query: what is the political system that the united states follows in regards to elections

pos: Primary election methods of selecting candidates include caucuses, conventions, and nomination meetings. Where primary elections are organized by parties, not the administration, two types of primaries can generally be distinguished: In the United States, other types can be differentiated: The United States is one of the few countries to select candidates through popular vote in a primary election system; most countries rely on party leaders to vote candidates, as was previously the case in the U.S. In modern politics, primary elections have been described as a significant vehicle for taking decision-making from political insiders to the voters, though this is disputed by

neg: Human rights in Belarus concerns in the area of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including as regards the crackdown on peaceful political actions ..." The UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office June 2008 Release on Belarus Human rights stated: According to the United States Department of State, as of 2016 the main human rights problems of Belarus continued to be the following: "citizens were unable to choose their government through elections; in a system bereft of checks and balances, authorities committed abuses; and former political prisoners’ political rights remained largely restricted while the government failed to account for longstanding cases of politically motivated disappearances." Besides

neg: Federalist No. 52 during that time, in Ireland. According to Madison, Ireland received little forms of liberty to their citizens in regards to representation, however, liberty was still present. Madison states that if Ireland's octennial elections resulted in a form of liberty and representation, then a biennial election would result in a greater amount of liberty and representation for the United States. Of course, biennial elections alone cannot guarantee liberty and fair representation. What would guarantee fair representation is the quality of the candidate chosen for representation. Madison states, in an organized list, the qualifications one should look for in an individual that

neg: Thomas Hare (political scientist) used in numerous corporations and organizations, and has been employed in local elections in a few jurisdictions of the United States. 2007 saw the reintroduction of STV in public elections on the British mainland in elections to Scottish local authorities. STV had been used for elections to Parliament for some University Seats from 1918 to 1945 and in 1918 for Scottish boards. Mill described Hare's system as "the greatest improvement of which the system of representative government is susceptible; an improvement which…exactly meets and cures the grand, and what before seemed inherent, defect of the representative system". Hare, not a

neg: Wave elections in the United States Wave elections in the United States In political science, a wave election is one in which a political party makes major gains. Although there is no precise definition of what constitutes a wave election, the term is used in the United States when one party makes major gains in the House and/or Senate. Political analyst Charlie Cook describes wave elections as the result of a "overarching, nationwide dynamic," such as a high or low Presidential approval rating, economic conditions, and scandals. Cook contrasts wave elections with "micro-elections" in which neither party makes significant gains, and candidates, local issues, and other

neg: 1896 United States elections 1896 United States elections The 1896 United States elections elected the 55th United States Congress. Republicans won control of the Presidency and maintained control of both houses of Congress. The election marked the end of the Third Party System and the start of the Fourth Party System, as Republicans would generally dominate politics until the 1930 elections. Political scientists such as V.O. Key, Jr. argue that this election was a realigning election, while James Reichley argues against this idea on the basis that the Republican victory in this election merely continued the party's post-Civil War dominance. The election took place

neg: Legitimacy (political) the elections. In the United States this issue has surfaced around how voting is impacted by gerrymandering and the repeal of part of the Voting Rights Act in 2013. Another challenge to the political legitimacy offered by elections is whether or not marginalized groups such as women or those who are incarcerated are allowed to vote. Civil legitimacy can be granted through different measures for accountability than voting, such as financial transparency and stake-holder accountability. In the international system another method for measuring civil legitimacy is through accountability to international human rights norms. In an effort determine what makes a

neg: Political party strength in the United States Virgin Islands Political party strength in the United States Virgin Islands The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the United States insular area of the United States Virgin Islands: The table also indicates the historical party composition in the: The parties are as follows: (D), (I), (IC), and (R). For a particular year, the noted partisan composition is that which either took office during that year or which maintained the office throughout the entire year. Only changes made outside of regularly scheduled elections are noted as affecting the partisan composition during a particular year. Shading is determined by the

neg: Political party strength in the United States Virgin Islands final result of any mid-cycle changes in partisan affiliation. Political party strength in the United States Virgin Islands The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the United States insular area of the United States Virgin Islands: The table also indicates the historical party composition in the: The parties are as follows: (D), (I), (IC), and (R). For a particular year, the noted partisan composition is that which either took office during that year or which maintained the office throughout the entire year. Only changes made outside of regularly scheduled elections are noted as affecting the partisan composition

neg: 1896 United States elections of the same number of seats. The Democrats lost several seats, while the Silver Republicans established themselves for the first time with five seats. Republican William P. Frye won election as President pro tempore. 1896 United States elections The 1896 United States elections elected the 55th United States Congress. Republicans won control of the Presidency and maintained control of both houses of Congress. The election marked the end of the Third Party System and the start of the Fourth Party System, as Republicans would generally dominate politics until the 1930 elections. Political scientists such as V.O. Key, Jr. argue that

neg: United States and the International Criminal Court ratification, what should the United States relationship with the Court be, particularly in regards to sharing intelligence, prosecuting war criminals, and referring cases to the U.N. Security Council?" Obama answered: "Yes[.] The United States should cooperate with ICC investigations in a way that reflects American sovereignty and promotes our national security interests." Senator John McCain, the Republican presidential candidate in the 2008 elections, said on January 28, 2005: "I want us in the ICC, but I'm not satisfied that there are enough safeguards." He also later stated: "We should publicly remind Khartoum that the International Criminal Court has jurisdiction to

neg: 1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections General Assembly to the United States Senate. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1857, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1857. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: 1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1856 and 1857 were elections which had the young Republican Party assume its position as one of the United States's two main political parties. The Whigs and Free Soilers were gone by the time the next Congress began. As this election was prior to ratification of

