query: what is the name of the two dots over a vowel

pos: Diaeresis (diacritic) very early versions of TeX these sequences would produce double dots that were too far above the letter's body). All these methods can be used with all available font variations (italic, bold etc.). Diaeresis (diacritic) The diaeresis ( ; plural: diaereses; also spelled diæresis or dieresis and also known as the tréma or trema) and the umlaut are two homoglyphic diacritical marks that consist of two dots placed over a letter, usually a vowel. When that letter is an "i" or a "j", the diacritic replaces the tittle: "ï". The "diaeresis" and the "umlaut" are diacritics marking two distinct phonological

pos: Diaeresis (diacritic) Diaeresis (diacritic) The diaeresis ( ; plural: diaereses; also spelled diæresis or dieresis and also known as the tréma or trema) and the umlaut are two homoglyphic diacritical marks that consist of two dots placed over a letter, usually a vowel. When that letter is an "i" or a "j", the diacritic replaces the tittle: "ï". The "diaeresis" and the "umlaut" are diacritics marking two distinct phonological phenomena. The diaeresis represents the phenomenon also known as "diaeresis" or "hiatus" in which a vowel letter is pronounced separately from an adjacent vowel and not as part of a digraph or diphthong.

pos: Ö script), Crimean Tatar, Kazakh (Latin script), and in the Uto-Aztecan language Hopi, where it represents the vowel sounds . Its name in Finnish, Swedish, Icelandic, Estonian, Azeri, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur, Crimean Tatar, Hungarian, Slovak, Czech, Votic and Volapük is "Öö" , not "O with two dots" since is not a variant of the vowel but a distinct phoneme. Unlike the O-umlaut, the letter "ö" cannot be written as "oe". Minimal pairs exist between "ö" and "oe" (and also with "oo", "öö" and "öe"), as in Finnish "eläinkö" "animal?" (interrogative) vs. "eläinkoe" "animal test" (cf. Germanic umlaut). If the character "ö"

pos: German orthography and "ü" are used to indicate the presence of umlauts (frontalizations of back vowels). Before the introduction of the printing press, frontalization was indicated by placing an "e" after the back vowel to be modified, but German printers developed the space-saving typographical convention of replacing the full "e" with a small version placed above the vowel to be modified. In German Kurrent writing, the superscripted "e" was simplified to two vertical dashes, which have further been reduced to dots in both handwriting and German typesetting. Although the two dots of umlaut look like those in the diaeresis (trema), the two

pos: Ö publications, such as "The New Yorker", use it in English words such as "zoölogy" and "coöperate" to indicate that the second vowel is pronounced separately. It is also employed in names such as "Laocoön", Coös County, and the constellation "Boötes". In the Rheinische Dokumenta, a phonetic alphabet for many West Central German, the Low Rhenish, and few related vernacular languages, "ö" represents the close-mid front rounded vowel with the IPA notation . The Uralic phonetic alphabet uses as in Finnish to denote the front vowel . Historically "O"-diaeresis was written as an "o" with two dots above the letter. O-umlaut

pos: Umlaut (linguistics) occurred in the history of the Germanic languages; see Germanic umlaut for more details. "I-mutation" is the most prominent of the processes, to the extent that it is often referred to simply as "umlaut". Similar processes also occurred in the history of the Celtic languages, especially Old Irish. In this context, these processes are often referred to as "affection". Vowel-raising umlaut occurred in the history of many of the Romance languages, in which it is normally termed "metaphony". The umlaut vowel diacritic (two dots side-by-side above a vowel) was originally used to indicate vowels affected by Germanic umlaut. Umlaut (linguistics)

pos: Slovak orthography "lengthener") indicates length (e.g. í = approximately . This mark may appear on any vowel except "ä" (wide "e", široké "e" in Slovak). It may also appear above the consonants "l" and "r", indicating the long and sounds. The circumflex ("vokáň") exists only above the letter "o". It turns the o into a diphthong (see below). The umlaut ("prehláska", "dve bodky" = two dots) is only used above the letter "a". It indicates a raised vowel, almost an "e", similar to German "ä". The caron (in Slovak "mäkčeň", "palatalization mark" or "softener") indicates a change of alveolar fricatives into either

pos: George Müller George Müller never changed his name from the original spelling and always took care to place the two dots over the letter "u" to form the umlaut. When asked by his nephew, Edward Groves, what difference this made to the pronunciation, Müller pronounced his name as though it was spelt "Meller". Müller was born in Kroppenstädt (now Kroppenstedt), a village near Halberstadt in the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1810, the Müller family moved to nearby Heimersleben, where Müller's father was appointed a collector of taxes. He had an older brother, Friedrich Johann Wilhelm (1803 – 7 Oct 1838) and, after

pos: Skor two, such as the Skor being slightly thinner. Skor Skor is a candy bar produced by The Hershey Company. It was first marketed in the United States in 1981 and later launched in Canada in 1983. "Skör" (with umlaut dots over the "o") is Swedish for "brittle", and the crown that appears in the product's logo is identical to that found in the Swedish national emblem of "Tre Kronor" ("Three Crowns"). However, most read the name as “Skor” since you do not see the umlaut dots. Skor is the Swedish name for shoes. It was originally intended as the competition

pos: Die Ärzte umlaut "Ä" was empty in most record stores. Since their 2003 album "Geräusch", they have stylized their name with three dots over the "ä" in "ärzte", a diacritic which does not correspond to any real language construct, intended as a play on the heavy metal umlaut. The three dots also symbolize the three members of the band. The German cartoonist Schwarwel, who also directed music videos for famous pop punk bands like Good Charlotte or Unwritten Law, realized the idea. "Die Ärzte", with two dots, is correct German orthography and not related to the heavy metal umlaut in any way.

pos: Diaeresis (diacritic) handwriting that emerged in the early modern period (of which Sütterlin is the latest and best-known example) the letter was composed of two short vertical lines very close together, and the superscript looked like two tiny strokes. Even from the 16th century, the handwritten convention of indicating umlaut by two dots placed above the affected vowel is also found in printed texts. In modern handwriting, the umlaut sometimes resembles a tilde, quotation mark, dash, miniature u or other small mark. Unusual umlaut designs are sometimes also created for graphic design purposes, such as to fit an umlaut into tightly-spaced lines

pos: Germanic umlaut represents vowels from multiple sources, which is also the case for "e" in Swedish and Icelandic. German orthography is generally consistent in its representation of i-umlaut. The umlaut diacritic, consisting of two dots above the vowel, is used for the fronted vowels, making the historical process much more visible in the modern language than is the case in English: a – ä, o – ö, u – ü, au – äu. This is a neat solution when pairs of words with and without umlaut mutation are compared, as in umlauted plurals like "Mutter – Mütter" ("mother" – "mothers"). However, in

