query: where was the mahalwari system first introduced in india

pos: Mahalwari Regulation of 1822 was nothing other than widespread misery. After a prolonged consultation, the Government finally passed a new regulation in 1823. The "mahalwari" system of land revenue was introduced by Holt Mackenzie and Robert Merttins Bird. It played a lage part in making the system more flexible. The process of preparing estimates of produce and rents was simplified too. It also introduced the fixation of the average rents for different classes of soil. This scheme functioned under Mettins Bird. The processes of measuring land, examining soil quality was improved further. The State demand was fixed at 66% of the

pos: Mahalwari 1822 accredited the legal sanction to these recommendations. In cases where estates were not held by the landlords, but by the cultivators in common tenancy, the state demand was allowed to be fixed at 95% of the rental. However, quite unfortunately, this system broke down as the state demand was excessively large and its working was quite rigid. The amount, payable by the cultivators was quite more than what they could afford. The government of William Bentinck made a thorough revision of the act of 1823, and thus the Mahalwari System was introduced. They realized that the result of the

pos: Drigganita using this treatise are known as "Sydhantic Panchangas". They are also known as "Vakya Panchangas". In the history of astronomy in India, two different Drigganita systems have been introduced at two different points of time and at two different geographical locations. The first system was introduced by the Kerala astronomer-mathematician Parameshvara (1380-1460) in the fifteenth century. Incidentally, "Drigganita" is also the title of a book authored by Parameshvara through which the Drik system was promulgated. In the nineteenth century, a second Drigganita system was introduced by Chinthamani Ragoonatha Chary (1822 – February 5, 1880) an Indian astronomer attached to the

pos: Education in Odisha Odisha in all spheres. It led to the collapse of the traditional education system. Yet, Odisha being one of the last Indian territories to come under the British rule became exposed much later than other parts of India to the system of education they introduced. Under the East India Company, Christian missionaries who took up printing the Old and New Testaments in Odia, also contributed to some growth in education. The first primary school was created in 1822 by missionaries. The Cuttack Zilla school, Odisha's first modern school up to matriculation level, was established in 1866. It was extended to

neg: Mahalwari Mahalwari The Mahalwari system () was introduced by Holt Mackenzie . The other two systems were the Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793 and the Ryotwari system in 1820. It covered the States of Punjab,Awadh and Agra, parts of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. During the 1800s, the British tried to establish their control over the administrative machinery of India. The System of Land Revenue acted as a chief source of income of the British. Land was one of the most important source of income for the British. Thus, they used land to control the entire Revenue system, strengthening their economic

neg: Mahalwari rental value and the Settlement was made for 30 years. The Mahalwari system of land revenue worked under the scheme of 1833 was completed under the administration of James Thompson. The 66% rental demanded proved very harsh, too. In the Saharanpur Rules of 1855, it was revised to 50% by Lord Dalhousie. However, the British officers hardly cared of these rules. This created widespread discontent among the Indians. Mahalwari The Mahalwari system () was introduced by Holt Mackenzie . The other two systems were the Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793 and the Ryotwari system in 1820. It covered the

neg: Mahalwari condition in India. The word Mahalwari (महलवारी) is derived from the Hindi word Mahal (महल), which means house, district, neighbourhood or quarter. This system consisted of landlords or Lambardars claiming to represent entire villages or even groups of villages. Along with the village communities, the landlords were jointly responsible for the payment of the revenues. But, individual responsibility was always there. The land included under this system consisted of all land of the villages, even the forestland, pastures etc. This system was prevalent in the parts of Uttar Pradesh, the North Western province, parts of Central India and Punjabthe Mahalwari

neg: Permanent Settlement personnel into three branches: revenue, judicial, and commercial. Revenues were collected by "zamindars", native Indians who were treated as the landowners. This division created an Indian landed class that supported British authority. The Permanent Settlement was introduced first in Bengal and Bihar, and then in the south district of Madras and Varanasi. The system eventually spread all over northern India by a series of regulations dated 1 May 1793. These regulations remained in place until the Charter Act of 1833. The other two systems prevalent in India were The Ryotwari System and The Mahalwari System. Many argue that the settlement

neg: Mahalwari system was introduced in the parts of central india and punjab due to the fertility of these two areas. the system was supposed to be revised after every 30 years, but this time period was not appropriate for the soldiers had to wait for such a long period of time for the system to be revised. moreover, the system did not take natural calamities in consideration and hence, led to debt and poverty while crop failures, droughts, earthquakes and other hazards when the land revenue was expected to be exempted. The north-western states and Awadh (also known as Oudh) were

neg: Ryot rent of under-raiyats. One of the causes of the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 was the Bihar Rent Committee report of 1879 which sought rights for the raiyat to resist illegal restraint and illegal enhancement, and allowing him to prove and maintain his occupancy rights. There were two economic systems prevalent in India during the British rule: the ryotwari system and the mahalwari system. The ryotwari system was known as "severality villages and was based on the system of peasant proprietorship. The ryotwari (or ryotwary) tenure related to land revenue imposed on an individual or community owning an estate, and

neg: Lal Pratap Singh and Begum Hazrat Mahal took over the regency of the state for her twelve-year-old son, Raja Hanumant Pratap Singh (Father of Lal Pratap Singh) was the Talukdar of Kalakankar. The East India Company had enforced a system of taxation called "Mahalwari", which involved constantly increasing revenue demands with consequences disastrous to the landlords and farmers. Their increasing indebtness led to dissatisfaction and the Talukdars sided with the Begum to reinstate the Nawab and overthrow the British stood. Their trained armies stood ready to assist Awadh at short notice. At the behest of the Begum, Hanumant Singh raised a battalion of

neg: Robert Merttins Bird Robert Merttins Bird Robert Merttins Bird (1788–1853) was a British civil servant in the Bengal Presidency. He is known for the far-reaching "Mahalwari" tax reform. He was the son of Robert and Lucy Bird of Taplow, Buckinghamshire; his younger brother Edward was the father of Isabella Bird. The marriage was of cousins, with the same surname, and there were four sons and six daughters. Bird entered the East India College, after preparation by a tutor, and with the support of George Smith; and passed out ninth in its first leaving class, the class of 1808. He arrived in India on

