query: what is the invention that helped scientists discover the cell

pos: Cell theory Cell theory In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later,

pos: History of zoology since 1859 in the gradual evolution of what is to-day the great river of zoological doctrine to which they have all been rendered contributory. Cell theory led zoologists to re-envision individual organisms as interdependent assemblages of individual cells. Scientists in the rising field of cytology, armed with increasingly powerful microscopes and new staining methods, soon found that even single cells were far more complex than the homogeneous fluid-filled chambers described by earlier microscopists. Much of the research on cell reproduction came together in August Weismann's theory of heredity: he identified the nucleus (in particular chromosomes) as the hereditary material, proposed the distinction

neg: ABCD syndrome ABCD syndrome ABCD syndrome is the acronym for albinism, black lock, cell migration disorder of the neurocytes of the gut, and sensorineural deafness. It has been found to be caused by mutation in the endothelin B receptor gene (EDNRB). ABCD syndrome is defined as albinism, black lock, cell migration disorder of the neurocytes of the gut, and deafness. It was initially misdiagnosed and later discovered that a homozygous mutation in the EDNRB gene causes ABCD syndrome. This helped scientists discover that it is the same as type IV Waardenburg syndrome, also known as Shah-Waardenburg syndrome. In the beginning, medical officials

neg: Micropatterning obtain semi-random patterns particularly well adapted for biomaterials. Micropatterning Micropatterning is the art of miniaturisation of patterns. Especially used for electronics, it has recently become a standard in biomaterials engineering and for fundamental research on cellular biology by mean of soft lithography. It generally uses photolithography methods but many techniques have been developed . In cellular biology, micropatterns can be used to control the geometry of adhesion and substrate rigidity. This tool helped scientists to discover how the environment influences processes such as the orientation of the cell division axis, organelle positioning, cytoskeleton rearrangement cell differentiation and directionality of cell

neg: Micropatterning Micropatterning Micropatterning is the art of miniaturisation of patterns. Especially used for electronics, it has recently become a standard in biomaterials engineering and for fundamental research on cellular biology by mean of soft lithography. It generally uses photolithography methods but many techniques have been developed . In cellular biology, micropatterns can be used to control the geometry of adhesion and substrate rigidity. This tool helped scientists to discover how the environment influences processes such as the orientation of the cell division axis, organelle positioning, cytoskeleton rearrangement cell differentiation and directionality of cell migration. Micropatterns can be made on a wide

neg: Somatostatin receptor 2 (i.e. Octreotide, Lanreotide ) are used to stimulate these receptors, and thus to inhibit further tumor proliferation. There is a group of somatostatin receptors called the somatostatin receptor family. All of the members of the somatostatin receptor family are proteins that sit on the surface of the cell membrane and are responsible for the communication between cells. In 1972, scientists were on the trek to discover more information on the hypothalamus and its "release factors." Studies showed patterns of inhibitory activity of the hypothalamus release factors which led scientists in the direction to discover somatostatin, known as the somatropin release-inhibiting

neg: Hyfish and compact, which helped to keep the UAV's weight to 13.2 pounds. This fuel cell created no emissions, another great attribute, and consisted of polymer electrolyte. Because of this, it was able to create one kilowatt of electrical power output. All in all, the fuel cell weighed a measly 6.6 pounds, which included its pressurized hydrogen tank. The fuel cell stack gave power to an impeller jet which enabled flight for about six minutes, despite the less than ideal weather conditions for such an experiment. This kind of technology is what is used in jet skis. The Hyfish excited scientists

neg: Contagion (film) Hextall determines the virus is a mix of genetic material from pig and bat viruses. Work on a cure stalls because scientists cannot discover a cell culture within which to grow the newly named Meningoencephalitis Virus One (MEV-1). UCSF professor Dr. Ian Sussman violates orders from the CDC to destroy his samples, and on Day 12, with over 8 million already infected, identifies a usable MEV-1 cell culture using bat cells. Hextall uses the breakthrough to start work on a vaccine. Other scientists determine the virus is spread by fomites with a basic reproduction number of four, projecting that 1

neg: Human germline engineering Einstein College of Medicine in New York. The main purpose of human germline engineering is to enable the scientists to discover the unknown functions of the genes by eliminating specific DNA fragments and observing the consequences in the targeted cell. Also, scientists use CRISPR technology to fix the gene mutations and to treat or eliminate some diseases that can be passed on to the offsprings. CRISPR/cas9 is a genome editing tool that allows scientists to edit the genome by adding or removing sections of DNA. It contains an enzyme and RNA, the enzyme acting like scissors to alter the DNA

neg: The 2 AM Principle: Discover the Science of Adventure Nobel laureates, and members of royalty to celebrities, scientists, musicians and executives. The 2 AM Principle: Discover the Science of Adventure The "2 am Principle: Discover the Science of Adventure," is a book written by human behavior scientist Jon Levy exploring his research on what causes people to live fun, exciting and remarkable lives. In the book Levy combines personal stories with research and what he calls the EPIC Model of Adventure, a four-stage process that every adventure goes through. The book was scheduled to be published by Regan Arts and released on November 8, 2016. In the book, Levy

neg: High Pressure (film) too low for Gar. Banks then threatens to get an injunction preventing sales of Gar's shares pending an investigation. Gar welcomes it. However, Ginsburg (promoted to "Colonel" by Gar), has misplaced the inventor of the process, Dr. Rudolph Pfeiffer (Harry Beresford). When he is finally located and set to work making a sample, Gar invites scientists to inspect the finished product, only to discover that Pfeiffer is a deranged crackpot (his next invention involves hens laying already decorated Easter eggs). Francine quits in disgust and prepares to sail to South America and marry Señor Rodriguez. Despite his lawyer's advice to

neg: Stem-cell line hESC lines are not uniformly used in the US data from cell banks and surveys of researchers indicate that only a handful of the available hESC lines are routinely used in research. Access and utility are cited as the two primary factors influencing what hESC lines scientists choose to work with. A 2011 survey of stem cell scientists in the US who use hESC lines in their research found that 54% of respondents used two or fewer lines and 75% used three or fewer lines. Another study tracked cell-line requests fulfilled from the largest US repositories, the National Stem Cell

neg: Rhetorical reason above the productive art of speech-making" (1980, p. 63). Rhetorical invention then, involves more than a "techné"; it is also a faculty of discovery ("dunamis" (δύναμις) to "theoresai")—rhetorical reason. The Aristotelian approach to invention further assumes that reasoning employed in decision-making is a kind of probable reasoning. "It assumes that, although the contingencies of nature and of individuals prevent our obtaining certainty about future political and social affairs, we still can use our reason to discover the best course to pursue. Such reasoning applied to human affairs to make decisions about what should be done is rhetorical reasoning issuing in

