the division for criminal cases,

neg: Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization and gave objecting bondholders until Monday June 8, 2009 to obtain a stay of the re-affirmed decision permitting the sale to be completed. On June 8, 2009, Supreme Court Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who is assigned to emergency motions arising from the United States Appeals Court for the Second Circuit, in a one-sentence order, stayed the orders of the bankruptcy judge allowing the sale, pending further order by Justice Ginsburg or the Supreme Court. Fiat had the right to withdraw from the deal if it does not close by June 15; however, the head of Fiat said it "would

neg: Supreme Court of Nepal President of Nepal on the recommendation of the Judicial Council. The Judicial Council is a five member independent body headed by the Chief Justice along with a minister of law and justice, senior most justice of supreme court and two distinguished jurists representing the Prime Minister and Nepal Bar Association. The Chief Justice and the justices of the Supreme Court have to be confirmed by the Parliamentary Hearing Committee before they can be appointed by the President. The administrative head of the Supreme Court is the Chief Registrar. In addition to the Chief Registrar, one Registrar and four Joint-Registrar are

neg: Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden 2009, there were eighteen Justices in the court. One of the Justices serves as president and head of the court, and is appointed by the government to this function. Since 3rd of January, 2011, Justice Mats Melin serves as the court's president. In total the court has approximately 100 employees. The court was founded in 1909. Before that, the Supreme Court of Sweden handed administrative court matters as well. From 1972 until 2009, the Supreme Administrative Court resided in the Stenbock Palace on the Riddarholmen islet in central Stockholm. Since 2011 the court sits in Kammarrättens hus (the former Administrative

neg: Supreme Court Police Supreme Court Police The Supreme Court of the United States Police is a small U.S. federal law enforcement agency headquartered in the District of Columbia, whose mission is to ensure the integrity of the constitutional mission of the U.S. Supreme Court by protecting the Supreme Court building, the Justices, employees, guests, and visitors. In accordance with , the Supreme Court Police falls under the jurisdiction of the Marshal of the United States Supreme Court who is appointed by the Supreme Court. The Marshal and the Supreme Court Police are authorized by to police the Supreme Court Building and protect the

neg: Government of Uzbekistan of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The cabinet consists of the following members: The Republic of Uzbekistan is a presidential constitutional republic, whereby the President of Uzbekistan is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Supreme Assembly, the Senate and the Legislative Chamber. The judicial branch (or judiciary), is composed of the Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and Higher Economic Court that exercises judicial power. The movement toward economic reform in Uzbekistan has not been matched by movement toward political reform. The government of

neg: Politics of Uzbekistan Politics of Uzbekistan The Republic of Uzbekistan is a presidential constitutional republic, whereby the President of Uzbekistan is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Supreme Assembly, the Senate and the Legislative Chamber. The judicial branch (or judiciary), is composed of the Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and Higher Economic Court that exercises judicial power. The movement toward economic reform in Uzbekistan has not been matched by movement toward political reform. The government of Uzbekistan has instead tightened its grip since independence (September

neg: Metropolitan bishop head of the Malankara Syrian Church. The Supreme Court of India had authenticated the usage of this title by the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in its verdict in the Malankara Church case. Baselios Mar Thoma Paulose II was enthroned as Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan on 1 November 2010 at Parumala, Kerala. Under his see, the dioceses are further headed by Diocesan Metropolitans. In the Mar Thoma Syrian Church which is based in India, the Metropolitan also known as the Mar Thoma is the primate and supreme head of the church who is entitled to special privileges and

neg: William Schabas European Court of Human Rights, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Supreme Court of Canada, United States Supreme Court, Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, High Court of Tanzania and Supreme Court of Israel. In 2014 Schabas was appointed the head of a UN Committee investigating the role of Israel in the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. The appointment was criticized by Canada's Foreign Minister, John Baird, and the Geneva-based advocacy NGO UN Watch, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the American Jewish Committee and is funded by the AJC, on the basis of allegations that Schabas was anti-Israel, a charge he

neg: Tom Goldstein Tom Goldstein Thomas C. Goldstein, known as simply Tom Goldstein, is an American attorney known for his advocacy before and blogging about the Supreme Court of the United States. He was a founding partner of Goldstein and Howe (now Goldstein & Russell), a Washington, D.C., firm specializing in Supreme Court litigation, and was, until the end of 2010, a partner at Akin Gump, where he was co-head of the litigation and Supreme Court practices. In 2003, he co-founded SCOTUSblog, the most widely read blog covering the Supreme Court, and remains the publisher and occasional contributor, providing analyses and summaries of

