query: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ) was identified as a disease in the

pos: HIV/AIDS the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy. Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. Without treatment, the average survival time after infection is 11 years. In 2016, about 36.7 million people were living with HIV and it resulted in 1 million deaths. There were 300,000 fewer new HIV cases in 2016 than in 2015. Most of those infected live in sub-Saharan Africa. From the time AIDS was identified in the early 1980s to 2017, the disease has caused an estimated 35 million deaths worldwide. HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemic—a disease outbreak

neg: Discovery and development of integrase inhibitors from bacteria, viruses and other disease-causing beings, and when it fails to do so immunodeficiency diseases occur. One such disease is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which is most commonly a result of an infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Two closely related types of HIV have been identified, HIV-1 and HIV-2. While HIV-2 is spreading in India and West Africa, HIV-1 is more virulent and the number one cause of AIDS worldwide. Though some of the patients have different results in most cases people infected with HIV go on to develop AIDS and ultimately die of opportunistic infections or

neg: Gene Shearer Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. When the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic was first identified, Shearer realized that the immune deficiencies occurring in AIDS patients closely resembled the immune deficiencies occurring in experimental murine models of graft versus host disease that he had been studying. Consequently, in 1983 Shearer was one of the first immunologists to begin studying the immune dysregulation in AIDS patients and discovered that infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resulted in CD4+ T cell dysfunction and immune dysregulation long before the onset of overt clinical disease. At the height of the AIDS epidemic when

neg: Michael S. Gottlieb description of the CD-4 T cell deficiency which is the immunologic hallmark of HIV infection. The work of Gottlieb and others suggested that these patients had an acquired immunodeficiency, characterized by depressed T-lymphocyte numbers and function, allowing for potentially fatal opportunistic infections. Initially, the researchers termed the disease Gay-Related Immune Deficiency (GRID); in 1982 this syndrome became known as AIDS, a consequence of infection by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Physician Joel Weisman was one of Gottlieb's early collaborators in the identification of AIDS. Weisman's practice treated a large number of gay men, some of whom were among the first identified

neg: Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome emphases to respond to changing research needs. Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome The Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (DAIDS) is a division of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases which is part of the National Institutes of Health. It was formed in 1986 as a part of the initiative to address the national research needs created by the advent and spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Specifically, the Division’s mission is to increase basic knowledge of the pathogenesis, natural history, and transmission of HIV disease and to support research that promotes progress in its detection, treatment, and prevention. DAIDS

neg: Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome The Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (DAIDS) is a division of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases which is part of the National Institutes of Health. It was formed in 1986 as a part of the initiative to address the national research needs created by the advent and spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Specifically, the Division’s mission is to increase basic knowledge of the pathogenesis, natural history, and transmission of HIV disease and to support research that promotes progress in its detection, treatment, and prevention. DAIDS accomplishes this through planning, implementing, managing, and

neg: Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS or serophobia is the prejudice, fear, rejection and discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). Discrimination is one manifestation of stigma, and stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors may fall under the rubric of discrimination depending on the legislation of a particular country. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV/AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease and cannot be cured, but with proper treatment, the individual can live just as long as without the disease. HIV/AIDS discrimination exists around the

neg: Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS main coping strategy. Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS or serophobia is the prejudice, fear, rejection and discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). Discrimination is one manifestation of stigma, and stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors may fall under the rubric of discrimination depending on the legislation of a particular country. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV/AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease and cannot be cured, but with proper treatment, the individual can live just as long as without the disease. HIV/AIDS discrimination

neg: Adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome not appear to be heritable. Also, something in the environment may trigger the disease. An elevated concentration of autoantibodies that block interferon-gamma was detected in most patients. The swash.com website uses AIDS 2.0 as the moniker for maybe another, apparently highly contagious AIDS-like condition described by The Epoch Times. The Daily Beast has described this disease emphatically as not AIDS 2.0. Adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome Adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome is a provisional name for a newly diagnosed immunodeficiency illness. The name is proposed in the first public study to identify the syndrome. It appears to be chronic and non-contagious, affecting mainly people

neg: HIV/AIDS in Africa samples from 1959 and 1960 have been preserved and studied retrospectively. The first epidemic of HIV/AIDS is believed to have occurred in Kinshasa in the 1970s, signalled by a surge in opportunistic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, Kaposi's sarcoma, tuberculosis, and pneumonia. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a fatal disease caused by the slow-acting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus multiplies in the body until it causes immune system damage, leading to diseases of the AIDS syndrome. HIV emerged in Africa in the 1960s and traveled to the United States and Europe the following decade. In the 1980s it spread

neg: Discovery and development of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors always given as part of combination therapy, the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a leading cause of death in the world. It was identified as a disease in 1981. Two years later the etiology agent for AIDS, the HIV was described. HIV is a retrovirus and has two major serotypes, HIV-1 and HIV-2. The pandemic mostly involves HIV-1 while HIV-2 has lower morbidity rate and is mainly restricted to western Africa. In the year 2009 over 40 million people were infected worldwide with HIV and the number keeps on growing. The vast majority of infected

neg: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017 the India HIV/AIDS Alliance said, "There have been many incidents of discrimination in hospitals, schools, and communities, and even though the rate of such incidents has gone down in recent years, they still occur." She felt that the law "is a long awaited and positive move. We are very optimistic about it as it speaks volumes about the political commitment." Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017 The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017, often shortened to the HIV/AIDS Prevention Act or simply the HIV/AIDS Act, is

neg: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017 The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017, often shortened to the HIV/AIDS Prevention Act or simply the HIV/AIDS Act, is an Act of the Parliament of India that prohibits discrimination against individuals who are diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. The law makes India the first country in South Asia to prohibit discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS, and also makes India the largest country to have such a law. The process of drafting a law to prevent and control the spread of

neg: Health in Turkey the same period. This achievement was the result of great efforts by national HIV programmes supported by civil society and a range of development partners. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. This new disease of the human immuna system was named 'Acquired Immuno Deficiensy Sydndrome' (AIDS), when first described in United States in August 1981. It harms your immune system by destroying the white blood cells that fight infection. This puts you at risk for serious infections and certain cancers. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, it is the final stage of infection with HIV. Not everyone with HIV develops