neg: 2014 United States Senate election in Georgia Georgia in play. We have reminded people what a two-party system looks like." 2014 United States Senate election in Georgia The 2014 United States Senate election in Georgia was held on November 4, 2014, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of Georgia, concurrently with the election of the Governor of Georgia, as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Incumbent Republican Senator Saxby Chambliss announced on January 25, 2013, that he would not

neg: Rainbow (Greece) Rainbow (Greece) The Rainbow ( "Ouránio Tóxo"; Macedonian: Виножито "Vinožito") is a political party in Greece, and a member of the European Free Alliance. It is known for its activism amongst what it regards as the Ethnic Macedonian minority in Greece and their descendants abroad. The Rainbow states that it sees the acceptance of the Republic of Macedonia in the European Union with a positive regard. In the past, it had an alliance with the Organization for the Reconstruction of the Communist Party of Greece (OAKKE). The two formed a coalition in the Parliamentary elections in 1996. Members of the

neg: Wolf PAC way we fund elections and the ability to eliminate entities like Super PACs from dominating the political arena.” John McGinnis, a Northwestern University professor of constitutional law, disagreed with his assessment. "I think it's a very bad idea," he opined. "I think we should have more speech at the time of elections. This seems to me to make the United States system a less participatory system...I see this as an attempt by people like Professor Lessig and what I call the 'new class,' the media and academics, to restrict people who don't have opinions for a living from participating. If

neg: Rape and pregnancy statement controversies in United States elections, 2012 Rape and pregnancy statement controversies in United States elections, 2012 During the 2012 United States election cycle, in federal and state elections, a series of controversies arose as a result of statements by Republican Party candidates about rape, pregnancy, contraception, abortion, and related topics. The first and most widely covered controversy concerned Republican U.S. Senate candidate Representative Todd Akin of Missouri, who stated that pregnancy rarely occurs as a result of what he called "legitimate rape". Medical experts said Akin's statement is false, and many women's rights groups found the phrase "legitimate rape" demeaning. Akin's comments had a far-reaching political

neg: 1796 United States elections Adams's election made him the first member of a political party to be elected president, as George Washington had remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his presidency. In the House, Federalists won moderate gains, taking majority control of the chamber. In the Senate, Federalists picked up one seat, maintaining a commanding majority in the chamber. 1796 United States elections The 1796 United States elections elected the members of the 5th United States Congress. The election took place during the beginning stages of the First Party System, as the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party clashed over the

neg: Sexism in American political elections Sexism in American political elections Sexism in American political elections refers to sexism which is discrimination, prejudice, or stereotyping based on sexual characteristics or perceived sexual characteristics. Sexism is inherently a product of culture, as culture instills a certain set of beliefs or expectations for what constitutes as appropriate behavior, appearance, or mannerisms for a sex. Sexism in American political elections is generally cited as a socially-driven obstacle to female political candidates, especially for non-incumbants. Pressures based on a candidate's gender may spring from social expectations and other external forces. Sexism in the United States functions as a way to

neg: 1836 United States elections 1836 United States elections The 1836 United States elections elected the members of the 25th United States Congress. The election saw the emergence of the Whig Party, which succeeded the National Republican Party in the Second Party System as the primary opposition to the Democratic Party. The Whigs chose their name in symbolic defiance to the leader of the Democratic Party, "King" Andrew Jackson, and supported a national bank and the American System. Despite the emergence of the Whigs as a durable political party, Democrats retained the Presidency and a majority in both houses of Congress. In the Presidential election,

neg: 1828 United States elections 1828 United States elections The 1828 United States elections elected the members of the 21st United States Congress. It marked the beginning of the Second Party System, and the definitive split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the Democratic Party (organized around Andrew Jackson) and the National Republican Party (organized around John Quincy Adams and opponents of Jackson). While the Democrats cultivated strong local organizations, the National Republicans relied on a clear national platform of high tariffs and internal improvements. Political scientists such as V.O. Key, Jr. consider this election to be a realigning election, while political scientists such as James

neg: 1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections for the successive term. The election did not occur, however, due to significant political unrest in Harrisburg, the state capital, over disputed election returns during the Buckshot War. McKean's seat was vacated when his term expired in March 1839 and remained vacant until the General Assembly elected a new Senator in 1840. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 14, 1840, to elect a Senator to serve out the remainder of the term that began on March 4, 1839. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: 1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections The United

neg: 1794 United States elections who had a less clear partisan affiliation. In the Senate, the Federalists picked up a moderate number of seats, increasing their majority. Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his presidency. 1794 United States elections The 1794 United States elections occurred in the middle of President George Washington's second term. Members of the 4th United States Congress were chosen in this election. Tennessee was admitted as a state during the 4th Congress. The election took place at the beginning of the First Party System, with the Democratic-Republican Party and Federalist Party emerging as political parties, succeeding the

neg: United States presidential primary endured penalties in the number of delegates it can send to the national convention. There is no provision for the role of political parties in the United States Constitution, since the Founding Fathers did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan. In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively, wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions. Thus in the first two presidential elections, the Electoral College handled the nominations and elections in 1789 and 1792 that selected George Washington. The beginnings of the American two-party system then emerged from Washington's

neg: 1826 United States elections 1826 United States elections The 1826 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic-Republican President John Quincy Adams's term. Members of the 20th United States Congress were chosen in this election. The election took place during a transitional period between the First Party System and the Second Party System. With the Federalist Party no longer active as a major political party, the major split in Congress was between supporters of Adams and supporters of Andrew Jackson, who Adams had defeated in the 1824 Presidential election. In the House, Jackson supporters picked up several seats, taking the majority from the