neg: Mahalwari two important territories acquired by the British in India. In 1801, the Nawab of Awadh surrendered the districts of Allahabad to the East India Company. The Jamuna and the Ganges came to the British after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Lord Hastings conquered more territories of North India after the Third Anglo-Maratha War in the year 1820. The village headman or Lambardar was completely responsible for all the recommendations, the survey of lands, preparation of the records of rights in lands, settlement of the land revenues, demand in the Mahals, and the collection of the land revenue. The Regulation VII of

neg: Madras Presidency 1833, Lord William Bentinck implemented a new system called the "Mahalwari" or village system under which landlords as well as "ryots" entered into a contract with the Government. By the early 20th century, the greater part of the land was held by "ryots" who paid rent directly to the Government. Zamindari estates occupied about , more than one-quarter of the whole presidency. The "peshkash", or tribute, payable to the government in perpetuity was about £330,000 a year. "Inams", revenue-free or quit-rent grants of lands made for religious endowments or for services rendered to the state, occupied an aggregate area of

neg: Panchayati raj of panchayats gradually declined with the establishment of local civil and criminal courts, revenue and police organizations, the increase in communications, the growth of individualism and the operation of the individual Ryotwari '(landholder-wise) system as against the Mahalwari or village tenure system. The British were not generally concerned with local administration, but left that to the local rulers, and thus didn't interfere with existing panchayati systems, nor induce the rulers to consider more democratic institutions at the local level. The rulers were interested in the creation of 'controlled' local bodies, which could help them in their trading interests by collecting

neg: Postage stamps and postal history of India the Indian Post Office was established in 1837, Asia's first adhesive stamp, the Scinde Dawk, was introduced in 1852 by Sir Bartle Frere, the British East India Company's administrator of the province of Sind. The Indian postal system developed into an extensive, dependable and robust network providing connectivity to almost all parts of India, Burma, the Straits Settlements and other areas controlled by the British East India Company (EIC). Based on the model postal system introduced in England by the reformer, Rowland Hill, efficient postal services were provided at a low cost and enabled the smooth commercial, military and administrative

neg: India Post -anna, were in use until June 1866. The first all-India stamps were issued on 1 October 1854. The volume of mail moved by the postal system increased significantly, doubling between 1854 and 1866 and doubling again by 1871. The Post Office Act XIV introduced reforms by 1 May 1866 to correct some of the more obvious postal-system deficiencies and abuses. Postal-service efficiencies were also introduced. In 1863, lower rates were set for "steamer" mail to Europe at (six annas, eight pies for a -ounce letter). Lower rates were also introduced for inland mail. New regulations removed special postal privileges enjoyed

neg: Patidar over a period of many years and had to adapt to the various local land tenure arrangements that had arisen as Mughal power waned. These systems of ownership could be broadly classified as landlord-based ("zamindari", "vanta" or "magulzari"), village-based ("mahalwari", "narva") and individually based ("ryotwari"). In Gujarat, the British administrators found that all three systems existed. The Kanbis tended to adopt the village-based model and the Kolis the landlord-based variant. The village-based system entailed that organisations jointly owned a village and shared responsibility in some fixed proportion for the land revenues. The division of responsibility might be arranged by the

neg: Dalit the Government of India Act, 1935, which introduced the reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes, now renamed as Scheduled Castes. From soon after its independence in 1947, India introduced a reservation system to enhance the ability of Dalits to have political representation and to obtain government jobs and education. In 1997, India elected its first Dalit President, K. R. Narayanan. Many social organisations have promoted better conditions for Dalits through education, healthcare and employment. Nonetheless, while caste-based discrimination was prohibited and untouchability abolished by the Constitution of India, such practices are still widespread. To prevent harassment, assault, discrimination and

neg: History of the rupee where the standard rupee was replaced by the "Quaternary Silver Alloy". The Quaternary Silver coins were issued from 1940. In 1947 these were replaced by pure Nickel coins. Immediately after independence, the British coinage was continued. The Monetary System remained unchanged at One Rupee consisting of 64 pice, or 192 pies. The "Anna Series" was introduced on 15 August 1950. This was the first coinage of the Republic of India. The King's Portrait was replaced by the Ashoka's Lion Capital. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one Rupee coin. The monetary system was retained with one Rupee consisting

neg: Probal Dasgupta NY with his mother to join his father who was pursuing doctoral studies at Cornell University. Probal’s early schooling was at East Hill High School. During this period the family travelled extensively in Europe where Arun was involved in academic research and archival work as part of his PhD. In 1961 the family returned to India. On the sea voyage back home Probal met an American who introduced him to the metric system. India had started adopting the metric system in 1957; by 1961 all the markets had big displays showing people how to convert between the old and the

neg: Harish Meena up 3 independent institutions; Police University (Sardar Patel Police University 2012), Training Institute for Rajasthan Police Intelligence Branch and Commando Training Institute. Village Guard System was introduced in rural area. Police housing Scheme was accelerated and Police Housing Corporation was created. Police Commissionerate System was introduced for the first time in Rajasthan in Jaipur and Jodhpur. Separate wings of law-order and investigation were introduced. His last assignment was secretary (security) Cabinet Secretariat in Govt. of India. Harish Meena entered politics and joined BJP in 2014. Currently serving as Member of Parliament from Dausa, Rajasthan constituency.He left BJP and joined INC

neg: Northern Railway zone and it now consists of five divisional zones. On 19 February 1986, Northern Railways was the first zone to introduce the computerized passenger reservation system and was the first zone to do so. To facilitate the Unreserved travellers to also plan their journey ahead, Northern Railway introduced the Unreserved Ticketing System (UTS) whereby the unreserved rail passenger can purchase an unreserved ticket three days in advance from the current booking counters. The first diesel and electric locomotive simulators in India at the Tughlaqabad and Kanpur locomotive sheds were introduced by Northern Railways. These help upgrading the skills of the working

neg: Law of India Law of India Law of India refers to the system of law in modern India. India maintains a hybrid legal system with a mixture of civil, common law and customary or religious law within the legal framework inherited from the colonial era and various legislation first introduced by the British are still in effect in modified forms today. Since the drafting of the Indian Constitution, Indian laws also adhere to the United Nations guidelines on human rights law and the environmental law. Certain international trade laws, such as those on intellectual property, are also enforced in India. Indian personal law