neg: HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) was one of the first African countries to recognize HIV, registering cases of HIV among hospital patients as early as 1983. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a disease spectrum of the human immune system caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As the infection progresses, it interferes more and more with the immune system, making the person much more susceptible to common infections like tuberculosis, as well as opportunistic infections and tumors that do not usually affect

neg: Health in South Africa Health in South Africa Health in South Africa The 2015 CIA estimated average life expectancy in South Africa was 62.34 years. The life expectancy for males is 60.83 years and for females 63.87 years. HIV and AIDS in South Africa are major health concerns, and around 5.3 million people are thought to be living with the virus in South Africa. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the retrovirus that causes the disease known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). South Africa has more people with HIV/AIDS than any other country. The South African National HIV Survey estimated that 10.8% of all South

neg: HIV/AIDS in Zambia Copperbelt Province and Lusaka Province had higher occurrence. The government of Zambia created an AIDS surveillance committee as early as 1986, and created an emergency plan to control the spread by 1987. By 2005, the government made antiretroviral therapy free for every individual. There are several UN and NGO voluntary organizations that are helping combat the disease. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a set of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is transmitted by three main ways: sexual contact, significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues, and from

neg: Adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome Adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome Adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome is a provisional name for a newly diagnosed immunodeficiency illness. The name is proposed in the first public study to identify the syndrome. It appears to be chronic and non-contagious, affecting mainly people of Asian descent aged around 50. Cases first started appearing in 2004, primarily in Thailand and Taiwan. At least one physician associates the symptoms with tuberculosis. Some lethal overwhelming infections are reported, aggravating people who already suffer other conditions such as HIV/AIDS. Little is publicly known about the underlying factors causing the disease. Genetic factors are suspected, but the disease does

neg: History of condoms was quickly pulled after it attracted national attention. And in over 30 states, advertising condoms as birth control devices was still illegal. The first "New York Times" story on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was published on July 3, 1981. In 1982 it was first suggested that the disease was sexually transmitted. In response to these findings, and to fight the spread of AIDS, the U.S. Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop supported condom promotion programs. However, President Ronald Reagan preferred an approach of concentrating only on abstinence programs. Some opponents of condom programs stated that AIDS was a disease of

neg: Xerostomia also result in xerostomia, due to dehydration. Xerostomia may be a consequence of infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and a rare cause of salivary gland dysfunction may be sarcoidosis. Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) can cause a related salivary gland disease known as Diffuse Infiltrative Lymphocytosis Syndrome (DILS). A diagnosis of hyposalivation is based predominantly on the clinical signs and symptoms. Although dry mouth can not be measured and is subjective to personal expression, the rate of the salivary flow in an individual's mouth can be measured. There is little correlation between symptoms and objective tests

neg: National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention The National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), formerly the National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHSTP) is a part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and is responsible for public health surveillance, prevention research, and programs to prevent and control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis (TB). Center staff work in collaboration with governmental and nongovernmental partners at community, State, national, and international levels, applying well-integrated multidisciplinary programs

neg: And the Band Played On And the Band Played On And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic is a 1987 book by "San Francisco Chronicle" journalist Randy Shilts. The book chronicles the discovery and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with a special emphasis on government indifference and political infighting—specifically in the United States—to what was then perceived as a specifically gay disease. Shilts' premise is that AIDS was allowed to happen: while the disease is caused by a biological agent, incompetence and apathy toward those initially affected allowed its spread to become much

neg: AIDS-related lymphoma presence of EBV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid is highly suggestive of primary cerebral lymphoma. Treatment of AIDS patients with antiretroviral drugs reduces the incidence of primary cerebral lymphoma. The incidence of Hodgkin's disease in the general population is about 10–30 per million person-years. This increases to 170 per million person-years in HIV positive patients. AIDS-related lymphoma AIDS-related lymphoma describes lymphomas occurring in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A lymphoma is a type of cancer arising from lymphoid cells. In AIDS, the incidences of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, primary cerebral lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease are all increased. There are three different varieties

neg: Michael Petrelis Michael Petrelis Michael Anthony Petrelis (born January 26, 1959) is an American AIDS activist, LGBTQ rights activist, and blogger. He was diagnosed with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in 1985 in New York City, New York. As a member of the Lavender Hill Mob, a forerunner to the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), he was among the first AIDS activists to protest responses to the disease. He was a co-founding member of ACT UP in New York City, New York, and later helped organize ACT UP chapters in Portland, Oregon, Washington, D.C., and New Hampshire, as well as the

neg: Michael Petrelis candidacy for the District 8 supervisor seat currently held by Wiener. Petrelis said he was running to give voters a way to "protest against Castro gentrification and development greed." Michael Petrelis Michael Anthony Petrelis (born January 26, 1959) is an American AIDS activist, LGBTQ rights activist, and blogger. He was diagnosed with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in 1985 in New York City, New York. As a member of the Lavender Hill Mob, a forerunner to the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), he was among the first AIDS activists to protest responses to the disease. He was a co-founding

neg: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017 HIV/AIDS was first begun in 2002. The current bill originates from a draft bill created by the Lawyers Collective, a non-governmental organization. The draft bill was officially presented to the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) in 2006. "The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Bill, 2014" (Bill No. III of 2014) was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 17 February 2014 by then Minister for Health and Family Welfare, Ghulam Nabi Azad. The primary objectives of the Bill were to prevent and control the spread of HIV/AIDS, ban discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS, and

neg: HIV/AIDS denialism HIV/AIDS denialism HIV/AIDS denialism is the belief, contradicted by conclusive medical and scientific evidence, that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Some of its proponents reject the existence of HIV, while others accept that HIV exists but argue that it is a harmless passenger virus and not the cause of AIDS. Insofar as they acknowledge AIDS as a real disease, they attribute it to some combination of sexual behavior, recreational drugs, malnutrition, poor sanitation, haemophilia, or the effects of the drugs used to treat HIV infection. The scientific consensus is that the evidence showing