pos: Ä archaic but still correct ). In the Nordic countries, the vowel sound was originally written as "Æ" when Christianisation caused the former Vikings to start using the Latin alphabet around A.D. 1100. The letter Ä arose in German and later in Swedish from originally writing the E in AE on top of the A, which with time became simplified as two dots. In the Icelandic, Faroese, Danish and Norwegian alphabets, "Æ" is still used instead of Ä. Finnish later adopted the Swedish alphabet during the 700 years that Finland was part of Sweden. Although the phenomenon of Germanic umlaut does

neg: Arabic diacritics system of dots predates the ", dots used to distinguish between different consonants. Abu al-Aswad's system of Harakat was different from the system we know today. The system used red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel. A dot above a letter indicated the vowel ', a dot below indicated the vowel ', a dot on the side of a letter stood for the vowel ", and two dots stood for the "[[tanwin|]]". However, the early manuscripts of the Qur'an did not use the vowel signs for every letter requiring them, but only for letters where

neg: Ashrei this verse describes people sitting (b. "Beracoth" 32b). Verse 7 (ז): It has been noticed that, while the majority of Hebrew Bibles spell the first word of this verse with a long vowel - זֵכֶר ("zaykher"), many prayerbooks print this word with a short vowel - זֶכֶר ("zekher") -- the two variants being described as "five dots" and "six dots" respectively. There is no difference in meaning, both variants mean the same thing, a "remembrance" or a "reminder", and both occur elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, although the long vowel form occurs more often. The short vowel (six dots) reading

neg: Syriac alphabet lost the ability for certain letters to be spirantized. For native words, spirantization depends on the letter's position within a word or syllable, location relative to other consonants and vowels, gemination, etymology, and other factors. Foreign words do not always follow the rules for spirantization. Syriac uses two (usually) horizontal dots above a letter within a word, similar in appearance to diaeresis, called (, literally 'placings', also known by the Hebrew name "ribbui" in some grammars), to indicate that the word is plural. These dots, having no sound value in themselves, arose before both eastern and western vowel systems as

neg: Hebrew alphabet of the vowel point, the vowel is made long. The "meteg" is only used in Biblical Hebrew, not Modern Hebrew. By adding two vertical dots (called "Sh'va") underneath the letter, the vowel is made very short. When sh'va is placed on the first letter of the word, mostly it is "è" (but in some instances, it makes the first letter silent without a vowel (vowel-less): e.g. וְ "wè" to "w") The symbol is called a gershayim and is a punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language to denote acronyms. It is written before the last letter in the acronym, e.g.

neg: Origin of Hangul of its derivation; Hangul did not derive from ’Phags-pa in the gradual and unconscious way that Tibetan derived from Brāhmī. Ledyard wrote in his doctoral thesis: The seven basic vowel letters were not adopted from an existing script. They were straight lines, dots, and lines with dots that appear to have been designed by Sejong or his ministers to represent the phonological principles of Korean. At least two parameters were used in their design, vowel harmony and iotation. The Korean language of this period had vowel harmony to a greater extent than it does today. Vowels alternated in pairs according

neg: Shva Shva Shva or, in Biblical Hebrew, shĕwa () is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign written as two vertical dots ( ְ ) beneath a letter. It indicates either the phoneme (shva na', mobile shva) or the complete absence of a vowel (Ø) (shva nach, resting shva). It is transliterated as "e", "ĕ", "ə", "'" (apostrophe), or nothing. Note that usage of "ə" for shva is questionable: transliterating modern Hebrew Shva Nach with ə or ' is misleading, since it is never actually pronounced – the vowel does not exist in modern Hebrew – moreover, the vowel is probably not characteristic

neg: Schwa and toneless neutral vowel, not necessarily mid-central. The word "schwa" is from the Hebrew word ' ( , ' ), designating the Hebrew niqqud vowel sign shva (two vertical dots written beneath a letter): in Modern Hebrew, it indicates either the phoneme or the complete absence of a vowel. (The Hebrew shva is also sometimes transliterated using the schwa symbol ə, but the schwa vowel has never been pronounced that way, neither in Modern Hebrew nor in any earlier pronunciation, such as the Tiberian vocalization.) The term was introduced into European linguistics by Eduard Sievers in the late 19th century,

neg: Braille pattern dots-1256 Braille pattern dots-1256 The Braille pattern dots-1256 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with the top left, both middle, and bottom right dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the top left, both upper-middle, and lower-middle right dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2833, and in Braille ASCII with a backslash: \. In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-1256 is used to represent a close back vowel, such as /u/ or /ɯ/ when multiple letters correspond to these values, and is otherwise assigned as needed. Related to Braille pattern dots-1256 are Braille patterns

neg: Braille pattern dots-24 Braille pattern dots-24 The Braille pattern dots-24 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with the top right and middle left dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the top right and upper-middle dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+280a, and in Braille ASCII with I. In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-24 is used to represent unrounded, close or near-close, front vowel, such as /i/, /ɪ/, or /ɨ/. It is also used for the number 9. Related to Braille pattern dots-24 are Braille patterns 247, 248, and 2478, which are used in 8-dot

neg: Braille pattern dots-35 Braille pattern dots-35 The Braille pattern dots-35 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with the bottom left and middle right dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the lower-middle left and upper-middle right dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2814, and in Braille ASCII with the number 9. In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-35 is used to represent unrounded, close or near-close, front to central vowel, such as /i/, /ɪ/, /ɪ̈/, or /ɨ/ when multiple letters correspond to these values, and is otherwise assigned as needed. Related to Braille pattern dots-35 are

neg: Braille pattern dots-136 Braille pattern dots-136 The Braille pattern dots-136 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with the top left and both bottom dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the top left and both lower-middle dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2825, and in Braille ASCII with U. In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-136 is used to represent a close back vowel, such as /u/ or /ɯ/ or otherwise as needed. Related to Braille pattern dots-136 are Braille patterns 1367, 1368, and 13678, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as Gardner-Salinas and

neg: Braille pattern dots-13456 Braille pattern dots-13456 The Braille pattern dots-13456 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with both top, the middle right, and both bottom dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with both top, the upper-middle right, and both lower-middle dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+283d, and in Braille ASCII with Y. In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-13456 is used to represent a palatal approximant or near-close near-front vowel, such as /j/ or /ʏ/, or otherwise as needed. Related to Braille pattern dots-13456 are Braille patterns 134567, 134568, and 1345678, which are used in

neg: Braille pattern dots-26 Braille pattern dots-26 The Braille pattern dots-26 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with the middle left and bottom right dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the upper-middle left and lower-middle right dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2822, and in Braille ASCII with the number 5. In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-26 is used to represent an unrounded open-mid to close-mid front vowel , such as /e/, /e̞/, or /ɛ/ when multiple letters correspond to these values, a question mark, or is otherwise assigned as needed. Related to Braille pattern