neg: Urban rail transit in India use of the suburban rail system. The Mumbai Monorail, which opened on 2 February 2014 is the first operational monorail system used for rapid transit in independent India. Many other Indian cities have monorail projects, as a feeder system to the metro, in different phases of planning. Like monorail, light rail is also considered as a feeder system for the Metro systems. Two light rail projects have been proposed respectively in Delhi and Kolkata. There would be a total number of 68 stations of light rail in India. In addition to trains, trams were introduced in many cities in late

neg: Law of India in 2004 by Atal Bihari Vajpayee. After that 1,824 such laws were repealed by Narendra Modi government between May 2014 to December 2017, taking the total to 3,125. Law of India Law of India refers to the system of law in modern India. India maintains a hybrid legal system with a mixture of civil, common law and customary or religious law within the legal framework inherited from the colonial era and various legislation first introduced by the British are still in effect in modified forms today. Since the drafting of the Indian Constitution, Indian laws also adhere to the United

neg: History of Mymensingh the use of copper coins were introduced replacing the system of karis and dhamris. In 1800, the use of old coins was stopped and the coins of East India Company were introduced. The first permits for importing liquor were introduced. Gradually the judiciary was separated from the executive. For the first time, metal roads were introduced. Dhaka-Mymensingh telegraph line was established in 1883. Dhaka-Mymensingh railway was opened in 1886. The District Board was set up in 1887. Nasirabad Municipality was established in 1869. The borders of Mymensingh district underwent constant change and internal administrative changes continued. In 1786 Beluha and

neg: Sefton Brancker a long-established Anglo-German family that had lived in England for several generations. Brancker was trained for the British Army at Woolwich, joining the Royal Artillery in 1896. He served in the Second Boer War and later for a number of years in India, where he made his first flight in 1910. On 18 June 1913 he was awarded the Royal Aero Club's Aviator's Certificate no. 525. During the First World War, Brancker held important administrative posts in the Royal Flying Corps and later the Royal Air Force including Director of Military Aeronautics. In late 1915 a brigade system was introduced

neg: Burmese calendar Chittagong region of Bengal, which was dominated by the Arakanese Mrauk-U Kingdom from the 15th to 17th centuries. The calculation system of the Burmese calendar was originally based on Thuriya Theiddanta ( , which is believed to be chiefly based on the "original" "Surya Siddhanta" system of ancient India (i.e. Ardharatrika school). One key difference from Indian systems was that the Burmese system followed a 19-year intercalation schedule (Metonic cycle). It is unclear from where, when or how the Metonic system was introduced; hypotheses range from China to Europe. The Burmese system thus uses a "strange" combination of sidereal years

neg: Filmfare Awards Filmfare Awards The Filmfare Awards are presented annually by The Times Group to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Hindi language film industry of India. The Filmfare ceremony is one of the oldest film events in India. The awards were first introduced in 1954, the same year as the National Film Awards. They were initially referred to as the "Clare Awards" or "The Clares" after Clare Mendonca, the editor of "The Times of India". A dual voting system was developed in 1956. Under this system, in contrast to the National Film Awards, which are decided by

neg: Prithu Pehowa, named after Prithu, "who is said to be the first person that obtained the title Raja (king)". Another place associated with Prithu is "Prithudaka" (lit. "Prithu's pool"), a town on banks of Sarasvati river, where Prithu is believed to have performed the Shraddha of his father. The town is referred as the boundary between Northern and central India and referred to by Patanjali as the modern Pehowa. Shriman Narayan, one of the protagonists of Indian Panchayati Raj movement, tracing its origin, writes: "It is believed that the system was first introduced by King Prithu while colonizing the Doab between

neg: Panchayati raj (India) Panchayati raj (India) In India, the Panchayati Raj generally refers to the system of local self-government in India introduced by a constitutional amendment in 1992, although it is based upon the traditional "panchayat" system of South Asia. This Panchayati Raj system was formalized in 1992, following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its "Gram Panchayats" are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional "Khap Panchayats" (or "Caste Panchayats") found in northern India. In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a system of governance

neg: Secunderabad Junction railway station and Vijayawada Junction. The electric locomotive shed in South Lallaguda (near Secunderabad Station), with a capacity to maintain 100 electric locomotives, was built in 1995. The Rajdhani Express which connects the state capitals of India with the National Capital of India was proposed in Andhra Pradesh between Secunderabad and the Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway Station in the 2001 Indian Rail Budget. The Secunderabad Rajdhani Express was introduced on 27 February 2002. The Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), the first of its kind in Andhra Pradesh, was introduced in 2003 with two lines: Lingampally – Hyderabad Railway Station with 13 services, and

neg: Punjab Province (British India) Act, 1861 laid the foundation for the establishment of a local legislature in the Punjab, the first legislature was constituted in 1897. It consisted of a body of nominated officials and non-officials and was presided over by the Lieutenant-Governor. The first council lasted for eleven years until 1909. The Morley-Minto Reforms led to an elected members complementing the nominated officials in subsequent councils. The Government of India Act, 1919 introduced the system of dyarchy across British India and led to the implementation of the first Punjab Legislative Council in 1921. At the same time the office of lieutenant governor was

neg: F. C. Kohli joined Ebasco International Corporation, New York Connecticut Valley Power Exchange, Hartford and New England Power System, Boston for training in power system operation. He returned to India in early August 1951, and joined Tata Electric Companies where he helped to set up the load dispatching system to manage the system operations. He then became the general superintendent in 1963, and deputy general manager in 1967. In 1966, he was also appointed as senior consultant to Tata Consulting Engineers. He became director of Tata Electric Companies in 1970. During his years with Tata Electric Companies, he introduced advanced engineering and management

neg: Instrument of Accession Instrument of Accession The Instrument of Accession was a legal document first introduced by the Government of India Act 1935 and used in 1947 to enable each of the rulers of the princely states under British paramountcy to join one of the new dominions of India or Pakistan created by the Partition of British India. 565 princely states existed in India during the period of British rule. These were not parts of British India proper, having never become possessions of the British Crown, but were tied to it in a system of subsidiary alliances. The Government of India Act 1935

neg: Land administration on large-scale topographic maps, where available, similar to the metes and bounds method. However, most of British India was covered, during the nineteenth century, by the Revenue Survey. In the colony (now state) of South Australia, Robert Torrens in 1858 introduced a title system. Like the Milan cadastre, this system became a model to be followed, initially within the Commonwealth. In the USA, the Land Ordinance of 1785 established the basis for the Public Land Survey System, which provides locational functions as the cadastral or - in modern terms - land information system described above. For the present adoption of