neg: Rhetorical reason Rhetorical reason Rhetorical reason is the faculty of discovering the crux of the matter. It is a characteristic of rhetorical invention and it precedes argumentation. Aristotle's definition of rhetoric, "The faculty of observing, in any given case, the available means of persuasion", presupposes a distinction between an art (τέχνη, "techné") of speech–making and a cognitively prior faculty of discovery. That is so because, before one argues a case, one must discover what is at issue. How, for example, does one discover available means of persuasion? One does not simply frolic through fertile fields of τόποι ("topoi"), randomly gathering materials with

neg: Extraterrestrial vortex this flyby show open cell convection. In open cells, air sinks in the center of the cell and rises at the edge, forming clouds at cell edges. However, because the scientists can't see the layer underneath the vortex, they don't know what mechanisms may be at work. A more recent observation of the south polar vortex led scientists to conclude that it has formed at a much higher altitude than previously thought. Starting in 2006, dark spots like those on Neptune were observed on Uranus as the planet approached its solstice in 2007. The Great Dark Spot on Neptune is

neg: Microbial Culture Collection http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pune-scientists-discover-three-new-microbes-that-grew-on-cellphone-screens/story-H3oPgUDljUlN6bWkrrZ4XP.html 2. http://www.ndtv.com/pune-news/how-bugs-make-smart-homes-in-your-smartphones-pune-scientists-found-1666371 Microbial Culture Collection The Microbial Culture Collection, (Now called as National Centre for Microbial Resource, NCMR) in Pune, is India's microbial culture collection centre, recognized by World Federation for Culture Collections (WFCC), and has a status of International Depositary Authority (IDA). The Microbial Culture Collection is a national facility funded by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India. The MCC is affiliated to National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India. It is an affiliate member of the World Federation for Culture Collections (WFCC) and is registered with the World Data Centre for Microorganisms (WDCM, registration

neg: Gladstone Institutes the Roddenberry Foundation helped launch the Roddenberry Stem Cell Center for Biology and Medicine. Also in 2011, the independent and philanthropic Gladstone Foundation formed with the mission of expanding the financial resources for the institutes. Gladstone scientists focus on three main disease areas: cardiovascular disease, neurological disease and viral/immunological disease. Scientists working in all three disease areas use stem cell technology to advance the understanding, prevention, treatment and cure of disease. Cardiovascular Disease Gladstone cardiovascular scientists research the spectrum of cardiovascular disease—including congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure and related metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Scientists utilize developmental, chemical and

neg: Stemcell Technologies Stemcell Technologies STEMCELL Technologies Inc. is a global biotechnology company that develops, manufactures and sells products and provides services that support academic and industrial scientists. The company specializes in developing cell culture media, cell separation products, instruments and other reagents for use in stem cell, immunology, cancer, regenerative medicine and cellular therapy research. STEMCELL’s Research and Development team often collaborates with academic and industrial partners to develop, produce and distribute products specific to a given research field. STEMCELL has helped several scientific technologies born in academic research settings to reach the global biotechnology market. STEMCELL is headquartered in Vancouver, British

neg: Attack of the Crab Monsters being systematically attacked and killed by the monsters, which are now invulnerable to most standard weaponry because of the mutations to their cell structures. The remaining scientists finally discover that both giant crabs are the cause of the ongoing earthquakes and landslides on the island; they are slowly destroying the island, reducing its size, by undermining it with tunnels. The scientists turn their attention to a way to stop the mating pair of monsters from reproducing. They are able to kill one of the crabs in a cave when their explosive detonates, shaking loose an overhead rock that falls and

neg: Stemcell Technologies Wisconsin-Madison, who also developed the formula for mTeSR1. Stemcell Technologies STEMCELL Technologies Inc. is a global biotechnology company that develops, manufactures and sells products and provides services that support academic and industrial scientists. The company specializes in developing cell culture media, cell separation products, instruments and other reagents for use in stem cell, immunology, cancer, regenerative medicine and cellular therapy research. STEMCELL’s Research and Development team often collaborates with academic and industrial partners to develop, produce and distribute products specific to a given research field. STEMCELL has helped several scientific technologies born in academic research settings to reach the global

neg: Single-cell variability that could not have been addressed otherwise. Cells with identical genomes may vary in the expression of their genes due to differences in their specialized function in the body, their timepoint in the cell cycle, their environment, and also noise and stochastic factors. Thus, accurate measurement of gene expression in individual cells allows researchers to better understand these critical aspects of cellular biology. For example, early study of gene expression in individual cells in fruit fly embryos allowed scientists to discover regularized patterns or gradients of specific gene transcription during different stages of growth, allowing for a more detailed understanding

neg: Thiomargarita namibiensis vacuoles are what account for the size that scientists had previously thought impossible. Scientists disregarded large bacterium, because bacteria rely on diffusion to move chemicals around, a process that works only over tiny distances. This implies that the cytoplasm has to be close to the cell wall, greatly limiting their size. But "Thiomargarita" are an exception to this size constraint, as their cytoplasm forms along the periphery of the cell, while the nitrate-storing vacuoles occupy the center of the cell. As these vacuoles swell, they greatly contribute to the record-holding size. It holds the record for the world's largest bacteria,

neg: Fuel cell vehicle of fuel cells include polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells, direct methanol fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, reformed methanol fuel cell and Regenerative Fuel Cells. The concept of the fuel cell was first demonstrated by Humphry Davy in 1801, but the invention of the first working fuel cell is credited to William Grove, a chemist, lawyer, and physicist. Grove's experiments with what he called a "gas voltaic battery" proved in 1842 that an electric current could be produced by an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen over a platinum catalyst. English

neg: MechMania Message from the Fleet Received and Decoded War used to be simple. There was us and them, the heroes and the villains, no questions asked. That was, until the Betrayal. Our noble allies --- oh how bitter those words are now --- whose diplomats helped us secure a full century of global peace, whose scientists helped us learn to discover and harness renewable energy, whose doctors and researchers helped us eradicate the most horrific diseases. Yes, they, our great friends, with whom we ushered in a new Golden Age, became greedy. Rather than rule the world with us, they were

neg: Oleg Atkov One invention was a device for positioning cardiograph sensor. This invention had seven other cardiology specialist involved. The main objective was to create something that could hold and maneuver an echocardiograph and an electrocardiograph at the same time while not being in the way. Another notable invention was the Photogrammetrical plotting projector apparatus for radial nadir point triangulation. This invention was to make sure that a Photogrammetrical plotting projector could take what images it needs at the correct angles and explore now angles that images could be taken from. Atkov was not the leader of this project but he helped