neg: Braille pattern dots-345 Braille pattern dots-345 The Braille pattern dots-345 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with the top and middle right and bottom left dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the top and upper-middle right, and lower-middle left dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+281c, and in Braille ASCII with the greater than sign: >. In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-345 is used to represent an unrounded open or near-open front vowel, such as /æ/ or /a/ when multiple letters correspond to these values, and is otherwise assigned as needed. Related to Braille

neg: Visarga two small circles at the right of a letter as , and it should not be confused with the similar-looking "yŭkôleăkpĭntŭ" (, "pair of dots"), which indicates a short vowel followed by a glottal stop like their equivalent visarga marks in the Thai and Lao scripts. In the Lao alphabet, the visarga is represented with two small curled circles to the right of a letter as . As in the neighboring related Thai script, it indicates a glottal stop after the vowel. In the Tamil alphabet, the visarga (known as the "āyutha eḻuttu" (ஆயுத எழுத்து) or "āytam" (ஆய்தம்)) is represented

neg: Finnish orthography "he, she"). In handwritten text, the actual form of the extra marking may vary from a pair of dots to a pair of short vertical bars, to a single horizontal bar, or to a wavy line resembling a tilde. In practice, almost any diacritic situated above the base glyph (for example, "á ā ã") would probably be interpreted as a carelessly written pair of dots ("ä"). However, in computerized character sets, these alternatives are incorrect. The front-vowel counterpart of "u" using the glyph "y" rather than "ü" is carried over from Swedish, and additionally avoids confusion in cursive script with

neg: Kubutz and Shuruk is usually promoted to a long "u" in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation Kubutz and Shuruk Kubutz ( ) and Shuruk ( ) are two Hebrew niqqud vowel signs that represent the sound . Kubutz is a short "u" and Shuruk is long "u".. In an alternate, Ashkenazi naming, the Kubutz (three diagonal dots) is called "Shuruk" and Shuruk is called "Melopum" (). The Kubutz sign is represented by three diagonal dots "ֻ" underneath a letter. The Shuruk is the letter Vav with a dot in the middle and to the left of it. The dot is identical

neg: Braille pattern dots-1 Braille pattern dots-1 The Braille pattern dots-1 ( ) is a 6-dot or 8-dot braille cell with the top left dot raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2801, and in Braille ASCII with "A". In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-1 is used to represent open, unrounded vowel sound, like /æ/ or /ɑ/, such as the Latin letter A, Greek alpha, Cyrillic А, Hebrew/Arabic aleph, etc. It is also used to signify the number 1. Related to Braille pattern dots-1 are Braille patterns 17, 18, and 178, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as

neg: Kubutz and Shuruk Kubutz and Shuruk Kubutz ( ) and Shuruk ( ) are two Hebrew niqqud vowel signs that represent the sound . Kubutz is a short "u" and Shuruk is long "u".. In an alternate, Ashkenazi naming, the Kubutz (three diagonal dots) is called "Shuruk" and Shuruk is called "Melopum" (). The Kubutz sign is represented by three diagonal dots "ֻ" underneath a letter. The Shuruk is the letter Vav with a dot in the middle and to the left of it. The dot is identical to the grammatically different signs Dagesh and Mappiq, but in a fully vocalized text it

neg: Hebrew spelling books, when it is better to accustom the children to the more popular "plene" spelling, while still letting them benefit from the vowel dots as a reading aid in early learning stages. A third system that was endorsed in the past by the Academy of the Hebrew Language as an optimal system, but abandoned due to low popularity, calls for the use of "ħolám" (וֹ), "šurúq" (וּ), "dagéš" in "Bet", "Kaf" and "Pe" (בּ, כּ, פּ vs. ב, כ, פ), "Šin Smalít" (שׂ) and "mappíq" (הּ), while abandoning all other vowel dots (in everyday writing). According to this system, "matres

neg: Izhitsa basic distinction rule is simple: izhitsa with stress and/or aspiration marks is a vowel and therefore pronounced ; izhitsa without diacritical marks is a consonant and pronounced . Unstressed, -sounding izhitsas are marked with a special diacritical mark, the so-called "kendema" or "kendima" (from the Greek word κέντημα [ˈkʲɛndima]). The shape of kendema over izhitsa may vary: in books of Russian origin, it typically looks like a double grave accent or sometimes like a double acute accent. In older Serbian books, kendema most often looked like two dots (trema) or might even be replaced by a surrogate combination of aspiration

neg: Patach "stolen" ' (more formally, "furtive "), since the sound "steals" an imaginary epenthetic consonant to make the extra syllable. In addition, a letter with a ' or ' with a succeeding, articulated ' makes the diphthong , similar to the diphthong in the English words "fine" and "why". By adding two vertical dots ("shva") the vowel is made very short. However, these vowels lengths are not manifested in Modern Hebrew. Patach Pataḥ ( ', , Biblical Hebrew: ') is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by a horizontal line underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew, it indicates the phoneme which

neg: Kamatz have the same "niqqud". Because of this, the short "o" () is usually promoted to a long "o" () in Israeli writing, written as a "vav" , for the sake of disambiguation. By adding two vertical dots ("shva") the vowel is made very short. Note: the glyph for QAMATS QATAN may appear empty or incorrect if one applies a font that cannot handle the glyph necessary to represent Unicode character U+05C7. Usually this Unicode character isn't used and is substituted with the similar looking QAMATS (U+05B8). Kamatz Kamatz or Qamatz (, ) is a Hebrew niqqud (vowel) sign represented by

neg: Shva of 2016, a separate Unicode symbol for the sheva na has been proposed but not implemented. ↑Long and short niqqud-variants represent identical spoken vowels in Modern Hebrew; the orthographic distinction is, however, still observed in standard spelling. Shva Shva or, in Biblical Hebrew, shĕwa () is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign written as two vertical dots ( ְ ) beneath a letter. It indicates either the phoneme (shva na', mobile shva) or the complete absence of a vowel (Ø) (shva nach, resting shva). It is transliterated as "e", "ĕ", "ə", "'" (apostrophe), or nothing. Note that usage of "ə" for

neg: Origin of Hangul "mediating". The letters for the "yin" vowels were ㅡ "ɨ," ㅜ "u," ㅓ "ə;" dots, if present, were placed in the "yin" directions of down and left. The "yang" vowel letters were ㆍ "ʌ," ㅗ "o," and ㅏ "a," with the dots in the "yang" directions of up and right. Of these seven vowel sounds, three could not be iotized (preceded by a "y-" sound). These three were written with a single stroke: ㅡ "ɨ," ㆍ "ʌ," ㅣ "i." (The letter ㆍ "ʌ" is now obsolete except in Jeju dialect.) The "Hunmin Jeong-eum" states that the shapes of the strokes