neg: 1826 United States elections faction supporting Adams. Andrew Stevenson, a supporter of Jackson who would later join the Democratic Party, won election as Speaker of the House. In the Senate, supporters of Jackson picked up one seat, retaining their majority. 1826 United States elections The 1826 United States elections occurred in the middle of Democratic-Republican President John Quincy Adams's term. Members of the 20th United States Congress were chosen in this election. The election took place during a transitional period between the First Party System and the Second Party System. With the Federalist Party no longer active as a major political party, the major

neg: 1832 United States elections Jackson maintained the same number of seats, but the Democrats won several seats, increasing their majority. In the Senate, the anti-Jackson faction won moderate gains, taking the majority in the Senate. 1832 United States elections The 1832 United States elections elected the members of the 23rd United States Congress. Taking place during the Second Party System and a political conflict over the re-authorization of the Second Bank of the United States, the elections were contested between Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party and opponents of Jackson, including the National Republicans. Though the Democrats retained the presidency and the House, they lost their

neg: Women in government nations, which says that educational advancements along with an increase in women's participation in the labor force encourages representation. The second is the political factor; representation of women in office being based on a proportionality system. Some voting systems are built so that a party that gains 25% of the votes gains 25% of the seats. In these processes, a political party feels obligated to balance the representation within their votes between genders, increasing women's activity in political standing. A plurality-majority system, such as the one the United States, United Kingdom, and India has, only allows single candidate elections, and

neg: 1832 United States elections 1832 United States elections The 1832 United States elections elected the members of the 23rd United States Congress. Taking place during the Second Party System and a political conflict over the re-authorization of the Second Bank of the United States, the elections were contested between Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party and opponents of Jackson, including the National Republicans. Though the Democrats retained the presidency and the House, they lost their Senate majority. The Anti-Masonic Party also fielded the first notable presidential candidacy from a third party. In the Presidential election, Democratic President Andrew Jackson easily defeated National Republican Senator Henry Clay

neg: Purple (government) Republican Party (red) and Democratic Party (blue) is approximately equal; such states, in elections for the President of the United States, are termed "swing states" and are highly targeted on account of the Electoral College system of electing the President of the United States. Purple states can also appear with the control of different branches. For example, a Democrat governor with Republican controlled state legislature, or a Republican governor with Democrat controlled state legislature. Purple (government) Purple is a common term in politics for governments or other political entities consisting of parties that have red and blue as their political

neg: Politics of the United States Madison, respectively, wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions. In addition, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was not a member of any political party at the time of his election or during his tenure as president. Washington hoped that political parties would not be formed, fearing conflict and stagnation. Nevertheless, the beginnings of the American two-party system emerged from his immediate circle of advisers. Hamilton and Madison ended up being the core leaders in this emerging party system. In modern times, in partisan elections, candidates are nominated by a political party or seek public

neg: United States Electoral College also assert that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate, and for statewide allocation of electoral votes, do not ignore voters in less populated areas. In addition, it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states (three reliably Republican states, four swing states, and four reliably Democratic states), not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself. Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds

neg: 1886 and 1887 United States Senate elections the United States Senate. The General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate voted as follows: 1886 and 1887 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1886 and 1887 were elections that had the Republican Party lose two seats in the United States Senate. At the beginning of the 50th Congress, therefore, Republicans had the slimmest possible majority due to a vacant Democratic seat: 38 out of 75 seats. Once that vacancy was filled, Republicans maintained control as the single Readjuster Senator caucused with them. As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth

neg: Angry white male Trump have been described by some political commentators as angry white men. The rhetoric of the angry white man is not limited to the United States. It appeared during Australia's 1998 federal elections. New political parties appeared in that election due to the preexisting fathers' rights movement in Australia. These included the Abolish Family Support/Family Court Party and the Family Law Reform Party. Similar to the usage of the term in the United States, the Australian men categorized as angry white men opposed what they perceived as the feminist agenda. These political parties were created as a reaction to the

neg: 1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections election in 1794. 1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1792 and 1793 were elections of United States Senators that coincided with President George Washington's unanimous re-election. In these elections, terms were up for the ten senators in class 2. Formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of Senators who supported George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the Senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party. As these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators

neg: 1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections 1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1792 and 1793 were elections of United States Senators that coincided with President George Washington's unanimous re-election. In these elections, terms were up for the ten senators in class 2. Formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of Senators who supported George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the Senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party. As these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by

neg: 1792 United States elections 1792 United States elections The 1792 United States elections elected the members of the 3rd United States Congress. Congress was broadly divided between a Pro-Administration faction supporting the policies of George Washington's administration and an Anti-Administration faction opposed to those policies. Due to this, the Federalist Party (generally overlapping with the Pro-Administration faction) and the Democratic-Republican Party (generally overlapping with the Antu-Administration faction) were starting to emerge as the distinct political parties of the First Party System. In this election, the Pro-Administration faction maintained control of the Senate, but lost its majority in the House. In the presidential election, incumbent

neg: Ibibio people The political system follows the traditional method of consensus. Even though elections are held, practically, the political leaders are pre-discussed in a manner that is benefiting to all. The Ibibio people are located in the South South geopolitical zone of Nigeria also known as Coastal Southeastern Nigeria. Prior to the existence of Nigeria as a nation, the Ibibio people were self-governed. The Ibibio people became a part of the Eastern Nigeria of Nigeria under British colonial rule. During the Nigerian Civil War, the Eastern region was split into three states. Southeastern State of Nigeria was where the Ibibio were located,