neg: Camillo Ricordi at the Washington University in St. Louis that pioneered what is known as the islet transplant procedure, developed to address the worst cases of diabetes type 1. He is credited with developing the automated method for islet cell isolation called the "Ricordi Method.” The method includes the use of the Ricordi Chamber, for which Dr. Ricordi obtained the Nessim Habif World Prize for Surgery at the University of Geneva in 2001. The award is given to the invention of a machine that allows progress to be made significant in a field of surgery. Dr. Ricordi's invention of the automated islet

neg: Bibliome It would make little sense to apply it to a particular body of texts such as MEDLINE, despite a natural analogy that might seem to suggest this: the terms genome, proteome, channelome, metabolome, and transcriptome all usually assume a specific organism or cell set and (except for genome) a specific time point. The reason following this analogy would make little sense is that there is already an established term for this purpose, "corpus". From the bibliome, biologists and computer scientists datamine to discover new gene targets and drugs. Bibliomics is the bioinformatics study of bibliome. Bibliome is not a pseudoome

neg: Modelling biological systems for the bacterium "Mycoplasma genitalium", including all its 525 genes, gene products, and their interactions, was built by scientists from Stanford University and the J. Craig Venter Institute and published on 20 July 2012 in Cell. A dynamic computer model of intracellular signaling was the basis for Merrimack Pharmaceuticals to discover the target for their cancer medicine MM-111. Membrane computing is the task of modelling specifically a cell membrane. An open source simulation of C. elegans at the cellular level is being pursued by the OpenWorm community. So far the physics engine Gepetto has been built and models of the

neg: Time Runner (ISC) take custody of the unit. The scientists analyze some of the unit's components and discover that it is from the future, having found that a certain Indiana electronics company named in the parts doesn't exist. Upon discovering what time period he is in, Raynor tries to escape the ISC agents, making contact with the scientists and explains his origins. They recover a flight recorder and destroy the escape pod. Having seen the data in the flight recorder, they decide to find Sen. John Neila, who is in the midst of a re-election campaign, explain to him about the invasion.

neg: Heroic theory of invention and scientific development Heroic theory of invention and scientific development The heroic theory of invention and scientific development is the hypothesis that the principal authors of inventions and scientific discoveries are unique heroic individuals "great scientists" or "geniuses." A competing hypothesis ("multiple discovery") is that most inventions and scientific discoveries are made independently and simultaneously by multiple inventors and scientists. The multiple discovery hypothesis might be especially relevant in the development of mathematics since mathematical knowledge is highly unified and any advances that happen need to be built from previously established results through a process of deduction, as a general rule. For instance,

neg: Let There Be Light (Heinlein short story) turn electrical power directly into light (similar to electroluminescent displays, invented in 1949). In the course of their discovery, the inventors also discover that these panels can also be used to derive power from light. In attempting to bring their discovery to market, they encounter the active opposition of the Power Syndicate, a conglomeration of energy-producing companies dedicated to preserving their monopoly on power production. Rather than trying to maintain a patent on their invention, the scientists then publicly release the scientific details of their discovery for a small royalty, allowing anyone to obtain their own power, and thus outwitting

neg: Gamera vs. Zigra grows larger and larger and finally halts the heroic turtle with a ray that suspends his cell activity. Immobilized, Gamera sinks into the sea. Zigra then makes contact with the people of Earth, saying that they should give up and surrender all the seas to it. Back at Sea World, the dolphin trainer and the facility's scientists discover a way to break the alien's hypnotic control with sonic waves. Thus, they manage to disable the Zigran woman, only to learn that she is actually an Earthwoman named Chikako Sugawara (Lora Lee in the English dubbed version), who had been in

neg: Creation science primarily based on religion. The overwhelming majority of scientists are in agreement that the claims of science are necessarily limited to those that develop from natural observations and experiments which can be replicated and substantiated by other scientists, and that claims made by creation science do not meet those criteria. Duane Gish, a prominent creation science proponent, has similarly claimed, "We do not know how the creator created, what processes He used, "for He used processes which are not now operating anywhere in the natural universe." This is why we refer to creation as special creation. We cannot discover by

neg: Last Enemy of Dhergabar, Dalla expresses her regret at the forces she has released in the Akor-Neb Sector, but Vall assures her that she can only see the surface of the immediate situation, and that it is impossible to know what the long-term results will be. He compares the situation to that on Fourth Level Europo-American, where scientists regret their invention of the atomic bomb. Vall is confident that just what the sector needs is a “series of all-out atomic wars” and that, “in a century or so, the inventors of the atomic bomb will be hailed as the saviors of their

neg: Glycosome for glycogen and its processes. Paul Erlich's findings as early as 1883 noted that from the microscope he could tell that glycogen in the cell was always found with what he called a carrier, later known to be protein. The glycogen itself was also always seen in the cell towards the lower pole in one group, fixed. When scientists tried to stain what was assumed was simple glycogen molecules, the staining had different outcomes. This is due to the fact that they weren't free glycogen molecules but really a glycosome. The glycosome was studied in the microscope by examining the

neg: Heroic theory of invention and scientific development the development of infinitesimal calculus into a systematic discipline did not occur until the development of analytic geometry, the former being credited to both Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz and the latter to both René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat. Heroic theory of invention and scientific development The heroic theory of invention and scientific development is the hypothesis that the principal authors of inventions and scientific discoveries are unique heroic individuals "great scientists" or "geniuses." A competing hypothesis ("multiple discovery") is that most inventions and scientific discoveries are made independently and simultaneously by multiple inventors and scientists. The multiple

neg: Precambrian body plans sponges are the goblet-shaped cells called choanocytes, so named for their similarity to choanoflagellates. The similarities between these two cells types makes scientists believe that choanoflagellates are the sister taxa to metazoa. The flagella of these cells are what drive the water movement through the sponge body. The cell body of choanocytes is what is responsible for nutrient absorption. In some species these cells can develop into gametes. The Pinacocytes are the cells on the exterior of the sponge that line the cell body. They are tightly packed together and very thin. The mesenchyme lines the region between the pinacocytes

neg: Kepler (spacecraft) the Zooniverse project "Exoplanet Explorers". While Planethunters.org worked with archived data, Exoplanet Explorers used recently downlinked data from the K2 mission. On the first day of the project, 184 transit candidates were identified that passed simple tests. On the second day, the research team identified a star system, later named K2-138, with a Sun-like star and four super-Earths in a tight orbit. In the end, volunteers helped to identify 90 exoplanet candidates. The citizen scientists that helped discover the new star system will be added as co-authors in the research paper when published. In addition to discovering hundreds of exoplanet