neg: Postal Index Number Postal Index Number A Postal Index Number or PIN or PIN code is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The code is six digits long. The PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications. The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses, similar place names and different languages used by the public. There are nine PIN zones in India, including eight regional

neg: Charles Bedaux The Bedaux consultancy was one of the first of its kind and within a decade its success allowed for the creation of a string of consultancy firms across the United States, Europe, and eventually throughout Africa, India, Australia and the Orient administered by the parent company, Bedaux Internationale. Major Bedaux clients included DuPont, Imperial Chemical Industries, Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later BP), Fiat, and Campbell's. The Bedaux system was introduced at Campbell's in 1927, where "B" standards were 'the cause of the majority of the shop floor battles between management and labor' for years. In 1929, the Taylor Society supported Southern

neg: Rail transport in India India's first computerized ticketing and reservation was introduced at New Delhi in 1986. In 1990 the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced. In September 1996 the CONCERT computerized reservation system was fully deployed at New Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai, and was completed nationwide on 18 April 1999. In 1998 coupon validating machines (CVMs) were introduced at Mumbai CST. Credit cards were accepted for booking tickets and reservations starting in 1999. Indian Railways launched its web site in February 2000 and began taking online train reservations and ticketing on 3 August 2002, which was extended to many cities in December.

neg: Government of India Act 1858 the grave defects in the existing system of the government of India. However, before this bill was to be passed, Palmerston was forced to resign on another issue. Later Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby (who would later become the first Secretary of State for India) introduced another bill which was originally titled as "An Act for the Better Government of India" and it was passed on 2 August 1858. This act provided that India was to be governed directly and in the name of the Crown. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 forced the British Government to pass the

neg: Voter-verified paper audit trail basically have no paper trail. In India, the voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) system was introduced in 8 of 543 parliamentary constituencies as a pilot project in Indian general election, 2014. VVPAT was implemented in Lucknow, Gandhinagar, Bangalore South, Chennai Central, Jadavpur, Raipur, Patna Sahib and Mizoram constituencies. Voter-verified paper audit trail was first used in an election in India in September 2013 in Noksen (Assembly Constituency) in Nagaland. VVPAT along with EVMs was used on a large-scale for the first time in India, in 10 assembly seats out of 40 in Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, 2013. VVPAT -fitted EVMs

neg: Insurance in India example, the corporate cover of employees, when added to the individual purchase of coverage gives approximately 11–12% of the population on cover []- due largely to usage of the state financed National Health Service (NHS), whereas in developed nations with a more limited state system, like USA, about 75% of the total population are covered under some insurance scheme. On 16 September 2013, IRDA launched "insurance repository" services in India. It is a unique concept and first to be introduced in India. This system enables policy holders to buy and keep insurance policies in dematerialised or electronic form. Policyholders can

neg: East India Company literature in India. This Act (16 & 17 Vict. c. 95) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise. It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system. Under the act, for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general's council were separated. It also added six additional members to the governor general's executive committee. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as

neg: Kullal Chickappu Naik 1951 from Bristol University. Prior to the independence of India he served in various capacities in the erstwhile Madras state. He served on the managing committee of Horticultural Society of India as Treasurer from 1943 to 1945, as Vice-President from 1953 to 1955, and as acting President from 1952 to 1956. Naik was the first Vice-Chancellor of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, who started many Colleges and laid the foundation for a disciplined work culture. Naik introduced an innovative system of ‘students meeting’ in the University to supplement the student counselling. He introduced series of innovations in the academic

neg: Subscriber trunk dialling Subscriber trunk dialling Subscriber trunk dialling (STD, also known as subscriber toll dialling) is a telephone system allowing subscribers to dial trunk calls without operator assistance. The term was introduced when it first became possible for long-distance calls to be dialled directly, and is now rarely used where calls to any destination can be dialled. The term "subscriber trunk dialling" is used in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Australia, India and South East Asia. The corresponding term in the North American Numbering Plan, e.g. in the United States and Canada, is direct distance dialing. The term was extended

neg: Value-added tax rate of VAT is 5%. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia VAT system was implemented in 1 January 2018 at 5% rate. VAT was introduced into the Indian taxation system from 1 April 2005. Of the then 28 Indian states, eight did not introduce VAT at first instance. There is uniform VAT rate of 5% and 14.5% all over India. The government of Tamil Nadu introduced an act by the name Tamil Nadu Value Added Tax Act 2006 which came into effect from the 1 January 2007. It was also known as the TN-VAT. Under the BJP government, a new national

neg: Civil service to urge the adoption for England of something similar. The first concrete step in this direction was taken by the British East India Company in 1806." In that year, the Honourable East India Company established a college, the East India Company College, near London to train and examine administrators of the Company's territories in India. "The proposal for establishing this college came, significantly, from members of the East India Company's trading post in Canton, China." Examinations for the Indian "civil service"—a term coined by the Company—were introduced in 1829. British efforts at reform were influenced by the imperial examinations system

neg: East India Company a big pension but lose the throne. The British East India Company gradually took over most of India by threat, intimidation, bribery or outright war. The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange-flavoured tea, which led to the development of Earl Grey tea. The East India Company introduced a system of merit-based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service. Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty. Famines, such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the

neg: Bhavans Vidya Mandir, Elamakkara of India, laid the foundation-stone of the building for Bhavan's Cochin Centre. The first Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan school under the Kochi Kendra, the Bhavans Vidya Mandir, Elamakkara was opened in 1972. The school received affiliation from the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi in 1981. The school was introduced to the National Institute of Open Schooling system in the year 2000. The school follows the trimester system for the primary section and for the senior secondary section, but a semester system for the secondary section. The first term starts in the first week of June and extends till September,

neg: Electronic voting in India in size but with more computing power. The voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) system which enables EVM to record each vote cast by generating the EVM slip, was introduced in 8 of 543 parliamentary constituencies as a pilot project. VVPAT is implemented in Lucknow, Gandhinagar, Bangalore South, Chennai Central, Jadavpur, Raipur, Patna Sahib and Mizoram constituencies. Voter-verified paper audit trail was first used in an election in India in September 2013 in Noksen (Assembly Constituency) in Nagaland. On 8 October 2013, Supreme Court of India delivered its verdict on Subramanian Swamy's PIL, that Election Commission of India will use VVPAT