neg: Featural writing system limited featural elements. Many languages written in the Latin alphabet make use of diacritics, and those letters using diacritics are sometimes considered separate letters within the language's alphabet. The Polish alphabet, for example, indicates a palatal articulation of some consonants with an acute accent. The Turkish alphabet uses the presence of one or two dots above a vowel to indicate that it is a front vowel. The Japanese kana syllabaries indicate voiced consonants with marks known as dakuten. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) also has some featural elements, for example in the hooks and tails that are characteristic of implosives,

neg: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics form otherwise found only in the west: ᐋᔕ̊ "āshay" "now". The Eastern Cree dialect has distinct labialized finals, "-kw" and "-mw"; these are written with raised versions of the o-series rather than the usual a-series, as in ᒥᔅᑎᒄ "mistikw" "tree". This is motivated by the fact that the vowel "o" labializes the preceding consonant. Although in most respects Naskapi follows eastern Cree conventions, it does not mark vowel length at all and uses two dots, either placed above or before a syllable, to indicate a "w": "wa," "wo," "twa," "kwa," "cwa" (), "mwa," "nwa," "swa," "ywa." Since Naskapi "s-" consonant

neg: Abugida as light and heavy dots, dashes and other marks in one of 3 possible positions to indicate the various vowel-sounds. However, to increase writing speed, Pitman has rules for "vowel indication" using the positioning or choice of consonant signs so that writing vowel-marks can be dispensed with. As the term "alphasyllabary" suggests, abugidas have been considered an intermediate step between alphabets and syllabaries. Historically, abugidas appear to have evolved from abjads (vowelless alphabets). They contrast with syllabaries, where there is a distinct symbol for each syllable or consonant-vowel combination, and where these have no systematic similarity to each other, and

neg: Hebrew alphabet with a niqqud symbol – a vowel diacritic (whether or not the diacritic is marked), whereas and ע are considered to be mute, their role being purely indicative of the non-marked vowel. "Niqqud" is the system of dots that help determine vowels and consonants. In Hebrew, all forms of "niqqud" are often omitted in writing, except for children's books, prayer books, poetry, foreign words, and words which would be ambiguous to pronounce. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, , but many more written symbols for them: By adding a vertical line (called "Meteg") underneath the letter and to the left

neg: New York Point system of two horizontal lines of dots was an advantage over the three lines required for braille; the principle of writing the most common letters with the fewest dots was likewise an advantage of New York Point and American Braille over English Braille. Wait advocated the New York System as more logical than either the American Braille or the English Braille alphabets, and the three scripts competed in what was known as the "War of the Dots". Around 1916, agreement settled on English Braille standardized to French Braille letter order, chiefly because of the superior punctuation compared with New York

neg: Trope (religion) appropriate (unwritten) vowels to insert before, between or after the written consonants so that the words, as a group, formed a sensible sentence. To help later readers of what became a dead language, a system of vowel markings (dots, dashes, and other symbols above and below the consonants) called pointing was established. The Torah itself, however, is always in non-pointed Ancient Hebrew. Trope relies on a similar set of independent markings above and below the Ancient Hebrew letters, but these are a form of musical notation indicating the stylized pitches and rhythms to be applied to the syllables of the

neg: Tuvan language heavy use of multiverb constructions. Tuvan has two systems of vowel harmony that strictly govern the distribution of vowels within words and suffixes. Backness harmony, or what is sometimes called 'palatal' harmony, requires all vowels within a word to be either back or front. Rounding harmony, or what is sometimes called 'labial' harmony, requires a vowel to be rounded if it is a high vowel and appears in a syllable immediately following a rounded vowel. Low rounded vowels are restricted to the first syllable of a word, and a vowel in a non-initial syllable may be rounded only if it

neg: Gari Ledyard Two methods were used to organize and classify these vowels, vowel harmony and iotation. Of the seven vowels, four could be preceded by a "y-" sound ("iotized"). These four were written as a dot next to a line: ㅓㅏㅜㅗ. (Through the influence of Chinese calligraphy, the dots soon became connected to the line, as seen here.) Iotation was then indicated by doubling this dot: ㅕㅑㅠㅛ. The three vowels which could not be yotized were written with a single stroke: ㅡㆍㅣ. The Korean language of this period had vowel harmony to a greater extent than it does today. Vowels alternated according

neg: Diaeresis (diacritic) regular use of the diaeresis. Two dots, called a "trema", were used in the Hellenistic period on the letters ι and υ, most often at the beginning of a word, as in ϊδων, ϋιος, and ϋβριν, to separate them from a preceding vowel, as writing was "scriptio continua", where spacing was not yet used as a word divider (see Coptic alphabet, for example). However, it was also used to indicate that a vowel formed its own syllable (in phonological hiatus), as in ηϋ and Αϊδι. In Modern Greek, αϊ and οϊ represent the diphthongs and , and εϊ the disyllabic

neg: Lontara script "ana’ surə’", with not used in the Makassarese language (which does not make a phonological distinction with the inherent vowel). Graphically, they can be divided into two subsets; dots (tətti’) and accents (kəccə’). Additionally, the third vowel must appear before (to the left) the consonant that it modifies, but must remain logically encoded after that consonant, in conforming Unicode implementations of fonts and text renderers (this case of "prepended vowels" which occurs in many Indic scripts, does not follow the exception to the Unicode logical encoding order, admitted only for the prepended vowels in the Thai, Lao and Tai Viet

neg: Hebrew spelling lectionis" are still introduced to mark vowels, but the letter "Vav" is used only as a consonant, while its variants "ħolám" and "šurúq" serve as vowel letters. This system also makes clear distinction between final "He" used as a vowel marker (e.g. ילדה "a girl" ) and as a consonant (e.g. ילדהּ "her child"). This system was never extensively used, and the Academy of the Hebrew Language finally abandoned it in 1992, when new rules were published not assuming any use of vowel dots. Rules for unvocalized spelling were first issued by the Hebrew Language Committee in 1890 (which became

neg: Inuktitut syllabics and the vowel can be a, i, u, ai (now only in Nunavik), or absent. The Inuktitut script ("titirausiq nutaaq") is commonly presented as a syllabary. The dots on the letters in the table mark long vowels; in the Latin transcription, the vowel is doubled. The Makivik Corporation expanded the official version of the script to restore the "ai-pai-tai" column. The common diphthong "ai" has generally been represented by combining the "a" form with a stand-alone letter ᐃ "i" . This fourth-vowel variant had been removed so that Inuktitut could be typed and printed using IBM Selectric balls in the

neg: Gari Ledyard "yin" directions of 'down' and 'left'. The "yang" vowels were ㆍㅗㅏ, "ə, o, a", with the dots in the "yang" directions of 'up' and 'right'. The "Hunmin Jeong-eum" states that the shapes of the non-dotted letters ㅡㆍㅣ were also chosen to represent the concepts of "yin" (flat earth), "yang" (sun in heaven), and mediation (upright man). (The letter ㆍ "ə" is now obsolete.) There was a third parameter in designing the vowel letters, namely, choosing ㅡ as the graphic base of ㅜ and ㅗ, and ㅣ as the base of ㅓ and ㅏ. A full understanding of what these horizontal