neg: Frankenstein Conquers the World discover he is building a strong resistance to radiation rather than getting sick from it. The Former Imperial Navy Officer Kawai, who brought the Frankenstein heart to Hiroshima, is now working in an oil factory in Akita Prefecture, when a sudden earthquake destroys the refinery. Kawai catches a glimpse of a monster within a fissure before it disappears. Meanwhile, Dr. Bowen and his team find that the strange boy is growing in size due to intake of protein. Afraid of his strength, the scientists lock and chain the boy in a jail cell and Sueko, who really cares for him,

neg: Otto Heinrich Warburg he was considered a worthwhile candidate, he was not selected for the prize at that time. Three scientists who worked in Warburg's lab, including Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, went on to win the Nobel Prize in future years. Among other discoveries, Krebs is credited with the identification of the citric acid cycle (or Szentgyörgyi-Krebs cycle). Warburg’s combined work in plant physiology, cell metabolism, and oncology made him an integral figure in the later development of systems biology. He worked with Dean Burk in the study of photosynthesis to discover the I-quantum reaction that splits CO2, activated by respiration. Warburg hypothesized

neg: Jackson, Michigan the modern prison in Blackman Township is now operated as the Cell Block 7 Prison Museum. Independently operated by the accredited Ella Sharp Museum, this is the only museum where visitors can enter a closed cell block on the grounds of an active prison for a self-guided tour. Numerous railroad connections were constructed to Jackson, connecting it to many markets. The local invention of the duplex corset by Bortree helped make Jackson a center of corset manufacturing. By the early 20th century, as many as 16 manufacturers of women's corsets operated here; the majority of which were located on Cortland

neg: Brothers (Goldman novel) who created a chemical that makes other people do his wishes. After "Ma" Perkins, the spy who helped him recover, is murdered, Scylla goes to London. Scylla initially only knows of two inventions, but learns about the third after Ma's death. Scylla kills the Blonde, Perkins's killer, and Division head Beverage, dies from suicide after Scylla confronts him. The final invention is exploding children made to kill important politicians and scientists to goad major world powers into attacking each other so the United Kingdom, left standing, could rule the world. Beverage had already sent exploding children, but they largely detonate

neg: Museum of Lebanese Prehistory the invention of agriculture. Visitors are invited to discover how and why flint tools were made and what purpose they served. Rare bone tools and an antler from the Antelias cave, Sands of Beirut illustrate the ingenuity of the prehistoric people who inhabited Lebanon. Hunting is illustrated in various panels with reconstructions of weapons like the spear and arrows along with elements of well-preserved fauna from sites explored by the Jesuit Fathers. The invention of agriculture was one of the most important milestones in the history of mankind achieved in the Middle East. A special area of the display highlights

neg: Los Angeles Resistance Cell he learns the basic rules of being a freedom fighter from local rebels), and he and Tony were representatives of the news group for the first tour aboard the Los Angeles Mothership. Mike initially thought the Visitors were friendly, but when Tony pointed out suspicious activity among high-ranking scientists (at a time scientists were becoming increasingly ostracized), Mike and Tony attempted to sneak aboard the LA Mothership to discover the truth, but Mike and Tony were ambushed on the landing platform and Tony and he were separated. Lieutenant Martin, a Visitor Mike had befriended and was really leader of the

neg: Hotchkiss v. Greenwood it is entirely true that the fact that this change had not occurred to any mechanic familiar with windmills is evidence of something more than mechanical skill in the person who did discover it, it is probable that no one of these was fully aware of the state of the art and the prior devices, but, as before stated, in determining the question of invention, we must presume the patentee was fully informed of everything which preceded him, whether such were the actual fact or not. The Court's standard for what was ordinary mechanical skill rose and fell over the

neg: Only the Good... that he is changing Miss Kochanski's calendar, as she had earlier complained to him that it was "The wrong time of the month". Lister realises what is going on and instructs Kryten secretly on how to behave. Kochanski returns to her cell and discovers Kryten has attempted to celebrate her period with a banner that reads 'Have A Fantastic Period' as well as giving her a gift-wrapped tampon and encouraging her to try it on and give it a twirl. Kochanski makes Kryten realise he's been tricked. Later, in Lister and Rimmer's cell, they discover that Kryten, in an act

neg: The Immune Response Corporation in vivo to stimulate anti-tumor immunity. Preclinical studies published in 1994 in the "European Journal of Immunology" demonstrated that 8 out of 10 of the treated rats survived post-treatment, whereas the 10 control rats died. "Nature Medicine" later reported on an independent group of scientists at Stanford University who published results of a Phase I clinical trial using this technology to treat patients for B-cell lymphoma. In April 1997, IRC licensed this invention exclusively to a startup that became known as Dendreon, for founders stock, $500,000 and royalties. Its major investor was Paul Allen (Vulcan Ventures owned 22% of the

neg: Richard Kenney (poet) or not technology has actually helped humanity or just furthered the disparity between science and different aspects of faith. In writing "The Invention of the Zero", Kenney says that he "was on the edge of [his] powers imaginatively. The material would grow and retract on a daily basis, and it was definitely an experiment, and emotionally draining." Though the Lannan Literary Award is accredited in acknowledging all of Kenney's books, the publication of "The Invention of the Zero" is what really won it for him. The following is a review of multiple criticisms, providing a brief summary of each book

neg: Natural scientific research in Canada stem cell research activity during this period. In 1997, Dr. John Dick, a molecular biologist at the University of Toronto, was the first to discover the existence of cancer stem cells. The Stem Cell Network was established in 2001 with headquarters at the University of Ottawa, and brings together more than 80 leading scientists, clinicians and engineers from Canadian universities and hospitals. Researchers study cellular therapeutics and their pharmacological applications as well as related technologies, public policy, ethical, legal and social issues with the goal of effectively treating cancer, heart and lung disease, macular degeneration, stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord

neg: Immunomics technologies, like microarrays, can capture immune system gene expression over time and can trace interactions of microorganisms with cells of the innate immune system. New, proteomic approaches, including T-cell and B-cells-epitope mapping, can also accelerate the pace at which scientists discover antibody-antigen relationships. A host’s immune system responds to pathogen invasion by a set of pathogen-specific responses in which many “players” participate; these include antibodies, T-helper cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and many others. Antigen-presenting cells (APC) are capable of internalizing pathogens and displaying a fragment of the antigen – the epitope - with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on the cell surface.