neg: Marginal seat creation of policy that will benefit a particular seat, at the expense of other taxpayers, is known as pork barreling. Political parties often face tension between the holders of marginal seats and safe seats. Safe seats tend to be allocated far less discretionary resources—governmental as well as political—from their political party than do marginal seats. A similar phenomenon happens in United States presidential elections, where the Electoral College system means that candidates must win states rather than votes. Again, resources are concentrated towards the swing states with the smallest majorities. Marginal seat A marginal seat or swing seat is a

neg: 1866 and 1867 United States Senate elections vote of both houses combined are as follows: 1866 and 1867 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1866 and 1867 were elections that saw the Republican Party gain two seats in the United States Senate as several of the Southern States were readmitted during Reconstruction, enlarging their majority. As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senate Party Division, 40th Congress (1867–1869) After August 31, 1866 appointment in New Hampshire. In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1866 or in 1867 before March 4; ordered

neg: 1794 United States elections 1794 United States elections The 1794 United States elections occurred in the middle of President George Washington's second term. Members of the 4th United States Congress were chosen in this election. Tennessee was admitted as a state during the 4th Congress. The election took place at the beginning of the First Party System, with the Democratic-Republican Party and Federalist Party emerging as political parties, succeeding the anti-administration faction and the pro-administration faction. In the House, the Democratic-Republicans picked up a small number of seats, increasing their majority. However, Federalist Jonathan Dayton was elected Speaker of the House, defeating Frederick Muhlenberg,

neg: Politics of Northern Ireland following political representation: Voting patterns break down as follows: In all elections in Northern Ireland the single transferable vote system of proportional representation is used except for the House of Commons elections where a "first past the post" or plurality voting system is used. Sinn Féin, currently the biggest of the nationalist parties in Northern Ireland, has campaigned for a broadening of the franchise of Northern Ireland voters to allow them to vote in elections to choose the President of Ireland. It has also demanded that all Northern Ireland Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and MPs be allowed speaking

neg: Voter registration United States, the southern states of the former Confederacy passed new constitutions and laws at the turn of the century that created barriers to voter registration, such as poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, and complicated record keeping requirements. In practice, in their system of Jim Crow, these elements were used to disenfranchise most African Americans and many poor whites from voting, excluding thousands of people in each state from the political system. The minority of white Democrats in these states controlled the political process and elections, gaining outsize power locally and in Congress as the Solid South. The states

neg: Geert Wilders cabinet blamed Wilders for what they call his "lack of political will" and "political cowardice" in regards to addressing the economic woes of the Netherlands. Wilders' withdrawal from the negotiations led to new elections in September. Wilders and the PVV ran on a campaign to have the Netherlands withdraw from the European Union and for a return to the guilder. The PVV won 10.1% of the vote and 15 seats in parliament, a loss of 9 seats. In the March 2014 local elections, Wilders' Party for Freedom only took part in two municipalities, The Hague and Almere, and suffered minor

neg: Political positions of Noam Chomsky goal, Chomsky believes that "U.S. policy has achieved its actual goals" in causing "bitter suffering among Cubans, impeding economic development, and undermining moves towards more internal democracy." In Chomsky's view, the real "threat of Cuba" is that successful independent development on the island might stimulate others who suffer from similar problems to follow the same course, thus causing the "system of U.S. domination" to unravel. Chomsky has been very critical of Turkey's policies in regards to their Kurdish population, while also denouncing the military aid given to the Turkish government by the United States. Such aid Chomsky states allowed Turkey

neg: Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County ever to negotiating a proper balance of standards that both parties agree to. The Shakman case helped to greatly reduce the power of Political Patronage among the Chicago political system and paved the way to reducing it nationwide. Although it is still likely present in politics, it is certainly practiced to a much lesser extent and much more discreetly. Patronage was generally found to be unconstitutional and contrary to the belief in fair and equal elections, employee rights, and the use of public dollars. The long deliberation resulted in much more free and open politics in regards to public employees,

neg: 1828 United States elections of Jackson won minor gains, but Democrats retained control of the chamber. 1828 United States elections The 1828 United States elections elected the members of the 21st United States Congress. It marked the beginning of the Second Party System, and the definitive split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the Democratic Party (organized around Andrew Jackson) and the National Republican Party (organized around John Quincy Adams and opponents of Jackson). While the Democrats cultivated strong local organizations, the National Republicans relied on a clear national platform of high tariffs and internal improvements. Political scientists such as V.O. Key, Jr. consider this

neg: Campaign finance reform in the United States campaign for the 1828 election through a network of partisan newspapers across the nation. After his election, Jackson began a political patronage system that rewarded political party operatives, which had a profound effect on future elections. Eventually, appointees were expected to contribute portions of their pay back to the political party. During the Jacksonian era, some of the first attempts were made by corporations to influence politicians. Jackson claimed that his charter battle against the Second Bank of the United States was one of the great struggles between democracy and the money power. While it was rumored that The Bank

neg: Politics of the United States these two parties," says Nelson W. Polsby, professor of political science, in the book "New Federalist Papers: Essays in Defense of the Constitution". "Yet Democrats and Republicans are not everywhere the same. Variations (sometimes subtle, sometimes blatant) in the 50 political cultures of the states yield considerable differences overall in what it means to be, or to vote, Democratic or Republican. These differences suggest that one may be justified in referring to the American two-party system as masking something more like a hundred-party system." The United States has a long tradition of gerrymandering. In some states, bipartisan gerrymandering is the

neg: Party system O. Key in 1955), and "realignments." Critical elections or Realigning elections involve major changes to the political system, regarding the coalition of voters, the rules of the game, finance and publicity, party organization, and party leadership. A political science college textbook explains: There have been at least six different party systems throughout the history of the United States: First Party System: This system can be considered to have developed as a result of the factions in the George Washington administration. The two factions were Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists and Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican Party. The Federalists argued for