neg: Ö there was insufficient space on typewriters and later computer keyboards to allow for both an O-with-dots (also representing "ö") and an "o"-with-bars. Since they looked nearly identical, the two glyphs were combined, which was also done in computer character encodings such as ISO 8859-1. As a result there was no way to differentiate between the different characters. Other alphabets containing "o"-diaerisis include the Welsh alphabet, Other alphabets containing "o"-umlaut include: the Turkmen alphabet (for the vowel [ø]), the Azerbaijani alphabet (for the vowel [œ]), the Yapese alphabet (for [œ]), the Luxembourgian alphabet (when writing loanwords from Standard German), the Slovenian

neg: Assistive technology to describe what is happening on the screen. There are thirty languages to select from. It also has the capacity to read aloud file content, as well as web pages, E-mail messages, and word processing files. Braille is a system of raised dots formed into units called braille cells. A full braille cell is made up of six dots, with two parallel rows of three dots, but other combinations and quantities of dots represent other letters, numbers, punctuation marks, or words. People can then use their fingers to read the code of raised dots. A braille embosser is, simply put,

neg: Ojibwe writing systems system distinguished long vowels from short vowels by doubling the short vowel value. Evans also used three diacritics to aid the reader in pronunciation. He used a macron (¯) over a vowel or vowels to represent nasals (/Ṽ/) and diaersis (¨) over the vowel to indicate a glottal stop (); if the glottal stop was final, he duplicated the vowel and would place a circumflex (ˆ) over the duplicated vowel. "Gladness," for example, was written as "buubenandumooen" ("baapinendamowin" in the Fiero system). Evans eventually abandoned his Ojibwe writing system and formulated what would eventually become the Canadian Aboriginal syllabics. His

neg: Khmer alphabet only 33. Each character represents a consonant sound together with an inherent vowel, either "â" or "ô"; in many cases, in the absence of another vowel mark, the inherent vowel is to be pronounced after the consonant. There are some independent vowel characters, but vowel sounds are more commonly represented as dependent vowels, additional marks accompanying a consonant character, and indicating what vowel sound is to be pronounced after that consonant (or consonant cluster). Most dependent vowels have two different pronunciations, depending in most cases on the inherent vowel of the consonant to which they are added. There are also

neg: Arabic alphabet great ambiguity of the script. Later still, vowel marks and the ' were introduced, beginning some time in the latter half of the 7th century, preceding the first invention of Syriac and Hebrew vocalization. Initially, this was done by a system of red dots, said to have been commissioned in the Umayyad era by Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali a dot above = ', a dot below = ', a dot on the line = ', and doubled dots indicated nunation. However, this was cumbersome and easily confusable with the letter-distinguishing dots, so about 100 years later, the modern system was adopted.

neg: Biblical Hebrew vocalization system. These systems often record vowels at different stages of historical development; for example, the name of the Judge Samson is recorded in Greek as Σαμψών "Sampsōn" with the first vowel as , while Tiberian with shows the effect of the law of attenuation whereby in closed unstressed syllables became . All of these systems together are used to reconstruct the original vocalization of Biblical Hebrew. At an early stage, in documents written in the paleo-Hebrew script, words were divided by short vertical lines and later by dots, as reflected by the Mesha Stone, the Siloam inscription, the Ophel

neg: Diaeresis (diacritic) uses for . The letter ẗ is used in the ISO 233 transliteration of Arabic for tāʾ marbūṭah ة. Syriac uses a two dots above a letter, called Siyame, to indicate that the word should be understood as plural. For instance, ܒܝܬܐ ("bayta") means 'house', while ܒܝ̈ܬܐ ("bayte") means 'houses'. The sign is used especially when no vowel marks are present, which could differentiate between the two forms. Although the origin of the Siyame is different from that of the Diaeresis sign, in modern computer systems both are represented by the same Unicode character. This, however, often leads to wrong

neg: Two-cell Chinese Braille and medials to fit all the allowable combinations in a single cell. The medial "-i-" is represented by dot 5 (), the medial "-u-" by dot 6 (), and the medial "-ü-" by both dots 5 and 6 (). The "z c s" series is derived from "zh ch sh" as if they contained a "-i-" medial; these two series are not distinguished in many Mandarin dialects. As in traditional Chinese Braille, "k g h" and "q j x" are unified, as they never contrast. A null/zero initial (a vowel-initial syllable) is indicated with the null consonant . At least

neg: Diaeresis (diacritic) Ḧ and ẍ are used for and in the unified Kurdish alphabet. These are foreign sounds borrowed from Arabic. Ẅ and ÿ: "Ÿ" is generally a vowel, but it is used as the (semi-vowel) consonant (a without the use of the lips) in Tlingit. This sound is also found in Coast Tsimshian, where it is written ẅ. A number of languages in Vanuatu use double dots on consonants, to represent linguolabial (or "apicolabial") phonemes in their orthography. Thus Araki contrasts bilabial "p" with linguolabial "p̈" ; bilabial "m" with linguolabial "m̈" ; and bilabial "v" with linguolabial "v̈" . Seneca

neg: Pitman shorthand remembered by the sentence, "That pen is not much good" . A vowel is represented by a dot or a dash, which can be written either lightly or heavily depending on the vowel needed. As this gives only four symbols, they can be written in three different positions – either at the beginning, middle or end of a consonant stroke – to represent the 12 vowels. The dots and dashes representing long vowels are darker than the ones representing short vowels. For example, "say" is written as ")•", but "seh" (if it did exist) would be written as ")·"; "see"

neg: Khmer alphabet their own right, and have names constructed in the same way as for the other dependent vowels (described in the previous section). Other rarer configurations with the " are (or ), pronounced , and , pronounced . The word "yes" (used by women) is pronounced . The " (a small vertical line written over the final consonant of a syllable) has the following effects: The ' is equivalent to the "a" dependent vowel with the '. However, its o-series pronunciation becomes before final "y", and before final (silent) "r". The "yŭkôleăkpĭntŭ" (pair of dots) represents (a-series) or (o-series), followed by

neg: Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali at Basrah, that would be rivalled only by the school at Kufah. Al-Du'alī is said to have introduced the use of diacritics (consonant and vowel markings) to writing, and to have written the earliest treatises on Arabic linguistics, and grammar ("nahw"). He had many students and followers. Al-Duʾali is credited with inventing a system of placing large colored dots above certain letters to differentiate consonants (because several groups share the same shape), and indicate short vowels (because the sounds are not otherwise indicated). Consonant differentiation is called "I'jam" (or "naqt"). Vowel indication is called "tashkil". Al-Du'ali's large-dot system addressed both