neg: Brian J. Ford publications range from microbial research and elucidating newly threatening infections to examining scientists' dissatisfaction with their lot. Other areas of his interests are the invention of a space microscope commissioned by Brunel University, to be used by European Space Agency , safety of the water supply and the rising incidence of head lice and bed bugs, his discovery of new phenomena in blood coagulation, the excretory mechanisms of plants and investigations of the 'ingenuity' of living cells that alter our understanding of the living cell. Ford's proposal for biohazard legislation led to supportive articles in "Nature" and "The Times" and

neg: The Sleepwalkers (Koestler book) The Sleepwalkers (Koestler book) The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe is a 1959 book by Arthur Koestler. It traces the history of Western cosmology from ancient Mesopotamia to Isaac Newton. He suggests that discoveries in science arise through a process akin to sleepwalking. Not that they arise by chance, but rather that scientists are neither fully aware of what guides their research, nor are they fully aware of the implications of what they discover. A central theme of the book is the changing relationship between faith and reason. Koestler explores how these seemingly contradictory threads

neg: William T. Kane invention is the use of a radio frequency alternating electric current for resistively heating an electrochemical cell. Preferably, the radio frequency selected is sufficiently high so as to eliminate any offsets in the emf developed by the cell which are caused by the heater current. The invention also includes an apparatus for measuring the concentration of particular gases, such as oxygen, incorporating either and, preferably, both other inventive aspects of the invention. The preferred cell configuration reduces the complexity of such an apparatus by eliminating the auxiliary heat source and provides a more accurate and reliable electrochemical sensing cell. Radio

neg: The Swarm (Schätzing novel) in an attempt to find the yrr and make contact with them. They discover that the yrr are single-cell organisms that operate in groups (swarms), controlled by a single hive-mind that may have existed for hundreds of millions of years. The yrr form a collective intelligence and have inheritable memories that are passed on by manipulating parts of their DNA. Individual yrr recognize each other by using a specific pheromone. The scientists have some success in investigating the yrr and make limited contact. The attacks do not cease, however. Sigur Johanson also finds out that General Li has not been

neg: Luis Federico Leloir first in scientific research. It had initially been assumed that in order to study a cell, scientists could not separate it from its host organism, as oxidation could only occur in intact cells. Along the way, Muñoz and Leloir, unable to procure the costly centrifuge needed to separate cell contents, improvised by spinning a tire stuffed with salt and ice. By 1947 he had formed a team that included Caputo, Enrico Cabib, Raúl Trucco, Alejandro Paladini, Carlos Cardini and José Luis Reissig, with whom he investigated and discovered why a malfunctioning kidney and angiotensin helped cause hypertension. That same year,

neg: Cell Metabolism Cell Metabolism Cell Metabolism, launched in January 2005, is one of the newer titles in the Cell Press family. The journal focuses on physiology, with an emphasis on understanding the molecular basis of how the body self-regulates in the face of change, and how disturbances in these balances can lead to disease. Advances in these fields take on a special importance given the increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and related maladies ("metabolic diseases") in the developed world. Created in response to what top scientists saw as a growing need for a specialized journal in this field, Cell Metabolism is

neg: Nucleomorph is tetraploid. The unique combination of host cell and complex plastid results in cells with four genomes: two prokaryotic genomes (mitochondrion and plastid of the red or green alga) and two eukaryotic genomes (nucleus of host cell and nucleomorph). The model cryptomonad "Guillardia theta" became an important focus for scientists studying nucleomorphs. Its complete nucleomorph sequence was published in 2001, coming in at 551 Kbp. The "G. theta" sequence gave insight as to what genes were retained in nucleomorphs. Most of the genes that moved to the host cell involved protein synthesis, leaving behind a compact genome with mostly single-copy

neg: Stanley Meyer's water fuel cell a "water fuel cell assembly" and portrays some images of his "fuel cell water capacitor". According to the patent, in this case "... the term 'fuel cell' refers to a single unit of the invention comprising a water capacitor cell ... that produces the fuel gas in accordance with the method of the invention." In a news report on an Ohio TV station, Meyer demonstrated a dune buggy he claimed was powered by his water fuel cell. He estimated that only 22 US gallons (83 liters) of water were required to travel from Los Angeles to New York. Furthermore, Meyer

neg: Polymerase chain reaction Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia”—the polymerase chain reaction invention (PCR) -- was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society in 2017. Some controversies have remained about the intellectual and practical contributions of other scientists to Mullis' work, and whether he had been the sole inventor of the PCR principle (see below). At the core of the PCR method is the use of a suitable DNA polymerase able to withstand the high temperatures of > required for separation of the two

neg: Shutter Island and apparently the desolate island, despite being kept in a locked cell under constant supervision. In Rachel's room, Teddy and Chuck discover a code that Teddy breaks. He tells Chuck that he believes the code points to a 67th patient, when records show only 66. Teddy also reveals that he wants to avenge the death of his wife Dolores, who was murdered two years prior by a man called Andrew Laeddis, who he believes is an inmate in Ashecliffe Hospital. The novel is interspersed with graphic descriptions of World War II and Dachau which Teddy helped to liberate. After Hurricane

neg: Elizabeth Gould (psychologist) (marmosets and macaques). Gould and her colleagues believe the answer to the question, ‘What possible function could late-generated cells serve?’ could have immense significance in neuroscience and their investigations are guided mostly by this question. Gould and her team are also endeavoring to discover how hormones modulate the production of new neurons and how experience affects new cell production and if so, through what underlying mechanisms. Gould and her colleagues found that the ovarian steroid estrogen enhances cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat. This effect can be seen following ovariectomy and hormone replacement as well as

neg: Sulcia muelleri implications of these unique sequences are not identified. The "S. muelleri" genome is what scientists refer to as a reduced genome; it is categorized by the apparent evolutionary loss of many ostensibly essential genes related to processes like DNA repair, translation or cell membrane biosynthesis. The conditions required for genome reduction can be multifaceted, however they often involve some form of stability. The occurrence of genome reduction raises interesting questions about what are the minimal requirements for a functioning genome. Scientists are currently testing their hypotheses about the matter by engineering their own reduced genomes. "S. muelleri" is a symbiont

neg: Austin Gallagher his expertise on sharks, focusing on advancing our understanding their movements, stress, nutrition and energy, and reproduction, with the purposes of advancing their conservation worldwide. He has been credited as being one of the first scientists to demonstrate that sharks were worth more alive for tourism than dead for fishing, and he also helped discover the largest aggregation of pregnant apex predatory sharks in the world. He was the first PhD student in the famous Shark Research and Conservation Program at the University of Miami, where he published over 25 papers as a graduate student. He is currently an Adjunct