neg: United States Electoral College obscured by the Electoral College. A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout: there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state's electoral count remains fixed in any event. According to this view, if elections were by popular vote, then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally. Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups

neg: Popular sovereignty in the United States Independence and was common knowledge in the United States after the American Revolution. Inaugural Chief Justice John Jay, in "Chisholm v. Georgia" (1793), illustrate what would come to be known as popular sovereignty: It will be sufficient to observe briefly that the sovereignties in Europe, and particularly in England, exist on feudal principles. That system considers the Prince as the sovereign, and the people as his subjects; it regards his person as the object of allegiance, and excludes the idea of his being on an equal footing with a subject, either in a court of justice or elsewhere... No such

neg: 1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections total of eleven ballots were recorded. The results of the eleventh and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows: 1830 and 1831 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1830 and 1831 were elections that had Jacksonians gain one seat in the United States Senate from the Anti-Jacksonian coalition, but lose one seat to the short-lived Nullifier Party. By the time Congress first met in December 1831, however, the Jacksonians had a net loss of one seat. As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures. Senate

neg: Political party strength in American Samoa affiliation. Political party strength in American Samoa The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the United States insular area of American Samoa: The table also indicates the historical party composition in the: The parties are as follows: (D), (NP), and (R). For a particular year, the noted partisan composition is that which either took office during that year or which maintained the office throughout the entire year. Only changes made outside regularly scheduled elections are noted as affecting the partisan composition during a particular year. Shading is determined by the final result of any mid-cycle changes in

neg: Political party strength in American Samoa Political party strength in American Samoa The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the United States insular area of American Samoa: The table also indicates the historical party composition in the: The parties are as follows: (D), (NP), and (R). For a particular year, the noted partisan composition is that which either took office during that year or which maintained the office throughout the entire year. Only changes made outside regularly scheduled elections are noted as affecting the partisan composition during a particular year. Shading is determined by the final result of any mid-cycle changes in partisan

neg: Electoral roll Despite widespread calls for its introduction, the Electoral Administration Act 2006 did not provide for individual elector registration, on the justification that registration levels would fall. However, the Political Parties and Elections Act 2009 introduced a move from a system of household registration to a system of individual electoral registration in Great Britain. In the United States electoral rolls are commonly referred to as poll books. They have been used since the founding to determine voting eligibility. Today, poll books are a list of persons who are eligible to vote in an election. In the United States, the roll is

neg: 1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections Henry Latimer defeated the former Governor of Delaware, Governor of Pennsylvania and Continental Congressmen from Delaware and Pennsylvania by one vote. 1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1794 and 1795 were elections that had the formation of organized political parties in the United States, with the Federalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and the Democratic-Republican Party emerging from the Anti-Administration coalition. As these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures. Senate Party Division, 4th Congress (1795–1797) Note: There were no political parties in

neg: 1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections 1794 and 1795 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1794 and 1795 were elections that had the formation of organized political parties in the United States, with the Federalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and the Democratic-Republican Party emerging from the Anti-Administration coalition. As these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures. Senate Party Division, 4th Congress (1795–1797) Note: There were no political parties in the 3rd Congress. Members are informally grouped here into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.

neg: 1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections seat was vacated. It was vacant until the election convention of the General Assembly re-convened on December 7, 1833, and elected Jacksonian Samuel McKean to the seat after three additional ballots. The results of the third and final ballot (thirty-sixth ballot in total) of both houses combined during the December 7 session are as follows: 1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1832 and 1833 were elections that had the Anti-Jackson coalition assume control of the United States Senate from the Jacksonian coalition, despite Andrew Jackson's victory in the presidential election. As these elections

neg: Stephen D. Krasner Krasner is what political scientists define as a neorealist. He writes about the United States as being threatened by weakened nations in the increasingly interconnected international system in his article, "Addressing State Failure" (2005). Krasner believes in conflict prevention, in which he believes the United States and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should make it clear that stabilizing weak states in the world is high on the policy agenda. Krasner lays out three steps to what he believes are the main goals in managing weak post-conflict states successfully, for example the United States rebuilding of Iraq). Krasner also argues that bureaucratic procedures

neg: Open list elector more control over which candidates are elected. It is used in elections at all levels in Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Switzerland, in congressional elections in Ecuador, El Salvador, and Honduras, as well as in local elections in a majority of German states and in French communes with under 1,000 inhabitants. Some ways to operate an open list system when using traditional paper-based voting are as follows: Some of these states may use other systems in addition to open list. For example, open list may decide only upper house legislative elections while another electoral system is used for lower house elections.

neg: Direct election Direct election Direct election is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person, persons, or political party that they desire to see elected. The method by which the winner or winners of a direct election are chosen depends upon the electoral system used. The most commonly used systems are the plurality system and the two-round system for single-winner elections, such as a presidential election, and party-list proportional representation for the election of a legislature. Examples of directly elected bodies are the European Parliament (since 1979) and the United States House of Representatives.

neg: 1890 and 1891 United States Senate elections an 1877 special election and re-elected in 1879 and 1885, was a successful candidate for re-election to another term. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: 1890 and 1891 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1890 and 1891 were elections in which the Republican Party lost four seats in the United States Senate, though still retaining a slim majority. That majority was increased, however, upon the admission of two more states with Republican senators. As this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, senators were chosen by State legislatures.