neg: Aleph vowel. When it is written, ' is indistinguishable from final Persian "ye" or Arabic ' as it is written in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes elsewhere. "" is transliterated as in ALA-LC, in DIN 31635, in ISO 233-2, and in ISO 233. As a numeral, Alaph/Olaf stands for the number one. With a dot below, it is the number 1,000; with a line above it, Alaph/Olaf will represent 1,000,000. With a line below it is 10,000 and with two dots below it is 10,000,000. The Aramaic reflex of the letter is conventionally represented with the Hebrew in typography for convenience, but

neg: Hebrew spelling many times two or more spelling systems are used in one text. The most common example of this is a word may be vowelized (using niqqud, the "dots") partially, for instance with , where only the vav () is vowelized. This clarifies that the vowel is an "o" () and not "u" (). In addition, 3 letters (historically 6), can take a different sound depending on if there is a dot (called a dagesh) in the middle of the letter (a bet, kaf, and pe). In full spelling, the dot is not included, regardless if it is making one sound

neg: San Andrés (Mesoamerican site) suggest that writing among the Olmec was sacred and was closely tied to ritual activities.” The most important find was a fist-sized ceramic cylinder seal, likely used to print cloth. When rolled out, the seal shows two speech scrolls emanating from a bird, followed directly by a number of design elements enframing what has been interpreted as logograms for “king (sideways U shape),” "3 (three dots, according to the Mesoamerican bar and dots numbering system),” and “Ajaw (from the sacred 260-day calendar)", a designation used for both a calendar date and, in keeping with Mesoamerican custom, the name of an

neg: Greek diacritics the upper left of capital letters. In the case of a diphthong or a digraph, the second vowel takes the diacritics. A breathing diacritic is written to the left of an acute or grave accent but below a circumflex. Accents are written above a diaeresis or between its two dots. When a word is written entirely in capital letters, diacritics are far less used; the word (or), is an exception to this rule because of the need to distinguish it from the nominative feminine article . Diacritics can be found above capital letters in medieval texts. The diaeresis is always

neg: Hangul harmonic group called "mediating" ('neutral' in Western terminology) that could coexist with either "yin" or "yang" vowels. The Korean neutral vowel was "i". The "yin" vowels were "eu, u, eo"; the dots are in the "yin" directions of 'down' and 'left'. The "yang" vowels were "ə, o, a," with the dots in the "yang" directions of 'up' and 'right'. The "Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye" states that the shapes of the non-dotted letters were chosen to represent the concepts of "yin", "yang", and mediation: Earth, Heaven, and Human. (The letter "ə" is now obsolete except in the Jeju language.) The third parameter

neg: Fox language on the cursive French alphabet (see Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics). Consonants written by themselves are understood to be syllables containing the vowel /a/. They are l /pa/, t /ta/, s /sa/, d /ša/, tt /ča/, /ya/, w /wa/, m /ma/, n /na/, /ka/, 8 /kwa/. The characters "d" for /š/, "tt" for /č/, and "8" for /kw/ derive from French "ch, tch," and "q(u)". Vowels are written by adding dots to the consonant: l. /pe/, l· /pi/, l.. /po/. "Fox II" is a consonant–vowel alphabet, though according to Coulmas /p/ is not written (as /a/ is not written in Fox

neg: Japanese Braille "hiragana" and its romanization. In order to illustrate the derivation of each character from its component vowel and consonant, the vowel points are written in black, and the consonant points in green. There is no such distinction in braille as it is actually used. The vowels are assigned the braille patterns that occupy the upper-left half of the cell (dots 1-2-4) in numerical order: . (These are the first five letters of Braille's alphabet, , rotated to fit the available space.) The consonantal diacritics, on the other hand, have no apparent connection to international values or numerical order, corresponding as

neg: Arabic diacritics vowels or to distinguish the different values of the "." Vowel pointing was introduced first, as a red dot placed above, below, or beside the ', and later consonant pointing was introduced, as thin, short black single or multiple dashes placed above or below the "rasm" ([[#History|image]]). These "i‘jām" became black dots about the same time as the ' became small black letters or strokes. Typically, Egyptians do not use dots under final ' , which looks exactly like ' in handwriting and in print. This practice is also used in copies of the "[[Mus'haf|]]" ([[Qurʾān]]) scribed by [[Uthman Taha|]].

neg: Articulatory phonetics articulation the principal variations are vowel height and the dimension of backness and frontness.. A less common variation in vowel quality can be produced by a change in the shape of the front of the tongue, resulting in a rhotic or rhotacized vowel. The lips play a major role in vowel articulation. It is generally believed that two major variables are in effect: lip-rounding (or labialization) and lip protrusion. For all practical purposes, temperature can be treated as constant in the articulatory system. Thus, Boyle's Law can usefully be written as the following two equations. What the above equations express

neg: Tzere Tzere Tzere (also spelled "Tsere", "Tzeirei", "Zere", "Zeire", "Ṣerî", "Ṣerê" etc.; , sometimes ) is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by two dots "◌ֵ" underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew, it indicates the phoneme /e/ which is the same as the "e" sound in sell and is transliterated as an "e". In modern Hebrew, tzere is pronounced the same as segol, although they were distinct in Tiberian Hebrew. Tzere is usually written in these cases: In declension tzere sometimes changes to other vowels or to shva. The full rules for these changes were formulated the Academy of the Hebrew

neg: Sana'a manuscript in letter shapes and sizes. Lines per page vary from 25 to 30, and sometimes stray markedly from the horizontal. There are occasional diacritical dots to differentiate consonants; but only one possible instance of a dotted short vowel indicator. Otherwise, the text is written for the most part in "scriptio defectiva" without indication of long vowels; except that particular words are written in "scriptio plena", for which the letter "alif" indicates a long vowel. Both verse indicators and crudely decorated sura divisions are provided in the original hand, and there are indicators for divisions of 100 and 200 verses. Individual

neg: Syriac alphabet to the Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire). The Eastern script resembles ʾEsṭrangēlā somewhat more closely than the Western script. The Eastern script uses a system of dots above or below letters, based on an older system, to indicate vowel sounds not found in the script: It is thought that the Eastern method for representing vowels influenced the development of the "niqqud" markings used for writing Hebrew. In addition to the above vowel marks, transliteration of Syriac sometimes includes "ə", "e̊" or superscript "" (or often nothing at all) to represent an original Aramaic schwa that became lost

neg: Hangul letters are based on three elements: Short strokes (dots in the earliest documents) were added to these three basic elements to derive the vowel letter: The Korean alphabet does not have a letter for "w" sound. Since an "o" or "u" before an "a" or "eo" became a sound, and occurred nowhere else, could always be analyzed as a phonemic "o" or "u", and no letter for was needed. However, vowel harmony is observed: "dark" "u" with "dark" "eo" for "wo;" "bright" "o" with "bright" "a" for "wa": The compound vowels ending in "i" were originally diphthongs. However, several have