neg: Malt production of malt granules. Malt granules are the dried liquid extract from malt used in the brewing or distilling process. Scientists aim to discover what goes on inside barley grains as they become malted to help plant breeders produce better malting barley for food and beverage products. The United States Agricultural Research Service scientists are interested in specialized enzymes called serine-class proteases that digest beta-amylases, which convert carbohydrates into "simple sugars" during the sprouting process. The enzyme also breaks down stored proteins into their amino acid derivatives. The balance of proteins and carbohydrates broken down by the enzyme affect the

neg: Ice Soldiers north. Fifty years later, a team of Canadian military and scientists, including Dr. Malraux, and Dr. Lobokoff, discover them buried beneath the Arctic ice. Malraux explains that the soldiers were genetically modified during the Crisis in 1962 and their mission was to carry out a terrorist attack on New York City. The scientists debate what to do with them but never reach an agreement. When the soldiers are revived, they again go on a killing spree and kill much of the military and scientist personnel. Surviving their attack, Malraux walks through the wilderness after them when he stumbles across a

neg: Michonne he (Rick) could have sent?" As Rick asks many questions as to why Michonne had left Ezekiel and the Kingdom, she reveals that she abandoned her daughters during the outbreak and that she would never be able to start a new life with all of her regret. The conversation ends with Rick telling her to "get her shit together" and to "go back home." Rick and Michonne discover the decapitated heads of Ezekiel and Rosita on pikes, and Michonne is devastated by her lover's death. They later find out that someone helped Negan escape from his cell. Michonne initially desires

neg: George Otto Gey by Gey), and they did not need a glass surface to grow, and therefore they had no space limit. Once Gey realized the longevity and hardiness of the HeLa cells, he began sharing them with scientists all over the world, and the use of the HeLa cell line became widespread. The cells were used in the development of the polio vaccine, lead to the first clone of a human cell, helped in the discovery that humans have 46 chromosomes, and were used to develop in vitro fertilization. By the time Gey published a short abstract claiming some credit for the

neg: Mary Beckerle Mary Beckerle Mary Beckerle is an American cell biologist who studies cancer at the Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah Medical School. At Huntsman Cancer Institute, she serves as the CEO and also as Associate Vice President for Cancer Affairs at the University of Utah. Beckerle’s research helped to define a novel molecular pathway for cell motility, and more recently, she has begun research into Ewing’s sarcoma, a pediatric bone cancer. Beckerle’s lab has already made a ground breaking discover in regards to Ewing’s Sarcoma in relation to the EWS/FLI protein. Her lab discovered EWS/FLI to disrupt the

neg: Andrew Conrad Andrew Conrad Andrew J. Conrad Ph.D., is a geneticist who heads Verily, a life sciences division of Alphabet Inc. As its chief executive officer, Conrad has recruited a multidisciplinary team of chemists, doctors, engineers, behavioral scientists and data scientists to research health and disease. Conrad grew up in Malibu, California and enjoyed surfing there. Conrad graduated with a B.S. in neurobiology and a Ph.D. in cell biology from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in the late 1980s. In 1991 Conrad co-founded the National Genetics Institute (NGI) along with Mike Aicher. He served as its chief scientist and helped

neg: Person having ordinary skill in the art of a patent examiner or the jury to see if a claimed invention is too obvious to be patented. During the examination of a patent application, the examiner tries to find out if that invention has already been invented by another person. If so, the patent application will be returned to the applicant to be narrowed or modified. If not, the examiner will bring out the PHOSITA test to check if that invention is so obvious that people in the trade will invent it with or without patent applicant's efforts. In the end, if the examiner can not discover a

neg: Folding@home models to predict the mechanisms of membrane fusion will assist in the scientific understanding of how to target the process with antiviral drugs. In 2006, scientists applied Markov state models and the Folding@home network to discover two pathways for fusion and gain other mechanistic insights. Following detailed simulations from Folding@home of small cells known as vesicles, in 2007, the Pande lab introduced a new computing method to measure the topology of its structural changes during fusion. In 2009, researchers used Folding@home to study mutations of influenza hemagglutinin, a protein that attaches a virus to its host cell and assists with

neg: The Lives of Animals that we too can embody animals – by the process called poetic invention that mingles breath and sense in a way that no one has explained and no one ever will." Costello also takes issue with what she calls the "ecological vision" harbored by most environmental scientists, which values biological diversity and the overall health of an ecosystem above the individual animal. This is not a point of view shared by individual animals, all of whom will fight for their individual survival, she argues. "Every living creature fights for its own, individual life, refuses, by fighting, to accede to the

neg: The Trance (The Twilight Zone) in fact, is an invention of Leonard and Don (actually his business manager). As they discuss their upcoming schedule, Leonard suddenly speaks in an ethereal voice but doesn't realize what has happened. In a pre-interview for a television talk show, Leonard speaks in the voice again claiming television takes advantage of the weak-minded. Don and the producer are shocked to hear this voice from Leonard. As Don and Leonard discover, this new voice is not under Leonard's control. Don even suggests going to a psychiatrist. At the psychiatrist's office, Leonard channels the voice again and tells the psychiatrist that his

neg: Meenhard Herlyn Meenhard Herlyn Meenhard Herlyn, D.V.M., D.Sc., is a researcher who works as director of The Wistar Institute Melanoma Research in Philadelphia. His primary research focus is the underlying biology behind melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer. Over the course of his career, he has been responsible for the use of three-dimensional artificial skin cultures to study tumor and normal cells, a clearer understanding of stem cells and how they relate to cancer, and signaling pathways related to cancer. The Wistar Melanoma (WM) cell lines that Herlyn has used and helped discover in his laboratory are responsible for a

neg: Serge Voronoff a person into believing the graft is still in place. This means the many patients who received the surgery and praised Voronoff were "improved" solely by the placebo effect. Part of the basis of Voronoff's work was that testicles are glands, much like the thyroid and adrenal glands. Voronoff believed that at some point, scientists would discover what substance the testicular glands secrete, making grafting surgery unnecessary. Eventually, it was determined that the substance emitted by the testicles is testosterone. Voronoff expected that this new discovery would prove his theories. Testosterone would be injected into animals and they would grow

neg: What Happened to Monday cryosleep. Instead of being frozen, the child is incinerated. After overpowering the guards, Adrian and Thursday proceed to rescue Monday. However, when they reach her prison cell, they discover Tuesday inside. They deduce that Monday has sold them out to Cayman. As Cayman hosts a fundraiser, Thursday shoots Monday and leaves her for dead while Tuesday and Adrian broadcast Thursday's video footage. The crowd turns on Cayman, who insists that she only did what was necessary. Monday staggers into the fundraiser but Joe shoots her, thinking that she intended to kill Cayman. Adrian shoots Joe in turn. As the crowd

neg: Laurie Glimcher Laurie Glimcher Laurie Hollis Glimcher is an American physician-scientist who was appointed President and CEO of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in October 2016. Glimcher's research has focused on the immune system; she is known for early work with T cell differentiation, her discovery that Schnurri-3 regulates osteoblasts which led to a collaboration with Merck & Co., and her discovery of the role played by XBP-1 in lipogenesis and the unfolded protein response. Glimcher's role helped discover Schnurri-3 (Shn3 for short) is a large zinc finger protein distantly related to Drosophila. Shn is a potent and essential regulator of adult bone formation.