neg: 1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections 1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1790 and 1791 were the second series of elections of Senators in the United States. In these elections, terms were up for the nine Senators in Class 1. As of these elections, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of Senators who supported President George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the Senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party. As these elections were prior to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United

neg: American Tianxia American Tianxia have strong incentives to maintain the structure of the existing world-system. An example of the way in which American power is accepted worldwide can be seen in the way in which American domestic politics is globalized. No other polity is so widely observed as the United States, where presidential elections are often viewed across the whole world. The political scientist Yuen Foong Khong characterizes this as the American Tributary System, a system in which the President of the United States is often referred to as the leader of the free world, similar to the mandate of heaven under

neg: Human rights in Eritrea Human rights in Eritrea Human rights in Eritrea are viewed by certain non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Human Rights Watch as among the worst in the world, particularly with regards to freedom of the press. Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed, the judiciary is weak, and constitutional provisions protecting individual freedom have yet to be fully implemented. Some Western countries, particularly the United States, accuse the Government of Eritrea of arbitrary arrest and detentions and of detaining an unknown number of people without charge for their political activism. However, the Eritrean government

neg: United Ghana Movement In 2002, the leader of the party, Wereko-Brobby announced that the party is on vacation. The party symbols are as follows: United Ghana Movement The United Ghana Movement is a political party in Ghana. The founder is Charles Wereko-Brobby, formerly a leading member of the New Patriotic Party. The party was officially registered with the Electoral Commission of Ghana as a political party in Ghana on 10 January 1997. The first general elections the party contested were the presidential and parliamentary elections of December 2000. Charles Wereko-Brobby stood for president on the party's ticket in December 2000 and came seventh

neg: Political culture of the United States the cultural hearth that created the American South. Each began with established cultures of the British Isles and the Netherlands, evolving into unique cultures that remain in existence today in the United States. The political scientist Daniel J. Elazar identified three primary political cultures, generally consistent with those of Tocqueville. "Moralistic" political culture evolved out of New England and is characterized by an emphasis of community and civic virtue over individualism. "Individualistic" political culture arose from Dutch influence in the Mid-Atlantic region; it regards multiculturalism as a practicality and government as a utilitarian necessity. "Traditionalistic" political culture arose in the

neg: 2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas won a three-way Democratic primary. As of June 2016, Yoder had raised far more money in campaign contributions than either his Republican primary opponent or his Democratic rival. Election results were as follows: Three candidates ran in the Democratic primary: Election results were as follows: 2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas The 2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Kansas were held on November 8, 2016, to elect the four U.S. Representatives from the state of Kansas, one from each of the state's four congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2016 U.S. presidential election, as

neg: Polarization (politics) federal bench, obstructing the legitimacy of the judicial branch. Ultimately, the increasing presence of ideology in a judicial system impacts the judiciary's credibility. Polarization can generate strong partisan critiques of federal judges, which can damage the public perception of the justice system and the legitimacy of the courts as nonpartisan legal arbiters. Political polarization can undercut unified agreement on foreign policy and harm a nation's international standing; divisiveness on foreign affairs strengthens enemies, discourages allies and destabilize a nation's determination. Political scientists point to two primary implications of polarization with regards to the foreign policy of the United States". First,

neg: Electoral reform in the United States government contractors from making expenditures with respect to such elections, and to establish additional disclosure requirements with respect to spending in such elections, and for other purposes." The California Clean Money Campaign is pushing the "California" DISCLOSE act, which differs substantially from the federal DISCLOSE Act. The California bill would strengthen disclosure requirements for political advertisements. Among other provisions, it requires the top three contributors for any political ad to be identified by name on the ad. Ackerman and Ayres propose a "secret donation booth", the exact opposite of full disclosure. This system would require that all campaign contributions be

neg: Politics of India Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan from 24 December 1996. The Act aims to provide 3-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every 5 years, to provide reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women, to appoint State Finance Commission to make recommendations as regards the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute District Planning Committee to prepare draft development plan for the district. As with any other democracy, political parties represent different sections among the Indian society and regions,

neg: 1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections 1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1788 and 1789 were the first elections for the United States Senate, which coincided with the election of President George Washington. As of this election, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of senators who supported George Washington's administration were known as "Pro-Administration," and the senators against him as "Anti-Administration." As these elections were prior to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, senators were chosen by State legislatures. Note: There were no

neg: 2007 Finnish campaign finance scandal corruption should be more comprehensively taken into account in the Finnish election funding system. Information with regards to funding was not made public during the election. The persons who were elected had to give make their finance reports public no later than May, 2007. Corporate funding of the elections stunned journalists in 2007, but after 7.5.2008 it was revealed that corporate funding of the elections was much larger than publicly reported figures claimed. This became a political scandal in 2008-2010. Many additions were made to the public finance reports in May 2008, which was a year too late. This pertained

neg: United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands counter-proclamation summarizing what he saw as American violations of the ethics of friendship, particularly as regards the events in Iloilo. The proclamation concluded as follows: After some copies of that proclamation had been distributed, Aguinaldo ordered the recall of undistributed copies and issued another proclamation, which was published the same day in "El Heraldo de la Revolucion", the official newspaper of the Philippine Republic. There, he said partly, Otis, taking these two proclamations as a call to arms, strengthened American observation posts and alerted his troops. In the tense atmosphere, some 40,000 Filipinos fled Manila within a period of 15

neg: 1884 and 1885 United States Senate elections innocence. While there was never enough evidence for definitive proof of bribery, biographer Dewayne Burke wrote that the "circumstantial evidence seems to convict Payne" of the charge. The Pennsylvania election was held January 20, 1885. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened January 20, 1885. Incumbent Republican J. Donald Cameron, who was elected in an 1877 special election and re-elected in 1879, was a successful candidate for re-election to another term. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: 1884 and 1885 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1884 and 1885 were elections that