neg: Anwell Technologies Recorded total revenue HK$556 million. On November 4, 2004, it listed on the Mainboard of the Singapore Exchange. Set up the second equipment manufacturing facility in Dongguan, China. Introduced DVD recordable downstream sub-system and twin-Line DVDR replication system. In 2005 to 2006, it established overseas sales hubs including Germany, India and USA. Introduced 3rd generation HD-DVD replication system for pre-recorded sector. In 2007, it became the world's only vertically integrated optical disc equipment supplier with disc manufacturing plants in ChinaIn 2008, it vertically integrated the solar cell equipment business into solar cell manufacturing business. Produced the first amorphous silicon thin

neg: Miss Diva - 2013 where she made it to the Top 10. Gurleen Grewal represented India at Miss International 2013 held in Japan where she did not place. Srishti Rana represented India at Miss Asia Pacific World 2013 held in South Korea where she was crowned the winner. Won Top 7 semifinalist spot by winning Miss Digital Title. Miss Diva - 2013 Miss Diva was introduced by "Femina" to select a candidate to represent the country at Miss Universe (in contrast to Femina Miss India, also owned by "Femina", which selects a candidate as a delegate for Miss World). The first edition of Miss

neg: Record of Agarest War Zero costumes, CGs and more. Both versions feature an extra mode where you can return to the maps from the previous game, and unlock characters via the PlayStation Store or Xbox Live Marketplace. The battles are the same as the first game,the maps, and the Soul Breed System. Two new systems were introduced, The Feel Link System and the Free Intention. There is also an Extra Mode. A new system is introduced called the Feel Link System. The Feel Link system is where the heroine's costume and dialog depend on their relationship level. Another new system where players can build relationship

neg: India as an emerging superpower which have stood the test of time and survived against all odds. Indians invented the numbering system (introduced into the West by Arabic mathematicians, Arabic numerals), the concept of zero, logic, geometry, basic algebra, calculus, probability, astronomy etc. India has a long history of cultural dialogue with many regions of the world, especially within Asia, where its cultural influence has spread through the philosophy of religions like Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism, etc. - particularly in East and Southeast Asia. Many religions with origins outside the Indian subcontinent - Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Bahá'í Faith - have found followers in India. Indian

neg: Permanent Settlement of incentivisation; hence Warren Hastings, then governor-general, introduced a system of five-yearly inspections and temporary tax farmers. Many appointed as tax farmers absconded with as much revenue as they could during the time period between inspections. The British Parliament took note of the disastrous consequences of the system, and in 1784, British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger directed the Calcutta administration to alter it immediately. In 1786 Charles Cornwallis was sent out to India to reform the company's practices. In 1786, the East India Company Court of Directors first proposed a permanent settlement for Bengal, changing the policy then

neg: Natesan Srinivasan this inquiry, two significant design changes resulted: all Comets were equipped with weather radar, and the "Q feel" system was introduced, which ensured that control column forces (invariably called stick forces) would be proportional to control loads. This artificial feel was the first of its kind to be introduced in any aircraft. In 1954, he was offered the position as Director of the Madras Institute of Technology, the first engineering-focused institute in India, and he was instrumental in building up the Faculty of Aeronautical Engineering. He had a keen interest in student welfare, and established the M.I.T. Athenaeum, a student

neg: Baluchistan Agency Robert Groves Sandeman introduced an innovative system of tribal pacification in Balochistan that was in effect from 1877 to 1947. However the Government of India generally opposed his Methods and refused to allow it to operate in India's North West Frontier. Historians have long debated its scope and effectiveness in the peaceful spread of Imperial influence. The Baluchistan Agency consisted of three princely states: The Government of India maintained its relations with the states through its political agent in Kalat. The first agent in Balochistan was Robert Groves Sandeman (1835-1892), Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India,

neg: Arthur Gray Butler the first headmaster. In September the school took over the buildings of the East India College near Hertford, founded in 1805 for the training of the East India Company's civil servants. Haileybury had no endowment, and inconvenient infrastructure. Butler introduced the Rugby School system, and himself served as school chaplain. He provided racquets and fives courts. The houses were named after prominent British officials in India. Pupil numbers rose in a few years from 54 to 360. Butler was a stimulating classical teacher, but a breakdown in health compelled his resignation in December 1867. By that time Haileybury was a

neg: Quota system in Pakistan Quota system in Pakistan The quota system in Pakistan was established to give every region of the country representation in institutions according to their population. Quota System was first introduced in Pakistan by Liaquat Ali Khan in September 1948. The Civil Service of Pakistan selects only 7.5% of the applicants by merit, education, qualification and experience. The quota system in Pakistan has many similarities with reservation in India which is its neighbor. After Partition of Subcontinent, Between 1947 and 1958, Some of the most important government posts like the Prime ministership, the ministerial portfolios of Education, information and refugee rehabilitation

neg: National Pension System and income security"), to examine policies related to old age income security in India. Based on the recommendations of the OASIS report, the Government of India introduced a new Defined Contribution Pension System for the new entrants to Central/State Government service, except to the armed forces, replacing the existing system of the Defined Benefit Pension System. On 23 August 2003, the Interim Pension Fund Regulatory & Development Authority (PFRDA) was established through a resolution by the Government of India to "promote old age income security by establishing, developing and regulating pension funds, to protect the interests of subscribers to schemes

neg: Panchayati raj (India) Odisha, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal and Uttarakhand have implemented 50% reservation for women in PRIs. The majority of candidates in these Panchayats are women. Currently 100% of elected members in Kodassery Panchayat in Kerala are women. Panchayati raj (India) In India, the Panchayati Raj generally refers to the system of local self-government in India introduced by a constitutional amendment in 1992, although it is based upon the traditional "panchayat" system of South Asia. This Panchayati Raj system was formalized in 1992, following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing more