neg: Elizabeth Mpagi Bahigeine of Deputy Chief Justice (DCJ) in 2010, she was the most-senior justice at the Appellate Court. In Uganda, the DCJ is the head of the Court of Appeal/Constitutional Court and is not a member of the Supreme Court of Uganda. In 2010, Justice Mpagi-Bahigeine was a member of the panel of Appellate Court judges who ruled 5-0 to dismiss the treason charges against opposition politician Kizza Besigye, and 10 other co-accused individuals. Elizabeth Mpagi Bahigeine Elizabeth Mpagi Bahigeine (née Elizabeth Mpagi), also Elizabeth Mpagi-Bahigeine, is a Ugandan lawyer and judge who, served as the Deputy Chief Justice of Uganda from

neg: Supreme Judicial Council of Iraq where Article Forty-fifth of it the restructuring of the Council of the judiciary and gave a new name (the Supreme Judicial Council) and consists of the President of the Federal Supreme Court President and the membership of each President and Vice-Federal Court of "Cassation" and heads of federal courts of appeal and the President of the Court The Kurdistan Region, its two deputies, the head of the Public Prosecution and the head of the Judicial Supervisory Authority. This Council was then established under Article 87 of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq in force. Supreme Judicial Council of Iraq

neg: Chief Justice of Kenya Chief Justice of Kenya The Chief Justice of Kenya is the head of the Judiciary of Kenya and President of the Supreme Court of Kenya and is an office established under Article 161 of the Kenyan Constitution. He or she is assisted by the Deputy Chief Justice who is also the Deputy President of the Supreme Court. The current Chief Justice is David Maraga. Before the enactment of the Constitution of Kenya 2010, the President appointed the Chief Justice without any interview process or parliamentary approval. The Chief Justice did not enjoy security of tenure, and could be dismissed at

neg: Supreme Court of Samoa Supreme Court of Samoa The Supreme Court of Samoa is the superior court dealing with the administration of justice in Samoa. It was established by Part VI of the Constitution of Samoa. It consists of the Chief Justice of Samoa and other judges as appointed by the Head of State on the advice of the Prime Minister of Samoa. The court has a criminal jurisdiction where there is a statutory maximum sentence of more than seven years and a civil jurisdiction where the amount claimed is more than $20,000. It can hear both civil and criminal appeals from the District

neg: Politics of New Zealand to account. The New Zealand judiciary has four basic levels of courts: The Supreme Court was established in 2004, under the Supreme Court Act 2003, and replaced the Privy Council in London as New Zealand's court of last resort. The High Court deals with serious criminal offences and civil matters, and hears appeals from subordinate courts. The Court of Appeal hears appeals from the High Court on points of law. The Chief Justice of New Zealand, the head of the judiciary, presides over the Supreme Court, and is appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister. the

neg: Supreme Court of Peru Supreme Court of Peru The Supreme Court of Justice is the highest judicial court in Peru. Its jurisdiction extends over the entire territory of the nation. It is headquartered in the Palace of Justice in Lima. The supreme court is composed of three Supreme Sectors: Integrated into the Supreme Court are the Supreme Speakers and Supreme Provisionary Speakers, who substitute the Supreme Speakers in case of absence. The Supreme Speakers are distributed into each one of the Supreme Sectors that the law establishes. The President of the Supreme Court and the Chief Speaker of the Office of the Control of

neg: Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Congress, made up of the Senate and Chamber of Representatives) amends the Constitutions, makes the laws and exercises political control over the executive branch and public administration. The President is head of state, head of government and supreme administrative authority; the government is made up of the President, cabinet ministers and heads of administrative departments (Article 114). The Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court of Justice, the Council of State, the Supreme Council of the Judiciary (to be replaced by the National Commission of Judicial Discipline), the Attorney General of the Nation, the tribunals and the judges administer justice, as does

neg: Constitution of Nicaragua UNO coalition. The slim UNO majority also presented practical problems for the UNO president because it was possible for relatively few defections from the UNO coalition to undermine the UNO government's programs and initiatives. Under the 1987 constitution, the Supreme Court is an independent branch of government, whose members are selected for six-year terms by the National Assembly from lists submitted by the president. From among those members, the president selects the head of the Supreme Court. The constitution also provides that the Supreme Court justices appoint judges to the lower courts. Supreme Court justices can only be removed constitutionally

neg: Hassan Ibrahim Humairi new Civil Code. He was appointed as the new Head of the Supreme Judicial Council in February 2013, due to a new law forbidding the head of the Federal Supreme Court from also Heading the Supreme Judicial Council. The exact mechanism used for appointing Humairi is unclear. He was later sworn into this role on 2 May 2013. Hassan Ibrahim Humairi Hassan Ibrahim Humairi (born January 7, 1949) is the head of the Iraqi Supreme Judicial Council. He has served in this capacity since February 2012. Mahmoud was born and grew up in Baghdad, before attending the College of Law