neg: And the Band Played On response to AIDS. However, "And the Band Played On", along with other well-received films at the time, was noted for raising the standards of HBO-produced films. And the Band Played On And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic is a 1987 book by "San Francisco Chronicle" journalist Randy Shilts. The book chronicles the discovery and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with a special emphasis on government indifference and political infighting—specifically in the United States—to what was then perceived as a specifically gay disease. Shilts' premise is that AIDS

neg: Discovery and development of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors viruses are an inevitable consequence of prolonged exposure of HIV-1 to anti-HIV drugs. In the summer of 1981 the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first reported. Two years later the etiological link to AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was identified. Since the identification of HIV the development of effective antiretroviral drugs and the scientific achievements in HIV research has been enormous. Antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV infections belong to six categories: Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry inhibitors, co-receptor inhibitors and integrase inhibitors. The reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 has been the main

neg: Leukoplakia on a systemic background of immunodeficiency, almost always human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This condition is not considered to be a true idiopathic leukoplakia since the causative agent has been identified. It is one of the most common oral lesions associated with HIV infection, along with pseudomembraneous candidiasis. The appearance of the lesion often heralds the transition from HIV to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This term refers to a white lesion associated with syphilis, specifically in the tertiary stage of the infection. It is not considered to be a type of idiopathic leukoplakia, since the causative agent "Treponema pallidum" is

neg: National Institutes of Health serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. During the 1980s, President Reagan repeatedly tried to cut funding for research, only to see Congress partly restore funding. The political contention over NIH funding slowed the nation's response to the AIDS epidemic; while AIDS was reported in newspaper articles from 1981, no funding was provided for research on the disease. In 1984 National Cancer Institute scientists found implications that "variants of a human cancer virus called HTLV-III are the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)," a new epidemic that gripped the nation. In 1992, the NIH encompassed

neg: Bovine immunodeficiency virus Disease Center; Dr. Van Der Maaten was able to isolate the BIV. When the isolated BIV was inoculated into colostrum deprived young calves, they developed elevated leukocyte counts. The lymphocytosis persisted for several months and lymphadenopathy was apparent in the subcutaneous lymph nodes. This was similar to cow R-29. These calves, however, did not decline as R-29 did, which led researchers to believe that the isolated BIV was not the causative agent of the bovine leukemia/lymphosarcoma. It was put into storage and went unstudied until the discovery that acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was caused by HIV. One of the identifying

neg: The San Francisco model of AIDS care within the gay population under the title of GRID (gay related immune deficiency). 71% of 3,064 reported cases were of gay and bisexual men; 12% of these cases were in San Francisco. Yet with the first infant case in San Francisco discovered by Dr. Art Ammann in 1982, fear began to spread throughout the remaining population as many realized the disease could also infect through blood contamination. As such, GRID was renamed to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) in 1982— now encompassing the cases found in hemophiliacs, Haitians, and drug users. Because the CDC could only provide strong evidence that AIDS

neg: HIV/AIDS in Myanmar in Yangon have HIV/AIDS. HIV Information for Myanmar [him] https://web.archive.org/web/20111011064958/http://him.civiblog.org/ HIV/AIDS in Myanmar Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Burma (or Myanmar), recognised as a disease of concern by the Ministry of Health and is a major social and health issue in the country. In 2005, the estimated adult HIV prevalence rate in Burma was 1.3% (200,000 - 570,000 people), according to UNAIDS, and early indicators show that the epidemic may be waning in the country, although the epidemic continues to expand in parts of the country. Four different strains of HIV are believed to have originated

neg: AIDS-related lymphoma AIDS-related lymphoma AIDS-related lymphoma describes lymphomas occurring in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A lymphoma is a type of cancer arising from lymphoid cells. In AIDS, the incidences of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, primary cerebral lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease are all increased. There are three different varieties of AIDS-related lymphoma: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, B-cell immunoblastic lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma (small non-cleaved cell lymphoma). The symptoms of AIDS-related lymphoma can include: weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is present in about 1%–3% of HIV seropositive people at the time of the initial diagnosis of HIV. However, it is

neg: Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases attack EBV-infected cells. Malignant disorders associated with secondary HLH include T cell lymphoma, B cell lymphoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and the myelodysplastic syndrome. Non-malignant disorders associated with secondary HLH include: autoimmune disorders such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile Kawasaki disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, the juvenile onset and adult onset forms of Still's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis; immunodeficiency disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency, DiGeorge syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, and dyskeratosis congenita); and infections caused by EBV, cytomegalovirus, HIV/AIDS, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Secondary HLH may also result from iatrogenic causes such as bone marrow or other

neg: T. K. Sreepada Rao he was awarded a fellowship from the American College of Physicians. Subsequently, he was also board certified in the sub-specialty of Nephrology. During his fellowship he published his original work on heroin-associated nephropathy in the prestigious "New England Journal of Medicine". In 1984, he described for the first time renal disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). His original work AIDS Associated Nephropathy was published in the "New England Journal of Medicine" in 1984. Rao started working at SUNY Downstate Medical Center as a nephrologist, and because of his extensive contribution to medical literature, and services to the university,

neg: Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories Various fringe theories have arisen to speculate about purported alternative origins for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), with claims ranging from it being due to accidental exposure to supposedly purposeful acts. Several inquiries and investigations have been carried out as a result, and each of these theories have consequently been determined to be based on unfounded and/or false information. HIV has been shown to have evolved from or be closely related to the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in West Central Africa sometime in the early 20th century. HIV was discovered

neg: Beatrice Hahn myriad of non-human primate species located in Africa. Hanh made the startling discovery that certain SIVs had traversed between humans and certain nonhuman primate species a multitude of times to result in types 1 and 2 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The two viruses she identified were SIVcpz from chimpanzees ("Pan troglodytes") and SIVsmm from sooty mangabeys ("Cercocebus atys"). The realization that the transfer of SIVs had generated HIV led Hahn to conclude that presence of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was due to the cross-species infections of humans by lentiviruses of primate origin. A careful analysis of the high degree of