neg: International Animal Rescue India, Indonesia, Malta and the Netherlands. International Animal Rescue was established by John and Jo Hicks, and first registered as a charity in the United Kingdom in September 1989; in Goa, India in 1998; in the United States in 2001 and in the Netherlands and Indonesia in 2008. IAR Malta became an officially recognized body in 1993. The first clinic and rescue center was established in Goa in 1989 to sterilize stray dogs and vaccinate them against rabies. The Goa center (known as Animal Tracks) is licensed under the Animal Birth Control (ABC) grant system introduced by Maneka Gandhi. International

neg: Shah Muhammad Sulaiman presided over the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference at Ajmer and in his address he advocated a revolutionary and progressive change in the educational system by stressing the practical, technical and vocational sides of education. He delivered convocation addresses at the Universities of Dacca, Aligarh, Hyderabad and Agra. Sulaiman was elected Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University where he introduced several beneficial reforms and laid down policies of far reaching importance, which extricated the University out of its financial and administrative crisis. He gave an impetus to education of women in the University and introduced Urdu as an independent subject in

neg: Ryotwari Ryotwari The Ryotwari system was a land tenure system in British India, introduced by Sir Thomas Munro in 1820 based on system administered by Captain Alexander Read in the Baramahal district. It allowed the government to deal directly with the peasant ("ryot") for revenue collection, and gave the peasant freedom to give up or acquire new land for cultivation. The peasant was assessed for only the lands he was cultivating. This system was in operation for nearly 30 years and had many features of revenue system of the Mughals. It was instituted in some parts of British India, one of

neg: Royal Enfield Thunderbird and various cosmetic improvements over the 350 cc. Thunderbird 500 gets fuel injection system while Thunderbird 350 operates on carburetor. In 2018, another model was released named Thunderbird X in 350 and 500 cc. Royal Enfield Thunderbird The Royal Enfield Thunderbird is a cruiser style motorcycle produced by Royal Enfield Motors in India. It was first introduced in the year 2002 with a 350cc AVL lean burn engine and five-speed gearbox. The AVL engine was first introduced in the year 2000. AVL stands for Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List (German for "Institute for Combustion Engines"), an Austrian-based automotive consulting firm as

neg: Chinese fishing nets team of up to six fishermen. While such nets are used throughout coastal southern China and Indochina, in India they are mostly found in the Indian cities of Kochi and Kollam, where they have become a tourist attraction. This way of fishing is unusual in India and almost unique to the area, as it was introduced by Chinese explorers who landed there in the 14th century. Indeed, one interpretation of the city name Kochi is ‘co-chin', meaning ‘like China.’ The system is sufficiently balanced that the weight of a man walking along the main beam is sufficient to cause the

neg: Jajmani system services from lower castes and, in return, the members of low castes receive grains. The terminology of Jajmani System was introduced into the Indian social anthropology by William Wiser. In his study of a village in Uttar Pradesh, he discovered how different castes interacted with one another in the production and exchange of goods and services. It was found that, with some variations, this system existed throughout India. The Jajmani System is characterised by the following: Various studies of the Jajmani system in India have been made. Oscar Lewis studied Jajmani in North Indian villages. Jajmani in Eastern U.P was

neg: Chennai International Airport and control system has been introduced in the ATC tower. As a first step towards integrating the entire airspace in the country, the automation system at the ATC in Chennai Airport was commissioned on 1 October 2011. The Airports Authority of India (AAI) has invested 42 crore for the Chennai automation system, which runs on Auto Track 3+, a sophisticated air traffic control automation system supplied and installed by US-based Raytheon. A new route radar at Porur has also been installed and the 13-year-old terminal radar at the airport will be replaced. With the automation system in place, all information

neg: Middle kingdoms of India one ruler during the 12th century. Vijay Sen the second ruler of this dynasty defeated the last Pala emperor Madanapala and established his reign. Ballal Sena introduced Kulīna System in Bengal and made Nabadwip the capital. The fourth king of this dynasty Lakshman Sen expanded the empire beyond Bengal to Bihar, Assam, northern Odisha and probably to Varanasi. Lakshman was later defeated by the Muslims and fled to eastern Bengal where he ruled few more years. The Sena dynasty brought a revival of Hinduism and cultivated Sanskrit literature in India. The Varman Dynasty (not to be confused with the Varman

neg: Cochin Special Economic Zone 2012-13, as on 30 September 2012, the total exports from CSEZ stand at 16,306 crore, ranking it the third among SEZs in the country". CSEZ was originally started as one of the first Export Processing Zone in India, and was later converted into a Special Economic Zone in 2003, when that system was introduced. It is operated by the Government of India, Ministry of Commerce, under the CSEZ Authority, and headed by a Development Commissioner. It is the first integrated industrial park in Kerala. The land area of the existing zone in Kochi has been fully utilized. As part of

neg: Ratan Shankar Mishra been credited to Mishra during his tenure at the University of Allahabad. He guided several mathematicians for their PhD, DSc and DPhil research and introduced many new subjects such as Modern Algebra, Topology, Riemannian Geometry and Statistics & Probability into curriculum. Under his guidance, the university introduced a course in Abstract Algebra at the graduate level, the first time in India the subject was taught at the graduate level. He was also instrumental in conducting conferences and seminars, with financial assistance from the University Grants Commission where mathematicians from India and abroad like Jack P. Tull moderated the proceedings. It

neg: 10 Point System credit punch volume rather than the 10-Point System which credits technique and ring generalship. The punch-count system had originally been introduced following Roy Jones JR.'s loss in the Seoul Olympics 1988. 10 Point System The 10-Point System was first introduced in 1968 by the World Boxing Council (WBC) as a rational way of scoring fights. It was viewed as such because it allowed judges to reward knockdowns and distinguish between close rounds, as well as rounds where one fighter clearly dominated their opponent. Furthermore, the subsequent adoption of this system, both nationally and internationally, allowed for greater judging consistency, which

neg: History of colonialism in India. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the Company acquired the civil rights of administration in Bengal from the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; it marked the beginning of its formal rule, which was to engulf eventually most of India and extinguish the Moghul rule and dynasty itself in less than a century. The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structurea (See "Zamindar") in Bengal. By the 1850s, the East India Company controlled most of the Indian sub-continent, which included present-day Pakistan

neg: Noksen (Vidhan Sabha constituency) Noksen (Vidhan Sabha constituency) Noksen (Assembly Constituency) is an assembly constituency in the Indian state of Nagaland. Nosken is in Tuensang district. Noksen is the first assembly seat in India, where Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) system was first used with EVMs in a by-poll in September 2013. In October 2013, Supreme Court of India gave a landmark judgement directing Election Commission of India to use VVPAT system for vote validation in phased manner in all subsequent elections in India. Noksen is a reserved constituency for Scheduled Tribe. H. Chuba of Indian National Congress won the Noksen seat defeating C.