neg: QWERTY carriage, invisible to the operator, a so-called "up-stroke" design. Consequently, jams were especially serious, because the typist could only discover the mishap by raising the carriage to inspect what had been typed. The solution was to place commonly used letter-pairs (like "th" or "st") so that their type bars were not neighbouring, avoiding jams. Sholes struggled for the next five years to perfect his invention, making many trial-and-error rearrangements of the original machine's alphabetical key arrangement. The study of bigram (letter-pair) frequency by educator Amos Densmore, brother of the financial backer James Densmore, is believed to have influenced the array

neg: History of science are providing intellectual ammunition for reactionary interests. Bruno Latour noted that "dangerous extremists are using the very same argument of social construction to destroy hard-won evidence that could save our lives. Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we meant?" One recurring observation in the history of science involves the struggle for recognition of first-rate scientists working on the periphery of the scientific establishment. For instance, the great physicist Lord Rayleigh looked back (cited here) on John James Waterston's seminal

neg: Donald A. Glaser brought recognition of the importance of his device, and he was able to get funding to continue experimenting with larger chambers. Glaser was then recruited by Nobel laureate Luis Alvarez, who was working on a hydrogen bubble chamber at the University of California at Berkeley. Glaser accepted an offer to become a Professor of Physics there in 1959. Glaser was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize for Physics for the invention of the bubble chamber. His invention allowed scientists to observe what happens to high-energy beams from an accelerator, thus paving the way for many important discoveries. After winning the Nobel

neg: General Electric Research Laboratory bulb filament, providing a more durable and long-lasting light filament than the existing technology. "The invention secured GE's technological leadership in the market and epitomized the role of the GE research lab — bringing innovation to the marketplace." But, that work was still an improvement on existing technology and nothing entirely new. In the coming years, GE scientists earned two Nobel Prizes in chemistry and physics. In 1932, Irving Langmuir won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on surface chemical reactions which helped him develop the gas-filled light bulb in 1916. After patenting many inventions, Langmuir developed his

neg: Khushiyaan make peace...? What journey he will go through...? What will he, or the whole family will discover...? It is a journey of a family...you may be surprised to find yourself there. Every person has an emotional journey with their family and all relationships around. All emotions are universal but yet each one of us has a personal experience. A personal point of view looking at moments…moments which can stir every cell in your body…moments that can take you deep into feelings…feelings you do not dare to think. Through this film I invite all of you to explore with me …Is

neg: Ascanio Sobrero stating that it was extremely dangerous and impossible to handle. In fact, he was so frightened by what he created that he kept it a secret for over a year. Another of Pelouze's students was the young Alfred Nobel, who returned to the Nobel family's defunct armaments factory and began experimenting with the material around 1860; it did, indeed prove to be very difficult to discover how to handle it safely. In the 1860s Nobel received several patents around the world for mixtures, devices and manufacturing methods based on the explosive power of nitroglycerine, eventually leading to the invention of

neg: Catholic Church and science to discover horizons it cannot reach on its own”.' The Catholic Church teaches that scientific research and conduct need to be informed by and put to the aid of Christian ethics. During recent pontificates, issues such as the implications of genetics and anthropological climate change have been important areas of focus. The Vatican draws on leading scientists to examine scientific literature in search of "moral and philosophical problems, either caused by science or which can be helped by science." The Jesuit Teilhard de Chardin argued in an influential book "The Phenomenon of Man" (1959) that science and religion were two

neg: Biostasis adaptation of species to new environments. It is possible that finding a way to control conformational change in promiscuous proteins could allow scientists to induce biostasis in living organisms. The crowdedness of cells is a critical aspect of biological systems. Intracellular crowding refers to the fact that protein function and interaction with water is constrained when the interior of the cell is overcrowded. Intracellular organelles are either membrane-bound vesicles or membrane-less compartments that compartmentalize the cell and enable spatiotemporal control of biological reactions. By introducing these intracellular polymers to a biological system and manipulating the crowdedness of a cell, scientists

neg: Louis Ignarro Ignarro's work continued at the NIH in the fields he'd studied, collaborating with many other scientists to discover regulatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system that would lead to his most famous work. This was his first time to apply his education outside of an academic setting. In 1968, Ignarro left the NIH to work for Geigy Pharmaceuticals. With this company, Ignarro helped develop new drugs and was able to continue research into new areas of pharmacology including cyclic GMP. After Geigy merged with Ciba Pharmaceuticals, Ignarro decided to move back to the world of academia, this time as a professor.

neg: J.H. Soeder with colorful designs, native flowers, and landscapes. Soeder later installed graphics and murals all around Miami's Coconut Grove and South Miami neighborhoods. Soeder is the author of the five part science fiction series, “Element 238.” The setting is Earth’s future, three hundred and fifty years in the future, where ninety-eight percent of mankind has since been wiped out by a genetically created germ. Two scientists work together to discover what happened and what can be done to save the Earth. Four books have been published so far. According to the author's webpage, the fifth book is forthcoming. Soeder claims to

neg: Bexell Cottage his causing the engravings but do not explain his motive. In 2014 an effort was mounted to discover the extent of the engravings; as of 2016 some 600 names of famous writers, philosophers, scientists, politicians and statesmen have been identified in the carvings, as well as more than 180 aphorisms, sayings, quotes from literature, and Bexell’s thoughts. The messages include: "Do not say all you know but always know what you say"; and "What is sleep but the image of death." Bexell's own tombstone is inscribed with: "Man’s history is his character." Bexell Cottage The Bexell Cottage (Swedish: "Bexellska stugan")