neg: HIV/AIDS to as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss. HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex (including anal and oral sex), contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Some bodily fluids, such as saliva and tears, do not transmit HIV. Methods of prevention include safe sex, needle exchange programs, treating those who are infected, and male circumcision. Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication. There is no cure or vaccine; however, antiretroviral treatment can slow

neg: Large B-cell lymphoma arising in HHV8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease herpesvirus (KSHV) has been found in some cases of multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). The HHV8 can give rise to an increased number of plasmablast cells within the mantle zone of B-cell follicles. These plasmablasts express IgM-immunoglobulin light chains, most often of lambda subtype. These plasmablasts can give rise to a spectrum of abnormalities including progression to microlymphoma (microscopic clusters of plasmablast cells) or clinical lymphoma. This type of lymphoma is predominantly seen in acquired immunodeficiencies, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) but it can also occur in immunosuppression such as with organ transplantation or the elderly. The plasmablasts do not show

neg: History of HIV/AIDS a sexually transmitted infectious agent might be the etiological agent, and the syndrome was initially termed "GRID", or gay-related immune deficiency. Health authorities soon realized that nearly half of the people identified with the syndrome were not homosexual men. The same opportunistic infections were also reported among hemophiliacs, users of intravenous drugs such as heroin, and Haitian immigrants – leading some researchers to call it the "4H" disease. By August 1982, the disease was being referred to by its new CDC-coined name: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In New York City, Nathan Fain, Larry Kramer, Larry Mass, Paul Popham, Paul

neg: HIV/AIDS in Myanmar HIV/AIDS in Myanmar Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Burma (or Myanmar), recognised as a disease of concern by the Ministry of Health and is a major social and health issue in the country. In 2005, the estimated adult HIV prevalence rate in Burma was 1.3% (200,000 - 570,000 people), according to UNAIDS, and early indicators show that the epidemic may be waning in the country, although the epidemic continues to expand in parts of the country. Four different strains of HIV are believed to have originated from Burma, along heroin trafficking routes in northern, eastern and

neg: University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test of their smoking habits. The olfactory system can be compromised in several environments. This includes residents of large urban cities. Also, workers in certain industries, for example paper and chemical manufacturing industries. There are many central nervous system disorders that are associated with olfactory dysfunction. Most of these dysfunctions classify as degenerative neuropsychiatric disorders. Some of these diseases are: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Korsakoff's Psychosis, Schizophrenia, Congenital Anosmia, Head Trauma, Brain Tumors, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome(AIDS), and Multiple Sclerosis. UPSIT has been used to detect Alzheimer's (AD). Smell loss can be a very early sign of detecting AD. It

neg: HLA-B extreme sensitivity to abacavir. This drug is a treatment for HIV-1 that slows the spread of the virus in the body. People with abacavir hypersensitivity often develop a fever, chills, rash, upset stomach, and other symptoms when treated with this drug. Several other variations of the HLA-B gene appear to play a role in the progression of HIV infection to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a disease that damages the immune system, preventing it from effectively defending the body against infections. The signs and symptoms of AIDS may not appear until 10 years or more after infection with HIV.

neg: Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS rebuttals. HIV is an acronym for human immunodeficiency virus, which is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Contracting HIV can lead to the development of AIDS or stage 3 HIV, which causes serious damage to the immune system. While this virus is the underlying cause of AIDS, not all HIV-positive individuals have AIDS, as HIV can remain in a latent state for many years. Although usually AIDS is the late stage of an HIV infection. If undiagnosed or left untreated, HIV usually progresses to AIDS, defined as possessing a CD4+ lymphocyte count under 200 cells/μl or HIV infection

neg: Health systems by country 1,700 hospitals, of which about 40 percent were government-run and 60 percent private, with a total of about 85,000 beds, or about one bed per 900 people. The leading causes of morbidity as of 2002 were diarrhea, bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, hypertension, tuberculosis, heart disease, malaria, chickenpox, and measles. Cardiovascular diseases account for more than 25 percent of all deaths. According to official estimates, 1,965 cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were reported in 2003, of which 636 had developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Other estimates state that there may have been as many as 9,400 people living with HIV/AIDS

neg: Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors component of anti-retroviral therapies for HIV/AIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that has two major species, HIV-1 which causes the majority of the epidemic, and HIV-2, a close relative whose distribution is concentrated in western Africa. HIV infection was first described in 1981 in San Francisco and New York City. In 1985, HIV was identified as the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and its complete genome was immediately available. This knowledge paved the way for the development of selective inhibitors. HIV-2 carries a slightly lower risk of transmission than HIV-1 and infection tends to progress

neg: AV-HALT AV-HALT AntiViral-HyperActivation Limiting Therapeutics (AV-HALTs) are an investigational class of antiretroviral drugs used to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Unlike other antiretroviral agents given to reduce viral replication, AV-HALTs are single or combination drugs designed to reduce the rate of viral replication while, at the same time, also "directly" reducing the state of immune system hyperactivation now believed to drive the loss of CD4+ T helper cells leading to disease progression and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Chronic immune stimulation due to persistent HIV replication and microbial translocation across impaired gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) induces continuous T-cell activation and proliferation

neg: Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases Still's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis; 2) immunodeficiency disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency, DiGeorge syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, and dyskeratosis congenita); 3) iatrogenic causes such as bone marrow or other organ transplantation, chemotherapy, and some immunotherapies; and 4) EBV, cytomegalovirus, HIV/AIDS, bacteria, protozoa, and fungus infections. About 33% of all HLH cases, ~75% of Asian HLH cases, and nearly 100% of HLH cases caused by mutations in "SH2D1A" (see X-linked lymphoproliferatgive disease type 1) are associated with, and thought to be triggered by, EBV infection. These cases are termed Epstein-Barr virus-positive hemophagocytic lympphohistiocytosis (EBV+ HLH) or, in cases secondary

neg: Health in Laos is likely that vitamin A, iron, and calcium deficiencies are common in all parts of the country. Permissive attitudes of Laotian men toward sex and prostitution facilitated the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during the 1980s and 1990s, making HIV infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) a growing concern. In 1992 a focused sample of about 7,600 urban residents identified one AIDS case and fourteen persons who tested HIV positive. No other statistics were available as of mid-1994. The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Lao People's Democratic Republic is 580. This is compared with 339.2