neg: Gun laws in the Czech Republic subject to the proposed EU Gun Ban, see above). As regards adherence to EU law, the explanatory note states: The Minister of Interior Milan Chovanec stated that he aims, due to pressing security threats, at having the proposal enacted before the autumn 2017 Czech Parliamentary Elections. The right to be armed further became a major political issue with explicit impact as regards possible future Czech-EU relationship and membership, when the Civic Democratic Party took a pledge to "defend the right of law abiding citizens to be armed even if it would mean facing EU sanctions." On 6 February 2017, Minister

neg: Politics of the United Kingdom when three or more candidates receive a significant share of the vote, MPs are often elected from individual constituencies with a plurality (receiving more votes than any other candidate), but not an absolute majority (50 percent plus one vote). Elections and political parties in the United Kingdom are affected by Duverger's law, the political science principle which states that plurality voting systems, such as first-past-the-post, tend to lead to the development of two-party systems. The UK, like several other states, has sometimes been called a "two-and-a-half" party system, because parliamentary politics is dominated by the Labour Party and Conservative Party,

neg: Natural gas in Alaska to the existing natural gas system in Southern Alaska. However, three Boroughs have formed the Alaskan Gasline Port Authority to build a line from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez that would connect to the existing system. The gas pipeline has emerged as an issue in the 2008 United States elections, because Alaskan Governor Sarah Palin has cited her actions on the gas pipeline as evidence of "standing up to Big Oil" while her opponents claim it is a political reward to her political supporter TransCanada Corp. Natural gas in Alaska The State of Alaska is both a producer and consumer of

neg: One-party state One-party state A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system, or single-party system is a type of state in which one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution. All other parties are either outlawed or allowed to take only a limited and controlled participation in elections. Sometimes the term "de facto" one-party state is used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning the elections. One-party states explain themselves

neg: Andrew S. Tanenbaum Andrew S. Tanenbaum Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum (born March 16, 1944), sometimes referred to by the handle ast, is an American-Dutch computer scientist and professor emeritus of computer science at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in the Netherlands. He is best known as the author of MINIX, a free Unix-like operating system for teaching purposes, and for his computer science textbooks, regarded as standard texts in the field. He regards his teaching job as his most important work. Since 2004 he has operated Electoral-vote.com, a website dedicated to analysis of polling data in federal elections in the United States. Tanenbaum was born

neg: Eurasian Observatory for Democracy and Elections committed to a multi-polar world and is critical of what it sees as a unipolar world dominated in the twenty-first century by the United States and NATO. It is opposed to the imposition of western values and the identification of the western-style parliamentary system of democracy as a universal norm not open to criticism. EODE visited Crimea during the 2014 Crimean referendum and claimed that the referendum was conducted in a legitimate manner. The organization has offices in Moscow, Paris, Brussels, Sochi and Chișinău. Eurasian Observatory for Democracy and Elections Eurasian Observatory for Democracy and Elections (EODE) is a Russia-based

neg: Voter registration in the United States vote at elections. In the United States, such drives are often undertaken by a political campaign, political party, or other outside groups (partisan and non-partisan), that seeks to register persons who are eligible to vote but are not registered. In all states except North Dakota, registration on the electoral roll in the United States is a prerequisite to a person being able to vote at federal, state or local elections, as well as to serve on juries and perform other civil duties. Sometimes these drives are undertaken for partisan purposes, and target specific demographic groups that are likely to vote

neg: Election calculation depends on a number of variables, such as its performance in opinion polls and the size of its majority. When elections are called, politicians and their supporters attempt to influence policy by competing directly for the votes of constituents in what are called campaigns. Supporters for a campaign can be either formally organized or loosely affiliated, and frequently utilize campaign advertising. It is common for political scientists to attempt to predict elections via Political Forecasting methods. The most expensive election campaign included US$7 billion spent on the United States presidential election, 2012 and is followed by the US$5 billion

neg: History of Zanzibar the "African Hong Kong". The Zanzibar House of Representatives was established in 1980. Prior to this, the Revolutionary Council held both the executive and legislative functions for 16 years following the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. There are many political parties in Zanzibar, but the most popular parties are the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and the Civic United Front (CUF). Since the early 1990s, the politics of the archipelago have been marked by repeated clashes between these two parties. The results of the past elections held under the multiparty system are as follows: Contested elections in October 2000 led to a

neg: Maurice Duverger "law" or principle. Duverger's law suggests a nexus or synthesis between a party system and an electoral system: a proportional representation (PR) system creates the electoral conditions necessary to foster party development while a plurality system marginalizes many smaller political parties, resulting in what is known as a two-party system. In political science, Duverger's law is a principle which asserts that plurality rule elections structured within single-member districts tends to favor a two-party system. This is one of two hypotheses proposed by Duverger, the second stating that "the double ballot majority system and proportional representation tend to multipartism." Maurice Duverger

neg: Dark Money (film) describing it as "controversial," and pointing out that, "The film follows an investigative reporter on the trail of a major legal case in Montana which all ties back to ‘dark money’ political ad campaign spending that no one is privy to where the funding is coming from. The documentary reveals how this practice is devastating elections throughout the country." "Variety"'s review of the film assessed it as a "microcosm of the troubling impact of the Citizens United ruling on U.S. democracy." The review also states that, "Reed’s sophomore feature is straightforward reportage, telling a complex, multi-issue story with a large

neg: 1998–99 California special elections While Aroner, theoretically, could have challenged Perata two years later in the regularly scheduled election, political reality dictates that it is virtually impossible to defeat an incumbent legislator in a safe district. In California Democratic Party v. Jones, the Supreme Court of the United States struck down the blanket primary. California's subsequent partisan primary system was, starting in 2012, replaced by a jungle primary, advancing the top two finishers to a runoff without regard for partisan affiliation. 1998–99 California special elections From April 1998 to April 1999, five special elections were held in the Oakland-Berkeley area. It began with the