neg: Myxobolus cerebralis a tubificid oligochaete. So far, the only worm known to be susceptible to "M. cerebralis" infection is "Tubifex tubifex", though what scientists currently call "T. tubifex" may in fact be more than one species. First, myxospores are ingested by tubificid worms. In the gut lumen of the worm, the spores extrude their polar capsules and attach to the gut epithelium by polar filaments. The shell valves then open along the suture line and the binucleate germ cell penetrates between the intestinal epithelial cells of the worm. This cell multiplies, producing many amoeboid cells by an asexual cell fission process called

neg: Timewyrm: Apocalypse cell, blowing it off its hinges. The explosion attracts the attention of Ace and the Unlike, who are just about to enter the Harbours in search of the Doctor. At the insistence of the Unlike, who had previously worked as genetic scientists for the Panjistri, they seek out the Homunculus. Arun insists that the creature be destroyed, but Raphael protests, arguing that the creature is a living being and should be helped. Arun and Raphael argue, with Ace in the middle, and argument awakens the Homunculus, which bursts free of its tank. As the creature rages about the room, it

neg: Attack of the Crab Monsters Attack of the Crab Monsters Attack of the Crab Monsters is a 1957 independently made American black-and-white science fiction-horror film, produced and directed by Roger Corman (via his Los Altos Productions), that stars Richard Garland, Pamela Duncan, and Russell Johnson. The film was distributed by Allied Artists as a double feature with another Corman feature, "Not of This Earth". "Attack of the Crab Monsters" concerns a second scientific expedition that is sent to a remote Pacific island to discover what happened to the scientists of the first. Unknown to them when they arrive, the island is inhabited by a pair

neg: Amery Ice Shelf were heading to the Amery Ice Shelf to investigate enormous cracks that had been forming for over a decade at a rate of three to five metres a day. These fractures threaten to break off a 1000 square kilometre piece of the Amery Ice Shelf. Scientists want to discover what is causing the cracks, as there has not been similar activity since the 1960s. However, the head of research believes that it is too early to attribute the cause to Global Warming as there is the possibility of a natural 50-60 year cycle being responsible. Lambert Glacier flows from Lambert

neg: Clara Franzini-Armstrong milestone discovery took place two weeks prior to her leaving the lab. This first major discovery of Franzini-Armstrong's was that transverse tubules open at the cell surface, and this is an essential discovery in understanding how muscle is activated to contract. There are numerous additional scientists that greatly helped and influenced Franzini-Armstrong's work, including Richard Podolsky, Sir Andrew Huxley, and Paul Horowicz. From 1963 – 1964, Franzini-Armstrong worked as Richard Podolsky's research assistant at National Institutes of Health, and he improved her foundation on the physiology of muscle activation. From 1964 – 1966, Franzini-Armstrong worked in Sir Andrew Huxley's lab,

neg: Erich E. Kunhardt "invention, innovation, and entrepreneurship" advisor to the President and the new Provost. At Stevens, Kunhardt proposed the concept of Technogenesis, which involves students, faculty and industry in the development and commercialization of new technologies. Kunhardt has worked on numerous research and development projects relating to particle and plasma physics. In 1999, Kunhardt helped create the PlasmaSol Corporation, based upon the Atmospheric Pressure Capillary Discharge Plasma technology he developed at Stevens with Dr. Kurt Becker. He was named a finalist by "Discover" magazine's Innovation Awards (2001) in the Environmental Category for the development of the PlasmaSol technology for environmental remediation. On

neg: Holdridge's toad favor massy stream banks. The forest, wetlands, and/or pasturelands are sufficient enough for the Holdridge’s Toad. Due to the fact that the Holdridge’s toad is reappearing from assumed extinction, research is beginning on this small organism. Revival of past research gives current research scientists direction of what to discover and learn from this toad. From collected past and new research along, as the Holdridge’s is exposed to Costa Rica’s rainforests’ bacteria and fungus, the diet can be inferred. The Holdridge's toads’ diet include a broad range of arthropod invertebrates which includes spiders, larval stages of moths and butterflies (lepidopterans), flies,

neg: Circular reasoning whatever is less dense than water will float' sounds stupid, but 'Whatever is less dense than water will float, because such objects won't sink in water' might pass. Joel Feinberg and Russ Shafer-Landau note that "using the scientific method to judge the scientific method is circular reasoning". Scientists attempt to discover the laws of nature and to predict what will happen in the future, based on those laws. However, per David Hume's problem of induction, science cannot be proven inductively by empirical evidence, and thus science cannot be proven scientifically. An appeal to a "principle of the uniformity of nature"

neg: Immunomics immune cell differentiation that pre-genomic technologies had not yet identified. As quoted by Stefania Bambini and Rino Rappuoli, “New powerful genomics technologies have increased the number of disease that can be addressed by vaccination, and decreased the time for discover research and vaccine development.” The availability of complete genome sequences of pathogens in combination with high-throughput genomics technologies have helped to accelerate vaccine development. Reverse vaccinology uses genomic sequences of viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens to identify genes potentially encoding genes that promote pathogenesis. The first application of reverse vaccinology identified vaccine candidates against "Neisseria meningitidis" serogroup B. Computational tools

neg: The Gadget (novel) project in any detail, Stephen can tell by his haunted eyes and shaking hands how worried he and the other scientists are. After a few weeks, Stephen finds that he cannot control his insatiable curiosity. Enlisting the help of his new friend Alexei, Stephen devises a plan to discover the true nature of "the gadget." But when he finally learns what it is, he also realizes another startling truth—that he has trusted the wrong person with the information and not only his life, but the lives of all Americans, could be in terrible danger. The Gadget (novel) The Gadget is

neg: Canadian Stem Cell Foundation concern for humanity with reference to stem cell science. It was created and written by, Bartha Maria Knoppers of McGill University, with a team of stem cell scientists, patients, ethicists and laypeople. This document is accessible to many individuals around the world, it is not a document for scientists, government officials or physicians, but for all. The charter includes five principles such as, "responsible science, protection of citizens, intellectual freedom, transparency and integrity." The document's goal is to bring people together with the belief that stem cell science has the potential to conquer disease and advance medicine. Moreover, many significant

neg: Deborah Wong nominated to be a member of the National Council on the Humanities by President Barack Obama in December 2015. Wong has studied Taiko, Japanese American drumming, and is part of Satori Daiko, a performing group in Los Angeles. Taiko provides a space that allows women to talk about their performances together and talk about what drumming provides them. The physicality and powerful sounds of Taiko are what moved Wong to discover drumming. She said that music practices, like Taiko, have helped to build community. About 75% of Taiko players are women, most of them Asian American. Wong has said that