neg: Sjögren syndrome autoantibodies against Ro (SSA) and/or La (SSB) antigens. SS can be excluded from people with past head and neck radiation therapy, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), pre-existing lymphoma, sarcoidosis, graft-versus-host disease, and use of anticholinergic drugs. There is no prevention mechanism for SS due to its complexity as an autoimmune disorder. However, lifestyle changes can reduce the risk factors of getting SS or reduce the severity of the condition with patients who have already been diagnosed. Diet is strongly associated with inflammation that is mostly seen in many autoimmune related diseases including SS. An experimental study concludes that SS patients show

neg: AIDS-related complex AIDS-related complex AIDS-related complex, or ARC, was introduced after discovery of the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) when the medical community became aware of the inherent difficulties associated with treating patients suffering from an advanced case of HIV which gave rise to the term Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The necessity for doctors to quickly and accurately understand the special needs of unknown patients suffering from AIDS in an emergency department situation was addressed with the creation of the term ARC. ARC is a prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that includes: low grade fever, unexplained weight

neg: 2016 Florida Amendment 2 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Crohn's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic nonmalignant pain caused by a qualifying medical condition or that originates from a qualified medical condition or other debilitating medical conditions comparable to those listed. Under Amendment 2, the medical marijuana will be given to the patient if the physician believes that the medical use of marijuana would likely outweigh the potential health risks for a patient but smoking the medication is not allowed, instead the product can be consumed as edibles or by using vaping,

neg: Health in Iraq to spread. In 2005 the incidence of typhoid, cholera, malaria, and tuberculosis was higher in Iraq than in comparable countries.In 2006 some 73 percent of cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Iraq originated with blood transfusions and 16 percent from sexual transmission. The AIDS Research Centre in Baghdad, where most cases have been diagnosed, provides free treatment, and testing is mandatory for foreigners entering Iraq. Between October 2005 and January 2006, some 26 new cases were identified, bringing the official total to 261 since 1986. The 2003 invasion and its aftermath of considerable insecurity and

neg: HIV-tainted blood scandal (Japan) HIV-tainted blood scandal (Japan) The , refers to an event in the 1980s when between one and two thousand haemophilia patients in Japan contracted HIV via tainted blood products. Controversy centered on the continued use of non-heat-treated blood products after the development of heat treatments that prevented the spread of infection. Some high-ranking officials in the Ministry of Health and Welfare, executives of the manufacturing company and a leading doctor in the field of haemophilia study were charged for involuntary manslaughter. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, or AIDS, is a communicable disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV. AIDS is

neg: Melahat Okuyan Fight Against AIDS () in Izmir. Committed to spread awareness about AIDS, the group developed projects and opened branches in various cities in Turkey. She became the chairperson of the organization. In 1993, the association gained the status of a nonprofit organization by a governmental decree. She personally performed HIV testing anonymously to detect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 2004, she proposed the establishment of male brothels for homosexuals and cross-dressers in order to improve public health, as HIV is also transmitted by sexual contact. Just as sex workers in brothels in

neg: Health in Germany by The Lancet in September 2018. Germany had the twenty-fourth highest level of expected human capital with 25 health, education, and learning-adjusted expected years lived between age 20 and 64 years. At the end of 2004, some 44,900 Germans, or less than 0.1 percent of the population, were infected with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). In the first half of 2005, German health authorities registered 1,164 new infections; about 60 percent of the cases involved homosexual men. Since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, about 24,000 Germans have died from the disease. According to a 2013 micro-census survey,

neg: Stop AIDS Project Stop AIDS Project Stop AIDS Project (SAP) is a United States nonprofit organization established in 1985 that works to prevent HIV transmission among all gay, bisexual, and trans men in San Francisco, California, through multicultural, community based organizing. Internationally recognized as a successful model of grassroots prevention and support, SAP brings diverse gay, bisexual, and trans men together to talk about the challenges and issues posed by Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) through neighborhood outreach, workshops and community forums. Their work extends beyond education—helping change behavior, create personal commitment to safer sex, build community support for each individual, with

neg: Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories South African government officials. Nicoli Nattrass, a longtime critic of AIDS denialists, criticized Tshabalala-Msimang for lending legitimacy to Cooper's theories and disseminating them in Africa. Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories Various fringe theories have arisen to speculate about purported alternative origins for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), with claims ranging from it being due to accidental exposure to supposedly purposeful acts. Several inquiries and investigations have been carried out as a result, and each of these theories have consequently been determined to be based on unfounded and/or false information. HIV has been shown to have

neg: Michael Petrelis sentence] is not okay. And we had to look out for ourselves — even with the relative liberal attitudes of San Francisco." Petrelis moved to New York, in 1981, where he renewed his acquaintance with a male couple he knew from his teenage visits to the city. One of these men was the first of Petrelis' friends to die of the disease that would later come to be known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Through the early months and spring of 1985, Petrelis suffered from a persistent illness that one doctor diagnosed as influenza; by that summer, he had developed

neg: HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Following initial infection, a person may not notice any symptoms or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness. Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms. As the infection progresses, it interferes more with the immune system, increasing the risk of developing common infections such as tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors that rarely affect people who have working immune systems. These late symptoms of infection are referred

neg: National Latino AIDS Awareness Day general health awareness context. National Latino AIDS Awareness Day National Latino AIDS Awareness Day (NLAAD) (Spanish : "El Dia Nacional de Concientizacion Latina del SIDA") takes place in the United States of America and its territories on October 15, the last day of National Hispanic Heritage Month, and aims to increase awareness of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in the Hispanic/Latino population living in the United States including Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. It is a national community mobilizing and social marketing campaign co-ordinated by the Latino Commission on AIDS and the Hispanic Federation in partnership with