neg: Transport in India cities of the country. Buses take up over 90% of public transport in Indian cities, and serve as an important mode of transport. Services are mostly run by state government owned Transport Corporations. In 1990s all government State Transport Corporations have introduced various facilities like low-floor buses for the disabled and air-conditioned buses to attract private car owners to help decongest roads. The Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transport System, in 2010 won the prestigious Sustainable Transport Award from the Transportation Research Board in Washington. Rainbow BRTS in Pune is the first BRTS system in the country. Mumbai introduced air conditioned buses

neg: Korfball in India (Australia) held between 9–16 July. The team reached the final where it lost against the reigning Asian – Oceania Korfball Champion, Chinese Taipei on 16 July 2011. India won five out of seven matches it played. The matches it won were against Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Hong Kong and China. The only matches it lost were both against Chinese Taipei, including the final. India came third place 2 times (2002 & 2006) in the Asia-Oceania Korfball Championship. Korfball in India India is the oldest korfball playing country in Asia. In 1979, when the game was first introduced in India, korfball

neg: Hormonal contraception another formulation developed in the 1980s, were approved by the World Health Organization in 1993. NuvaRing, a contraceptive vaginal ring, was first marketed in 2002. 2002 also saw the launch of Ortho Evra, the first contraceptive patch. In 1991, ormeloxifene was introduced as a contraceptive in India. While it acts on the estrogen hormonal system, it is atypical in that it is a selective estrogen receptor modulator rather than an estrogen, and has the capacity for both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. Hormonal contraception Hormonal contraception refers to birth control methods that act on the endocrine system. Almost all methods are

neg: Goods and Services Tax (India) Pradesh, which account for 61% of the inter-state e-way bills, started mandatory intrastate e-way bill from 15 April 2018 to further reduce tax evasion. It was successfully introduced in Karnataka from 1 April 2018. The intrastate e-way bill will pave the way for a seamless, nationwide single e-way bill system. Six more states Jharkhand, Bihar, Tripura, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Haryana will roll it out from 20 April 18. All states are mandated to introduce it by May 30, 2018. Reverse Charge Mechanism (RCM) is a system in GST where the receiver pays the tax on behalf of unregistered, smaller

neg: Ghiyas ud din Balban where zest and laughter were unknown and where wine and gambling were banished." He "introduced rigorous court discipline such as prostration before the king and kissing his feet." Nevertheless, Ghiyasuddin Balban still went on hunting expeditions, though these were more frequently used as a form of military training. There were large scale conversions to Islam in Punjab under his reign. Balban was the first who introduced the famous Persian Festival of Nauroz. He started iranian method Sijda and Paibos to the sultan in India. He also introduced the Persian festival Navroz (meaning New year). He himslef called the Niyabat-i-Khudai. Balban

neg: Āryabhaṭa numeration Āryabhaṭa numeration The numeration is a system of numerals based on Sanskrit phonemes. It was introduced in the early 6th century in India by , in the first chapter titled "Gītika Padam" of his "Aryabhatiya". It attributes a numerical value to each syllable of the form consonant+vowel possible in Sanskrit phonology, from ' = 1 up to ' = 10. The basis of this number system is mentioned in the second stanza of the first chapter of Aryabhatiya. The Varga (Group/Class) letters "ka" to "ma" are to be placed in the varga (square) places (1st, 100th, 10000th, etc.) and Avarga

neg: Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination HKDSE that will be introduced in 2010, a new grading system was introduced to the exams in the subjects of Chinese and English. Under the new system There are seven grades: five numerical grades from 1–5, where 1 is the lowest and 5 is the highest, and two other grades, "5*" and "UNCL", for students with particularly outstanding and poor performance respectively. The traditional "on-the-curve" system was not used other than to distinguish between the 5*'s and the 5's. The point system was in chaos in its first year of implementation since level 2, which is the passing line in

neg: Spinach "", meaning purportedly 'green hand', but the multiplicity of forms makes the theory doubtful. Spinach is thought to have originated in ancient Persia (modern Iran and neighboring countries). It is not known by whom, or when, spinach was introduced to India, but the plant was subsequently introduced to ancient China, where it was known as "Persian vegetable" ("bōsī cài"; 波斯菜; present:菠菜). The earliest available record of the spinach plant was recorded in Chinese, stating it was introduced into China via Nepal (probably in 647 AD). In AD 827, the Saracens introduced spinach to Sicily. The first written evidence of spinach

neg: FAO Football League FAO Football League The FAO Football League (FFL) or Odisha First Division League is the second highest state level football league in Odisha following FAO Super Cup. The FAO Football League (FFL) is organised every year by the Football Association of Odisha (FAO), the official football governing body of Odisha, India. The FAO Football League was brought up as "Siddhartha Odisha First Division League" in the year 2010 as Odisha's premier level football league. The Football Association of Odisha introduced the league system to provide the footballing talents of the state, a platform, to showcase their abilities. The league system

neg: Agmark vegetable oils, fruits and vegetables and semi-processed products like vermicelli. The term agmark was coined by joining the words 'Ag' to mean agriculture and 'mark' for a certification mark. This term was introduced originally in the bill presented in the parliament of India for the "Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act". The entire system of Agmark, including the name, was created by Archibald MacDonald Livingstone, Agricultural and Marketing Advisory to the Government of India, from 1934 to 1941. He was supported by a staff of several hundred. The system was designed to benefit local growers throughout India who were, in

neg: History of India in India. The British East India Company extended its control over the whole of Bengal. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the rights of administration in Bengal from de jure Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; this marked the beginning of its formal rule, which within the next century engulfed most of India. The British East India Company monopolised the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure in Bengal, often with taluqdars and zamindars set in place. As a result of the three Carnatic Wars, the

neg: Value-added tax Goods and Services Tax was introduced under the One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India. Value Added Tax (VAT) was introduced into the Indonesian taxation system from 1 April 1985. General VAT rate is ten percent. Using indirect subtraction method with invoice to calculate value added tax payable. VAT was Collected by the Directorate General of Taxation, Ministry of Finance. Some goods and services are exempt from VAT like basic commodities vital to the general public, medical or health services, religion services, educational services and Services provided by the government in respect of carrying out general governmental