neg: Apex (diacritic) read twice. The distinction between a sicilicus that was used above consonants and an apex that was applied to vowels is then completely artificial: “There is "no" example of this mark [the sicilicus] that can be distinguished from an apex by any criterion other than its presence above a letter that is not a long vowel.” “No ancient source says "explicitly" that there were two different signs; ...”. The presence of this sign, whatever its name, over a consonant is very scarcely attested. If Revilo P. Oliver is right, the apex as a sign denoting vowel length would have its

neg: Meroitic alphabet The only punctuation mark was a word and phrase divider of two to three dots. Meroitic was a type of alphabet called an abugida: The vowel /a/ was not normally written; rather it was assumed whenever a consonant was written alone. That is, the single letter m was read /ma/. All other vowels were overtly written: the letters mi, for example, stood for the syllable /mi/, just as in the Latin alphabet. This system is broadly similar to the Indian abugidas that arose around the same time as Meroitic. Griffith identified the essential abugida nature of Meroitic when he deciphered

neg: Arabic diacritics (the "actual" beginning). But if we consider "middle" syllables "beginning" with a vowel: ("origin"), ("hearts" — notice the syllable; singular ), ("heads", singular ), the situation is different, as noted above. See the comprehensive article on ' for more details. [[Image:Arabic script evolution.svg|thumb|250px| Evolution of early Arabic calligraphy (9th–11th century). The [[w:Basmala|Basmala]] was taken as an example, from [[w:Kufic|kufic]] "[[w:Qur’an|]]" manuscripts. (1) Early 9th century, script with no dots or diacritic marks (see [[:Image:Basmala kufi.svg|image of early Basmala Kufic]]); (2) and (3) 9th–10th century under Abbasid dynasty, Abu al-Aswad's system established red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a

neg: Neo-Mandaic stops ( and ) or fricatives ( and ). Formerly the fricatives were not distinctive segments but merely allophones of the stops after a vowel; the sound rule governing this alternation is now defunct. Neo-Mandaic orthography differs from that of Classical Mandaic by using "u" to represent even when it is a reflex of Classical Mandaic "b". As Neo-Mandaic contains several phonemes not found in Classical Mandaic, several letters from the original script have been modified with two dots placed below to represent these phonemes: "š" may represent , "d" represents , and "h" represents . The private Mandaic schools

neg: Segol and transliteration of the different segols in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the . The transcription in IPA is above and the transliteration is below. The letters Bet "ב" and Het "ח" used in this table are only for demonstration. Any letter can be used. In addition, a letter with a segol or tzere with a succeeding yod often makes the "ei" (also spelled "ey") sound such as in they or tape. By adding two vertical dots ("shva"), the vowel can be made very short. However, the vowels lengths are not manifested in Modern Hebrew. Segol Segol ( )

neg: Ashrei does appear in this verse in several important early editions of the Hebrew Bible, such as the first four editions of the complete Hebrew Bible, and the Complutensian Polyglot and the First Rabbinic Bible (by Pratensis). But the long vowel (five dots) reading is found in virtually all the more recent and more authoritative editions, including the Aleppo Codex, the Leningrad Codex, the Second Rabbinic Bible (by Ben-Hayyim), the Letteris edition, the Ginsburg editions, the Koren edition, the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, etc. Siddurim that carry the short vowel reading include, among others, the widely used ArtScroll Siddur (although the ArtScroll

neg: Duployan shorthand a loop that starts from the preceding character acting as a tangent, continuing around the circle until reaching the tangent point of the following character, at which point the following letterform is written, with the two adjacent characters crossing to complete the "circle". Variants of the circle vowels have dots in the middle of the circle, or a protuberance in from the circle. Circle vowels may also take standard diacritic marks when used to write some languages. Orienting vowels are written by rotating the vowel to match the incoming angle of the preceding character, then mirrored along the axis of

neg: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics above or beside the syllable are called "diacritics". These include the dot placed above a syllable to mark a long vowel, as in ᒦ "mî," and the dot placed at mid height after the syllable (in western Cree dialects) or before the syllable (in eastern Cree dialects) to indicate a medial "w," as in ᑿ "kwa." These are all encoded as single characters in Unicode. Diacritics used by other languages include a circle above, two dots before, and a variety of other marks. Such diacritics may or may not be separately encoded into Unicode. There is no systematic way to

neg: Kyrgyz language verb: 1) determine weather the end letter is a vowel or consonant 2) add appropriate suffix while following vowel-harmony/shift rules. To form complement clauses, Kyrgyz nominalises verb phrases. For example, "I don't know what I saw" would be rendered as "Мен эмнени көргөнүмдү билбейм" ("Men emneni körgönümdü bilbeym"): I what-ACC.DEF see-ing-1st.SG-ACC.DEF know-NEG-1st.SG, or roughly "I don't know my having seen what," where the verb phrase "I saw what" is treated as a nominal object of the verb "to know." The sentence above is also an excellent example of Kyrgyz vowel harmony; notice that all the vowel sounds are front vowels.

neg: Hokuto Iboshi lines crossed in an "X" and two round dots to the left and right, situated between the lines (like ※ without the top and bottom dots). From the special terminology of kamon, which refers to the cross shape as and the dots as , he derived the name . In the course of usage, though, the name took on the shorter reading of "Iboshi". Hokuto's official name in the family register was thus – but the first name was a misprint by the scribe, who had been told the boy's name was . His friends called him Takejirō or just

neg: Thunder Over Jotunheim space, the player turns to the descriptive booklet to see what happens. The module features a system involving obscuring the secret paragraphs with red dots; a tinted piece of plastic is enclosed which when placed over the dots makes them vanish, allowing the player to read whatever is underneath. In the plot, Odin has vanished, leaving Thor to handle the crisis in Asgard. Loki has taken a magical sword that belonged to Frey. Thor is told that without the sword, Asgard is extremely vulnerable to sudden attack by hordes of Giants, Trolls and others. Thor is given a gift by

neg: Dots (candy) wrong name on them. However, research—including the fact that the name was copyrighted before the candies ever came with wrappers—reveals that this story is not true. In addition to current varieties of Original Dots (also known as Mason Dots), Tropical Dots, Yogurt Dots, Sour Dots, and Crows, past varieties (including special short-term promotional offerings) have included: Three special Halloween varieties of Dots have been marketed: Other holiday specialties have included: Other varieties and flavors have included: Dots contain: [[Corn syrup]], [[sugar]], [[food starch]]-modified, [[malic acid]], natural and artificial flavors, [[sodium citrate]], and artificial colors. [[Category:Brand name confectionery]] [[Category:Tootsie Roll Industries