neg: National Latino AIDS Awareness Day National Latino AIDS Awareness Day National Latino AIDS Awareness Day (NLAAD) (Spanish : "El Dia Nacional de Concientizacion Latina del SIDA") takes place in the United States of America and its territories on October 15, the last day of National Hispanic Heritage Month, and aims to increase awareness of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in the Hispanic/Latino population living in the United States including Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. It is a national community mobilizing and social marketing campaign co-ordinated by the Latino Commission on AIDS and the Hispanic Federation in partnership with commercial sponsors, community and

neg: Cannabis in Florida epilepsy, glaucoma, positive status for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Crohn's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic nonmalignant pain caused by a qualifying medical condition or that originates from a qualified medical condition or other debilitating medical conditions comparable to those listed. Under Amendment 2, medical marijuana will be given to the patient if the physician believes that the medical use of marijuana would likely outweigh the potential health risks for a patient. Under the Florida regulations smoking the medication is not allowed; instead the product can be

neg: HIV salivary gland disease HIV salivary gland disease Human immunodeficiency virus salivary gland disease (abbreviated to HIV-SGD, and also termed HIV-associated salivary gland disease), is swelling of the salivary glands and/or xerostomia in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. HIV-SGD may be the presenting sign of HIV infection. There may also be xerophthalmia (dry eyes) and arthralgia (joint pain), similar to Sjögren syndrome. HIV-SGD is more prevalent in HIV positive children than HIV positive adults, at about 19% and 1% respectively. Unlike other oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS such as Kaposi sarcoma, oral hairy leukoplakia and oral candidiasis, which decreased following the introduction of highly

neg: HIV salivary gland disease active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-SGD has increased. HIV salivary gland disease Human immunodeficiency virus salivary gland disease (abbreviated to HIV-SGD, and also termed HIV-associated salivary gland disease), is swelling of the salivary glands and/or xerostomia in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. HIV-SGD may be the presenting sign of HIV infection. There may also be xerophthalmia (dry eyes) and arthralgia (joint pain), similar to Sjögren syndrome. HIV-SGD is more prevalent in HIV positive children than HIV positive adults, at about 19% and 1% respectively. Unlike other oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS such as Kaposi sarcoma, oral hairy leukoplakia and oral candidiasis,

neg: HIV/AIDS in New York City Soon it became clear that gay men were not the only ones who had the disease; intravenous drug abusers also appeared to get infected. In 1983, the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) was identified and labeled as Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV) by Dr. Luc Montagnier at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. In 1984, it was also identified by Dr. Robert Gallo of National Cancer Institute and named the Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV III). There was a conflict as to who first identified the virus, but it was resolved in a joint agreement. The virus was later

neg: Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS Customs to confiscate shipments of the Discreet home HIV test kits, produced by Gregory Stephen Wong of Vancouver, BC. In February 2005, the US FDA issued a warning against using the rapid HIV test kits and other home use kits marketed by Globus Media of Montreal, Canada. Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in serum, saliva, or urine. Such tests may detect antibodies, antigens, or RNA. AIDS is diagnosed separately from HIV. The window period is the time from infection until

neg: Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in serum, saliva, or urine. Such tests may detect antibodies, antigens, or RNA. AIDS is diagnosed separately from HIV. The window period is the time from infection until a test can detect any change. The average window period with HIV-1 antibody tests is 25 days for subtype B. Antigen testing cuts the window period to approximately 16 days and nucleic acid testing (NAT) further reduces this period to 12 days. Performance of medical tests is

neg: Gay sexual practices The same has been observed in a sample representative of the general U.S. male population (91% heterosexual). For trans men who still have a vagina and partake in sex with cisgender men, sex may involve penile penetration of the vagina. A variety of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can result from sexual activity. A 2007 study reported that two large population surveys found "the majority of gay men had similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners annually as straight men and women." Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

neg: Anal fissure the anal mucosa. The result is a non-healing ulcer, which may become infected by fecal bacteria. In adults, fissures may be caused by constipation, the passing of large, hard stools, or by prolonged diarrhea. In older adults, anal fissures may be caused by decreased blood flow to the area. When fissures are found laterally, tuberculosis, occult abscesses, leukemic infiltrates, carcinoma, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or inflammatory bowel disease should be considered as causes. Some sexually transmitted infections can promote the breakdown of tissue resulting in a fissure. Examples of sexually transmitted infections that may affect the anorectal area are syphilis,

neg: Feline immunodeficiency virus Feline immunodeficiency virus Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that affects cats worldwide. From 2.5% up to 4.4% of cats worldwide are infected with FIV. FIV differs taxonomically from two other feline retroviruses, feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline foamy virus (FFV), and is more closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Within FIV, five subtypes have been identified based on nucleotide sequence differences coding for the viral envelope (env) or polymerase (pol). FIV is the only non-primate lentivirus to cause an AIDS-like syndrome, but FIV is not typically fatal for cats, as they can live relatively healthily as

neg: Zidovudine as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. Shortly thereafter, Samuel Broder, Hiroaki Mitsuya, and Robert Yarchoan of the United States National Cancer Institute (NCI) initiated a program to develop therapies for HIV/AIDS. Using a line of CD4 T cells that they had made, they developed an assay to screen drugs for their ability to protect CD4 T cells from being killed by HIV. In order to expedite the process of discovering a drug, the NCI researchers actively sought collaborations with pharmaceutical companies having access to libraries of compounds with potential antiviral

neg: Immune system to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS,

neg: Immunodeficiency generally refers to both beneficial and potential adverse effects of decreasing the function of the immune system, while the term "immunodeficiency" generally refers solely to the adverse effect of increased risk for infection. Many specific diseases directly or indirectly cause immunosuppression. This includes many types of cancer, particularly those of the bone marrow and blood cells (leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma), and certain chronic infections. Immunodeficiency is also the hallmark of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV directly infects a small number of T helper cells, and also impairs other immune system responses indirectly. Various

neg: HIV as unsterile reuse of single-use syringes during mass vaccination, antibiotic, and anti-malaria treatment campaigns, were the initial vector that allowed the virus to adapt to humans and spread. The earliest, well-documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959 in the Belgian Congo. The virus may have been present in the United States as early as the mid-to-late 1950s, as a sixteen-year-old male presented with symptoms in 1966 and died in 1969. HIV The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is