neg: Wolf PAC 23, 2015, the New Jersey Assembly passed the resolution by a vote of 44-25, and New Jersey's became the fourth state legislature to adopt Wolf PAC's amendment resolution. The resolution called for a convention for the purpose of "proposing amendments to the Constitution of the United States that would limit the corrupting influence of money in our political system including overturning the decision of the United States Supreme Court in the case of Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission and related cases." The resolution had previously been passed by the state Senate. "A constitutional convention is clearly needed to correct

neg: 2009 United Kingdom local elections held in October 2008. The referendum decided to replace the mayor and executive system with a council leader and cabinet system of local government. 2009 United Kingdom local elections The 2009 United Kingdom local elections were elections held to all 27 County Councils, three existing Unitary Authorities and five new Unitary Authorities, all in England, on 4 June 2009. The elections were due to be held on 7 May 2009, but were delayed in order to coincide with elections to the European Parliament. The elections produced a political landscape on the map of England that was a sea of Conservative

neg: 1904 and 1905 United States Senate elections out the remainder of Quay's term, ending on March 4, 1905, when he began a term in his own right. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate, convened on January 17, 1905, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1905. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: 1904 and 1905 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1904 and 1905 were elections that coincided with President Theodore Roosevelt's landslide election to a full term. Party share of seats remained roughly the same,

neg: Free Soil Party inefficient, obsolete institution, Free Soilers believed that slavery should be contained and that if contained it would ultimately disappear. Free Soil Party The Free Soil Party was a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections as well as in some state elections. A single-issue party, its main purpose was to oppose the expansion of slavery into the Western territories, arguing that free men on free soil constituted a morally and economically superior system to slavery. It also sometimes worked to remove existing laws that discriminated against freed African Americans in states such

neg: 1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections to February 1881. On February 23, 1881, John I. Mitchell was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 27, 1881, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1881. Thirty-five ballots were recorded on thirty separate dates spanning from January 27 to February 23, 1881. The results of the thirty-fifth and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows: 1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1880 and 1881 were elections that conicided with

neg: Political parties in the United States the Green Party of the United States, which has eclipsed the earlier Greens/Green Party USA. The Green Party in the United States has won elected office mostly at the local level; most winners of public office in the United States who are considered Greens have won nonpartisan-ballot elections (that is, elections in which the candidates' party affiliations were not printed on the ballot). In 2005, the Party had 305,000 registered members in the District of Columbia and 20 states that allow party registration. During the 2006 elections the party had ballot access in 31 states. In 2017, Ralph Chapman, a

neg: 1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections Silas Wright, Jr., was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 14, 1836, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1837. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: 1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1836 and 1837 were elections that had the Jacksonian coalition emerge as the Democratic Party, and the Adams, or Anti-Jackson, coalition emerge as the Whig Party As this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth

neg: Youth vote in the United States Youth vote in the United States The youth vote in the United States is a political term used to describe 18- to 24-year-olds and their voting habits. Many policy areas specifically affect the youth of the United States, such as education issues and the juvenile justice system. The general trend in voter turnout for American elections has been decreasing for all age groups, but "young people's participation has taken the biggest nosedive". This low youth turnout is part of the generational trend of voting activity. Young people have the lowest turnout, though as the individual ages, turnout increases to a

neg: 1868 and 1869 United States Senate elections serve the term beginning on March 4, 1869. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: 1868 and 1869 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1868 and 1869 were elections which had the Republican Party maintain their majority in the United States Senate. However, six former Confederate states were also readmitted separately from the general election, each electing two Republicans. This increased the Republicans' already overwhelming majority to the largest number of seats ever controlled by the party. As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen

neg: 1932 United States elections 1932 United States elections The 1932 United States elections was held on November 8, during the Great Depression. The presidential election coincided with U.S. Senate, U.S. House, and gubernatorial elections in several states. The election marked the end of the Fourth Party System and the start of the Fifth Party System. The election is widely considered to be a realigning election, and the newly established Democratic New Deal coalition experienced much more success than their predecessors had in the Fourth Party System. Democratic New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican incumbent President Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt won in a landslide,

neg: 1894 United States elections 1894 United States elections The 1894 United States elections was held on November 6, and elected the members of the 54th United States Congress. These were mid-term elections during Democratic President Grover Cleveland's second term. The Republican landslide of 1894 marked a realigning election In American politics as the nation moved from the Third Party System that had focused on issues of civil war and reconstruction, and entered the Fourth Party System, known as the Progressive Era, which focused on middle class reforms. The Democrats suffered a landslide defeat in the House losing over 100 seats to the Republicans in

neg: 2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia Political Report" rates in "Likely Democratic". The "Rothenberg Political Report" scores it "Lean Democratic". History: Davis won re-election 56%–44% in 2006. That year Democrat Webb won the district 55%–44% in his Senate race. In 2005 Democrat Tim Kaine won the district by 56% to 42% in his gubernatorial race. 2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia The 2008 congressional elections in Virginia were held on November 4, 2008 to determine who would represent the state of Virginia in the United States House of Representatives, coinciding with the presidential and senatorial elections. Representatives are elected for two-year terms; those

neg: 1876 and 1877 United States Senate elections 20, 1877, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. Former United States Secretary of War J. Donald Cameron, Simon Cameron's son, was elected to complete his father's term, set to expire on March 4, 1879. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: 1876 and 1877 United States Senate elections The United States Senate elections of 1876 and 1877 had the Democratic Party gain five seats in the United States Senate, and coincided with Rutherford B. Hayes's narrow election as President. Republicans remained in the majority, however. As these elections were prior to ratification