neg: Animal cognition screen. Each bear was trained with reinforcement to pick a larger or smaller amount. During training, the bears were rewarded with food for a correct response. All bears performed better than what random error predicted on the trials with static, non-moving dots, indicating that they could differentiate between the two quantities. The bears choosing correctly in congruent (number of dots coincided with area of the dots) and incongruent (number of dots did not coincide with area of the dots) trials suggests that they were indeed choosing between quantities that appeared on the screen, not just a larger or smaller retinal

neg: Pseudoceros ferrugineus Pseudoceros ferrugineus Pseudoceros ferrugineus, the Fuchsia flatworm, is a marine flatworm species that belongs to the Pseudocerotidae family. "Pseudoceros ferrugineus" can reach a length of about 18–48 mm. It has an enlarged oval shape. The upper surface of the body is fuchsia (hence the common name) with small white dots and two marginal bands red and orange without dots. "External anatomy: Large body with several marginal deep ruffles. The color is dark red with the dorsal surface covered by compacted small white dots given the appearance of a brilliant pink surface. There are not two marginal bands, red and orange

neg: Segolate such as מָוֶת "māweṯ" "death". Classical Arabic still preserves forms similar to the reconstructed Ancient Hebrew forms, e.g. "ʼarḍ" "earth", "kalb" "dog", "ʻayn" "eye", "ṣidq" "sincerity". (Some modern dialects insert an epenthetic vowel between the final two consonants, similar to what happened in Hebrew. Segolate Segolates are words in the Hebrew language whose end is of the form CVCVC, where the penultimate vowel receives syllable stress. Such words are called "segolates" because the final unstressed vowel is typically (but not always) segol. These words evolved from older Semitic words that ended with two consonants; indeed, when a suffix (other than

neg: Chilcotin language Chilcotin language Chilcotin (also Tsilhqot’in, Tsilhqut’in, Tzilkotin) is a Northern Athabaskan language spoken in British Columbia by the Tsilhqot’in people. The name "Chilcotin" is derived from the Chilcotin name for themselves: "Tŝilhqot’in" , literally "people of the red ochre river". Chilcotin has 47 consonants: Chilcotin has 6 vowels: Every given Chilcotin vowel has a number of different phonetic realizations from complex phonological processes (such as nasalization, laxing, flattening). For instance, the vowel can be variously pronounced . Chilcotin is a tonal language with two tones: high tone and low tone. Chilcotin has vowel flattening and consonant harmony. Consonant harmony (sibilant

neg: Tocharian languages to have operated differently on the two vowels, and as a result Ringe (as well as Adams and some other scholars) prefer to distinguish the two in Proto-Tocharian. Ringe's "*ẹ" vowel, a higher vowel than "*e", is fairly rare and appears as "i" in Tocharian B but "e" in Tocharian A. This vowel does trigger palatalization, and is thought by Ringe to stem primarily from PIE "*oy" and from loanwords. In general, Ringe's Proto-Tocharian reconstruction reflects an earlier stage than the one described by many researchers. Some scholars use a different notation from what is given above: e.g. "æ" or

neg: Nǁng language The four strident vowel qualities (there is no strident "i") are rather different from the non-strident vowels, as is common when a vowel is pharyngealized. Nǁng is the only Khoisan language known to have a strident front vowel, , though this is rare, occurring in only two known words, 'to fly' and 'loincloth'. The lack of a nasalized equivalent is thought to be an accidental gap or simply unattested due to the small number of known words. The tone-bearing segment may be a syllabic nasal, , rather than a vowel, as in the name Nǁng. Only certain sequences of vowels

neg: Vowel the vowel sounds of "flower", , form a triphthong or disyllable, depending on dialect. In phonology, diphthongs and triphthongs are distinguished from sequences of monophthongs by whether the vowel sound may be analyzed into different phonemes or not. For example, the vowel sounds in a two-syllable pronunciation of the word "flower" () phonetically form a disyllabic triphthong, but are phonologically a sequence of a diphthong (represented by the letters ) and a monophthong (represented by the letters ). Some linguists use the terms "diphthong" and "triphthong" only in this phonemic sense. The name "vowel" is often used for the symbols

neg: Rotselaar were used quite intensively by man in the past, amongst others for grazing the cattle, and Hrosda is a male Germanic name. Wezemaal is believed to come from "Wis" and "male" (a depression), and Werchter is thought to be a watername, but the meaning of the name is unknown. When the name of Rotselaar first appeared in written accounts, it was spelled "Rotslar". Over the centuries, this evolved into "Rotselaer", and eventually into "Rotselaar". In Middle Dutch, the "e" in "Rotselaer" was used to show that the vowel preceding it sounds longer, in modern spelling the vowel is doubled to

neg: History of the Arabic alphabet (600), kh (700), D (800), Z (900), gh (1000). The lack of vowel signs in Arabic writing created more ambiguities: for example, in Classical Arabic "ktb" could be "kataba" = "he wrote", "kutiba" = "it was written" or "kutub"="books". Later, vowel signs and hamzas were added, beginning some time in the last half of the 6th century, at about the same time as the first invention of Syriac and Hebrew vocalization. Initially, this was done using a system of red dots, said to have been commissioned by an Umayyad governor of Iraq, Hajjaj ibn Yusuf: a dot above = "a",

neg: Gari Ledyard to their environment, and fell into "harmonic" groups. This affected the morphology of the language, and Korean phonology described it in terms of "yin" and "yang": If a word had "yang" ('bright') vowels, then most suffixes also had to have a "yang" vowel; and conversely, if the root had "yin" ('dark') vowels, the suffixes needed to be "yin" as well. There was a third group called "mediating" ('neutral' in Western terminology) that could coexist with either "yin" or "yang" vowels. The Korean neutral vowel was ㅣ "i". The "yin" vowels were ㅡㅜㅓ "eu, u, eo"; the dots are in the

neg: Delias kenricki Delias kenricki Delias kenricki is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It was described by George Talbot in 1937. It is found in New Guinea (Arfak Mountains). The name honours George Hamilton Kenrick. The wingspan is about 45–48 mm. Males are blackish-brown dusted with yellow, sometimes quite considerably. The forewings have two subapical yellowish dots, sometimes indistinct and there are three or four submarginal dots close to the margin, usually forming short marginal streaks. The hindwings are more strongly dusted with yellow, with the inner margin and proximal two-thirds of costa yellowish-white. There are short marginal streaks or dots between

neg: Arabic diacritics different short vowel; later, a second black-dot system was used to differentiate between letters like ' and ' (see [[:Image:Kufi.jpg|image of middle Kufic]]); (4) 11th century, in al-Farāhídi's system (system we know today) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowels (see [[:Image:Qur'an folio 11th century kufic.jpg|image of modern Kufic in Qur'an]]). According to tradition, the first to commission a system of "harakat" was [[Ali]] who appointed [[Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali]] for the task. Abu al-Aswad devised a system of dots to signal the three short vowels (along with their respective allophones) of Arabic. This