neg: Health in Vietnam Vietnam. As of January 2005, Vietnam had diagnosed 101,291 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cases, of which 16,528 developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 9,554 died. But the actual number of HIV-positive individuals is estimated to be much higher. An average of 40–50 new infections are reported every day in Vietnam. Vietnam hopes to contain the HIV infection rate at the current official rate of 0.35 percent, which is about average worldwide, by limiting the disease as much as possible to sex workers and intravenous drug users. However, if the current trend continues, the number of infected persons could reach

neg: Severe combined immunodeficient mice the cost of maintaining them, and the slight differences between human and chimp interactions with HIV, humanized mice have been accepted as a more effective model organism for the study of this disease. NOD/SCID mice can be transplanted with human fetal liver, bone, thymus, and lymphoid cells from blood transplants, leading to the formation of human immune cells, such as B and T cells, within the mice. These mice are then infected with the virus and researchers are able to study how HIV attacks the human lymphocytes and causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) over time. Furthermore, humanized mouse models can

neg: Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases III phase. Individuals with the disease may be immune deficient due to subtle reductions in their immune function or, based on individual case reports, immunodeficiency diseases such as HIV/AIDS, common variable immunodeficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, sarcoidosis, methotrexate-treated rheumatoid arthritis, or the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome. They may also have, again based on case reports, a history of inflammatory/autoimmune diseases such as chronic hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, or primary biliary cholangitis. EBV+ LG may progress to or become complicated by the non-malignant skin disease, lymphomatoid papulosis, or a second lymphoid malignancy such as Hodgkin lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma,

neg: Social history of viruses February 2013 of a police officer who was providing security. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that – when the infection is not treated – can cause AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Most virologists believe that HIV originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the 20th century, and over 70 million individuals have been infected by the virus. By 2011, an estimated 35 million had died from AIDS, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. HIV-1 is one of the most significant viruses to have emerged in the last quarter of the 20th century. When, in 1981,

neg: Immunodeficiency or condition (like AIDS). Immunodeficiency Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system. Examples of these extrinsic factors include HIV infection, extremes of age, and environmental factors, such as nutrition. In the clinical setting, the immunosuppression by some drugs, such as steroids, can be either an adverse effect or the intended purpose of the treatment. Examples of such use is in organ transplant surgery as an anti-rejection

neg: TARDBP with chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a condition that often mimics ALS and that has been associated with athletes who have experienced multiple concussions and other types of head injury. Abnormalities of TDP-43 also occur in an important subset of Alzheimer's disease patients, correlating with clinical and neuropathologic features indexes. HIV-1, the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), contains an RNA genome that produces a chromosomally integrated DNA during the replicative cycle. Activation of HIV-1 gene expression by the transactivator "Tat" is dependent on an RNA regulatory element (TAR) located "downstream" (i.e. to-be transcribed at a later point in time) of

neg: Men who have sex with men are more likely to break during anal sex than during vaginal sex. Thus, even with a condom, anal sex can be risky. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV can infect anybody, regardless of sex, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. Worldwide, an estimated 5–10% of HIV infections are the result of men having sex with men. However, in many developed countries, more HIV infections are transmitted by men having sex with men than by any other transmission route. In the United States, "men who have had sex

neg: Jeanne Lusher dysfunction in patients who received repeated blood transfusions, including patients with hemophilia. Specifically, helper/suppressor lymphocyte ratios were diminished, a hallmark of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in multi-transfused patients. The loss of countless patients with hemophilia to infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and hepatitis C (acquired through transfusion of plasma or plasma-derived factor VIII concentrates) in the 1980s was a devastating blow to the hemophilia community. Lusher therefore participated in several pioneering multi-center studies that tested pasteurized factor concentrates, which eliminated HIV transmission. Lusher also addressed the social stigma associated with the HIV infection, and demonstrated that HIV was not

neg: HIV HIV The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. In most cases, HIV is a sexually transmitted infection and occurs by contact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids. Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to

neg: Resistance Database Initiative Resistance Database Initiative HIV Resistance Response Database Initiative (RDI) is a not-for-profit organisation established in 2002 with the mission of improving the clinical management of HIV infection through the application of bioinformatics to HIV drug resistance and treatment outcome data. The RDI has the following specific goals: The RDI consists of a small executive group based in the UK, an international advisory group of leading HIV/AIDS scientists and clinicians, and an extensive global network of collaborators and data contributors. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which the immune system begins

neg: South African labour law a positive duty on every employer to take steps to promote equal opportunity in the workplace by eliminating unfair discrimination in any employment policy or practice. In certain circumstances there may be a duty on the employer to take reasonable measures to accommodate certain groups of employees. In this regard, the Code of Good Practice: Key Aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Employment, together with the Code of Good Practice on the Employment of People with Disabilities, provides guidelines on how HIV/AIDS and disability should be dealt with and accommodated in the workplace. This is the

neg: Foal immunodeficiency syndrome were found in Fell ponies, and the disease was initially termed "Fell pony syndrome." The disease appeared to have a genetic component, and, after hereditary diseases known to affect other horse breeds were investigated, it was concluded that this was a newly identified disease. The cause of disease was tracked down using a genome-wide association study, which implicated a region on horse chromosome 25. This chromosome was sequenced in five affected horses, and in 2009, a mutation was discovered in the SLC5A3 gene. Shortly after this, a genetic test was launched for horse owners to identify whether their ponies were

neg: T cell of individual T cells. Complete insufficiency of T cell function can result from hereditary conditions such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Omenn syndrome, and cartilage–hair hypoplasia. Causes of partial insufficiencies of T cell function include acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and hereditary conditions such as DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), chromosomal breakage syndromes (CBSs), and B-cell and T-cell combined disorders such as ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) and Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS). The main pathogens of concern in T cell deficiencies are intracellular pathogens, including "Herpes simplex virus", "Mycobacterium" and "Listeria". Also, fungal infections are also more common and severe in T cell deficiencies. Cancer of

neg: Office of HIV/AIDS Network Coordination of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (DAIDS) through the National Institutes of Health. The major networks receiving this funding coordinate with each other as members of HANC. Here are the member organizations in HANC: Office of HIV/AIDS Network Coordination The Office of HIV/AIDS Network Coordination, known as HANC, works with the National Institutes of Health HIV/AIDS clinical trials networks with the intent of creating a more integrated, collaborative and flexible research structure. The networks are an affiliated group of national and international medical research institutions and investigators that conduct clinical HIV/AIDS research to develop safe and effective drugs, prevention strategies, and vaccines.