neg: Newar caste system Newar caste system Newar caste system is the system by which Newārs, the historical inhabitants of Kathmandu Valley, are divided into groups on the basis of Vedic varna model and divided according to their hereditary occupations. First introduced at the time of the Licchavis (A.D. 300 – c. 879), the Newar caste system assumed its present shape during the medieval Malla period (A.D. 1201–1769). The Newar caste structure resembles more closely that of North India and Madheshis than that of Khas 'Parbatiyas' in that all four Varna (Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra) and untouchables are represented. The social structure of

neg: Singapore football league system Singapore football league system Association Football is the most popular football in Singapore. It has been around since the British colonial era and the first ever Nation's cup tournament was held in 1892. Ever since then football tournaments were held continuously over the years until to this day. The Singapore Premier League formerly known as the S.League, was first introduced in 1996 and replace the Semi-Professional FAS Premier League. It is the first Professional football tournament in Singapore where players are given a full time contract. The next professional league, Prime League was introduced in 1997 for the reserve team

neg: Language that grammar was universal. In the 18th century, the first use of the comparative method by British philologist and expert on ancient India William Jones sparked the rise of comparative linguistics. The scientific study of language was broadened from Indo-European to language in general by Wilhelm von Humboldt. Early in the 20th century, Ferdinand de Saussure introduced the idea of language as a static system of interconnected units, defined through the oppositions between them. By introducing a distinction between diachronic and synchronic analyses of language, he laid the foundation of the modern discipline of linguistics. Saussure also introduced several basic

neg: Five-Year Plans of India government to enter into power generation and transmission. The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic. Tourism also expanded. The twenty-point programme was launched in 1975. It was followed from 1974 to 1979. The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974–78). The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people. It is prepared and launched by D.P.Dhar. The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate was

neg: Reserved political positions in India SC and ST may be in a minority in the constituency . This system was introduced by the Constitution of India in 1950 and was supposed to be in place for the first 10 years, to ensure participation in politics by these groups which were deemed weak and needing special protection . In practice, out of 543 constituencies represented in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's parliament, 85 (15.47%) are reserved for SC and 48 (8.66%) are reserved for ST. Allocation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha are made on the basis

neg: Politics of Papua New Guinea by popular vote to serve five-year terms. The most recent election was held in June–July 2017. Members of Parliament are elected from the nineteen provinces and the National Capital District. After independence in 1975, members were elected by the first past the post system, with winners frequently gaining less than 15% of the vote. Electoral reforms in 2001 introduced the Limited Preferential Vote system (LPV), a modified version of alternative vote, where voters number their first three choices among the candidates. The first general election to use LPV was held in 2007. Parliament introduced reforms in June 1995 to change

neg: UNIVAC 1100/60 UNIVAC 1100/60 The UNIVAC 1100/60, introduced in 1979, continued the venerable UNIVAC 1100 series first introduced in 1962 with the UNIVAC 1107. The 1107 was the first 1100 series machine introduced under the Sperry Corporation name. Like its predecessors, it had support for multiple CPUs; initially only two, but later up to four. It continued the naming convention introduced with the 1100/10, where the last digit represented the number of CPUs (thus, a four CPU system would be an 1100/64). The 1100/60 introduced a new feature to the line: the CPUs used microcode that was loaded during the booting process.

neg: Tirunelveli district Constitutional Law and Human Rights was started in 1997. A five-year B.L. course was introduced in the academic year 2000–01. As directed by the Bar Council of India, a semester system was introduced for both (three years and five years) Law Courses, beginning with the academic year 2002–2003. The Tirunelveli Medical College and its teaching hospital are located on about 280 acres of land at High Grounds, Palayamcottai. It was established in 1965 and affiliated with the University of Madras, with 75 students for the academic year 1965–1966. These students took their first-year courses at local arts and science colleges.

neg: History of rail transport in India lights were mandated for all compartments in all classes of passenger accommodations in 1952, and sleeping accommodations were introduced in coaches. On 1 August 1955, the South-Eastern zone was split off from the Eastern Railway zone. A divisional system of administration was established for the zones in 1956, and the first fully air-conditioned train was introduced (between Howrah and Delhi). In 1957, after successful trials in France, SNCF proposed 25 kV AC electrification for India's railways. Indian Railways decided to adopt 25 kV AC electrification, choosing SNCF as a technical consultant. The Main Line Electrification Project (which later became the

neg: Government of India Act, 1915 Government of India Act, 1915 The Government of India Act 1915 was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which consolidated prior Acts of Parliament concerning British India into a single act. It was passed in July 1915 and went into effect on 1 January 1916 (5 & 6 Geo. V, c. 61). The act repealed 47 prior acts of Parliament, starting with an act of 1770, and replaced them with a single act containing 135 sections and five schedules. It was introduced first to the House of Lords, where it was referred to a joint committee of

neg: Government of India Act, 1915 Government of India Act, 1915 The Government of India Act 1915 was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which consolidated prior Acts of Parliament concerning British India into a single act. It was passed in July 1915 and went into effect on 1 January 1916 (5 & 6 Geo. V, c. 61). The act repealed 47 prior acts of Parliament, starting with an act of 1770, and replaced them with a single act containing 135 sections and five schedules. It was introduced first to the House of Lords, where it was referred to a joint committee of

neg: Agni-II not to be intended to mean that India does not have the technology: the country launched and accurately placed ten satellites in a single launch in 2007, on its PSLV space vehicle, which was the first evidence of the country having revealed its expertise in this arena. The Agni family of missiles uses a strapdown INS system for flight control and navigation. Necessary inertial sensors were indigenously developed for the purpose, including laser rate gyros. Agni-II introduced a new concept in missile control system by adopting MIL-STD-1553 databus for all on-board communication and control device interconnection mainly INS system, Flight

neg: Postal Index Number a different PIN or to one of the relevant sub offices or branch offices for the same PIN. Branch offices (BO) are located in rural areas and have limited postal services. Postal Index Number A Postal Index Number or PIN or PIN code is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The code is six digits long. The PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications. The system was introduced to simplify the manual