neg: House of Numbers: Anatomy of an Epidemic House of Numbers: Anatomy of an Epidemic House of Numbers: Anatomy of an Epidemic is a 2009 documentary film directed, produced, and hosted by Brent Leung and described by him as an objective examination of the idea that HIV causes AIDS. The film argues that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is harmless and does not cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a position known as AIDS denialism. The film's claims of impartiality have been widely rejected by scientists, and the film's claims about HIV/AIDS have been dismissed as pseudoscience and conspiracy theory masquerading as even-handed examination. A group of scientists interviewed

neg: House of Numbers: Anatomy of an Epidemic were restored several days later. House of Numbers: Anatomy of an Epidemic House of Numbers: Anatomy of an Epidemic is a 2009 documentary film directed, produced, and hosted by Brent Leung and described by him as an objective examination of the idea that HIV causes AIDS. The film argues that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is harmless and does not cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a position known as AIDS denialism. The film's claims of impartiality have been widely rejected by scientists, and the film's claims about HIV/AIDS have been dismissed as pseudoscience and conspiracy theory masquerading as even-handed examination.

neg: Foal immunodeficiency syndrome carriers. For the affected Fell and Dales pony breeds, genetic testing of ponies prior to mating can ensure that carriers are never mated together, which will prevent affected foals from being born. Over time, the frequency of the disease gene will decrease, without having an adverse impact on the genetic variation of the pony population. Foal immunodeficiency syndrome Foal immunodeficiency syndrome (FIS), originally known as Fell pony syndrome, mainly affects two breeds of ponies: the Fell and Dales. FIS is a recessive genetic disease. Affected foals appear normal at birth, but become weak, and either die or are euthanized by

neg: Malcom Gregory Scott Malcom Gregory Scott Malcom Gregory Scott (born January 26, 1962) also known as Greg Scott, is an American writer, activist, and AIDS survivor. In 1987, the United States Navy (USN) discharged him for homosexuality, after which Scott worked to overturn the Department of Defense (DoD) directive prohibiting the military service of lesbian and gay Americans. Upon his discharge, Scott also learned he had tested positive for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the virus that causes Acquired Immunodefficiency Syndrome (AIDS). He was active in the Washington, D.C., chapters of ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) and Queer Nation. Scott was

neg: Emerging infectious disease Emerging infectious disease An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future. Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human pathogens. EIDs are caused by newly identified species or strains (e.g. Severe acute respiratory syndrome, HIV/AIDS) that may have evolved from a known infection (e.g. influenza) or spread to a new population (e.g. West Nile fever) or to an area undergoing ecologic transformation (e.g. Lyme disease), or be "reemerging" infections, like drug resistant tuberculosis. Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

neg: Health in China Reebok Human Rights Award winner Li Dan, eighty-year-old AIDS activist Dr. Gao Yaojie, and the husband-and-wife HIV activist team of Hu Jia (activist) and Zeng Jinyan. China, similar to other nations with migrant and socially mobile populations, has experienced increased incidences of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). By the mid-1980s, some Chinese physicians recognized HIV and AIDS as a serious health threat but considered it to be a "foreign problem". As of mid-1987 only two Chinese citizens had died from AIDS and monitoring of foreigners had begun. Following a 1987 regional World Health Organization meeting, the Chinese government

neg: Osteopetrosis dysplasias such as; neuropathic infantile osteopetrosis, infantile osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis, infantile osteopetrosis with immunodeficiency, infantile osteopetrosis with leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome (LAD-III), pyknodysostosis (osteopetrosis acro-osteolytica), osteopoikilosis (Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome), osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis, mixed sclerosing skeletal dysplasias, progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (Camurati–Engelmann disease), SOST-related sclerosing skeletal dysplasias. Besides, the differential diagnosis includes acquired conditions that induce osteosclerosis such as osteosclerotic metastasis notably carcinomas of the prostate gland and breast, Paget's disease of bone, myelofibrosis (primary disorder or secondary to intoxication or malignancy), Erdheim-Chester disease, osteosclerosing types of osteomyelitis, sickle cell disease, hypervitaminosis D and hypoparathyroidism. The various types of

neg: HIV/AIDS long-term nonprogressors (LTNP). Another group consists of those who maintain a low or undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment, known as "elite controllers" or "elite suppressors". They represent approximately 1 in 300 infected persons. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined in terms of either a CD4 T cell count below 200 cells per µL or the occurrence of specific diseases in association with an HIV infection. In the absence of specific treatment, around half of people infected with HIV develop AIDS within ten years. The most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are pneumocystis pneumonia (40%),

neg: Foal immunodeficiency syndrome Foal immunodeficiency syndrome Foal immunodeficiency syndrome (FIS), originally known as Fell pony syndrome, mainly affects two breeds of ponies: the Fell and Dales. FIS is a recessive genetic disease. Affected foals appear normal at birth, but become weak, and either die or are euthanized by three months of age due to persistent infections caused by immunodeficiency. Affected foals are healthy when born. By one month of age, foals become depressed, lose weight, and have diarrhea, and a cough with nasal discharge. The diarrhea and cough initially improve in response to treatment, but then worsen as treatment becomes ineffective. The foal's

neg: Health in Ethiopia populous country in sub-Saharan Africa, with a population of over 94.1 million people. As of the end of 2003, the United Nations (UN) reported that 4.4% of adults were infected with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS); other estimates of the rate of infection ranged from a low of 7% to a high of 18%. Whatever the actual rate, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS contributed to falling life expectancy since the early 1990s. According to the Ministry of Health, one-third of current young adult deaths are AIDS-related. Malnutrition is widespread, especially among children, as is food insecurity. Because of growing